ETYMOLOGICAL AND PRONOUNCING 



DIOTIONAKY 



THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE 

INCLUDING 
A VERY COPIOUS SELECTION OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS 

FOR USE IE" SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES 

AND AS A 

BOOK OF GENERAL REFERENCE 



THE REV. JAMES STOEMONTH 

AUTHOR OF 'SCHOOL ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY AND "WORD-BOOK' 
' THE HANDY SCHOOL DICTIONARY,' ETC. 



THE PRONUNCIATION CAREFULLY REVISED BY 

THE REV. P. H. PHELP 



M.A. CANTAB. 



10' 






.\_ 



SECOND EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED 



WITH AN APPENDIX OF SCRLETIIRE^PROPER NAMES, ETC., RESPELT 




WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS 

EDINBURGH AND LONDON 

MDCCCLXXIV 



vt 



v&*« 



S ■ 



\*-H 



/d? 



PREFACE. 



This work, the result of the labours of many 
•ears, is designed to supply a full and com- 
plete pronouncing, etymological, and explan- 
atory Dictionary of the English Language, 
staining an unusual number of scientific, 
clinical, and other terms, in a handy form 
r general reference, and at such a price as 
ill put it within the reach of persons of the 
most moderate means. Many new and im- 
portant Teatures will be found in the work. 

T uz Dictionary "Words.— These are printed 
in a" bold, black type, and in single letters, 
that being the form in which words are usually 
presented to the reader. Capital letters begin 
such words only as proper names, and others 
which are always so printed. This distinc- 
tion will be of considerable use to the learner. 
English phrases, familiar colloquialisms, and 
slang and other terms useful for reference by 
the general reader, have been freely inserted 
and defined. The addition of participial ter- 
minations will be found a useful feature. 

The Grouping of Words.— The Dictionary 
words are grouped under a leading word, from 
which they may be presumed naturally to fall 
or be formed, or simply follow in alphabetical 
order. Only, however, are they so grouped 
when they are derived from the same leading 
root, and when their alphabetical order may 
not be materially disturbed. When words 
occur in a group out of their alphabetical 
order, they will also be found in their place 
with a simple reference to the heading under 
which they are grouped. Care has been taken 
not to group to such an extent as to create diffi- 



culty in consulting the work, but the alphabet- 
ical order of words in respect of their terminal 
letters is in no case attended to in the group- 
ing. The plan of grouping will be found to 
have important advantages. The words the 
most nearly related are immediately presented 
to the eye in a bold, black type, and not scat- 
tered over several pages, merely because their 
terminal letters are different. 

The Pronunciation.— The Dictionary words, 
for pronunciation, are respelt phonetically 
with italic letters, and divided into syllables 
by dots instead of hyphens, and accented. 
The pronunciation has been carefully revised, 
in conformity with the best modern usage, by 
the Rev. P. H. Phelp, M.A. Cantab., to whom 
the Author has also to acknowledge his great 
obligations for very valuable assistance he has 
afforded in other departments of the work. The 
scheme of phonotypes or sound-symbols is fully 
detailed in a Table at the beginning of the 
work, and again briefly repeated, for the con- 
venience of reference, at the bottom of each 
two consecutive pages. The leading word of 
each group is uniformly respelt and marked 
in full ; but the succeeding ones, especially 
when the seat of the accent is the same, 
have, generally, only the terminal parts re- 
spelt, the full respelling of the leading word 
being sufficient to indicate the first part. 

The Etymology of Words.— For the roots, 
or the supposed roots, enclosed within brack- 
ets, the works of the best and most recent 
authorities have been carefully consulted. In 
the words given as derived from the non-clas- 



PEEFACE. 



sical languages— that is, not from the Latin 
and Greek — Wedgwood, Latham, .and Max 
Miiller have been generally followed. When 
a Latin or Greek noun is given as a root-word, 
the genitive case is frequently added in order 
to exhibit the literal elements more promi- 
nently to the learner. For the same reason, 
in Latin verbs, the supine in urn is often pre- 
ferred to the infinitive in re. It must not be 
supposed that all the root-words given within 
the brackets indicate really the ultimate sources 
of the English words. In a very large class of 
English words they really are so, as in scien- 
tific terms, and words directly derived from the 
Latin or Greek, or in the case of that large class 
which are merely imitative of natural sounds 
' or natural appearances. The root-words are 
meant to show— (1) the probable origin of the 
English words; (2) their primary meanings; 
or, (3) their equivalents in other languages. 
The root-words may be considered as a core for 
a group of related English words. Apart from 
this their chief use in an educational point of 
view, their meanings will be found highly use- 
ful in enabling the general reader to ascer- 
tain, in most cases, without difficulty, the pri- 
mary significations of the English words. When 
no meaning is attached to a root-word, it is to 
be considered as an analogue— that is, it has 
the same sense as the leading Dictionary 
word. In regard to a numerous class of Eng- 
lish words usually considered as derived from 
the literary Latin, or from the Latin through 
the French, Italian, or Spanish, the best au- 
thorities now teach precisely the opposite. 
Such words are really derived from some one 
of that large class of related European lan- 
guages called the Romance, including the 
French, Italian, and Spanish ; or from a source 
common not only to them, but also to English 
and literary Latin. Literary or classical 
Latin had its origin in the unwritten lan- 
guages and dialects of Italy. When the 
former ceased to be a living tongue, the 
latter still survived. In the same way, the 
present substratum of literary English has 
not sprung from the Anglo-Saxon of Wes- 
sex only, but from it and the languages and 
dialects, however derived, spoken in every 
part of Great Britain. While these facts 
must be distinctly borne in mind by the 
student, it is convenient to retain the fiction 
of derivation from or through the literary 
Latin in regard to the classes of words re- 
ferred to. In this view, the exact equiva- 
lents of English words in Italian, French, or 
Spanish, will be found highly useful and sig- 
nificant. 



It will be observed in numerous instances 
that successive entries occur of words spelt 
precisely in the same way, and that they are 
so entered because they are derived from dif- 
ferent roots, and have, of course, different sig- 
nifications. This fact of itself will afford a 
striking example of the advantage of having 
related words grouped under their common 
root-words, instead of the usual plan of Eng- 
lish Dictionaries of having the most contra- 
dictory senses placed under the same word 
which itself, in two, three, or more of these 
senses, has quite a different origin, though 
spelt in the same way. 

The Meanings. — The meanings of the 
words are those usually given, but they have 
been simplified as much as possible. In the 
way of definition there will be found, however, 
a vast quantity of entirely new matter. The 
separate entries made, in works ft 1 the same 
kind, to indicate distinctions in the significa- 
tions of verbs, when used transitively and in- 
transitively, have been abandoned, as confus- 
ing to the learner, and as practically useless ; 
at the same time, however, the distinctions 
themselves have generally been retained No 
attempt has been made to render the defini- 
tions exhaustive ; yet in these the work is 
very full. Very frequently words in a group 
ending in nes, ble, and bly, especially the 
last, are not followed by definitions. When 
so found, the meanings are easily formed : 
Thus, distinctness, state of being distinct ; 
distinctly, in a distinct manner ; bleakness, 
state of being bleak; bleakly, in a bleak 
manner; improvable, that may be improved ; 
improvably, in an improvable manner ; im- 
provableness, state of being improvable : 
Thus, ble, meaning "that may be;" bly, 
manner ; and ness, state of being. 

The Appendices.— They are— a note in re- 
gard to prefixes being placed first— (1) A full 
list of postfixes in alphabetical order, having 
their origin indicated, and followed by exam- 
ples of their use ; (2) A list of common abbre- 
viations, with their meanings, and their full 
uncontracted forms, when not English, within 
brackets ; (3) A very full list of Latin, French, 
and other phrases, the name of the language, 
and their signification in English. 

Concluding Remarks. — Such is a brief 
outline of the nature and contents of the 
present work. In a work necessitating so 
great an amount of research, and the elabora- 
tion of so great a mass of matter from such 



i 



PREFACE. 



a variety of sources during the unremitting 
labour of many years, there cannot but occur 
matter and arrangement that may call for 
adverse criticism, or at least call forth differ- 
ence of opinion. Where, too, there is such a 
variety of type, symbols, and marks employed, 
and so many elaborate details, errors may oc- 
cur. It is believed, however, that these will 
be found but few in number, and of little im- 
portance. Besides the Rev. Mr Phelp, already 
referred to, highly-qualified gentlemen were 
engaged on the revision of the proof-sheets as 
they were passing through the press. The 
Author begs to acknowledge his obligations to 
those gentlemen for their important services. 
Dr Page, Professor of Geology in the Durham 
University of Physical Science, Newcastle, 
and author of well-known works on Geology 
and Physical Geography, specially attended 



to the correctness of the numerous scientific 
terms introduced into the work. 

To give a list of authorities used in compil- 
ing the present work would serve no good 
end. Suffice it to say that numerous works 
have been diligently consulted and compared, 
including the best and most recent authori- 
ties. While the Author's field of review has 
been a very extensive one, and while he has of 
necessity trodden a path common to authors 
of works of the same kind, it is hoped that no 
undue use of materials from other works has 
been made. The most laborious care has 
been employed, and considerable expense in- 
curred, in securing accuracy. The Author 
trusts that this work will secure public appro- 
bation, and fulfil, in the opinion of those best 
able to judge, the objects for which it is chiefly 
designed. 



Edinburgh, October 1871. 



NOTE TO THE SECOND EDITION. 



In this Edition a considerable number of 
important corrections have been introduced 
into the body of the work. A Supplement 
and a List of Proper Names have also been 
added. The Supplement contains about 450 
additional words— chiefly such new scientific 
and other words as are now becoming current 
in our popular literature. Several emendations 
referring to the body of the work, and new ex- 
planatory matter, have also been inserted in 
the Supplement. The List of Proper Names 
consists of (1) Scripture proper names taken 
afresh from the authorised version, (2) all the 
proper names found in the Apocrypha, (3) 
common classical names, and (4) common 
historical and other names— all respelt for 
pronunciation according to the method em- 
ployed in the Dictionary. In placing the ac- 
cent, the authority of Smart and Dr Smith 
has been followed— chiefly the latter. In re- 



spelling the proper names, and employing the 
sound-symbols used in the Dictionary, a dis- 
tinctness and precision have been given to the 
pronunciation of them never before attempted. 
Dr Page and the Rev. Mr Phelp have care- 
fully read over the Supplement. Mr Phelp, 
and two other gentlemen well known in the 
literary world, kindly took the trouble care- 
fully to go over the List of Proper Names, and 
adapt their pronunciation to English usage. 
It will be observed, however, that though the 
pronunciation according to English idiom and 
usage has been preferred, the strictly classical 
has been sufficiently often indicated. It is 
hoped that, with these improvements and ad- 
ditions, this work will not only maintain the 
high position which it has already attained, 
but find increasing favour with the general 
public. 



Edinburgh, September 1874. 



CONTENTS. 



PAGE 

PREFACE, iii 

SCHEME OE PHONOTYPES OR SOUND - SYMBOLS FOR THE PRONUNCI- 
ATION of words, • . . vii 

AN ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE WORK, . viii 

THE DICTIONARY, 1 

SUPPLEMENT OF ADDITIONAL WORDS, 742 

APPENDICES. 

LIST OF POSTFIXES, 749 

LIST OF COMMON ABBREVIATIONS, 752 

WORDS AND PHRASES FROM THE LATIN, FRENCH, ETC., . . . 755 

LIST OF SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES, AND OTHER NAMES, . . 761 







SCHEME OF PHONOTYPES OR SOUND-SYMBOLS 

FOR THE 

PRONUNCIATION OF WORDS. 



Note.— {■) is the mark dividing words respelt phonetically into syllables; ('). the accent indicating on 
which syllable or syllables the accent or stress of the voice is to be placed. The marks (•") and (") 
above the vowels are to be understood as having relation to the character of the sound alone, not to 
the prolongation, or the reverse, of the sound— that is determined in ordinary cases by the accent- 
uation of the word. The mark { ~) above the symbols aw, dw, do, and ay, designates these as diph- 
thongal sounds. 



Sound-symbols Rmrewnfinn the Vnwruli a« Words respelt with 

employed in ^SAeTintheWorJ Sound-symbols and Marks 

Respelling. exemplified in the words. ^ Fronunciation . 

a mate, fate, fail, aye, there mat, fat, fdl, a, thdr. 

d mat, fat mdt, fdt. 

a v far, calm, father .fdr, kdm, fdth-'er. 

aw fall, laud, law Jawl, lawd, law. 

6 mete, meat, feet, free met, met, fet,fre. 

€ met, bed mSt, bed. 

e her, stir, heard, cur her, ster, herd, Mr. 

I pine, ply, height .pin, pit, hit. 

I pin, nymph, ability .pin, nlmf, a-btt'l-tl. 

6 note, toll, soul not, tol, sOl. 

6 not, plot not, plot. 

6 move, smooth m6v, smofh. 

dw noun, bough, cow ndwn, bow, kdw. 

dy boy, boil boy, bdyl. 

do woman, foot wdbm'dn, foot. 

u pure, due, few | .pur, du, fu. 

« bud, come, tough bud, kiim, tuf. 

ch chair, match choir, mdch. 

9 game, gone, gun gam, gon, gun. 

§• judge, gem, gin .juj, jSm, jln. 

& king, cat, cot, cut king, kdt, kot, kut. 

s • sit, scene, cell, city, cypress. sit, sen, sSl, slt'-l, sl'prSs. 

sh shun, ambition shun, dm-blsh'un. 

th thing, breath thing, brSth. 

*fc i i there, breathe thdr, brefh,-. 

z ........zeal, maze, muse zel, m&z, muz. 

zh azure, vision a'zhdbr, vizh'iin. 



ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. 



a. or adj.. . .adjective 

ad adverb 

agri agriculture 

alg algebra 

anat anatomy 

anc ancient 

arch architecture 

arehreol. . . .archaeology 

arith arithmetic 

astrol astrology 

astron astronomy 

bot botany 

chem chemistry 

chron chronology 

com common 

com commerce 

comp comparative 

conch conchology 

conj conjunction 

contr contraction 

dim diminutive 

dyn dynamics 

E east 

E.I East Indies 

eccles ecclesiastical affairs 

Eng. hist. . .English history 

engin engineering 

entom antomology 

etym etymology 

Fahr. Fahrenheit 

far farriery 

fem feminine 

fort fortification 

gen gender ; genitive 



geog geography 

geol geology 

geom geometry 

gram. grammar 

her. heraldry 

hist history 

hort horticulture 

imp imperfect participle 

impera imperative 

infin infinitive 

instr instrument 

int interjection 

interrog. . ..interrogative pronoun 

lit literature 

masc masculine 

math mathematics 

mech mechanics 

med medicine 

meta metaphysics 

mil military affairs 

min mineralogy 

mod modern 

myth mythology 

N north 

n noun 

nat. hist.. . .natural history 
nav _ f navigation or naval af- 
""\ fairs 

neut neuter 

nom nominative 

obj objective 

opt optics 

ornith ornithology 

paint painting 



palaeon palaeontology 

path pathology 

pers person 

pert pertaining 

phil philosophy 

an phrenology 

phys physiology or physical 

plural 

s possessive 

pp perfect participle 

pref. prefix 

prep preposition 

pres present 

pron pronoun 

prov provincial 

past tense 

relative pronoun 

rhet rhetoric 

T royal navy 

R.Cath. Ch. Roman Catholic Church 

south 

Scrip Scripture 

sculp sculpture 

ing singular 

uperl superlative 

surg surgery 

surv surveying 

theol theology 

trigonometry 

U. S United States 

verb 

W west 

W.I West Indies 

zool zoology 



Alb Albanian 

Amer American or America 

Ar Arabic 

AS Anglo-Saxon 

Bav Bavarian 

Beng Bengalee 

Bohem Bohemian 

Bret Breton 

Celt Celtic 

Chald Chaldee 

Chin Chinese 

Dan Danish 

Dut Dutch 

Eng. English 

Esthon Esthonian 

F French 

Fin Finnish 

Flem Flemish 

Fris Frisian 

Gael Gaelic 

Geno Genoese 

Ger German 

Goth Gothic 

Gr Greek 

Gris Grisons 



Heb Hebrew 

Hind Hindustani 

Hung Hungarian 

Icel Icelandic 

Ind India or Indies 

Ir Irish 

It Italian 

L Latin 

Lang Languedoc 

Lap Lapland 

Lim Limousin 

Lith Lithuanian 

Mai Malayan 

Manx language of Isle of Man 

{Latin of the middle 
ages, or late Latin 

Milan Milanese 

Norm Norman 

Norm. F Norman French 

N. Fris North Frisian 

old Eng. ... old English 

old F old French 

old Fris .... old Frisian 

old H. Ger. .old High German 

Pers Persian 



Piedm Piedmontese 

Pol Polish 

Port Portuguese 

Prov Provencal 

prov. Eng. .provincial English 

Rom Roman 

Russ Russian 

Sam Samaritan 

Sans Sanscrit 

Scand Scandinavian 

Scot Scotland or Scotch 

Serv Servian 

Sic Sicilian 

Slav Slavonic 

Sp Spanish 

Sw Swedish 

Swab Swabian 

Syr Syriac 

Teut Teutonic 

Turk Turkish 

Venet Venetian 

W Welsh 

Wal Walachian 

WaU Walloon 

Westph Westphalian 



ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 

OF 

THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, 

AND REFERENCE BOOK. 



A, a, the first letter of the alphabet in most lan- 
guages; an adjective of number, signifying one ; the 
indefinite article— used before adjectives or nouns 
that begin with a consonant or with the sound of a 
consonant; an Anglo-Saxon prefix signifying at, to, 
in, or on; a Greek prefix, also its form an, signifying 
vithout, not; a Latin prefix, with its forms ab and 
abs, signifying/rom or aivay. 

A 1, a one, a mark to denote a ship of the first class 
as to newness and being seaworthy. 

Aaronic, a. d-ron'lk; also Aaronical, a. d-ron'l-kdl, 
of or pert, to Aaron or his priesthood. 

ab, db, a Latin prefix; also a and abs, signifying 
from or away. 

'irreus — dr'sJil- 
inn, of arts; bdk'kd-law'rl-us, bachelor — meaning 
Bachelor of i mic title. 

aback, ad. d-bdkf (AS. on-baec), on the back; back- 
wards, as used by sailors ; by surprise ; unexpectedly. 

abacus, n. db'd-kus (L., from Gr. abakos, a board for 
calculations), a counting frame ; in arch., the crown- 
ing table of a column. 

Abaddon, n. a-bCid'-don (Heb. abad, to be lost or 
destroyed), the destroying angel of the bottomless 
pit. 

abaft, ad., prep, d-bdff (AS. ceftan, after, behind), 
a seaman's term ; at or towards the stern or hinder 
part of a ship ; behind. 

. abandon, v. d-bdn'-dun (F. abandonner, to desert), 
togiveup; to desert; to i- i ■'■-: aban'doning, 

imp.: aban'doned, pp. : adj., wholly forsaken; given 
up; extremely profligate or corrupt: abandonment, 
n. a giving up wholly ; a total desertion : aban'doner, 
n. the person who gives up. 

abase, v. d-bds' (F. abaisser, to lower— from L. ad; 
basis, the foot or base), to bring low ; to degrade ; to 
cast down: aba'sing, imp.: abased, pp. d-bdst': 
abase'ment, n. the act of humbling or bringing low. 

abash, v. d-bdsh' (old F. esbahir, to set agape, to 
confound), to confuse with guilt; to make ashamed: 
abash'ing, imp. : abashed, pp. d-bdsht', confounded ; 
put to silence : abash'ment, n. confusion from shame. 

abate, v. d-bdf (F. abattre, to beat down : It. abbot- 
ere, to overthrow), to lessen ; to lower in price ; to grow 
less ; to subside : aba'ting, imp. : aba'ted, pp. : abat- 
able, a. d-ba > : m be lessened or abated: 
abate'ment, n. a reduction; a lessening; the sum 
abated: aba'ter, n. the person or thing that abates. 

abatis, n. db'd-tis or db-d-te", also spelt ab'attis 
■ i] iles of trees or their larger 
branches, with sharpened points outward, laid down 
for the protection of troops. 

abattoir, n. db-dt-ivar' (F.), a public slaughter- 
house. 



ABEL 

abb, n. db (AS.), the yarn of a weaver's warp. 

abba, n. db'bd (Chaldee), a father; a name given 
in the East to church dignitaries— hence baba, papa, 
pope : abbacy, n. db'bd-sl, the dignity or rights and 
privileges of an abbot: abbatial, a. d-bd'shl-dl; also 
abbatical, d-bdt'l-kdl, of an abbey: sibte, n. db'bS, a 
father ; a title of courtesy or honour given to persons 
in many Catholic countries who have given themselves 
to the study of divinity: abbess, n. db'-bes, a lady placed 
over a nunnery. Among persons living secluded from 
the world in religious houses, the males are called 
monks, and the females nuns. The residence of a 
monk is called a monastery, and that of a nun a nun- 
nery, abbey, n. db'-U, plu. abbeys, db'-blz, a monas- 
tery ; a resident i <i ".< na the world, 
either male or female; abbot, n. db'biit, the superior 
or chief person over an abbey or monastery : ab'bot- 
ship, n. the office of an abbot. 

Abbeville flints, db'vel, rude flint implements, in 
the form of spear-heads, &c, found in great abund- 
ance in the post-tertiary sands and gravels of the river 
Somme, near Abbeville, in France. 

abbreviate, v. db-bre'vi-dt (L. ab ; brevis, short), 
to shorten ; to reduce to a smaller size ; to abridge : 
abbre'via'ting, imp. : abbre'via'ted, pp. : abbrevia- 
tion, n. db-bre'-vi-d'-shun, the act of shortening ; apart 
of a word used for the whole : abbre'via'tor, n. one 
who: abbreviatory, a. -tor'-i, shortening: abbrevia- 
ture, n. -n-i 'viation. 

abdicate, v. db'dl-kdt (L. ab; dico, I proclaim or 
make known), to give up a right ; to renounce an office 
of power: ab'dica'ting, imp. : ab'dica'ted, pp. : abdi- 
cation, n. db-di-kd'shun, the act of giving up ; a sur- 
rendering: ab'dicant, n. -kdnt, also ab'dica'tor, -ka' 
tor, one who: abdicative, a. db'di-kd'tlv, causing or 
implying abdication. 

abdomen, n. db-do'mcn (L., from abdo, I conceal), 
the lower part of the belly: abdominal, a. db-dom'i- 
ndl, belonging to the lower belly: abdominous, a. 
db-dom'-hnus, having a large belly: abdominales, 
n. plu. db-dom'i-nd'lez, in zool., the soft-finned fishes 
which have their ventral fins placed on the abdomen, 
behind the pectorals. 

abduce, v. ab-dus' ; also abduct, v. db-diikf (L. 
ab : duco, I lead), to lead or draw from ; to separate : 
abdu'cing, imp. : abduced, pp. db-dust' : abduc'- 
ting, imp.: abduc'ted, pp.: abduc'tor, n. one who ; in 
anat., a muscli thai li I nub or a part outwards : 

abduction, n. > in med., a drawing away 

from ; a carrying away by fraud or open violence : ab- 
ducent, a. db-du'sent, separating ; drawing back. 

abed, ad. d-bed' (AS.), on or in bed. 

abele, n. d-be'-le (Pol. bidlo, white), the white poplar- 
tree. 



ABER ! 

aberration, n. db'-Sr-rd'-shun (L. ab ; erro, I wander), 
a wandering from the right way, as from truth ; moral 
perversity ; mental weakness ; an apparent motion of 
the fixed stars: aberrant, a. db-er'rdnt, differing 
widely ; aberUng, a. wandering: aberrance, n. db-Sr- 
rdns; also aberrancy, n. db-er'-rdn-si, a wandering 
from the right way. 

abet, v. d-bef (AS.: old F. abetter, to incite; abouta, 
to set dogs on), to aid ; to incite ; to encourage, chiefly 
in a bad sense : abet'ting, imp. : abet'ted, pp. : abet'tor , 
n. one who abets or encourages, usually in a bad sense : 
abet'ment, n. 

abeyance, n. d-ba'dns (F. abayer, to gape at, to 
pant after), state of being held back for a time ; state 
of expectancy ; temporary suppression. 

abhor, v. db-hof (L. ab ; horreo, I shake or look ter- 
rible), to hate very much; to despise; to detest: ab- 
hor'ring, imp. : abhorred, pp. db-hord': abhorrence, 
n. db-hor'rens, very great hatred : abhor'rer, n. the 
person who abhors : abhorrent, a. db-hor'-rent, hating ; 
detesting ; odious ; repugnant to : abhorrently, ad. 
■II. 

Abib, n. d'blb (Heb. ab, swelling, protuberant), the 
first month of the Jewish year ; also called Nisan. 

abide, v. d-bld' (AS. abidan: Goth, beidan, to ex- 
pect), to remain; to continue; to rest; to be firm: 
abi'ding, imp.: abode, d-bod', pp.: abider, n. cl- 
one who : abi'dingly, ad. -IT. 

■ ■■■ ■ m'Iv, ; ;,> ',; , ; /, 



ability, n. d-btt'i-ti (L. habilitas, fitness or apti- 
tude—from habeo, I have: F. habiller, to dress), 
power to do, whether with the body or mind— opposed 
to capacity, power to receive; aptitude; skill; legal 
right to do — in this sense the opposite is disability : 
abilities, plu. d-bil'i-tiz, mental endowments. 

abject, a. db'jSkt (L. abjectus, downcast— from ab; 
jactus, thrown or cast), cast down ; worthless ; mean ; 
without hope: ab'jectly, ad. -II: abjection, n. Ob- 
jek'-shun; also abject'ness, n.; and abject'edness, a 
mean or low state ; meanness of spirit. 

abjure, v. ab-jdr 1 (L. ab; juro, I swear), to deny or 
renounce upon oath; to renounce with solemnity: 
abjured, pp. db-j6rd': abju'ring, imp.: abjura- 
tion, n. db-job-ra'-shun, renouncing upon oath: ab- 
ju'ror, n. one who denies upon oath: abju'rator'y, a. 
-I, containing abjuration. 

ablactation, n. db'-ldk-ta'-shun (L. ab; lacto, I 
suckle), the weaning of a child from the breast; a 
method of ingrafting, now called inarching. 

ablative, n. db'ld-tlv (L. ab; latus, carried), name of 
a case in Latin nouns, in which the actions of carrying 
away or taking from are signified: ablation, db-lu- 
shun, a taking away. 



_ . : ableness, n. d'bl-nes: aT)le-bod'ied, -id, hav- 
ing a sound strong body ; able to work. 

ablution, n. db-16'shun (L. ab ; luo, I wash), a wash- 
ing, cleansing, or purification by water : abluent, a. 
db'16-ent, cleansing by liquids: n. an attenuant or 
purifier. 

abnegate, v. db'-nS-gdt (L. ab; nego, I deny), to 
deny; to renounce: ab'nega'ting, imp. : ab'nega'ted, 
pp. : ab'nega'tion, n. -shun, a denial; self-denial: ab'- 
nega'tor, n. one who denies. 

abnormal, a. db-nor'mdl ; also abnor'mous, a. 
■mus (L. ab ; norma, a rule), irregular ; anything out 
of the usual or natural course ; without rule or order : 
abnormity, n. db-ndr'ml-tl, irregularity; deformity. 

aboard, ad. d-bord' (AS. a, on; Icel. bord, the side 
of a ship), on or in a ship or boat. 

abode, n. d-bod' {see abide), a habitation; stay or 
continuance; pp. of abide. 

abolish, v. d-bol'-lsh (L. abolesco, I decay or wear 
away— from ab; alesco, I grow up: F. abolir), to put 
an end to, to make void ; to annul ; to destroy : abol'- 
ishing, imp. : abolished, pp. -isht : abol'isher, n. 
the person that puts an end to: abolishable, a. 
d-bol'-lsh-d-bl, that may be put an end to or destroyed : 
abolishment, n. ti-bol'-ish-me'nt ; also abolition, n. 
db'-d-lish'un, the act of putting an end to or destroy- 
ing; emancipation: ab oliti'onist, n. a person who 
favours the putting an end to anything, as slavery: 
abolitionism, n. db-o-llsh'un-lzm, the tenets of the 
abolitionists. 

abomasus, u. d-bo-md'-zus (L. ab; omasum, tripe), 
mate, mdt,far, laio; mete, mSt, 



ABSE 

the fourth stomach of ruminating animals ; the part 
of the paunch nearest the intestines. 

abominate, v. d-bom'-l-ndt (L. abominor, I wish 
away, I detest— from ab ; omen, a portent), to hate ex- 
cessively; to abhor; to detest: abom'ina'ting, imp. : 
abom'ina'ted, pp. : abominable, a. a-bom'-l-nd-bl, 
very hateful ; detestable : abominably, ad. -II : abom'- 
inab'leness, n. state of being very hateful: abomina- 
tion, n. d-bom'-i-nu'shun, an object of extreme hatred 
or detestation ; evil doctrines or practices. 

aboriginal, a. db'-o-rlj'i-ndl (L. ab; origo, gen. ori- 
ginis, a beginning or origin), first ; primitive : n. an 
original inhabitant of a country : aborigines, n. db' 
6-rij-i-nez, the first or primitive inhabitants of a 
country; the original stock, flora or fauna, of a geo- 
graphical area. 

abortion, n. d-bor'shun (L. abortio, a miscarriage— 
from orior, I arise), anything that does not corne to 
maturity ; an untimely birth ; failure ; a coming to 
nought: abortive, a. -tlv, not come to maturity: 
abortively, ad. -II -. abor'tiveness, n. 

abound, v. a-bownd' (L. abundo, I overflow— from 
ab; unda, a wave), to have or possess in great quan- 
tity: abonnd'ing, imp. : abound'ed, pp. : abundance, 
n. d-bun'-ddns, great store; overflowing quantity: 
abun'dant, a. plentiful ; fully sufficient : abun'dantly, 
ad. -II. 

about, prep, d-bowt' (AS. abutan — from ymb, 
around; utan, outward), encircling; near to; con- 
cerning : ad. nearly ; here and there. 

above, ad. d-buxf (AS. abufan— from a, on, be, by; 
ufa, high: Dut. boven), overhead; in a higher posi- 
tion: prep, higher in place, rank, power, or excel- 
lence; in excess: above-board, openly: above all, in 
preference to all other things : above cited or above 
mentioned, taken notice of in the preceding part of 
a book: above-ground, alive ; not buried. 

abracadabra, n. db'rd-kd-ddb'rd, an Assyrian 
deity ; a word used in incantations, or as a charm. 

abrade, v. d-brdd' (L. ab; rado, I scrape), to 
rub or scrape off; to waste by friction : abra'ding, 
imp.: abra'ded, pp.: abrasion, n. db-ra'-zhun, the 
operation of wearing away by rubbing or friction ; a 
superficial injury from friction. 

Abrahamic, a. d'-brd-hdm'lk, of Abraham or his age. 

abranchiata, n. plu. (Gr. a, with- 

out; branchia, the gills of a fish), applied to animals 
which have no apparent external organs of respira- 
tion, as the leech, earthworm, &c: abran'chiate, a. 

abreast, ad. d-brest' (AS. a, and breast), side by side ; 
keeping equally forward. 

abreption, n. ab-rip-shun (L. ab; raptum, to 
snatch), a carrying away. 

abridge, v. d-brif (F. abreger: L. ab, brevio, I 
shorten), to shorten by using fewer words ; to make 
anything shorter or less; to epitomise: abridging, 
imp. : abridged, pp. d-brljd': aDridg'er, n. one who 
abridges or makes less: abridgment, n. d-brlj'ment, 
the thing made less in size or extent ; an epitome. 

abroad, ad. d-brawd' (AS. on, and broad), at large; 
in the open air; beyond the limits of a place, as a 
house; in a foreign country; widely. 

abrogate, v. db'-ro-gdt (L. ab; rogo, I ask), to do 
away with; to repeal; to abolish; to make void: ab'- 
roga'ting, imp. : ab'roga'ted, pp. : abrogation, n. 
-gd'-shun. 

abrood, ad. d-brod' (AS.), in brood. 

abrupt, a. db-rupf (L. ab -, ruptus, broken), broken ; 
steep; unconnected; sudden: abruptly, ad. -U: 
abruption, n. db-rup'shun, a sudden and violent 
breaking off: abruptness, n. steepness ; suddenness; 
unceremonious haste or vehemence. 

abscess, n. db'ses (L. ab; cessus, gone: F. abscez), 
a gathering of humours into one mass in some part of 
the body. 

abscind, v. db-slnd" (L ab; scindo, I cut), to cut off; 
to sever : abscinding, imp. : abscind'ed, pp. : ab- 
sciss, n. db'-sls; or abscissa, n. db-sis'-sd— plu. ab- 
sis'ses, or absissse, -sis'e— a part of the diameter, or 
a segment of a conic section : abscission, n. ab-sizh- 
mi. n cutting off. 

abscond, v. db-skdncl' (L. abs; condo, I hide), to run 
away; to conceal one's self; to withdraw one's self in 
a private manner: absconding, imp.: abscond'ed, 
pp. : abscond'er, n. one who runs away for conceal- 
ment. 

absent, v. db-sSnt' (L. abs; ens, gen. entis, being), to 
keep away ; to withdraw or retire from : absenting, 
imp. : absent'ed,pp.: absent'er.n. one who takes him- 
her; pine, pin; note, not, mOve; 



ABSI 

self away: absentee, n. db'sen-te', one who goes away 
from Ms country, his office, or his estate : ab'sentee'- 
ism, n. -Izm, the practice of residing or stopping away 
from one's office or estate: absence, n. db'sens, the 
being away, or at a distance; want; inattention to 
tilings present: ab'sent, a. not present; at a dis- 
tance. 

absintbian, a. db-sin'thi-dn (L. absinthium, worm- 
wood), of or like wormwood ; absin'tniat'ed, a. -thl- 
dt'ed, impregnated with wormwood: absinthe, n. 
db'slnth (F.), a well-known French liqueur; wine im- 
pregnated with the qua 1 Mum or worm- 
wood: absin'thic, a. -thik, pert, to absinthium, or to 
an acid obtained from it: absin'thin, n. the bitter 
principle found in absinthium. 

absolute, a. db'so-lot (L. ab; solutus, loosened or 
set free), without contn lent of any per- 

son or thing; despotic: absolutely, ad. db'-t-O-hjt'-H: 
absolution, n. db'-so-lo'shun, a sentence of acquittal ; 
a declaration of innocence: absolutism, n. ab'so- 
lot' izm, state or principle of despotism: ab'solut'- 
ist, n. one who: absolutory, a. db-sol'-u-tor-l, that 
absolves. 

absolve, v. db-zolv', (L. ab; solvo, I loose, I set 
free), to set free ; to release from some burden or 
penalty; to acquit: absolving, imp.: absolved, pp. 
db-zolvd': absolv'er, n. one who: absolvatory, a. 
db-zolv'd-tdr'-l. 

absonant, a. db'so-ndnt (L. ab ; sonus, sound), dis- 
cordant ; deviating from the true sound, tone, or har- 
mony; absurd. 

absorb, v. db-sorb'(L. ab; sorbeo, I drink up or suck 
in), to drink in, as a sponge ; wholly to engage ; to en- 
gross: absorbing, imp.: absorbed, pp. db'Sdrbd'; ab- 
sorbent, a. that which sucks up or imbibes, or a vessel 
which imbibes or takes up: absorbable, a. db-sorb-d- 
bl, what may be sucked up : absorptive, a. db-sorp- 
tlv (L. absorptum, to suck up), having the power to 
suck up: absorption, n. db-sorp'shiln, the act of 
drinking in or sucking up: absorbability, n. db- 
sorb'd-bll'l-tl, state or quality of being absorbable. 

abstain, v. db-stdn' (L. abs; teneo, I hold), to keep 
or refrain from ; to forbear : abstain'ing, imp. : ab- 
stained, pp. db-stand': abstain'er, n. one who keeps 
from; abstinence, n. db'stin-Sns, the practice of keep- 
ing from, of one's own free will : ab'stinent, a. refrain- 
ing from, especially in the use of food or drink; tem- 
perate : abstinently, ad. -ll. 

abstemious, a. db-ste'mi-iis (L. abstemius, tem- 
perate or sober), sparing in the use of food or strong 
drinks; temperate: abstem'ious'ly, ad. -II: abstem'- 
ious'ness, n. being sparing in the use of food or strong 

abstergent, a. db-ster'-jSnt (L. abstergeo, I wipe dry 
—from abs; tergeo, I rub off), having a cleansing pro- 
perty—thus fuller's earth is an abstergent: abster- 
sive, a. db-stefslv, cleansing. 

abstract, a. db'strdkt (L. abs; tractus, drawn), dis- 
tinct or separate from something else ; existing in the 
mind only ; difficult; abstruse : n. a summary or epi- 
tome ; an abridgment : v. db-strdkt, to separate ; to 
draw from ; to epitomise ; to purloin : abstracting, 
imp. : abstrac'ted, pp. separated ; absent in mind : 
abstrac'tedly, ad. : abstrac'tedness, n. state of being 
separated from a real existence : abstracter, n. one 
who; abstraction, n. db-strdk'-shun, the act of the 
mind when considering some part or property of a 
body by itself, as hardness; absence of mind; deep 
thought; purloining: ab'stractness, n. being in a 
separate state; not being connected with any object: 
abstrac'tive, a. -tlv, having the power to abstract: 
- : tractly, ad. db-strdkt-ll. 

abstringe, v. db-strinj' (L. ab; stringo, I bind or 
tie tight), to unbind: abstrin'ging, imp. : abstringed, 
pp. db-strinjd': abstricted, a. db-strik'ted, unbound. 

abstruse, a. db-stros' (L. abstrusus, hidden), con- 
cealed; difficult to be understood; obscure: ab- 
strusely, ad. -li: abstruseness, n. db-strds'n&s, dark- 
ness in meaning ; obscurity. 

absurd, a. db-serd' (L. ab; surdus, that will not 
hear), not fit to be heard ; what is plainly opposite to 
the truth; contemptibly foolish: absurdly, ad. -II: 
absur'dity, n. -dl-ti, what is absurd: absurd'ness, n. 

abundance, abundant, and abundantly, (see 
abound.) 

abuse, v. d-buz' (F. abuser: L. ab; usus, used), to 
treat wrongly or ill ; to misuse anything ; to violate ; 
to revile; to impose on: n. d-bus', ill use of any- 
thing; rude reproach; misapplication: abuse'ful, a. 

cow, bdy,fo~bt; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, 



ACCE 

using abuse : abu'sing, imp. : abused', pp. a-buzd't 
abu'ser, n. one who: abusive, a. a-bu'siv, carrying 
on bad language or ill treatment ; reviling ; contain- 
ing abuse : abu'sively, ad. -II : abu'siveness, n. 

abut, v. d-biif (F. aboutir, to meet at the end; butt, 
to strike with the head, as a goat), to border upon ; to 
touch: abut'ting, imp. : abut'ted, pp.: abutment, n. 
d-but'mint, what supports the end of a bridge; that 
which borders upon. 

abyss, n. d-blsf (Gr. abussos, without a bottom; a, 
without ; bussos, a bottom), a very deep place ; that 



ac, dk, a Latin prefix, a form of ad, meaning to; 
the forms of ad, meaning to, are, a, ac, af, ag, al, an, 
ap, ar, as, at, and is so varied for the sake of euphony, 
according to the commencing letter of the part of the 
word of which it forms the prefix. 

acacia, n. d-ka'shl-d (L. a thorn), the Egyptian 
thorn; gum-arabic. 

academy, n. d-kdd'S-ml (L. and Gr. academia, name 
of an ancient school where Plato taught), a public or 
private school ; a society of learned men : academic, 
or academical,.' im'i-kdl, pert, 

to a college or university; academically, ad. -Hi 
academician, n. d-kdd'S-mlsh'-dn ; also ac ade'mian, 
n. a member of a university or learned society ; also 
acad'emist, n. 

Acadia, n. d-kd'dl-d (F. Acadie), the original and 
now the poetic name of Nova Scotia. 

acalephae, n. plu. dk'd-le'/e (Gr. akalephe, a net- 
tle), a name applied to the soft gelatinous radiata 
known as medusae, sea-nettles, jelly-fish, &c. 

acanthodes, n. plu. d-kdn'-tho-dez (Gr. akantha, a 
spine), a genera of fossil ganoid fishes having thorn- 
like fin-spines— the type of the family acanthodidse, 
dkdn-thod'l-de': acanthaceous, a. d-kdn-thd'-shus ; 
also, acanaceous, a. d-kd-na'shus, armed with prick- 
les: acanthus, n. d-kdn'thus, the herb bear's-breech ; 
in arch., an ornament resembling the foliage or leaves 
of the acanthus: acanthine, a. d-kdn'-thln, pert, to or 
like the acanthus : acanthopterygian, a. dk-dn-thop- 
ter-lj'l-dn (Gr. akantha, a spine ; pterugion, a winglet 
or fin), a term applied to fishes having the back or 
dorsal fin composed of spiny rays, as the perch, gur- 
nard, &c. 

acanthoteuthis, n. d-kdn (Gr. akantha, 

a thorn ; teuthis, a cuttle-fish), a genus of fossil cuttle- 
fishes. 

acaridse, n. plu. d-kdr'l-de ; or acarea, d-kd'rlti 
(L. acarus: Gr. akari, a mite), a term applied to such 
insects as the mite, the tick, the water-mite, &c. 

acatalectic, a. d-kdt'd-lek'-tlk (Gr. akatalektos, not 
defective at the end), not halting short ; without de- 
fect: n. in poetry, a verse having the complete num- 
ber of syllables. 

acaulous, a. d-kaw'lus; also acauline, d-kcvw'lln 
(Gr. a, without; kaulos, a stalk), in bot„ applied to a 
plant without a stalk ; stemless. 

accede, v. dk-sed' (L. ad; cedo, I yield), to agree 
to the (proposal or request of another; to comply; ac- 
ce'ding, imp. : acce'ded, pp. 

accelerate, v .ad; celero, I hasten; or 

celer, swift), to quicken ; to hasten ; to cause to move 
faster : accel'era'ting, imp. : accel'era'ted, pp. : ac- 
celeration, n. a the act of increasing 
speed or motion: accelerative, a. dk-sSl'er-d'tiv ; 
also, acceleratory, a. dk-seT-er-d-tor'i, quickening; 
hastening. 

accendible, a. dk-sSn'dl-U (L. accendo, I set fire 
to), capable of being inflamed or kindled : accendi- 
bility, n. dk'sen-dl-bU'i-ti. 

accent, n. dk'-sint (L. ad; canto, I sing with energy), 
the stress or force of voice put upon a syllable orword ; 
the mark indicating the same ; manner of speaking : 
accent, v. dk-senf; or accentuate, v. dk-sen'tu-dt, 
to pronounce a word or syllable with a particular 
stress or force of voice : accenting, imp. : accent'ed, 
pp.: accentuating, imp. : accen'tuat'ed, pp. : accen- 
tuation, n. «/. the placing accents 
on syllables ; the act of pronouncing words and syl- 
lables properly: accen'tor, n. in music, one who leads : 
accentual, a. dk-sen'-tu-dl, relating to accent. 

accept, v. dk-sdpf (L. acceptum, to receive — from 

ad; captus, taken), to take what is offered; to agree 

or consent to ; to acknowledge or promise to pay: ac- 

cept'ing, imp. : accept'ed, pp. : accept' er or accept'- 

— who accepts: acceptable, a. dk-s6pt'-d-U, 

xun, thing, there, zeal. 



ACCE 

pleasing or gratifying to a receiver; agreeable in 
person or by services ; welcome : acceptably, ad. dk- 
srpi'a-bli: accep'tableness, n. : acceptability, n. 
-btl'l-tl: acceptance, n. dk-sept'-dns, the receiving 
with approval; a written promise to pay money: 
accept'or, n. the person who gives a written promise 
to pay money: acceptation, n. dk-sep-td'-shmi, recep- 
tion, the meaning or sense in which a word or expres- 
sion is generally understood. 

access, n. dk-s&s' or dk'-ses (L. accessus, a coming 
to), admission to ; approach, or means of approach : 
accessible, a. dk-sSs'sl-bl, easy of approach; affable: 
acces'sibly, ad. -l-bli: acces'sibillty, n. -b'U'-i-ti: ac- 
cession, n. dk-sesh'-un (L. ad; cessio, a yielding or 
giving up), an increase; an addition; an arri-. in- -n 
that which is added : accessional, a. dk-sesh'-uu-di, 
additional: accessorial, a. dk'-ses-so'-rl-dl, relating to 
an accessary: accessary, a. dk'ses-sdr'-l; also spelt 
-sory, -sor'-l, aiding in doing something, or privy to 
it : additional : n. anything additional ; one who aids 
or gives countenance to a crime: ac'cessar'ily, ad. 
-i-li: accessar'iness, n 

acciaccatura, n. dk'-she-dk'd-td'-rd {It. acciaccata), 
in music, a grace-note. 

accident, n ' a < iccid n , gen. accidentis, 
slipping, happening to), sometime. baking i - m. 
expectedly; an event not foreseen; a quality not es- 
sential: accidental, a. dk'-sl-dent'al, happening by 
chance ; casual : n. anything non-essential : accident- 
ally, ad. -II: ac'cidentalness, n. : accidence, n. dk'- 
sl-dS-ns, a book containing the definitions and rules of 
grammar as they fall from or succeed each other. 

accipenseridae, n. plu. dk'-sip-6n-ser'i-de (L. accipen- 
ser, the sturgeon), the sturgeon family— a limited group 
of ganoid fishes ; the existing species are chiefly of 
large size. 

accipitres, n. plu. dk-slp'-t-trez (L. accipiter, a 
hawk— from accipio, I seize), in omith., a term applied 
tothe rapaeimi bird? is ea-l. fa.! mis, hawks, &c: 



, pp. -kldmd': acclamation, n. dk'kld-md'- 
shim, applause expressed by the voice, or by a noise 
with the hands or feet: acclamatory, a. dk-kldm'-a- 
tor'-i, expressing joy or applause. 

acclimate, v. dk-kli'-mdt ; also acclimatise, v. 
dk-kli'-md-tiz' (L. ad; and climate, which see: F. 
acclimater), to accustom the body to live in a foreign 
country in a state of health; to inure a plant or 
animal to a climate not natural to it : accli'mating, 
imp.: acclimated, pp. dk-kll'-ma-ted .- acclimation, 
n. ak-kli-md'-shun: acclimature, n. dk-kli'mo-tih-': 
acclimatising, imp. ak-kli'-md-tiz'-lng : acclima- 
tised, pp. dk-kli'-md-tizd' -. acclimatisation, n. dk. 
ll-zd'-shun. 

acclivity, n. dk-kllv-t-tt (L. ad ; clivus, a slope), a 
slope ; rising ground ; the face of a hill in going up : 
declivity, the face of a hill in coming down : acclivous, 
a. dk-kli'-vus, rising as a hill. 

accolade, n. dk'-o-ldd' (L. ad; collum, the neck), a 
word formerly used to designate the ceremony of con- 
ferring knighthood by a gentle blow of a sword on the 
neck or shoulder. 

accommodate, v. dk-kom'-mO-dat (L. ad; con, to- 
gether ; modus, a measure, a limit), to make suitable 
for ; to adapt to ; to supply ; to help ; to lend : accom'- 
moda'ting, imp.: accommodated, pp.: accommoda- 
tion, n. dk-kom'-mo-dd'-shun, suitable convenience; 
what is furnished to supply a want: accom'moda- 
Kii i i dion; obliging: 

accom'modate'ness, n.: accom'moda'tor, n. one who. 

accompany, v. dk-Mm'-pd-ni (F. accompagner— 
from compagnie, company), to attend or escort ; to go 
with as a companion ; to be an associate : accompany- 
ing, imp.: accompanied, pp. dk-kum'pdn- id: accom- 
panier, n. dk-k&m'-pd-nl-er -. accompaniment, n. dk- 
kum'-pdn-l-mSnt, something that attends or is added 
by way of ornament or improvement : accompanist, 
n. dk-kum'-pdn-ist, in music, the person who accom- 
panies. 

accomplice, n. dk-kom'-pKs (L. ad; con; plico, I 
fold: F. complice), a companion in doing something 
wrong; a <-(in I | i ally in an ill sense. 

accomplish, v. dk-kom'-pllsh (L. ad: compleo, I fill 
completely), to complete ; to finish entirely ; to bring 
to pass: accomplishing, imp.: accomplished, pp. 
-pllsht: adj. rich in acquin d qualities and manners; 
elegant; refined: accomplishment, n. the finishing 



ACCU 

entirely; attainment; fulfilment; completion; polite 
manners or education: accom'plisher, n. one who: 
accomplishable, a. dk-kdm'plish-d-bl : accomplish- 
ments, n. pin. pnbte acquirements. 

accompt , old spelling of account, which see. 

accord, v. dk-kawrd' (L. ad; cor, gen. cordis, the 
heart), to make to agree or correspond; to grant or 
give; to be suitable : n. agreement; consent; harmony: 
accord'ing, imp. : adj. agreeing; granting; suitable: 
according to, prep, phrase: accord'ed, pp.: accord'er, 
n. one who : accordance, n. dk-kord'-dns, agreement 
with a person: accord'ant, a. agreeable to; corres- 
ponding to : accordantly, ad. -II -. accordingly, ad. -II : 
accordion, n. dk-kor'-di-on, a keyed wind instrument. 

accost, v. dk-kost' (F. accoster, to join side to side, 
to come up to), to speak first to ; to address or salute : 
accosting, imp.: accost'ed, pp.: accostable, a. dk- 
kost'-d-bl, easy of access. 

accoucheur, n. dk'-kob- slier' (F. — from L. ad: F. 
couclie, a bed), a surgeon who attends women in child- 
birth : accouchement, n. dk-Mosh'-mdng, lying in 
child-birth: accoucheuse, n. dk'-koo-shez' , a midwife. 

account, n. dk-kownt' (L. ad; con, together; puto, 
I think— this word used to be written accompt), a sum 
stated on a slate or paper ; a narrative or statement ; 
regard ; explanation a statement of prices, expenses, 
&c: v. to judge; to esteem; to value; to give rea- 
sons; to explain; to be liable: accounting, imp.: 
account'ed, pp.: accountable, a. dk-kownt'-d-bl, liable 
to answer for one's conduct : accountability, n. -d- 
hil'i-/l, luing liable to answer for one's conduct: ac- 
countably, ad. -bli: account'ableness, n.: account'- 
ant, n. one skilled in accounts ; a clerk : accountant- 
ship, n. the office of an accountant: accountancy, n. 
dkkownt'-dn-sl. 

accoutre, v. dk-k6-ter (F. accoutrer, to dress or 
equip), to dress or equip for military service : accou- 
tring, imp. ak-ko'trlng: accoutred, pp. dk-ko'terd: 
accoutrements, n. plu. dk-kd'-tir-ments, military 
dress or equipments. 

accredit, v. dk-kred'U (L. ad; credo, I believe or 
trust in), to give trust to ; to procure honour or credit 
for: accrediting, imp.: accredited, pp. dk-kred'-lt-ctl .- 
adj. authorised to appear as one possessing the confi- 
dence of another, or as a public character. 

accretion, n. dk-kre-shun (L. ad; cresco, I grow, or 
cretum, to grow), increase by external addition of new 
matter: accretive, a. dk-kre'tiv, growing by external 
additions : accrescence, n. dk-kres'-ens. 

accrue, v. dk-kro' (L. ad; cresco, I grow), to arise 
from ; to proceed ; to come to ; to be added as increase 
or profit: accruing, imp.: accrued, pp. ak-krod': 
accru'ment, n. 

accumbent, a. dk-kum'-bent (L. accumbo, I lay my- 
self down upon— from ad; cubo, I lie down), leaning 
upon ; reclining at meals : accum'bency, n. -si. 

accumulate, v. dk-ku'-mu-iat (L. ad.; cumulus, 
a heap), to heap or pile up ; to collect or gather to- 
gether; to increase greatly: adj. heaped; collected: 
accu'mula'ting, imp.: accu'mula'ted, pp.: accu'mula- 
tion, n. -la'shun, the act of heaping up or collecting 
together; the things accumulated: accu'mula'tive, 
a. taken as a whole or in the mass : accu'mula'tively, 
ad. -la'-ttv-ll : accu'mula'tor, n. one who gathers or 
amasses. 

accuracy, n. dk-ku-rd-sl (L. ad; cura, care), cor- 
rectness ; exactness : accurateness, n. dk'-ka-rdt'-nes, 
freedom from error or mistake : accurate, a. dk'-ku- 
rat, very exact ; free from error or mistake : accura- 
tely, ad. -K. 

accurse, v. dk-kers' (L. ad: AS. corsian, to execrate 
by the sign of the cross), to devote to destruction ; to 
call down evil or misery upon : accursed, pp. dk- 
kerst': adj. dk-ker'-sed, doomed ; wicked; execrable. 

accuse, v. dk-kuz' (L. accuso, I blame— -from ad; 
causa, a cause), to charge with a crime or fault ; to 
blame : accu'sing, imp. : accused, pp. dk-kuzd': ac- 
cusation, n. dk'-kil-za-shun, being declared guilty of 
a crime or fault ; the charge brougb.1 ■ ainst anyone: 
accu'ser, n. one who blames or charges some one 
with a fault or crime: accu'sable, a. -d-bl, charge- 
able with a crime : accusatory, a. dk-ku'-zd-tor-i, 
that blames ; tending to accuse : accusative, a. dk- 



kfi'-zd-tii:, the name for the case in Latin which 
called in English the objective; censuring: accu'- 
satively, ad. -tlv'-li. 

accustom, v. dk-kus'tum (L. ad: F. coutume, cus- 
tom, habit), to make familiar with by habit or use ; 
to inure to: accus'toming, imp.: accus'tomed, pp. 
mate, mdt, far, law; mete, met, Tier; pine, pin; note, nOt, m6ve; 



ACE 1 

-tiimd: adj. frequent ; usual : accus'tomar'y, a. -ctr'-l, 
usual; customary: a ecus tomar ily, ad. -l-ll. 

ace, n. as (L. as, a unit or pound : F. as : It. asso, 
a single point of cards or dice), a unit ; a trifle ; a mark 
on a card. 

aceous, a'shiis (L.), a postfix signifying resemblance 
to, or partaking of the qualities of a substance— as car- 
bonaceous, partaking of the qualities or appearance of 
carbon. 

aceldama, n. d-sel-dd-md or -Ml- (Ch. akel, a field; 
(lama, blood), a field of blood. 

acephala, a. d-sef'-d-ld (Gr. a, without; kephale, 
the head), applied to those molluscs that have no dis- 
tinct head— as the oyster, the scallop, &c. : aceph- 
alous, a. d-sSf-d-liis, headless. 

acerb, a. d-sirb' (L. acerbus, unripe, sour), sour; 
bitter: acerbity, n. d-serb'-i-ti ; also acerbitude, n. 
a-sirb'-i-tud, sourness with bitterness; sharpness of 
temper and manners. 

aceric, a. d-sir'-ik (L. acer, a maple-tree), of the 
maple-tree— as aceric acid, an acid found in its juice. 

acerose, a. ds'-er-oz; also acerous, ds'-er-us (L. acus, 
a needle, or chaff; acer, sharp), in hot., linear and 
sharp-pointed, applied to the leaves of the fir tribe ; 
chaffy. 

acerval, a. d-ser'-idl (L. acervus, aheap), in heaps: 
acervate, v. d-ser'-vdt, to heap up: acer'vaticg, imp. : 
acervation, n. ds'-er-vd'shun, act of heaping up. 

acescent, a. d-ses'-ent (L. acesco, I become sour), 
slightly sour; tending to acidity: acescence, n. 
i ; or acescency, a-sSs'en-st. 
■ — '^'■u-Uf-t 
*; Jen. 
inns or tentacles 
nished with rows of little cups or suckers : ac'etab- 
ulum, n. -u-liim, in zool., applied to such organs as 
the cuplike sucking-discs on the arms of the cuttle- 
fish; in anat., the socket of the hip-joint: plu. ac- 
etab'ula. 

acetarious, a. ds'-e-td'ri-us (L. acetum, vinegar), 
applied to plants used as salads: acetax'y, n. ds'-e- 
tdr'-l, the acid pulp of certain fruits : acetate, n. ds- 
e-tdt; also acitite, n. ds'e-tlt, a salt of acetic acid: 
ac'eta'ted, a. combined with vinegar : acetic, a. 
d-set'-ik, of vinegar; sour: acetic acid, the pure acid 
of vinegar. 

acetify, v. d-set'-i-fl (L. acetum -, facio, I make), to 
convert or change into acetic acid or vinegar : acet'- 
ifylng, imp.: acet'ified, pp. -fid: acet'ifi'er, -fl'-er, 
that which: acetification, n. (L-set't-ft-ka-shiui : ac- 
etone, n. ds'-e-ton, pyro-acetic spirit: acetose, ds'-e- 
toz; also acetous, a. d-se'-tiis, sour; sharp: acetos- 
ity, n. ds'-e-tos'-i-ti. 

ache, n. dk (Gr. achos, grief, pain either in body or 
mind: Ger. ach, alas, applied to grief), a continued 
pain in a moderate degree ; also aching, n. : v. to be 
in continued bodily pain; to suffer grief: aching, 
imp. : ached, pp. dkd. 

achieve, v. d-chev' (F. achever, to perfect, to 
complete— from L. ad; caput, the head), to finish or 
complete successfully; to carry on progressively to 
an end: achieving, imp.: achieved, pp. d-chevd': 
achieve'ment, n. an escutcheon; something done by 
continued exertion : achiev'er, n. one who : achiev- 
able, a. d-chev'-d-bl: achievance, n. -dns, perform- 
ance. 

achmite, n. dk'-mlt (Gr. akme, a sharp point or 
edge), one of the hornblende family, found in long 
greenish-black crystals, terminating in sharp points. 

achroite, n. dk'-ro-lt (Gr. a, without; chroa, col- 
our), applied to the colourless varieties of tourma- 
line. 

achor, n. d'-kdr (Gr. achor, a soreness of the head), a 
species of scald-head with soft and scaly eruptions. 

achromatic, a. dk'-ro-mdt'-ik (Gr. a, without; chro- 
ma, colour), free from colour ; object-glasses not pro- 
ducing colours, when rays of light pass through them, 
are termed achromatic Unses: achromatism, n. a- 
krom'-d-tizm ; also achrom'aticlty, n. -tis'-i-ti, state of 
being achromatic. 

acicular, a, d-sik'-u-ldr (L. acus, a needle; acicula, 
a little needle), formed like a needle, applied to min- 
eral crystals which occur in slender needle-like prisms 
or prickles: acic'ularly, ad. -lar'-ll -. aciculite, n. 



.. . ■'■ii-lit, needle-ore; an ore of bismuth found im- 
bedded in quartz in long, thin, steel-grey crystals : 
aciform, a. ds'-i-fawrm (L. acus; forma, shape), needle- 
shaped, 
acid, n. ds'-ld (L, acidus, sharp to the taste— from 

cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



ACQU 

acus, a needle), something which causes sourness to 



quality of being sour: acidiferous, a. Os'id-IJ'er-us 

(L. acidus, sour ; fero, I bear), containing acid: acid- 
ify, v. d-sid'-l-fi (L. acidus; facio, I make), to make 
a body sour; to change into an acid: acid'ifying, 
imp. : acidified, pp. -fid : acidification, n. d-sld'-l- 
fi-ka'-shun, the act or process of changing into an 
acid: acidifi/er, n. d-shi-i-fi'-ir, that which changes 
into an acid: acidifiable, a. d-sid'-ifi'd-bl, that may 
be converted into an acid: acidimeter, n. ds-l-dlm' 
e-ter (L. acidus: Gr. metron, a measure), an instru- 
ment used in testing the strength of acids. 

acidulate, v. d-sid'-il-ldt (L. acidulus, a little sour), 
to make slightly sour; to make moderately acid: 
acidulating, imp. : acidulated, pp. : acid'ulous, a. 
slightly sour : acidulae, n. plu. d-sid'-u-le, mineral 
springs rich in carbonic acid. 

acidaspis, n. ds'-i-dds'-pls (Gr. akis, a spear-point; 
asjris, a buckler), certain fossil crustaceans, so called 
from the central lobe of the head-plate projecting over 
the body in the form of a pointed stomacher. 

acinaceous, a. ds'-i-nd-shiis (L. acinus, a stone or 
seed in a berry), full of kernels : acenose, a. ds'-e-nu;, 
applied to mineral textures and surfaces which have 
a granulated appearance like the raspberry. 

acinaciform, n. ds'in-ds'-l-fawrm (L. acinaces, a 
straight sword or sabre), in bot., shaped like a Turkish 
sword or scimitar. 

acknowledge, v. ak-nol'-ej (L. ad, to; and know- 
ledge), to own; to confess; to admit to be true; to 
assent to : acknowledging, imp. : acknowledged, 
pp. dk-nol'-ejd -. acknowledgment, n. itk-nol'-ej-min-, 
the owning to be true ; confession ; the expression 
of thanks for a benefit received ; a receipt : acknowl- 
edger, n. one who. 

acme, n. dk'-me (Gr. akme, the point), the highest 
point ; the top ; maturity or perfection ; the height or 
crisis of a disease. 

acne, n. dk'-ne (Gr. contr. from akmai, pimples on 
the face), a small hard pimple, chiefly affecting the 
forehead. 

acolyte, n. dk'-o-llt (Gr. akoloutheo, I follow as a 
servant), in the Rom. Cath. Ch., one whose duty it is 
to prepare the elements for the offices, to light the 
church, &c, and to attend on the officiating priest. 

aconite, n. dk'-d-?ilt (L. aconitum: Gr. akoniton), 
the herb wolf's-bane, or monk's-hood; a deadly poison 
extracted from it: aconitine, n. d-kon'-l-tin, the alka- 
loid of aconite. 

acorn, n. a'-kawm (AS. cecern: Icel. akarn: Dut. 
aker), the fruit of the oak-tree, formerly used as 
human food. 

acorus, n. dk'-orus (L., from Gr. akoron), the sweet 
flag, or sweet rush. 

acotyledon, n. a-kd-tl-le"-ddn {Gr. a, without; kotu- 
ledon, a seed-lobe), in bot., a plant whose embryos or 
germs have no seed-lobes : acotyledonous, a. a'-ko- 
til-e'-do-nus, having no seed-lobes. 

acoustics, n. plu. d-koiv'-stiks (Gr. akoustos, that 
may he heard), the science that treats of the cause, 
nature, and phenomena of sounds ; remedies for deaf- 
ness: acou'stic, a. -stik; also acou'stical, a. -stl-kdl, 
relating to hearing or sound. 

acquaint, v. dk-kwdnf (old F. accointer, to make 
known), to inform ; to give notice of; to make familiar 



of being acquainted ■ dge of, either intimate or 

but a little. 

acquiesce, v. dk'-kivl-es' (L. ad; guiesco, I am quiet), 
to agree in ; to rest satisfied with ; to assent quietly : 
ac quies'cing, imp.: acquiesced, pp. dk'-kwi-est' : 
ac'quies'cence, n. -es-Sns, agreement in ; satisfaction 
with; also ac'quies'cency, n. -en-si: ac'quies'cent, a. 
-ent, easy; submitting. 

acquire, v. dk-kwir' (L. ad; guozro, I seek), to gain 
possession of something as one's own, as money or 
knowledge; to earn or attain: acquiring, imp.: ac- 
quired, pp. dk-kwlrd' -. adj. gained; not natural: ac- 
quire'ment, n. something gained by study— as gram- 



tlv, desiring possession: acquisitively, ad. -tiv'-ll: 
acquisitiveness, n. dk-kicis'i-tlv'-nes, in phren., the 
desire of the mind to gain or possess. 



ACQU 

acquit, v. dk-kwlf (F. acquitter, to set free, to clear 
— from L. ad; quietum, to keep quiet), to clear from, 
blame or guilt ; to discharge : acquit'ting, imp. : ac- 
quit'ted, pp. : acquit'tal, n. a setting free ; the being 
found not guilty: acquit'tance, n. -tdns, a release 
from a debt : the writing or receipt to show this. 

acre, n. d-ker (AS. acer: Ger. acker, a field of culti- 
vated land), a portion of land containing 4840 square 
yards: acreage, n. d'ker-dj, the number of acres in 
a piece of land : acred, a. d'kerd, possessing acres or 
land. 

acrid, a. dk'rid (L. acer, gen. acris, sharp), hot and 
bitter ; of a sharp or biting taste ; pungent ; corrosive : 
acridness, n., or acridity, n. dk-rid'i-ti, sharpness; 
bitterness: acrimonious, a. dk'ri-mo'nl-us (L. acri- 
monia, sourness), sharp; severe; sarcastic — applied 
to manner of speaking : ac'rimo'niousness, n. : ac'ri- 
mo'niously, ad. -li: acrimony, n. dk'ri-mOn- 1, sharp- 
ness or bitterness in speaking: acritude, n. dk'-rl- 
tud, bitterness. 

acrita, n. dk'rl-td (Gr. akritos, indistinct), a divi- 
sion of the animal kingdom, comprising the lowest 
classes of radiata, characterised by an indistinct or 
molecular condition of the nervous system. 

acroamatic, a. dk'ro-d-mdt'lk; also ac'roamat'ical, 
a. -i-kdl (Gr. ukroama, a hearing), pert, to the more 
obscure or deeper parts of learning ; abstruse. 

acrobat, n. dk'ro-bdt {Gt. akros, high; baino, I go), 
a rope-dancer ; a vaulter ; a tumbler. 



-applied to the high-skulled tribes of the human 
family. 

acrodont, n. dk'ro-ddnt (Gr. akros, high; odous, 
gen. odontos, a tooth), a term applied to certain fossil 
saurians from the manner in which their teeth were 
fixed: acrodus, a. dk'-ro-dus, certain fossil fish-teeth, 
characterised by their enamel being covered with fine 
grooves, known by the name of fossil leeches. 

acrogen, n. dk'ro-jen (Gr. akros, high; gennao, I 
produce), in bot., applied to plants which increase by 
growth at the summit or growing point : acrogenous, 
a. d-krof-6-nus, increasing by growth at the summit 
or growing points— as the tree ferns. 

acrognathus, n. dk'rog-na'-thus (Gr. akros, high, 
pointed ; gnathos, the jaw-bone), a genus of fossil fishes 
from the lower chalk, characterised by their deep jaws. 

acronyc, a. d-kron'lk; also acron'ycal, -l-kal (Gr. 
akros, high, extreme ; nux, gen. nuktos, night), in as- 
iron., a term applied to the stars when they either 
appear above or sink below the horizon at the time 
of sunset : acron'ycal'ly, ad. -li. 

acropolis, n. a-krop-6-lls (Gr. akros, high ; polls, a 
city), the highest part or citadel of a city. 

acrosaurus, n. dk'-ro-saw'rus (Gr. akros, high; 
sauros, a lizard), an extraordinary fossil reptile found 
in South Africa. 

acrospire, n. dk'rO-spir (Gr. akros; speira, a spiral 
line), the shoot or sprout at the end of a germinating 
seed : ac'rospired, a. -splrd. 

across, prep., ad. d-kros 1 (AS. a, at, on: Icel. kross, a 
cross), from side to side ; laid over something so as tc 
cross it. 

acrostic, n. d-kros'tlk (Gr. akros, high, extreme : 
stichos, a row or line), a short poem of which the first 
letters of the lines or verses form a word— generally 
a proper name: adj. pert, to: acros'tically, ad. -II. 

act, n. dkt (L. actus, done), a deed ; a doing ; power 
exerted ; an exploit ; a decree or law : v. to do ; to exert 
power; to perform: acting, imp.: act'ed, pp.: action, 
n. dk'shun, the state of acting or moving ; force exerted 
by one body on another ; a deed; a battle: actionable, 
a. dk'shun-d-bl, something in word or deed that may 
be carried to a court of law: ac'tionably, ad. -li: ac- 
tionary, n. <£k iionist, n. one who: ac- 

tive, a. dk'tiv, nimble ; lively ; not dull : ac'tively, ad. 
-li: activity, n. dk-tlv'i-ti, nimbleness; the habit of 
diligence : actor, n. dk'ter, he that acts or performs— 
fern, ac'tress: actual, a. dk'tu-dl, real; what truly 
exists: ac'tually, ad. -li: actuality, n. dk'tu-dl'i-ti, 
reality: actuary, n. dk'tu-dr'i, a notary; the man- 
aging director of an insurance office : actualise, v. 
dk'tu-d-liz', to realise ; to make actual : ac'tualislng, 
imp. : actualised, pp. dk'-tu-d-lizd' : actuate, v. dk' 
tu-dt, to move ; to incite to action: actuating, imp.: 
ac'tuated, pp. : actuation, n. dk'tu-d'shun. 

acteosaurus, n. dk'te-6-saw'riis (Gr. acte, the sea- 
shore ; sauros, a lizard), a fossil lizard-like animal of 
the chalk period having very small extremities. 



6 



ADDR 

actinia, n. dc-t%n'l-d (Gr. aktin, a ray), the sea-ane- 
mone, so called from the ray-like arrangement of its 
tentacles, which surround the mouth like the petals of 
" flower: phi. actiniae, dk-tin'l-e. 

actinocrinus, n. dk'tin-ok'ri-nus ; also actinocri- 
nite, dk'-tin-6k'-rl-n%t (Gr. aktin; krinon, a lily), a ge- 
nus of encrinites characterised by the thorn-like side- 
arms which project from the main column. 

actinolite, n. dk-Un'o-lit (Gr. aktin, a ray; lithos, 
a stone); also actinote, n. dk'-tln-ot, a mineral com- 
posed of radiating or thorn-like crystals of a dark or 
greenish hue. 

actinometer, n. dk'tm-din'c-t&r (<;r. aktin; metron, 
a measure), an instrument for measuring at any in- 
stant the direct heating power of the solar rays. 

aculeate, a. d-ku'le-dt (L. acus, a needle), in bo'., 
sharp-pointed; thorny; prick'y: in zool., having a 
sting or prickles. 

acumen, n. d-ku'men (L. acuo, I sharpen), sharp- 
ness; quickness; penetration; sagacity: acuminated, 
a. d-ku'mi-nd'ted, sharpened to a point: also acu- 
minate and acu'minous, a. -nus: acumination, n. 
d-ku'mi-nd'shun. 

acupressure, n. dku-prSsh'ur (L. acus, a needle; 
_ ressum, to press), in surg., the employment of needles 
instead of liga bu trl 'Ties, &c. 

acupuncture, n. d-ku-pungk'-tur (L. acus, a nee- 
dle; punctus, a pricking), in surg., the pricking a 
diseased part with a needle : acupunc'tura'tion, n. 

acute, a. d-kut' (L. acutus, sharp -pointed), sharp; 
penetrating ; opposed to dull or stupid : acutely, ad. 
-li: acute'ness, n. 

ad, dd (L.), Latin prefix meaning to; it assumes, for 
the sake of euphony, the various forms of a, ac, af, ag, 
al, an, ap, ar,as, at, according to the commencing 
letter of the primitive or root. 

adactyl, n. d-ddk'til (Gr. a, without; daktulos, a 
finger), in zool. , a foot or locomotive extremity without 
toes. 

adage, n. dd'aj (L. adagium, a proverb), a pro- 
verb ; an old saying. 

adagio, n. d-dd'-ji-o (It.), slow time: ad. slowly. 

Adam, n. dd'dm, the first man: Adamic, a. a-ddm' 
ik, pert, to : Ad'am's ap'ple, n., the prominent part of 
the throat: Adamites, n. plu. dd'd-rnits, an ancient 
religious sect : Adamitic, a. dd'd-mit'lk, pert, to the 
time of Adam: pre- Adamite, a. pre-dd'd-mit, before 
the time of Adam. 

adamant, n. (hi'a .;-,,, inj (L. adamas, a hard stone— 
from a, not ; damao, I subdue), what cannot be broken, 
tamed, or subdued ; a stone or metal of impenetrable 
hardness : adamantine, a. ddki-rndn'tin, hard-heart- 
ed ; not to be broken or subdued : also ad'aman'tean, 
a. -te-dn. 

adapis, n. dd'd-pis (Gr. a, without ; dapis, a carpet), 
a fossil animal somewhat resembling a hedgehog, but 
three times its size. 

adapt, v. d-ddpf (L. ad; apto, I fit), to fit; to make 
to suit: adapting, imp.: adapt'ed, pp.: adaptable, 
a. d-ddpt'd-bl, that may be suited : adaptability, n. 
d-ddpt-d-bil'-i-ti, the being fitted or suited for: adap- 
tation, n. ad'dp-ta'shun, the act of making suitable ; 
fitness : adapt'edness, n. 

add, v. dd (L. ad ; do, I give), to put together ; to 
join; to unite: ad'ding, imp.: added, pp. dd'ded : ad- 
dible, a. dd'dl-U; also additive, a. dd'dl-tiv, that may 
be added: ad'dibil'ity, n. : addition, n. dd-dish'un, 
an increase ; uniting two or more numbers into one 
sum; something put to : additional, a. dd-dlsh'-un-dl, 
something more : additionally, ad. -li. 

addendum, n. dd-den'dum, plu. adden'da, -dd (L. ), 
an appendix ; something added. 

adder, n. dd'-dAr (AS. azttr: low Ger. adder: W. 
neidr: Goth, nadrs), a poisonous serpent; a viper: 
adder-fly or adder-bolt, n. dragon-fly. 

addict, v. dd-dikt' (L. ad; dictus, said, named), to 
give one's self up to, as to a custom or habit— usually in 
an ill sense : addicting, imp.: addict'ed, pp.: addict'- 
edness: addiction, n. dd-dik'-shun. 

addition, &c, see under add. 

addle, v. dd'dl (AS. adl, disease : prov. Sw. adel, 
urine), to make corrupt : addle or addled, a. dd'dld, 
rotten— applied to eggs ; barren : addling, imp. : ad- 
dled, pp. : ad'dle-head'ed, a. of weak intellect ; also 
ad'dle-pat'ed, a. pd'ted. 

address, v. dd-dres^F. adresser, to direct : L. direct- 
us, made straight), to speak to ; to write a direction 
on a letter; to pay court to, as a lover: addressing, 
imp:: addressed, pp. dd-drSst': address', u. a speak- 



mdte, mdt.fdr, law; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, mdve; 



ADDU 



ing to; direction on a letter; skill; maimer or mode 
of behaviour: plu. addresses, dd-dres'-ez, courtship 
paid to a woman : addresser, n. one who. 

adduce, v. dd-dusf (L. ad; duco, I lead or bring), 
to offer; to bring forward; to cite; to name: addu- 
cing, imp.: adduced, pp. dd-dusf: addu'cer, n. one 
who : addu'cible, a. -si-bl : adduction, n. dd-duk'-shun: 
adducent, a. ringing forward or toge- 

ther: adductive, a. dd-duk'-tiv (L. ad; ductus, led), 
that adduces: adduc'tively, ad. -tiv-li: adduc'tor, n. 
in anat., a muscle that contracts parts. 

adenology, n. ad'g-nol'6-jl (Gr. aden, a gland; logos, 
discourse), in anat., the doctrine of the glands ; their 
nature and their uses: adenose, a. dd'-e-noz; alsoade- 
nous, dd'-6-nus, gland-like: adenography, n. dd'-en- 
vg'rd-fi (Gr. aden; grapho, I write), a treatise on the 
giands. 

adept, n. d-dSpf (L. adept 
fully skilled in anything : adj. 

adequate, a. dd'-e-kwdt (L. ad; cequatus, made equal 
or like), fully sufficient for; equal to: ad'equately, 
ad. -II: adequacy, n. dd'-e-kwd'-si, the being equal to; 
sufficiency for a particular end : ad'equate'ness, n. 

adfected, a. dd-fekt'ed (L. ad; /actus, done), in 
alg., consisting of different powers of the unknown 
quantity ; also affect'ed. 

adhere, v. dd-her' (L. ad; hcereo, I stick), to stick 
to; to cleave to; to hold to an opinion: adhering, 
imp.: adhered, pp. dd-herd': adherence, n. ad-he- 
r&ns, steady or fixed attachment to; adhe'rency, n. 
-ren-si, the act of sticking or adhering to : adhesion, n. 
dd-he'-zhun, applied to matter— the act of sticking to ; 
a union of parts of any body by means of cement, glue, 
growth, &c. ; steady attachment : adhesive, a. dd-he- 
siv, gluey; sticky: adhe'sively, ad. -li: adhesive- 
ness, n. : adhe'rent or adhe'rer, n. one who adheres 
to ; a follower : adhe'rently, ad. -li. 

adhibit , v. b itum, to add to,— from 

ad; habeo, I have or hold), to put to ; to use or apply : 
adhibiting, imp.: adhibited, pp.: adhibition, n. 
dd'-hl-bish'-un, application; use. 

adiantites, n. plu. dd'-l-dn'-tits or -tl'-tez (Gr. adi- 
antos, unmoistened), a genus of fossil ferns found in 
the coal-measures, so called from their resemblance to 
the existing adiantum or maiden-hair. 

adieu, n., ad., interj. d-dil' (F. a, to; JDieu, God), 
a farewell ; an expression of regard or kind wishes. 

adipocere.n. ad'-i-po-ser' (L. acleps, fat; cera, wax), 
a light, waxy, or fatty substance, of a whitish-grey 
colour, into which animal flesh is changed when buried 
in moist earth ; often found in burial-grounds— hence 
called "grave-wax"— in peat-bog, &c: adipocerous, 
a. dd'-i-pos'-er-us, pert, to; adipbcerite, n. dd'-i-pos'- 
er-it, the fatty or waxy matter found in certain peat- 
mosses : adipocere mineral, a fatty waxy substance 
found in certain coal-formations. 



adit, n. dd'-it (L. aditus, an approach or entrance), 
an under-ground gallery or tunnel into a mine for 
carrying off water or for extracting the ore. 

adjacent, a. dd-jd'-sent (L. ad; jaceo, I lie), lying 
near; bordering upon: adja'cently, ad. -li: adjacen- 
cy, n. dd-ja'-sen-si. 

adject, v. dd-jekt' (L. ad; jactus, cast), to add or put 
to: adjecting, imp.: adjected, pp. dd-jekt-ed: adjec- 
tion, n. dd-jek-shun: adjectitious, a. dd'jek-tish'us, 
added to or on: adjective, n. dd'jek-tiv, a word put 
to a noun to modify its meaning: adj. qualifying; 
depending on another: adjectival, dd'-jek-ti-vdl, a. 
pert, to: ad'jective'ly, a.d.-tiv-li. 

adjoin, v. dd-jdyn' (L. ad-.jungo, I join), to lie next 
to; to lie close to: adjoining, imp.: adjoined, pp. 



adjourn, v. dd-jern' (L. ad: F. jour, a day), to put 
off from one day to another; to delay: adjourning, 
imp.: adjourned, pp. dd-jurnd' -. adjourn'ment, n. 
putting off to another day ; the time or interval during 
which the business is suspended. 

adjudge, v. dd-juf (L. ad; judico, I judge: F. ad- 
juger), to determine ; to decide ; to award sentence : 
adjudging, imp.: adjudged, pp. dd-jujd' : adjudg'- 
ment, n. 

adjudicate, v. dd-jd-cli-kdt (L. adjudico, I give 
sentence in behalf of— from judico, I judge), to pro- 
nounce judgment upon ; to try or determine as a 
court : adjudicating, imp. : adju'dica'ted, pp. : ad- 
judication, n. dd-jo'di-kd'-shun, the pronouncing 
judgment upon ; the decision or award of a court. 

cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, 



ADON 

adjunct, n. dd'-junkt (L. ad; junctus, joined) some- 
thing added to another, generally to modify or quali- 
fy: adj. assisting: adjunct'ly, ad. -li: adjunction, 
dd- junk' shun: adjunctive, a. -tiv, joining; tending 
to join : n. that which is joined : adjunc'tively, ad. -li. 

adjure, v. dd-jor' (L. adjuro, I swear solemnly— from 
ad; juro, I swear), to charge solemnly; to bind on 
oath: adju'ring, imp.: adjured, pp. dd-jord' : ad- 
juration, n. dd'-joo-rd'-shiln, the act of solemnly 
charging on oath ; a solemn charge on oath : adju'rer, 
n. one who. 

adjust, v. dd-justf (L. ad; Justus, just or proper), to 
fit to; to make to correspond; to put in order; to 
settle: adjusting, imp.: adjust'ed, pp.: adjustment, 
n. tid-jusPm&nt, the act of settling; a settlement: ad- 
justlve, a. -iv. 

adjutant, n. dd'-jdb-tdnt (L. ad; jutum, to help), in a 
regiment, one who assists the major, and next in rank 
to him: adjutancy, n. dd'-jdb-tdn-si, the office of the 
adjutant: adjutor, n. ad-jb'-Ur, any one who assists: 
adjutrix, n. dd-jo'-triks, a woman-helper : ad'juvant, 
a. helping : n. an assistant ; in med., a remedy. 

admeasurement, n. dd-mezh'-dbr-ment (L. ad; and 
metior, I measure), adjustment of proportions ; art or 
practice of ni< i 

administer, v. dd-min'-is-ter (L. ad : ministro, I serve 
or assist), to direct the application of laws, as a king or 
judge ; to manage ; to add to ; to bring aid or supplies 
to: administering, imp. dd-min'-is-trlng .- adminis- 
tered, pp. dd-min'ls-terd : administration, n. dd- 
min-is -trd'- shun, the act of carrying into effect ; direc- 
tion; the government of a country: administrable, 
a. dd-min'-is-trd-bl : administerial, a. -ste'ri-al, mini- 
sterial: ad'ministe'riariy, ad. -li: administrative, a. 
dd'-min-is-strd'-tiv, able to carry into effect : ad'mini- 
stra'tor, n. the man who carries into effect ; one who 
directs: administratrix, n. dd'-mln-is-strd'-triks, the 
woman who carries into effect or directs : ad'mini- 
stra'torship, n. 

admiral, n. dd'-mi-rdl (F. amiral: Arab, emir or 
amir, a noble or chief in command), the commander 
of a fleet or navy ; a flag officer : admiralty, n. dd'- 
mi-rdl'-tl, the supreme court in naval affairs; the 
building in which the court sits. 

admire, v. dd-mir' (L. ad .- miror, I wonder), to look 
upon with pleasure; to regard with wonder or sur- 
prise ; to love or esteem greatly : admi'ring, imp. : 
admired, pp. dd-mird': admirable, a. dd'-mi-rd-bl, 
worthy of esteem or praise; that may excite wonder 
or esteem: admirably, ad. dd'mi-rd-bli: admiringly, 
dd-mi'-ring-li, in a manner to excite wonder; with 
esteem; with admiration: ad'mirab'leness, n. : ad- 
mirability, n. dd'-mi-rd-bil'-i-ti: admiration, n. dd'- 
mi-ra'-shun, wonder mingled with pleasure or slight 
surprise : admirer, n. dd-mi'-rer, one who admires. 

admit, v. dd-mit' (L. ad; mitto, I send), to permit 
to enter; to receive as true; to allow: admit'ting, 
imp. : admit'ted, pp. : admit'table, a. -bl : admit'ter, 
n. one who; admittance, n. dd-mif-tdns, permission 
to enter : admission, n. dd-mish'-un (L. missus, sent), 
entrance; power or permission to enter: admissible, 
a. ldd-mis'-si-bl, that may be allowed or admitted: 
admis'sibly, ad. -bli-. admissibility, n. -bil'-i-ti, the 
quality of being admissible. 

admix, v. dd-miks' (L. ad; mixtum, to mingle), to 
mingle with something else: admixing, imp.: ad- 
mixed, pp. -mikst': admixture, n. dd-miks'-tur, a 
substance formed by mingling one substance with 
another; also admixtion, n. dd-mikst'-shun. 

admonish, v. dd-mon'-ish (L. ad; moneo, I warn; 
monitus, warned), to warn ; to reprove gently ; to ad- 
vise: admonishing, imp. : admonished, pp. dd-mon'- 
isht: admonlsher, n. ; or admonltor, one who admon- 
ishes: admonition, n. dd'-mo-nish'-un, gentle reproof ; 
caution: admonitive, a. dd-mbn-itiv ; admonitory, 
dd-mon'i-tor-i, that conveys caution or warning: ad- 
monltively, ad. -tiv'-li. 

adnascent, a. dd-nds-ei '/zscens, growing), 

growing to or upon; also adnate, a. dd-ndt' (L. ad; 
natus, born), grown to. 

ado, n. d-do' (AS. a, and do), fuss ; bustle ; difficulty. 

adolescence, n. dd'-O-Us'Sns ; adolescency, dd'-o- 
les'-en-sl (L. adolesco, I increase or grow), in a growing 
state ; youth up to manhood : adolescent, a. dd'6-les' 
ent, growing ; pertaining to youth. 

Adonic, a. d-don'-ik (from Ado'nis— in anc. myth., a 
youth, the favourite of Venus, the goddess of love), 
pert, to a certain kind of verse : n. a poetical verse 
consisting of a dactyl and a spondee or trochee. 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



ADOP 

adopt, v. A-dopV (L. ad; opto, I wish, I choose), to 
take or receive as one's own what is not naturally so— 
as a person, a thing, an opinion ; to choose : adopting, 
imp.: adopt'ed, pp.: adoption, n. d-ddp'shna, the 
taking as one's own that which is not so naturally: 
adop'tive, a. -tlv, that adopts : adopt'er, n. one who : 
adopt'edly, ad. -II. 

adore, v. d-dor' (L. ad; oro, I pray to, entreat), to 
pay divine honour to ; to worship solemnly ; to regard 
with esteem; to love highly: ado'ring, imp. : adored, 
pp. d-dord'-. ador'er, n. one who: adorable, a. A- 
do'-rd-M, worthy of worship ; that ought to be loved 
or respected: ado'rably, ad. -Ml: ado'rable'ness, n. : 
adoringly, ad. A-do'-rlng-h: adoration, n. dd'-o-rd- 
shun, the worship of God ; the act of praying. 

adorn, v. A-ddwrn' (L. ad; orno, I deck or beautify), 
to deck; to make beautiful : adornment, n. d-dawrn- 
ment, an adorning ; ornament : adorn ing, imp. : ad- 
orned, pp. d-dawriid' : adorn'ingly, ad. -II. 

ado3Ciuation, n. Ad-os'-ku-la'-shun (L. ad; osculum, 
a kiss, or a little mouth), the impregnation of plants ; 
a propagation of plants by inserting one part of a plant 
into another. 

adown, prep. A-dduon' (AS. adilne), downward ; from 
a higher to a lower situation. 

adrift, a. or ad. A-drlff (AS. adrifan, to drive 
away, to expel), floating about at random ; driven. 

adroit, a. A-drdyt' (F. a; droit, to the right), clever 
in the use of the hands; ready-witted; dexterous: 
adroitly, ad. -li ; in a ready, skilful manner : adroit'- 
ness, n. readiness; dexterity. 

adry.a. a-drl'(AS. a; drig, dry), thirsty: ad. athirst. 

adstriction, n. Ad-strlk'-shun(L.ad: str ictus, drawn 
together), a binding fast; constipation. 

adularia, n. Ad-u-ld'-ri-d (Gr. adularos, sweetly 
fair— from (h)adus, sweet; laros, pleasant), a trans- 
parent variety of potash felspar. 

adulation, n. dd'-u-ld'-shun (L. adulatio, fawning 
like a dog), mean flattery ; praise in excess : adulator, 
n. dd'ula'-tdr, one who: adulatory, a. Ad'-u-ld-tor'-l, 
containing excessive praise. 

adult, n. d-diutf (L. adultus, grown), a person grown 
to maturity; from fifteen years of age upwards: adj. 
mature; grown up: adult nes3, n. 

adulterate, v. d-ddl'-ter-dt (L. adidtero, I corrupt), 
to corrupt ; to make impure by a base mixture : adul'- 
tera'ting, imp. : adul'tera'ted, pp. : adulteration, n. 
a-dul'-ter-a'shun, the being corrupted or debased an 
article not pure and genuine: adul'tera'tor, n. one 
who ; also adulterant, n. : adul'terate'ly, ad. -li : 
adulterate'ness, n.: adulterer, n. d-dfd'-ter-er, a man 
guilty of adulti.-ry; an idolater: adulteress, n. wo- 
man guilty of adultery: adulterous, a. A-dal'-ter-iis, 
guilty of adultery; unclean: adul'terous'ly, ad. -II: 
adultery, n. A-dul'-ter-l, violation of the marriage- 
bed; idolatry: adulterine, a. d-dul'-ter-ln, resulting 
from adultery ; spurious : n. a child born from adulter- 
ous intercourse. 

adumbrate, v. dd-um'-brdt (L. ad; umbra, a sha- 
dow), to give a faint shadow or sketch ; to describe : 
adunVbrating, imp. : adumbrated, pp. : adumbrant, 
a. giving a faint shadow: adumbration, n. dd'-um- 
bra'-shun, the act of making a shadow or faint resem- 
blance. 

aduncous, a. A-dung'-kus (L. aduncus, hooked), in 
tot., crooked ; bent in the form of a hook. 

advance, v. dd-vdns' (F. avancer, to advance), to 
move or bring foiward ; to raise to a higher rank ; to 
propose ; to pay beforehand ; to be promoted : n. a 
moving or bringing forward; promotion; a rise in 
value or price ; a giving beforehand ; a proposal : 
advan'cing, imp.: advanced, pp. dd-vdnst' -. ad- 
van'cer, n. -sir, one who: advancement, n. the act 
of moving forward ; a step in rank or promotion : ad- 
vancive, a. Ad-vdn'-slv, tending to advance: ad- 
vanced' -guard, n. the detachment of troops which 
precedes the main body of an army or division. 

advantage, n. dd-vdn'fdj (F. ('.vintage, profit— from 
F. avant : It. avanti, before), superiority in any state, 
condition, or circumstance ; gain ; interest : advan- 
taged, pp. ad- 1. <ii,'.;aj,i. iM-n-efited; forwarded: advan- 
tageous, a. ad'-vdn-td'jus, favourable; full of benefit : 
advantageously, ad. -II: ad'vanta'geousness, n. 

advent, n. ad'-vent (L. ad, and ventum, to come), 
a coming ; the < ■< u i ii 1 1 - o C < ; 1 iri.st to the earth : adventit- 
ious, a. Ad'-ven-tlsh'-us, coming to accidentally; not 
forming an essential part : adventual, a. rid-ven'-tu- 
HI, relating to the season of advent: ad'ventiti'ously, 
ad. -II; ad'ventiti'ousness, n. 



AEEI 

adventure, n. Ad-vcn'-tur (L. ad; ventum, to come), 
a bold undertaking; a chance enterprise; a striking 
event : v. to risk on chance ; to attempt or dare : ad- 
ven'turing, imp. : adventured, pp. -turd : adven- 
turer, n. dd-ven'-tu-rer, one who risks everything on 
chance: adventurous, a. dd-ven'ta-rus, bold ; hazard- 
ous; dangerous: adventuresome, n. ail-" 
bold; daring; full of risk: adventurously, ad. -li: 
adven'turous'ness, n. 

adverb, n. Ad-verb (L. ad; verburn, a word), in 
gram., a word used to modify the meaning of a verb, 
an adjective, an adverb, a clause, or a sentence: ad- 
verbial, ad. dd-virb'-l-dl: adverbially, ad. -li. 

adverse, a.dd'vtr-i (L. advrsum, opposite to— from 
ad; versus, turned), opposed to ; unfortunate ; calami- 
tous : ad'versely, ad. -ll: ad'verseness, n.: adversity, 
n. dd-ver'-si-tl, ill fortune ; continued calamity : ad- 
versary, n. dd'-ver-sdr'-l, an enemy ; one opposed to : 
adversative, a. dd-ver'-sd-tiv, that which marks a 
difference or opposition. 

advert, v. Ad-vertf (L. ad. ; verto, I turn), to refer 
to ; to turn the attention to : adver'tent, a. attentive ; 
heedful : adverting, imp. : advert'ed, pp. : advert- 
ently, ad. -II: advertence, n. dd-cer'-tias; also ad- 
vertency, n. -ten-sl. 

advertise, v. Ad'-ver-Hz' (L. ad ; verto, I turn), to give 
notice; to inform: advertising, imp. Ad'-cir-tl'-zing: 
ad'vertised', pp. -tlzd' : advertisement, n. Ad-vir'-tlz- 
ment, a public notice in a newspaper : advertiser, n. 
dd'ver-tV-zer, one who advertises ; a newspaper. 

advice, n. Ad-vis 1 (L. ad; viso, I go to see: old F. 
advis: It. viso), a speaking to as to conduct ; counsel ; 
intelligence : advise, v. Ad-vlz 1 , to speak to as to 
conduct ; to give counsel to ; to infonn ; to consult : 
advi'sing.imp. : advised, pp. dd-xlzd'-. adj. cautious; 
prudent; counselled : advi'sedly, ad. -IX, thoughtfully ; 
with careful deliberation: advi'sedness,n.:advi'ser,n. 
one who counsels : advisory, a, ad-vi'-zor-l, containing 
advice: advisable, a. dd-vi'-zd-bl, that may properly 
be done ; prudent ; open to advice : advi'sable'neES, 
n. : advi'sably, ad. -Mi. 

advocate, n. dd'-vo-kdt (L. advor.Atus, one who 
pleads— from ad ; voco, I call), one who pleads the cause 
of another in a court of law ; one who defends : v. to 
plead the cause of another : ad'voca'ting, imp. : ad- 
voca'ted, pp. : advocacy, n. dd-vo-kd'-sl, the act of 
pleading for or defending another in a court of law : 
ad'vocate'ship, n. the office of an advocate : advoca- 
tion, n. dd'-vo-ka'shun, a pleading for: advowson, n. 
dd-vow'sun (L. advocatio, a protector or defender), 
right of perpetual presentation to a benefice: ad- 
vower or advowee, n. Ad-vdw'e, one who. 

adynamic, a. dd'-i-ndm-ik (Gr. a, without; duna- 
rnis, power), without strength. 

adytum, n. ddl'-tum (L. ; Gr. aduton), the most 
sacred place in ancient heathen temples. 

adze or adz, n. adz (AS. adesa), an edge tool for r 
ducing the surface of wood ; a kind of axe. 

ae, e: many words formerly beginning with ce ai . 
now spelt with e. When the word in ce is not found, 
turn to e. 

sechmodus, n. ek'-mo-dus (Gr. aichme, the point of 
a spear ; odous, a tooth), a genus of fossil ganoid fishes 
having small sharp-pointed teeth. 

aedile, n. e'-dil (L., from aides, a house), an anc. Ro- 
man magistrate, who had the care of public buildings. 

segis, n. e'-jis (Gr. aigis, goat-skin, or a shield cover- 
ed with it ; L.), a shieid ; the shield of Minerva. 

.Sneid, n. e'-ne-ld, the great epic poem by the anc. 
Roman, Virgil is the hero. 

.ffiolian, a. e-o'-ll-An (L. jEoIus, the god of the win " 
pert, to JEolus or the wind ; belonging to the \r 
.Slolic, a. e-61'ik, of iEolia. 

seon, n. e'-on (Gr. axon, an age), 
period ; in the ancient Eastern philosophy ae 

supposed emanations from the one self-orit, 

Being, among which were zoe, life; logos, word; 
mMinri'-ivs, onlv-begotten; pleroma, fulness. 

aspiornis, n. e'-pl-6r'-nis (Gr. aipus, immense; ornis, 
a bird), an extinct bird of Madagascar of gigantic 
dimensions, at least double the size of the ostrich. 

aerate, v. A'-er-at (Gr. or L. aer, air— see eyrie), to 
combine with air ; to mix with carbonic acid : a'erat'- 
ing, imp. : aerated, pp. d'er-a'-ted, mixed with car- 
bonic acid: aera,tion, n. d'-er-a'shun, the operation 
or process of n -bonic acid : aerial, a. 

a-c'-rl-dl, belonging to the air ; high ; lofty. 

aerie, n. e'-ri (L. aer, air),thenestofaneagleorhawk. 

aerify, v. ar-t-fi (L. aer, air; facio, I make), to 



mate, mat, far, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, move; 






AEEO ! 

turn into air ; to combine with air : aerifying, imp. : 
aerified, pp. dr'-ifid : aerification, n. dr-i-fi-kd- 
shun, the changing solid or liquid bodies into 'air or 
gas; the act of combining with air: aeriform, a. 
dr'-i-fawrm (L. aer, air ; forma, a shape), having the 
nature or form of air ; not solid. 

aerolite, n. ar'-o-ht (Gr. aer, air; lithos, a stone), a 
stone that falls from the atmosphere to the earth, dis- 
playing, when broken, a semi-metallic, ash-grey col- 
our: also aerolith, n. dr'o-lith. 

aerology, n. dr'ol'6-ji (Gr. aer, air; logos, discourse), 
the science that treats of the air, its nature and uses : 
aeromancy, n. dr'-O-mdn'sl (Gr. aer; manteia, divi- 
nation), divination by means of the air and winds : 
aerologist, n. dr-6l'6-jist, one who studies the nature 
and effects of the air or atmosphere: aerological, a. 
ur'-o-loj'ikdl, pert. to. 

aerometer, n. dr'-om'e-ter (Gr. aer, air; metron, a 
measure), an instrument for ascertaining the weight 
of the atmosphere or of gases. 

aeronaut, n. dr'-Q-naXvt (Gr. aer, air; nautes, a sail- 
or—from naus, a ship), one who sails or floats in the 
air in a balloon: aeronautic, a. dr'-O-ncuc-tik, pert. 
to sailing in the air : aeronautics, n. the science or 
art of sailing in the air. 

aerophytes, n. plu. dr'-o-fifs' (Gr. aer: phuton, a 
plant), plants which live exclusively in the air— hy- 
drophytes, those living under water. 

aerostatic, a. ar'6-stdt'lk (Gr. aer; stafos, a stand- 
ing still), suspending in air: aerostatics, n. plu. -iks; 
also aerostation, n. dr-o-std'-shdn; and aeronautics, 
aerial navigation. 

aeruginous, a. e-rdj'l-nus (L. cerugo, gen. ceruginis, 
rust of copper— from ceris, copper), pert, to the rust of 
copper— viz., verdigris. 

aesculin, n. es'-ku-liii (L. crs cuius, the horse-chest- 
nut), an alkaline principle discovered in the horse- 
chestnut; also spelt esatline. 

aesthetics, n. plu. ez-thet'iks (Gr. aisthesis, the 
act of perceiving), the science which treats of the 
beautiful in nature, in the fine arts, and in literature ; 
the philosophy of taste: aesthetic, a. ez-thet'-ik; also 
asthet ical, a. -i-kdl, pert, to the perception of the 
beautiful. 

aethiops, n. e'thi-ops (Gr. aitho, I burn; ops, the 
eye or countenance), applied to certain chemical com- 
pounds from their black appearance. 

aestivation, n.— see estivation. 

setites, n. plu. e-tl'tez (Gr. aetos, an eagle), a variety 
of nodular ironstone ; eagle-stone. 

afar, ad. d-faf (AS.), at, to, or from a great distance. 

affable, a. df-fd-bl (L. affabilis, accessible, court- 
eous), frank in speech ; easy of access ; of easy man- 
ners in conversation: affably, ad. -bli: affability, 
n. df'fd-bil'i-ti, the being easy of access to others ; 
kind manner in conversation. 

affair, n. df-fdr' (F. affaire, business— from L. ad; 
facere, to make), a matter of any kind ; business ; plu. 
transactions in general. 

affect, v. df-fekf (L. affectum, to influence— from 

ad; factum, to do), to act upon or influence in any way ; 

~" " '.e a show of; to move or touch— as the passions : 



affec'tor, n., one who: affectation, n. df'fck-ta'-srn 
the assuming or pretending to what is not real or na- 
tural: affect edness, n., the quality of being affected: 
affect'ingly, ad. -II: affection, n. af-fek'-shila, love 
for; attachment to; kindly feeling towards: affec- 
tionate, a. df-fek'-shun-dt, warmly attached to ; fond ; 
having great love: affec'tionateness, n. : affec'tion- 
ately, ad. -II: affectively, ad. df-fek'tiv-ll. 

affettuoso.ad. df-fet'tuo-6'zo (It.), in mus., tenderly. 

affiance, v. df-fi'dns (L. ad; fido, I trust; fides, 
faith), tojpromise in marriage; to betroth or pledge 
faith: aftvancing, imp.: affianced, pp. df-fl-dn.<t: 
affi'ancer, n. -ser. 

affidavit, n. dffli-dd'vit (old law L., he made oath, 
—from ad ; fides, faith), a declaration upon oath ; gen- 
erally, a declaration as to the truth of a written state- 
ment made on oath before a justice of the peace, which 
is afterwards signed bv him. 

affiliate, v. df-fil'i-dt (L. ad; filius, a son; filia, a 
daughter), to adopt ; to receive as a son or daughter ; 
to unite as one; torecer eiate or member; 

to assign a child to a father : affil'ia'ting, imp. : 
affil'ia'ted, pp. : affiliation, n. -shun, the act of unit- 
ing or adopting. 

affinity, n. df-fln'-l-tl (L. affinis, bordering on or 



i AFTE 

related to— from ad : finis, an end), relation ; agree- 
ment; relationship by marriage; in chem., the com- 
bining power of bodies. 

affirm, v. df-ferm' (L. ad ; firmo, I make firm), to 
assert with confidence ; to maintain confidently as true; 
to declare solemnly: affirming, imp.: affirmed, pp. 
df-fermd": affirm'able, a. -d-bl, that may be stated or 
affirmed as true: affirm'ably, ad. -bli: affirm'ant, n.; 
also affirm'er, n. one who: affirmation, n. df'fer ■mu- 
sh iin, the act of asserting as true ; a solemn declara- 
tion: affirm'ative, a. -d-tiv, that declares or asserts: 
n. a word that says yes : negative, the opposite of af- 
firmative, a word that says no. 

affix, n. df'fiks (L. ad;fixus, fastened), a syllable 
or letter put to the end of a word : affix, v. df-flks', to 
join to; to unite; to fix or fasten at the end; to sub- 
join: affixing, imp.: affixed, pp. df-fikst': affixture, 
11. df-flks'-tiir, that which is affixed. 

afflatus, n. dffid'tiis (L. ad; flatus, a breathing), 
a breath ; a breathing into by divine power ; inspira- 
tion : affla'tion, n. -shun, a breathing upon. 

afflict, v. dfflikf (L. ad; flictus, a striking), to dis- 
tress in some way ; to give pain to, either in body or 
mind: afflicting, imp.: afflicted, pp. dffllkt'ed: af- 
file ter, n. one who: affliction, n. dfflik'shun, dis- 
tress either of body or mind; grief ; pain: afflic'tedly, 
ad. -II: afflictlngly, ad. -II: afflictive, a. dfflik'-tiv, 
2 pain; painful: afflic lively, ad. -tiv-ll. 

affluence, n. dffldb-ens (L. ad; fluo, I flow), wealth ; 
abundance of worldly riches ; also affluency, n. df'floo- 
en-si: affluent, a. wealthy; rich in worldly goods : n. 
applied to any stream that flows directly into another. 

afflux, n. dffluks (L. ad: fluxum, to flow), a flowing 
to ; that which flows to ; also affluxion, n. df-fluk'shiin. 

afford, v. df-fdrd' (F. offorer, to set a price on a 
thing— from L. ad; forum, a market), to yield or 
produce ; to be able to bear expenses ; to grant : 
affording, imp.: afforded, pp. 

afforest, v. dffor'est (L. ad; and forest), to turn in- 
to forest : affor esta'tion, n. -shun. 

affray, n. df-frd' (F. effrayer, to scare, to dismay), a 
brawl or petty fight ; a disturbance ; formerly used as 
a verb. 

affright, v. df-frit' (AS. offrightan), to terrify by 
sudden fear : n. sudden dread ; great fear : affright- 
ing, imp. : affrighted, pp. 

affront, v. af-frunf (F. affronter— from L. ad; 
frons, gen. frontis, the front, the forehead), to give 
cause of offence to ; to insult slightly : n. anything 
done to offend; an outrage; open insult: affront' 
ing, imp. : affront ed, pp. : affrontlngly, ad. -li : af- 
frontive, a. df-frun'tiv, tending to affront; abusive: 
affron lively, ad. -tiv-ll. 

affuse, v. df-fuz' (L. ad ; fusus, poured), to 
sprinkle as with a liquid ; to pour upon : affu'sing, 
imp.: affused, pp. af-fuzd' ; affusion, n. df-fu- 
zhun. the act of pouring upon. 

afield, ad. d-feld' (AS. a and field), to or in the field. 

afloat, ad. d-flot' (AS. a and float), on the water. 

afoot, ad. d-foof (AS. a and foot), on foot. 

afore, ad. d-for" (AS. a and fore), prior or superior 
to; sooner: aforeTiand, ad. in time gone by; well pro- 
vided: afore'mentioned, mentioned before: afore'- 
named, named before : afore'said, spoken of before : 
afore'time, in time past. 

afraid, a. d-frdd' (AS. pp. of affray, which see), 
th fear; terrified. 

afresh, ad. d-fresh' (AS. a, fersc, pure, sweet), again ; 
anew; recently. 

African, a. df'rl-kdn ; also Afric, a. df-rlk, pert, to 
Africa : n. a native of Africa. 

aft, a. or ad. aft (AS., from after, which see), a term 
used by seamen to mean the stern of a ship, or to 
point to what lies in the direction of the stern ; behind. 

after, a. df-ter (Goth, afar, behind: AS. aft or af- 
ter, afterwards, again: Icel. aftan, behind), later in 
time— as, it is an after thought : prep, behind ; later— 
as, he went home after dinner: conj. when— as, you 
will come to me after he has seen you: after-act, an 
act following : after-ages, succeeding times; posteri- 
ty: after all, when all has been said, weighed, or 
done: after-crop, a second crop in the same year: 
after-damp, the choke damp or carbonic acid occur- 
ring in coal-mines after an explosion of fire-damp: 
after-guard, in a ship, tin' seamen stationed on the 
poop to attend to the after-sails : after-hours, hours 
following business : after-life, the later or future Life: 
aftermath, df'-ter-mdth {after; and math, a corrup- 
tion of mow), a second crop of grass in the same 



cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



AFTE ] 

season: aftermost, hindmost; nearest the stern of a 
ship: afternoon, d/'ter-non', the part of the day 
after 12 o'clock: afterpains, n. plu. -pdnz, those fol- 
lowing child-birth: after-piece, a piece performed 
after a play: after-sails, the sails on the mizen-mast 
and stays : after-state, the future life : after-thought, 
reflections after an act ; later thoughts. 

afterward or afterwards, ad. df-ter-wdrdz (AS. 
after; and weard, direction), later in time. 

Aga, n. d'-gd, in Turkey, a military commander or 
chief officer. 

again, ad. d-gen' (AS. ongean or agen, opposite: Sw. 
gen: Bret, gin, opposite, again), once more; a second 
time: against, prep. a-gSnsf, in opposition to. 

agalmatolite, n. dg'dl-mdt'O-tit (Gr. agalma, an 
image ; lithos, a stone), a variety of clay-slate altered 
by heat, usually brought from China carved into gro- 
tesque figures and chimney ornaments. 

agamous, a. d'gd-mus (Gr. a, without; gamos, mar- 
riage), in bot., applied to plants without visible organs 
of fructification. 

agape, ad. d-gdp' (AS. a, and gape), gaping as with 
wonder. 

agaric, n. dg-ih-'ik (Gr tmurikon, a certain fungus), 
a genus of fungi: adj. pert, to fungi: agaric miner- 
al, a soft variety of carbonate of lime, found in clefts 
of rocks, resembling a. fan y us in texture and colour. 

agate, n. dg'dt (from the river Achates in Sicily, or 
the Phenician word nakadt, spotted), a variegated var- 
iety of chalcedony quartz, the colours being arranged 
in clouds, spots, or bands ; a tool used by gold-wire 
drawers and gilders: agatine, a. dg'd-tln, of agate: 
agatised, a. dg'd-tizd, marked like an agate; con- 
verted into agate. 

agave, n. dg'dv (Gr. agauos, admirable), the Ameri- 
can aloe, from the juice of which the alcoholic liquor 
pulque is prepared. 

age, n. dj (F. age: L. cetas, an age), a period of 
time; the whole life of man, or any particular part of 
it; a particular period of time: aged, a. d'jid, old; 
advanced in years : n. old persons— as the aged: a'ged- 
ly, ad. -II. 

agency, n. d-jSn-sl (L. agens, acting, doing:), the ex- 
erting of power; action; the business or office of an 
agent: agent, n. d'jent, the person or thing that ex- 
erts power ; one intrusted with the business of another. 

agenda, n. d-jin'-dd (L. things to be done), transac- 
tions ; things done and recorded. 

agglomerate, v. dg-glom'er-dt (L. ad; glomero, I 
wind round), to gather into a mass ; to grow into a 
mass : n. in geol. , a term employed to designate accum- 
ulations of angular fragments of rocks thrown up by 
volcanic eruptions: agglom'era'ting, imp.: agglom'er- 



r-d'-shun, the 



rball. 

agglutinate, v. dg-gl6tMn-dt (L. ad: glvtinn, I 
glue), to unite or cause to adhere: agglutinating, 
imp.: agglutlna'ted, pp.: agglut'inant, a. uniting 
parts, as with glue : n. that which causes adhesion : 
agglutination, n. dg-gldt'l-nd'shun: agglutinative, 
a. dg-glot'i-nd'-tlv, tending to or causing union. 

aggrandise, v. dg'grdn-diz' (L. ad; grandis, great), 
to exalt; to raise to wealth, honour, or power: ag'- 
grandi'sing, imp. : aggrandised, pp. dg'-grdn-dlzd' : 
aggrandiser, n. dg'grdn-dl'-zer, one who exalts: ag- 
grandisement, n. dg'gran-diz'-ment, the making great- 
l in !>" er, 1 in, or honour: aggrandisable, a. 
dg'grdn-di'zd-bl. 

aggravate, v. dg'-grd-vdt (L. ad; gravis, heavy), to 
make anything worse or less endurable: ag'grava'- 
ting, imp. : ag'grava'ted, pp. : aggravation, n. dg- 
grd-vd'-shun, a making worse ; what excites anger. 

aggregate, v. dg'gre-gOt 1 tgrego I gather toge- 
ther as a flock— from grex, a flock), to collect into one 
sum, mass, or body; to accumulate: adj. formed by 
a collection of many particulars : n. the sum total ; the 
result of many particulars : ag'grega'ting, imp. : ag'- 
grega'ted, pp.: agj^regate'ly, ad. -II: aggregation, 
n. dg'gre-gd'shun, the act of heaping together: ag'- 
gregat'or, n. one who : ag'gregat'ive, a. -iv, collective : 
ag'gregat'ively, ad. II. 

aggress, v. dg-gres' (L. ad; gressus, walked or gone), 
to begin a quarrel or controversy; to commence an 
attack: aggres'sing, imp.: aggressed, pp. dg-grest'.- 
aggression, n. dg-gresh'un, the first act leading to a 
quarrel or dispute : aggressor, n. one who first attacks 
or begins a quarrel: aggressive, a. dg-gre's'lv, tending 
to or relating to the first attack: aggressiveness, n. 
•tv-nes. 

mate, mat, far, law; mete, mSt, 



) AGUE 

aggrieve, v. dggr6v'(L.ad; grains, heavy: F. grever, 
to wrong), tn atliict; to pain or injure any one; to in- 
jure in one's right: aggrieving, imp.: aggrieved, 
pp. dg-grevd': aggrievance, n. dg-grev'dns, injury; 
wrong; oppression. 

aghast, a. or ad. d-gdsf (AS. a, at, or on : It. guasto : 
F. gaster or gdter, to lay waste : Scot, gousty, waste, 
dreary), struck wil.li horror; stupefied with sudden 
fright. 

agile, a. dj'U (F. from L. agilis, quick), nimble; 
not slow; active: agilely, ad. dj'll-ll: agility, n. 
a-jW-l-tl, nimbleness; the power of moving quickly. 

agio, n. d'jl-0 (It. aggio), the difference in accepted 
value of bank-notes and that of current money or coin ; 
agiotage, n. d'jl-otdf, the methods employed by 
speculators in the public funds to lower or raise their 
price by spreading false minimis, &c. 

agist, v. d-jlst' (L. ad ; jaceo, I lie down : old F. giste, 
a place to lie down in), to ta.lo in the cattle of others 
to graze: agis'tor or agistator, n. dj'is-td'tor, one 
who : agist'ment, n. 

agitate, v. dj'-i-tdt (L. agito, I shake: F. agiter; 
It. agitare), to put into motion ; to stir violently ; to 
disturb: ag'ita'ting, imp.: ag'ita'ted, pp.: agitable, 
a. uj'i-td-bl: agitation, n. dj'l-td'sliun, the putting 
into violent motion; excitement of the mind: agita- 
tor, n. dj'l-td'tor, one who rouses or stirs up ; a stirrer 
or mixer: agitative, a. dj'btd'-tlv, having power or 
tendency to agitate. 

aglet, n. dg'-let: also aiglet, n. dg'lSt (F. aiguille, 
a needle), the tag of a point; any small object hang- 
ing loosely— as a spangle, the anthers of a tulip or of 
grass, or the catkins of a hazel. 

agnail, n. dg'-ndl (AS. a; nccgel, a nail), a sore 
under the nail ; a whitlow. 

agnate, n. dg'ndt{L. ad; natus, born), paternally 
related ; related in the male line : n. any descendant 
by the father's side: agnation, n. dg-nd'shun: ag- 
natic, a. dg-nM'4k, pert. to. 

agnition, n. dg-nish'vn (L. agnitio, a knowing— 
from ad; notum, to know), acknowledgment. 

agnomen, n. dg-n6'm6n (L. ad; nomen, a name), a 
name added iii praise or dispraise. 

Agniu-Dei, ag'-ntis-de'-l (L. the Lamb of God), the fig- 
ure of the Saviour under the form of a lamb, bearing 
a staff head with a Greek cross, and having the head 
surrounded by a nimbus ; certain oval medallions. 

ago, ad. d-go" (old E. ygo or ygon, gone away, passed 
by— y being the augment of the pp.), time gone by; 
past: agoing, ad. d-go'lng, in or into action: agone, 
ad. d-gon', past and gone. 

agog, ad. d-gog' (Icel. a; gazgium, on the watch or 
look-out), excil ration; ready to start 

or jog in pursuit of an object of desire. 

agonise, v. dg'6-niz' (Gr. agonia, a contest, an- 
guish of mind), to suffer extreme pain or anguish ; to 
distress exceedingly: ag'oni'sing, imp. : adj. suffering 
extreme pain: agonised', pp.: ag'oni'singly, ad. -II: 
agony, n. dg'o-nl, extreme pain or anguish either of 
body or mind: agonist, n. dg'-o-nlst; also agonistes, 
n. dg'-o-nls'-tez, one who contends for the prize in pub- 
lic games: agonistic, a. dg'o-nis'-tik; also ag'onis'ti- 
cal, a. tl-kdl, pert, to contests of strength : ag'onis'- 
tically, ad. -II. 

agrarian, a. d-grd'ri-dn (L. agrarius, pertaining 
to a field— from ager, a field), relating to land in gen- 
eral: agra'rianism, n. the equal division of land or 
property: agra'rianist, n. one who. 

agree, v. d-gre (F. agre'er, to receive with favour: 
L. gratus, pleasing: It. grado), to be of one mind; to 
live in peace ; to be like ; to settle : agreeing, imp. : 
agreed', pp.: agreeable, a. d-gre'd-bl, pleasing; 
suitable to: agree'ably, ad. -bli: agree'ableness, n. 
-bl-nSn, the quality that makes a thing grateful to 
the taste, or pleasing to the mind; resemblance: 
agree'ment, n. a bargain ; a renewal of friendship. 

agriculture, n. dg'ri-kul'tur (L. ager, a field ; 
cultura, tillage), tilling or working the ground to 
make it fruitful; husbandry: ag'ricul'tural, a. -tu- 
rdl, pertaining to the tillage of the ground: ag'ricuT- 
turist, n. one engaged in farming: ag'ricul'turarijr, 
ad. -II. 

agrimony, n. dg'ri-mon'l (L. agrimonia), a medi- 
cinal plant. 

aground, ad. d-grdwnd' (AS. a, and ground), on the 
ground : among seamen, stranded ; ran ashore. 

ague, v. d'gu (L. acutus, sharp: F. aigu, sharp, 
keen), to cause to shiver : n. intermittent fever, attend- 
ed with cold fits and shivering: aguing, imp. a'gu- 
Iter; pine, pin; note, n6t, mdve; 



AGUI ] 

ing: agued, pp. a'gud: aguish, a. somewhat cold 
ivering. 

aguilla, n. d-givil'-ld (F. aiguille, a needle), an obe- 
lisk, or the spire of a church-tower. 

ah, int. d, an exclamatory word denoting surprise, 
pity, dislike, &c. : aha, int. d-ha', expressing triumph, 
surprise, or contempt : ahoy, int. d-hoy', attend ye— a 
sailor's call. 

ahead, ad. ti-hed' (AS. a, and head), in advance; 
further forward than another. 

ahull, ad. d-hul' (AS. a, and hull), the condition of 
a vessel with her sails furled and helm lashed a-lee. 

aid, n. ad (F. aider, to help— from L. adjutare, to 
assist), help j reliel ■ : v. to help ; to support ; 

to relieve : aiding, imp. : aid'ed, pp. : aider, n. one 
who: aidless, a. dd'les: aidant, a. dd'dnt, helping: 
aidance, n. dd'dns, help ; assistance. 

aid-de-camp, n. dd'dS-kong, nlu. aids'-de-camp 
(F. aide, an assistant; du camp, of the camp), in an 
army, an officer whose duty it is to receive and convey 
the orders of a general. 

aigret, n. d'gret; also egret, n. e'grSt (F. aigrette), 
the little white heron; in hot., the feathery down of 
the thistle. 

aigre, n. d'ger— see eagre. 

aiguille, n. a'gwel' (F. needle), applied to the sharp 
serrated peaks of lofty mountains ; an instr. for pierc- 
ing holes for the lodgment of powder when blasting : 
aigulet, n. d'gu-l&t, or aiglet, dg'-let, a point or tag on 
fringes. 



pain: ailing, imp.: adj. unwell; full of sickness: 

ailed, pp. d^: ail'i x 

disease. 



il'ment, n. sickness ; trouble ; slight 



aim,v. dm, (oldF. esmer, to estimate— from L. cestimo, 
I value), to throw at an object ; to direct a weapon to ; 
to endeavour; to purpose or design: n. the object or 
point intended to be struck; purpose; intention: 
aiming, imp. : aimed, pp. dmd: aim'er, n. one who : 
aimless, a. dm'-Us. 

air, n. dr (F. , from Gr. or L. aer, air), the atmosphere ; 
a gas ; a light breeze ; a tune or melody ; look or mien ; 
affected manner : v. to dry; to expose to the air: air'- 
ing, imp. : aired, pp. drd : airy, a. dr'i, high in air ; 
light like air; trifling; vain: airily, ad. dr'l-li: air'- 
ing, n. a ride or walk in the open air: airless, a. 
wanting fresh air: airiness, n. dr'i-nSs, the state of 
being opened freely to the air ; lightness of manner ; 
gaiety : air-tight, so close and compact as to prevent 
the passage of air : air-bed, a large air-tight bag filled 
with air for the repose of ailing persons: air-cells, 
cavities in vegetable and animal structures filled with 
air : air-gun, a musket or gun in which compressed air, 
instead of powder, is made the propelling agent : air- 
hole, an opening to admit air: air-pipe, a pipe for 
the escape or supply of air: air-plants, plants rooted 
on others, and suspended, as it were, in the air: air- 
pump, a machine for exhausting or pumping out the 
air from vessels : air-shaft, a passage made into mines 
for the admission of air: air-vessels or air-sacs, spiral 
ducts in plants containing air, analogous to lungs in 
animals. 

aisle, n. II (L. ala, a wing ; F. aisle or aile, a wing), 
wing of a house ; the side passages of a church— the 
middle passage is called the nave: aisled, a. lid, hav- 
ing aisles. 

ait, at (a contr. of eyot, from eye, an island), a small 
flat island in a river. 

Aix-beds, dks, the flanks or sides of a deep valley in 
which the town of Aix, in France, is situated, com- 
posed of a thick fresh-water tertiary formation, being 
a perfect storehouse of fossil fishes, plants, and insects. 

ajar, ad. d-jar" (AS. ceorran, to turn : Swiss, achar, 
ajar), a little opened. 

ake, n. dk, another spelling of ache, which see. 

akimbo, a. d-klm'-bo (AS. a, at : It. sghembo, crooked, 
athwart: Gr. skambos, crooked), arched; crooked; 
bent. 

akin, a. d-kln' (AS. a ; and cyn, family), related to 
by blood ; having the same properties. 

al (L.), a prefix, being another form of ad, signify- 
ing to ; in Ar. al signifies the. 

alabandine, n. dl'd-ban'din (L. alabandicus), a stone 
mentioned by Pliny, and so called from Alabanda,, 
where it was cut and polished. It is a sulphuret of 
manganese, and usually occurs in massive granular 



ALCO 

alabaster, n. al'd-bds'-Ur (Gr. alabastron), a kind 
of soft semi-ti:ui-.j>.TiViii marble: adj. pert. to. 

alack, int. d-ldkf (corrupted from alas), an exclama- 
tion expressive of sorrow : alack-a-day, an exclama- 
tion to express regret or sorrow. 

alacrity, n. d-ldk'ri-ti (L. alacritas, liveliness, 
ardour: F. alacrite), cheerfulness; gaiety; a smart 
willingness or readiness. 

a-la-mode, ad. d'ld-mod' (F. after the fashion), ac- 
cording to the fashion. 

alarm, v. d-larm' (F. alarmer, to frighten : It. all' 
arme, to arms— from L. ad; arma, arms), to give a 
sign to warn of approaching danger ; to surprise ; to 
arouse to danger: n. an outcry to announce danger ; 
sudden surprise ; terror : alarm'ing, imp. : alarmed, 
pp. d-ldrmd' : alarmingly, ad. -II: alarmist, n. 
d-h'rrm'-ist, one prone to terrify with danger: alarum, 
n. d-lcfr'um, a piece of mechanism in a clock by which 
a loud ringing noise is produced at any fixed time for 
the purpose of rousing one out of sleep. 

alary, a. dl'dr-i (L. ala, a wing) wing-like: alate, 
a. dl'dt, winged ; furnished with appendages like 
wings. 

alas, int. d-lds' (L. lassus, wearied: Fr. las, weary), 
an exclamation of sorrow or pity. 

alb, n. dlb (L. albus, white), a vestment of white 
linen worn by the Roman Catholic clergy. 

albatross, n. dl'-ba-tros, a large South-Sea bird. 

albeit, conj. dl'be-lt (AS. all, be, and it), although; 

■[h..i:i'Ml;i!v 

Albert coal or albertite, dl'ber-tit, a bituminous 
mineral found in Albert county, in the province of 
New Brunswick, North America. 

albescent, a. dl-b&s'-ent (L. albesco, I grow white), 
growing white; moderately white; in bot., having a 
pale tinge or hoary appearance. 

Albigenses, n. plu. dl'M-jen'sez, a sect or party 
who separated from the Church of Rome in the twelfth 
century.so called from Albigeois in Languedoc, France, 
where they first arose,— not to be confounded with the 
Waldenses, who were a different sect, and arose at a 
different time. 

albino, n. al-bl'no (L. albus, white), a person, or 
any animal, with '.\Lui<> hair and red eyes; a white 
negro: albinism, n. dl'bin-izm, state of being an 
albino. 

Albion, n. dl'-bl-on (L. albus, white), an anc. name 
of England, frequently used in poetry— so called from 
the appearance of the white chalk cliffs on its coast 
to persons coming from the Continent. 

albite, n dl'-blt, a variety of felspar of a greyish- 
white or milky-white colour. 

album, n. dl'bum (L. albus, white), a scrap-book ; a 
memorial book: album graecum, n. dl'bum gre'kum, 
the whitish hardened excrements of dogs, wolves, &c. 

albumen, n. dl-bu'-min (L. from albus, white), the 
white of an egg; white matter: albuminous, a. dl- 
bu'-mi-nus, having the nature of albumen. 

alburnum, n. dl-bilr'niim (L., from albus, white), 
the soft white part of a tree next to the bark ; the sap- 
wood: albugineous, a. dl'bu-jln'i like <'" iv'hii 
of an egg: albugo, n. dl-bu'go (L. a white spot), the 
white of the eye. 

alcahest, n. dl'-kd-hesf ; also al'kahest' (Ar.), a 
pretended universal solvent. 

Alcaic, a. dl-ku'ik, relating to Alcseus or to the 
verse invented by him : n. a Greek metre. 

alcaid, n. dl-kdd' (Sp. alcaide), the chief magistrate 
of a town or city in Spain : sometimes spelt alcalde, 
dl-kdl'-de (Sp.) 

alcedo, n. dl-se'do (L.), the king-fisher. 

alchemy, n. dl'ke-ml (Ar. al kimia, the secret art ; 
probably Ar. al, and Gr. chuma, a melting or fu- 
sion), the professed art of changing the other metals 
into gold ; the art that professed to find a universal 
remedy and other impossible things: alchemic, a. 
al-kern'lk; also alchemical, a., dl-kem'i-kdl, relating 
to alchemy: alchemist, n. dl'ke-mist' , one who prac- 
tises alchemy: al'chemis'tical, a.: al'chemis'tically, 
ad. -It The above are also spelt with y for e, as al- 
chymy. 

alcohol, n. dl'ko-hol (Ar. al kohol, the impalpable 
powder of antimony with which the Orientals stain 
their eyelids; a pure extract), spirits of wine; dis- 
tilled spirits highly rectified; the intoxicating prin- 
ciple in all spirituous or fermented liquors: alco- 
holic, a. dl'ko-hol'-tk, pert, to alcohol: alcoholate, n. 
dl'ko-hol'dt, a salt containing alcohol: alcoholise, v. 
dl'-ko-ho-lizf, to convert into alcohol: al'coholis'ing, 



cow, boy, /dot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, (here, zeal. 



ALCO ] 

imp. : al'coholised', pp. : alcoholisation, n. -hol'-l-zd- 
shun: alcoholrneter, n. ol'-ko-hoi- mn-tir (Ax. al kohol: 
Gr. rnetron, a measure), an instrument for ascertain- 
ing the strength of spirits. 

Alcoran, n. dl'-ko-rdn' (Ar.), the book containing the 
Mohammedan law, precepts, and doctrines— now more 
commonly spelt koran. 

alcove, n. dl-kov' (Sp. alcoba, a part of a room railed 
off to hold a bed of state), a recess in a room for a bed 
or sideboard; a shady recess in a garden. 

alcyonite, n. dl-si'6-nlt (L. Alcyone, a daughter of 
^Eolus, who, from love to her shipwrecked husband, 
threw herself into the sea, and was changed into the 
bird king-fisher: Gr. halkuone), a general term applied 
to the spongiform fossils so common in the chalk- 
formation. 

alder, n. dl'-der (AS. air-. Ger. tiler: Sw. al: L. 
alnus), a tree resembling the hazel: al'dern, a. made 
of alder. 

alderman, n. dl'-der-mdn, plu. al'dermen (AS. eald, 
old; eulder, an elder, a chief), a senior or superior; a 
civic dignitary next in rank to the mayor: al'der- 
man'ic, a. -ik, in the manner of an alderman : al'der- 
man'ly, a. -II. 

ale, n. al (AS. tale: Icel. 61: Lith. alus— from Gael. 
ol, to drink), beer; a drink made from malt: ale- 
berry, n. dl'-ber-rl, a beverage made by boiling ale 
with spice, sugar, and sops of bread: ale-cost, an 
herb: ale-hoof, ground ivy: alegar, n. dl'-e-gdr (ale, 
and F. aigre, sour), sour ale. 

a-lee, ad. d-le' (AS. hleo, shelter), a term used to 
denote the position of a ship's helm when put in a 
direction opposite to that from which the wind blows, 
s alembic, n. d-lem'-blk (At. al, the; anbiq, a chemi- 
cal vessel in flu- shape of a gourd : Sp. alambique), a 
gourd-like vessel with a lid, for chemical purposes. 

alength, ad. d-length' (a and length), stretched to 
the full extent. 

alert, a. d-lert' (F. alerte, diligent: It. a Verta, on 
fine's guard), watchful; on one's guard; sprightly; 
nimble : alert 'ness, n. watchfulness ; nimbleness. 

alethiology, a. u-U'thl-dl'6-jl (Gr. alethes, true; lo- 
gos, word, doi'tiine), doctrine ur principle of truth. 

alethopteris, n. dl'-e-thop'-ter-is (Gr. alethos, truly ; 
pteris, fern), a genus of fossil ferns abounding in the 
lower coal-formations. 

Alexandrine, a. dl'-egz-dn'-drln (city of Alexandria, 
N. Africa), noting a verse of twelve syllables : Al'exan'- 
drian, a. -dri-dn, pert. to. 

alexipharmic, a. d-Uks'-l-fdr'-mik (Gr. alezo, I keep 
off; pharmakon, poison), having the effect of expel- 
ling poison or infection by sweat: n. the medicine 
that expels poison: alexiteric, a. d-leks'-i-ter'-lk (Gr. 
alexo; deleterion, poison), resisting poison: n. the 
medicine which does so. 

algae, n. dl'-je (L. alga, sea-weed), sea or aquatic 
plants: algous, a. al'-gus, pert, to sea-weed: algoid, 
a. dl'-goyd (L. alga: Gr. eidos, a form), like sea-weed. 

algebra, n. dl'je-brd (Ar. al, gabr, the putting to- 
gether of broken things: Sp. and It. algebra), arith- 
metic by signs— commonly the letters of the alphabet 
—the first letters, a, b, c, d, &c, represent known 
quantities, and the last letters, w, x, y, z, unknown 
quantities: algebraic, a. dl'je-brd' ik ; also alge- 
braical, -l-kdl, pertaining to algebra: al'gebra'ical- 
ly, ad. -II: al'gebra'ist, n. one who is skilled in 
algebra. 

Algerine, a. dl'-jS-rln, of or belonging to Algiers: 
n. an inhabitant. 

algor, n. dl'gor (L. from algeo, I feel cold), the sense 
of coldness experienced at the onset of fever : algid, 
a. dl'-jid, chilled with cold ; become cold. 

alguazil, n. dl'-ga-zel' (Sp.), an inferior officer of 
justice in Spain. 

alias, conj. a'-ll-ds, (L. alius, another), otherwise: n. 
a second writ of execution when the first has failed. 

alibi, n. dl'-l-bl (L.), a law term, being elsewhere; 
being with another person in another place. 

alien, n. dl'yen (L. alienus, of another country), 
a foreigner ; a stranger ; one born in or belonging to 
another country: adj. foreign; strange: alienage, 
n. 0J':irn-aj, state of being an alien: alienate, v. 
dl'-yen-at, to transfer anything: to another; to mis- 
apply ; to withdraw love or affection from : al'iena'- 
ting, imp. : al'iena'ted, pp. : alienable, a. dl'yen- 
d-bl, that may be transferred or withdrawn: alien- 
ability, n. dl'-yen-d-bll'-l-tl, the being able to be 
transferred: alienation, n. dl'-yen-a'shiln, the trans- 
fer of anything to another : alienator, n. al'-yen-d'-tor, 

mate, mdt,fdr, lav); mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve, 



ALL 



, . -ro, I 
carry), having wings: aliform, al'-l-fawrm (L. ala; 
forma, shape), wing-shaped. 

alight, v. d-llf (AS. alihtan, to light on anything, 
especially on the ground), to get or come down; to 
settle on, as birds: alight'ing, imp. : alight'ed, pp. 

alignement, n. d-lin'-ment (F. a row, a level— from 
F. litjne, a line : L. lima, a line), in mil., the position 
of a body of mm in n straight line; a supposed line to 
preserve a fleet, or part of one, in its just direction. 

alike, a. ad. d-llk' (AS. — see like), the same in 
appearance; not different; in the same manner or 
degree. 

aliment, v. dl'-i-mtnt (L. alimentum, food), to 
maintain: n. food ; liourishmeiil ; support: al'iment'- 
ing, imp. : al'iment'ed, pp. : alimen'tal, a. supply- 
ing food that ran nourish: al'inien'tally, ad. -II: ali- 
mentary, a. dl'-i-rncit'tdr-i, having the property of 
nourishing: al'imen'tariness, n. : al'imenta'tion, n. 
-ta'shiln, the power of affording nourishment; the 
state of being nourished : alimony, n. dl'-l-mon-i, the 
sum allowed for the support of a wife who is separated 
from her husband: al'imen'tiveness, n. in phren., 
the organ which gives a desire for food and drink. 

aliped, n. dl'i-ped (L. ala, awing; pes, gen. pedis, 
a foot), an animal, such as the bat, whose feet, con- 
nected by a membrane, serve as wings. 

aliquant, a. dl'-i-kwdnt (L. aliquantum, a little), 
that does not divide exactly. 

aliquot, a. dl'4-kwot (L. some — from alius, another; 
quot, how many), that measures or divides exactly; 
an aliquot part of a number is a part contained in it 
exactly— thus 3 is an aliquot part of 6, 9, 12. 

alive, a. d-liv' (AS. a: Goth, liban, to live), endued 
with life; not dead; sprightly; active; easily im- 
pressed. 

alizarine, n. d-liz'-d-rin (alizari, anc. name for the 
plant madder), a colouring principle in madder. 

alkahest, n. dl'-kd-liest—see alcahest. 

alkali, n. dl'kd-li, plu. alkalies, dl'-kdliz (Ar. al- 
qali, the salt of ashes), a substance, such as soda or 
potash, which neutralises the action of an acid, and 
changes vegetable blues into green, yellows into 
brown: alkaline, a. dl'-kd-lin, having the properties 
of an alkali ; the alkaline earths are lime, magnesia, 
baryta, and strontia: alkalinity, n. -i-tl: alkalisa- 
tion, n. (U'kdl-l-zd':-/tnn, the making a body to have 
the properties of an alkali: alkalisable, a. al'kd-iu- 
d-bl: alkalescent, a. dl'kdles'-6nt, tending to be, 
or slightly alkaline: alkalescence, n. dl'-kd-Us'-ens -, 
also aFkales'cency, n. -si : alkalify, v. dl-kdl'-lfi, to 
convert into an alkali ; I o ne: alkal'ify- 

ing, imp.: alkalified, pp. dl-kdl'-i-fid .■ alkalifi'able, 
a. -fi'd-bl: alkaligenous, a. dl'-kd-llj'e-nus {alkali; 
Gr. gennao, I generate), producing alkali : alkalime- 
ter, n. dl-kdl-lm'-e-ter (alkali ,- Gr. metron, a measure), 
an instrument used in testing the strength of alkalies : 

al'kalim'etry, n. -t>l, t!j -in ,; 

alkalies: alkaloid, n. dl'-kd-loyd (alkali; Gr. eidos, 
form, resemblance), a substance having alkaline pro- 
perties in a slight degree ; the alkaline principle of a 
vegetable. 

alkanet, n. dl'-kd-net' (Ar. alkanah, a reed), a plant 
whose root yields a red dye. 

alkermes, n. dl-ker'-mez (Ar. al; kermes, reddish 
grains of certain oaks), a confection; a compound 
cordial. 

Alkoran, n. (see alcoran), the spelling with k should 
be preferred : al'koran'ic, a. pert, to : al'koran'ist, n. 
one who. 

all, a. awl (AS. eall: Goth, alls: Icel. allr— from a 
or ei, aye, ever), the whole; every one: n. the whole 
number ; the entire thing : ad. wholly : when used in 
union with other words, all generally denotes wholly, 
completely, or perfectly : all along, continually,- regu- 
larly: alfthat, collection of similar things or occur- 
rences; et castera: all in all, everything: all-fools'- 
day, the first of April: all-fours, a game at cards; 
moving on the legs and arms : all-gracious, perfectly 
gracious : all-hail, a phrase of salutation expressive 
of a wish for health : all-heal, name of a plant : all- 
just, perfectly just : all-merciful, of perfect mercy ; 
all -hallow, n. all -saints' -day, 1st November: all- 
hallow-tide, n. the time near to 1st November: all- 
saints' -dav, 1st day of November, also named all- 
hallow: all -souls' -day, 2d of November: all-spice, 
n. Jamaica pepper or pimento, the fruit of a tree. 






ALIA 1 

Allah, n. Mitt (At.), the Arabic name for God. 

allantoic, a. dl'-dn-to'-ik (Gr. alias, a sausage; eidos, 
form), name of an acid found in the liquor of the al- 
lantois — a membrane enveloping the foetus. 

allay, v. alia (old E. allege; AS. alecgan, to lay 
down: old F. alleger; It. alleggiare,- L. alleviare, to 
lighten, to mitigate), to set at rest; to make quiet; 
to make less in pain or grief: allaying, imp. : allay- 
ed, pp. dlad': allayment, n. dlld'-ment, state of 
rest after disturbance : allay'er, n. one who or that 
which. 

allege, v. dllef (F. allcguer, to produce reasons : L. 
ad, to ; lego, I send, I intrust to), to plead as an excuse ; 
to affirm; to declare: alleging, imp.: alleged, pp. 
dl-lejd'-. allegeable, a. d-lej'-d-bl, capable of being 
alleged: alleg'er, n. one who: allegation, n. dl'-le- 
gd'-shiin, something offered as a plea or an excuse; 
an affirmation ; an assertion. 

allegiance, n. al-Wjdns (L. ad, to; mid. L. litgan- 
tia, the duty of a subject to his lord— from litus, a 
man owing services to his lord— see liege), the tie or 
duty that binds any one to obedience to the govern- 
ment and laws under which he lives ; an oath, called 
the oath of allegiance. 

allegory, n. dl'-le-gor'-l (Gr. alios, another, differ- 
ent; agoreuo, I harangue), figurative speech; lan- 
guage that has another meaning than the literal one ; 
the Jews compared to a vine in the 80th Psalm is an 
allegory; allegorise, v. dl'-U-go-rlz' , to form into an 
allegory; to use figurative speech: al'legori'sing, 



ner of an allegory : allegorlcally, ad. -II : allegor'- 
icalness, n. : allegorist', n. one who. 

allegro, ad. dlle'-gro (It.: F. leger, light, nimble), 
in music, a term denoting merrily; cheerfully: n. a 
brisk movement: allegretto, ad. dl'-le-gret'-to, a move- 
ment not so quick as allegro. 

alleluiah, n. dl'lS-16'ya—see halleluiah. 

alleviate, v. dl-le'-vl-dt (L. alleviare, to mitigate 
—from ad; levis, light— see allay), to make light ; to 
make easier ; to lessen, as pain, sorrow: alle'via'ting, 
imp. : alle'via'ted, pp. : alleviation, n. -shun, the 
act of lessening or making more endurable : alle'vi- 
ative, a. -d'-tlv, that lessens or palliates. 

alley, n. dl'-ll (F. allele, a passage— from aller, to 
go), a narrow walk or passage ; a close. 

alliaceous, a. dl'-ll- u- shits (L. allium, garlic), pert. 
to the garlic or onion tribe, as alliaceous odour. 

alliance, n. dlll'-dns (F. : L. ad; ligo, I bind), union 
formed by marriage; a treaty or union between 
nations ; a union for any purpose : allied, dl-lld", pp. 
of ally, which see; connected by marriage, interest, 
or friendship : allies', see ally. 

alligation, n. dl'-ll-ga -' < (I ill ■ nfio, a binding 
or tying to), a rule in arithmetic for finding the value 
or price of any mixture. 

alligator, n. dl'-ll- gd'-tor (Sp. lagarto, a lizard: L. 
lacerta: Port, allagarto), an animal of the reptile 
kind ; the American crocodile. 

alliteration, n. dlllt'-er-a'-sliun (L. ad; litera, a let- 
ter), in poetry, commencing two or more words in the 
same line or verse with the same letter: alliterative, 
a. -dt'-lv, pert. to. 

allochroite, n. dl-lok'-ro-it (Gr. alios, different; 
chroa, colour), a fine-grained, massive variety of iron- 
garnet, exhibitii ; . ■ of colours when melted 
with phosphate of soda before the blow-pipe. 

allocate, v. dl'-lo-kdt (L. ad .- locus, a place), to give 
each one his share or part ; to set apart for any pur- 
pose; to distribute: al'loca'ting, imp.: alloca'ted, 
pp. : allocation, n. dl'-lo-kd'-shun, the act of setting 
apart for; th i place for. 

allocution, n. dl'-lo-ku'-shun (L. od; locutus, spok- 
' :V i ; or spoken. 

allodium, n. dllo'-dl-um (Dan. odel, a patrimonial 
estate: Icel. odal, goods abandoned), land not held 
from a superior ; unconditional free tenure : allodial, 
a. dl-lo'-dl-dl, free of rent; independent. 

allopathy, n. dl-lop'-d-thi (Gr. alios, another; pa- 
thos, disease), that mode of medical practice which 
consists in the use of drugs to produce in the body a 
condition opposite to the disease to be cured. It is 
opposed to homoeopathy (hom-e-op'd-thl), which at- 
tempts to cure disease by medicine which, in a state 
of health, would have produced a similar disease. 
allopathic, a 4 to allopathy: 

allopathlcally, ad. -ll: allop'athist, n. one who 
practises allopathy. 



3 ALMS 

allophane, n. dl'-lo-fdn (Gr. alios, different; phaino, 
I appear), a mineral, generally of a pale-blue colour- 
id in veins. 

allot, v. allot (L. ad: Icel. hlutr, lot: F. allotir— 
see lot), to assign to; to divide and parcel out: to 
apportion: allot'ter, n. one who: allotting, imp.: 
allotted, pp.: allotment, n. that which has been 
parcelled out ; a share ; the part assigned. 

allotropy, n. dlldt'-rd-pl (Gr. alios, another; trope, 
a conversion or change), a term employed to denote 
the fact that the same body may exist in more than 
one usual comlii u ohj'sical char- 

acteristics: allotropic, a. dl'-lo-trop'-lk, pert. to. 

allow, v. dl-lolo' (L. ad; laudare, to praise, in one 
sense; locare, to place or to let, in another: F. allouer, 
to assign), to admit ; to grant ; to permit ; to own ; to 
deduct: allowing, imp.: allowed, pp. dl-loivd' : 
allowable, a. alldiv'-d-bl, that maybe permitted; not 
improper or unlawful: allow'ably, ad. -bll: allow- 
ableness, n. dllolv'-a-blnds, lawfulness; fitness: al- 
lowance, n. dl-loiv-dns, the act of allowing; permis- 
sion ; a settled rate ; a salary. 

alloy, v. dl-ldii' (F. loi or aloi; It. lega; L. ad, lex, 
the law or rule: Sp. ley, the proportion of silver 
found in ore), to mix any metal with another, gene- 
rally with one less valuable ; to reduce or lessen by 
mixture: n. a baser metal mixed with a finer; a 
mixture of two or more metals ; a mixture of a metal 
with mercury is called an amalgam; evil mixed with 
good: alloying, imp. : alloyed, pp. dl-ldyd': alloy- 
age, n. dlloif-aj, the act of mixing metals ; a mixture 
of different metals. 

allspice, n. aYcl'-sjAs (all arid spice), pimento, so call- 
ed from its m flavour. 

allude, v. dllod' (L. ad; luclo, I play), to refer to 
something not particularly mentioned; to hint at: 
allu'ding, imp. : allu'ded, pp.: allusion, n.dl-16'ihiin, 
a reference to something not mentioned particu- 
larly; a hint: allusive, a. tfll6'-siv, having reference 
to something but vaguely noticed before : allu'sively, 
ad. -1%. 

allure, v. dl-l6r r (L. ad; F. leurre, a bait: Ger. 
ludern, to entice), to tempt by the offer of something 
good; to entice, in a good or bad sense: allu'ring, 
imp.: allured, pp. dl-l&rd: allurement, n. dl-ldr- 
ment, some real or supposed good that attracts; 
temptation; enticement to pleasure: allu'rer, n. one 
who : allu'ringly, ad. -II. 

alluvium, n. dllo'-vl-um, plu. allu'via (L. ad; lavo 
or luo, I wash), earth and other matter deposited any- 
where by the ordinary operations of water; also 
allu'vion: alluvial, a. al-16'vl-dl, deposited or laid 
down by means of water. 

ally, v. dill' (F. oilier, to mix: L. ad; ligo, I hind), 
to unite, as families In marriage; to bind together 
in friendship, as states with states : n. one that is al- 
lied; a confederate; plu. allies, dl-llzf, countries or 
persons united by treaty or agreement ; confederates : 
allying, imp. : allied, pp. allld'-. alliance, n. dill' 
■ i ■ 1 1 < ' ii n, , i, . . soriation. 

alma -mater, dl'-ma-ma'-ter (L. fostering mother), 
a name applied to any university by those who have 
studied in it. 

almanac, n. apposed corrupted form 

of AS. all-moon-heed or allmonaght, a rude tracing or 
representation of the course of the moon), a small 
book containing the days of the month, with remark- 
able events, the tides, &c. ; a calendar. 

almandine, n. dl'-mdn-dln' (Allabanda, a city of 
Caria), a lapidary's term for the violet or violet-red 
varieties of spinel, ruby, &c. 

Almighty, a. awlmlt'-i (AS.: aft and mighty), pos- 
sessing all power; omnipotent: n. the omnipotent 
God : almightlly, ad. -II: almight'iness, n. - 

almond, n. d'-mund (F. amande: Sp. almendra-. 
Gr. amugdalon : L. amygdala), the kernel of the nut 
of the almond-tree: plu. I glands i ituated on each 
side of the mouth near the base of the tongue : al- 
mond-oil, an oil obtained from almonds. 

almoner, n. dl'-mon-er (Ger. almosen, alms : F. au- 
monier, the officer for dispensing alms: Gr. eleemos- 
une, pity, alms), a person appointed by a king or 
queen, or a monastery, to dispense their alms or 
charity to the poor: almonry, n. dl'-mon-rl, the 
residence of the almoner ; the house where alms are 
given. 

almost, ad. awl-most (AS. : all and most), nearly; for 
the greatest part. 

alms, n. dmz (AS. eclmesse, alms), anything given 
<,fSbl; pure, oiid; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal: 



ALMU ] 

to the poor in charity to relieve their wants : alms- 
houses, houses for the reception and relief of the 
poor: alms'-deed, an act of charity. 

almug, n. dl'-mug (Heb. almug), a tree mentioned in 
Scripture, probably sandal-wood. 

aloe, n. dl'-o (Gr. and L. aloe, a bitter herb), name of 
a bitter plant used in medicine : aloes, dl'-Oz, the juice 
of the aloe: aloetic, a. dl'o-et'-ik; also al'oet'ical, a. 
-i-kdl, of or containing aloes. 

aloft, ad. d-loff (Icel. d lopt, on high : Ger. lufl, 
the air), in the air; among seamen, up among the 
rigging : alow, ad. d-lo', in a low place ; not aloft. 

alone, ad. d-lon' (all and one), by itself; singly: 
adj. single ; without company. 

along, prep, along'; also alongst, prep, d-longsf 
(AS. andlang: Ger. entlang: It. lungo), by the length; 
lengthwise ; forward : ad. in company with : along - 



ship ; aloof, on loof— viz., out of danger: Dut. locf, an 
oar-pin), keeping away from ; at a distance from. 

alopecy, n. dl'6-pe-sl; also, alopecia, -shl-d (Gr. 
alopex, a fox), the fox-evil or scurf; any kind of bald- 
ness. 

aloud, ad. d-ldivd" (AS. a, on: Ger. laut, sound), 
with a high tone of voice ; with much noise. 

alpaca, n. dl-pdk'd, or paco, pdk'-o, a ruminating 
animal of the mountainous districts of S. Amer., al- 
lied to the camel, but of smaller size, and having long 
woolly hair ; a fabric or cloth made from its hair. 

Alpha, n. dl'fd (Gr.), the first letter of the Greek 
alphabet ; the first or beginning : alphabet, n. dl'fd- 
bet (Gr. alpha, a ; beta, b), the letters of any language 
arranged in a fixed order: alphabetic, a. dl'-fd-bdt'-ik ; 
also alphabetical, a. -I kdl, arranged in the order of 
the alphabet : al'phabet'ically, ad. -II. 

Alpine, a. dl'-pln (L. alpes, the Alps: Gael, alp, a 
height, a mountain), from or like the Alps ; very ele- 
vated; belonging to elevated regions, as alpine flora: 
al'penstock (Ger.), staff used for ascending the Alps. 

alquifou, n. dl'-ki-f6, an ore of lead called potter's- 
ore. 

already, ad. awl-rSd'l [all and ready), now; at this 
time ; at some time past. 

also, ad. awl'-so (AS. ealles swa, all so) likewise ; in 
like manner. 

Alstonite, n. dl'ston-U, a mineral of a snow-white 
or greyish-yellow colour, so called from occurring in 
the lead-mines of Alstone Moor, Cumberland. 

alt or alto, n. dlt, dl'-to (It.— from L. altus, high), 
the highest note that can be sung with the natural 
voice by men: alto-rilievo, n. dl'-io-rl-U'-vo (L. altus; 
and It.), raised figures on a flat surface, so as to show 



also called bass-relief. 

altar, n. awl'-tdr (L. altare, an altar for sacrifice— 
from Icel. eldr, fire, and am, a hearth ; or AS. em, a 
place), a small square or round building of turf, wood, 
or stone, varying in height, on which animals were 
burnt— these were called sacrifices ; the communion- 
table : altarage, n. awl'tar-dj, profits arising to 
priests from oblations: al'tar-piece, a painting or 
decoration placed over an altar: altar-cloth, in a 
church, the cloth laid over an altar. 

alter, v. awl'ter (L. alter, another: F. alterer, to 
alter), to change ; to vary ; to make different in some 
way: altering, imp.: altered, pp. awl'-terd: alter- 
able, a. awl'-ter-d-bl, capable of being changed ; that 
may be varied: alterably, ad. -Mi: alterableness, 
n. fiTcl-t/'r-d-bl-nBs ; also alterability, n. awl'ter- 
d-bll'-l-tl, the being able to be changed: alteration, 
n. awl'-ter-a'-shun, a varying in some way; a change: 
alterative, a. awl'-ter-d'tlv, having the power to 
change or alter : n. a medicine that gradually changes 
the constitution or habit of body. 

altercate, v. dl'-ter-kdf (L. alterco, I contend), to 
contend in words ; to wrangle : al'terca'ting, imp. : 
al'terca'ted, pp. : altercation, n. dl'-ter-ka-shun, a 
contention in words ; a wrangling. 

alternate, v. dl-ter'ndt, (L. alterno, I do anything by 
turns), to do by turns ; to happen by turns ; to change 
in succession : adj. that succeeds or follows by turns: 
alternating, imp. : alter'nated, pp. : alternately, 
ad. -II: alternant, a. in geol., in alternating layers: 
alternation, n. dl'ter-nd-shun, the act of <)oin.j; : » v 
turns ; the act of taking one and leaving one in suc- 
cession : alternative, a. dl-ter'-nd-tlv, offering a choice 
of two things : n. of two things, an offer to take the 



t AMAR 

one and leave the other; often used, of more than 
two: alter'native'ly, ad. -II: alter'nativeness, n. : 
alter'nate generation, a mode of reproduction among 
the lowest animal types, in which the young do not 
resemble the parent, but the grand-parent. 

althaea or althea, n. dl-the'-d (Gr. althaia: L. althaea, 
the marsh-mallow— from Gr. altheo, I cure), a genus of 
plants, some of which possess medicinal qualities. 

although, conj. awltito' (all and though), notwith- 



altimeter, n. dl-tlm'6-ter (L. altus, high : Gr. rnefron, 
ameasure), an instrument for taking leights: altim'- 
etry, n. -6-tri, art of measuring heights. 

altitude, n. dl'tl-tud (L. altus, high : It. alto), 
height, as of a mountain ; extension upwards ; highest 
point: altitude of a celestial body, the angular dis- 
tance of the body from the horizon. 

alto, a. dl'-to (It. — from L. altus, high), in music, 
high; also in sculp.— basso, low, its opposite: al'to- 
rilie'vo, n. (It.), see under alt. 

altogether, ad. awl'-to~o-getfb'-£r (all and together), 
wholly; entirely. 

alum, n. dl'um (L. alumen : Gr. (h)als, salt), a white 
saline substance used in medicine and dyeing: al- 
umed, a. dl'-umd, imbued or mixed with alum: alu- 
mina, n. d-W-ml-nd; also al'umine, n. -mln, the clay, 
loam, or other substance from which alum is obtained ; 
pure alumina consists of oxygen and the new metal ' 
now called aluminum: aluminiform, a. d-16-min'l- 
fawrm (L. alumen; forma, shape), formed like alumi- 
na: aluminiferous, a. d-ld'-mln-lfer-us (L. alumen; 
fero, I produce), containing alum : aluminous, a. of 
or relating to alum: aluminite, n. u-lo'-ml-nlt, a 
mineral of a silver or yellowish white colour : alumi- 
num, n. d-W-ml-num ; also aluminium, n. d-16-mln' 
i-um, the metallic base of alumina— as a metal, now 
prepared to a considerable extent: al'um-stone, a 
mineral of a white, greyish, or reddish colour, from 
which much of the best alum is procured. 

alumnus, n. d-lum'-nus (L. alumnus, a pupil— from 
alere, to nourish), a pupil or scholar of a school or 
university. 

alunite, n. dl'-obn-lt (F. alun, alum), alumstone; a 
mineral containing alum, found in minute shining 
crystals of a white, greyish, or reddish colour : alun- 
ogene, n. d-ldbn'-o-jen (F. alun ; Gr. gennao, I produce), 
an ore of alumina, known as hair-salt or feather-alum 
—is a frequent efflorescence on the walls of quarries 
or mines. 

alveary, n. dl'vedr-l (L. alvearium, a beehive— from 
alvus, the belly), in anat., the hollow of the external 
ear: alveolar, a. dl-ve'6-ldr ; also alve'olar'y, a. -ldr'-l, 
containing sockets: alve'olate, a. -lat, divided into 
cells or pits : alveole, n. dl'-ve-ol, the socket of a tooth : 
alveolus, n. dl-ve'o-lus (L. a small hollow or cavity), in 
nat. hist., a little trough or hollow channel : alveo- 
lites, n. plu. dl-ve'6-lits, a genus of corals composed 
of concentrically-arranged tables of short tubes, angu- 
lar without, and rounded within : alvine, a. dl'-vin, of 
or from the bowels. 

always, ad. awl'-ivaz; also, alway ad. awl'wa (AS. 
ealle wazga, the whole way), continually; for ever. 

A.M. , initial letters of ante meridiem (L. before mid- 
day)— opposed to P.M., for post meridiem (L. after 
mid-day) ; initial letters of Magister Artium (L. Mas- 
ter of Arts), an academic degree higher than B.A. 

am,v. dm (Moeso-Gothic im: Icel. em: AS.eom: Gr. 
eimi), 1st sing. pres. tense of the verb be; I AM, one of 
God's titles. 

amadou, n. dm'd-do (F.), Ger. tinder; a substance 
resembling doeskin leather, prepared from a dry lea- 
thery fungus found on old ash and other trees. 

amain, ad. d-man' (AS. a; and Goth, magan, to be 
able), with energy or force. 

amalgam, n. d-mdl'-gdm (Gr. ama, together; gameo, 
I marry: or ama; malagma, that which softens— from 
malasso, I soften), a mixture of mercury with another 
metal ; an alloy of which mercury forms a constituent 
part: amalgamate, v. d-mdl'-gd-mat, to compound or 
mix mercury with another metal ; to blend ; to incor- 
porate: amalgamating, imp.: amal'gama'ted, pp.: 
amalgamation, n. d-mal'gd-ma'shun, a mixing to- 
gether different bodies ; a union of two or more bodies 
into one, as of railway companies. 

amanuensis, n. d-mdn'u-6n'sls (L.— from ab, and 
manus, the hrnei \ ,,.< u utes down the words of 
another ; a writer to dictation. 

amaranth, n. dm'-d-rdnth; also am'aran'thus (L. 
amarantus: Gr. amarantos, unfading), a flower in- 



mdte, mat, far, luTc; mete, mM, her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 






AMAR ] 

olined to a purple colour; in poetry, a flower which 
never fades : amaranthine, a. -thin, pert. to. 

amaryllis, n. d-m-a-fil-tis (name of a country girl 
in Virgil), a family of plants esteemed for their beauty; 
the lily -asphodel. 

amass, v. it-nuts' (F. amasser, to heap up : L. massa, 
a mass), to gather into a heap ; to collect many things 
together: amas'sing, imp.: amassed, pp. d-mdsf: 
amassment, n. 

amasthenic, a. dm'ds-then'-ik (Gr. ama, together; 
sthenos, force), uniting the chemical rays of light into 
one focus, as a certain kind of lens. 

amateur, n. dm'd-ter' (F. ; L. amator, a lover), one 
who loves and cultivates any art or science, but does 
not follow the one preferredas a profession. 

amativeness, n. am'a-tiv'nes (L. amo, I love ; ama- 
tus, loved), a propensity to love; in phren., the name 
of an organ of the brain, the supposed seat of the 
sexual passion: amatory, a. dm'a-tdr'-i, relating to 
love; causing love: amatorial, a. dm'd-to'-rl-dl : am'- 
ato'rially, ad. -dl-ll. 

amaurosis, n. dm'aw-ro'sls (Gr. from amaiiros, 
obscure), decay or loss of sight without visible defect 
in the eye. 

amaze, v. d-maz' (It. smagare : Sp. desmayer, to 
discourage : Norm. F. s'esmaier, to be sad), to strike 
with astonishment or fear: amazing, imp.: adj. 
very wonderful ; exciting fear, surprise, or wonder : 
amazed, pp. dmdzd' : amaze'ment, n. astonishment; 
sudden fear: ama'zingly, ad. -II: amazedness, n. 
dond'zed-nis. 

Amazon, jx. dm'd-zon (Gr. a, without ; mazos, a 
breast), a race of female warriors; a river in S. 
America: amazonian, a. dm-dL-zo'-ni-dn, pert, to; of 
bold, masculine manners: am'azon-stone, a bluish- 
green ornamental variety of felspar from the river 
Amazon. 

amb or ambi, drnb or dm'bl (L. or Gr.), a prefix 
signifying both, about. 

ambages, n. dm-bd'-jez (L.— from ambi, around; ago, 
I go), a circuit of words ; a circumlocution. 

ambassador, n. dm-bds'-sd-dor (F. ambassadeur : 
mid. L. a mbascia: It. ambasciata ;.- old H. Ger. ambaht , 
a minister: Goth, andbahts, a servant), a person sent 
by a sovereign to represent him in a foreign country: 
ambassadress, n. -dres, a woman who: ambassa- 
dorial, a. -ado'rl-dl, pert. to. 

amber, n. dm'ber (F. ambre: It. ambra: Sp. ambar: 
Arab, anbar or anbarum), a fossil gum or gum-resin, 
with a tinge of yellow, and semi-transparent, found 
chiefly on the shores of the Baltic Sea : adj. made of 
amber: amber-seed, musk-seed: anther-pine, the 
tree producing amber. 

ambergris, n. dm'ber-gres' (F. ambre; and gris, 
grey— grey amber), an ash-coloured waxy substance 
found floating on the seas frequented by sperm whales, 
supposed to be an internal secretion from these ani- 
mals—used as a fragrant drug. 

ambidexter, n. dm'-bl-deks'-ter (L. arribo, both; dex- 
ter, the right hand), one who uses both hands alike ; 
a double dealer: ambidextrous, a. -triis, able to use 
either hand ; double dealing ; deceitful : amTridex'- 
trously, ad. -triis'll. 

ambient, a. dm'-bl-Snt (L. ambiens, going about), 
surrounding on all sides. 

ambiguity, n. dm-bl-gu'i-tt (L. ambiguus, doubt- 
ful—from ambi, around, and ago, I go : F. ambigu .- It. 
ambiguo), uncertainty as to meaning; doubtfulness ; 
state of doubt: ambiguous, a. dm-big'u-us, doubtful; 
having more meanings than one : ambigliously, ad. 
■II: ambig'uous'ness, n. -us'nes. 

ambilogy, n. dm-bll'6-ji (L. ambo, both: Gr. logos, 
discourse), ambiguous discourse: ambil'oquy, n. -6-kwi 
(L. ambo; loqui, to speak), ambiguity of expression. 

ambition, n. dm-bish'-un (L. ambitio, seeking eagerly 
for a favour— from ambi, around, and ire, to go ; F.), 
the desire of power, fame, excellence, or superiority : 
ambit'ionless, a. : ambitious, a. dm-blsh'us, aspiring; 
desirous of fame or superiority ; eager to attain some- 
thing: ambitiously, ad. -It 

amble, v. dm'bl (F. ambler: L. ambulo, I walk), to 
move at an easy pace, as a horse : n. the pace of a 
horse between a walk and a trot ; a canter : amTDling, 
imp. : adj. going at an Than walking : 

ambled, pp. dm'-bld: ambler, n. he or that which. 

amblygonite, n. dm-blig'o-nlt (Gr. amblugonios, 
having an obtuse angle— from amblus, blunt ; gonia, 
an angle), a mineral of a greenish-white or sea-green 
colour. 



> AMIA 

amblypterus, n. dm-bUp'ter-iis (Gr. amblus, blunt ; 
pteron, a fin), a genus of fossil fishes, disting&ashed 
by their very large and wide fins, composed of numer- 
ous rays. 

ambreine, n unber), the active prin- 

ciple of ambergris: ambreic, a. -ik, pert. to. 

ambrosia, n. dm-bro'-zhl-d (Gr.— from a, not; brotos, 
mortal), said by the ancients to have been the food of 
the gods; whatever is p] ste or smell: 

ambrosial, a. -zhi-dl, pert, to the food of the gods ; 
pleasing to the taste or smell : ambro sially, ad. -ll : 
Ambro sian, a. -zhi-dn, of St Ambrose ; ambrosial. 

ambry, n. dm'-bri; also aumry, n. awm'-rl (F. ar- 
moire: Sp. armario: Ger. aimer, a chest or cupboard), 
a place where alms are deposited for distribution to 
the poor, a cupboard or pantry. 

ambs-ace or ames-ace, n. dmz'as (F. ambezatz ■. 
L. ambo, both, and ace), a double ace ; two aces turned 
up at the same time. 

ambulacra, n. dm'bu-ld'krd (L. ambulacrum, a 
walking-place), the perforated series of plates in the 
crusts of the sea-urchins through which the walking 
feet are protruded: amTvola'cral, a. -krdl, pert. to. 

ambulant, a. dm'-bu-lant (L. ambulans, walking), 
walking; moving from place to place: ambulance, 
n. dm'bii-l&ns, the movable hospital of an army: 
ambulation, n. a walking about ; the act of moving 
about: ambulatory, a. dm'-bu-ld'ter-t, that has the 
power of walking : n. a place for walking. 

ambuscade, n. dm'biis-kdd' (F. embuscade: It. im- 
boscare, to hide in a wood), a lying in concealment to 
attack an enemy by surprise ; the place where troops 
lie in wait: v. to lie in wait: am'busca'ding, imp.: 
ambush, n. dm'boosh (F. embuche, a snare: It. im, in, 
and bosco, a wood or thicket), a lying in wait ; soldiers 
concealed in order to attack an enemy by surprise : 
v. to lie in wait for ; to surprise : amTjushing, imp. : 
amlmshed, pp. -bobsht. 

ameliorate, v. d-mel'yo-rdt (L. ad; melior, better: 
F. ameliorer, to improve), to make better; to im- 
prove : ameliorating, imp. : ameliorated, pp. : 
ameliorator, n. one who : amelioration, n. d-mel- 
king better; improvement. 

amen, v. d'men' or d'men' (Heb., Gr.), so let it be: 
n. stability ; firmness ; truth. 

amenable, a. d-me'-nd-bl (F. amener, to bring or 
lead into), liable to answer, liable to be called to ac- 
count: ame'nably, ad. -bll: ame'nabillty, n. -i-tl, 
liability to answer. 

amend, v. d-mend' (F. amender: L. a, from, and 
raenda, an error), to correct ; to make or grow better ; 
to improve: amending, imp. : amend'ed, pp. : amend- 
able, a. d-mend'd-bl : amend'ator'y, a. -i, corrective: 
amend'ment, n. a change for the better; improve- 
ment : amends, n. d-mendz', satisfaction ; a recom- 
pense. 

amende, n. d-mongd' (F. a fine or penalty), repara- 
tion : amende-honorable, d-mongd" '-on'-o-rd'bl, a full 
apology for insult or injury. 

amenity, n. d-men'bti (L. amamitas, delightful- 
ness: F. am&niti . 3 ;; that which delights 

the eye. 

amentia, n. d-men'shl-d (L.— from Gr. a, without ; 
and L. mens, gen. mentis, the mind), imbecility of 
mind; idiotism. 

amentum, n. d-rnen'tum; also ament, n. dm'Snt 
(L. a leathern thong), a catkin or imperfect flower 
hanging somewhat like a rope or cat's tail: amenta- 
ceous, am'en-td'shus, producing catkins. 

amerce, v. d-mers' (F. a, at; merci, mercy— contr. 
from L. misericordia, mercy), to cause to pay a sum 
of money by way of punishment : amer'cing, imp. : 
amerced, pp. a-merst' : amercement, n. d-mers'menf, 
money paid byway of punishment or fine at the mercy 
of the court : amer'cer, n. -ser, one who : amerceable, 
a. d-mers'd-bl. 

American, a. d-m&r'l-kdn, of or from America: 
Americanism, -izm, an American peculiarity of 
speech. 

amethyst, n. dm'e-thist (Gr. amethustos, without 
intoxication), a precious stone of various colours — 
generally of a purple or violet-blue colour, like wine 
mixed with water: amethystine, a. am'-e-thu'-tln, 
having the violet-blue tin- 1 hart the amethyst; 



pert, to: amethystoliii Vbn, a name 

anplied to the volatile fluid found in the minute 

- of the amethyst. 

amiable, a. a'mi-d-bl, (L. amabilis, lovely: F. 

aimable), worthy or deserving of love or affection ; 

bdy,f$bt; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



AMIA 1 

pleasing : amiability, n. d'ml-d-bXV4-tl, sweetness of 
disposition: a'miable'ness, n. loveliness; agwseable- 
ness : a'miably, ad. -Ml. 

amianth, n. dm'i-dnth ; also amianthus, n. dm- 
■hftn'/hi'is (Gr. a, without; miaino, I soil or pollute), 

that variety of .-i.sbc.sto;-; u-liic.li is i id in delicate and 

regular silky fibres: am'ian'thiform, (Gr. a, miaino ; 
L. forma, a shape): am'ian'thoid, -thoyd (Gr. a, 
miaino ; eidos, form), having the form or likeness of 
amianthus. 

amicable, a. dm'4-7cd-bl (L. amicus, a friend), 
friendly; peaceable; disposal to tririidly intercourse: 
amicably, ad. -6 11: amicableness, n. dm'4-kd-bl-nes. 

amice, n. dm'ls (L. amictus, an outer garment), 
an oblong piece of linen, resembling an embroidered 
collar, tied about the neck of a Rom. Cath. priest. 



amide, n. dm'id; or am'mide, n. -mid (Gr. ammi, 
a plant; amnion, starch), a peculiar chemical sub- 
stance entering into a large number of compounds : 
amidine, n. dm'4-dln, a substance resulting from the 
action of hot water on starch : amidogen, n. d-mld'-o- 
jSn, a peculiar chemical substance: ammonide, n. 
dru'dn-ld, an amide. 

amiss, a. d-mls 1 (AS. on; misse, in error: Dut. 
mitten, to fail), wrong ; faulty ; out of order : ad. in a 
faulty manner. 

amity, n. dm'l-tl (L. amo, I love: F. amitie), friend- 
ship ; harmony. 

ammonia, n. dm-mo'-nl-d (Amman, Egyptian god 
Jupiter; also, place where first found), a transparent 
pungent gas ; a substance used in medicine and the 
arts, from which hartshorn is made ; the volatile al- 
kali: ammoniac, a. dm-mo'nl-dk, pert, to: n. a gum 
brought from Persia, and used in medicine as an ex- 
pectorant: ammoniacal, a. dni'mo-nl'd-kdl, pert, to 
ammonia; pungent: ammonium, a. -nl-iim, the sup- 
posed metallic base of ammonia: sal ammoniac, in 
chem.,-t\\e salt usually called muriate of ammonia. 

ammonite, n. dm'mon-lt, a varied family of fossil 
chambered shells, coiled in a plane spiral, so called 
from a resemblance to the horns of the statue of the 
ancient Egyptian god Jupiter- Ammon: ammonitidae, 
n. plu. dm'm'hi-U'l-de, the family of fossil shells of 
which the ammonite is the type. 

ammunition, n. dm'mu-nlsh'un (L. ad; munio, I 
fortify) military stores — as powder, ball, shells, &c. 

amnesty, n. dm'nes-tl (Gr. and L. amnestia, forget- 
fulness of the past), a general pardon of past offences 
by a government ; an act of oblivion. 

amnion, n. dm'-nl-on; also am'nios (Gr., from amnos, 
a lamb — so called from its softness to the touch), 
in anat., the inner membrane covering the foetus ; in 
tot., the covering of the embryo of the seed: am- 
niotic, a. dm'nl-ot'lk, pert. to. 

among, d-mung'; also amongst, d-mungsf, prep. 
(AS. amang or onmang), mingled or conjoined with. 

amorous, a. dm'6-rus (L. amor, love : F. amoureux), 
fond; loving; inclined to love: am'orously, ad. -II: 
am'orous'ness, n. fondne being Inclined to i>>v 

amorphous, a. d-mdr'fus (Gr. a, without; morphe, 
form), having no regular structure or definite form : 
amorphozoa, d-mor'fo-zo'd (Gr. a, without ; mor- 
phe, form ; zoon, an animal), the lowest class of 
the animal kingdom, such as sponges, that have no 
regular symmetrical structure. 

amortise, v. d-mor'tlz (Norm. F. amortizer: Sp. 
amortizar, to render inalienable— from L. ad, at ; mors, 
gen. mortis, death), to transfer lands to mortmain : 
amor'tised, pp. -tlzd: amor'tisa'tion, n. -tle-a'shUn. 

amount, v. d-mdivn? (L. ad: F. monter, to ascend— 
from L. mons, a mountain), to rise up to in the whole ; 
to reach or extend to : n. sum total : the whole ; the 
result: amount'ing, imp.: amount'ed, pp. 

amour, n. d-m6r f (F., from L. amor, love), a love 
affair or intrigue. 

ampelite, n. dm'pSl-lt (Gr. ampelos, a vine), a name 
applied to alum-slate ; an earth used by the ancients 
to kill insects on vines. 

amphi, dm'fi (Gr.), a prefix, signifying on both 
Sides, about, two ; used to imply doubt ; sometimes 
changed into ambi. 

amphibia, n. dm-flb'4-d; also, amphib'ians, -l-dnz 
(Gr. amphi ; bio i Is that can live either in 

water or on land— as the seal, walrus, frog, &c. : am- 
phib'ian or amphib'ial, a. pert, to: amphibious, a. 
dm-fWi-us, able to live on land or in water : amphib'- 
ioualy, ad. -II: amphibiousness, n. dm-fib'4-us'nes. 



5 AMUS 

amphibichnites, n. plu. dm'fl-Mk'-nlts (Gr. amphi- 
bia., animals that can live on land or under water; 
ichnon, a footstep), in geol., a generic term applied 
to those footprints of extinct reptiles that seem to 
have been impressed by their feet as they passed over 
tin- sort yielding beach to and from the water. 

amphibole, n. dm-fib'6-le; also amphibolite, dm- 
flb'-O-lit (Gr. amphibolos, ambiguous or equivocal), a 
name applied by F. geol., to hornblende and horn- 
blende rock, from the diiiiculty of distinguishing them 
from augite. 

amphibrach, n. drn'-fl-brdk" (Gr. amphi, on both 
sides ; brachus, short), in poetry, a foot of three syl- 
lables—a short, a long, and a short, w - u ; in Bag. 
poet., used as the last foot of a line. 

amphid, a. dm'fld (Gr. amphi, both ; eidos, a form), 
consisting of acid and a base. 

amphicyon, n. dm-flk'l-on (Gr. amphi, implying 
doubt; kuon, a dog), a fossil ca-nivorous quadruped. 

amphigens, n. dm'fl-jenz (Gr. amplii; ge/ws, birth), 
plants that increase in size by their growth on all 
sides, like the lichens. 

amphisarca, n. dm'fl-sdr'kd (Gr. amphi, on both 
sides; sarx, gen. sarkos, flesh), in bot., a particular 
kind of fruit with a hard exterior, and pulp round the 
seeds, as in the Baobab. 

amphisbaena, n. dm'fls-bc'nd (Gr. amphisbaina— 
from amphi; baino, I go), a kind of serpent, supposed, 
from the thickness of the tail, to have two heads, and 
to be able in consequence to move forwards witli either. 

amphiscii, n. plu. dm-fish'l-i, (Gr. amphi, on both 
sides; skia, a shadow); also amphiscians, dm-flsh'- 
l-dnz, persons living between the tropics, whose sha- 
dows fall both ways— that is, northward one half of 
the year, and southward during the other. 

amphitheatre, n. dm'fl-the'd-ter (Gr. amphi, on 
both sides ; theatron, a place for seeing, a theatre), a 
large circular building, where plays and games were 
publicly exhibited, with seats gradually rising one 
behind the other; ground rising on more than one 
side from a level : am'phitheat'rical, a. -the-ut'rl-kdl, 
pertaining to an amphitheatre. 

amphitropal, a. dm-fit'ro-pdl (Gr. amphi, arc 
tropeo, I turn), in bot., applied to an embryo s 
curved that both ends are brought close toget 
turned towards the hilum. 

amphora, n. dm'-ford (L.— from Gr. amphi, on 
sides; phorein, to bear), an anc. two-handed e~ 
vessel for holding wine, oil, &c. 

ample, a. dm'-pl (L. am/plus, large), large; wide; 
extended; spacious: am'ply, ad. -pll: ampleness, n. 
am'-pl-nes, largeness; sufficiency in space: ampliat- 
ive, a. dm'pll-dt'iv, adding to that which is already 
known or received ; synthetic : amplify, v. dm'-p" "~ 
(L. amplus; facio, I make), to increase; to enla 

to describe in many words : am'plify'ing, imp. ; l 

plified, pp. -fid: amplification, n. dm'-pU-fi-ka'-xhthi, 
Mi .- 1 1 ■ i r :nlarging; enlargement; a description in 
many words : am'plifi'er, n. one who : amplitude, n. 
dm'-pli-tud, largeness or extent of anything; abun- 
dance. 

amplexicaul, a. dm-pWcs'4-kawl (L. amplector, I 
embrace; caulis, the stem), in bot., embracing the 
stem over a large part of its circumference, as the base 
of a leaf. 

ampulla, n. dm-pul'-ld (L.), among the ancients a 
flask or bottle swelling out in the middle; in bot., a 
hollow leaf: ampullaceous, a. dm'pdb-la'shus, in bot., 
swollen out in the middle like a bottle. 

amputate, v. dm'pu-tdt (L. amputafus, cut off, 
—from am, round about ; puto, I prune), to cut off an 
arm or a leg; to prune: am'puta'ting, imp.: am'pu- 
ta'ted, pp. : am'puta'tion, n. -shun, the act of cutting 
off a leg, or a part of a body ; the act of pruning. 

amuck, ad. d-muW (Malay, amok), wildly; madly; 
without discrimination, after the manner of a Malay. 

amulet, n. dm'u-let (L. amuletum, a charm: Ar. 
hamalat, anything worn, as a sword-belt — from 
hamala, to cart , ithing from, generally around 

the neck, in thi '■ •■ it will ward off disease or 

evil : am'ulet'ic, a. -ilk, pert. to. 

amurcous, a. d-mur'-kus (L. amurca — from Gr. 
amorge, the refuse of expressed olives), full of lees or 
scum: am'urcos'ity, n. -kos'i-tl. 

amuse, v. d-muz 1 (F. amuser, to detain, to divert, 
—from Gr. a, without; muzo, I murmur or mutter 
to express displeasure), to fill the mind with thoughts 
which engage . dieting it; to entertain 

agreeably : amu'sing, imp. : adj. pleasing : also 



mdte, mdt.fdr, law; mete, m§t, her; pine, pin; note, ndt, m6ve; 



AMYG ] 

amu'sive, a. entertaining: amused, pp. ti-muzd' .- 
amu'ser, n. one who: amusement, n. that which 
diverts ; that which entertains pleasantly : amu'sing- 
ly, ad. -li : amu'sively, ad. -iv-li. 

amygdaloid, n. d-mig-dd-ldyd (Gr. amugdalon, an 
almond ; ■ / h applied to certain igneous 

rocks containing small almond-shaped cavities rilled 
with agate, jasper, and other minerals, having the 
appearance of almonds in a cake : amyg'daloid'aL a. 
pert, to: amygdalate, a. d-mig'ddl-at, made of al- 
monds: n. milk of almonds: amygdalic, a. dm'-lg- 
ddl'lk, pert, to: amyg daline, n.-dd-lin, a crystalline 
substance o't; tonds: adj. pert, to; also 

amyg'dalin'ic, a. -lln'ik. 

amyline, n. dm'l-lin (L. amylum : Gr. amulon, 
starch), the insoluble part of starch: amylic, a. a-inil- 
ik, of or from starch: amylaceous, a. dm-l-ld'shus, of 
starch; starchy. 

an, an (AS. an: Dut. en), noting a single individ- 
ual, but less emphatic than one; the indefinite article, 
put before nouns or adjs. in the sing, beginning with 
a vowel or the sound of a vowel— as, an egg, an hon- 
ourable man. 

ana, dri-d; also sometimes contr. an (Gr. ana), a 
prefix, signifying up, through, among, back, again; 
in composition, similar to ; according to : as & postfix, 
signifying a collection of memorable sayings or loose 
thoughts— as Johnsonia/ia.- in med., prescriptions de- 
noting a repetition, or, of each. 

anabaptist, n. dn'd-bdp'-tlst (Gr. ana; baptizo, I dip 
under water), one who rejects infant baptism: an'- 
abap'tists, a religious sect : an'abaptis'tic, a. -tlk: an'- 
abap'tism, n. -tlzm, the doctrine of the anabaptists. 

anacamptics, n. plu. dn'-d-kdm'tiks (Gr. ana, back; 
kampto, I bend), the doctrine of reflected light or 
sound : an'acamp'tic, a. pert. to. 

anacardium, n. dn'd-kdr'-di-urn (Gr. ana, similar to; 
kardia, the heart), the name of a genus of ornamental 
trees, one of which yields the cashew or marking nut. 

anacathartic, a. dn'-d-kd-thar'-tik (Gr. ana, upward; 
katharsis, purging), exciting discharges from the 
mouth and nose : n. a medicine which does so ; oppo- 
site of cathartic. 

anacharis, n. dn-dk'd-rls, a troublesome plant, re- 
markable for the rapidity with which it has recently 
naturalised itself in the canals and rivers of England. 

anachronism, n. dn-dk'ro-nizm' (Gr. ana, back; 
chronos, time), an error in point of time; a mistake 
in telling when an event happened : anach'ronis'tic, 
a. -tlk, erroneous in date. 

anaclastics, n. plu. dn'd-klds'tlks (Gr. ana, back; 
klasis, a breaking), that part of optics which, treats of 
the refraction of light— now called dioptrics : an'aclas'- 
tic, a. -tlk, pert. to. 

anaconda, n. dn'-d-kon'-da, the largest of serpents; 
a species of boa belonging exclusively to the Amer. 
continent. 

anacreontic, a. dn-dk're-on'tik, after the manner of 
the Greek poet Anacreon ; joyous. 

anadem, n. dn'd-dem (L. anadema — from Gr. ana, 
up ; dein, to bind), a garland or fillet. 

anadiplosis, n. dnhi-di-plo'sis (Gr. ana, again; di- 
ploids, double), in poet, and rhet., a repetition of the 
last word or words in a line or clause in the beginning 
of the next. 

anadromous, a. dn-dd'ro-mus (Gr. ana, up; dromos, 
a running, a race), in zool., applied to those fish, as the 
salmon and sturgeon, which periodically visit fresh- 
water lakes and rivers. 

anaglyph, n. dn'd-gttf (Gr. ana, up ; glupho, I en- 
grave), an engraved or sculptured ornament in relief: 
an'agliph'ic, a, -ik, pert, to : an'aglyp'tic, a. -tik, pert, 
to the arts of chasing, engraving, sculpture, &c. 

anagogical, a. dn'-d-goj'-hkdl (Gr. ana, up; agoge, 
a leading), religiously exalting; spiritual: an'agog'i- 
cal'ly, ad. -li. 

anagram, n. dn'd-grdm (Gr. ana, back ; gramma, a 
letter), a new word formed from the letters of another 
word ; a transposition of letters : an'agrammat' ic, -ik; 
also -ical, a. -i-kdl, pert, to: -ical'ly, ad. -II: an'a- 
gram'matise, v. -tiz, to make anagrams : -tis'ing, 
imp. : -tised', pp. -tizd': -tist, n. one who. 

anagraph, n. dn'-d-grdf (Gr. ana, up; grapho, I 
, -write), a commentary. 

anal, a. a'-nal (L. anus, the excretory orifice), pert. 
to, or situated near, the anus. 

analcime, n. dn'-dl-sim (Gr. a, without; alkimos, 
Strong), a zeolitic mineral found abundantly in trap- 
pean rocks, so called from its feebly electric properties. 



r ANAT 

analects, n. plu. dn'-d-lekts (L. analecta, a slave who 
gathered up the crumbs left at meal-time: Gr. ana, 
up ; legein, to gather), collected fragments of authors ; 
analectic, a. dn'-d-lek'-tik, selecting; collected. 

analemma, n. dn'-d-lem'md (L.— from Gr. ana, up ; 
lambano, I take), in geom., a projection of a sphere on 
the plane of the meridian. 

analepsis, n. dn-d-lep'-sis (Gr. a recovery), in med., 
recovery; convalescence: analeptic, a. tik, restora- 
tive : n. a medicine which gives strength. 

analogy, n. d-ndl'-o-ji (Gr. ana, similar to; logos, 
ratio, proportion), resemblance between one thing and 
another in some points ; similarity or likeness between 
things in their properties or qualities : analogous, a. 
d-ndi-0-aus, bearing some resemblance or proportion 
to: analogical, a. dn'-d-loj'-l-kdl, used byway of ana- 
logy: analogically, ad. -U: an'alog'icalness.n.: anal- 
ogise, v. d-ndl'-o-jiz, to explain by analogy: anal'o- 
gising, imp.: analogised, pp.: anal'ogist, one who: 
anal'ogism, n. -jlzm, investigation by analogy: ana- 
logue, n. dn-d-log, an object that has a resemblance 
to, or correspondence with, another object— analogue 
regards similarity of funcaon, homologue, identity of 
parts: analogously, ad. -li. 

analysis, n. d-ndl-l-sis (Gr. ana, again; lusis, a 
loosing), the separation of a compound into its ele- 
ments; the tracing of things to their source; the 
opposite of syyithesis: anal'yses, plu. -i-sez: analyse, 
v. dn'-d-llz, to separate a compound into its elements; 
to trace a thing to its first principles or motives: 
analysing, imp.: analysed, pp. -lizd: analyst, n. 
dn'-d-list, one who analyses: an alys'er, n. one who: 
analys'able, a. -bl .- analytic, a. dn'-d-lit'-ik; also 
an alyt'ical, a. -i-kdl, pert, to analysis ; that separates 
a compound into its elements: an'alyt'ically, ad. 
-i-kdl-l: analytics, n. plu. dn'-d-llt'-iks, the science of 
analysis. 

anamnestic, a. dn'-dm-nes'tik (Gr. ana, again ; 
mnesis, remembrance), that aids the memory. 

anamorphosis, n. dn'-d-mor'-fo-sls (Gr. ana, again; 
morphe, a form or shape), in perspec, an image or pic- 
ture on a plane or curved surface, which appears dis- 
torted or deformed from one point of view, and in just 
proportion from another. 

ananchytes, n. an-dn-ki'tez, (Gr. ana; chute, a 
mound), a subdivision of fossil sea-urchins, distin- 
guished by their elevated helmet-like or mound-like 
form— known as "shepherds' crowns" or "fairy 
loaves." 

anapest, n. dn'-d-pest (Gr. ana; paio, I beat), a foot 
in poetry, consisting of three syllables— the first two 
short, the third long or accented— thus, u o - : an'a- 
pes'tic, a. -tlk, pertaining to an anapest ; also ce for e. 

anarchy, n. dn'-dr-kl (Gr. a, without; arche, gov- 
ernment), want of government; a state of lawless 
confusion in a country : anarchist, n. dn'-dr-klst, one 
who attempts to introduce disorder or confusion into 
a country: anarchic, a. dn-dr-kik; also anarchical, 
a. -ki-knl, lawless; confused. 

anasarka, n. dn'-d-sdr'-kd, (Gr. ana, throughout ; 
sarks, flesh), general dropsy throughout the surface of 
the body: ana. . <• ', dropsical. 

anastatic, a. dn'd-stdt'ik (Gr. ana, up; statos, that 
stands), a term applied to a method of printing from 
zinc plates. 

anastomose, v. an-ds'-to-mdz? (Gr. ana, through; 
stoma, a mouth), to unite the mouth of one vessel to 
another, as one vein to another : to inosculate : anas - 
tomo'sing, imp.: anas'tomosed, pp. -mozd: anas'- 
tomo'sis, n. -sis, in bot., union of vessels ; union of the 
final ramifications of the veins of a leaf; anas'tomot'- 
ic, a. pert, to : n. a medicine having the power to open 
the mouths of vessels. 

anatase, n. dn'-d-tdz (Gr. anatasis, a stretching 
forth), a name for pyramidal titanium ore, of a dark 
indigo blue, hyacinth-red, or yellowish-brown colour. 

anathema, n ri and L. anything de- 

voted, especially to evil— from ana, up ; tithemi, I put 
or place), a curse ; a separation for destruction : an- 
athematise, v. d-ndth'-e-md-tiz', to pronounce a curse 
against ; to excommunicate : anathematizing, imp. : 
anath'ematised', pp. -tizd': anath'emati'ser, n. one 
who: anath'ematisa'tion, n. -ti-zd'-shun. 

anatomy, n. d-ndt'o-nvi (Gr. ana, up ; tome, a cut- 
ting), the art of Nil II 1_ I h ll I HI ii li I i| I > i 

or of an animal ; the art of dissection : in dramatic lan- 
guage, a thin, meagre person; a skeleton: anatomise, 
v. d-ndt'o-miz', to separate the parts of an animal 
body : anat'omi'sing, imp. : anat'omised', pp. -mizd': 



cdiv, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



ANAT 1 

anat'omist, n. one who is skilled in dissecting bodies : 
anatomical, a. dn'-d-tom'-l-kdl, pert, toanat.: an'atom'- 
ically, ad. -II: anatomisation, n. a-nat'-o-mi-zd'-shan. 

anatropal, a. d-ndt'-ro-pdl ; also anatropous, a. dn- 
dt'-ro-pus (Gr. ana, up or over; trepo, I turn), in hot., 
an inverted ovule, the hilum andmicropyle being near 
each other, and the chalaza at the opposite end. 

ancestor, n. dn'-s&s-ter (L. antecessor, he that goes 
before— from ante, before ; cessum, to go : F. ancestre), 
a forefather ; a progenitor ; a woman is called an an'- 
cestress: ancestral, a. an-ses'-trdl, relating to or de- 
scending from ancestors : ancestry, n. dn'-ses-trl, 
birth ; descent ; a series of ancestors. 

anchor, n. dng'-kor (L. anchora: Gr. angkum), an 
iron grappling instrument which, when dropped on the 
sea-bottom by means of a cable or chain, keeps a ship 
from drifting; any firm support: v. to stop at; to 
fix or rest on : an'choring, imp. : anchored, pp. dng- 
kord: an'chorage, n. ang'-kor-aj, a place where a ship 
can anchor: anchorable, a. -abl, fit for anchorage: to 
drop or cast anchor, to sink an anchor into i he • -■> i 
keep the ship from drifting : to weigh anchor, to raise 
the anchor from the sea-bottom : anchor comes home, 
when it drags by the violence of the wind, by a heavy 
sea, or by the force of a current : at anchor, or to ride 
at anchor, when the ship is kept from drifting by the 
anchor having a proper hold on the sea-bottom. 

anchoret, n. dng'-ko-ret; also an'chorite, n. -rlt (Gr. 
anachoretes, one who retires— from ana, up, back ; 
ohoreo, I retire), a hermit; a religious recluse: an- 
choretic, a. dng'-ko-ret'-ik ; also an'choret'ical, a. 
-i-kdl, pert, to a hermit or his mode of life. 

anchovy, n. ancho'-vl (Sp. and Port, anchova.- 
Sicil. and Geno. anciova), a small fish caught in vast 
numbers in the Mediterranean, used as a sauce. 

anchylosis, n. dng'-ki-lo'-sls (Gr., from angkuloun, 
to crook or stiffen), the immovable state of a joint: 
anchylosed, a. dng'-kl-lozd" ', fixed: anchylotic, a. 
dng'-kl-lot'-lk, pert. to. 

ancient, a. dn'-shent (F. ancien, old: L. antiquus, 
old: It. anziano), old; what is long past; belonging 
to former times : n. (corruption of ensign), the flag or 
streamer of a ship : ancients, n. plu. those who lived 
in old times : an'ciently, ad. -II : an'cientness, n. : 
■ ■ n-nt lineage. 

ancile, n. dn-si'-le (L.), in anc. Rome, the sacred 
shield of Mars, said to have fallen from heaven. 

ancillary, a. dn'sil-ldr'l (L. ancilla, a maid-servant), 
subservient ; subordinate ; as a handmaid. 



doubtful; double-formed; double-faced; in hot., two- 
edged. 

ancyloceras, n. dn'-sl-los'er-ds (Gr. ankulos, crooked 
or curved ; keras, a horn), a genus of fossil chambered 
shells curved like a horn. 

and, conj. dnd (Icel. enn: old Sw. cen: Dan. end), a 
joining word. 

andalusite, n. dn'-dd-u , Indalusia, in Sp., where 
first found), one of the garnet family, of varied colours 
—grey to green, violet, blue, &c— found in crystals in 
mica-schist. 

andante, a. dn-ddn'-td (It.), in music, moderately 
slow; expressive. 

Andean, a. dn-de'-dn, of or pert, to the Andes, dn'- 
dez, a great chain of mountains running through S. 
America: andesite, n. dn-de-sit, a mineral found in 
the Andes containing the felspar called andesine, dn' 
de-sln, of a white, grey, greenish, or yellowish colour. 

andiron, n. dnd'irn (mid. L. andena: Flem. wen- 
dijser — from wenden, to turn), in ancient kitchens, the 
iron bar which supported the logs used as fuel, or the 
spit— now applied to movable fire-irons. 

androcceum, n. dnklro-sc'iun (Gr. uncr, gen. dndros, 
a man), in hot., the male organs of the flowers. 

androgynus, n. dn-droj'4-nus (Gr. aner, a man; 
gune, a woman), an hermaphrodite: androg'ynal, also 
androg'ynous, a. -nus, of both sexes ; having male and 
female florets on the same footstalk : androg'ynal'ly, 
ad. -U. 

android, n. dn'-drdyd (Gr. aner, a man ; eidos, form), 
an automaton in human form : androides, plu. dn-droy- 
dez. 

anecdote, n. dn'-ek-dot (Gr. anekdoton, not giving 
out— from a, without ; ek, out ; doton, given), origin- 
ally, secret history— wow;, a short story ; a matter in- 
teresting in a man's life or conduct : anecdotal, a. dn'- 
Sk-do'-tdl; also an'ecdot'ical, a. -i-kul, pert to. 

anemone, n. d-nem'o-ne, also spelt anem'ony (Gr., 



I ANHE 

from anemos wind), the wind-flower: anem'onine, a. 
-nin, a substance obtained from the anemone: anem- 
oscope, n. (Gr. anemos, wind ; skopeo, I view), an in- 
strument to show the course of the wind : anemom- 
eter, n. &n'-6-mdm'-6-ter (Gr. anemos; metron, a mea- 
sure), an instrument for determining the course, the 
force, and velocity of winds : an'emom'etry, n. -tri: 
sea-anem'one, see actinia. 

anent, prep, d-nent (AS. ongean, opposite : Sw. on 
gent, on opposite), regarding; concerning; respecting. 

aneroid, n. dn'-er-oyd (Gr. a, without ; neros, wet, 
moist; eidos, form), the air barometer, consisting of a 
small metallic box nearly exhausted of air, and easily 
acted upon by the external pressure of the atmosphere. 

aneurism, n. an'-u-rlzm (Gr. ana, throughout ; 
eurus, broad), the disease of an artery when it ex- 
pands and sometimes bursts, permitting the blood 
to spread about in the surrounding tissues : an'euris - 
mal, a. pert. to. 

anew, ad. d-nu' (on new), again ; newly. 

anfractuose, a. dnfrdk'-tu-oz (L. anfractus, a 
turning or bending round), wavy or sinuous, as the 
anthers of gourds and cucumbers ; full of turnings or 
windings. 

angel, n. dn'-jel (Gr. anggelos, a messenger: L. 
angelus), a heavenly being: angelic, a. dnjei'-ik; also 
angelical, a. -i-kdl, partakimr of tin- nature of angels: 
angelically, ad. -It: angelicity, n. an'jel-is'-l-tl .- an- 
gelica, n. dn-jel'-ikd, the name of a plant: an'ge- 
lol'ogy, n. -lol-6-jt (Gr. anggelos, a messenger; logos, 
discourse), the doctrine of angelic beings. 

anger, n. dng'-ger (L. angor, sorrow: Icel. angr, 
pain), rage ; displeasure : v. to provoke ; to enrage : 
an'gering, imp.: angered, pp. dng'-gerd: angry, a. 
dng'-gri, displeased; provoked; raging: angerly, ad. 
mm i I ilso angri 

angina, n. dn-ji'-nd (L. ango, I choke or strangle), 
an inflammation or tumour in the throat, impeding 
respiration: angina -pectoris, -pek'to-rls (L. ango; 
pectoris, of the breast), a dreadful disease, in which a 
most excruciating pain in the breast is felt, with a 
sense of strangulation. 

angiography, n. dn'jl-og'-rdfl (Gr. angeion, a ves- 
sel ; graphe., a description), a description of the vessels 
in the human body. 

angiosperms, n. plu. dn'jl-6-spermz' (Gr. angeion, a 
vessel ; sperma, seed), plants which have their seeds 
encased or enclosed in a seed-vessel : an'giosper'mous, 
a. -sper'-mus, having seeds contained in a seed-vessel. 

angle, n. dng'gl (L. angulus, a corner: Gr. angku- 
los, bent : AS. angel, a fish-hook), any corner, small or 
large ; the point or corner where two lines meet ; a 
hook to fish with : v. to fish for anything : an'gling, 
imp. : angled, pp. dng'-gld: an'gler, n. one who fishes: 
angular, a. dng'-gu-ldr, sharp ; pointed ; having an- 
gles or corners: an'gularly, ad. -II: angularity, n. 
dng'gu-lOr't-tl, the quality of having corners or an- 
gles : angle-iron, n. a rolled bar of iron of an angular 
shape for forming the edges of bridges, safes, &c, or 
the corners of boilers, &c. 

Angles, n. plu. dng'-glz (L. angli), a German tribe 
on the Elbe, of the race of the Suevi, who afterwards 
passed over with the Saxons into Britain and gave 
their name to that country : Angle-land, dng'gl-ldnd, 
England : Anglo, dng'-glo , prefixed to a proper name- 
as Saxon, Norman, &c, dei ighsh: Anglo- 
Saxon, -sdks'on, partly English and partly Saxon, or 
derived through both. 

Anglican, a. dng'gll-kdn (AS. Angles, the English : 
L. arniU), Knu'iisli; pertaining to England : n. a mem- 
ber of the Church of England : anglice, n. ad. dng'gli- 
se, in the English language or manner : anglicism, n. 
dng'-gli-slzm, a way of speaking or writing peculiar to 
the English language ; an English idiom : anglicise, v. 
dng'-gtt-siz, to render any form of expression in an- 
other language into the English idiom : an'glici'sing, 
imp. : anglicised, pp. dng'gll-slzd'. 

anguilliform, n. dn-gwU-t-fawrm (L. anguilla, an 
eel; forma, shape), formed like an eel or serpent: 
anguineal, a. dn-gwin'-l-dl, of or like a snake. 

anguish, n. dng'-gwisli (L < ike, referring 

to the writhing or twisting of the animal body when 
in pain : F. angoisse: Gr. angos, a funeral urn), intense 
pain of body or mind ; excessive grief : v. to inflict 
anguish : an'guishing, imp. : an'guished, pp. -gulsht. 

angular— see under angle. 

anhelation, n. dn'-he-ld'-shun (L. anhelo, I breathe 
with difficulty— from Gr. ana, up : L. halo, I breathe), 
state of being out of breath ; a panting. 






mate, mdt, far, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



ANHY 



19 



ANOP 



anhydrous, a. dn-hi'-driis (Gr. an, without; hudor, 
water), not having any water ; dry ; applied to miner- 
als and gases not having water as an ingredient: 
anhydrite, n. dn-hl'drit, a transparent sulphate of 
lime found in a crystalline form without the usual 
ingredient of water. 

anil, n. dn'-ll (F. ; Arab, annil), the indigo plant. 

anile, n. dn'-il (L. anilis— from anus, an old wo- 
man), pert, to an old woman ; aged ; imbecile : anil- 
ity, n. dn-ll'i-ti, dotage. 

animadvert, v. dn'i-mdd-rirf (L. animus, the mind, 
or anima, the soul or principle of life ; ad, to ; verto, I 
turn), to turn the mind to ; to consider ; to remark 
upon : animadverting, imp. : animadverted, pp. : 
an'imadvert'er, n. one who: an'imadver'sion, n. 
-ver'-shim, severe reproof ; censure. 

animal, n. dn'4-mdl (L. animal, a living creature), 
a body possessed of life, sensation, and power of motion; 
adj. pertaining to a living creature; gross; opposite 
of spiritual: animalise, v. dn'-l-mdhiz', to give ani- 
mal life to : an'imali sing, imp. : an'imalised', pp. 
-llzd' : animalisation, n. dn'4-mdl'4-zd'shun, the act 
of endowing with life : animalism', n. -izm', sensual 
indulgence; mere life without intellectual activity: 
an'imality, n. 4-tl, state of animal existence. 

animalcule, n. dri-i-mdl'-kul (L. animalculum), a 
creature very small or very minute, generally invis- 
ible to the naked eye: plu. an'imal'cula, also anl- 
mal'cules, -kulz: an'imal'cular, a. ; also an'imal'cu- 
line, a. -lin, pert. to. 

animate, v. dn'l-mat (L. anima, the animal life), to 
give life to; to enliven; to invigorate; to inspirit: 
adj. alive: animating, imp.: animated, pp.: adj. 
lively ; vigorous : an'ima'tor, n. one who : animation, 
u. dn'l-rna'shun, the state of being animated ; pos- 
sessing life or spirit : an'ima'tingly, ad. -1% : anima- 
tive, a. dn'4-md'tiv, capable of giving life. 

anime, n. dn'im-e' (Sp.), a white resinous drug 
brought from America. 

animosity, n. dn'-i-mos'-l-tl (F.: L. animus, mind; 
osus, hating— from odi, I hate), violent hatred ; a high 
degree of enmity: animus, n. dn'l-mus, the feeling 
that prompts ; purpose ; temper. 

anion, n. dn'l-un (Gr. ana, up ; ienai, to go), an elec- 
tro-negative body. 

anise, n. dn'is (L. anisum: Gr. anizon), an annual 
plant whose seeds have an aromatic smell, and pleas- 
ant warm taste: anise-seed or aniseed, dn'4-sed, 
the seed of the plant : anisette, dn'4-zef, aniseed cor- 
dial. 



_ ._, a, dn'i-sos-tem'd-nus (Gr. anisos, 
unequal; stemon, L. stamen, a thread, a fibre), in hot., 
stamens not equal in number to the floral envelopes, 
nor a multiple of them. 

anker, n. dng'-ker, a Dutch liquid measure. 

ankle, n. dng'kl (AS. ancleow: Ger. enkel, an ankle: 
Gr. angkule, a loop, the bending of the leg), the joint 
that connects the foot with the leg : anklet, n. dng- 



lid. 



, n. dn'nd, in the East Indies, < 



, value 



, n. dn'ndlz (L. annus, a year), a brief narra- 
tive of events divided into periods, each period con- 
sisting of one year: an'nalist, n. a writer of annals: 
annats, n. plu. dn'ndts, a year's income of a spiritual 
living; in Eng., applied to the augmentation of poor 
livings; in Scot, a half-year's stipend paid to the 
heirs of a deceased clergyman. 

anneal, v. dn-nel' (AS. an, on : It. niello, a kind of 
black enamel on gold or silver : F. neller, to enamel), 
to temper ; to heat glass or metal, and then to cool 
slowly, in order to render less brittle : anneal'ing, 
imp.: annealed, pp. dn-neld': anneal'ing furnace, a 
furnace for annealing. 

annelida, n. dn-nel'4-dd ; also an'nelids (L. annel- 
lus, a little ring : Gr. eidon, form), those creatures that 
have their bodies formed of a great number of small 
rings, as the earth-worm. 

annex, v. dn-neks 1 (L. ad, to; nexus, tied), to unite; to 
join to the end ; to affix : annex'ing, imp. : annexed, 
pp. dn-neksf : annexible, a. dn-neks'4-bl, that may 
be annexed: annexation, n. dn'-neks-a'-shun, the act 
of uniting or joining to ; addition of something : an- 
nexe, n. dn-neks', a wing to a building, or an out- 
building communicating with the main one. 

annihilate, v. dn-nl'-hi-ldt (L. ad: nihil, nothing), 

to reduce to nothing ; to destroy a body utterly, or the 

peculiar properties of a body : anni'hila'ting, imp. : 

cow, toy, f Cot; pure, bud; chair. 



thing ; a total destruction. 

anniversary, n. dn'-ni-ver'sdr-i (L. annus, a year ; 
versus, turned), the day on which an event is annually 
celebrated ; the yearly return of any event : adj. at a 
stated time ; returning with the year. 

annotate, v. dn'-no-tdt (L. annoto, I set down in 
writing— from ad, to or at ; nota, a mark), to make 
written remarks on a book : an'nota'ting, imp. : an'- 
nota ted, pp. : annotation, n. -td'shun, a written 
remark on some passage of a book ; a note ; generally 
used in the plu. annotations : annotatory, a. dn- 
no'-td-tdr'-l, containing annotations: annotator, n. 
dn-nO-td'-tdr, one who writes notes on a book. 

annotto, n. dn-not-6; also arnot'to, which see. 

announce, v. dn-nowns' (F. annoncer: It. annun- 
ziare, to declare— from L. ad, to ; nuncio, I tell), to tell 
to; to declare; to publish: announ'cing, imp : an- 
nounced, pp. -ndwnst': announcement, n. dn- 
ndwns'-ment, a declaration ; the act of giving notice ; 
publication: announcer, n. dn-ndivn'-ser, one who. 

annoy, v. dn-ndy' (It. annoiare, F. ennuyer, to an- 
noy or vex— from L. ad; noceo, I hurt or injure: Sp. 
enoyo, anger, offence), to vex ; to tease or molest ; to 
harass : annoyance, n. dn-ndy'dns,- something that 
teases ; a matter that harasses or molests : annoy'ef , 
n. one who : annoying, imp. : annoyed', pp. -noyd'. 

annual, a. dn'-nu-dl (L. annus, a year: F. annuel: 
It. annuale), yearly; that returns every year: n. a 
flower or plant that grows and dies within a year ; a 
book published every year: an'nual'ly, ad. -II: an- 
nuity, n. dn-nu44l, a fixed sum of money paid every 
year: annuitant, n. dn-nu'4-tdnt, one who receives 
a sum of money every year for maintenance. 

annul, v. dnnul' (L. ad, to; nullus, none, no: F. 
annuler), to make of no effect ; to make.void ; to abo- 
lish: annulling, imp.: annulled', pp. dn-nuld' : an- 
nulment, n. the act of making void. 

annular, a. dn-nu-ldr; also annulary, a. dn-nu- 
Idr'l (L. annulus, a ring), having the form of a ring: 
an'nularTy, ad. 41: an'nula'ted, a. furnished with 
rings : an nulose', a. 46zf, composed of many rings : 
an'nulet, n. a little ring: annularia, n. dn'nu-la'-ri-d, 
a genus of fossi 1 tceou plants, having whorls on 
the same plane with their stems, supposed to have 
been aquatic: annulosa, i ) ; vaU a term applied 
to the articulata, in allusion to their ringed bodies. 

annunciate, v. dn-nun'-shi-at (L. ad, to; nuncio, I 
tell), to declare; to bring tidings: annun'cia'ting, 
imp.: annun'cia'ted, pp.: annun'cia'tor, n. one who: 
annun'cia'tion, n. -shi-d'-shun, the act of announcing. 

anode, n. dn'-od (Gr. ana, up; {h)odos, a way), the 
positive pole; the way by which electricity enters 
substances through which it can pass. 

anodon, n. dn'-o-don; also an'odon'ta (Gr. an, with- 
out ; odo^is, gen. odontos, a tooth), the river-mussel. 

anodyne, n. dn'-o-dln (Gr. an, without; odune, 
pain), any medicine that relieves pain: adj. soothing. 

anoint, v. d-ndynf (Norm. F. enoindre, to anoint — 
from L. in, in, and ungo, I anoint), to rub or smear 
with oil; to consecrate : anoint'er, n. one who : anoint- 
ed, ppl: n. the Messiah: adj. consecrated: anointing, 
imp.: n. the act of smearing with oil: adj. rubbing 
with oil : anoint'ment, n. the act of anointing. 

anomaly, n. d-nom'-d-U (Gr. anomalos, rough, un- 
even—from an, not ; (h)omalos, like to, or similar), 
irregularity; a departure from the common rule: 



from common or established rules : also, i 
tical, a. 4%-kdl. 

anomopteris, n. dn-o-mop'-ter-ls (Gr. anomos, with- 
out rule ; pteris, fern), fossil ferns, differing from all 
recent ones, having the leaves very large and deeply 
pinnate. 

anomoura or anomura, n. dn'-6-m6'rd (Gr. ano- 
mos, irregular, without rule ; oura, a tail), a family of 
crustaceans characterised by their irregular tails, as 
the hermit-crab ; an'omou'ral, a. pert. to. 

anon, ad. d-non' (AS. on an ; in one), soon ; quickly. 

anonymous, a. d-non4-mus (L. anonymus, without 
a name— from Gr. a, without; onoma, a name: F. 
anonyme), having no name ; without the name of the 
author or writer : anon'ymous'ly, ad. -II. 

anoplotherium, n. dn'-o-plodhe'rl-um (Gr. a, with- 
out ; (h)oplon, a weapon ; therion, a wild beast), a 
genus of fossil quadrupeds destitute of any organs of 
defence, as tusks, claws, or horns. 



game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



ANOR 



anorthite, n. d-nor'thit (Gr. a, without; orthos, 
upright), Lino of the felspar family whose cleavages 
are Without right angles. 

another, a. d-nuth'-er (one and other), not the same ; 
one more. 

anoura, n. d-n6'rd (Gr. a, without; oura, a tail), a 
class of reptiles without tails, as the frog, toad, &c. : 
anourous, a. -rus, destitute of a tail. 

anserine, a. dn'ser-in (L. anser, a goose), of the 
goose tribe ; uneven. 

answer, v. dn'ser (AS. andstuarian— from and, 
against, and swerian: Goth, svaran, to swear Icel. 
svara, to answer), to reply; to be accountable for; 
to suit: n. something said in reply to a question: 
an'swering, imp. : answered, pp. dn-serd : an'swerer, 
n. one who : answerable, a. dn'ser-d-bl, what may be 
replied to; accountable; suitable: an'swerably, ad. 
-bli: an'swerableness, n.: an'swerless, a. that cannot 
be answered. 

ant, dnt; or an'ti, dn'-tl (Gr.), a prefix meaning 
against, opposite. 

ant, n. dnt (AS. ozmet), a small insect ; an emmet— 
of which it is a contracted form: ant'-hill, a nest of 
ants : ant-eater, a quadruped, having a long snout or 
muzzle and long tongue, which feeds upon ants. 

antacid, n. dnt-ds-id (Gr. anti, against: L. acidus, 
acid), any substance, as potash, soda, magnesia, lime, 
&c, which counteracts acidity or neutralises it. 

. ..' ,1 . ,, , , . ... , | '. „, . _ ||,| , „ 

istes, a combatant), one who contends with another ; 
an opponent ; an enemy: antagonism, n. -nlzm, active 
opposition: antagonise, v. dn-tdg'o-nlz', to act in 
opposition ; to strive against : antagonising, imp. : 
antagonised, pp. -nlzd: antagonistic, a. da-tdg'o- 
nls'-tik, striving against: antag'onis'tical'ly, ad. -nis' 
tl-kdl'l : antag'onis'tic forces, two powers in nature, 
the one counteracting the other, as fire and water. 

antalgic, a. dnt-dl'-jlk (Gr. anti, against; algos, 
pain), applied to that which can assuage pain. 

antarctic, a. dnt-drk'-tlk (Gr. anti, opposite ; arktos, 
the constellation of the Bear), opposite to the northern 
or arctic pole ; a circle about 23i deg. from the S. pole. 

ante, dn'-te (L.), a prefix meaning before, either in 
time or place. 

antecede, v. an'-tS-sed' (L. ante, before ; cedo, I go), 
to go before in time : an'tece'ding, imp. : an'tece'ded, 
pp.: an'tece'dent, n. -sc-daif, that which goes before 
in time or place: adj. going before in time or place : 
an'tece'dently, ad. -li. an'tece'dence, n. -dens; or 
an'tece'dency, n. -si: antecessor , n. (L. ante; cessus, 
gone), one who lived or possessed before another. 

ante-chamber, n. dn'-te-chdm'-ber ,- also an'te-room, 
n. (L. ante, before, and chamber), a room to be passed 
through to a principal room. 

antecians, n. plu. dn-te'-shi-dnz ; also antoeci, n. 
plu. dn-te'-si (Gr. anti, against ; oikeo, I dwell), those 
who live in the same latitude and longitude, but on 
different sides of the equator. 

antedate, v. dn'-tS-ddt (L. ante: datum to -j-; i i*. 
date before the true time : an'teda'ting, imp. : an- 
teda'ted, pp. 

antediluvian, a. dn'-tS-dUo'-vX-dn ; also antedilu- 
vial, a. -vl-dl (L. ante; diluvium, a deluge), existing 
or happening before the flood of Noah: n. one who 
lived before the flood. 

antelope, n. dn'-te-lop (Gr. antholops— from antlws, 
beauty ; ops, the eye), a beautiful creature, partly like 
a deer and partly like a goat. 

antelucan, a. dn'-te-lo'kdn (L. ante ; lux, gen. lucis, 
light), before daylight. 

antemeridian, a. dn'-tS-mS-rld'-i-dn, (L. ante; meri- 
dies, mid-day), before noon or twelve o'clock : post '- 
merid'ian, after twelve o'clock. 

antemundane, a. dn rite; mundus, 

the world), before the creation of the world. 

antennae, n. plu. dn-ten'-ne (L. antenna, a sail-yard), 
the feelers or horns of insects, Crustacea, &c: anten'- 
nal, a. pert. to. 

antenuptial, a. dn'-te-nup'shdl (L. ante; nuptice, 
marriage), being before nuptials or marriage. 

antepaschoi kdl (L. ante and paschal), 

pert, to the time before Easter. 

antepast n. dn'-tS-pdst (L. ante ; pastus, fed), a fore- 
taste. 



almost; ultimus, last), in a word, the last syllable 
but two: antepenultimate, a. -pin-ul'-ti-mdt, pert, 
to the last syllable but two. 
anterior, a. dn-te'-rl-er (L.), before in time or place ; 



i ANTI 

previous; in front: ante'riorly, ad. -li .- anteriority, 
11. -i-ti, priority. 

anthelion, n. dnt-he'-li-on (Gr. anti, over against; 
(h)elios, the sun), a bright spot opposite to the sun : 
anthelia, plu. 

anthelmintic, a. dn'-thel-mln'-tlk (Gr. anti, against ; 
elm ins, a tape-worm), destructive to intestinal worms : 
n. the medicine. 

anthem, n. dn'thSm (Gr. anti, opposite ; (h)umnos, a 
hymn: AS. antefen: F. antimne), a sacred song, or 
a portion of Scripture set to music. 

anther, n. dn'-thtr{GcT. antheros, flowery, blooming), 
in bot., the head part of the stamen of a flower, con- 
taining the pollen or fertilising dust: an'theral, a. 
pert, to: antheriferous, a. dn-tlier-lf-er-us (Gr. an- 
theros: L.fero, I bear), bearing anthers or flowers. 

anthesis, n. an-tlic'sis (Gr. anthesis, bloom— from 
anthos, a flower), in bot., the opening or bursting of 
the flower. 

anthocarpous, a. dn'-tho-kdr'-pfis (Gr. anthos, a 
flower; karpos, fruit), fonmu, as a, certain class of 
fruits, from a number of blossoms united into one body. 

anthodium, n. dn-tho'iji-vm (Mr. anihos,& flower; 
duo, I put on), the capitulum or head of flowers of 
composite plants. 

anthohtes, n. plu. dn'-tho-lits ; or antholithes, n. 
plu. dn'-tho-li'-thez (Gr. anthos, a flower ; lithos, 
stone), a general term for the fossil impressions of 
flowers, such as occur in the shales of the coal-measures. 

anthology, n. dn-thol'6-ji (Gr. anthos; logos, dis- 
course), a discourse on flowers : a collection or selec- 
tion of flowers of literature : an'tholog'ical, a. per' ' 

anthophore, n. dn'-tho-for (Gr. anthos, a f- 
phero, I carry), in bot., a stalk supporting the 
floral envelopes and separating them from the c; 

anthophylite, u. dn'-tho-flV-llt (Gr. anthos; • 
Ion, a leaf), a variety of hornblende of a grey or c 
brown colour, so named from the resemblance of its 
colour to that of the anthophyllum or clove. 

anthracite, n. dn'-thrd-sit' (Gr. anthrukis, a burn- 
ing coal), a hard shining coal that bums without 
smoke or flame: anthraconite, n. dnthrdk'-onit, a 
term applied to those varieties of marble which have 
a coal-black lustre when polished: an'thracit'ic, a. 
■slt'-ik, pert. to. 

anthracosaurus, n. dn'-thrd-lco-saw'-rus (Gr. anthrax, 
coal ; sauros, a lizard), a large fossil saurian occurring 
in the coal-measures of Britain. 

anthracotherium, n. -ko-the'-ri-um (Gr. anthrax; 
therion, a wild beast), a fossil thick-skinned animal of 
the hippopotamus kind, found among the lignites or 
wood-coals of Liguria. 

anthrakerpeton, n. -ker'pS-ton (Gr. anthrax; erpe- 
ton, a reptile), a genus of fossil reptiles of a primi- 
tive air-breathing type. 

anthropography, n. dn'thro-pog'rd-fi (Gr. anthro- 
pos, a man; graph,: a n mum, that branch of physi- 
cal geography which treats of the distribution of the 
human species: anthropoid, a. an'-thro-poyd' (Gr. 
— " ; is of the mon- 



key which most nearly approach t 

anthropolite, n. dn-throp'ollt (Gr. — ; lithos, a 
stone), a petrifaction of the human body: anthro- 
pology, n. dn'thro-pol'o-jl (Gr. — ; logos, discourse), 
the natural history of the human species : an'thropo- 
log'ical, a. -loj'-l-kdl, pert, to : anthropopathy, n. 
dn'-thro-pop'd-thl (Gr. — ; pathos, affection or feeling), 
human affection- oi ,i i ,,„• a , pert, to the Supreme 
Being : an'thropopath'ical, a. 

anthropomorphite, n. dn'thro-po-mor'flt (Gr. an- 
thropos, man ; morphe, form, shape), one who attri- 
butes a human form to the Deity: -mor'phism, n. 
the doctrine : -mor'phous, a. pert, to that which re- 
sembles a human form. 

anthropophagi, n. plu ,i (Gr. anthro- 

pos, a man ; pha r men that eat 

human flesh : an'thropoph'agous, a. -pof-d-gus, feed- 
ing on human flesh: an'thropoph'agy, n. -pof'djl, 
Hi' i iractice of eating human flesh. 

anti, dn'-tl (Gr.), a prefix, with its form ant, signifies 
against or opposite ; in place of. 

antibilious, a. dn'ti-Ml'4-us, (Gr. anti, against, and 
bilious), good for the cure of bilious complaints. 

antic, a. dn'-tlk (L. antiquus, old), odd; fanciful: 
n. odd appearance ; a buffoon : an'ticly, ad. -li. 

antichrist, n. dn'ti-krist (Gr. anti, against, and 

Ch, *.■■..'■). a i'a! ■< ' i. . - .- .,'••.,' ...'■:,,.;. 

Christian, a. -krist'i-an, opposing the Christian reli- 
gion, or opposite to it. 
mate, melt, far, law; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; n6te, not, move; 



ANTI \ 

anticipate, v. dn-tls'l-pdt (L. ante, before ; capio, 
I take), to be beforehand ; to take first possession ; 
to take before the proper time; to foretaste: an- 
ticipating, imp. : antic ipa'ted, pp. : anticipation, 
n. -pCi'-s/tun, the act of anticipating; prevention: an- 
tic ipa'tor, n. one who : anticlpa'tive, a. -pa'-tiv; also 
anticipatory, a. -pd'tor-i, taking beforehand. 

anticlinal, a, dn-ti-kli- nal (Or anti, against; Uino. 
I bend),in geol., applie d h dip in opposite 

directions in a roof-like form ; opposite of synci i nal. 

anticous, a. dn'tl-kus (L. anticus, in front), in hot., 
placed in front of a flower, as the lip of orchids. 

antidote, n. dn'ti-dot (Gr. antidotos, a remedy— 
from anti, against; didonai to give), a medicine to 
counteract the bad effects of poison; a remedy for 
any evil: antidotal, a. dn'ti-do'tdl ; also an'tidotlcal, 
a -i-kdl, expelling the effects of poison: an'tido tally, 
ad. -tall: an tidot ically, ad. -li. 

antimony, n. dn'ti-mon-i (L. antimonium: F. an- 
timoine), a metallic substance, much used as an al- 
loy: antimonial, a. an'ti-mo'ni-al, pert, to antimony, 
or containing it: n. the medicine: an'timoniate, 
n. -ni-at, a salt of antimonic acid: antimo'niat'ed, 
a. dt'-ed, made of antimony or mixed with it : an ti- 
mon'ic, a. -ik; also antimo'nious, a. -nl-us, of anti- 
mony ; applied to the acids of antimony : antimonite, 
n. dn'-tl-monif, a salt of antimonious acid. 

antinomian, n. dn'ti-nd'ml-dn (Gr. anti, against ; 
nomos, law), one who denies that the moral law is 
binding on Christians, and affirms that faith alone is 
necessary to salvation : adj. relating to : an'tino'mian- 
ism', n.-lzm', the tenets of: antinomy, n. dn-tin'om-i, 
the opposition of one law or rule to another law or 
rule. 

antipathy, n. dn-tip'd-thl (Gr. anti, against ; pathos, 
a feeling of hatred; natural aversion. 

antiphlogistic, a. dn'-ti-flo-jls'tik (Gr. anti; phlogizo, 
I consume or burn up), applied to medical treatment 
intended to subdue inflammation : n. a medicine that 
checks inflammation. 

antiphony, also antiphone, n. dn-tif-o-nl (Gr. 
anti, opposite ; phone, sound), the alternate singing 
of two choirs : antiphonal, a. dn-tif-o-ndl, pert, to : 
n. a book of antiphons or anthems: antiphon, n. 
dn'ti-fon, the chant of alternate singing in choirs. 

antiphrasis, n. dn-tif'rd-sis (Gr. anti, opposite ; 
phrasis, a form of speech), the use of words in a sense 
opposite to their proper meaning ; irony : an'tiphras- 
tical, a. -ti-kdl: an'tiphras'tical'ly, ad. -kdl'i. 

antipodes, n. plu. dn-tip'6-dez (Gr. anti, opposite ; 
podes, feet), those who live on the opposite side of the 
globe, and whose feet are directly opposite to those 
of the speaker: antipode, n. an'tl-pod, one who 
lives on the opposite side of the globe : antipodal, a. 
having the feet directly opposite. 

antiquarian, n. driti-kzva'-ri-an, or antiquary, n. 
dn'ti-kwd-rl (L, antiquarius, studious of antiquity— 
from antiquus, old), a person who studies the history 
of ancient things: adj. pert, to antiquity: an'ti- 
qua'rianism, n. : antiquate, v. dn'-tl-kwat, to put out 
of use ; to make old : an tiqua'ting, imp. : an'tiqua'ted, 
pp.: adj. grown old; old-fashioned: an'tiqua'tedly, 
ad. -II: an'tiqua'tedness, n. : antique, a. dn-tekf (F. 
antique), old; ancient: n. a remnant of antiquity; a 
relic: antiquely, ad. -II: antiqueness, n. an-tek'nes, 
ancientness ; the appearance of being old : antiquity, 
n. dn-tlk'-wi-tt, former ages; times long.since past; 
antiquities,;: :. relics of olden times. 

anti - Sabbatarian, n. dn'tl-sdb'bd-td'rl-dn (Gr. 
anti, and Sabbath), one opposed to the observance 
of the Sabbath: adj. pert. to. 

antiscians, n. plu. dn-tish'i-anz ; also antis'cii, 
dn-tish'i-i (L. antiscii — fromGr. anti; skia, a shadow), 
the inhabitants of the earth living on opposite sides 
of the equator, whose shadows at noon fall in contrary 
directions. 

antiscorbutic, a. dn'ti skor-bu'ttk (Gr. anti, against, 
and scorbutic), good against the scurvy. 

antiscripturaJ, a. dn'tl-skrlp'tu-rdl (Gr. anti and 
scriptural), not in accordance with the Scriptures, or 
in opposition to them. 

antiseptic, n. dn'-ti-sip'-tlk, (Gr. anti, against ; sep- 
tos, putrid), a substance that prevents putrefaction: 
adj. opposing putrefaction. 

anti-slavery, n. dn'-ti-sld'ver-l (Gr. anti, against, 
and slavery), hostility to slavery. 

antispasmodic, a. dn'ti-spds-mod'ik (Gr. anti, 
against ; S2)asmos, a convulsion or spasm), applied to 
medicines that have power to allay spasmodic pains. 



L APET 

antistrophe, n. dn-tis'-tro-fl (Gr. anti; strophe, a 
turning), the stanza of a chorus or ode succeeding the 
strophe. 

antithesis, n. . . gainst; thesis, 

a placing), o; >p< brast in words or senti- 

ments: antithetic, a. dn'tl-thet'ik ; or antithetical, 
a. -i-kdl, being in contrast ; containing opposition of 
words or sentiments : an'tithet'ical'ly, ad. -II. 

antitropal, a, dn-tit'ro-pdl ; also antit'ropous, 
a. -pus (Gr. anti, against ; trepo, I turn), in hot., at 
the extremity most remote from the hiluin, as the 
embryo — or inverted with respect to the seed, as the 
radicle. 

antitype, n. dn'ti-tlp (Gr. anti, against ; tupos, a 
pattern), the reality, of which the resemblance or 
pattern is called the type— thus, the paschal lamb is 
called the type, and Christ the antitype: antitypical, 
a. dn'-tl-tip'i-kal, that which explains the type: an'ti- 
typ'ically, ad. -II. 

antler, n. dnt'-Ur (F. andouiller), a branch of a stag's 
horn: antlered, a. dnt'-lerd, furnished with antlers. 

antre, n. dn'-ter (L. antrum, a cave), in poetry, a 
cavern ; a den. 

antoeci, dn-te'sl— see antecians. 

antrorse, a. dn-trors' (L. ante, before ; versum, to 
turn), in bot., having an upward direction towards the 
summit of some part. 

anus, n. d'-nus (L.), the lower orifice of the bowels. 

anvil, n. dn'vll (AS. anfilt : low Ger. ambolt : 
Dut. aenbeld, a block to hammer on), an iron block 
with a smooth face and a horn, on which smiths shape 
their work. 

anxiety, n. dng-zl'itl (L. anxius— from arm, I have 
vexed), distress of mind about something future ; great 
uneasiness : anxious, a. angk'shiis, distressed in mind ; 
perplexed: anxiously, ad. -li: anxlousness, n. 

any, a. inhil (AS. aenig: Ger. einig : Dut. eenig), 
every ; whoever ; oneorsome: anywise, ad. en'ni-wiz, 
in any degree : an'ywhere, ad. -hwdr, in any place : 
anyhow, ad. in'ni-hdiu, at any rate ; in any event : 
anybody, n. Sn'nl-lod'i, one out of many selected 
indifferently. 

Aonian, a. d-6'nl-dn (from Aonia, in Greece), 
pert, to the Muses or to Aonia. 

aorist, n. d'6-rist (Gr. aoristos, unlimited), name of 
an indefinite past tense in the grammar of the Greek 
language: aoristic, a. a'6-rls'tlk, pert. to. 

aorta, n. d-or'td (Gr. aorte, the great artery), in the 
human body, the great or trunk artery: aortal, a. 
d-or'-tdl; also aortic, a. a-or'tik, pert. to. 

apace, ad. d-pds' (AS. a, on: F. pas: L. passus, a 
step), with some degree of speed ; in haste ; quickly ; 
by-and-by. 

apagoge, n. dp'd-go'je (Gr. apo, from; ago, I lead), 
in logic, a kind of argument or proposition not very 
evident ; in math., the step leading from one proposi- 
tion to another, when the first, after demonstration, is 
employed in proving the second or others : apagogi- 
cal, a. dp'd-goj'i-kdl, proving indirectly. 

apart, ad. d-pdrf (F. a part, aside, separate: L. 
pars, gen. partis, a part), separately ; at a distance : 
apart'/ment, n. a room in a house : plu. apart'ments, 
a set of rooms. 

apathy, n. dp'd-thl (Gr. a, without; pathos, any 
emotion of the mind), want of feeling; freedom from 
passion: ap'athist, n. one who: apathetic, a. dp'-d- 
Until, ilsn apathet c ating in feel- 



phate of lime of every variety of colour, occurring 
both massive and crystallised, and very apt to be mis- 
taken for another mineral. 

ape, n. ap (AS. apa: Icel. apt: Dan. abe), a kind 
of monkey ; a vain imitator ; a mimic : v. foolishly to 
try to imitate: a'ping, imp. : aped, pp. apt: a'per, 
n. one who: apish, a. d'pish, like an ape; foolish; 
imitating the manners of superiors: a'pishly, ad. -li: 
a'pishness, n. foppery. 

apeak, ad. d-pek', (a and peak), on the peak or 
point ; in a posture to pierce. 

Apennine, n. dp'e-nin, a range of mountains run- 
ning through Italy: adj. pert, to the Apennines. 

aperient, n. d-per'-l-ent (L. aperiens, opening), a 
medicine that opens the bowels; a laxative: adj. 
opening; gently purgative: aperitive, a. a-pir'-i-tiv, 
purgative. 

aperture, n. dp'er-tur (L. apertum, to open), an 
opening ; a cleft or gap. 

apetalous, a. d-pet'-d-lus (Gr. <7, without; petalon, 



hfdot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



APEX 



22 



APOT 



a flower -leaf), having no petals or flower -leaves: 
apet'alous'ness, n. 

apex, n. d'peks (L.)— plu. apexes, d'pSks-Ss, or api- 
ces, dp'l-sez— the top point or summit of anything: 
apical, a. dp'i-kdl, relating to the top ; apiculus, n. 
d-plk'-ii-lus, in hot., a short but sharp point in which 
a leaf or other organ terminates, but not very stiff: 
apiculate, a. d-pik'-u-ldt, suddenly terminated by a 
distinct point. 

aphseresis or apheresis, n. d-fe'rS-sls (Gr. apo, from ; 
(h)aireo, I take or seize), the taking away a letter or 
syllable from the beginning of a word. 

aphanite, n. df'dn-W (Gr. aphanes, obscure, not 
apparent— from a, not; phaino, I bring to light), a 
compact sort of trap-rock, consisting of hornblende, 
quartz, and felspar so intimately combined that they 
cannot be individually distinguished : aphanistic, a. 
df-dn-is'-tik, pert, to ; indistinct. 

aphelion, n. d-fe'-ll-on, plu. aphelia, d-fS'-ll-d, (Gr. 
apo, from; (h)elios, the sun), the position of a planet 
in the heavens when farthest from the sun— when 
nearest to the sun, the position is called its peri- 
helion. 

aphis, n. d'-fls, plu. aphides, df-l-dez (L.), the 
vine-fretter or plant-louse. 

aphlogistic, a. df'-lo-jis'tlk (Gr. a, without ; phlo- 
gizo, I burn up), flameless. 

aphony, n. df-6-nl; also aphonia, d-fo'nld (Gr. 
a, without; phone, voice), a loss of voice; dumbness. 

aphorism, n. a/'o-rizm (Gr. aphorismos, a defini- 
tion; apo, from; orizo, I mark bounds or limits), a 
short sentence expressing some important truth; 
a maxim: aphoristic, a. df'6-ris'tik ; also aph'- 
oris'tical, a. -ti-kdl, expressing some truth in a 
short sentence: aph'oris'tically, ad. -II: aph'orist, 
n. one who. 

aphrite, n. df-rlt (Gr. aphros, froth or foam), a 
scaly variety of calcareous spar, having a shining 
pearly lustre and a greasy feel. 

aphrodisiac, a. df-ro-diz'-i-ak (Gr. aphrodisios, pert. 
to Venus), thct which excites to sexual intercourse. 

aphthae, n. hthai, ulcers in the mouth), 

small white ulcers on the tongue, gums, palate, &c. : 
aph'thous, a. df-thus, pertaining to thrush or ulcer- 
ous affections of the mouth. 

aphthong, n. df 'thong (Gr. a, without ; phthong- 
gos, a sound), a silent letter or letters. 

aphyllous, a. df-fU'-liis or df, (Gr. a, without ; phul- 
Ion, a leaf), in hot., destitute of leaves. 

apiary, n. a'pl-dr'i (L. apis, a bee), a stand or shed 
for bees ; place where bees are kept : a'piarlst, n. one 
who rears bees. 

ap'ical, ap ices, apic'ulate, &c— see apex. 

apiece, ad. d-pesf (AS. a and piece), to each, as a sep- 
arate share. 

apiocrinite, n. dp'i-ok'-rin-it (Gr. apion, a pear; 
krinon, a lily), a sub-genus of fossil radiata, like the 
star-fish or sea-urchin, distinguished by their pear- 
shaped receptacle. 

apish, &c— see ape. 

aplanatic, a. dp'pldn-dt-lk (Gr. a, without ; planao, 
I wander), applied to a telescope which entirely cor- 
rects the aberration of the rays of light. 

aplomb, n. dp'plom (F. aplomb, perpendicular line), 
settling down into its fit place as naturally as if by 
simple gravitation. 

apncea, n. dp-ne'd (Gr. a, without ; pneo, I breathe), 



apokalupsis, an uncovering; apo, from; kalupto, I 
cover or conceal), a revelation; a vision; the last 
book of the New Testament : apocalyptic, a. d-pok- 
d-lip'tik; also apoc'alyp'tical, a. -ti-kdl, pertaining 
to revelation : apoc'alyp'tically, ad. -kal'U. 

apocarpous, a. dp'd-kar'pns {Gr. apo; karpos, fruit), 
applied to fruits when their carpels are either quite 
separate or only partially united. 

apocope, n. d-pok'-o-pe (Gr. apo, from; kopto, I cut), 
omission of the last letter or syllable of a word : 
apoc'opat'ed, a. shortened by cutting off the last 
letter or syllable. 

Apocrypha, n. d-pok'-rl-fd (Gr. apo, from ; krupto, I 
hide), some disputed books, received as parts of 
inspired Scripture by Catholics and others, but 
generally rejected by Protestants: apocryphal, a. 
d-pok-rl-fdl, doubtful; uncertain: apoc'ryphal'ly, ad. 
-II: apoc ryphal'ness, n. 

apodal, a. dp'-o-ddl (Gr. a, without ; pons, gen. podos. 



a foot), destitute of feet or ventral fins— applied to 
such fishes as the eel, sword-fish, wolf-fish, &c. 

apodixis, n. dp'-o-dlks'-U (L. : Gr. apodeixis, a set- 
ting forth— from opo; dciknumi, I show), full demon- 
stration : apodictic, a. op'-o-dllc-tilc ; also, ap'odic- 
tical, a. -ti-kdl, evident beyond contradiction ; clearly 
proving: ap'odic'tical'ly, ad. -IX. 

apodosis, n. d-p6d'-6-sl$ (L.-. Gr. apo, from; didomi, 
I give), in gram., the consequent clause in a condi- 
tional sentence, expressing the result— the clause 
expressing the condition being called the j>rotasis. 

apogee, n. dp'-O-je (Gr. apo, from; ge, the earth), 
the point in the moon's orbit, or that of a planet, most 
remote from the earth: apogean, a. dp'-o-je-du, \mi. 
to. 

Apollyon, n. d-pol'-lon (Gr. apolluo, I destrco'), a 
name used in the Kevelation of St John to designate 
the destroying angel of the bottomless pit. 

apology, n. d-pol'-o-ji (L. and Gr. apologia; apo, 
from ; logos, speech), an excuse ; a defence : apol- 
ogetic, a. d-pol'-o-jet-ik; also apol'oget'ical, a. -jct'-i- 
kal, excusing ; defending by words : apol'oget'ical'ly, 
ad. -li : apologetics, n. plu. d'pOl'O-jit'iks, that 
branch of tneology which defends tiie Scriptures, and 
sets forth the evidence of their Divine authority: 
apologist, n. d-pol'-o-jist ; also apol'ogi'ser, n. 
■ji'-zer, one who makes an apology, or writes in 
defence of another : apologise, v. d-pdl'0-jlz', to 
make an excuse for; to speak in defence of: apol- 
ogising, imp.: apologised', pp. -jizd': apologue, n. 
dp'-o-log, a story; a moral fable. 

apophysis, n. d-pof-i-sls (Gr. apo, from; phuo, I 
grow), in anat., a process or protuberance on the 
surface of a bone, generally at the ends : in hot., any 
irregular swelling on the surface ; a tubercle at the 
base of the seed-vessel of certain mosses. 

apophthegm or apothegm, n. dp'-o-them—see ap- 
othegm. 

apoplexy, n. dp'6-plek-sl (Gr. apoplexia, stupor; 
apo, from; pilesso, I strike), a disease or an affection 
of the brain that causes stupor; a fit in which all 
sensation and power of movement are suspended: 
apoplectic, a. dp'-o-plek'-tik, or ap oplec'tical, -ti-kdl, 
pert, to the disease of apoplexy. 

apostasy, n. ; also apostacy, n. d-pos'-td-sl (L. and 
Gr. apostasia.n. standing oft from; apo, from; stasis, 
a placing, a standing), a departure from a former 
profession or belief: apostate, n. d-pos'-tdt, one who 
forsakes his former principles or party: adj. false; 
traitorous: ap'ostat'ical, a. -tdt-l-kul : apostatise, v. 
a-'pos'ta-tiz' ', to forsake a former profession- or belief : 
apos'tati'sing, imp. : apostatised', pp. -tizd'. 

a posteriori, a. a -pos-te'-ri-or'-i (L. posterior, after), 
arguments drawn from consequences or facts— see 
a priori. 

apostle, n. ti-pos'-sl (Gr. apo, away ; stello, I send), 
a person sent to perform important business ; one of 
the immediate followers of Christ: apos'tleship, n. 
the office or dignity of an apostle : apostolic, a. dp'os- 
tol'-ik; also ap'ostol'ical, a. -i-kdl, relating to the 
apostles or to the office of an apostle : ap'ostol'ical'ly, 
ad. -U : ap'ostol'ical'ness, n. : apostolate, n. d-pos'-to- 
Idt, a mission; the dignity or office of an apostle: 
apostolic fathers, the early Christian writers, gene- 
rally of the first century : apostolic see, a title applied 
to the government of the pope of Rome in reference 
to his claim of being the successor of St Peter. 

apostrophe, n. d-pos'-tro-Je (Gr. apo, away ; strepho, 
I turn), a figure of speech ; a digressive address ; a 
mark ' ' ) put in a word to show the omission of a 
letter or letters, or merely as the sign of the posses- 
sive case in nouns : apostroph'ic, a. dp'-o-strof-ik, 
pert, to an apostrophe: ap'ostroph'ically, ad. -ll: 
apostrophise, v. d-pos'tro-fiz', to make a short de- 
tached address to, in speaking ; to omit a letter or 
letters in a word : apos'trophi'sing, imp. : apos'tro- 
phised', pp. -fizd'. 

apothecary, n. d-poth'e-kdr-l (L. apotheca, a store- 
house: Gr. apotlieke; apo, from: theke, a box or 
chest), one who prepares and sells drugs as medi- 
cines : apothecium, n. dp'-o-tM'-shi-um., in hot., a clus- 
ter or case of spore-cells in lichens, frequently cup- 
shaped. 

apothegm, n. dp'6-them (Gr. apo, from ; phthegma, 
a word), a sententious saying; a pithy instructive 
remark : apothegmatic, a. dp'o-theg-mdt'-ik ; also 
ap'othegmat'ical, a. -i-kdl, after the manner of an 
apothegm : ap'otheg'matist, n. one who utters short 
maxims, or a maker of them. 



m&te, mdt.fdr, law; mete, met, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



APOT i 

apotheosis, n. dp'o-the'6-sis (L. and Gr. ; apo, from; 
theos, God), in anc:ent times, the ceremony of placing 
some illustrious man among their gods. 

apotome, n. d-pdt'-d-me (Gr. apo, from; temno, I cut 
or lopi, in math., the difference between two inconi- 
mensurable quantities. 

appal or appall, v. dp-paYvl' (F. palir, to grow 
pale: L. ad, at ; palleo, I become pale), to lose the vital 
powers through sudden terror; to fill with dismay: 
appalling, imp. : appalled, pp. -pawld' .- appaT- 
ment, n. : appallingly, ad. -II. 

appanage, n. dp-pdn-dj (L. ad, to; panis, food: F. 
apanage), lands set aside for the maintenance of 
younger sons of a prince. 

apparatus, n. dp-pa-rd'-tus (L. ad, to or for; para- 
tum, to prepare), a set of instruments or tools to be 
used for a particular purpose. 

apparel, n. dp-pdr-d (F. appareil, outfit : Sp. 
aparejar, to fit, to suit: L. ad, for; paro, I prepare), 
clothing ; dress : v. to dress ; to clothe ; to adorn : 
apparelling, imp. dp-pdr'-el-ing : apparelled, pp. 
dp -pdr- eld. 

appeal, v. dp-pel' (L. appello, I accuse : F. appeler, 
to call), to apply for justice; to refer a disputed 
matter to another, as to a higher judge or court, or 
to a superior: n. the removing of a cause from a 
lower to a higher court ; a reference to another ; an 
address to the judgment or feelings of an audience ; 
an application for justice : appealing, imp. : appeal- 
ed, pp. dp-peld' : appealable, a. dp-pel'-d-bl, that 
may or can be appealed: appellant, n. dp-pel'-ldnt, 
the person who appeals : appealer, n. one who : ap- 
pellate, a. dp-pel'-ldt; also appellator^, a. -tor'-i, 
relating to appeals: appellation, n. dp'-pel-ld'-slnm, a 
name ; the word by which a thing is known : appel- 
lative, a. -Hi; pert, to a common name : n. a common 
name as distinguished from a proper name: appel'- 
latively, ad. -tiv'-li-. appellee, n. dp'-pel-le', the de- 
fendant in an appeal ; one tried for a crime at the 
instance of another: appellor, n. dp-pel'lor, one who 
appeals. 

appear, v. dp-pef (L. ad, to ; pareo, I am seen, I 
appear: F. apparoir), to be visible ; to come insight: 
appearing, imp. : appeared, pp. dp-perd' : appear- 
ance, n. ap-per'-dns, a coming in sight ; the thing 
seen ; the look of a person or tiling ; pretence ; show : 
appealer, n. the person that appears : apparent, a. 
O.p-pCi-rcnt, that may be easily seen ; obvious ; plain ; 
in science, not real — as apparent motion .- apparent- 
ly, ad. -U: apparition, n. dp'-pa-rUh-un, a ghost; 
a spectre ; a visible spirit : apparitor, n. dp-pdr'-i- 
tor, the attending officer of an ecclesiastical court; 
a surumoner. 

appease, v. dp-pez' (L. ad; pax, gen. pads, peace : F. 
apaiser, to appease), to quiet ; to pacify : appeasing, 



imp. : appeased, pp. dpi-pezd' : appea'ser, 
who: appease'ment, n. : appeasable, a. dp-pe'zd-bl, 
that may be appeased: appea'sable'ness, n. : ap- 
pea'sive, a. -lv, quieting : appea'sively, ad. -II. 

append, v. dp-pend' (L. ad, to ; pendeo, I hang), to 
attach or hang to ; to add to : append'ing, imp. : 
append'ed, pp.: appendage, n. dp-pen'daj; also ap- 
pendant, n. something added to : appendant, _ " 



appendixes, -diks-ez, or appendices, -dl-sez— some- 
thing appended or added, as at the end of a book ; a 
supplement. 

appertain, v. dp'-per-tdn' (L. ad, to; per, through; 
teneo, I hold: F. appartenir), to belong to; to relate 
to: ap'pertain'ing, imp.: appertained', pp. -tdnd' : 
ap'pertain'ment, n. : appertenance, n. dp-per'te- 
ndns, that which relates to another thing : apper'- 
tinent, a. belonging : n. that which belongs. 

appetent, a dp'-pe-tent (L. ad, to ; peto, I seek, I de- 
sire), desiring; very desirous: ap'petence, n. -tens, 
or appetency, n. -ten- si, desire; appetite; the pro- 
pensity in living creatures to select and feed upon 
such substances as are suited for their nourishment : 
appetible, a aig a sing; desir- 

able: appetibility, n. dp'-pe-ti-bil'-l-tt : appetite, n. 
dp'-pe-tlt, the natural desire or craving for food or 
drink ; a strong desire for anything that affords plea- 
sure: appetitive, iring gratification. 

applaud, v. dp-pla d (L. <./. for ; plaudo, I make a 
noise by clapping the b ttdir), to praise 

by clapping the hands or by some loud noise; to 
express approbation of; to commend: applaud'ing, 
imp. : applauded, pp. : applaud'er, n. one who : ap- 



J APPR 

plause, n. dp-plawz' (L. ad; plausum, to clap the 
hands), the act of praising ; approbation by shouts 
or clapping of hands, or in some other noisy way : 
applausive, a. dp-pkuc : zii; that contains applause. 

apple, n. ap'-pl (AS. aepl: W. apal: Icel. epli: Dan. 
al:>!-:\, a well-known fruit : apple of the eye, the pupil: 
apple of discord, a subject of contention and envy: 
apples of Sodom, fruit fair to the eye, but dissolv- 
ing into dust and ashes when plucked. 

apphcate, n. dp'-pli-kdt (L. ad, to; plico, I fold), in 
giom., a straight line drawn across a curve so as to 
ue bisected by the diameter; the ordinate. 

apply, v. dp-pli (L. ad, to ; plico, I fold), to lay on ; to 
put one thing to another; to use or employ for a par- 
ticular purpose ; to fix the mind with attention ; to 
make application ; to suit: applying, imp. : applied, 
pp. ap-plld '■': appli'er, n. one who: appliable, a. ap- 
pli'd-bl, that maybe applied: appli'ably, ad. -oil: ap- 
pliance, n. dp-pAl-dns, the act of applying; the thing 
applied: app^i: B to be applied; 

suitable: applicability, n. -kd-blll-tl •. ap'plicable- 
ness, n. : ap plicably, ad. AM : applicant, n. dp'-pll- 
kdnt, one who applies ; a petitioner : applicancy, n. 
dp'jM-kun-si, the state of being applicable: applica- 
tion, n. -ka'-shiin, the act of applying; close study; 
great attention to, as to business; entreaty; employ- 
ment of means: applicative, a. -kd-tlv: applicatory, 
a. -kd'tOr-l: n. that which applies. 

appoggiatura, n. ap-p6j'-d-t6-rd (It.), in music, a 
grace-note. 

appoint, v. tip-polinf (F. appointer, to give wages: 
L. ad, to; punctwm, a point), to fix upon; to settle; to 
ordain ; to furnish : appoint ing, imp. : appoint ed, pp. : 
appointer, n. one who : appoin'table, a. -td-bl, that 
may be appointed : appointment, n. state of being ap- 
pointed ; being named for an office ; a situation or of- 
fice ; established order : plu. the accoutrements of an 
officer: appointee, n. dp-poyn'-te, one appointed. 

apportion, v. iip-jior'-sluin (L. ad, to; portio, a part), 
to give a share to ; to divide ; to assign : apportioning, 
imp.: appor'tioned, pp. -shund: apportionment, n. 
a dividing into shares or portions: appor'tioner, n. 
one who. 



parts are similarly placed: appositely, ad. -zit'-li: 
ap posite'ness, n. fitness ; suitableness : apposition, 
n. dp-po-zuh'-un, the act of adding to; in gram., two 
nouns following each other in the same case, the latter 
explanatory of the former, or modifying it in some way. 

appraise, v. dp-prdz' (F. apprecier, to value— from 
L. ad, to; pretium, a price), to fix the value of an article 
for the purpose of sale : apprais'ing, imp. : appraised, 
pp. -prdzd': apprais'er, n. one who: appraisement, 
n. dp-prdz'ment, a valuation put on an article. 

appreciate, v. dppre'-shl-dt (L. ad; pretium, a price : 
F. apprecier), to set a proper value on ; to esteem right- 
ly: appre'cia'ting, imp. : appre'cia'ted, pp.: appreci- 
able , a. dp-} r : ay be properly valued ; 
capable of being estimated: appreciably, ad. -Ml: ap- 
preciation, n. dp-pre-ihl-a'shiai, the setting a value 
— " a just estimate o* 



to think on with fear : ap'prehen'ding, imp. : ap'pre- 
hen'ded, pp. : ap'prehen'der, n. one who : ap'prehen'- 
sible, a. -si-bl, that may be apprehended: ap'prehen'- 
sion, n. -Mn'-shun, the act of taking or seizing ; the 
being able to understand; suspicion; fear: ap'pre- 
hen'sive, a. -siv, fearful; in expectation of evil: ap'- 
prehen'sively, ad. -siv-l : ap'prehen'siveness, n. 

apprentice, n. dp-pren'tis (F. apprentis, abeginner— 
from apprendre, to learn : L. ad, to; prehendo, I take), 
a young person learning a trade or profession : v. to 
put under a master to learn a trade or profession : ap- 
prenticing, imp. : apprenticed, pp. -tlst: appren- 
ticeship, n. the service or condition of an apprentice. 

apprise, v. dp-prlz 1 (F. appris, learned, instructed), 
to inform; to give notice of: apprising, imp.: ap- 
prised, pp. -prizd'. 

approach, v. dp-proch' (F. approcher, to draw near 
—from L. ad, to ; prope, near), to draw near; to come 
up to : n. a coming or drawing near ; a path or avenue ; 
plu. approaches, -ez, siege-works ; means of access : 
approaching, imp. : approached, pp. dp-prochf: ap- 
proach'er, one who : approach 'able, a. -d-bl, that may 
be reached ; accessible: approach'ment.n.: approach'- 
less, a. that cannot be come near to or approached. 

approbation, n. &c— see approve. 



cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, (here, zeal. 



APPR 5 

appropriate, v. dp-pro'-pri-at (L. ad, to; proprius, 
private, one's own), to set apart for a particular use ; 
to claim or use as by right ; to apply to one's own use : 
adj. limited or set apart to a particular person or use ; 
fit ; suitable : appro'pria'ting, imp. : appro'pria'ted, 
pp. : appro'priate'ness, n. peculiar fitness ; suitable- 
ness ; appropriately, ad. -li : appropriation, n. 
-shun, the act of setting apart for a particular use or 
purpose : appro'pria'tor, n. one who : appropriable, a. 
-u-bl: appro'pria'tive, a. -pri-d'-tiv, that appropriates. 

approve, v. dp-prov' (L. ad, to; probo, I prove or 
test ; probus, good : F. approuver), to be pleased with ; 
to like; to commend: appro'ving, imp.: approved', 
pp.: appro'vingly, ad. -li: approver, n. an licenser: 
approvement, n. : approbation, n. dp-prd-bd'-sh&n. 
the act of approving ; commendation ; expression of 
approval or satisfaction with: approbative, a. dp'- 
pro-bd'-tiv ; also approbatory, a. dp'-pro-ba'-tor-i, 
containing or implying approbation : ap proba'tively, 
ad. -li: ap'proba'tiveness, n. in phren., the love of 
approbation : approvable, a. dp-pro'-vd-bl, that merits 
approval : appro'vablenes3, n. : approval, n. dp- 
pro'-vul, approbation. 

approximate, v. dp-proks'-l-mdt (L. ad, to; proxi- 
mus, next), to come near ; to approach ; to cause to 
approach: adj. nearest to or next: approx'ima'ting, 
imp.: approximated, pp.: approximation, n. -shun, 
a near approach ; an advancing near: ?,pprox'imate'- 
ly, ad. -li: approx'ima'tive, a. -tiv, that approaches 
closely. 

appuUe, n. dp-puls' (L. ad, at; pulsum, to push, to 
strike), the act of striking against; in astron., near 
approach of two heavenly bodies to one another : also 
aTjpul'sion, n. -shun: appul'sive, a. striking against: 
appul'sively, ad. -slv-li. 

appurtenance, n. dp-pur'-ti-ndns (L. ad, to; per- 
tineo, I pertain or belong: F. appurtenance), that 
which belongs else; an adjunct; an ap- 

pendage: appur'tenant, a. joined to, or belonging to. 

apricot, n. d'prl-kot (F. abricot: L. pra;cocia— from 
prce, before ; coqso, I ripen), a fruit of the plum kind. 

April, n. d'-pril (L. aprilis— from aperio, I open: 
F. avril : Sp. abril : It. aprile), the fourth month of 
the year. 

a priori, a. d'-pri-or'-i (L. a, from; prior, former), 
the correlative of a posteriori, the one implying the 
cause, the other the effect. The argument a priori is 
a mode of reasoning by which we proceed from the 
antecedent cause to the consequent effect, or from an- 
ticipation rather than from experience: mathemati- 
cal proofs are examples of a priori reasoning. The 
argument a posteriori is the opposite, and reasons 
from the effect to the cause, from the individual case 
to the law, or generally from experience, and not from 
anticipation. 

apron, n. d'-pron (old F. naperon, a large cloth— 
from nappe, table-cloth), a made-up piece of cloth or 
leather worn in front : a covering, as of lead or zinc : 
aproned, a. d'-prbnd, wearing an-apron. 

apropos, ad. dp'-ro-po' (F.), to the purpose; season- 
ably. 

apsis, n. dp'-sis, or apse, dps, plu. apsides, dp-si- 
dez (Gr. (h)apsis, a junction, an arch), the two points 
in the orbits of planets in which they are at the great- 
est and at the least distance from tbe sun or the earth : 
apse, in a church, the rounded end of a basilica at the 
back of the altar ; the arched roof of a room. 

apt, a. dpt (L. aptus : F. apte, fit), ready ; quick ; fit ; 
suitable: aptly, ad. -li: apt'ness, n. readiness or 
quickness in learning ; fitness : aptitude, n. dp'-ti-tud, 
a disposition for ; readiness ; docility. 

apteral, a. dp'-ter-dl (Gr. a, without; pteron, a wing), 
without wings : apteryx, n. dp'-ter-iks, a rare bird, 
peculiar to New Zealand, having only short rudiments 
of wings, and without a tail, a little larger than a 
guinea-fowl : apterous, a. dp'-ter-us, wingless ; belong- 
ing to the class of insects called the aptera, dp'-ter-d, 
or wingless insects. 

aptote, n. dp'-tot (Gr. a, without; ptotos, that can, 
or is wont to fall), an indeclinable noun. 

apus, n. d'-pus (Gr. a, without; pous, a foot), a bird 
so called because it did not use its feet ; a martinet ; 
in astron., a constellation near the S. pole. 

apyrexy, n. d'-pir-ik'-si (Gr. a; puresso, I have a 
fever— from pur, fire), the intermission of a fever: 
apyrous, a. d'-pi-rus, fire-proof; incombustible; that 
sustains a strong heat without alteration : apyretic, 
a. d'-pir-W-ik, without fever. 

apyrenus, n. d'-pi-re'-nus (Gr. a, without; puren, 
mate, mdt,f&r, law; mete, mit 



t ARBO 

a seed), in bot., fruit which produces no seeds, as cul- 
tivated varieties of the orange, pine-apple, &e. 

aqua, n. d'-kwd (L. aqua, water), a word now much 
used as part of a compound: a'qua vitae, -vi'te (L. 
vita, life), water of life; brandy or other spirit: 
a'quafortis, -for'-tis (L. fortis, strong), strong water; 
a powerful acid, no wiKimi.'d n i trie acid: a'qua marina, 
-md-re'-nd (L. mure, the sea), sea-water; applied to tlrj 
beryl from its colour : a'qua regia, re'-jl-d (L. rex, gen. 
regis, a king), royal water; a mixture of nitric and 
muriatic acids; a dissolvent of gold, the king of the 
metals; now called nitro-iuuriuHc acid: aquatic, a. 
d-kwdt'lk. living in the water, or much on it, as some 
fowls: aquarium, n. d-ku-d'-ri-um, a glass case con- 
taining water, <fcc, for plants and creatures that live in 
water: aquarius, n. u-lnrd'-ri-as (L. a water-carrier), a 
sign of the zodiac: aqua tinta, d'kwi tln'td (L. nqtia..- 
It. tinta, a tint or dye— from L. tin go, I slain), a variety 
ofengraving.imitatin-ilciw iogs made with Indian ink. 

aqueduct, n. dk'we-dukt (L. aqua, water; ductus, 
led), a course or channel made for conveying water 
either under or above ground: aqueous, a. a'-kwe-tli, 
watery; pert, to or arising from water: a'queous- 
ness, n. 

aquiline, a. dk'-wi-lln or -lln (L. aquila, an eagle), 
hooked or curved like the beak of an eagle. 

Arab, n. dr'-db, also Arabian, n. d-rd'-bl-dn, a na- 
tive of Arabia: Arabic, a. dr'-d-blk, also Arabian, a. 
d-ra'-bi-dn, pertaining to Arabia or to the language of 
its people: Ar'abic, n. the language: Arabist, n. dr' 
d-bist, one versed in Arabic: Arabesque, a. dr'-dbisk 
(F.), in the manner of the Arabian architecture: n. 
an ornament in arch., consisting of imaginary foliage, 
stalks, plants, &c. ; the Arabic language: Ar'abism, 
n. -bizm, an Arabic idiom: Araby, n, dr'-d-bl, poetic 
for Arabia: Ar'abs, n. plu., the wandering tribes of 
Arabia and Northern Africa ; now applied to the des- 
titute children wandering in the streets of towns. 

arable, a. dr'd-bl (L. arabilis— from aro, I plough: 
Gr. aroo: F.), land that can be ploughed or cultivated. 

arachnoid, a. d-rdk'-ndyd (Gr. arachne, a spider; 
eidos, form), in anut., a semi-transparent fine mem- 
brane spread over the brain and pia-mater, like a 
spider's web ; in bot., composed of soft downy fibres. 

Aralo- Caspian, a. d-rd'-ld-kus'-pl-dn or u-rdl-6-, a 
term applied to the extensive basin or depressed area 
occupied by the Aral and Caspian seas and surround- 
ing districts of country; in geol., applied to the lime- 
stone and associated sandy beds of brackish -water 
origin which have been traced over much more than 
the area indicated. 

Aramaic, a. dr'-d-md'-lk (from Aram, a son of Shem), 
a name applied to the Syro-Chaldean language : Ar- 
ame'an or Aramaean, dr'-d-rne'-dn, pert, to the Syri- 
ans and Chaldeans or their language. 

araneous, a. d-ra'-ne-us (L. aranea, a spider or cob- 
web), resembling a cobweb. 

araucarites.n. plu. d-raw'-kdr-its', a term employed 
to designate the fossil wood whose structure is iden- 
tical with that of the living a'rauca'riae, -kd-rl-e— 
trees, natives of the southern hemisphere. 

arbalist, n. ar'-bd-list (L. arcus, a bow; balista, an 
engine for throwing stones or darts), a cross-bow : ar- 
balister, n. dr'-bd-lis'-ter, a cross-bow-man. 

arbiter, n. dr'-bi-ter (L. an umpire or judge: Fin. 
arpa, a lot or symbol), one appointed to settle a mat- 
ter in dispute between two or more persons: arbit- 
rament, n. dr-bit'-rd-ment, decision; determination: 
arbitrable, a. ar'-bi-trd-bl, determinable: arbitral, 
a. ar'-bi-trdl, of arbitration : arbitrary, a. dr'-bl-trdr'-l, 
despotic; tyran only: ar'bitrar'- 

ily, ad. -i-tt: arbitrariness, n. : arbitrate, v. dr'-bi- 
trdt, to hear and decide in atter; to deter- 

mine : ar'bitra'ting, imp. : ar'bitra'ted, pp. : arbitra- 
tion, n. dr'-bi-trd-shun, the hearing and deciding of a 
disputed matter by one or more persons : arbitrator, 
n. ar'bi-trd'tor, a person chosen to decide a dispute : 
arbitress, n. dr'-bi-tres, or arbitratrix, n. dr'-bi-trd- 
triks, a woman who decides. 

arbour or arbor, n. dr'-ber (L. arbor, a tree : old 
E. herbere (her'-beer), a garden), a seat shaded with 
trees; a bower; an axis or spindle (spelt arbor): arbo- 
rator, a. dr'-bo-ra'-tor, one who grows trees : arbored, 
a. dr'-ber d, furnished with an arbour: arborous, a. 
dr'-bo-rus, or arboreous, a. dr-bo'-re-us, resembling or 
belonging to a tree: arborescent, a. dr'-bO-res'crtF (L. 
arboresco, I grow to a tree), resembling a tree ; be- 
coming woody: ar'bores'cence, n. -ens, also arbori- 
sation, n. -i-za'-shun, the resemblance of a tree in 
her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 






ARBU i 

minerals ; groups of crystals in the form of a tree : 
arboret, n. a small tree; a shubbery: arboretum, n. 
dr'-bo-re'-tum (L.), a place for cultivating rare trees and 
shrubs: arboriculture, n. dr'bor-i-kul'tiir (L. arbor, 
a tree; cultus, cultivated), the art of planting and 
managing trees and shrubs : ar'boricul'tural, a. pert. 
to: ar'boricul'turist, n. -kul'tu-rlst, one who: ar'- 
borvine, -urn (L. vinea, a vine), a sort, of bind-weed: 
ar'borist, n. one who studies trees. 

arbuscle, n. dr'biis-sl (L. arbuscula, a small tree), a 
dwarf tree ; a small shrub with the appearance_ of a 
tree, as many heaths: arbuscular, a. dr-bus'ku-ldr, 
shrub-like. 

arbute, n. dr'but (L. arbutus), the strawberry tree: 
arbutean, a. dr-bu'tl-an, pert. to. 

arc, n. drk (L. arcus, a bow), a part of a circle or 
curved line: arcade, n. dr-kdd' (F., from L. arcus), 
a series of arches ; a roadway under a continued series 
of arches ; a covered street : arcad'ed, a. furnished 
with an arcade. 

area, n. dr'kd (L. a chest or box), the ark shell; 
a genus of equivalve shells found in almost eveiy part 
of the world, thick and strongly-ribbed. 

Arcadian, a. dr-kd'dl-dn, pert, to Arcadia, in the 
Peloponnesus ; much used in poetry, rural or pastoral. 

arcanum, n. dr-kd'nurn, plu. arcana (L. arcanus, 
secret, concealed), thin., secret, as if locked up; ar- 
canite, n. dr'kd-nlt, a mineral, a colourless or white 
sulphate of potash, occurring mostly in crusts in lavas. 

arch, n. drch (L. arcus, a bow), the circular part of 
any building ; the hollow or concave part of a bridge 
or gateway : v. to cover with an arch ; to form an 
arch: arching, imp.: arched, pp. drcht: court of 
arches, n. drch'ez, a very anc. court belonging to 
the Archbishop of Canterbury for deciding ecclesias- 
tical matters, so called from the Church of St Mary 
le Bow, or " de arcubus:" arch'way, away or passage 
under an arch. 

arch, a. drch, (Ger. arg, crafty: Dut. erg, wicked: 
Dan. arrig, ill-natured: Icel. argr, lazy, cowardly: 
AS. earg, bad), waggish; mirthful: archly, ad. -It, 
shrewdly ; roguishly : arch'ness, n. sly humour ; wag- 
gishness. 

arch, a. drch or drk (Gr. archos, chief: Ger. erz, 
eminence, good or bad), chief of the first class : arch- 
angel, n. drk-an'jel, an angel of the highest order: 
archbishop, n. drch'bish'dp, a metropolitan having 
jurisdiction over the bishops of his province : archi- 
episcopal, a. dr'-ki-e-pXs'-ko-pdl, pert, to: archi-epis- 
copacy, n. dr'-ki-e-pts'ko-pd-si : archbish'opric, a. -rik, 
pert, to : archdeacon, n. drch-de'-kun, one who assists 
the bishop in the government of his diocese : archdea- 
conship, n., or archdeaconry, n. drch-de'-kon-rl: archi- 
diaconal, a. dr-ki-dl-dk'6-nal, pert, to an archdeacon: 
arch-en'emy, n. the evil one ; the devil : archduke, n. 
drch-duk, a title of some foreign princes: arch- 
duchess, n. duch-Ss, his wife, sister, or daughter. 

archaeoeidaris, n. dr'-ke-o-sid'dr-is (Gr. archaios, 
ancient : L. cidaris, a turban), the sea-egg ; a genus of 
fossil sea-urchins characterised by their small hexag- 
onal plates and long spines. 

archasology, n. dr'ke-6l'6-ji, also archaiology, n. 
dr'ka-ol'6-ji (Gr. archaios, ancient; logos, discourse), 
the science that treats of ancient things or antiqui- 
ties ; knowledge about ancient art, particularly of the 
middle ages : ar'chseol'ogist, n. one skilled in ancient 
things and learning: archaeological, dr'ke-6-loj'l- 
kdl, a. pert, to : ar'chaeolog'ically, ad. -It : archaism, 
n. dr'kd-izm, an ancient expression, or one not now 
used: archaic, a. dr-kd'-lk, also archa'ical, a. -i-kdl, 
ancient ; peculiar to remote antiquity ; obsolete. 

archseoniscus, n. dr'-ke-o-nts'-kus (Gr. archaios; on- 
iscus, a wood-louse), a genus of fossil isopods or equal- 
foot crustaceans. 

archaeopteryx, n. dr'-ke-op'-ter-tks (Gr. archaios; 
pterux, a wing), a unique specimen of fossil bird re- 
mains — now in the British Museum. 

archangel, n. drk-an'jel (Gr. archos, chief: L. 
angelus, a messenger), an angel of the highest order : 
archangelic, a. -jel'ik, pert. to. Note.— Most of the 
other words beginning with arch are to be looked for 
under the simple words ; arch always meaning chief, 
of the first class— as archbishop, the chief bishop. 

archegosaurus, n. dr'ke-go-saw'rus (Gr. archegos, 
founder, or arche, beginning ; saurus, a lizard), a fos- 
sil reptile of the carboniferous era. 

archer, n. drch'er (L. arcus, a bow), one who uses 
or is skilled in the use of the bow : archery, n. drch' 
er-i, the art of using the bow. 



J AKEO 

archetype, n. dr'ki-tlp {Gr. arche, beginning; tupas, 
form), the original or model from which copies are 
made ; a pattern : archetypal, a. dr'kl-li'pdl, original. 

archil, n. drch'il (F. orcheil: Sp. orchilla— from 
Sp. roca, a rock), a rich purple colour obtained from 
a lichen found growing on the rocks of the Canary 
and other islands. 

Archimedean, a. dr'-kl-me-de'-dn, pert, to Archi- 
medes, agreat mathematician oi ancient times: Ar- 
chimedean screw, a machine for raising water ; now 
applied to propel vessels through water— see screw. 

Archipelago, n. dr'-ki-pel-d-go (Gr. archos, chief; 
pelagos.sea: Ii Sea; any sea 

closely interspersed with islands— now frequently ap- 
plied simply to a cluster of islands : archipelagic, a. 
ur-khpel-dj'-lk, pert, to an archipelago. 

architect, n. dr'ki-tekt' (Gr. archos, chief; tekton, a 
workman), one who designs and plans buildings; a 
former or maker: architective, a. dr'-ki-tSk'-tiv, used 
in, or proper for, building: ar'chitecton'ic, a. -tek-ton' 
ik, that has the power or skill to build : ar'chitecton- 
ics, n. -Iks, the science of architecture: architectural, 
a. ur'ki-tck'-tu-rdl, pert, to the art of designing 
buildings : architecture, n. dr'kl-tek'tur, the arc 
of planning and constructing houses or ships; the 
appearance of them when built or framed. 

architrave, n. dr'ki-trdv (Gr. archos, chief: It. 
trave, a beam of timber— from L. trabs), in arch., that 
part of the entablature which rests immediately upon 
the capital. 

archives, n. plu. dr'klvz {¥., from Gr. archeion, 
the public hall, or archaios, ancient), a collection of 
records or documents ; the place where such are kept : 
archival, a. dr-ki'vdl, of or containing archives: ar- 
chivist, n. dr-kl'-vist, a keeper of records. 

archon, n. dr'kon (Gr. a prince), a chief magistrate 
among the ancient Athenians. 

arctic, a. drk'ttk (Gr. arktos, a bear, a cluster of 
stars in the north heavens called the Bear), per- 
taining to the north ; northern : arctic regions, the 
lands surrounding the north pole: arctic circle, an 
imaginary line passing round the north pole at a 
distance of 23i° from it : arctic current, an ocean- 
current which originates in the N. polar regions, and 
flows southwards to the equator : arctic sea, the sea 
lying around the N. pole. 

Arcturus, n. drk-tu'-rus (Gr. arktos, a bear; oura, 
a tail), a fixed star of the first magnitude, near the 
tail of the Great Bear. 

arcuation, n. dr'-ku-d'shun (L. arcus, a bow), the 
act of bending ; crookedness : arcuate, a. dr'-ku-dt, 
bent in the form of a bow. 

ardency, n. dr'den-si (L. ardens, burning), warmth 
of passion; zeal; eagerness: ardent, a. eager; zeal- 
ous: ar'dently, ad. -II: ardour, n. dr'der, warmth; 
fervency ; affection : ardent spirits, distilled spirits. 

arduous, a. dr'-du-vs (L. arduus, steep, inacces- 
sible), of difficult attainment.; attended with great 
labour: arduously, ad. -us'-li: arduousness, n. dr- 
du-us'nes. 

are,, v. dr (Sw. vara: Dan. vaere, to be, to exist), 
part or the verb be. 

are, n. dr, a French measure of 119-60 sq. yards. 

area, n. d'-rl-d (L.), any enclosed or open space; 
an open space in front of or around a sunk fiat of a 
building. 

areca, n. d-re'-kd, the betel-nut, from the areca palm. 

arefaction, n. dr'-e-fdk'-shun (L. areo, I am dry; 
facio, I make), the state of growing dry ; the act of 
drying : arify, v. dr'i-fl, to dry. 

arena, n. d-re'nd (L. arena, sand), an open space 
for a public exhibition: arenaceous, a, dr'-e-na'-thus, 
composed of grains or particles of sand ; having the 
properties of sand. 

arenicolites, n. plu. dr'-e-nlk'o-llts (L. arena, sand ; 
colo, I inhabit : Gr. lithos, a stone), a term used to de- 
signate those circular holes or markings which appear 
on the upper surface of many sandstones, having ap- 
parently been worm-burrows. 

arenilitic, a. d-ren'-l-lit'-ik (L. arena: Gr. lithos, a 
stone), of or like sandstone: arenose, a. dr'-e-noz, or 
arenous, a. ar'-e-nus, sandy. 

areola, n. d-re'-o-ld (L. : F. areole), the coloured 
circle round the nipple or a pustule: areolar, a. 
d-re'6-ldr, of or like an areola: areolate, a. d-re'-o-UV, 
marked by areolations : are'ola'tion, n. -shun, any 
small space distinctly bounded by something different 



; /,/oot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



AREO 



eomet'rical, a. -rl-kdl, pert. to. 

Areopagus, n. dr'-e-op'-d-gus (L. : Gr. Ares, Mars ; 
pdi/us, a lull), in am-ii'iit times a fai is court of jus- 
tice at Athens, so called from its being held on Mars' 
hill: areopagite, n. dr'-e-op'-d-jit, a member of the 
Areopagus. 

Argand, a. dr'gdnd, applied to a lamp-wick or form 
of burner invented by M. Argand. 

argean, a. dr-je'dn (from Argo, the ship which 
carried Jason and his companions to Colchis in quest 
of the golden fleece), pert, to the Argo or the ark. 

argent, n. dr'jent (L. argentum, silver; argenteus, 
of the lustre of silver), the white colour in coats of 
arms: adj. silvery; bright: argentine, a. dr'jcn-tin', 
like silver: n. a mineral: argental, a. dr-j6n'tal, 
also argentic, a. dr-jen'Hk, of or like silver: ar- 
gentan, n. dr'jen-tdn', German silver: argentation, 
n. dr'jen-td'shun, an overlaying with silver: argen- 
tiferous, a. dr'jen-tif'-er-us (L. argentum; fero, I 
produce), containing silver: argentite, n. dr'-jen-fW 
sulphuret of silver, the most important and richest 
ore of silver, of a blackish lead-grey colour. 

argil, n. dr'-jll (L. argilla, white clay: F. argile), 
pure clay; potter's clay: argillaceous, a. dr'jil-la' 
* ";, consisting of day or argil; clayey: ar'gillif'er- 



dr'jll-llt', a term applied to clay-slate. 

Argive, n. ar'-g'tr (Arsos, in Greece), a Greek. 

argonaut, n. dr'-go-nawt' (Argo, and Gr. naus, a 
ship— see argean), one who sailed in the ship Argo : 
argosy, n. dr'-go-sl, a merchant sliip richly laden ; a 
large merchant ship. 

argue, v. dr'-gu (L. arguo, I show, I declare : F. ar- 
guer: It. arguire), to debate or discuss; to reason; to 
dispute : ar'guing, imp. : argued, pp. dr'-gud: ar'guer, 
n. one who ,\rgues : argument, n. dr'-gu-m6nt, a rea- 
son alleged o; offered ; a discussion : argumentable, 
a. ue'-gti-men'td-bl, that may be argued: ar'gumen- 
ta'tioh, n. -ta'shun, reasoning; the act of reasoning : 
ar'gumen'tative, a. -td-tiv, consisting of argument: 
ar'gumen'tatively, ad. -tiv-ll: argumentativeness, 
n. : argumentum ad hominem, n. dr'gu-men'tum ad 
hom'4-nem (L. arguo, I show; ad, to; hominem, the 
man), unexpected consequences pressed against a man 
with arguments drawn from his own principles or 
conduct. 

Argus, n. dr'gus, a fabled being with one hundred 
eyes ; a very watchful person. 

argute, a. dr-gut' (L. argutus, sharp, piercing), 
acute; shrewd; subtile: argute 'ness, n. 

aria, n. dr'i-d (It. : F. air, breath : L. aer, air), an 
air or tune : arietta, n. dr'4-et'td, a little air or tune. 

Arian, n. a'rl-dn, one adhering to the doctrines of 
Arius, who taught that Jesus was inferior to God, and 
that the Holy Spirit is not God : adj. pert, to Arius: 
Arianism, n. tl'rl-dn-lzm' , the doctrines of the 
Arians. 

aricena, n. ar'4-se'na, (Arica, in Peru), an alkaloid 
found in Arica bark. 

arid, a,.dr'4d (L. aridus, dry: F. aride), dry; devoid 
of moisture: aridity, n. d-rid'4-tl, also ar'idness, n. 
dryness ; want of moisture. 

Aries, n. dr-i-ez (L. a ram), a constellation of fixed 
stars, and one of the signs of the zodiac ; an anc. bat- 
tering-ram. 

aright, ad. d-rlf (AS. ariht), in a proper form; 
rightly. 

aril, n. dr'4l, also arillus, d-rll'Ms (F. arille: Sp. 
arillo— from L. aridus, dry), the -exterior coat or cover- 
ing of a seed fixed to it at the base only, and envelop- 
ing the seed partially, as in the hazel-nut— the mace 
of commerce is the arillus of the nutmeg : arilled, a. 
dr'ild, also arilated, a. dr'4-ldt'ed, having an aril. 

arise, v. d-rlz' (AS. arisan: Goth, reisan: Icel. 
risa, to arise: Ger. reisen, to start), to get up; to 
ascend: ari'sing, imp.: arose, pt. d-roz'.- arisen, pp. 
6,-rlzn'. 

Aristarch, n. dr'4s4drk (from Aristarchus of Alex- 
andria), a severe critic. 

aristate, a. d-rls'tdt (L. arista, a beard of corn), 
furnished with beards, like barley and many grasses ; 
awned. 

aristocracy, n. dr'ls-tok'rd-sl (Gr. aristos, best; 
kratos, rule, strength), government by nobles ; the no- 



I ARMI 

the nobles; familiarly, a haughty person: aristo- 
cratic, a. (h-isiokrat'lk, also aris'tocrat'ical, a. 
-i-kdl, belonging to the aristocracy; familiarly, 
haughty: aris'tocrat'ical'ly, ad. -ll: aris'tocrat'ical- 
ness, n. : aristocratism, n. dr-is'to-krdt'lzm, the 
principles or habits of aristocrats. 

Aristophanic, a. dr-ls'tO-fdn'-lk (from Aristophanes, 
a celebrated comic poet of ancient Greece), shrewd ; 
witty. 

Aristotelian, a. dr4s'-U>-UV4-dn, also Aris'totel'ic, 
a, a-rls'to-tiHik (from Aristotle, a celebrated philo- 
sopher of ancient Greece, instructor of Alexander the 
Great), pert, to Aristotle or his philosophy. 

arithmetic, n. d-rUh'-midik (Gr. arithmeo, I com- 
pute, I number), the science of numbers ; the art of 
counting or computing: arithmetical, a. dr'lth- 
met'i-kdl, pertaining to arithmetic : arithmetically, 
ad. -kal'-i: arithmetician, n. d-rUh'-me-tlsh'-dn, one 
skilled in arithmetic: arithmancy, n. dr-Uh-mdn'sl 
(Gr. arithmeo; manteia, divination), divination by 
numbers: arithmometer, n. (Gr. arithmeo; metron, 
a measure), an abacus. 

ark, n. drk (AS. eark: L. Sp. and It. area, a chest), 
anions the anc. Jen's, an oblong chest or case in which 
were deposited the two tables of the law, and over 
which was the mercy -seat; a chest; a vessel; the 
large ship that was a place of safety to Noah and his 
family at the Flood; a shelter: arkite, n. dr'klt, ono 
ol the persons saved in the ark: adj. pert, to the ark 
of Noah. 

arkose, a. dr'-koz, a mineral compound formed of 
the same materials as granite, Irom t he disintegration 
of which it has evidently been derived. 

arm, v. drm (F. armer: Sp. armar— from L. arma, 
weapons of war), to furnish with arms ; to take up 
arms : arming, imp. : armed, pp. drmd: adj. morally 
fortified; in Iter., coloured: arms, n. plu. drmz, wea- 
pons of war ; signs armorial : army, n. dr'-ml, a body 
of men armed for war ; a host : pass of arms, a kind 
of combat with swords : stand of arms, a complete 
set of arms for one soldier: coats of arms, in her., any 
signs of arms or devices, painted or engraved, used 
as symbols of quality or distinction : arma, n. plu. 
dr'-md, in bot, such appendages of plants as prickles 
and thorns: armistice, n. dr'mis-tls (L. arma; sisto, 
I stand still), a stopping from war for a short time ; 
a truce: armour, n. dr-mer, dress for war; weapons 
of war: armourer, or armorer, n. dr'morer, one 
who makes weapons of war : armorial, a. dr-mo'rl-dl, 
belonging to arms; pertaining to coats of arms; her- 
aldic : ar'morist, n. one skilled in heraldry : armory, 
n. dr'-mo-rl, a place where weapons of war are kept, 
or where they are made : armour-bearer, one who 
carries the arms of another: armour-plated, a. 
-plat-id, covered with defensive plates of metal, as 
ships of war: army-list, n. list of officers of the 
army. 

arm, n. drm (AS. earm: L. armus, the shoulder- 
joint, the arm: Icel. armr), a limb of a body; a 
branch of a tree ; inlet of the sea : armful, n. drm'fdbl, 
as much as the arms can embrace : armhole, drm'hol, 
the cavity under the shoulder ; the hole in a garment 
for the arm : arm'-like, a. -Ilk, of the form or appear- 
ance of an arm : arm'less, a. without arms : armlet, 
a little arm ; a bracelet : arm-chair, a chair with arms 
to support the elbows: arm'-pit, n. the cavity under 
the shoulder : fore-arm, the part of the arm lying be- 
tween the elbow and the wrist : arm of the sea, a part 
which runs far into the land: arm's-length, n. the 
length of the arm : adj. at a distance. 

Armada, n. dr-ma'dd (Sp. the navy), a fleet of war- 
ships: the hostile Spanish fleet of war-ships which 
attempted the invasion of England in the reign of 
Elizabeth. A.D. 1588. 

armadillo, n. dr'md-dU'lo (Sp., from L. arma, 
arms, from its scaly covering), a small S. Amer. quad- 
ruped, covered on the back with hard bony plates* and 
able to roll itself up within them like a hedgehog. 

armament, n. dr'md-ment (L. arma, weapons of 
war), a land or naval force fitted out for war: arma- 
ture, n. dr'md-tiir, armour which defends ; a piece of 
iron used to connect the poles of magnets ; in bot., the 
hairs, prickles, &c, covering an organ. 

Armenian, a. dr-me'-ni-dn, pert, to the country of 
Armenia ; an inhabitant : armenium, n. dr-me'nl-um, 
a pigment of the ancients, produced by grinding the 
Armenian stone, a supposed blue carbonate of copper 

id, arms ; gero, I carry), 



mate, mdt,fdr, law; mete, m&t, her; pine, pin; note, not, mOve; 



AEMI 



In her., esquire; one with a right to armorial bear- 
ings: annigerous, a. dr-mij'e-r-us, bearing arms. 

armilla, n. dr-mU'-ld (L. arm ilia, an ornament for the 
arm, a hoop), in mech., an iron ring, hoop, or brace; 
in anat., the circular ligament of the hand: armil- 
lary, a. dr'mil-ldr'-i, consisting of rings or circles; 
applied to an artificial sphere composed of a number of 
circles or movable rings : ar'mil, n. a kind of sun-dial. 

Arminian, n. dr-miri-hdn (from Arminius), one who 
holds the doctrines of Arminius: adj. pertaining to 
the doctrines of Arminius : Armin'ianism, n. -l-dn-izm, 
the peculiar doctrines of Arminius. 

armipotence, n. dr-mip'6-tens (L. arma, weapons 
of war; potent, powerful), power in arms: armip'o- 
tent, a. powerful in arms. 

Armoric, a. dr-mor'ik, also Armor'ican, a. -l-kdn, 
relating to Armorica or Brittany, in France. 

arnatto or arnotto, n. dr-ndt'-to or dr-ndt'-to, a 
vegetable substance of an orange-red colour, used in 
dyeing. 

arnica, n. ar'-nl-kd (Gr. arnion, a little lamb— from 
ars, a lamb,— from the resemblance of the leaf to the 
soft coat of a lamb), leopard's bane— the expressed 
juice of the root is used in medicine. 

arnott or arnut, n. dr-nut (AS. eorthnot), contr. for 
earth-nut — commonly found in hilly grass-pastures, its 
presence in the earth being indicated by a tuft of white 
flowers on a slender stem. 

aroma, n. d-ro-md (Gr. : F. arome), the fragrant 
principle in plants ; an agreeable odour or smell : 
aromatic, a. dr-6-mdt-lk, also ar'omat ical, a. -l-kdl, 
spicy; fragrant: ar'omat'ically, ad. -II: aromatics, 
n. plu. dr'-o-mdt'-lks, spices or perfumes : aromatise, v. 
d-ro'-md-tlz' , to render fragrant ; to perfume : aro'ma- 
ti'sing, imp.: aro'matised', pp. -tlzcV -. aromatisation, 
n. d-ro'-md-tl-za'-shiin, the act of rendering aromatic: 
aromatiser, n. d-ro'-md-ti'-zer, one who. 

arose, v. d-roz— see arise. 

around, prep, d-rolvnd' (a and round), about; on 
all sides : ad. in a circle ; on every side. 

arouse, v. d-rdivz! (a and rouse, a secondary form 
of raise), to stir up ; to excite ; to stir from rest to 
activity : arousing, imp. : aroused, pp. a-rdivzd'. 

arpeggio, n. dr-ped'jo (It.), in music, notes of a 
chord struck in quick succession, so as to imitate the 
sound of a harp ; a harp accompaniment. 

arquebuse, n. dr'-ki-booz' (F. : It. archibuso: Dut. 
TicEck-busse, a gun fired from a rest), an old-fashioned 
hand-gun: arquebusier, n. dr'-ke-bdb-zer ', a soldier 
armed with an arquebuse: arquebusade, n. dr'-M- 
oob-z&d', originally a shot-wound from an arquebuse, 
now applied to a distilled water used for the cure of 
wounds or bruises. 

arquerite, n. dr'-ke-rlt', a native silver amalgam, 
occurring in crystals and arborescent crusts in the 
mines of Arqueros, near Coquimbo, in Chili. 

arrack, n. dr'-rdk, (Ar. araq, sweat; juice), spiritu- 
ous liquor distilled in the East Indies, from rice, 
cocoa-nut, &c. 

Arragonite, n. dr-rdg'6-nit, one of the calc-spar 
family— from Arragon, in Spain. 

arraign, v. dr-rdn' (old F. arraigner— from L. ad 
rationes stare, to plead), to set as a prisoner at the 
bar of a court of justice ; to charge with faults ; to 
accuse publicly : arraigning, imp. : arraigned, pp. 
dr-rdnd": arraign'er, n. one who: arraignment, n. 
dr-rdn'-ment, the act of setting a prisoner before a 
court. 

arrange, v. dr-rdnj' (F. arranger, to set in order), 
to put into proper order; to adjust; to dispose: ar- 
rang'ing, imp.: arranged, pp. dr-rdnjd' : arran'ger, 
n. one who: arrangement, n. dr-ranj'-ment, putting 
into proper order ; settlement ; a classification. 

arrant, a. ar'-rdnt (L. errans, wandering: Ger. arg, 
bad: AS. earg, evil: see arch, sly), notorious; habit 
and repute ; impudent ; infamous : ar'rantly, ad. -II. 

arras, n. dr'-rds (name of a town in France where 
first made), tapestry ; hangings for rooms woven with 
figures. 

array, v. dr-ra' (old F. arroyer, to set in order : It. 
arredare, to get ready: Icel. reida, to lay out), to pre- 
pare or dispose ; to put in order ; to dress ; to envelop : 
n. men drawn up for battle; dress: array'ing, imp.: 
arrayed, pp. dr-rdd': array'er, n. one who. 

arrears, n. dr-rerz' (F. arriere, away, behind: L. 
ad, to ; retro, backward), a sum of money past due ; 
what remains unpaid. 

arrest, v. dr-rest (L. ad; resto, I stop: F. arrester: 
It. arrestare), to stop ; to hinder ; to restrain ; to seize 



r ARTE 

by authority: n. hindrance; restraint; seizure by 
authority: arrest'ing, imp.: arrested, pp. ar-rest'-ed: 
arrest'er, n., also arrest'or, n. one who: arrest'ment, 
n. an order by a judge to hinder or detain: ar'resta'- 
tion, n. -ta'shun. 

arris, n. dr'-ls (old F. areste), in joinery and mason- 
ry, the line or edge of meeting of two surfaces. 

arrive, v. dr-riv' (F. arriver, to reach: It. arrivare: 
L. ad; ripam, to come on shore), to come to; to reach 
a place ; to gain by effort : arri'ving, imp. : arrived, 
pp. dr-rlvd' : arri'val, n. reaching a place from a dis- 
tance ; the act of coming to. 

arrogate, v. dr'-ro-gdt (L. ad; rogo, I ask), to as- 
sume more than is proper ; to prefer a claim in a spirit 
of pride ; to claim undue power : arrogating, imp. : 
artoga'ted, pp. : ar'rogance, n. -gdns, also ar'rogan- 
cy, n. -gdn'-si, or arrogation, n. dr'-ro-gd'shun, the 
act or quality of taking too much upon one's self; con- 
ceitedness; presumption: ar'rogant, a. -gdnt, assum- 
ing too much importance ; presuming and overbear- 
ing: ar'rogantly, ad. -II: abrogative, a. dr'-ro-ua-tlv, 
claiming unduly. 

arrondissement, n. dr-rong-dez-mong' (F.), in 
France, a district or division of territory for the ex- 
ercise of a particular jurisdiction. 

arrow, n. dr'-ro (AS. arewe: W. aro, a weapon: 
Icel. or, an arrow : Sw. hurra, to hurl), a pointed and 
barbed weapon of war shot from a bow, not now used 
as such in Europe ; a long rod pointed sharply, and 
barbed: arrowy, a. dr'-ro-i, of or like an arrow: ar- 
row-headed, a. dr'-ro-hed'-ed, a name applied to wedge- 
like alphabetic figures, very ancient ; also called cunei- 
form: arrow -root', n. a farina or flour, prepared 
from the root of a family of West Indian plants, so 
called from the Indians having employed the bruised 
root in the cure of wounds made by poisoned arrows. 

arsenal, n. dr'-s6-ndl (oldF. arsenac- It. arsenate: L. 
arx navalis, a naval citadel : Arab, ddrsanah, a place 
of work), a place where weapons of war, and warlike 
equipments, are manufactured and stored up ; a ma- 
gazine for military stores of all kinds. 

arsenic, n. dr'se-nik (L. arsenicum: Gr. arsenikon), 
a metal ; a poisonous mineral substance, in the form 
of a white or steel-grey powder ; also called arsen'- 
iousac'id, -l-us: adj. pert, to: arsenic, a. dr-s&n'-lk, or 
arsenical, a. dr-sen'-l-kdl, containing arsenic : arseni- 
cate, v. dr-sen'-i-kdt, to combine with arsenic: ar- 
sen'ica'ting, imp.: arsen'ica'ted, pp.: arseniate, n. 
dr-sen'-i-at, a salt of arsenic acid : arsenite, n. 
dr'-se-nit', a salt of arsenious acid. 

arsis, n. dr'-sis (Gr. arsis, the rise of the voice in a 
syllable— from airo, I raise), in poetry, the accented 
syllable of a foot, or that on which the stress of the 
voice is put, the other part of the foot being called 
the thesis. 

arson, n. ar'-son (L. arsum, to burn), the crime of 
wilfully setting on fire a dwelling-house or other 
building. 

art, v. art (see are), the 2d sing, of the pres. tense 
of am. 

aft, n. art (L. ars, gen. artis, an art), anything done 
by human skill— the opposite of nature; knowledge 
applied to the uses of everyday life— the opposite of 
science; a trade ; skill ; cunning: art and part, a share 
in contrivance and execution: artful, a. drt'fdbl, 
cunning ; crafty: art'fully, ad.-ZJ: art'less, a. unskilful ; 
natural ; simple : artlessly, ad. -II : art lessness, n. : 
art'fulness, n. skill; cunning: artifice, n. ar'-tl-fis 
(L. ars;facio, I make), a trick; an ingenious contriv- 
ance, in a good or bad sense: artificer, n. dr-tif'-i- 
ser, a workman ; a contriver : artificial, ar'-ti-Jish'-al, 
made by art ; not produced by nature : ar'tifici'ally, 
ad. -II: ar'tifici'alness, n.: artificiality, n. dr'-tl- 
fish-i-dl'-i-tl, appearance or result of art: art' union, 
-un'-yun, a subscription lottery of paintings, engrav- 
ings, &c. : artisan, n. dr'-ti-zdn, a workman ; a me- 
chanic: fine arts, fin'drts, those productions of 
hmnan skill and genius more immediately address- 
ed to the sentiments of taste, or to the imagination 
—such as painting, sculpture, engraving, music, &c. 

artemisia, n. dr'-te-mlz'-i-d (Artemis, one of the 
names of Diana, who presided over women in child- 
bed), mother-herb, a genus of plants including the 
mugwort, wormwood, &c. 

artery, n. dr-ter-l (L. and Gr. arteria— from Gr. 
aer, air; tereo, I preserve, because believed by the an- 
cients to circulate air), one of the vessels that convev 
the blood from the heart to all parts of the body: ar- 
terial, a. dr-te'-ri-dl, of or contained in arteries: ar- 



y.fdbt; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, 8tere, zeal. 



ARTE 2 

terialise, v. dr-U'rl-dl-llz' , to render the blood from 
the veins similar to that contained in the arteries: 
arte'riali'sing, imp.: arte'rialised', pp. -llzd' : arte- 
rialisation, n. dr-te'rl-dl'i-zd'-shun, the process of 
making into arterial blood: arteriotomy, n. dr-te'ri- 
ot'o-mi (Gr. tome, a cutting ; and artery), opening an 
artery to let blood. 

artesian, n. dr-te'zhi-dn, applied to a boring or 
perforation made in the earth, in order to obtain a 
constant flow of water— so called l'mm Axtois, in France 
(the anc. Artesium), where first used. 

arthritic, a. dr-thrlt'ik, also arthritical, a. dr- 
thrlt'i-kdl (Gr. arlhfui, a joint), pert, to the joints or 
to the gout: arthritis, n. dr-thrl'tls, inflammation 
<>i i in- joiin .; ■, i Ik- 'Mini.- -throdia, n. dr-thrO'di-d 
(Gr. arthriio, I fasten by joints), a joint in which the 
head of one bone is received into the socket of an- 
other; a ball-and-socket joint. 

artichoke, n. dr'tl-chok (F. artichaut: It. artici- 
occo), a well-known garden vegetable. 
art'ful, artifice, &c— see art. 
article, n. dr'-ti-kl (L. artlculas, a joint: F. article: 
It. articolo), a clause or item; a particular thing; a 
contribution in a periodical; in gram., a word put be- 
fore a noun to point it out and limit its application : 
v. to bind by conditions; to stipulate: articled, pp. 
dr'tl-kld: articulate, v. dr-tlk'u-ldt, to pronounce 
words distinctly : adj. distinct; jointed: articulate- 
ly, ad. -II: artic'ulate'ness, n.: articulation, n. dr-tlk' 
u-ld'shda, distinct pronunciation; a joint: artic'ula' 
ting, imp. : artic'ula'ted, pp. : artici - / , 

belonging to the joints: artic'ular'ly, ad. -II: articles 
of war, the military code of laws for the government 
of soldiers and the punishment of their crimes: artic- 
ulata, n. dr-tlk- d-ld'-td, one of the great divisions of the 
animal kingdom, designating those creatures which 
are encircled by jointed rings, as worms, lobsters, &c. 
artillery, n. dr-tll'-ler-l (F. artillerie, ordnance— from 
mid. L. artificium, implement with which anything 
is done), weapons of war ; cannon ; great guns, Ac. : 
artillery-man, the man who assists to manage a can- 
non : artillerist, n. one skilled in gunnery, 
artisan, n.— see art. 

artist, n. dr'-tlst (L. ars, gen. artis, an art), one who 
exercises any art or craft, particularly that of a painter, 
asculptor, an ;u ei,u;,-,- : - .ilmr 

artiste, n. dr-test' (F. an artist— from L.), a profes- 
sional singer, dancer, athlete, or suchlike: artistic, a. 
dr-tls'tlk, also artis'tical, a. -kdl, of an artist; accord- 
ing to a high degree of art: artis'tical'ly, ad. -II. 

artocarpus, n. dr'-to-kur'-pus (Gr. artos, bread; kar- 
pos, fruit), the bread-fruit tree of the S. Sea Islands. 

arum, n. d'rum (L. : Gr. aron, supposed to be anc. 
Egyptian word), the wake-robin found in many British 
woods— a plant esteemed for its medicinal qualities. 

Arundelian, a. dr'-un-del'-l-dn (from the Earl of 
Arundel), a name applied to certain ancient marbles. 
arundinaceous, a. a-ruu-ili-nd'sluls (L. arundo, a 
reed), resembling or having the structure of reeds : 
arundineous, a. dr'-un-din'-l-us, abounding with reeds. 
arixspice, n. d-rus'-pls (L. aruspex or haruspex, a 
soothsayer), in anc. Rome, a diviner by the inspection 
of the entrails of beasts: aruspicy, n. d-rus'pl-sl, the 
art of foretelling events by the inspection of the ™ 
trails of beasts slain in sacrifice. 

as, conj. prep, or ad. dz (contr. of AS. eallsxva, all 
so : Ger. als), signifying agreement in manner in gen- 
eral ; likeness of manner ; for example ; equally. 

as, n. ds (L.), the anc. Roman pound, consisting of 
twelve parts or ounces. 

asafoetida, n. ds'-d-fet'l-dd (L. asa, a gum ; foztidus, 
fetid: Ar. avi, h< ilin^i a _iint-n -.m having a highly 
offensive odour, obtained from an Indian tree— much 
used in medicine. 

asarabacca, n. ds'-dr-d-bdk'-kd (L. asarum, wild 
spikenard ; bacca, a berry), a plant whose leaves have 
a bitter acrid taste, and very nauseous— used in medi- 
cated snuffs: asarine, n. ds'-dr-ln, a substance ob- 
tained from asarum. 

asbestos, n. ds-bes'-tos, also asbes'tus (Gr. asbestos, 
unquenchable), a fibrous mineral of the hornblende 
family, having the fibres elastic and flexible, some- 
what resembling flax, and which cannot be consumed 
by fire; the different varieties receive the names of 
rock-wood, rock-cork, mountain-leather, fossil-paper 
or flax, &c: asbestine, a. ds-bes'tln, of or like asbes- 
tos : asbes'tiform, n. -tl-fawrm (Gr. asbestos : L. forma, 
shape), of the form of asbestos. 
ascarides, n. plu. ds-kdr'-i-dez, sing, as'caris (Gr.), 



ASHT 

the small intestinal threadworms: ascarina, n. as' 
kd-rl'nd, a, plant whose anther resembles an intestinal 
worm. 

ascend, v. ds-sSnd' (L. ad; scando, I mount up; 
scansum, to mount up : It. ascendere), to mount ; to 
go up ; to rise : ascending, imp. : ascend'ed, pp. : as- 
cen'dant, a. superior; surpassing; in astron., above 
the horizon: n. commanding influence; superiority: 
ascendency, n. ds-s6n'dSn-sl, power; controlling inllu- 
ence: ascensive, a. ds-sen'-slv, rising or tending to 
rise: ascension, n. ds-sen'-shun, the act of going up: 
right ascension, in astron., the arc of the equinoctial 
intercepted between the first point of Aries and the 
circle of declination passing through the place of the 
heavenly body: ascent, n. ds-stnt' , act of rising; ris- 
ing of a hill : ascendable, a. ds-sind'-d-bl, that may 
be ascended : ascension-day, n. the day on which our 
Lord's ascension is commemorated. 

ascertain, v. as'-ser-tan' (L, ad, to; certus, sure), to 
make sure by examination; to establish: as'certain- 
ing, imp. : ascertained', pp. -tdnd' : ascertainable, 
a. ds'scr-tdn'-d-bl, that may be made sure of by search 
or examination: ascertainment, n. ds'-sir Ida'-mcnt: 
as'certain'er, n. one who. 

ascetic, n. ds-s6t'-lk (Gr. asketos, exercised), one un- 
duly rigid or austere ; one who retires from the world : 
adj. retired from the world ; austere; also ascetlcal, 
a. -l-kdl: asceticism, n. ds-set'-l-slzm, the practice of 
ascetics. 

ascii, n. plu. dsh'l-l, or ascians, n. plu. dsh'4-dnz 
(L. ascii — from Gr. a, without ; skia, a shadow), ap- 
plied to the inhabitants of the torrid zone who are sha- 
dowless at noon. They are also called amphis'cii, be- 
cause when not shadowless their shadows will at noon 
fall northwards one part of the year and southwards 
at another. The inhabitants of the N. temperate zone 

in' ■ i ; i ■■; , , northwards, 

and those of the S. temperate zone always south, and 
are called antis'cii. In the frigid zones, when the sun 
is above the horizon, the shadows of the inhabitants 
are directed to every point of the compass in succes- 
sion, and they are called peris'cii. 

ascidia, n. plu. ds-sld'-l-d, or ascid'ians, n. plu. -l-dnz 
(Gr. askidion, a little bag), an order of shell-less mol- 
luscs having the appearance of small leathern pouche3 
or paps, found as a pap-like gelatinous substance on 
rocks, old shells, &c. : ascidium, n. ds-sld'-l-um, in but., 
a form of leaf in which the stalk is hollowed out and 
closed by the blade as by a lid ; a pitcher-leaf. 

ascites, n. plu. ds-sl'-tez (Gr. askos, a cavity or 

bladder), dropsy of the belly: ascitic, a. ds-sit'-ik, 

also ascitlcal, Leal : ascitlcally, ad. -It. 

ascititious, a. ds'-si-tish'-ns (L. ascisco, I receive, I 

adopt), additional; supplemental. 

asclepiad, n. ds-kle'-pl-dd, a choriambic verse first 
used by Asclepias. 

ascribe, v. ds-krlb' (L. ad, to ; scribo, I write), to im- 
pute to; to a -» ise; to attribute :ascri'- 
bable, a. -bd-bl, that maybe attributed to : ascri'bing, 
imp.: ascribed, pp. ds-kribd' : ascription, n. ds- 
hrip'shun, the act of attributing to. 

ascus, n. ds'kiis (Gr. askos, a cavity or bladder), in 
bot., a membranous tubular cell, of which several are 
sunk in the substance of lichens and fungi containing 
their sporules. 

ash, n. dsh (AS. cesc : Icel. askr), a well-known tree ; 
adj. made of or pertaining to the ash : ashen, a. dsh'-en, 
made of ash ; often used for ashes, as in potash : ash- 
coloured, a. coloured between brown and grey, like 
ashes. 

ashamed, pp. or a. d-shdmd' (AS ascamian, to be 
ashamed), confused from a sense of guilt or unworthi- 
ness ; covered with shame. 

ashes, n. plu. dsh'-ez (AS. asca; Icel. aska; Goth. 
azgo; Ger. asche, dust, refuse), the dust or matter that 
remains from a burnt body; the remains of any body 
reduced to dust : ashy, a. dsh'-t , pale ; like ashes : ash'- 



ery, n. a 



_. ., an ash-pit : ashV-pale, pale as ashes . 
Ash-Wednesday, the first day of Lent. 

ashler or ashlar, dsh'ler (It. asciare, to cut or hew 
smoothly with an axe), rough-hewn stones used for 
facing walls ; free or common stone as it comes from 
the quarry : ash'lering, n. in carpen., the fixing of short 
upright quarterings between the rafters and the floor. 

ashore, ad. d-shor 1 (AS. a, on, and shore), on shore ; 
on the land. 

Ashtareth, n. dsh'td-rSth (Phen. the wife of Baal), 
a goddess of the ancient Sidonians and Philistines, 
identified with Venus of the Romans. 



mate, mat, far, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, mCve; 



ASIA 5 

Asian, a. d'zhi-dn, also Asiatic, a. d'zhi-dt-ik, of 
or pert, to Asia: Asiaticism, n. d'zhl-af-i-sizm, imi- 
T.vi.'on of Oriental manners. 

aside, ad. d-sid' (AS. a, on, and side), to one side ; 
apart from the rest; at a little distance from the 
straight line. 

asinine, ds'-i-nin— see under ass. 

ask, v. ask (AS. acsi&n: Icel. aeskia: Ger. heischen, 
to inquire, to demand), to beg ; to solicit ; to seek from ; 
to question; to inquire: asking, imp.: asked, pp. 
a -a * . as'ker, n. one who. 

askance, ad. ds-kdns • I •: awart, across ; 

scansare, to turn aside: Dut. schuins, aslant), side- 
ways ; looking towards one corner of the eye : askant, 
<\&.'ds-kdnt', obliquely; on one side. 

askew, ad. ds-kxV (Gr. skaios: L. sceevus, on the 
left hand: Ger. schief, oblique), awry; obliquely; aside. 

aslant, ad. d-sldnf (AS. a, on, and slant), on one side. 

asleep, ad. d-slep' (AS. a, on, and sleep), in a state 
of sleep ; at rest. 

aslope, ad. d-slop' (AS. a, on, and slope), in a slop- 
ing manner. 

Asmonean, a. ds'-md-ne'dn, also written Asmo- 
naean, pert, to the Asmoneans, a family that reigned 
over the Jews 126 years. 

asomatous, a. d-som'-d-tus (Gr. a, without; soma, 
gen. somatos, a body), without a material body. 

asp, n. dsp, also aspic, n. ds-pik (L. aspis, a veno- 
mous serpent), a small serpent whose bite is fatal. 

asparagus, n. ds-par'a-gus (L., from Gr. aspara- 
gos), a well-known plant, the young shoots of which 
are used at table: asparaginous, a. ds-pdr-aj'iaus, 
eaten like asparagus: asparagine, n. ds-p>dr'-d-jln, a 
crystalline substance obtained from asparagus: as- 
paragus stone, a translucent mineral of a greenish- 
yeDow colour, sometimes passing into a wine colour: 
aspar'tic acid, an acid obtained from asparagine. 

aspect, n. ds'-pekt (L. ad ; specto, I look), look ; ap- 
pearance ; position or situation ; view. 

aspen, n. ds'-pen, also asp (AS. a:spe: Icel. aspi), a 
tree of the poplar, kind whose leaves quiver or shake 
at the slightest breath of air: adj. pert, to an aspen. 

asperate, v. ds'-per-dt (L. asper, rough), to make 
rough or uneven : as'pera'ting, imp.: as pera'ted, pp.: 
asperation, n. ds'-per-a'shiln: asperifolious, a. ds- 
■per-l-fo'-ll-us (L. asper; folium, a leaf), having leaves 
rough to the touch : asperity, n. as-per'-i-ti, roughness 
of surface ; the quality that grates on the ear ; sour- 
ness; harshness. 

aspergill, n. ds'-per-jll, or aspergillus, n. ds'-per- 
jll'lus (L. aspergo, I scatter or throw), in the R. 
Cath. Ch., a short staff surmounted by a brush for 
sprinkling holy water: as'pergillifor'mis, n. -jil'-li- 
fOr-mls (L. aspergo; forma, shape), in hot., applied to 
little tufts of nail a me the form of a brush. 

aspennous, a. (t-sper'-mus (Gr. a, without; sperma, 
seed), in hot., without seed. 

asperse, v. ds-spers' (L. aspersus, besprinkled), to 
cover all over with evil reports ; to slander : aspers'- 
ing, imp.: aspersed, pp. ds-perst', slandered: as- 
per'ser, n. one who: aspersion, n. ds-prr'-shnn, a 
sprinkling, as with dust or water ; the act of spreading 
foul or slanderous reports : aspersory, a. ds-per'-sor-i, 
defamatory. 

asphalt or asphaltum, n. ds-fdlf or dsfai'tum'(L.: 
Gr. asphaltos, bitumen), a blackish substance found 
in various parts of the world ; melted and mixed with 
gravel, it is used for making floors and pavements: 
■. - 

asphodel, n. ds'f 6- del (Gr. asphodelos, a plant sacred 
toProserpin.- r I lie king's spear. 



(Gr.* 



e), the temporary 



ceasing of the motion of the heart and arteries as 
drowning or suffocation ; swooning: asphyxiated, a. 
Cis-fik'-si-d'-ted, suffocated as by hanging or drowning, 
or by an accumulation of carbonic acid in the blood. 

aspidiaria, n. ds'-pid-i-a'-ri-d (Gr. aspis, gen. aspi- 
dos, a shield), a genus of fossil stems found in the 
coal-measures, so called from the shape of the le " 
scaurs: aspidium, n. ds-pid'i-um, a genus of ferns. 

aspidorhynchus, n. ds'-pl-do-rin'-kus (Gr. asp ._, 
rhunchos, a beak), a genus of fossil fishes charac- 
terised by the tapering or beak-like prolongation 
of their upper jaws, armed with numerous sharp- 
pointed conical teeth. 

aspidura, n. ds'-p%-d.6'-r& (Gr. aspis, a shield ; oura, 
atail), agenus ing a buckler ar- 

rangement of the ossicles that protect the arms. 



) ASSE 

aspire, v. as-pir'(L.aspiro, I breathe or blow towards 
— from ad, and spiro, I breathe: F. aspirer), to desire 
with eagerness; to pant after; to aim at something 
that can be obtained with difficulty : aspi'ring, imp. : 
adj. ambitious: aspired, pp. ds-plrd' : aspi'rer, 
n. one who: aspi'ringly, ad. -II: aspirant, n. as-pi- 
rant, one who seeks with eagerness: aspirate, v. 
ds'-pl-rat, to pronounce with a full breath : n. a letter 
with a mark to show it must be pronounced with a 
full breath: adj. pronounced with a breathing: as'- 
pira'ting, imp. : aspirated, pp. ds'-pi-rd'-ted : as- 
piration, n. ds'-pi-rd'-shun, the act of pronouncing a 
letter with a full breath ; an ardent wish or desire to 
attain : aspiratory, a. as-pi'-rd-tor'-i, pert, to breathing. 

asportation, n. as'-pdr-td'shiin (L. ab, from; porto, 
I carry), act of carrying or conveying away. 

asquint, ad. d-skwint' (Dut. schuinte, a slope, obli- 
quity), towards one side; obliquely. 

ass, n. ds (L. asinus, an ass : Ger. esel : Pol. osiol), a 
well-known beast of burden, dull and slow, but patient 
and hardy; a dull, stupid person: asinine, a. ds'-i- 
nln, pertaining to an ass ; like an ass. 

assagay or assagai, n. ds'-d-ga (Sp. azagaya, a spear 
or half -pike), a dart or javelin used by the Caffres, &c. 

assail, v. ds-sdl' (F. assaillir, to assault— from L. 
ad, to ; salio, I leap), to leap or fall upon by violence ; 
to attack with aviewto overcome or injure, as in words 
or writing : assailing, imp. : assailed, pp. ds-sald' -. 
assailable, a. ds-sdl'd-bl, that may be attacked : assail- 
ant, n. ds-sdl-dnt, one who assails or attacks: adj. 
assaulting; attacking. 

assassin, n. as-sds'-sin (Ar. hashishin, herb-eaters, 
viz., of the resin or extract of hemp), one who kills or 
attempts to kill by surprise or by secret attack ; one 
of a famous Eastern sect of professional murderers, 
called Assassins, stimulated thereto by the use of ex- 
tract of hemp: assassinate, v. ds-sds'-sl-ndt, to kill, 
or to attempt to kill, by surprise : to murder by a secret 
attack: assas'sina'ting, imp. : assas'sina'ted, pp. 
-d'-ted: assassination, n. ds-sds'-sl-nd'-shun, the act of 
murdering by secret violence or by surprise : assas'- 
sinator, n. -si-na'-tor, a murderer by surprise. 

assault, n. ds-sa7olt' (L. saltus, a leaping— see assail), 
a violent attack, with the imrntion oi' injuring; ahos- 
tile attack : v. to fall upon with violence, as in words 
or writing: assaulting, imp.: assaulted, pp. ds-sawlt- 
ed: assaul'ter, n. one who: assaultable, a. ds-sawlt'- 

a-u. 

assay, v. ds-sd' (F. essayer, to try : low L. exagivm .- 
Gr. exagion, a weighing), to try or prove, as metals ; 
to attempt ; to endeavour : n. examination ; trial, as 
of the purity of silver or gold : assay'ing, imp. : as- 
sayed, pp. ds-sad' : assay'er, n. one who. 

assemble, v. ds-sem'-bl (F. assembler, to gather: 
AS. samod, together: L. ad; simid, together), to 
gather a number of persons or things together; to 
meet together : assem'bling, imp. : assembled, pp. 
as-sem'h'id: assem'bler, n. one who: assemblage, n. 
ds-sem'-blaj, a mass of persons ; a collection of par- 
ticulars: assembly, n. ds-sem'-bli, a number of per- 
sons met in the same place for a common object ; a 
congregation; a convocation: Gen'eral Assem'bly, 
the highest ecclesiastical court in Scotland. 

assent, v. ds-sent' (L. assentior, I assent— from ad, 
to; sentio, I think), to admit as true; to yield; to 
agree : n. act of admitting or agreeing to ; consent : 
assent'ing, imp. : assent'ed, pp. : assent'ingly, ad. -li. 

assert, v. assert (L. assertum, to bind or fasten 
to one's self), to affirm positively ; to maintain : as- 
sert'ing, imp. : assert'ed, pp. : assertion, n. ds-ser- 
shun, the act of asserting; an affirmation: assertive, 
a. ds-ser'-tiv, that affirms positively: asser'tively, ad. 
-li : assert'or, one who. 

assess, v. ds-ses' (L. assessum, to sit down — from 
ad, to ; sessum, to sit or remain, to set), to set or fix 
a tax to be paid ; to value : asses'sing, imp. : assessed, 
pp. ds-sesf : asses'sable, a. -d-bl, that mayor ought to 
be assessed: asses'sably, ad. -bli: assess'ment, n. the 
amount of a tax laid on a i.ropertv asses'sor, n. one 
who: assessorial, a. ds'-ses-sd'ri-dl, also assession- 
ary, a. ds-sesh-6n-dr-l, pertaining to an assessor. 

assets, n. plu. ds'-sets (L. ad, for ; satis, enough : F. 
assez, enough: Ger. satt, satisfied), funds or property 
available for payment of debts, &c. 

asseverate, v. ds-sSv'er-dt (L. assevero, I state 
earnestly), to declare positively; to affirm solemnly: 
assev'era'ting, imp. : assev'era'ted, pp. : assevera- 
tion, n. ds-sev'-er-d'-shun, a positive declaration; a 

. :: . ..■....,,■, 



'. boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



ASSI 3 

assident, a. As'sl-dSnt (L. assidens, sitting by or 
near— from ad, to ; sedeo, I sit), associating with or sit- 
ting by others— applied to symptoms or signs of a 
disease. 

assiduous, a, iduus, sitting close- 

ly), very attentive; careful; diligent: assid'uous'ly, 
ad. -II: assid'uous'ness, n. : assiduity, n. As'sl-du- 
i-tl, close appii .1 >< <> .. <• 'ii!'„ m 

assign, v. dssln' (L. ad, to ; signo, I mark out : F. 
assigner), to point out; to allot to; to transfer: n. a 
person to whom property is transferred : assign'ing, 
imp.: assigned, pp. ds-slnd': assigner, n. dssln'-er: 
assignor, n. As'sl-nor', one who: assignable, a. 
assln'-A-bl, that may be transferred; that can be 
allotted or specified: assignation, n. ds'sig-na'shun, 
ri 1 1 1 : 1 1 in: »vri ;.,. an appointment to meet, as of 
lovers : assignee, n. As'sl-ne', a person appointed to 
do something ; one to whom an assignment is made : 
assignment, n. Assln'ment the thing assigned; the 
transference of some right or interest. 

assignats, n. As'sln-yas (F.), paper money issued 
by the French. Government duriii Brst Revolution, 

assimilate, v. Asslm'4-lat (L. ad, to ; similis, like), 
to make like ; to bring to a likeness ; to change into 
its own substance : assim'ila'ting, imp. : assim'ila'- 
ted, pp. : assim'ilable, a. -ld-bl : assimilative, a. As- 
slm'l-la'-ttv, also assim'ilator'y, a. -tor'-l, that can 
make into a like or similar substance : assimilation, 
n. dsslm'l-ld'shun, the process by which plants and 
animals convert food into the various tissues of their 
own proper substance. 

assist, v. Assist' (F. assister, to assist— from L. ad, 
to ; sisto, I am made to stand), to help ; to relieve ; to 
aid ; to succour : assisting, imp. : assist'ed, pp. : as- 
sistance, n. Assls'tdns, help ; succour ; aid : assis'tant, 
a. helping ; lending aid : n. one who helps or lends aid. 
assize, n. dsslz', plu. assizes, dssl-zez (L. ad, to ; 
sessum, to sit : old F. assise, a set rate), plu., a court of 
justice in England held twice a-year in every county ; 
sing., a statute regulating the measure and price of 
commodities : assize', v. to fix measures or rates ; to 
settle: assi'zing, imp.: assized, pp. dsslzd' : as- 
si'zer, n. one who. 

associate, v. dsso'shl-at (L. ad, to ; socio, I join ; 
socius, a companion: F. associer), to join in company 
as a friend or companion : n. a companion ; a part- 
ner: asso'cia'ting, imp.: asso'cia'ted, pp.: associa- 
tion, n. Asso'shl-a'shun, the union of persons in a 
company for mutual benefit ; a society ; connection, 
applied to ideas: asso'cia'tive, a. -tlv. asso'cia'tor, 
n. one who : asso'ciable, a. -d-bl, companionable : 
asso'ciableness, n. : asso'ciabil'ity, n. -bll'l-U: 
asso'ciate'ship, n. : asso'cia'tional, a. -shl-d'shun-dl, 
pert. to. 

assoilzie, v. dssoyl'-e (old F. absoiller— from L. db, 
from ; solvo, I loose), in Scots lata, to free one accused 
from a charge ; to find a criminal not guilty ; to set at 
liberty : assoilzieing, imp. -%ng : assoilzied, pp. -ed. 
assonant, a. ds'so-ndnt (L. ad, to ; sonans, sound- 
ing), resembling in sound : assonance, n. As'so-ndns. 

assort, v. Assort' (L. ad, to; sors, gen. sortis, a 
lot), to arrange into sorts or classes ; to agree or suit : 
assorting, imp. •: assort'ed, pp. : assor'ter, n. one 
who : assort'ment, n. the act of separating into lots 
or arranging into classes ; a number of things of the 
same kind. 

assuage, v. dsswaj' (L. ad, to ; suavis, sweet : old F. 
assouager, to soften), to soften ; to mitigate ; to allay ; 
to abate or subside: assua'ging, imp. : assuaged, 
pp. dsswaj d' : assuage 'ment, n. mitigation: assua- 
sive, a. Asswa'zlv, soothing ; mitigating : assua'ger, 
n. one who. 

assuetude, n. As'we-tud (L. assuetudo, custom — 
from ad; suesco, I become used), custom; habit. 

assume, v. dssum' (L. assumo, I take to myself— 
from ad, to ; sumo, I take ; sumptus, taken), to take 
upon one's self; to appropriate; to pretend to pos- 
sess ; to take for granted or without proof : assu'- 
ming, imp. : adj. haughty, arrogant: assumed', pp. : 
assu'mingly, ad. -II : assu'mer, n. : assumption, n. 
assum'shun, the act of assuming; supposition; the 
taking up into heaven, applied to the Virgin Mary : 
assump'tive, a. that maybe assumed: assump'tively, 
ad. -tlv-ll: assumpsit, d in law, a volun- 

tary promise to perform for, or to pay to another. 

assure, v. dshdr' (L. ad, to ; securus, sure, certain : 
F. assurer), to make certain ; to give confidence by 
promise; to insure: assu'ring, imp.: 

,,, , - ., - ■ , -^-'-^d-li: 



AshOrd' : assuredly, ad. dsho'red-ll : assu'redness, 

mate, mAt,fdr, law; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, 



ASTR 

assu'rer, n. : assurance, n. Ashd'-rAns, a declara- 
tion to dispel doubt; the utmost certainty; impu- 
dence ; conviction ; a contract to make good a loss by 
death or by fire, now restricted to lit' contingencies. 

Assyrian, a. Aslr'-l-An, of or pert, to Assyria: n. an 
inhabitant of. 

astacolite, n. As-tAk'o-llt (Gr. astakos, the crayfish 
or lobster ; lithos, a stone), a term applied to the fossil 
remains of crustaceans, like the crayfish or lobster. 

astatic, a. As-tAt'lk (Gr. a, without ; statos, that 
stands or remains), being without polarity, as a 
magnetic needle. 

aster, n. As'ter (Gr. aster, a star), an extensive genus 
of plants whose flowers have a star-like arrangement. 

asteracanthus, n. As'ter-A-kdn'thus (Gr. aster, a 
star ; akantha, a thorn or spine), a genus of fossil fin- 
spines of fishes, often of large size, having their sur- 
faces richly ornamented with star-like tubercles. 

asteria, n. As-te'rl-A, also asterite, n. as'ter-lt 
(Gr. aster, a star), a variety of corundum or star sap- 
phire, which, when cut in a certain way, shows a 
bright opalescent star of six rays: asteriated, a. 



a small star (*) used to refer to a note, or to mark the 
omission of words ; a constellation or star cluster. 

astern, ad. Astern' (AS. a, on, and stem), at the 
stern ; the hinder part of a ship ; behind. 

asteroid, n. As'-ter-oyd (Gr. aster a star ; eidos, like- 
ness), one of the minor planets : asteroida, n. As'ter- 
dy'dd, an order of polypes having a star-like or rayed 
arrangement of their tentacles when fully expanded : 
as'teroi'dal, a. pert, to the small planets. 

asterolepis, n. As'ter-6-le'pls or -61' (Gr. aster; 
lepis, a scale), a gigantic ganoid fossil fish of the old 
red sandstone. 

asterophyllites, n. plu. As'-ter-o-fll'llts (Gr. aster, 
a star ; phullon, a leaf), fossil plants found abundantly 
in the coal-measures, having star-like whorls of linear 
leaves. 

asthenic, a. As-thSn'lk (Gr. a, without; sthenos, 
strength), weak ; debilitated : as'thenol'ogy, n. -nol-6' 
jl (Gr. a; sthenos; logos, discourse), a discourse on 
diseases connected with debility. 

asthma, n. ast'-md (Gr.— from a, without; do, I 
breathe), a disease of the organs of breathing attended 
with cough and difficulty of breathing : asthmatic, a. 
dst-mdt'lk, also asthmat'ical, a. -l-kdl, troubled with 
difficulty of breathing. 

astir, ad. dster' {a, on, and stir), on the move; active. 

astomatous 'Gr. a, without; stoma, 

gen. stomatos, a mouth), mouthless ; also spelt asto- 
mous, ds'46-mus. 

astonied, v. ds-ton'id, for astonished, a word fre- 
quently occurring in Scripture. 

astonish, v. As-ton'lsh (old F. estonner, to amaze : L. 
ad, to; tono, I thunder: AS. stunian, to make stupid 
with noise), to fill with sudden fear and wonder ; to 
amaze ; to confound with surprise : astonishing, imp.: 
aston'ished, pp. -Isht: aston ishing'ly, ad. -II: aston'- 
ishment, n. 

astound, v. As-townd' (see above), to strike dumb 
with amazement : astounding, imp. : astound'ed, pp. 

astraddle, ad. Astrdd'dl (AS.— see straddle), with 
the legs on opposite sides of a thing. 

astraea, n. ds-tre'A (Gr. aster, a star), the goddess 
of justice ; one of the minor planets : astraeidae, As- 
tre'-l-de, the family of star corals, so called from the 
arrangement and number of their cell rays. 

astragal, n. As'trA-gAl (Gr. astragalos, the upper 
joint of the neck, the ankle-joint), the ring -like 
moulding round the top and bottom of the column 
of a pillar ; the beaded zinc bars used by zinc-workers 
in making diamond and ornamental window-frames. 

astral, a. As'tral (Gr. aster, a star), belonging to the 
stars; starry. 

astray, ad. Astrd' (AS. a, on, and stray), out of 
the right way or proper place. 

astriction, n. Astrik'shun (L. ad, to ; strictum, to 
bind), the act of binding close or contracting : astric- 
tive, a. Astrik'-tlv, binding; also astrictory, a. 
Astrlk'-tor-l. 

astride, ad. Astrld' {a and stride), with the legs 
apart. 

astringe, v. Astrlnf (L. ad, to ; stringo, I bind fast), 
to bind together ; to contract by pressing together : 
astrin'ging, imp.: astringed, pp. -strlnjd' : astrin- 



l, m&ve; 



ASTR i 

gent, n. ds-trln'jcnt, that -which contracts or draws 
together muscular fibre ; the principle in hark that 
tans hides for leather: adj. binding: astrin'gency, 
n. -jen-sl: astrin'gently, ad. -II. 

astrography, n. ds-trog'-rd-fi (Gr. aster or astron, 
a star; grapho, I describe), a description of the stars. 

astrolabe, n. ds'-tro-ldb (Gr. astron, a star; labein, 
to take), an instrument formerly used to take alti- 
tudes of the sun and stars, now superseded by Mad- 
ley's quadrant. 

astrology, n. d-s-trol'6-jl (Gr. astron, a star; logos, 
discourse), a science that pretends to foretell events by 
observing the stars : astrol'oger, n. the person who 
pretends to foretell event: bvthe stars: astrological, 
a. ds'-tro-loj'-ikdl, pert, to : as'trologlcally, ad. 
-i-kdl'l: astrologise, v. ds-trol'6-jiz, to practise astro- 
logy : astrol'ogvsing, imp. : astro! ogised', pp. -jlzd'. 

astronomy, n. ds-tron-o-ml (Gr. astron; nornos, a 
law), the science that treats of the motions, magni- 
tudes, and everything connected with the heavenly 
bodies: astronomer, n. as-trOn'-o-rnzi; one given to 
the study of the heavenly bodies: astronomic, a. 
ds'-tro-nom'lk, also astronomical, a. -nom'-l-kdl, 
pert, to: astronomical ly, ad. -li: astronomise, v. 
as-tron'-o-mlz, to assume the habits and study of an 
astronomer : astron'omi'sing, imp. : astron'omised', 
pp. -mizd'. 

astro-theology, n. ds'-tro-the-6l'-6-ji (Gr. astron, and 
theology), natural theology founded on the observa- 
tion of the celestial bodies. 

astute, a. ds-tiit' (L. astutus, crafty: It. astuto), 
sagacious ; sharp ; discerning; crafty: astute 'ness, n.: 
astute'ly, ad. -II. 

asunder, ad. d-sun'der (AS. a, on, and sunder), apart ; 
separately ; in a divided state. 

asylum, n. a-sl'lum (L.— from Gr. a, not; sulao, I 
rob : It. asilo .• F. anile), a place of refuge ; a sanctu- 
ary ; a place out of which he that has tied to it may 



:, without ; 



notb 

asymmetrical, a. ds'-lm-met'rl-Ml (Gi 
summetria, symmetry), not agreeing; inn; 

asymtote, n. ds'-lm-tot (Gr. asumptotos, not fall- 
ing together— from a, not ; sun, together ; ptotos, apt 
to fall), a line which, tl. ing nearer and 

nearer to a curve, can never reach it : adj. approach- 
ing but never meeting. 

asyndeton, n. d-sin'de-ton (Gr. a, not; sundetos, 
hound together), a figure in rhet. which keeps the 
parts of speech together without the use of conjunc- 
tions. 

at, prep, dt (AS. aet : Icel. at: Dan. ad: Sans, adhi, 
upon : L. ad, to), near to ; with ; towards. 

atacamite, n. d-tdk'dm-W , a native ore of copper, 
called also copper-sand, found in the desert of Ataca- 
ma between Chili and Peru. 

ataxic, a, d-tdk'stk (Gr. a, without ; tasso, I put in 
order), wanting order; irregular: ataxia, n. d-tdk- 
t>l-d, irregularity. 

ate, v. et, pt. of eat, which see. 

atelier, n. dt'-le-a (F.) the workroom of a painter 
or sculptor — called also a studio. 

a tempo, ad. d-tem'-po (It. in time), in music, used 
to indicate that the int 

ater, a'ter (L. ater, black), pure black ; as a prefix, 
spelt atro. 

Athanasian, a. dth'-d-na-zhl-dn, pert, to Athanasius, 
a bishop of Alexandria in the fourth century, or to 
the creed called by his name. 

atheism, n. d'the-izm (Gr. a, without ; theos, God), 
the disbelief in the existence of a God: atheist, n. 
a'the-ist, one who does not believe in the existence of 
a God: atheistic, a. d'-the-is'-tik, pert, to; also a'the- 
is'tical, a. -is'ti-kal: a'theis'tically, ad. -kdl'-i: a'the- 
is'tical'ness, n. * 



atheneum- or athenaeum, n. dth'-e-ne' 

Athenaion, the temple of Slinerva at Athens), a pub- 
lic reading or lecture room: Athenian, a. d-the'-nl-dn, 
of Athens : n. one who. 

athericera, n. dth-er-is'er-d (Gr. ather, a spike of 
corn, the point of a sword or arrow ; keras, a horn), 
a family or section of dipterous insects, having only 
two or three joints to the antennas : ath'eric'erous, a. 
-is-er-us, pert to. 

atheroma, n. dth'-e-ro'md (Gr. or L. atheroma, a 
tumour filled with matter), a species of wen ; a curdy 
tumour: atheromatous i'-d-tus, having 

matter resembling milk-curds. 



L ATTA 

athirst, a. d-thersf (AS.), wanting drink; thirsty. 

athlete, .n. dth'let; plu. atble 
athletae, dth-le'-te (Gr. athletes, a wrestler), a wrest- 
ler; one who a blic games in trials of 
strength: athletic, a. dth-let'ik, pert, to trials of 
strength; strong; robust; vigorous: athletically, 
ad. -kdl'-i: athletism, n. dth'-le-tlzm' . 

athwart, prep, d-thivawrf (AS. a, on, and thwart), 
across ; from side to side : ad. among seamen, across 
the line of the ship's course ; in a manner to cross or 
perplex. 

atilt, ad. d-tilt' {a and tilt), in the position of a man 
making a thrust ; in the posture of a barrel raised 
behind. 

Atlantic, a. dt-lan'tlk, of the Atlantic Ocean. 

atlas, n. dt'-lds (Gr. name of a giant who, the ancient 
Greeks pretended, bore up the earth upon his shoul- 
ders), a collection of maps bound together ; the top 
joint of the neck-bones, or that which supports the 
head: atlantes, n. plu. dt-ldn'tez, in arch., the whole 
or half figures of men emploved instead of columns or 
pillars: Atlantean, a. dt'-ldn-te'-dn, also Atlantian, 
dt-lun'-shi-dn, pert, to Atlas, or to the isle of Atlantis; 
strong; gigantic. 

atmology, n. dt-mol'-o-ji (Gr. atmos, vapour ; logos, 
discourse), the science of vapour: at'molog'ical, a. 
■loj'f-Jcdl, pert, to the science of vapour: atmol'ogist, 
n. -6-jist, one who. 

atmometer, n. dt-mom'-e-ter (Gr. atmos, vapour; 
metron, a measure), an instrument for measuring the 
amount of evaporation from any moist surface in a 
given time. 

atmosphere, n. dt'-mos-fer (Gr. atmos, vapour; 
sphaira, a sphere), the whole mass of air, clouds, and 
vapour surrounding the earth: atmospheric, dt'-mos- 
fer'-ik, also atmospherical, a. -i-kdl, pert, to the 
air: at'mospherlcal'ly, ad. -li: at'mospherlc pres- 
sure, the weight of the atmosphere on a surface, being 
about 14 lb. to the square inch. 

atoll, n. dt'-ol, (a Malayan word), a coral island, 
consisting of a ring or circular belt, with a lagoon or 
lake hi the centre. 

atom, n. dt'-om (Gr. a, not ; temno, I cut), a particle 
of matter that cannot be made smaller ; anything ex- 
tremely small: atomed, a. dt'-omd, small as atoms: 
atomic, a. d-tom'-ik, also atom'ical, a. -i-kdl, relat- 
ing to atoms ; consisting of atoms : atom'ical'ly, ad. 
-li: atomist, n. dt'-6-mist, one who holds to the doc- 
trine of atoms: atomise, v. dt'-o-miz', to reduce to 
atoms : at'omi'sing, imp. : atomised, pp. dt'-6-mizcl' : 
at'omless, a. : atomism, n. dt'6-mizm, the doctrine 
of atoms: atomic the'ory, in chem., the supposed 
resolution of bodies into ultimate particles or atoms, 
and the relative proportions in which they combine 
in compound substances. 

atone, v. d-ton' (from at one, denoting to be or to 
cause to be at one), to agree ; to make amends ; to 
give satisfaction for an offence or a crime ; to expiate 
by sacrifice ; to reconcile : ato'ning, imp. : adj. mak- 
ing amends or satisfaction: atoned, pp. d-tond' : 
atonement, n. d-ton'-ment, reconciliation after en- 
mity ; , satisfaction ; expiation : ato'ner, n. one who. 

atonic, a. d-ton'-ik (Gr. a, not ; tonos, tone), wanting 
tone; debilitated: atony, n. dt-o-ni, loss of vital 
energy. 

atop, ad. d-top' (AS. a, on, and top), at oronthetop. 

atrabiliary, a. dt'-rd-bil'-i-dr-i, also atrabiliar, a. 
dt'-rd-Ml'-i-dr (L. ater, black; bilis, bile), melancholic ; 
hypochondriac, also atrabilious, a. dt'-rd-bil-i-us. 

atrocious, a. d-tro'-shus (L. atrox, gen. alrocis), cruel, 
very wicked ; extremely cruel ; criminal in the high- 
est degree: atrociously, ad. -li: atro'ciousness, n. : 
atrocity, n. d-tros'-i-ti, enormous wickedness ; cru- 
elty in the highest degree. 

atrophy, n. dt'ro-fi (Gr. o, without ; trophe, nour- 
ishment), a wasting away without manifest cause ; a 
consumption. 

atropia, n. d-tro'pi-d, also atropine, n. dt'-ro-pin, 
or atropina, n. d-tro'pi-nd (Atropos, in anc. myth., 
one of the Fates, whose duty it was to cut short the 
thread of life), a very poisonous alkaloid extracted 
from the root of the deadly nightshade— the Atropa 
Belladonna. 

atrypa, n. dt'rt-pd (Gr. a, not; trupa, a hole), a 
... ' I ted with scalv 

lines of growth, and having the foramen generally 



concealed or very small. 

attach, v. dt-tdch' (F. attacher, to tie, to bind: It. 
attaccare, to attach), to take by legal authority ; to 
cow, boy, foot; pure, IM; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



ATTA £ 

arrest ; to fix ; to win or gain over : attach'ing, imp. : 
attached, pp. dt-tdcht' : attachable, a. -d-bl: at- 
tachment, n. seizing of goods by legal authority; 
warm affection ; fidelity ; strong regard to : attache, 
n. dt'td-shd' (F.), one attached to an ambassador as 
one of his suite or attendants. 

attack, v. dt-tdk' (F. attaquer: Sp. atacar, to attack 
—see attach), to fall upon with force or violence; 
to assault; to assail in words: n. a falling upon with 
violence; satire; uiii'ricndly <:rit.i<ji.-;m: attack'ing, 
imp.: attacked, pp. dt-tukf. 

attain, v. dt-tdn' (L. ad; tango, I touch: F. attain- 
dre, to reach), to come to or reach by exertion ; to 
arrive at; to gain; to achieve: attaining, imp.: 
attained, pp. dt-tdnd' .- attainable, a, dt-tdn'd-bl: 
attainability, n. -bll'i-ti: attain'ableness, n. -bi- 
ne's: attain'ment, n. the act of arriving at or reaching 
by effort ; proficiency in any branch of knowledge. 

attaint, v. dt-tdnt'{L. ad, to ; tingo, I stain, or tango, 
I touch ; old F. attaindre, to accuse, to stain), to corrupt; 
to taint; to disgrace; to find guilty of treason or 
felony ; to render infamous : n. a stain ; reproach ; 
hurt: attainting, imp.: attainted, pp.: attainture, 
n. atida'tar: attainder, n. dt-tdn'der, that which 
renders impure: the loss of civil rights and whole 
estate for the crime of treason or other capital offence 
by a judicial sentence, is called an act of attainder. 

attar, n. dt'-tdr, or otto of roses, ot-to (Hind, utr, 
essence : Arab, itr, perfume), a precious oil made in 
Eastern countries from roses ; a valuable perfume. 

attemper, v. dt-tem'pir (L. ad, to ; tempero, I mix in 
due proportion), to soften or moderate to modify ; to 



ter, to attempt: old F. tempter, to try), to try; to 
make an effort to accomplish; to endeavour: n. an 
attack; an endeavour to gain a point: attempting, 
imp. : attemp'ted, pp. : attemp'ter, n. one who : 
attempt able, a. -d-bl. 

attend, v. dt-tind' (L. ad, to; tendo, I stretch out: 
F. attendre, t"> expect), to wait on ; to accompany; to 
be present; to listen to to fix the attention upon: 
attending, imp. : attend'ed, pp. : atten'dant, n. a 
follower ; a servant : adj. accompanying; being pre- 
sent: attendance, n. at-tiin'-dans, act, of serving or 
waiting on; duty: attention, n. dt-Un'-shun, the act 
of attending ; paying heed to ; steady application of the 
mind; act of courtesy : attentive, a. dt-ten-tiv, paying 
due regard to ; mindful : attent, contr. for attentive : 
attentively, ad. -tiv-ll.- atten'tiveness, n. the qua- 
lity of being attentive. 

attenuate, v. dt-ten'-u-dt (L. ad, to; tenuo, I make 
thin : F. attenuer), to make thin ; to reduce in thick- 
ness or density: attenuating, imp.: atten'uated, pp.: 
attenuation, n. dt-tSn'-u-d'-shun, the act of making 
thin, fine, or slender: attenuant, a. dt-ten'-d-dai, 
making thin : n. a medicine which attenuates. 

attest, v. dt-tSst' (L. ad, to ; testor, I bear witness : 
F. attester), to certify; to bear witness to ; to affirm so- 
lemnly in words or writing: attesting, imp.: attest- 
ed, pp.: attestor or attes'ter, n. one who: attesta- 
tion, n. dt'-tes-td-shun, the act of bearing witness to ; 
putting a name to a writing in order to show it to be 
authentic. 

Attic, a. dt'-tlk (L. atticus: Gr. attikos, pert, to 
Attica or Athens), pert, to Attica, a town in Greece ; 
elegant; classical: n. in arch., a plain or decorated 
parapet-wall on the upper part of I b ac: ■ ■ ■ ' > i < • > • < . i i • 
ing; an Athenian: atticism, n. dt'-ti-siz/n, the purest 
style of the Greek language: atticise, v. dt'-ti-siz, to 
make use of atticisms: attici'sing, imp.: atticised, 
pp. dt'-ti-sizd'. 

attic, n. dt'-tlk (Sans, aftaka— pronounced attak— 
the room on the top of the house : F. attique), the flat 
or floor on the upper part of a house ; a garret. 

attire, v. dt-tif (old F. atour, female head-dress ; 
atirer, to adorn), to dress ; to adorn with garments ; 
to array : n. clothes ; apparel : atti'ring, imp. : at- 
tired, pp. dt-tlrd': atti'rer, n. one who. 

attitude, n. dt'-tl-tud (F. attitude, posture: It. 
attitudine, disposition to act), position of persons or 
things ; posture : attitu • - / / tii'di-ndl, pert, 

to : attitudinise', v. dt'-tl-tu-di-nlz, to assume af- 
fected airs or postures : at titu'dini 'sing, imp. : atti- 
tu' dinised, pp. -nlzd. 

attle, n. dt'-tl, a term used in Cornwall for ,-oi.iiisii 
thrown out of a mine, containing little or no ore. 

attollent, a. dt-tdl'-lcnt (L. ad, to; tollens, lifting 
or raising), raising or lifting up. 



! AUGM 

attorney, n. dt-ter'nl, plu. attorneys (Norm. 
attoume: low L. attornatus, put in the place of any 
one), one who acts for another, as in a court of law; 
a lawyer: attorneyship, n. the office of an attorney : 
attorney-general, in Eng., the head law-officer of 
the crown. 

attract, v. dt-trdkV (L. ad, to; tractus, drawn), to 
draw to bysome kind of influence ; to allure : attrac'- 
ting, imp.: attracted, pp. dt-trdk'-ted: attrac'tor, n. 
one who: attractable, a. dt-trdk'-td-bl, that may be 
attracted: attrac'tabil'ity, n. -bU'-l-tl: attractile, a. 
dt-trdk'-td, that can attract : attraction, n. dt-trdk- 
shun, the act of drawing to; the power that bodies 
have of coming together and uniting, — attract ions 
take place between bodies— affinities between the par- 
ticles of a body: attractive, a. dt-trdk'-tlv, drawing 
to; alluring: attrac'tively, ad. -tlv-li: attractive- 
ness, n.: attrac'tingly, ad. 41. attraction of gravita- 
tion, that power which acts at all distances through- 
out the universe : capillary attraction, that power ■ 
which causes liquids to rise in small tubes or porous 
substances : chemical attraction or affinity, the power 
by which the ultimate particles of bodies of unlike 
kinds unite themselves together to form a new body 
possessing new and specific properties. 

attrahent, a. dt'-trd-hent (L. ad, to; traho, I draw), 
drawing or attracting. 

attribute, v. dt-trib'ut (L. ad, to ; tributum, to grant, 
to bestow. F. attribuer), to give as due; to ascribe 
to: attributing, imp.: attributed, ;pp. dt-trlb'-u-Ud: 
attribute, n. dt'-trl-but, a quality considered as be- 
longing to, or inherent in, any person or thing: at- 
tributive, a. dt-trlb'-u-tlv, pert, to an attribute : at- 
tributable, a. dt-trlb'-u-td-bl, that may be ascribed to : 
attribution, n. -bu'-shun, commendation. 

attrition, n. dt-trlsh'-un (F.— from L. ad, to; tritus, 
rubbed), the act of wearing by rubbing ; state of being 
worn by friction ; the least measure of sorrow, or 
lowest degree of repentance— as opposed to contrition, 
the highest degree or real repentance. 

attune, v. dt-tiin' (L. ad, and tune), to put in 
tune ; to make musical ; to arrange fitly : attu'ning, 
imp.: attuned, pp. dt-tund'. 

auburn, a. aw'-burn (old F. or Sp. albran, a wild 
duck in its first year, having generally a peculiar 
brown), of a tan or dark colour ; of a rich chestnut 
colour. 

auction, n. awk'-shun (L. audio, increase), a public 
sale of any description of property to the highest 
bidder: auc'tionai^y, a. -dr-l, pert, to: auctioneer, 
n. dXuk'shUn-er', one empowered to sell property by 
auction : auctioneering, n. 

audacious, a. aw-dd'-shus (L. audax, gen. audacis, 
bold : F. audacieux : It. audace), very bold and dar- 
ing; impudent; forward: auda'ciously, ad. -II: au- 
dacity, n. aw-dds'-l-ti, boldness; impudence: auda- 
ciousness, n. 

audible, a. aw'dhbl (L. audio, I hear: It. audible, 
audible), that may be heai loud en ugh to be per- 
ceived by the ear: au'dibly, ad. -Ml: audibleness, n. 
aw'-di-bl'-nes : au'dibillty, n. -bll'-l-tl, the being loud 
enough to be heard: audience, n. aw-dl-ens, admit- 
tance to a heari < i intei sv ; an assembly of hear- 
ers : audit, n. aut'-dlt (L. audit, he hears), an exam- 
ination of accounts by a person or persons appointed 
for the purpose, in order to ascertain whether they be 
correct : v. to examine and settle as to the correctness 
of accounts: au'diting, imp.: audited, pp. aw'-dlt-ed: 
au'ditor, n. a hearer ; one who examines accounts : 
au'ditorship, n. the office of an auditor: auditory, 
n. cuc'-di-tor'-l, an assembly of hearers: adj. able to 
hear ; pert, to the sense of hearing. 

auf, n.— see oaf, a silly fellow. 

Augean stable, n. aw-je'-dn std'-U, in Grecian 
myth., a stable belonging to Augeus, king of Ellis, in 
which he kept a great number of oxen ; having never 
been cleaned, it was regarded as almost an impossibil- 
ity to clean it, till it was assigned to Hercules as one 
of his labours : hence what is impracticable or what 
would be very difficult to clean. 

auger, n. aw'-ger (AS. naf-gar ; Fin. napa, a navel, 
the middle of a thing), an iron tool for boring holes. 

aught, n., or ought, awt (AS. d-wiht: Goth, waihts, 
a thing), anything; a tittle or jot. 

augite, n. aw'-jit (Gr. auge, brilliancy), a mineral 
of the hornblende family of a greenish-black, pitch, or 
velvet, or sometimes of a leek-green colour : augitic, 



mdte, mat, far, law; mete, mSt, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 






AUGU S 

mention, an increase : F. augment er), to increase ; to 
make or become large in size or extent : augment, n. 
awg'ment, an increase ; a prefix ; augmenting, imp.: 
augment' ed, pp.: augmentable, a. awg-ment'-d-bl, that 
may be increased: aug'menta'tion, n. -td'shun, an 
increase ; the act of enlarging : augmen'tative, a. -tiv, 
having the power to augment : n. in gram., opposite 
of diminutive : augmen'ter, n. one who. 

augur, n. aw'-gilr (L.— fiom avis, a bird), among the 
anc. Romans, one who professed to tell future 
events by natural tokens, as the singing and flying of 
birds, and fch sj] lining; v. to profess to 

foretell events ; to guess ; to be a sign : au'guring, 
imp.: augured, pp. aw'gurd: au'gurship, n. : au- 
gural, a. aw'gu-rdl, pert, to: augurous, a. aw' 
gu-rus, foreboding; predicting: augurate, v. aw' 
gu-rat, to predict : au'gura'ting, imp. : au gura'ted, 
pp. : augury, n. aw'-gu-rl, the art of foretelling 
events ; an omen or prediction. 

august, a. atv-gusf (L. august us, sacred, majestic: 
It. augusto : F. auguste), grand; inspiring awe; ma- 
jestic: august'ness, n. dignity of appearance ; grand- 
eur in mien : august ly, ad. -II. 

August, n. aw'-gust, the eighth month in the year, 
named from Caesar Augustus : Augustan, a. aw-gus'- 
tan, pert, to Augustus or his age ; literary or refined. 

Augustins, n. plu. aw-gus'tinz, monks who follow 
the doctrines and rules of St Augustin. 

auk, n. aw/ft (Dan. alke), the name of various sea- 
birds. 

aularian, n. aJo-Wrhdn (L. aulr, a hall), at Oxford, 
the member of a hall, as distinguished from a colle- 
gian. 

aulic, n. aTv'llk (L. aulicus: Gr. aulikos — from 
Gr. aule, a royal palace), of or pert, to a royal court. 

aunt, n. ant (contr. from L. amita, an aunt), the 
sister of one's father or mother. 

aura, n. aic'-ra (L. and Gr. aura— from Gr. ao, I blow 
or breathe), a very gentle breeze; a breath; a subtle 
invisible vapour supposed to proceed from a body. 

au'ral— see under auricle. 

aurate, n. aw'-rdt (L. aurum, gold), a salt of auric 
acid: aura'ted, a. of or like gold: auric, a. aw'-rlk, 
of or from gold. 

aurelia, n. aw-rc'll-a (L. aurum, gold; aureolus, 
golden), the chrysalis of an insect : aure'lian, a. -l-dn, 
pert, to the aurelia : n. an amateur collection of in- 
sects: aureola, n. aw-re'-o-ld, a circle of rays round 
the head of a portrait, to indicate something more 
than human— popularly called a glory. 

auricle, n. aw'rl-kl (L. auricula, the ear-flap : F. 
auricule), the outside ear ; a venous chamber situated 
at the base of the heart, resembling the external ear ; 
auricled, a. a i . » ears, or things like ears : 

auricular, a. aw-rik'u-ldr, pert, to the ear; secret: 
auric'ularly, ad. -II : auric'ular confession, confession 
of sins made to a priest with a view to absolution : au- 
ric'ulate, a. -Idt, also auric'ula'ted, a. shaped like 
the ear : auriform, n. aw'-ri-fawrm (L. auris, an ear ; 
forma, a shape), in the shape of an ear : au'rist, n. 
one who studies diseases of the ear : auricula, n. aw- 
rlk'ii-hl, a species of primrose called bear's ear, a na- 
tive of Swiss Alps. 

auriferous, a. aw-rif-er-us (L. aurum, gold; few, I 
produce), that yields or produces gold. 

aurora, n. aw-ro'-rd (L. the goddess of the morning), 
the rising light of the morning ; the plant crowfoot : 
auro'ral, a. belonging to the northern lights : auro'- 
ra borealis, n. bor'-e-d'lis, shooting lights of varied 
colours seen in the northern parts of the heavens, gen- 
erally called the northern lights : -australis, n. -aws- 

'■■..■!'.■:.■ 

auscultation, n. aics'-kul-ta'-sMni (L. auscultatio, a 
listening with attention— from Gr. ous: L. auris, an 
ear; and cultus, used or exercised : F.), the method of 
discovering the extent and seat of any disease con- 
nected with the respiratory organs, by applying the 
ear to the part alone, or with the help of an instru- 
ment called a stethoscope: auscultatory, a. aws-kul- 
td-tor'-i: aus'culta'tor, n. one who. 

auspices, n. plu. div'spis-ez (L. auspicium, augury 
from birds— from avis, a bird; specio, I inspect), 
omens ; influence ; patronage and care ; protection : 
auspicious, a. aiv-spish'-us, prosperous; lucky; for- 
tunate ; favourable : auspici'ously, ad. -II: auspicious- 
ness.n. aw-sj a t ;e of favourable promise. 

austere, a. aws-ter' (L. austerus, rough: Gr. aus- 

teros: It. austero: F. austere), severe; harsh; stern; 

sour: austerely, ad. -II: austere'ness, n. : austerity, 

edit', boy, f dot; pure, bud; chair, 



austral, a. aws-trdl (L. australis, southern— from. 
ouster, the south : It. australe : F. austral), pert, to 
the south: Australasian, a. aws'-trdl-d'zhl-dn (L. 
auster, and Asia), pert, to Australasia: Australian, 
a. aws-tra'li-dn, pert, to Australia. 

Austrian, a. aws'-tri-dn, of or from Austria. 

authentic, a. aw-then'-tik, also authen'tical, a. 
-ti-kdl (F. authentique: Gr. authentes, the real author 
of any act— from auton entos, that sets himself about 
his own business), not false ; being what it professes 
to be ; not a fiction ; genuine : authen'tical ly, ad. 
-ti-kdl-i: authenticate, v. aw-then'-ti-kdt, to estab- 
lish by proof; to prove to be genuine or true: authen- 
tica'ting, imp. : authenticated, pp. : authen'tica- 
tion, n. -ka'shun, the act of proving by authority : 
authenticity, n. -tis'-l-tl, correctness as to facts; the 
not being false ; reality ; truth. Mote.— A genuine book 
is one written by the person whose name it bears ; an 
authentic book is one which relates matters of fact as 
they really happened. 

author, n. aw'-ther (L. auctor, an author— from au- 
geo, I increase : F.auteur), one who creates or produces ; 
a first mover ; a writer of a book: authoress, n. fern. 
aw'ther-es, a woman who : authority, n. aw-thor'-l-ti, 
legal power; rule; influence; credit: authorities, n. 
plu. -tiz, persons in power; standard books quoted: 
authoritative, a. aw-thor'-l-td'-tiv, having an air of 
authority; positive; peremptory: authoritatively, 
ad. -II: authorlta'tiveness, n.: authorise, v. aw'-tho- 
riz', to empower ; to make legal ; to justify : au'tho- 
ri'sing, imp. : authorised', pp. -rlzoV: au'thorisa'tion, 
n. -:("; ■■>/< I'm, the act of empowering or giving authority 
to : au'thorless, a. : au'thorship, n. 

autobiography, n. aw'to-bi-og'rdfl (Gr. autos, 
himself; bios, life; grapho, I write), a life written by 
the individual himself: au'tobi'ographlcal, a. -l-kdl, 
pert, to: au'tobi'ographlcally, ad. -II: -biog'rapher, 
n. one who. 

autocracy, n. dw-tok'-rd-sl (Gr. autos, self; kratos, 
power), government residing in a single person; 
supremacy: autocrat, n. aw'-to-krdt, a sovereign 
exercising absolute power; a title assumed by the 
emperors of Russia: autoe'ratrix, n. fern, -triks, a 
woman who : au'tocratlc, a. -ik, pert, to : also au'to- 
cratlcal, a.: au'tocratlcal ly, ad. -krdt'-l-kdl-i: au'- 
tocratlcal ness, n. 

autogeneal, a. aw'-to-je'ni-dl, also autog'enous, a. 
(iTc-tOj-c-nus (Gr. autos, self; gennao, I produce or 
generate), self-begotten or self-generating. 

autograph, n. aw'to-grdf (Gr. autos, self; grapJie, 
writing), a person's own handwriting : autographic, 
a. -Ik, also au'tographlcal, a. -l-kdl, pert, to: au'- 
tographlcally, ad. -ll: autography, n. aw-tog'rd-fl, a 
process in lithographic printing by which a writing or 
drawing is transferred from paper to stone ; original 
of a treatise. 

automalite, n. aw-tom'd-llt (Gr. automolos, a de- 
serter— alluding to oxide of zinc being present in a 
mineral not resembling an ore ; lithos, a stone), a 
mineral— a variety of corundum of a dark-green or 
black /colour. 

automath, n. aw'td-mdth (Gr. autos, self; maiv- 
thano, I learn), one who is self-taught. 

automaton, n. aw-tom'd-ton (L. and Gr. automa- 
ton,— from Gr. autos, self, and memaotes, being eager- 
ly desirous), a self-moving figure or machine; plu. 
autom'ata or autom'atons : automatic, a. cvw'to- 
mdt'-ik, also automatical, a. -i-kdl, having power 
of motion in itself ; acting from concealed machinery ; 
self-regulating : automlcal'ly, ad. -11. 

autonomasy, n. aw'-to-nom'd-si (Gr. autos, self; 
onoma, a name), in rhet., a common name used in the 
same sense as a proper name— as, he has gone to the 
city, instead of London. 

autonomy, n. aiv-ton'-o-mi (Gr. autos, self; nomos, 
a law: F. wuto m), the power or right 

of self-government; retention of national laws and 
constitution: autonomous, a. aw-ton-6-mus, under 
self-government. 

autopsy, n. - lutopsia, n. aw-top'sld 

(Gr. autos, self ; opsis, sig ht) i uthing one's self; 
ocular observation : autoptical, a. aw-top'-ti-kdl, see- 
ing with one's own eyes : autop'tical'ly, ad. -U. 

autumn, n. a i mtumn— from 

auctus, increased, abundant), the third season of the 
year, popularly beginning with August, but really 
about 21st Sept. : autum'nal, a. of or pert, to autumu. 
game jog, shun, thing, there, ze(tl. 



AUVE £ 

Auvergne, n. 6-vern', a district in central France 
noted for its extinct volcanoes and other objects of 
great interest to geologists. 

auxesis, a. awg-ze'sls (Gr. auxesis, increase), in 
rhet., a figure by which anything is magnified too 
much. 

auxiliary, a. awg-zll'td-rl (L. auxilium, help — 
from auxit, it has increased), helping; assisting: n. a 
helper; an assistant; applied to the verbs shall, will, 
may, can, must, &c. : plu. auxiliaries , -rlz, foreign 
troops : auxil'iar, a. helping. 



-bl-nSs, the power of furthering an object in 

avalanche, n. dv'd-ldnsh' (F. avalange— from a vol, 
downwards : L. — ad, to, and vallis, a valley), a vast 
body of snow sliding down a mountain ; a sudden or 
violent impulse of any mass of human beings. 

avanturine, n., also aventurine, n. d-vdn'tu-rln 
(F. par aventure, by accident), a variety of quartz 
deriving its peculiar play of colours from imbedded 
spangles, or by minute fissures of mica ; an artificial 
mineral far exceeding the natural in brilliancy ; a 
bright brown colour. 

avant-courier, n. d-v6ng'k6r'-l-d (F. avant, before), 
a runner; a person sent beforehand to give notice of 
the approach of another : avant-guard, n. -gdrd, the 
van ; the first body of an army. 

avarice, n. dv'd-rls (L. avaritia, an eager desire— 
from avarus, greedy: It. avarizia: F. avarice), an 
unbounded desire of getting and possessing wealth ; 
greediness; covetousness : avaricious, a. dv'd-rlsh- 
us, greedy of gain; covetous: av'aric'iousness, n. 
-us-nSs, greediness of gain : av'aric'iously, ad. -II. 

avast, int., ad. d-vdsf (It. basta, enough, cease : Dut. 
houd vast, hold fast), a nautical term; hold; stop; 
stay. 

avatar, n. dv'd-tdr' (Sans, avatdra, descent), the 
descent of a Hindoo deity in a visible form or in- 
carnation. 

avaunt, int. d-vawnt' (F. avant, before), begone; 
go forward. 

ave, n. d'vS (L. ave, hail— from aveo, I am happy or 
safe) : ave Maria, d'v6-mdri'-d, hail Mary— the first 
words of an address to the Virgin Mary. 

avenaceous, a. dv'S-nd'shus (L. avena, oats), of or 
like oats: avenage, n. dv'6-ndj, a stipulated quan- 
tity of oats paid as rent. 

avenge, v. d-venf (old F. avengier: new F. venger, 
to revenge— from L. vindicare, to avenge), to take 



for a real or supposed injury in a malicious or spite- 
ful manner: aven'ging, imp.: avenged, pp. d-vSnjd' : 
aven'ger, n. one who : avenge'ment, n. 

aventurine— see avan'turine. 

avenue, n. dv'S-nu (F. avenue— from L. ad, to, and 
venio, I come), a passage ; a road to ; an entrance 
into ; a shady walk under trees. 

aver, v. d-ver' (F. averer, to maintain as true— 
from L. ad, to, and verus, true), to declare positively ; 
to assert : aver'ring, imp. : averred, pp. d-verd' .- 
aver'ment, n. a positive declaration or assertion. 

average, n. dv'-er-dj (Ger. haferei, sea -damage — 
from Scand. haf or hav, the open sea,— applied to the 
money paid by those who have received their goods 
in safety to indemnify the others whose goods had 
been thrown overboard in a storm : It. avaria, calcu- 
lation and distribution of the loss arising from goods 
thrown overboard), a mean proportion ; the mean of 
any collection of sums, numbers, or quantities, found 
by dividing the totals by the number of the sums or 
quantities : adj. being in a condition common to many, 
—as a man of average height, an average crop ; v. to 
make equal to others ; to reduce to a level ; to propor- 
tion: av'era'ging, imp.: averaged, pp. dv'-er-djd'. 

averse, a. d-vers 1 (L. a, from ; verto, I turn ; versus, 
turned), disinclined to; unfavourable to; unwilling: 
averse'ly, ad. -II: averse'ness, n.: aversion, n. d-ver- 
shun, dislike to ; hatred ; repugnance of mind : avert', 
v. d-vert', to turn aside or away from; to take off: 
avert'ing, imp.: avert'ed, pp.: avert'er, n. one who. 

aviary, n. a'-vi-dr'-i (L. avis, a bird), a bird-cage ; 
a place where birds are kept. 

avicula, n. d-vlk-u-ld (L. a little bird), a free un- 



AXE 

equal-valved fossil shell fixing itself by a byssus, the 



eagerness; gri inse desire. 

avocation, n. dv'-o-kd'-shun (L. avocatio, a calling 
off from any occupation— from a, from ; voco, I call), 
a calling from ; occupation ; business. 

avoid, v. d-voyd' (L. a, from; vito, I shun; vacuus, 
empty : F. vuide, empty), to keep at a distance from ; 
to shun ; to evacuate ; to become vacant : avoidable, 
a. d-voyd'-d-bl, that can be kept from or shunned: 
avoid'ance, n. -dns, the act of : avoiding, imp. : 
avoid'ed, pp. : avoid'er, n. one who. 

avoirdupois, n. or a. av-r'r'-iiu-pwiz' (F. avoir, to 
have ; du, of the ; poids, weight), goods that sell by 
weight ; the weight of 16 oz. to the pound employed 
in the selling of all kinds of goods sold by weight, ex- 
cept silver and gold. 

avouch, v. d-voluch' (F. avouer, to avow— applied 
to the admission by a tenant of a certain person as his 
feudal superior ; called in L. advocare), to affirm ; 
to assert; to affirm in favour of: avouch'ing, imp.: 
avouched, pp. d-vowcht': avouch'er, n. one who. 

avow, v. d-vdw' (see above), to declare openly with 
a view to justify ; to own or confess : avow'ing, imp.: 
avowed, pp. d-vowd '.- avow'er, n. one who: avow- 
able, a. d-vow'-d-bl, that may be openly acknowledged : 
avow'al, n. an open confession or declaration : avow'- 
edly, ad. -li. 

avulsed, a. d-vulst' (L. a, from ; vulsus, plucked or 
pulled), plucked or pulled off: avulsion, n. d-vtil'sh tin 
(F. avulsion), a pulling or tearing asunder one thing 
from another. 

await, v. d-wdt' (F. guetter, to watch ; a and wait — 
which see), to look for; to be ready for: await'ing, 
imp. : await'ed, pp. 

awake, v. d-ivakf (AS. awacian—see wake), to rouse 
from sleep ; to infuse new life into : adj. not sleep- 
ing: awa'king, imp.: awaked, pp. d-wakt: awoke', 
pt. d-w6k': awaken, v. d-wdk'n, same meaning as 
awake: awakening, imp. d-wdk'nlng : n. a revival 
of religion : awakened, pp. d-wdk'-ind : awa'kener, 
n. one who. 

award, v. d-waYvrd" (prov. F. esivarder, to inspect 
goods : It. guardare : F. regarder, to look at), to 
assign to by sentence : n. a sentence ; the decision of 
arbitrators : award'ing, imp. : awarded, pp.: award' - 
er, n. one who. 

aware, a. d-wdr' (AS. gewaere: old H. Ger. gawar), 
informed of; foreseeing; vigilant. 

away, ad. d-wa' (AS. aweg: prov. Ger. eweg), at a 
distance ; absent : int. begone. 

awe, n. aw (AS. ege: Dan. ave, correction, fear: Icel. 
cegir, terrible), fear mingled with reverence ; solemn 
dread : v. to influence by fear ; to strike with rever- 
ence : aw'ing, imp.: awed, pp. awd: aweless, a.: awe'- 
struck, impressed or struck with awe : awful, a. aw- 
fffbl, terrible ; dreadful: aw'fully,ad.-M; aw'fulness,n. 

aweary, a. d-wer'-l (AS. a and weary), weary ; tired. 

awhile, ad. d-hwll' (a and while), for a short time. 

awkward, a. awk'werd (AS. awoh, awry: Icel. «/- 
gata, a side-way : Swed. a/wig, inside out : F. gauche, 
left hand), clumsy ; bungling ; unable to use hands or 
tools easily: awk'wardly, ad. -II: awk'wardness, n. 

awl, n. awl (AS. ml: Ger. aide: Icel. air), a shoe- 
maker's tool for boring holes : awl'-shaped. 

awme or aume, n. awm (Ger. aum), a German mea- 
sure of capacity for liquids, especially for the Rhenish 
wines, containing 41 English wine-gallons. 

awn, n. awn (Icel. ogn : Sw. agn : Gr. achne, chaff), the 
beard of corn or grass : awnless, a. : awn'y, a. awn'l, 
pert, to : awned, a. awnd, furnished with awns. 

awning, n. awn'tng (Low Ger. havenung— from, 
haven, a place for shelter from wind or rain), a cover 
spread above the deck of a vessel, or any open place, 
to afford a shade. 

awry, a. or ad. d-rl' (AS. a, and writhe, to twist— 
which see), asquint ; unevenly ; uneven ; crooked. 

axe, n. dks (AS. cex: Icel. bxi: Dan. bkse: Gr. 
axine, an axe), a well-known iron instrument : axe'- 
head, n. : axe'-shaped, a. : axe'-stone, a mineral ; a 
sub-species of jade, of a deep sea-green or leek colour, 
used by the New Zealanders and certain South Sea 
islanders in making hatchets, &c. : axinite, n. dk'- 
sln-lt, a mineral, one of the garnet family— so called 
from the axe-like form of its crystals. 



mOie, mdt,far, law; mSte, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



AXIA 

axial, a.— see axis. 

axil, n. dk'sll (L. axilla, the arm-pit: Dut. oxel: 
Scot, oxter), the arm-pit ; in hot., the upper angle 
formed by the attachment of a leaf or branch to its 
support: axillar, a. dk'sl-ldr, or ax'illar'y, a. pert, to 
the arm-pit ; arising from the axil in plants. 

axiom, n. ak'si-iim (Gr. axioma, an established 
principle: F. axiome), a self-evident truth; an estab- 
lished principle in an art or science : axiomatic, a. 
dk'-sl-omdt'lk, also axiomatical, a. -l-kdl: axio- 
matical ly, ad. -kdl-l. 

axis, n. dk'sls (L. axis: Gr. axon, a pole or axle- 
tree : Sans, aksha, a wheel), the line, real or supposed, 
round which anything revolves : axial, a. of or relat- 
ing to an axis : axle, n. dk'-sl, called also axle-tree, the 
wooden or iron bar round the ends of which wheels 
can turn; in hot., the central portion of the young 
plant whence the plumule and radicle are given off; 
the central organ-bearing buds : axled, a. dk'-sld, fur- 
nished with axils. 

axotomous, a. dk-sot'6-miis (Gr. axon, an axis; 
temno, I cut) applied to minerals that can be cleaved 
in one particular direction. 

axunge, n. dk'-sunj , also axungea, dk-sun'-ji-d 
(L. axis, an axle-tree ; unguo, I smear), the hardest 
and firmest part of the fat of animals ; hog's lard. 

ay, ad. d'l, or as pron. I (AS. gea: Ger. ja, yea, yes), 
yea; yes; certainly; indeed; more than that: int. 
noting a complaint: ayes, n. plu. d'lz, used in the 
House of Commons when counting the votes— those 
voting in favour of a motion are called the ayes, those 
voting against it are called the noes, nOz: ay, ay, 
yes, yes. 



BACK 

;, al- 

Aymestry limestone, a'-mis-trl-, according to 
Murchison, the middle member of the Ludlow group 
of Silurian strata— from Aymestry, Hereford, where 
it is well exposed. 

Ayrstone, n. ar'ston, a soft variety of whetstone 
found on the Water of Ayr — called also snake-stone, 
from its mottled appearance. 

azimuth, n. dz'i-muth (Ar. assamt, a way or path), 
in astron., the angular distance of a celestial object 
from the north or south point of the horizon (accord- 
ing as it is the north or south pole which is elevated) 
when the object is referred to the horizon by a verti- 
cal circle: azimuthal, a. dz'l-muth'dl, pert, to: azi- 
muth compass, an instrument adapted for observing 
bearings, consisting of a magnetic bar or needle mov- 
ing freely in a horizontal plane on a vertical pivot. 

azoic, a. d-zo'lk (Gr. a, without; zoe, life), without 
life ; wholly destitute of life : azote, n. dz'ot, nitrogen 
gas, the breathing of which causes death: azotic, 
a. d-zot'lk, pert, to: azotised, a. dz'o-tlzd, containing 
nitrogen or azote. 

azure, n. a'zhdbr (F. azur: It. azurro blue— from 
Pers. lazur), the blue colour of the sky: adj. of a 
sky-blue colour : azured, a. d'zhobrd, being of an 
azure colour : azure-stone, so named from its colour ; 
a familiar name for the lapis lazuli : azurite, n. dz'-u- 
rlt, blue carbonate of copper; a prismatic azure spar. 

azygous, a. dz'l-gus (Gr. a, without; zugon, a yoke), 
in anat., without a fellow or corresponding part. 

azymous, a. dz'i-mus (Gr. a, without ; zume, leaven), 
unf ermented or unleavened— applied to sea-biscuit. 



B.A., bachelor of arts— see A.B. : B.C., initial letters 
of "Before Christ": B.D., bachelor of divinity: B.L., 
bachelor of laws : B, name of a musical sound. 

Baal, n. bd'dl (Ar. the idol: Heb. lord), a high object 
of worship among the anc. Chaldeans and Syrians, 
supposed to represent the sun. 

babble, v. bab'-bl (F. babiller, to prattle : Dut. bob- 
bel, babbling ; babbelen, to chatter), to talk idly ; to 
utter words imperfectly as children ; to tell secrets : 
n. senseless talk : bab'bler, n. an idle talker : bab'bling. 
imp. : n. foolish talk: babbled, pp. bdb'bld. 

babe, n. bab, also baby, n. ba'-bl (W. baban: F. 
poupee : It. bambino, a babe : Dut. poppe, a bunch of 
flax, a doll), a young child of either sex : babish, a. 
bd'blsh, childish; also babyish, a. bd'-bi-lsh: ba'bish- 
ly, ad. -II; also, babyishly, ad. bd'-bl-ish'll .- ba'bish- 
ness, n. : ba'byhood, n. : babyism, n. bd'bl-lzm. 

babel, n. bd-bil (Heb.), confusion like that of the 
Tower of Babel, where the confusion of languages 
took place : babel-quartz, a variety of rock-crystal. 

babingtonite, n. bdb'lng-t6n-if (after Dr Babing- 
ton), a mineral of the hornblende family, occurring in 
small black attached crystals. 

baboon, n. bd-bon' (Dut. baviaan: old E. baber- 
lipped, from its large lips : F. babouin, a monkey— 
from babines, the large lips of a beast), a monkey of 
ttie largest kind. 

Babylonian, a. bdb'l-lo'nl-dn, Bab'ylo'nish, a., or 
Babylonic, a. bdb'l-ldn'lk, of or relating to Babylon; 
mixed or confused. 

baccate, a. bdk'kdt (L. bacca, a berry), resembling 
berries: baccated, a. bdk'kd-ted, having many ber- 
ries: bacciferous, a. bdk-s'if-er-us (L. bacca; fero, I 
produce), producing berries : baccivorous, a. bdk-slv- 
or-us (L. bacca; voro, I devour), berry-eating. 

bacchanal, n. bdk'kd-ndl, also bacchanalian, n. 
bdk'kd-nd'll-dn (L. and Gr. Bacchus, the heathen god 
placed over (irinking and feasting), one who indulges 
to excess in intoxicating drinks ; one engaged in noisy 
and drunken revels : adj. riotous; pertaining to revel- 
ling and drinking: bac'chanals, n. plu. -ndlz, also 
bac'chana'lia, n. plu. -na'll-d, drunken feasts ; feasts 
in honour of Bacchus : bacchic, a. bdk'klk, jovial ; 
drunken: bacchantes, n. plu. bdkkdn'tez, the per- 
sons who took part in the festivals of Bacchus. 

bachelor, n. bdch'6-ler (old F. bachelier, a lad: 
W. bachgen, a boy : low L. baccalaureus), an unmar- 
ried man of any age ; one who has taken the first de- 
free in arts in a college or university; a knight: 
ach'elorship, n. : bachelorism, n. 

coTv, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, 



back, n. b&k (Icel. bak: Pol. opak, the wrong way: 
Fin. paha, bad), the upper part in animals, and the 
hinder part in man ; the rear ; the part out of sight ; a 
miner's term for joints ; that part of a mineral lode 
nearest the surface : adj. that is situated behind ; pre- 
vious : v. to mount ; to support ; to put or move back : 
ad. to the place from whence one came ; to a former 
state or condition; behind; not advancing again: 
backing, imp. : backed, bdkt, pp. : backer, n. bdk'er, 
one who supports another in a contest: backs and 
cutters, applied to a jointed structure— the backs run- 
ning in lines less or more parallel to the strike of the 
strata, the cutters crossing these, generally at right 
angles: backs, n. plu., among leather -dealers, the 
leather selected from the thickest and stoutest ox- 
hides : backing of the wind, when the wind appears 
to shift against the sun's course, being a sign of more 
wind or bad weather. 

back, n. bak, also bac, n. bdk (Bret, bac, a boat: Dut. 
back, a trough : Dan. bakke, a tray), a brewer's vat or 
large open tub for containing beer; a ferry-boat: 
backet, n. bdk'St (from back, in the sense of a wide 
open vessel ; F. baquet, a tub or pail), in a kitchen, a 
wooden or iron vessel for carrying coal or ash. 

backbite, v. bdk'blt (see back), to slander ; to speak 
ill of a person behind his back : backbiting, imp. : n. 
the act of slandering the absent : backbitten, pp. 
bak'blt-Un: backbiter, n. -bi-ter, one who. 

backbone, n. bdk'bon (see back), the bone of the 
back ; the vertebral column ; the watershed of a dis- 
trict. 

backdoor, n. bdk'dor (see back), a back or private 
passage ; an indirect way. 

backgammon, n. bdk-gdra'mon (Dan. bakke, a tray; 
gammen, a game), a game played with a box and dice. 

background, n. bdk'grdwnd (see back), ground in 
the rear or behind ; parts dimly seen ; in a picture, the 
part behind and subordinate to the principal figures : 
backroom, n. bdk'rdm, a room in the back part of the 
house: backside, n. bdk'sld, the hinder part; the 
rear: backpiece, n. bdk'pes, piece of armour which 
covers the back : backsettler, n. bdk-s&t'ler, one set- 
tled in the outlying districts of a new country : back'- 
handed, a. (back and hand), with the hand turned 
backward ; indirect : backlng-up, in cricket and other 
games, the act of stopping the ball and driving it back. 

backshish or backsheesh, n. bdk'shish (Pers. 
bakhshish, to give), in the East, a present or gratuity 
of money. 

backslide, v. bdk'slld (see back), to fall off; to turn 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



BACK i 

away from gradually : backsli'ding, imp. : backslider, 
n. bdk-sll'-der, one who falls from religion and the 
practice of virtue. 

backstairs, n. plu. bdk'-stdrz (see back), the stairs 
in the back part of a house ; a private or indirect way : 
back'stair, a. indirect ; private ; undue : backsword, 
n. bdk'-sOrd, a sword having a hack and one sharp 
edge : backstaff, n. bdk'-stdf, an instrument for taking 
altitudes. 

backward, a. bdk'-werd (back and ward), unwilling ; 
slow ; dull : ad. , also back'wards, back ; in time past ; 
towards the back: back'wardly, ad. -II: backward- 
ness, n. 

backwoods, n. plu. bdk'woodz (back and woods), 
the unsettled parts of a new country : backwoodsman, 
n. bdk'wdbdz-mdn, one who inhabits the far-off woods 
in America. 

bacon, n. bd'kn (old Dut. backe, a pig ; old F. bacon), 
swine's flesh salted and dried. 

Baconian, a. bd-ko'nl-dn, of or pert, to Bacon or 
his philosophy. 

bactris, n. bdk'trts (Gr. baktron, a cane, from the 
smaller stems being formed into walking-sticks), a 
fine species of palms ; one of the species producing a 
fruit of the size of a cherry. 

baculite, n. bdk'-u-llt (L. baculum, a staff), a fossil 
shell of the chalk epoch, straight, many chambered, 
and conical— prevails in the chalk of Normandy. 

baculometry, n. bdk-u-ldm'6-trl (L. baculum, a 
staff: Gr. m'etron, a measure), the art of measuring 
accessible or inaccessible distances or lines by the help 
of staves or rods. 

bad, a. bdd (Ger. bose: Dut. boos: Pers. bud, bad), 
ill ; evil ; hurtful ; opposite of good : badly, ad. -II, 
not well : bad'ness, n. 

bade, v. bdd, past of bid, which see. 

badge, n. bdj (Ger. batz, a dab, a coarse patch ; 
batzen, to patch), a mark or sign of distinction: 
badge'less, a. 

badger, n. bdj'er (F. bladier, a corn-dealer— in al- 
lusion to some of the habits of the animal), an animal 
that burrows in the ground : v. to pester ; to tease : 
bad'gering, imp. : badgered, pp. bdj'erd. 

badigeon, n. bdd'-l-zhun (F.), a preparation of saw- 
dust, slaked lime, powdered stone, and alum, for col- 
ouring the walls of houses ; a mixture of plaster and 
freestone used by sculptors in repairing defects in 
their work ; a kind of cement used by joiners, &c. 

badinage, n. bdd'l-ndzh' (F. a joke), banter; play- 



brow: 

baffle, v. bdf'fl (Norm. F., beffler, to deceive or 
mock: F. bafouer, to ridicule or disgrace: Sp. befar: 
It. beffare, to jeer), to escape detection ; to elude ; to 
confound; to defeat: baffling, imp. bdj "-fling: baf- 
fled, pp. bdf'fld: baffler, n. one who. 

bag, n. bdg, (Gael, balg, a leather bag or wallet: Ger. 
balg, the skin of an animal), a sack ; a pouch ; a purse : 
v. to put into a sack; to puff up or out: bagging, 
imp.: n. bdg'-glng, the cloth or coarse materials for 
making bags ; the act of putting into bags : bagged, 
pp. bdgd: bag'man, n. a person employed to solicit 
orders for a manufacturer. 

bagasse, n. bd-gds' (F.), the sugar-cane after it has 
been pressed, used for fuel in the sugar manufactories 
— in the Antilles called bagauz, n. bd-gauiz'. 

bagatelle, n. bdg'-d-UV (F, also F. bague, a trifle— 
from L. bacca, a berry), a trifle ; a thing of no import- 
ance ; name of a game. 

baggage, n. bdg'gdj (F. bagage, luggage— from old 
F. bagues, goods : AS. beag, a ring of silver or gold as 
a type of value : Icel. baugr), all the articles necessary 
for an army ; luggage ; things required for a journey. 



bagnio, n. bdn'-yO (It. bagno, a bath— from L. bal- 
neum), a bath ; a prison ; a bad house. 

bagpipes, n. bdg'-plps (bag andpipe), a mus ( 
instrument: bagpiper, n. one who plays the bagpipes. 

baguette, n. bd-getf (F. a rod or wand), in arch., a 
small round moulding less than an astragal. 

baikalite, n. bd'-kdl-lt, a dingy, green crystalline 
variety of the mineral augite found at the mouth of 
one of the rivers that fall into Lake Baikal, Siberia. 

baikerite, n. bd'ker-lt, a chocolate-brown-coloured 
mineral wax, found near Lake Baikal, Siberia. 

bail, v. bar (old F. bailler, to deliver: F. bail, a 
giving over, a granting: It. balia, power— from L. 
bajulus, a bearer, generally with authority), to set 



I BALD 

free ; to liberate on the security of another ; to lave 
out or free from water : n. surety for another : bailing, 
imp. : bailed, pp. bald: bailable, a. bdl'dbl, that may 
be bailed: bail'bond, n. a written security given for 
the appearance of a prisoner to take his trial: bail- 
ment, n. delivery of goods in trust: bailee, n. bale', 
he to whom goods are, delivered in trust or on bail. 

bailey, n. bdl'l (law L. ballium), an area of ground 
within the walls of a fortress— applied to a prison, as 
Old Bailey: bailie, n., or baillie, bdl'l (F. laillie, an 
ambassador), Scotch name for an alderman or magis- 
trate of a burgh. 

bailiff, n. bdl'i/(V. b<iUli—<i<-<> bail), an officer of ju ,- 
tice; an agent or steward over land: bailiwick, n. 
bdl'iywik (F. and AS. ivic), the limits of a bailiff's 
authority or jurisdiction. 

Baily's Beads, in astron., an appearance as of a 
string of beads round the sun in an eclipse. 

Bairam, n. bl'-rdm, a festival among the Turks» 
celebrated for three days immediately after the fast 
of Ramazan. 

bait, n. bdt (AS. batan, to bait a hook : Icel. beit : Sw. 
bete, pasture, grazing : Sw. beta, food), any substance 
put on a hook to entice fish to swallow it; anything 
to allure or entice ; refreshment taken on a journey; 
v. to allure by food ; to give food or drink to a beast 
on a journey; to refresh with food on a journey: 
baiting, imp.: baited, pp. but -nil. 

bait, v. bdt (AS. betan, to kindle a fire by blowing 
it up : old F. abetter, to incite), to provoke and harass 
with the help of others ; to attack with violence, as 
with dogs: baiting, imp. : bait'ed, pp. 

baize, n. bdz (F. baye: Dut. baey: probably Baiae, 
where first made), a coarse woollen stuff. 

bake, v. bdk, (Icel. baka, to warm: Ger. bdhen, to 
foment : Dut. backern, to warm one's self), to harden 
by fire or the heat of the sun ; to dress food in an oven 
or by fire: ba'king, imp. : n. the quantity baked at one 
time: baked, pp. bdkt, or baken, pp. bd'-kin: baiter, 
n. one whose employment is to bake : ba'kery, n. ba- 
ker -l, the place where bread is baked; also bake'- 
house. 

balaenidse, n. plu. bd-le-nl-de (Gr. phalaina, or L. 
balozna, a whale), the whale family ; the fossil remains 
of great whales : balsenodon, n. bd-le'nO-don (L. baloz- 
na, a whale : odous, gen. odontos, a tooth), sub-fossil 
teeth of whales, not exactly referable to any known 
species. 

balance, n. bdl'dns (F. : It. bilancia: Sp. balanza 
— fromL. bis, double ; lanx, gen. lands, a dish), a pair of 
scales ; part of a watch ; equality of weights, power, or 
force ; the difference between the debtor and creditor 
side of an account ; overplus ; a sign of the zodiac ; the 
sum due on an account : v. to make equal ; to settle ; 
to regulate and adjust ; to have equal weight, power, 
or influence; to hesitate: bal'ancing, imp. : balanced, 
pp. bdl'-dnst: bal'ancer, n. one who. 

balanite, n. bdl'-d-nit (L. balanus, an acorn: Gr. 
balanos), a name applied to fossil shells of the bar- 
nacle family, whose shells generally consist of six 
principal valves arranged in conical form : balanoid, 
a. bdl'd-ndyd (Gr. balanos, an acorn ; eidos, a form), 
applied to a family of barnacles having shells ar- 
ranged conically like an acorn. 

balass, n. bdl'-ds (Sp. balax: F. balais), a lapidary's 
term for the varieties of the spinel ruby of a fine rose- 
red colour inclining to orange. 

balaustine, n. bd-laws'tin (Gr. balaustion, a pome- 
granate flower), the wild pomegranate tree: balaus- 
ta, n. bd-laws'td, fruit formed like the pomegranate ; 
an indehiscent inferior fruit, with many cells and 
seeds, the seed beinj with pulp. 

balcony, n. bdl'-ko-nl (F. balcon: It. balcone.- Per?. 
bala khaneh, an upper chamber), a railed-in raised 
space or platform in front of a house, usually before the 
windows: balconied, a. bdl'ko-nld, having balconies. 

bald, a. bawld (Fin. paljas, naked, bare: Dan. 
bceldet, unfledged: Gr. balios, speckled with white 
hair; Sp. pelado, hairless), wanting hair; destitute of 
natural cover-in;, rial u legant; in bot., without 

beard or awn ; having a white mark on the face : 
baldly, ad. -II: bald'ness, n. : bald-faced, having a 
white mark on the face, as a stag: bald-coot, a black- 
bird with a conspicuous excrescence of white skin 
above its beak. 

baldachin, n. bdl'dd-Mn (It. baldacchino : Sp. balda- 
quino, a canopy), in arch., a structure within a build- 



m&te, milt, far, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, mOve; 



balderdash, n. b awl -der- dash (W. baldorddi, to bab- 
ble or prate : Dut. balderen, to bawl : Dan. buldre, to 
make a loud noise), words jumbled together without 
sense, taste, or judgment. 

baldrick, n. bawl'-drlk (Icel. belli : L. balteus, a belt), 
a girdle or richly ornamented belt ; a shoulder-belt. 

bale, n. bdl (F. balle: Swed. bah It. balla, a pack of 
goods: Dut. -lie or package of goods. 

bale, v. bal, (Swed. balja: Dan. balle: Dut. baalien, 
to empty out water with a pail), to free from water 
by laving it out, as in a boat : ba'ling, imp. : n. the act 
of freeing from water, as a boat : baled, pp. bala. 

baleful, a. bal'-fool (AS. bealo, torment: Icel. bol, 
calamity), mischievous ; destructive; sorrowful: bale'- 
fully, ad. -ll: bale 'fulness, n. 

Balearic, a. bai'-e-ar-lk (L. baleares: from Gr. ballein, 
to throw— Tii i in,' good slingers), of or 

relating to Majorca and Minorca, islands in the Medi- 
terranean Sea. 

balister or ballister, n. bcll'-Xs-ter— see baluster. 

balistes, n. bd-lis'tez (Gr. ballo or baleso, I strike, 
as with a dart), an extensive genus of fishes ; the file- 
fish, so called from its rough, jagged, and dart-like fin- 
spines. 

balk, v. bawk (Icel. balkr, a division between stalls: 
Sw. balka, to partition off; balk, a hewn beam), 
to disappoint ; to frustrate ; to refuse : n. a ridge of 
unploughed land ; a beam ; sudden disappointment : 



er, u. one who signals to the fishermen the course of 
the herring-shoals. 

ball, n. bawl (F. balle: It. palla: Sp. bala: L. pila), 
a round body ; a globe ; a bullet ; a child's toy : v. to 
form into a ball: balling, imp.: balled, pp. bawld: 
ball-cock, a hollow metal globe attached to the end of 
a lever to regulate the supply of water in a cistern, by 
floating on the surface of the water: ball and socket, 
an instrument or joint of brass with a perpetual screw, 
movable in any direction, very useful in scientific in- 
struments, &c : ball-cartridge, a cartridge having^a 
bullet besides powder. 

ball, n. bawl (It. ballare, to shake or jog: old F. 
baler, to move or stir: mid. L. ballare, to move back- 
wards and forwards : Gr. ballo, I leap or bound), an 
entertainment of dancing. 

ballad, n. bal'iad (F. ballade, a song: 'It. ballata, 
a song sung in dancing), a simple popular song : bal- 
ladry, n. bdl'-ldd-ri, the subject or style of ballads: 
ballad-singer, one who sings ballads on the streets. 

ballast, n. bal'-ldst (AS. bat, a boat ; hlaest, load : 
Dan. bag-lest, the back load or worthless load), any 
heavy substance placed at the bottom of a ship or 
boat to steady it ; the load of sand, stones, &c, which 
a ship carries when there is no cargo; the gravel, 
broken stones, &c, placed on the permanent way of a 
railway, immediately under the sleepers and rails, in 
order to steady them : v. to steady ; to load with bal- 
last : ballasting, imp. •. ballasted, pp. 

ballet, n. bal'-la (F. : It. ballo, a dance), a kind of 
dance ; a scena acted in dancing in a theatre, and 
associated with music. 

ballista, n. bdhlls'td (L.— from Gr. ballo, I throw), 
a military engine used by the ancients for throwing 
stones. 

balloon, n. bdl-lon' (F. ballon, a football: It. bal- 
lone— see ball), any round hollow body; a spherical 
body filled with light gas, so as to rise and float in the 
air : balloon'ing, n. the art of ascending in balloons : 
balloon'ist.n. one who : air'-balloon, one raised into the 
atmosphere by being filled with a gas lighter than air : 
fire-balloon, one filled and raised by rarefied or heated 
air by placing fire under its mouth. 

ballon, n. bdl'-lon (F.— see ball), a round globe on the 
top of a pillar ; a round short-necked vessel used as 
receiver in distillation. 

ballot, n. bed-lot (F. ballotte, a little ball— from 
balle, a ball), a little ball used in voting ; a ticket or 
written vote : v. to choose or vote by ballot : ballot- 
ing, imp. : balloted, pp. bdVlot-ed. 

balm, n. bam (F. baume— from Gr. balsamon: L. 
badsamum, balsam), a fragrant plant; a valuable 
ointment that soothes a nd that which soothes, 

mitigates, or heals : v. to anoint with balm ; to 
soothe: balm'ing, imp.: banned, pp. bdmd: balmy, 
a. bdm% like balm; mild; soothing: balmily, ad. 
i-ll: balmlness, n. : balsam, n. bdwl'-sdm, a soothing 
ointment of an oily nature; a semi-fluid resin: 
balsamic, a. bdl-sdra'Xk, or balsamical, a. -l-kdl, 



BAND 



lcally, ad. -It: barsamrt erous, a. -If-tr-us (L. — ; 
fero, I produce): balm of Gilead, or balsam of 
Mecca, common names for the resinous juice of the 
balsam-tree of Syria, reckoned very precious : balsam 
of sulphur, an ointment prepared from sulphur and 
oil of turpentine : balsam of Saturn, an ointment pre- 
pared from sugar of lead and oil of turpentine, &c. : 
balsam'ics, n. plu. -iks, in med., applied to several 
preparations for external use. 

Baltic, a. bawl'ttk (old Sw. batlt, as two of its en- 
trances are still called: L. balteus, a belt), from the 
Baltic or its shores, or relating to them. 

baluster, n. bdl'us-ter (F. balustre: It. balaustro -. 
Sp. barauste — from bara or vara, a rod), a little 
pillar ; a small column or pilaster ; corruptly spelt 
bannisters when placed as a guard to a staircase: 
balustered, a, arnished with balusters: 

balustrade, n. bdl'-us-trdd (F.), a row of little pillars 
united by a coping, serving as a fence for stair-cases, 
&c. 

bamboo, n. bdm-bo' (Malay, bambu), a strong 
Indian reed, with hollow-jointed stems. 

bamboozle, v. bdm-bd'zl (Dut. bum, to hum, and 
baesen, to rave or talk idly), to deceive ; to confound ; 
to mislead : bamboo'zling, imp. : bamboo'zled, pp. 
-zld. 

ban, n. bdn (L. bannire, to call to the ban or stand- 
ard : Sp. or It. bando, a decree, banns of marriage : Sw. 
bann, excommunication), a public notice ; a curse ; a 
censure ; an interdict ; in Slavonia, the viceroy or 
lord-lieutenant : v. to curse; to interdict; to pro- 
claim : ban'ning, imp. : banned, pp. bdnd : bans or 
banns, a proclamation in church necessary to con- 
stitute a legal marriage. 

banana, n. bd-nd'-nd (Sp.), an herbaceous plant and 
its fruit, differing from the plantain in having its 
stalks marked with dark purple stripes and spots, 

), a word used 

to denote the difference in value between 
bank-money and current money on the Continent ; a 
bench: sittings in banco, so called when all the 
judges of a court are present. 

band, n. bdnd (from the verb to bind : Goth, bandi : 
F. bande: It. banda, a strip, a band: Ger. bande, bor- 
der, margin), that with which anything is bound ; a 
narrow strip of cloth or similar material for binding 
or swathing ; a stripe or streak of different colour or 
material ; a cord ; a fillet ; a tie : in arch. , a low mould- 
ing : v. to join or tie together : band'ing, imp. : band'ed, 
pp. : bandage, n. bdn'-daj, a fillet ; a swath ; a long 
narrow strip of cloth used in binding up a wound or 
an infirmity : v. to tie up with a strip of cloth ; to dress 
with a bandage: ban'daging, imp.: bandaged, pp. 
bdn'dajd: bandbox, n. ho. ;/. light paper box: 

bandlet, n. band-let, also ban'delet (F. bandelette, a 
little band), in arch., a flat moulding or fillet: ban- 
doleers, n. plu. bdn'-do-lerz' (F. bandouliere), small 
wooden cases covered with leather, each containing 
powder | sufficient for a charge; the shoulder-belts 
worn by anc. musketeers : ban'dog, a kind of large 
dog; a mastiff. 

band, n. bdnd (It. banda : F. bande, a band or com- 
pany : It. bandare, to side : Sp. banda, a side or 
party: F. bander, to join in league with), a company 
of men united for any common object or design ; a 
body of soldiers ; a body of musicians : v. to unite to- 

§ ether in confederacy ; to associate : band'ing, imp. : 
and'ed, pp. : band'er, one who : train-bands, trcln'- 
bdndz, regiments composed of citizens of London, who 
used to be drilled after the manner of the militia. 

bandit, n. bdn'dlt; banditti, n. plu. bcin-dit'e, also 
bandits (It. bandito, one proclaimed or denounced — 
from It. and mid. L. bandire, to proclaim, to de- 
nounce), an outlaw ; a robber ; a highwayman. 

bandore, n. bdn'dor (Sp. bandurria— from Gr. 
pandoura, a musical instrument with three strings), 
a stringed musical instrument like a lute. 

bandrol, n. bdn'drol, also written ban'nerol (F. 
banderole, a little flag or streamer), in the army, the 
little flag attached to a trumpet. 

bandy, v. bin > to drive the ball from 

side to side at tennis— from Sp. banda, a side), to beat 
to and fro, as a ball in play ; to exchange ; to retort ; 
to give by turns ; to contend : n. a bent club for 
striking a ball at play : ban'dying, imp. : bandied, 
pp. ban-did: ban'dier, n. one who: ban'dy-legs, (F. 



bander, to bend), crooked legs. 
boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, (here, seal. 



BANE 



deadly quality ; any fatal cause of mischief: baneful, 
a. bdn'-fool, poisonous ; pernicious : bane'fully, ad. -II : 
bane'fulness, n. : bane -wort, n. bdn-wert, deadly 
nightshade. 

bang, v. bdng (Sw. tang, stir, tumult: Goth. 
banja, a blow ; imitative of the sound of a blow), to 
treat or handle roughly ; to shut with a loud noise, as 
a door : n. a heavy blow ; the thump or sound of a 
stroke ; an intoxicating Turkish drug : bang'ing, imp. : 
banged, pp. bdngd. 

bangles, n. bdng'-glz, ornaments worn on the arms 
and ankles in India and Africa. 

bangue, n. bdng, also spelt bang (Sans, bhangga, 
hemp : F. and Sp. bangue), the prepared leaf of Indian 
hemp, used as a stimulant in the East. 

Banian, a. bdn'ydn (from the Bannians in India, 
who abstain from animal food), among seamen, applied 
to those days on which they receive no butcher's 
meat: n. the Indian fig-tree; a Hindoo of the trading 
caste. 

banish, v. bdn'ish (F. bannir, to banish: mid. L. 
bannire, to proclaim, to denounce — see ban and ban- 
dit), to condemn to exile ; to compel to leave a country ; 
to send as a prisoner to another country : banishing, 
imp.: banished, pp. bdn'lsht: banishment, n. the 
state of being sent out of a country as a criminal ; a 
driving away. 

banister, n. bdn'ls-ter, corrupted from baluster, 
which see. 

bank, n. bdngk (F. banc : Ger. bank, a bench, a bank : 
It. banco, a bench, a merchant's place of business), a 
mound or ridge of earth ; any steep ascent ; a heap of 
anything ; a place where a collection of money is kept ; 
the margin of a river or the sea: v. to raise up a 
mound of earth or a dyke to enclose; to deposit 
money in a bank : bank'ing, imp. : adj. pert, to a 
bank : banked, pp. bdngkt : bank'er, n. one who deals 
in money: banking, n. the business or employment 
of a bank: adj. of or relating to the business of bank- 
ing: bank'able, a. -d-bl, receivable at a bank: bank- 
note, an en<*raved form or bill, properly signed and 
attested, issued by a bank, and bearing a promise to 
pay on demand, in gold or silver, a certain specified 
sum : bank-stock, shares in the trading capital of a 
bank. 

bankrupt, n. bdngk'rilpt (It. banco, a merchant's 
place of business : L. ruptus, broken : It. bancarotta), 
any one who becomes unable to pay his just debts : 
adj. declared to be in debt beyond the power of pay- 
ment : v. to disable one from paying the claims of his 
creditors: bankrupting, imp.: bankrupted, pp. 
bankruptcy, n. bdngk'rupt'sl, the state of being a 
bankrupt ; failure in trade. 

banner, n. bdn'ner (F. banniere: It. bandiera — 
from banda, a strip of cloth : Goth, bandva, a sign), a 
square flag ; a flag or ensign : bannered, a. bdn'ner d, 
bearing banners: ban'nerless, a. without a banner: 
banneret, n. bdn'ner-et, a little banner : knight ban'- 
neret, a knight of a higher order privileged to raise 
his own banner in the field : ban'nerol, n. a little flag. 

Bannians, n. plu. bdn'ydnz, a religious sect among 
the East Indians who believe in the transmigration of 
souls, and consequently abstain from the use of the 
flesh of animals. 

bannock, n. bdn'ndk (Scot.), a cake made of oat- 
meal or peasemeal. 

banns, n. bdnz (see ban), public notice of an in- 
tended marriage given in a church. 

banquet, n. bdng'-kio&t (F.— from bangue, a bench 
or table : It. banchetto, diminutive of banco, a bench 
or table), a feast ; a rich entertainment ; anything de- 
lightful : v. to feast ; to treat with a feast : ban'queter, 
n. one who : ban'queting, imp. : banqueted, pp. 

banquette, n. bdng-kSt' (F.— from banc, a bank), in 
fort., a raised way or foot-bank, from three to four 
feet wide, running along the inside of a parapet. 

bantam, n. bdn'-tdm, a small breed of fowls with 
feathered legs— probably from Bantam in Java: adj. 
applied to the breed. 

banter, v. bdn'ter (unknown, but probably origin- 
ated as a slang word: F. badiner, to joke), to joke 



with in words and in good-humour; to rally 

at the expense of another: ban'tering, imp.: ban'- 

tered, pp. -terd. 

bantling, n. bdnt'llng (from the bands in which the 
child was wrapped), a young child ; an infant. 

banyan— see banian. 

mute, mdt,fdr, law; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



I BARB 

baobab, n. bd'6-bdb', called also A'danso'nia, a 

large tree, a native of Africa. 

baptism, n. bdp'ttzm (L. and Gr. baptisma— from 
Gr. bapto, I dip in water), the initiatory sacrament of 
the Christian religion ; the dipping among water, or 
sprinkling with water: baptismal, a. bap-tlz'mdl, 
pert, to baptism: baptis'mally, ad. -II: bap'tist, n. 
one of a religious sect which opposes infant baptism ; 
John the Baptist : baptise, v. bdp-Uzf, to administer 
the rite of baptism : bapti'ser, n. one who baptises : 
bapti'sing, imp.: baptised, pp. bdp-tlzd' : bapti- 
sable, a. bdp-ti'-zd-bl, that may be baptised : baptis- 
tery, n. bdp'tls-Ur'l, apkv ■ _ ■ : baptistic, 
a. bdp-tis'tlk, also baptis'tical, a. -tl-kdl, pert, to 
baptism : baptis'tical 'ly, ad. -It. 

bar, n. bar (F. barre : It. barra, a bolt : Celt, bar, 
■the top, abranch: AS. bconmii, l<> shut in, to shelter), 
a bolt ; a long piece or rod of any solid substance of 
small diameter ; an enclosed place at an inn or a court ; 
a division in music, or the line that makes the divi- 
sion ; a sandbank at the entrance to a river ; the body 
of lawyers that plead ; any hindrance ; a stop : v. to 
secure ; to fasten ; to hinder ; to shut out ; to restrain : 
bar'ring, imp. : barred, pp. bard : barry, a. bdr'rl, in 
her., applied to an escutcheon having bare or equal 
divisions across from side to side : bar'less, a. : bar'- 
wise, a. -wiz .- bar'shot, n. doubled shot joined by abar, 
used for destroying masts and rigging in a naval 
engagement : bar'-iron, a long thick rod of malleable 
iron prepared from pig-iron for the use of blacksmiths : 
bar'maid, a woman who attends at the bar of a tavern, 
&c. : barricade, n. bdr'rl-kdd' (Sp. barricada: Gael. 
barrach, branches, brushwood : F. barrer, to stop the 
way), an obstruction hastily thrown up ; an impedi- 
ment ; a defence : v. to fasten ; to fortify ; to secure : 
bar'rica'ding, imp.: bar'rica'ded, pp.: bar'rica'der, 
n. one who: barrier, n. bdr'rl-er (F. barriere), a boun- 
dary ; a limit ; defence ; line of separation : barrister, 
n. bdr'rls-ter, one who pleads in defence of any person 
near the bar in a court of law ; an advocate. 

barb, n. barb (F. barbe— from L. barba, a beard), a 
beard, or that which resembles it ; a horse from Bar- 
bary (Dut. paard, a horse) ; the sharp shoulders of an 
arrow-head or of a hook to prevent its being easily 
drawn back again; the trappings of a horse: v. to 
furnish with barbs : bar'ber, n. (F. barbier), one who 
shaves beards: barb'ing, imp.: barbed, pp. bdrbd, 
bearded; armed. 

Barbadoes, n. bdr-bd'dOz, of or from Barbadoes, 
one of the West India islands : Barbadoes tar, a mi- 
neral tar of commerce found in several of the West 
India islands. 

barbarian, n. bar-bd'rl-dn (Gr. barbaros: L. bar- 
barus, rude— a word imitative of the confused sound 
of voices, conveying no meaning, by repeating the 
syllables bar, bar: F. barboter, to mumble, to mutter ; 
baragouin, gibberish, jargon), a rude savage man; 
an uncivilised man; a foreigner: adj. belonging to 
a savage; uncivilised: barbaric, a. bdr-bdr'lk, pert, 
to semicivilised or uncivilised nations : barbarism, n. 
bdr'-bdr-lzm, an impropriety of speech ; an uncivilised 
state ; rudeness of manners : barbarity, n. bdr-bdr'l- 
tl, extreme rudeness ; cruelty, like a savage ; inhu- 
manity: barbarise, v. bdr'bd-riz, to make barbar- 
ous: bar'bari'sing, imp.: bar'barised', pp. -rizd'-. 
barbarous, a. bdr-bd-rus, uncivilised; savage; ignor- 
ant; cruel: bar'barously, ad. -II: barlDarous'ness, n. 

barbate, a. bdr'bdt, or barbated, a. b6 
(L. barbatus, having a beard), in bot., bearded: bar- 
bule, n. bdr'bul, a very minute barb or beard. 

barbecue, n. bdr'bi-ku (F. barbe-a-queue, from 
snout to tail), in the West Indies, a term used for dress- 
ing a hog whole by splitting it to the backbone and 
laying it upon a gridiron above a fire, which also sur- 
rounds it: v. to roast or dress a hog whole, or any 
other animal, in some way: bar'becu'ing, imp.: bar- 
becued, pp. bdr'bl-kud. 

barbel, n. bdr'bel (Dut. barbeel— from L. barba, a 
beard), a certain river-fish having on its upper jaw 
four beard-like appendages or wattles. 

barberry, n. bdr-ber'rl (Sp. berberis), a wild bush, 
or its fruit— see berbery. 

barbet, n. bdr'bet (F.— from barbe, a beard), a species 
of dog having long coarse hair ; a bird of warm cli- 
mates almost covered with bristles and very stupid ; 
a kind of worm that feeds on the aphides. 

barbette, n. bdr-bSV (F.: It. barbetta, a tuft of hair 
on the pastern-joint of a horse), an earthen terrace in- 
side a parapet, raised to such a height as to admit of 



BARB ? 

gims being fired over the crest of the parapet. Guns 
are said to he en barbette when placed on such an 
earthen mound, or on a high carriage. 

barbican, n. bdr'bi-kdn (AS. barbacan: F. and It. 
tiarbacane: Sp. barbacana), a watch-tower; an out- 
work or fort at the entrance of a bridge. 

barcarolles, n. plu. bdr'kd-rol'-lez (It. barca, a 
barge), the songs of the Venetian gondoliers. 

bard, n. bdrd (F. barde: It. bardo: L. bardus— from 
W. bardd), one who sung his own poems amoug the 
ancient Celts; a poet: bardic, a. bdr'-dik, pert, to 
bards or minstrelsy : bardism, n. bdr'dlzm, the learn- 
ing and maxims of bards. 

bards, n. plu. bdrdz (F. bardes, trappings for horses, 
covering the front, back, and flanks : Sp. barda), thin 
broad slices of bacon with which capons, pullets, &c, 
are dressed and baked for table. 

bare, a. bar (AS. beer: Ger. baar: Icel. her, bare: 
Fris. baer, clear), naked; without covering; plain; 
simple ; poor : v. to make naked ; to strip or uncover : 
baring, imp.: bared, pp. bard: barely, ad. bar'U, 
with difficulty : bare'ness, n.: barefaced, a. bar-fast', 
shameless; impudent: barefacedly, ad. -fds'-ed-ll: 
barefae'edness, n. effrontery; assurance; impudence: 



baregine, n. bd-ra'zhin, a curious infusorial deposit 
occurring in certain thermal waters, first discovered 
in the hot springs of Bareges, in the Pyrenees. 

bargain, n. bar -gin (old F. barguigner, to haggle: 
It. baratta, strife — from the syllables bar, bar— see 
barbarian), an agreement; a cheapened commodity: 
v. to make a contract or agreement ; to sell on specu- 
lation: bargaining, imp. bdr'gen-ing: bargained, pp. 
bar'-gind: bargainee, n. bdr'-gen-e", he who accepts a 
bargain. 

barge, n. b&rj (Dut. barsie: old F. barge, a boat: 
Icel. barki, the throat, the bows of a ship), a boat, 
generally a pleasure-vessel ; a flat-bottomed boat for 
conveying goods from vessels ; another word for bark : 
barge 'man, n. : barge-couples, pieces of wood mortised 
into others to strengthen a building. 

barilla, n. bd-rllld (Sp.), a plant cultivated in Spain 
from whose ashes the best alkaM is obtained, being an 
impure carbonate of soda. The barilla obtained from 
the ashes of sea-weed growing on the coast of Sco1> 
land is called kelp. 

barium, n. bd-ri-um (Gr. barus, heavy), the metal- 
lic basis of baryta, discovered in 1808 by Sir H. Davy. 

bark, n. bdrk (Dan. bark: Icel. borkr), the outside 
covering of a tree : v. to peel or strip off bark : bark- 
ing, imp.: barked, pp. bdrkt: barker, n. one who: 
barkery, n. bdrk'er-l, a tan-house. 

bark, n. bark (AS. beorcan, to bark : Icel. barki, the 
throat), the .peculiar noise or clamour of a dog: v. to 
make the noise of a dog: bark'ing, imp.: barked', 
pp.: bark'er, one which. 

bark or barque, n. bark (F. barque: lowL. barca), 
a small ship ; a ship that carries three masts, without 
a mizzen top-sail. 

Barker's mill, n. bar'kerz, a machine moved by the 
centrifugal force of water, invented by Dr Barker 
more than a century ago. 

barley, n. bdr'll (AS. bere: W. barllys— from bar a, 
bread, and llys, aplant), a well-known grain much used 
for making malt: barley-corn, n. a grain of barley ; the 
third part of an inch in length— said to be the origin 
of our measure of length, three barley-corns placed 
end to end being one inch : barley-sugar, a sweetmeat, 
formerly made with a decoction of barley: barley- 
water, an infusion of barley : barley-brake, a rural 
play: pearl-barley, barley dressed for domestic use. 

barm, n. barm (AS. beorm: Ger. berm: Dan. bazrme, 
the dregs of oil, wine, or beer), yeast ; leaven for bread ; 
the scum or slimy substance from beer: barmy, a. 
bdr'mi, containing yeast. 

barn, n. barn (AS. berern— from bere, barley; em, a 
place: Dut. berm, a heap: Dan. baarm, a load), a 
covered building for farm produce. 

barnacle, n. bdr'nd-kl (F. barnache: Gael, bair- 
n-each: Manx, barnagh, a limpet, conical-shaped : pro- 
perly AS. beam, a child; aac, oak — expressive of the 
old belief that the barnacle, externally resembling an 
acorn, grew on oak-trees), a conical shell-fish found on 
bottoms of ships, and on planks or stones under water ; 
a sort of goose : bar'nacles, n. plu. -klz (prov. F. ber- 
niqites, spectacles— from bomi, blind), irons put on 
the noses of horses to make them stand quiet. 

barolite, n. bar'o-llt (Gr. barus, heavy; lithos, a 



> BARY 

stone), a carbonate of baryta— also called Witheritc, 
from its discoverer. 

barometer, n. bd-rdm'g-ter (Gr. baros, weight ; me- 
iron, a measure), an instrument that indicates changes 
in the weather, and used to ascertain the heights of 
mountains from the pressure of the atmosphere : bar- 
ometric, a. bdr'-o-mSt'-rik, also bar'omet'rical, a. bdr- 
o-mit'-n-kdl: bar'omet'rically, ad. -kdl-l: barometry, 
n. bd-rom'e-tri : aneroid barom'eter, dn'er-dyd (Gr. 
a. without ; neros, moist ; eidos, a form), a barometer 
which indicates the varying pressure of the atmos- 
phere, not by the varying height of a column of a fluid, 
but by the compression and expansion of a small 
metal vessel. 

baron, n. bdr -on (F.: It. barone: Sp. varon: origi- 
nally signifying man or husband), a rank of nobility 
next to a viscount; two sirloins not cut asunder: 
baronage, n. bdr'-on-aj, the dignity or estate of 
a baron : bar'oness, n. the wife of a baron : barony, 
n. bdr'6-nl, the lordship of a baron; a division 
of a county in Ireland answering to an English 
hundred: baronial, a. bd-ro'nl-dl, pert, to a barony: 
baronet, n. bdr'-d-net, the title next below a baron, 
established in England as an order in the reign of 
James I.: baronetage, n. bdr'-6-netdj, the dignity 
of a baronet; baronets as a body: baronetcy, n. 
-i. the title and dignity of a baronet. 

baroselenite, n. bdr'-o-sel-en-lt (Gr. barus, heavy; 
selene, the moon), a name applied to barytes, in allu- 
sion to its high specific gravity, and the resemblance 
of some of its crystals to those of selenite. 

barouche, n. bd-rdsh' (Ger. barutsche: L. birotus 
—from bis, twice ;. rota, a wheel), a four-wheeled car- 
riage with a falling top. 

barque, n. bdrk— see bark, a small ship. 

barrack, n. bdr'rdk (Sp. barraca, a cabin or hut : 
Gael, barrach, brushwood: F. baraque), a house for 
soldiers, commonly used in the plu., being originally 
a collection of huts clad or covered with boughs: 
bar'rack-master, the officer who superintends sol- 
diers' barracks. 

barracoon, n. bdr'rdk6n (from barrack), in Africa., a 
fort or castle ; an enclosure where slaves are quartered. 

barras, n. bar'rds (F.), a substance consisting of 
resin and oil that exudes from the wounds in fir-trees. 

barrator, n. bdr'rd-tor (old F. bareter, to deceive: 
Icel. baratta, a contest— see barter), an encourager of 
lawsuits; fraud in a shipmaster: barratry, n. bdr' 
rd-trl, a fraud in a shipmaster against the owners 
or underwriters, as embezzling the goods or running 
away with the ship : barratrous, a. bdr'rd-trus, guilty 
of the crime of barratry : bar'ratrous'ly, ad. -trus'li. 

barrel, n. bdr'rel (F. baril: It. barile: Sp. barril), a 
vessel or cask having more length than breadth, bulg- 
ing in the middle : v. to pack or put into a barrel : 
barrelling, imp.: barrelled, bdr 'rSld: barrel-bulk, in 
shipping, a measure of capacity for freight equal to 
five cubic feet. 

barren, a. bdr-rSn (old F. brehaigne or baraigne, 
unfruitful), not producing young ; not fertile ; dull ; in 
bot., without pistils: bar'renly, ad. -II: barrenness, 
n. bdr'rSn-nSs, unfruitfulness ; sterility. 

barricade, n. : barrier, n. : barrister, n.— see un- 
der bar : barrier-reef , a name given to those coral-reefs 
which run parallel to the shores, chiefly of islands, and 
enclosing a lagoon-channel more or less extensive. 

barrow, n. bdr'ro (AS. berewe — from beran, to 
carry: It. bara, a litter: Ger. bahre, a barrow), a 
hand-carriage. 

barrow, n. bdr'rd (AS. beorg or beorh, a hill or 
mound), a hillock or mound raised over the graves of 
warriors or nobles, especially those killed in battle. 

barter, v. bdr'ter (old F. bareter, to deceive: Sp. 
baratar, to truck or exchange : It. barattare, to truck 
or barter— see bargain), to traffic by exchanging one 
kind of goods for another; to exchange; to trade: n. 
traffic by exchanging : bartering, imp. : bartered, 
pp. bdr'terd: bar'terer, n. one who. 

bartizan, n. bdr'-tl-zdn' (a corruption of brattic- 
ing, which see: F. bretesche, a portal of defence: It. 
bertesca, a kind of rampart), a small overhanging 
turret which projects from the angles of towers, or 
the parapet and other parts of the building. 

barwood, n. bdr'-iudbd, a red dyewood brought from 
Africa. 

baryta, n. bd-rl'td, also barytes, n. bd-rl'tez (Gr. 
barus, heavy), a mineral, one of the simple earths, of 
great specific gravity, widely diffused and common- 
ly occurring in beds or veins of metallic ores ; the na- 
cdiv, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



BARY 4 

tive sulphate of baryta is generally known as cawk or 
heavy spar: barytic, a. bd-rlt'ik, of or containing ba- 
ryta: baryto-calcite, n. bd-ri'to-kdl'slt (Gr. barus, 
heavy: L. calx, gen. calcis, lime), a mineral of a white, 
yellowish, or greenish colour, occurring massive and 
crystallised. 

barytone, a. bdr'l-ton (Gr. barvs, heavy; tonos, a 
tone), pert, to a grave deep sound: n. a male voice 
between tenor and bass. 

basal, a. bd'sdl— see base. 

basalt, n. bd-sawlt' (Gr. and L. basaltes; Ethiopic, 
basal, iron), a dark greyish - black stone of volcanic 
origin, often occurring in the form of columns 
or prisms, three, five, or more sided, regular and 
jointed: basaltic, a. bd-sawl'tik, pert, to or containing 
basalt: basaJ.tine, a. bd-sawl'tln, crystallised horn 
blende: basaltiform, n. bd-sawl'tl-fawrm (basalt; 
L. forma, shape), resembling basalt in its columnar 
structure. 

basanite, n. bdz'dn-it (Gr. basanizo, I test; basanos, 
a touchstone), a mineral— called also Lydian stone 
or Lydite, from the province of Lydia, where first found; 
a compound variety of flinty slate of a velvet-black 
colour, used for testing the purity of gold and silver 
—seldom used in this waynow; appliedtoarockhaving 
a base of basalt and more or less crystals of augite. 

base, a. bds (P. bas, mean, low : It. basso ; L. bassus : 
Gr. bathus, deep), mean; worthless; of low station; 
deep; grave: basely, ad. -IX: base'ness, n. vileness; 
worthlessness : base-born, a. born out of wedlock; 
vile: base-hearted, a., also base-souled, a. vile in 
heart or spirit. 

base, n. bds (L. and Gr. basis, the foundation), the 
bottom; the foundation; the foot; the support; the 
principal ingredient in a compound body ; the low or 
grave parts in music: v. to found or establish on a 
base: ba'sing, imp.: based, pp. bdsd: basic, a. 
bd'zlk, acting as a base; possessing the base in ex- 
cess: basal, a. ba'sdl, forming the base: baseless, 

a. bds'-l&s, with'iin i m^hwii: basilar, a. bds'i-ldr, 

in bot., attached to the base of an organ: base'- 
ment, n. the ground floor ; the part below the level of 
the street; the part on which the base is placed: 
basis, n. bd'sls (L.), the pedestal of a column; that on 
which anything is raised: plu. bases, bd'sez: base'- 
court, the outer or lower yard of a castle, appropriated 
to stables, offices, &c. : base'-line, inperspec, the com- 
mon section of a picture and the geometrical plane ; 
in surv., a line, sometimes exceeding 100 miles in 
length, measured with the greatest possible exact- 
ness, with the view of determining the relative posi- 
tions of objects and places; longer base lines are 
measured by triangulation : base of operations, the 
line of country or fortresses from which military opera- 
tions can be advanced by troops, and munitions of 
war supplied, and to which retreat can be made in 
case of necessity. 

bashaw, n. bd-shaw' (At. basha: Pers. pasha), a 
Turkish governor ; an imperious person. 

bashful, a. bdsh'-fobl (see abash), very modest; shy; 
easily confused: bash'fully, ad. -II: bash'fulness, n. 
modesty in excess. 

basify, v. bd'sl-fy (see base), to convert into a base ; 
ba'sify'ing, imp.: basified, pp. bd'sl-fid: basifier, 
n. bd'-slfi'-er, he or that which. 

basil, n. bdz'-il (Sp. bisel, bevel-edge of a thing— 
from base), the slope of the edge of a tool : v. to grind 
or form the edge of a tool to an angle : bas'iling, imp. : 
basiled, pp. bdz'-lld. 

basil, n. bdz'il (F. basilic: It. basilico, the basil — 
from Gr. basilikos, royal), literally the royal herb— 
a highly aromatic plant; a pot-herb: basil-weed, 
wild basil. 

basilica, n. bd-zil'l-kd (Gr. basilikos, kingly), a royal 
or public hall where justice was administered; the 
middle vein of the arm ; a magnificent church : basil- 
icon, n. bd-zil'i-kon, a yellow ointment: basilic, a. 
bd-zll'-ik, also basilical, a. bd-zil'i-kdl, pert, to a 
public or regal edifice; pert, to the middle vein of 
the arm. 

basilisk, n. bdz'l-lisk (L. basiliscus— from Gr. basi- 
leus, a king), the cockatrice ; a fabulous serpent hav- 
ing a white spot on its head resembling a royal 
crown. 

basin, n. bd'sn (F. bassin: Ger. becken: It. bacino), 
a circular hollow vessel for containing water, &c. ; a 
pond ; a bay ; a dock ; the district of country drained 
by a river : ba'sin-shaped, a. : basined, a. bd'snd, 
enclosed in a basin; in geol., any dipping or disposi- 



> BAST 

tion of strata towards a common centre or axis ; the 
depressions and receptacles of seas or lakes. 

ba'sis— see base. 

bask, v. bdsk (Icel. baka, to warm : Dut. bakern, to 
bask, as in the sun), to lie at ease enjoying the heat 
of the sun or of a fire ; to be prosperous under benign 
influence : bask'ing, imp. : basked, pp. bdskt. 

basket, n. bds'ket (W. basged— from basg, a netting, 
a plaiting, as of twigs or splinters: L. bascauda), an 
article of domestic use, made of osier-twigs or any 
pliable substance : v. to p bas'keting, 

imp. : basketed, pp. : basket-hilt, the hilt of a sword 
made to defend the whole hand from being wounded : 
bas'ket-hil'ted, a. having a basket-hilt. 

Basquish, a. bds'kish, of or pert, to Biscay or its 
inhabitants. 

bass, n. bds (It. basso, low, deep), the lowest part in 
a harmonised musical composition: adj. low; deep; 
grave : basist, n. bds'lst, in music, a singer of bass : 
bass-clef, bds'klef, the character placed at the begin- 
ning of the stave containing the bass part of a musi- 
cal composition : bass -singer, one who sings the deep- 
est or lowest part in music. 

bass, n. bds (Dut. bast, bark or peel : Dan. baste, to 
bind), a mat made of bast; a door-mat. 

bass, n. bds (AS. bars, a perch), a name given to 
several species of the perch. 

bass-relief, n. bds're-lef (It. basso, low; rilevare, 
to raise up again), sculptured figures which do not 
stand far out from the surface ; when they stand fur- 
ther out they are said to be in alto-relievo : It. basso- 
relievo, bds'-so-re-le'vd: F. bas-relief, bd're-lef. 

basset, n. bds'set (see basil), a miner's term for the 
outcrop or surface-edge of any inclined stratum : v. 
to incline in a direction towards the surface of the 
earth, as a stratum or seam of coal : bas'seting, imp. : 
bas'seted, pp. : spelt also with tt. 

basset, n. bds'set (F. bassette), a game at cards in- 
vented at Venice. 

bassetto, n. bds-sgt'to (It.), a small bass viol. 

bassinette, n. bds'sl-net' (F.) a wicker basket, with 
a covering or hood over one end, in which young 
children are placed as in a cradle. 

bassoon, n. bds- son' (F. basson: It. bassone— from 
basso, low or deep), in music, a bass wind-instrument, 
consisting of a very long tube and a reed for the ad- 
mission of the wind : bassoonist, n. a player on. 

bassorine, n. bds'-so-rin (first discovered in bas'sora- 
gum), a substance obtained by treating gum-resin suc- 
cessively with ether, alcohol, and water. 

bast, n. bdst (Dut. bast, bark, peel: Sw. basta, to 
bind), proper spelling of bass, a mat ; inner bark of 
the lime-tree, from which matting is made ; a thick 
mat : basta, impera. bds'td (It.), in music, enough ; stop 
—used by the leader of the band. 

bastard, n. bd-s'tdrd (oldF. bastard; Gael, baos, for- 
nication : old E. baste, fornication— from old F. bast, a 
pack-saddle), a child born out of wedlock; anything 
spurious: adj. spurious; not genuine; false; applied 
to metallic ores containing a very small percentage of 
metal, or to an impure mineral— as bastard-iron- 
stone, bastard-limestone : bas'tardism, n. -dlzm, the 
state of a bastard: bastardise, v. bds'tdr-diz', to 
prove to be a bastard; to reduce to the condition 
of a bastard: bas'tardi'sing, imp.: bastardised', 
pp. -dizd': bastardly, a. or ad. -II: bastardy, n. 
' i < <// im il I in_ i ultimate. 

baste, v. bdst (F. baston or baton, a stick: Icel. 
beysta, to beat: Sw. bosta, to thump: Dan. bask, 
a slap), to beat with a stick; to moisten meat with 
fat whilst roasting, to hinder it from burning: ba'- 
sting, imp. : basted, pp. bd'sted .- ba'ster, n. one who. 

baste, v. bdst (It. basta, a long stitch: Sp. bastear, 
to sew slightly : F. batir, to stitch), to sew with long 
stitches to keep the pieces of a garment in shape while 
it is being permanently sewn : ba'sting, imp. : ba'sted, 
pp. 



bastinade, v. bds'U-ndd', or bastinado, Wlt; 

na'do (Sp. bastonada, a blow with a stick: F. baston- 
nade— from baton, a stick), to give a sound beating to 
with a stick: n. a punishment in use among many 

)les of i 
a'ded, pp. 

bastion, n. bdst'yon (Sp. and F. : It. bastione— from 
F. batir, for bastir, to build), a mass of earth built as 



mate, mat, far, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, move; 



BAT 4 

a wall and faced with sods or bricks, standing out 
from a fortified work to protect its vails : bastioned, 
a. bast'-' i i bastions. 

bat, n. bat (It. battere: F. battre, to beat: Hung. 
bot, a stick : Gael, bat , a staff), a heavy stick ; a piece 
of wood broader at one end than at the other ; the 
management of a bat at play ; cotton in sheets for 
quilting ; a piece of brick : v. to play with a bat at 
cricket: batting, imp. : batted, pp. bdt'-Ud: bats- 
man, n. bats-man, in cricket, the man who holds the 
bat. 

bat, n. bat (bak, as the common name of an animal : 
Scot, bak, baki or bakie-bird: Sw. nattbaka, the night- 
back : L. blatta, a night-moth), name of a small animal 
like a mouse, but with ings wit I gathers, which 

only comes abroad at night : bat'tish, a. like a bat : 
bat'fowling, a method of catching birds at night. 

batardeau, n. bdt'd r-do' (F.), in mil., a, strong wall 
of masonry built across a ditch to sustain the pressure 
of the water, containing a sluice-gate, armed at the 
top with iron pikes, and rendered impassable by a 
tower with a conical top, raised in the middle. 

Batavian, a. bd-td'-vi-dn, Dutch. 

batch, n. bach (AS. bacan: Dut. baksel, an ovenful— 
from bakken, to bake), a quantity of bread baked at 
one time ; an assortment of things of the same kind. 

bate, v. bat (F. abattre, to break down: Sp. batir, 
to lose courage, to lessen), to lessen anything; to 
retrench ; to take away : ba'ting, imp. : ba'ted, pp. 

bath, n. bath (AS. baeth: Icel. bada: Ger. baden, to 
bathe : Icel. baka, to heat), a place to bathe in ; that 
in which the body or a part of it is bathed ; in chem., 
hot water, hot sand, &c, used as a source of heat 
or for modifying it ; a Heb. measure : bathe, v. bath, 
to wash the body or a part of it with water, &c. ; to 
lie in a bath: bathing, ba'-thing, imp.: bathed, pp. 
bathd : bather, n. one who : dry-bath, one made of 
hot sand, ashes, &c. : air-bath exposure of the body to 
the refreshing influence of the air; also one among 
hot air, as in a Turkish bath : plunge-bath, a bath in 
which the whole body is immersed: douche -bath, 
ddsh'-, in which a stream of water is made to fall 
from above on the body : shower-bath, in which the 
water is poured upon the body in the form of a shower : 
medicated - baths, med'-i-kd'-ted-bdths, in which the 
water is impregnated with medical preparations: 
bath-metal, a mixed metal called prince's metal: 
bath-stone, n. bdth'ston, oolitic freestone extensively 
quarried for building purposes near Bath, very soft, 
but becoming hard on exposure to the atmosphere: 
bath-brick, n. -brik, a well-known kind of stone used 
for cleaning and polishing metal utensils. 

Bath, n. bath, a high order of British knighthood. 

bathos, n. bd'thos, (Gr. bathus, deep ; bathos, depth), 
a ludicrous descent from the elevated to the mean in 
speaking or writing; the profound, ironically, in con- 
tradistinction to the sublime. 

bathymetrical, a. bdth'i-met'rl-kdl (Gr. bathus, 
deep; metron, a measure), applied to the distribution 
of plants and animals along the sea -bottom which 
they inhabit. 

batlet, n. bdt'let (see bat), a flat piece of wood for 
beating linen in the washing. 

batman, n. bau-'mcln (Ger. baiter, a peasant, a 
countryman : old E. baivn, a fortified enclosure for 
cattle), a person appointed to everv company of a 
regiment to take charge of the cooking utensils, &c, 
usually an officer's servant: bat-horse, baw-, the pack 
or baggage horse allowed to a batman. 

baton, n. bd'tong, more rarely batoon, n. bd-t6n', 
(F. baton, for baston, a stick), in her., a mark of ille- 
gitimate descent ; a staff; a club ; a marshal's staff of 
office ; a short staff as a badge of office. 

batrachia, n. bd-trd'ki-d (Gr. batrachos, a frog), 
an order of reptiles comprising the frog, toad, sala- 
mander, and siren : batra'chian, a. of or relating to 
the frog tribe : n. one of the frog tribe : batrachoid, 
a bat'-rd-koyd, formed like a frog: batracholites, ba- 
trdk'-o-lltz (Gr. — ; lithos, a stone), fossil remains of 
animals of the frog kind. 

batta, n. bat ta (Hind. . an allowance to the officers 
serving in the a ddition to their pay. 

battalion, n. bat-tal'yon (F. bat a illon— from bat- 
tre, to beat: It. battaglia— from battere, to beat: L. 
battuere, to strike or beat), a body of soldiers of from 
500 to 800 men— less than a regiment ; battalion and 
regiment are often synonymous: battalia, n. bat- 
ta' id, the order of battle; the main body in array: 



battalioned, a. bat-tdl'-yond, formed into battalions! 

cchv, boi/,fJdt; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



L BAZA 

batten, v. bdt'n (Goth, gabatnan, to thrive : Icel., 
bat-na, to get better), to fatten ; to grow or become 
fat ; to live in ease and luxury : bat'tening, imp. : 
battened, pp. bat'nd. 

batten, n. bdt'n (F. baton, a staff or stick— from 
bat, which see), a small piece of wood used by carpen- 
ters and plumbers : v. to fasten or form with battens : 
bat'tening, imp. : n. narrow flat rods of wood fixed to 
the wall on which the laths for the plaster-work are 
nailed : battened, pp. bat'nd. 

batter, v. bdt'-ter (F. battre, to beat— from L. bat- 
tuere, to beat or strike), to beat with repeated blows ; 
to beat with great force or violence ; to wear out with 
service : n. a mixture of various ingredients beaten 
together: bat'tering, imp.: battered, pp. bdt'-terd: 
bat'terer, n. one who : bat'tering-ram, n. an ancient 
military engine for beating down walls, consisting of 
a long beam having a head like a ram's, and swung. 

battery, n. bdt'-ter-i (F. batterie — from battre, to 
beat), in mil., a parapet or wall breast high, thrown 
up to protect the gunners and others, or as a position 
for guns ; any number of guns and mortars ranged in 
order for firing ; an apparatus for generating the elec- 
tric fluid: masked'-bat tery, a battery screened from 
the sight of the enemy bv any contrivance. 

battle, n. bdt'-tl (F. bataille: It. battaglia— from 
battere, to beat), a fight between enemies ; an encoun- 
ter between armies : v. to contend in fight : battle- 
array, n. bdt'tl-dr-rd', order of battle: battle-axe, 
n. -aks, a weapon of war not now in use : battle-field, 
the place where a battle between armies has been 
fought: battling, imp.: battled, pp. bdt'tld: bat- 
tlement, n. bat'-tl-ment,a, wall pierced with openings, 
or made notch-like, for military purposes or for orna- 
ment : bat tlemen'ted, as having battlements. 

battledore, n. bdt'-tl-dor (Sp. batador, a washing- 
beetle), a toy used in play, with a handle and flat 
part, for striking a shuttlecock upwards. 

battue, n. bdt'-tdb (F.— from L. battuere, to beat), a 
beaing up of game to gather it into a limited area ; 
the game beaten up. 

bauble, n. baw'-bl— see bawble. 

baulk, n. bdick (see balk), a piece of foreign timber 
of from 8 to 16 inches square : bawk, n. bawk, a cross- 
beam in the roof of a house uniting and supporting the 
rafters. 

bawbee, n. baw'be', (F. bas-billon, base bullion 
or coin), the name in Scotland and north of England 
for a halfpenny. 

bawble, n. baw'-bl, also spelt baulrte (F. babiole, a 
toy : Hung, bub, a btmch ; buba, a doll), a showy trifle ; 
a worthless piece of finery. 

bawd, n. bawd (W. baw, dirt, filth: old F. baude), 
one who promotes debauchery: bawdy, a. baw'-dl, 
filthy; unchaste. 

bawl, v. bawl (AS. bau or boiv, the cry of a dog : L. 
baubari, to bark as a dog : Icel. baula, to low as an 
ox), to cry out with a loud full sound: bawl'ing, imp.: 
bawled, pp. baYuld: bawl'er, n. one who. 

bay, a. ba (L. badius, brown: Sp. bayo: It. bajo: F. 
bai), brown or reddish ; inclining to a chestnut colour : 
bayard, n. bd'-drd (F. bai. a chestnut-brown: Dut. 
paard, a horse), a bay horse : adj. blind; stupid. 



coarse salt, formed by the natural evaporation of s 
waters. 

bay, n. ba (It. abbaiare: F. abbayer: L. baubari, to 
bow-wow as a dog), the bark of a dog when his prey is 
brought to a stand : at bay, at a stand, and turned to 
keep the enemy in check; a stag is at bay when he 
turns and faces his pursuers : v. to bark as a dog at his 
game ; to keep an enemy from closing in : baying, 
imp. : bayed, pp. bad. 

bay, n. ba (F. bale, a berry— from L. baca, a berry: 
Sp. baya, the cod of peas, a husk), the laurel-tree, 
which bears red berries : bays, n. plu. bdz, an honor- 
ary garland or crown of victory, originally made of 
laurel branches with its berries. 

bayonet, n. bd'-on-et (from Bayonne, in France, 
where first made; F. bait dagger at the 

end of a gun or musket : v. to stab or kill with a bay- 
onet: bay'onet'ing, imp.: bay'onet'ed, pp. Parti- 
. with tt. 

bazaar, n. bd-zdr', (Pers. bazar, a market), a cover- 
ed place where goods are exposed to sale ; a large 



BC 4 

room for the sale of goods ; a sale of miscellaneous 
goods for a charitable object. 

B.C., first letters of "Before Christ" : B.C.L., bache- 
lor of civil laws: B.D., bachelor of divinity: B.A., 
bachelor of arts. 

bdellium, n. dSV-ll-um (L.— from Gr. bdellion), a 
gummy substance of an agreeable odour brought from 
the East. 

be, v. be (AS. beon : Gael, beo, alive : Gr. bios, life : 
Sans, bhu, to be), infin. of the verb am, denoting to 
exist, to become, to remain; used in hypothetical and 
secondary propositions— as " // I be," "If thou be:" 
being, imp. be-lnq-. been, pp. 

be (AS.) a prefix, signifying to make. When be is 
prefixed to a noun, the noun becomes a verb— thus, 
calm and friend are nouns, but becalm and befriend 
are verbs : be prefixed to a verb signifies about, over, 
for— thus, speak and think become bespeak and be- 
think: be in a preposition, an adverb, or a conjunc- 
tion, has the force of by or in— thus, because, conj. 
signifies, by the cause of: behind, prep, in the rear of. 

beach, n. bech (AS. becc, a brook: Icel. bakki, 
a bank), the shore ; the space on the margin of a sea 
over which the tide alternately flows and ebbs ; the 
margin of the sea or of a large river: v. to run a 
ship on shore : beach'ing, imp. : beached, pp. becht, 
run on shore— as a boat or ship: beachy, a. bech'-i, 
having beaches. 

beacon, n. be'kn (AS. beacen, a sign, a nod : Icel. 
bakna, to signify by nodding), a lighthouse or signal 
to direct navigation ; something that gives notice of 
danger : v. to afford light or direction, as a beacon : 
beaconed, a. be'kond: bea'coning, imp.: beaconage, 
n. be'kon-aj, money paid for the support of a beacon. 

bead, n. bed (AS. bead; gebed, a prayer, as formerly 
helping the memory in reciting prayers), a small ball 
pierced for hanging on a string ; a round moulding, 
also called beading: bead-tree, a tree the pips and 
nuts of whose fruit are pierced and strung as beads : 
bead'proof, liquors, as alcohol, that carry bubbles 
■when shaken: bead'roll, in R. Cath. Ch. a list of 
those to be mentioned at prayers: beads'man, n. or 
-wo'man, one employed to pray for others ; a recipient 
of certain charities. 

beadle, n. ce'-dl (AS. bydel— from bidan, to wait: 
F. bedeau: It. bidello), a messenger; a church or 
parish officer : beadleship, n. the office of a beadle. 

beagle, n. be'gl (Gael, beag: W. bac, little), a small 
hunting-dog, tracking by scent. 

beak, n. bek (F. bee: It. becco; Gael, beic), the 
bill or nib of a bird ; any pointed thing : beaked, a. 
bekt, having a beak; pointed: beaker, n. (Ger. 
berher, a goblet), a large beaked cup or glass ; a flagon. 

beam, n. bem (AS. beam, a tree: Ger. baum: 
Icel. badmr), any large and long piece of timber or 
iron; the principal piece of timber in a building; 
the rod from which the scales are suspended ; the horn 
of a stag ; ray of light : v. to throw out rays, as the 
sun ; to dart ; to glitter or shine : beam'ing, imp. : adj. 
darting of light in rays : n. dawn ; first indication : 
beamed, pp. Mmd: beam 'less, a. giving out no rays 
of light : beamy, a. bem'-i, radiant ; antlered as 
a stag: beam-bird, the spotted fly-catcher: beam- 
ends, a ship is said to be on her beam-ends when 
she inclines very much to one side : beams, n. plu. 
strong thick pieces of timber stretching across a 
ship from side to side to support the decks. 

bean, n. ben (Ger. bohne: Icel. baun: W. ffaen: 
L. faba), a longish round or flattish-round vegetable 
contained in a pod: bean-tre'foil, bean-tres'sel , 
bean-ca'per, plants : bean-fly, a fly of a pale purple 
colour found on bean-flowers : bean-goose, a migratory 
bird visiting England. 

bear, v. bar (AS. beran; Goth, bairan, to carry: 
L. fero : Gr. phero, I bear : Sans, bhri), to carry ; to 
support ; to suffer ; to produce ; to bring forth : bore, 
pt. bor, or bare, bar : born, pp. born, brought forth : 
borne, pp. born, carried : bearer, n. bar'er, one 
that carries or brings forth ; a messenger : bear'- 
ing, imp. carrying; producing: n. behaviour; ges- 
ture; the situation of one object with respect to 
another; the figures, called charges, on an escut- 
cheon: bearable, a. bar'd-bl, that can be endured: 
bear'ably, ad. -bll : bear with, to endure : bear up, 
not to faint or fail: bear off, to restrain; among 
seamen, to remove to a distance: bear down, to 
overthrow or crush by force: bear out, to main- 
tain and support to the end : bear through, to 
conduct or manage : bear a hand, among seame: " 
mdte, mdt.fdr, law; mete, mSt, 



the wind. 

bear, n. bar (AS. bera: Ger. bar: Icel. biorn: L. 
/era, a wild beast), a wild animal covered with rough 
shaggy hair ; name of two constellations— the " Ursa 
Major " and the " Ursa Minor" ; a name applied to a 
speculative jobber on the stock exchange ; any brutal 
or ill-behaved person: bearish, a. bar'-lsh, rude; vio- 
lent in conduct : bear-bait'ing, the sport or diversion 
of causing dogs to fight with a bear, formerly common 
in this country : bear's-grease, the fat or tallow of a 
bear, extensively used as a pomatum : bear-garden, a 
place where bears are kept for sport: bear-berry, 
bear'-bind', bear's-breech, bear's -ear, bear's -foot, 
bear's-wort, popular names of plants : bear-fly, an 
insect. 

beard, n. berd (Ger. bart: Russ. boroda: W. 
' der), 
___ ; the 

awn of corn ; the gills of oysters and other shell-fish : 
v. to set at defiance; to oppose openly: bearding, 
imp. berd'lng : bearded, pp. berd'Zd : beardless, a. 
without a beard ; young : beardlessness, n. : beard- 
grass, a plant. 

beast, n. best (Gael, biast: Dut. beest: L. bestia, a 
beast : Gael, beo, living), any four-footed animal ; a 
person rude, coarse, and filthy : beastly, a. -Il, like a 
beast : beast'liness, n. -Il-n6s, great coarseness : best- 
ial, a. bisi'-y-dl, pert, to a beast, or having the qualities 
of one : beast'-like, a. resembling a beast : bestiality, 
n. best-y-al'4-n, the quality of beasts : bestially, ad. -VL 

beat, v. bet (AS. beatan: It. battere: F. battre, to 
beat or strike), to knock ; to strike ; to strike often ; 
to crush or mix by blows ; to overcome in a fight, in 
battle, or in strife ; to throb like the pulse : n. a stroke ; 
a throb ; the rise or fall of the hand or foot to mark the 
time in music: beating, imp.: beaten, pp. bet'n: 
beat'er, n. one who ; a < < aent: to beat 

about, to search diligently for : to beat down, to lower 
the price : to beat off, to drive back : to beat time, 
to regulate time by the measured motion of the hand 
or foot : to beat out, to extend by hammering : to beat 
the gen'eral, to give notice to soldiers to march : to 
beat the tat'too , to give notice to soldiers to retire to 
quarters : to beat to arms, to summon soldiers to get 
ready their arms and prepare for battle: to beat a 
parley, to give a signal to an enemy for a conference : 
to beat up, to attack suddenly, a3 an enemy's quar- 
ters : to beat up for, to go diligently about in order 
to procure: police'man's beat, district to be walked 
over and watched by a policeman : beat'er up, one 
who searches lor and starts game for a sportsman. 

beatify, v. be-dt'l-fl (L. beatus, happy; facio, I 
make), to make happy; to bless with complete enjoy- 
ment in heaven: beatifying, imp.: beatified, pp. 
-/Id: beatific, a. be'd-tlf-ik, also beatifical, a, 
-l-kdl, that has the power to make happy: be'atif- 
ically, ad. -Il: beat'ifica'tion, -kd'shun, in the Church 
of Rome, the pronouncing of a deceased person to be 
blessed: beatitude, n. bedt'ltud, happiness of the 
highest kind ; the blessedness pronounced by our Lord 
on the virtues. 

beatricea, n. be'd-trl'sS-d, a remarkable fossil oc- 
curring in the middle Silurians of Canada. 

beau, n. bo (F. beau, good, fair : L. bellus, gay, hand- 
some), a gay man that attends much to dress ; in 
familiar language, a man who pays attention to a lady ; 
a lover : plu. beaux, boz : beauish, a. bo'lsh, like a 
beau; foppish: beau-esprit, n. bo'es-pre' (F.), a man 
of wit: beau-ideal, n. bo'l-de'dl (F. beau; ideal, ima- 
ginary), an imaginary standard of absolute perfec- 
tion ; a model of excellence in the mind or fancy : 
beau-monde, n. bo-mongd' (F. beau; monde, the 
world), polite people ; the fashionable world. 

beauty, n. bu'tl (F. beaute, beauty: It. bello: L. 
bellus, pretty, handsome), the appearance and proper- 
ties in any person or thing that please and delight 
the eye ; those qualities in a thing that delight the 
mind or any of the senses ; a lovely and pleasing per- 
son : beauteous, a. bu'tl-us, pleasing ; lovely : beau'- 
teously, ad. -II: beau'teousness, n. : beautiful, a. 
bu'tl-fdbl, lovely; fair; elegant: beau'tifully, ad. -Il: 
beautify, v. bu'tl-fl, to make beautiful ; to adorn : 
beau'tifying, imp. : beautified, pp. bu'tl-fld .- beau- 
tifier, n. one who adorns. 

beaver, n. be'ver (AS. beofer: Ger. biber: F. bievre 
— from L. fiber), an amphibious animal valued for 
its fur ; a hat or cap made of the fur. 
her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



BEAV 4 

beaver, n. be'-vSr (old F. baviere— from barer, to 
slaver), the movable part of a helmet which covered 
the face, and was raised or let down to enable the 
wearer to eat or drink. 

bebeerin, n. beb'-er-in, a vegetable alkali found in 
the bebeerena, beb'-er-e'nd, or greenheart tree of 
British Guiana. 

becafico, n. be'kd-fe'ko (It.— from picco, a beak or 
peak ; Jico, a fig), a fig-pecker, a bird of passage re- 
sembling a nightingale which feeds on figs and grapes. 

becalm, v. be-kdm' (be and calm) to still ; to make 
quiet: becalm 'ing, imp.: becalmed, pp. bS-cdrnd' : 
adj. applied to a vessel that lies still for want of wind. 

became, v. be-kam'— see become. 

because, conj. be-kawz' [be and cause), for this cause 
that ; on this account that. 

beck, n. bek (AS. beacen, a sign : Icel. bakna, to nod), 
a nod of the head meant to invite attention ; an Eng- 
lish weight of 16 lb. or a measure of 2 gals. : v. to make 
a sign with the head; to call by a nod: becking, 
imp. : becked, pp. bSkt. 

beck, n. bek (AS. becc: Ger. bach: Icel. beckr), a little 
stream; a brook. 

becket, n. bek'-tt, among seamen, a piece of rope 
placed to confine another rope or a spar ; a small circle 
or hoop of rope used as a handle. 

beckon, v. bek'n (from beck), to make a sign to 
another by nodding or by a motion of the hand or 
finger : beckoning, imp. Mk'-nlng -. beckoned, pp. 
b&k'nd. 

becloud, v. bS-kldivd' (be and cloud), to obscure ; to 
dim : becloud'ing, imp. : beclouded, pp. 

become, v. be'-kum' (AS. becuman, to attain to, to 
befall: Ger. bekommen, to get; bequem, fit, proper), to 
pass from one state to another ; to befit ; to sit grace- 
fully: becom'ing, imp.: adj. appropriate; graceful: 
became', pt. : becomingly, ad. -It: becom'ingness, n. 

bed, n. bSd (Icel. bedr: Ger. bett: Goth, badi), 
something on which to sleep ; a couch ; the bottom 
or channel of a river ; a plot of ground in a gar- 
den; a layer; in geol., a stratum of considerable 
thickness : v. to lie ; to sleep ; to sow : bed'ding, imp.: 
bed'ded, pp. : bed'ding, n. materials of a bed : bed- 
chamber, n. -cham'-bcr, a room in which there is a 
bed: bed'rid, a. also bedridden, a. (AS. bed-rida, 
one who rides on his bed), wholly confined to bed by 
age or sickness: bed'clothes, n. plu. the blankets, 
sheets, &c, of a bed: bed'fellow, n. one who lies 
in the same bed : bed'post, n. one of the four stand- 
ards that support a bed : bed'stead, n. -sted, the 
wooden or iron framework of a bed : bedtick, n. bed- 
tik, the case for holding the materials of a bed : bed- 
hang'ings, curtains for a bed: bed'-plate, the founda- 
tion plate of a marine or a direct action engine : bed- 
rite, n. bed'rlt, privilege of the marriage-bed. 

bedabble, v. b&-ddb'bl (be and dabble), to sprinkle 
with; to cover with: bedab'bling, imp.: bedab'bled, 
pp. -bid. 

bedaub, v. bS-dawb' (be and daub), to besmear; to 
sprinkle ; to soil with anything thick and dirty : be- 
daub'ing, imp. : bedaubed, pp. bS-dawbd'. 

bedazzle, v. be-ddz'zl (be and dazzle), to confuse the 
sight by a too strong light ; to make dim by lustre or 
glitter : bedaz'zling, imp. : bedaz'zled, pp. -zld. 

bede, n. bed, among miners, a kind of pickaxe used 
for separating the ores from the rocks in which they 
are imbedded. 

bedell, n. be'dSl (AS. bydel: It. bidello: L. bedellus), 
a higher beadle or officer of a court or university: be- 
delry, n. be'-del-rl, the extent of a beadle's office. 

bedeck, v. bi-dek' (be and deck), to adorn; to grace: 
bedecking, imp. : bedecked, pp. be-dekt'. 

bedeguar.orbedegar, n. bed'8-gdr (Pers. bdddward, 
a kind of white thorn or thistle), a spongy excres- 
cence found on rose-bushes, caused by the puncture of 
a small insect. 

bedew, v. bS-du' (be and dew), to wet, as with dew; 
to moisten gently: bedew'ing, imp.: bedewed, pp. 
be-dud' : bedew'er, n. one who. 

bedehouse, n. bed'hdivs (AS. bead, a prayer), a 
charity house where the poor prayed for their bene- 
factors—see bead. 

bedim, v. bi-dlm' (be and dim), to darken; to ob- 
scure : bedim'ming, imp. : bedimmed', pp. be-dlmd'. 

bedizen, v. be-diz'-n (F. badigeoner, to rough-cast 
in plaster), to load with ornament ; to dress with un- 
becoming richness: bediz'ening, imp.: bedizened, pp. 
bediz'nd. 

bedlam, n. bSd'-ldm (contr. from the hospital of St 
cow, boy, /dot; pure, bud; chair. 



\ BEG 

Mary of Bethlehem in London, used as a house for the 
insane), a madhouse ; a lunatic asylum ; a place where 
there is a great deal of noise and uproar : bedlamite, 
n. -It, one confined in a madhouse. 

Bedouin, n. bed'oo-ln (Ar. bedawi, living in the 
desert — from badw, a desert), an Arab of one of the 
unsettled tribes of Arabia and Northern Africa. 

bedraggle, v. be-drdg'gl (be and draggle), to soil the 
clothes by sufiV ting wa Iking to reach the dirt : 

bedrag'gling, imp. : bedrag'gled, pp. -gld. 

bee, n. be (AS. beo : Ger. biene: Gael, beach), an 
insect that makes honey and wax; an industrious 
and careful person: beehive, be'hiv, a case or box in 
which domestic bees build their honeycombs and store 
their honey : bee-flower, a plant whose flowers repre- 
sent singular figures of bees and flies : bee-garden, an 
enclosure where bees are reared: bee-line, the most 
direct line from one place to another : bee-master, one 
who keeps and rears bees: bee's-wax, bcz-u-aks. a 
wax collected by bees : bee's- wing, a crust in port wine : 
bee'-bread, the pollen or dust of flowers collected by 
bees : bee-eat'er, a bird that feeds on bees. 

beech, n. bech (Ger. buche : Icel. beyke : L. fagus), 
a large forest-tree having a smooth bark, producing 
mast or nuts : beech-mast, the nuts of the beech-tree : 
beech-oil, an oil obtained from beech-nuts : beechen, 
a. bech'-Sn, made of beech. 

beef, n. bef (F. bozuf, an ox : It. bove : L. bos, gen. 
bovis, an ox), the flesh of animals of the ox, bull, or 
cow kind : beeves, bevz, plu. of beef when the animals 
are meant: adj. consisting of beef: beef-steak, n. 
■stdk, a slice of beef -flesh raw or cooked : beef-eater 
(old F. buffetier— from buffet, a sideboard), a yeoman 
of the guards in England, who used to be a keeper of 
the sideboard or buffet : beef-wood, the wood of an 
: lian tree resembling beef in appearance. 

beekites, n. bek'lts (after Dr Beke, dean of Bristol, 
by whom they were first publicly noticed), a particular 
form of chalcedony deposited on fossils, as sponges, 
corals, or shells. 

beeld or beild, n. bald (AS. byld), a place of shelter ; 
a low thatched house ; protection. 

Beelzebub, n. be-el'-ze-bub (Gr.— from Heb. baal, lord; 
zebub, a fly), in Scrip, the prince of devils. 

been, ben (AS. beon), pp. of the verb be. 

beer, n. ber (AS. beor: Ger. bier: F.biere, beer, 
drink: L. bibere, to drink), an intoxicating liquor 
made from prepared barley, called malt, and hops ; 
a liquor made by infusion and fermentation from any 
vegetable substance. 

beestings, n. plu. best'ingz, also spelt biesting, 
and beest'ning (AS. beost or byst), first milk given by 
a cow after calving. 

beet, n. bet (F. bette: Ger. beete: L. beta), a garden 
or field vegetable with large roots, from which sugar 
is extensively manufactured in France : beet-rave, a 
variety of beet. 

beetle, n. bet'l (AS. bitel, the biter), a general name 
of insects having a horny wing-cover: beetle-headed, 
dull; stupid: beetle-stone, a name given to nodules 
of ironstone, &c, which, when split up, bear a fancied 
resemblance to the body and limbs of a beetle. 

beetle, n. bet'l (AS. bytel, a mallet— from bat, which 
see), a heavy wooden hammer or mallet. 

beetle, v. bet'l (AS. beotan, to threaten), to hang 
or extend out : beetling, imp. jutting : beetled, pp. 
pet'ld: beetle-browed, a. having prominent brows. 
1 beeves, n. plu. bevz (see beef), sing, beef; black 
cattle. 

befall, v. bS-fawl' (be and fall), to happen to ; to 
come to pass: befell, pt. be-fel': befallen, pp. be- 
befalling, imp. 

befit, v. be-fit' (AS. be: F.fait, wrought), to suit; to 
become : befit'ting, imp. : befit'ted, pp. 

befool, v. U-foV (AS. be : F. fol, idle), to lead astray ; 
to delude : befool'ing, imp. : befooled, pp. be-/6ld'. 

before, prep. bS-for' (be and fore; AS. bef or an), 
in front of; in presence of: ad. in front; further 
onwards: conj. further onward in time: beforehand, 
ad. bS-for'hdnd, sooner in time ; previously ; at first : 
before'time, ad. -tim, formerly; of old time. 

befriend, v. be-frSnd' (be and friend), to assist ; to 
favour ; to aid in a difficulty: befriend 'ing, imp. : be- 
friended, pp. be-frend'id. 

beg, v. beg (from bag, as when alms were uniformly 
given in kind, the bag was a universal characteristic 
of the beggar), to ask earnestly ; to beseech ; to en- 
treat; to solicit charity; to take for granted; to as- 
sume: beg'ging, imp.: begged, pp. bSgd: beggar, n. 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



BEGE 

b8g'-ger{Sw. begaera, to ask: Gael, baigean, alittle bag), 
one much reduced in circumstances ; one who assumes 
what he does not prove; one who is poor and asks 
charity : v. to reduce to poverty : beg'garing, imp. : 
beggared, pp. beg'-gcrd: beg'garly, a. -II, mean ; poor: 
ad. meanly: beg'garliness, n. -li-nes, poverty; mean- 
, ness: beggary, n. big'-gir-l, a state of great poverty: 
beg'garman, n. a man who is a beggar. 

beget, v. bi-get' (AS. begettan, to obtain), to gene- 
rate ; to produce ; to cause to exist : beget'ting, imp. : 
begot', pt. : begotten, pp. be-got'n: beget'ter, n. one 
who. 

begin, v. be-gln-' (AS. beginnan), to commence ; to 
enter upon something new; to take the first step: 
begin'ning, imp. : n. first cause ; origin ; first state ; 
the rudiments: began, pt. be-gdn'.- begun, pp. be- 
gun': begin'ner, n. one who takes the first step; an 
author of a thing ; one without experience. 

begird, v. be-gerd' (AS. begyrdan), to surround; to 
encompass ; to encircle : begird'ing, imp. : begird ed 
or begirt', pp. 

begone, int. be-gdn' (impera. of be, and pp. of go; 
Dut. begaan, touched with '.'motion), depart; goaway, 
emphatically: woe-begone, wo'-be-gon, oppressed 
with woe. 

begonia, n. be-go'-nl-d (after M. Begon, a French 
botanist), an interesting genus of plants common in 
our gardens. 

begot, v., begot'ten, v. (see beget), procreated. 

begrime, v. be-grim' (AS. be: Sw. grum, dregs, 
mud), to soil deeply all over with dirt : begri'ming, 
imp.: begrimed, pp. bi-grimd'. 

begrudge, v. bi-gruf (AS. be : F. gruger, to grieve : 
Gr. grudsein, to mutter), to grudge ; to envy the pos- 
session of: begrud'ging, imp. : begrudged', pp. 

beguile, v. bi-gll' (AS. be: old F. guille, deceit), to 
deceive ; to cheat ; to amuse : beguiling, imp. : be- 
guiled, pp. -gild' -. begui'lingly, ad. -II: beguiler, n. 
one who : beguile'ment, n. act of deceiving. 

beguins, n. plu. bSg'-wlnz (F. beguin, a linen cap : 
low L. beghina), a sect of religious women in Germany 
who devote themselves to works of piety and charity. 

begum, n. be'-gum, or begaum, -gawm; in the E. 
Indies, a princes^ or lady of high rank. 

begun, v.— see cegin. 

behalf, n. bi-htij' (AS. behefe, profit: Goth, halbs, 
half), support; favour; side or cause; defence. 

behave, v. be-hav' (AS. behabben, to restrain— from 
habban, to have : Ger. gehaben, to behave), to govern ; 
to conduct ; to act : beha'ving, imp. : behaved, pp. 
-havd': behaviour, n. be-hav-yer, conduct, good or 
bad; manners. 

behead, v. bi-Md' (be and head), to cut off the head ; 
behead'ing, imp. : n. the act of cutting off the head— 
a punishment for great crimes formerly common in 
this country: behead 'ed, pp. 

behemoth, n. be'-he-moth (Heb.), the animal de- 
scribed by Job, and supposed to be the hippopotamus 
or river-horse. 

behen, n. be'-hSn (Ar.), the name of a plant whose 
root is medicinal. 

behest, n. bi-hist' (AS. behces, a vow: Icel. heita, 
to be named), command ; order ; precept. 

behind, prep, be-hind' (AS. behindan: Fin. hanta, 
the tail), at the back of; after: ad. remaining; at a 
distance; out of view: behind'hand, a. backward; 
tardy : ad. in arrears. 

behold, v. bg-hold' (AS. be ; healdan, to observe), to 
look steadily upon; to view; to see with attention: 
beholding, imp. : beheld', pt. and jyp- : beholden, a, 
bP-h'V'7-en, indebted; obliged: behold'er, n. one who : 
behold', int. see ! lo ! 

behove, v. be-hov' (AS. behofi.au, to be fit; behefe, 
advantage : L. habeo : Dut. hebben, to have), to be fit ; 
to be necessary for; used chiefly in the 3d pers. sing. : 
beho'ving, imp. be-ho'-vlng .- behoved, pp. bi.-h.6vd' -. 
behoof, n. be-hdf, need; profit; advantage. 

being, v. be'lng (see be), imp. of be : n. existence ; 
a state of existence ; a person existing ; any living 
creature. 

belabour, v. be-la'-ber (AS. be-. L. labor, toil, ex- 
ertion), to beat soundly; to thump: belabouring, 
imp. : bela'boured, pp. -bird. 

belate, v. bi-laf (AS. be: L. latus, carried), to make 
a person too late : bela'ting, imp. : bela'ted, pp. : 
adj. too lati benighi : 

belay, v. bi-ld' (Dut. beleggen, to lay around), to 

block up ; among seamen, to fasten, as a rope : be- 

lsy'ing, imp. : belayed, pp. bi-lad' .- belay'ing-pins, 

mate, mdt,far, law; mete, met, 



the wooden pins on which the ropes are belayed or 
wound. 

belch, v. bilsh (AS. bealcan; Dut. bolken, to bellow), 
to throw up anything violently, as from the stomach, 
or from a mountain : n. the act of throwing up or out ; 
eructation: belch'ing, imp. : belched, pp. bilsht. 

beldam, n. bel'ddm (F. belle, handsome; dame, 
lady), anciently, a good lady — now, an old noisy 
woman; a hag. 

beleaguer, v. bi-le'-ger (Dut. belegeren, to besiege: 
AS. be: Ger. lager, a camp), to besiege; to surround a 
place with an anny so as to prevent any one escap- 
ing from it ; belea'guering, imp. : beleaguered, pp. 
bele'-gird. 

belemnite, n. bel'-im-nlt (Gr. belemnon, a dart), a 
fossil abundant in chalk and limestone, apparently 
the internal bone or shell of extinct naked cephalo- 
pods, allied to the existing squid and cuttlefish— com- 
monly called arrow-head or finger-stone, also thunder- 
bolt or thunder-stone: belemnoteutbis, n. be-lim' 
no-tu'-thls (Gr. belemnon, a dart; teuthis, the squid 
or cuttlefish), a fossil of the belemnite family of 
cephalopods, sometimes so well preserved that the 
receptacle and ink bag have been found in their nat- 
ations. 

belfry, n. bel'-frl (F. beffroi, a watch-tower: low L. 
belfredum), the part of a steeple or building where a 
bell is hung. 

Belgian, a. bil'jl-dn, also Belgic, a. bil'-jlk, of or 
from Belgium, bil'-jl-um, a country of Europe lying 
north of France : n. an inhabitant of. 

Belgravian, a. bel-gra'-vl-dn (Belgravia, a fashion- 
able quarter of London), pert, to Belgravia, or fashion- 
able life. 

Belial, n. be'-ll-dl (Heb. unprofitableness), wicked- 
ness; an evil spirit: adj. worthless. 

belibel, v. bi-U'-bl (AS. be: F. libelle, a bill, a 
lampoon), to traduce ; to libel ; to slander. 

belie, v. bi-ll' (AS. belecgan: Ger. behvgen, to de- 
ceive by lies), to show to be false; to feign; to pre- 
tend: belying, imp. bi-li'lng: belied, pp. bb-lld'. 

belief, n. bi-lif (AS. gelea/a, belief: Goth, gal- 
aubjan, to believe : Ger. glauben, to believe), trust in 
a thing as true; credit; persuasion: believe, v. be- 
lev!, to trust in as true; to credit; to be persuaded of: 
believing, imp.: believed, pp. bi-levd': believer, 
ii. one who ; a Christian: believ'able, a. -d-bl, able to 
be believed : believ'ingly, ad. -II. 

bell, n. bell (AS. bellan: Icel. belia, to sound loudly), 
a hollow body producing musical sounds when struck ; 
anything expanding mouth outwards like a bell, as 
the cups of flowers : v. to grow in the form of bells ; 
to make a loud noise: bel'ling, imp.: belled, pp. 
bild: bell-founder, n. one engaged in the making 
of bells : bell'-hang'er, n. one whose trade is to fit 
up bells in houses: bell-shaped, in bot., applied to 
a corolla when it bellies or swells out like a bell, as 
the Canterbury bells : bell'-met'al, n. a mixed metal 
for making bells, consisting of a mixture of copper 
and tin: bell-ring'er, n. one who rings a bell: bell- 
man, a town -crier: bell, book, and candle, a phrase 
for execration, derived from the ceremonies of excom- 
munication in the R. Cath. Ch. : to bear the bell, 
to be the first or leader, as the foremost horse in a 
team, or a wether in a flock of sheep which wore a 
bell ; to take the prize : to shake the bells (from the 
bells of a hawk), to affright: bell-flower, bluebell, 
names of flowers shaped like a bell: diving-bell, a 
bell-shaped machine, or usually square, so constructed 
that a person can descend in it among water — used by 
workmen in laying foundations of piers on river or 
sea bottoms, and in descending to wrecks, &c. : bells, 
on board a ship, the half-hours of the watch, marked 
by striking a bell at the end of each : bell-crank, a 
bent lever, used for changing a vertical into a hori- 
zontal motion: bell-metal-ore, a Cornish miner's 
term for sulphuret of tin, an ore consisting of tin 
and copper pyrites, and having a brilliant bell-metal 
colour. 

belladonna, n. bil'-ld-don'-nd (It. fair lady, from its 
having been used as a cosmetic by ladies— from It. 
bella., beautiful ; donna, lady), an extract of the deadly 
nightshade— a valuable medicine in very small doses, 
but a deadly poison if exceeded; systematic name, 
at'ropa bel'ladon'na (Gr. atropos, one of the three 
Fates whose duty it was to cut the thread of life— in 
allusion to its deadly effects). 

belle, n. bil (F. beauty), a young lady much admired. 

belles-lettres, n. plu. bel-lit'-tr (F.), polite literature 
her; pine, pin; note, n6t, m6ve; 



BELL K 

in all its branches, particularly poetry ; the rules of 
eloquence. 

Bellerophon, n. bil-ler'-o-jon (from Bellerophon, a 
fabulous her. i extensive genus of fossil 

nautiloid shells, consisting of a single chamber, like 
the living Argonaut. 

bellicose, a. bel'-ll-koz' (L. bellicosus, very warlike, 
—from bellum, war), inclined to war ; warlike. 

belligerent, a. bel-lij'-ir-ent (L. bellum, war; gero, 
I carry on), waging war ; carrying on war : n. a nation 
or state carrying on war. 

bellow, v. bel'-lo (AS. bellan, to sound loudly), to 
make a loud noise ; to roar : n. a loud shout ; a roar : 
bellowing, imp.: bellowed, pp. bil'-lod-. bel'lower, 
n. one who. 

bellows, n. bil'-loz (AS. and Sw. baelg, a bag or 
pouch: Gael, balg, a leather bag: L. bulga, a womb 
or belly), an instrument or machine for blowing up a 
fire, or for supplying the pipes of an organ with wind. 

belly, n. bel'-ll (see bellows, above), that part of the 
body of an animal which contains the bowels ; that 
part of a thing which swells out ; a hollow place or 
cavity : v. to fill or swell out ; to become protuber- 
ant : bellying, imp. : bellied, pp. bil'-lid : adj. puffed 
up; swelled: bellyful, a. bel'-ll-fdbl, as much as fills 
the belly: bellyache, n. bll'-li-dk, pain in the bowels. 

belomancy, n. bel'-d-mdn'-sl (Gr. bdos, an arrow; 
manteia, divination), a kind of divination in which 
arrow, were used as lots. 

belong, v. belong' (Dut. belangen, to attain to, to 
concern: Ger. gelangen, to arrive at: L. pertinere, to 
reach or extend to), to be the property of or business 
of; to be an inherent quality of; to be related to or 
connected with ; to have a residence in : belonging, 
imp.: belonged, pp. bi-longd' : belongings, n. plu. 
those things which pertain to one, as qualities or 
endowments. 

Beloochee, n. bil'-do-che', a native of Beloochistan : 
adj. pert. to. 

beloptera, n. belop'-ter-d (Gr. belos, a dart; pteron, 
awing), a curious fossil organism, like a belemnite, 
occurring in tertiary strata, and evidently the inter- 
nal bone of a cephalopod. 

beloteuthis, n. be'-lo-til'-thls (Gr. belos, a dart; teu- 
this, the squid or cuttlefish ), a genus of flattened spear- 
head-shaped belemnites, allied to the cuttlefish of ex- 
isting seas. 

beloved, a. bi-luv'-id: pp. bd-luvd' (be and loved), 
much loved ; greatly esteemed ; dear to the heart. 

below, prep, be-lo" (be and low), under; unworthy 
of: ad. in a lower place. 

belt, n. belt (L. balteus, a girdle or belt: Icel. belti), 
a band or girdle ; a strap by which a sword or other 
thing is hung: v. to encircle: belt'ing, imp.: belt'ed, 
pp.: adj. having a belt ; arrayed in armour. 

beltane, n. bil'-tan, or bel'tein, bel'-tln (Gael. 
bealteine, Bel's fire— Bel being the name for the sun ; 
teine, fire), a festival of remote antiquity, but now 
going into disuse,— still partially observed in Scot- 
land on 1st May, generally among trade corporations 
—and in Ireland on 21st June ; supposed to be the 
relics of the worship of the sun, such as kindling fires 
on hills, and other ceremonies, the significance of 
some of which is not known. 

beluga, n. be-lo'-gd (Russ. white fish), a cetaceous 
fish from 12 to 18 feet in length. 

belvedere, n. bil'-ve-der' (It.— from L. bellus, fine, 
neat ; videre, to see), in arch., a turret or cupola raised 
above the roof of a building ; in Italy, an open gallery 
or corridor; a lookout - place in a garden or on a 
hill; a plant. 

bema, n. be-md (Gr. a tribunal) a raised structure 
for an elevated seat ; a chancel ; a bishop's throne. 

bemire, v. bi-mir' (AS. be: Icel. myri, a swamp), 
to soil by passing through dirty places: bemi'ring, 
imp. : bemired, pp. be-mird'. 

bemoan, v. bi-mon' (be and moan), to lament ; to 
express sorrow for ; to bewail : bemoan'ing, imp. : 
bemoaned, pp. bi-mond'. 

bench, n. bensh (AS. bene: Dan. bank: Icel. bekr: 
see bank), a long seat of wood or stone ; a strong table ; 
the seat of the judges; the judges or magistrates on 
it : v. to furnish with benches : bencher, n. binsh'-er, 
a gentleman of the Inns of Court. 

bend, v. bind (AS. bendan: Icel. benda, to stretch), 
to crook ; to incline ; to turn over or round : n. a turn ; 
a curve : bending, imp. : bend'ed or bent, pp. : 
ben'der, n. one who : bendable, a. bend'd-bl, that may 
be bent : bendlet, n. in her., a little bend. 



) BENZ 

beneath, prep. bS-neth' (AS. be, and neothan, be- 
neath), under; lower in position or rank: ad. in a 
lower place; below. 

Benedick, n. ben'c-dik, also spelt Benedict (one of 
Shakespeare's characters in Much Ado about Nothing, 
who begins as a confirmed harhrlor ami ends b} marry- 
ing Beatrice), a late, unwilling, or unexpected con"ert 
to matrimony; sometimes applied to a bachelor. 

Benedictines, n. plu. bin'-i-dlk'tins, the followers of 
St Benedict of Norcia, who flourished in the first half 
of the sixth century ; called also blackfriars. 

benediction, n. bin'-e-dlk'-shiin (L. bene, well; dic- 
tum, to speak), a blessing pronounced; kind wishes 
for success: benedictory, a. ben'-e-dlk'-tor-i, express- 
ing wishes for good. 

benefaction, n. bSn'-e-fak'-shun (L. bene, well; fac- 
tum, to do), doing good to another; a benefit or good 
conferred: ben'efac'tor, n. one who bestows a benefit 
or good: benefactress, n. a woman who confers a 
benefit. 

benefice, n. bin'5-fis (L. beneflcium, a favour— from 
bene, well ; facio, I make or do), a church-living or 



; the practice of doing kindness to those in 
need : beneficent, a. -sent, kind ; charitable : benefi- 
cent ly, ad. -II: beneficial, a. bin'-i-flsh'-dl, useful; pro- 
fitable; helpful: beneficially, ad. -K: beneficiary, n. 
bin'-i-fish'ldr-i, one who receives anything as a gift ; 
one who holds a benefice : benefit, n. bin'-i-fit, any- 
thing tending to the good of another; a favour; pro- 
fit : v. to do good to ; to gain advantage from : ben- 
efiting, imp.: ben'efit'ed, pp. -fit-id: benefit of 
clergy, a privilege once enjoyed by persons in holy 
orders of being exempted from the punishment of 
death, and only burnt in the hand if convicted of cer- 
tain crimes, which exemption was extended to all who 
could read. 

benevolence, n. bi-niv'-o-lins (L. bene, well; volo, I 
wish), goodwill ; the disposition to do good ; the good 
done ; a compulsory tax or assessment, formerly im- 
posed on the people by the kings of England : benev- 
olent, a. kind ; possessing the desire to do good : be- 
nev'olent'ly, ad. -It. 

Bengal, n. bin-gawl', a thin stuff made of silk and 
hair, so called from Bengal, in India, where first made : 
Bengal light, a firework used for signals: Bengalee, 
n. beng'gal-e', the language of Bengal: Bengalese, 
n. sing, or plu. beng'-gd-lez', a native of Bengal. 

beng, n. beng, also spelt bang or bangue (Pers. 
bengh), the prepared leaf of the Indian hemp, used as 
a narcotic. 

benight, v. be-nit' (be and night), to overtake 
with darkness : benight'ing, imp. : benight'ed, pp. : 
adj. involved in darkness, ignorance, or superstition. 

benign, a. be-nin' (L. benignus, kind), of a kind 
and gentle disposition ; gracious : benig'nant, a. be- 
nig'-ndnt, kind; gracious: benignity, n. -ni-ti, kind- 
ness; goodness of heart: benignly, ad. bi-nin'-li: be- 
nig'nantly, ad. -II. 

benison, n. ben'-i-sun (old F. benoison, benediction), 
blessing; benediction. 

benjamin, n. bin'-jd-min, common name of the gum 
benzoin, of which benjamin is a vulgar corruption. 

bennet, n. bin-it (L. benedictus, praised Or com- 
mended : F. benoite), the common name for the Geum 
urbanum or herb avens, a medicinal plant. 

bent, n. bent (see bend), curvature ; the tension or 
strain of the mental powers; disposition towards 
something ; inclination : adj. curved; inclined ; prone 
to; determined; in bot., hanging down towards the 
ground. 

bent, n. bent (Ger. binse, reed or bent grass), the 
culms or dry stalks of pasture grasses ; a coarse grass 
which creeps and roots rapidly through the soil by its 
wiry and jointed stems, and thus binds it together, 
very difficult to eradicate. 

benumb, v. be-num' (AS. benceman: Ger. beneh- 
men, to take away, to stupefy), to deprive of feeling ; 
to make torpid ; to stupefy : benumb'ing, imp. : be- 
numbed, pp. be-numd': benumb ness, n. 

benzoate, n. bin'-zo-dt (F.), a salt of benzoic acid: 
benzoine, n. ben'-zo-in, a compound obtained from oil 
of bitter almonds in brilliant prismatic crystals which 
are inodorous and tasteless: benzole, n. bin'-zol: or 
benzin, n. bin'-zin, a clear colourless fluid of a pecul- 
iar, agreeable, ether-like odour, obtained from coal-tar : 
benzyle, n. ben'zil; or benzoyle,;n. bin'-zdyl (benzoin; 
and Gr. (h)ule, the substance from which anything is 



'» boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



BENZ 4 

made), an assumed compound forming the radical of 
oil of bitter almonds, benzoic acid, &c. 

benzoin, n. ben-zo'-ln or b6n-zdyn' (said to be from 
Ar. benzoab), called also by a vulgar corruption 
benjamin; a fragrant resin obtained from a large tree 
of Sumatra: benzoic, a. b&n-zo'lk, applied to an acid 
obtained from the gum benzoin, commonly called ben- 
jamin flowers. 

bequeath, v. bS-kweth' (AS. becwcethan— from be, 
and cwazthan, to say), to give or leave by will ; to 
hand down to posterity : bequeathing, imp.: be- 
queathed, pp. M-kweihd" : bequest, n. b6-kwSst', 
something left by will ; a legacy. 

berberine, n. ber'ber-ln (L. berberis, the berberry— 
from Ar. berberi, wild), an alkaline substance in the 
form of needle-like crystals of a beautiful bright yel- 
low, obtained from the root of the berberry shrub. 

bere, n. oer (AS. bere), a variety of barley; bigg or 
barley-bigg. 

bereave, v. bS-rev' (AS. bereafian, to deprive of), to 
take from; to deprive of; to render destitute: be- 
reav'ing, imp. : bereft, b&-re\ft', or bereaved, pp. 
bS-revd' : bereav'er, n. one who: bereavement, n. 
be-rev'ment, a heavy loss, particularly of friends, by 
death. 

berengellite, n. bSr-Sng'gSl-lt (from St Berengela, 
in Peru, S. Amer., where found abundantly ; Gr. lithos, 
a stone), one of the mineral resins, of a dark-brown 
colour with a green tinge, having a disagreeable odour 
and bitter taste. 

berg, n. berg (Sw. berg, a mountain), a hill, gene- 
rally of ice ; a contr. of iceberg, which see : berg-mahl 
or -mehl, berg-mdl' (Sw. mountain -meal), a recent 
infusorial earth of a whitish colour and mealy grain, 
also called fossil farina, of common occurrence in bog 
and ancient lake deposits. 

bergamot, n. ber'gd-mot (F. and Sp. bergamote), a 
kind of pear or citron highly esteemed; a perfume 
obtained from its rind ; tapestry of a coarse kind, first 
made at Bergamo, in Italy. 

bergmaster, n. berg'mds-ter (AS., Ger., or Sw. berg, 
a mountain or mine; and master) >:)<• chi-i 'hm<-<t 
or judge among the Derbyshire miners: bergmote, 
n. berg'-mot (AS. berg; gemote, an assembly), a court 
or assembly for deciding all causes and disputes among 
the Derbyshirt miners. 

Berlin, n. ber-lln' or ber'lln, a kind of carriage first 
made in Berlin ; fine worsted for fancy-work. 

berm, n. berm (F. berme: Ger. brame) in fort, a 
path or space of ground from 3 to 5 feet in width 
left between the exterior slope of the parapet and the 
ditch. 

bernacle, n. bir'nd-kl—see barnacle. 

berry, n. ber'-rl, plu. berries, ber'riz (AS. berie: 
Icel. ber: Ger. beere: L. bacca), any small juicy fruit: 
berried, a. ber'rld, furnished with berries. 

berth, n. berth (Icel. byrdi : Dan. byrde, a burden ; 
a supposed corruption of breadth), the position of a 
ship at anchor ; a space or room in a ship ; a place to 
sleep in : to give a wide berth, to leave considerable 
room for. 

beryl, n. bSr'll (L. beryllus: Pers. bulur, a crystal),a 
precious stone of a deep rich green colour : berylline, 
a. bSr'il-in, like the beryl ; a lapidary's term for the 
less brilliant and colourless varieties of the emerald. 

beryx, n. bSr'iks, a fossil fish belonging to the perch 
family, known to the quarrymen by the name of John 
Dories. 

berzeline, n. ber'zelin (after Berzelius, a Swedish 
chemist), a mineral ; selenite of copper, occurring in 
thin dendritic crusts of a silver-white colour and me- 
tallic lustre: berzelite, n. ber'zel-lt, a name applied 
to several minerals. 

beseech, v. be-sech' (old Eng. beseke : AS. be, and 
secan, to seek), to ask for earnestly; to entreat; to 
implore: beseeching, imp.: besought', pp. and pt. 
te-sawt': beseech'er, n. one who : beseech'ingly, ad. -It 

beseem, v. bS-sem' (old Sw. saema: Ger. gezie- 
men: Dut. betcemen, to be fitting, to become), to be- 
come ; to befit ; to be decent for : beseeming, imp. : 
beseemed, pp. be-sernd": beseem'ingly, ad. -ll. 

beset, v. bS-sSt' (AS. besettan), to surround ; to en- 
close; to press on all sides; to perplex: beset'ting, 
imp.: adj. habitually attending: beset', pt. pp. 



beside, prep. bS-sid' (be and side ; by the side), at 
the side of a person or thing; over and above: be- 
sides, prep. M-sidz', over and above: ad. or conj. 
more than that ; moreover : beside himself, out of his 
wits. 



! BETO 

besiege, v. bS-sej' (AS. be: F. siege, to besiege), to 
surround any place with soldiers, as a city or town, in 
order to take possession of it by force ; to beset : be- 
sie'ging, imp.: adj. employed in a siege; surrounding 
with armed forces: besieged, pp. be-sCjd': besie'ger, 
n. one who. 

besmear, v. bS-smSr' (be and smear), to cover all 
over; to soil with dirt : besmearing, imp.: besmear- 
ed, pp. bi-smerd'. 

besom n. be'-zum (AS. besem— from besmas, rods: 
Ger. besen), a large brush of Iji n;h or lia.i r for sweeping ; 
a broom: v. to sweep: be'soming, imp.: besomed, pp. 
be'zumd. 

besot, bS-sot' (AS. be: Ger. salt, full: F. sot, dull, 
gross), to stupefy ; to make dull or senseless : besot'- 
ting, imp.: besot'ted, pp.: besot'tedly, ad. -It: besot- 
tedness, n. stupidity; infatuation : besot'tingly, ad. -ll. 

besought— see beseech. 

bespangle, v. bi-spdng'gl (AS. be: Gael, spang, any- 
thing sparkling : Dut. sp< L to adorn with 
spangles; to cover with glittering objects: bespan'- 
gling, imp.: bespangled, pp. bdspdng'gld. 

bespatter, v. bi-spdt'-ter (Dut. bespatten, to splash), 
to sprinkle with water or mud: bespat'tering, imp.: 
bespat'tered, pp. -t&rd. 

bespeak, v. bS-spekf {be and speak), to speak for 
beforehand ; to engage for a future time ; to forebode ; 
to show : bespeak'er, n. one who ; bespeaking, imp. : 
bespoke, pt. bS-spok': bespoken, pp. b6-spo'-k6n. 

bespread, v. bi-sprSd' (AS. be: Dut. spreeden: Dan. 
sprede, to spread or scatter), to spread over; to cover 



est degree ; beyond all others : n. the utmost ; the 
highest endeavour, as to do one's best : the best, the 
highest perfection: do the best, use the utmost 
power : make the best, improve or do to the utmost. 

bestial, a. best'ydl (L. bestia, a beast), like a beast ; 
beastly; brutal; filthy: bestiality, n. Mst'ydl'i-tl, 
the quality of a beast ; an unnatural crime : bestially, 
ad. -ll. 

bestir, v. bS-ster' (AS. be and stir), to rouse into 
vigorous action: bestir'ring, imp.: bestirred, pp. 
b8-sterd'. 

bestow, v. bS-sto' (AS. be, and stow, a place), to 
give; to confer; to apply; to impart: bestowing, 
imp.: bestowed, pp. be-stod' : bestow'al, n. the act 
of bestowing : bestow'ment, n. the act of giving or 
conferring : bestoWer, n. one who. 

bestrew, v. be-stro' (be and strew), to scatter or 
sprinkle over— see strew. 

bestride, v. bS-stnd' (be and stride), to stand with 
the legs open ; to extend the legs across : bestri'ding, 
imp. : bestrid, bi-strld', or bestrod, M-strOd', pt. : be- 
stridden, pp. bi-strld'-n. 

bestud, v. bS-stud'(be and stud), to adorn with studs 
or shining points : bestud'ding, imp. : bestud', pp. 

bet, n. bet (AS. bad : Goth, vadi, a pledge), a wager : 
that which is pledged on a contest : v. to lay a wager : 
bet'ting, imp. : bet'ted, pp. : bet'ting, a. in the habit 
of making bets : n. the proposing or laying of a wager : 
bet'tor, n. one who bets. 

beta,n. be'td (Gr.), second letter of the Greek alpha- 
bet ; systematic name for an order of plants (Celt, bett, 
red, in allusion to the red colour of the roots) of which 
the beet-root is the type. 

betake, v. bS-tdk' (AS. betcecan), to take one's self 
to ; to have recourse to ; to apply : betaking, imp. : 
betook, pt. bS-tobk' : betaken, pp. bS-td'kn. 

betel, n. bet'l (F. betel: Sp. betle: Sans, patra), a 
sort of pepper-plant, the fruit of the Areca Catechu ; 
a compound whose principal ingredients are the fruit 
of the Areca Catechu, the leaf of the betel pepper, a 
little chunam, and lime— in universal use for chew- 
ing in all central and tropical Asia, affording the 
same sort of enjoyment as chewing tobacco in other 
countries. 

bethink, v. bS-thlnk' (be and think), to bring or call 
to mind by reflection: bethinking, imp,: bethought, 
pp. bS-thawt'. 

betide, v. bS-tid' (AS. be; tidan, to happen), to hap- 
pen ; to come to ; to come to pass ; to befall : betided, 
pp. bS-tl'dSd. 

betimes, ad. b6-tlmz', or betime' (AS. be and time), 
before it is too late ; seasonably. 
;, mdt,far, law; mete, met, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



BETO 



thing known; to indicate; to foreshow: betokening, 
imp. be-tok'-ning, showing by a sign: betokened, pp. 
b6-t6k'-nd. 

betony, n. bit'o-nl, or betonica, be-ton'l-kd (orig- 
inally vetonica, said to be from the Vettones, a people 
of Spain, who discovered it), a genus of plants, of vari- 
ous species, esteemed for their medicinal properties. 

betook, v.— see betake. 

betray, v. be-tra' (AS. be; and L. trado, I give up or 
surrender: F. trah ir, to betray), to give into the hands 
of an enemy by treachery ; to be unfaithful to a friend ; 
to violate trust or confidence ; to mislead ; to entrap ; 
betray'ing, imp.: betrayed, pp. be-trdd' .- betrayal, 
n. act of betraying ; breach of trust : betray'er, n. one 
who betrays. 

betroth, v. bi-troth' (be and troth or truth), to 
pledge or promise in order to marriage ; to contract 
with the view to marriage : betrothing, imp. : be- 
trothed, pp. bS-trothf : betrothal, n. be-troth'dl, and 
betroth'ment, n. a contract or agreement with a view 
to marriage. 

better, a bSt'ter, comp. of good (AS. betera: Dut. 
baet, better, more), good in a higher degree ; more ad- 
vanced : ad. with greater excellence ; more correctly : 
v. to improve ; to raise higher in the good qualities 
of: betters, n. plu. bet'terz, superiors in social rank: 
bet'tering, imp. : bettered, pp. bet'terd. 

between, prep, be-twen' (AS. betweoh, in the mid- 
dle of two — from be, by, and tweoh, two), in the middle ; 
from one to another; noting difference or distinction 
of one from another : between' decks, among seamen, 
the space contained between two decks: betwixt, 
prep, te-twixtf, between ; in the midst of two. 

bevel, n. bev'-il (F. beveau, a square rule), an instru- 
ment for drawing angles, consisting of two legs moving 
on a pivot; any slope or inclination: adj. angular; 
crooked: v. to slant to any angle less than a right- 
angle: bevelling, imp. biv-il-Ung: adj. curving or 
bending from a straight line— said of timber: n. in 
shipbuilding, the winding of a timber, &c, agreeably 
to directions given from the mould loft : bevelled, pp. 
b£v : &d: bev'elment.n. a name used for "certain edges 
or faces formed in mineral bodies : bev'el-gear, -ger, in 
mech., a species of wheelwork where the axis or shaft 
of the leader or driver forms an angle with the axis or 
shaft of the follower or wheel driven : bevel-wheel, a 
wheel having teeth to work at an angle either greater 
or less than half a right angle. 

beverage, n. bSv'er-aj (It. bevere, to drink: L. bi- 
bere, to drink: F. beuvrage, a beverage), a liquor for 
drinking ; an agreeable drink. 

bevy, n. bev'-l (It. beva, a bevy : F. bevee, a flock or 
brood), a flock of birds; a company; a number of 
young women. 

bewail, v. bS-wal' (AS. be: Icel. vcila, to lament), 
to lament ; to express grief or sorrow for : bewail'ing, 
imp.: bewailed, pp. bS-tudld': bewail'ingly, ad. -U: 
bewailable, a. be-wdl'd-bl, that may be sorrowed 
for : bewail'ing and bewail'ment, n. lamentation ; the 
act of mourning for : bewail'er, n. one who. 

beware, v. bS-wdr' (AS. bewarian: Dan. bevare), 
to take care of; to regard with caution ; to avoid. 

bewilder, v. bi-icll'der (Ger. venvildem, to grow 
wild or unruly), to perplex ; to puzzle ; to lead astray: 
bewil'dering, imp. : bewil'dered, pp. -derd : bewil- 
deredly, ad. be-wU'derd-ll : bewilderment, n. con- 
fusion. 

bewitch, v. bS-wlch' (AS. be; wicce, a witch), to 
gain power over by charms or incantations ; to please 
in the highest degree ; to fascinate— used generally in 
a bad sense: bewitching, imp.: adj. having power 
to charm or fascinate: bewitched, pp. be-wlchf .• 
bewitch'er, n. one who: bewitch'ery, n. -er-i, ir- 
resistible power possessed by any person or thing 
over a creature ; fascination : bewitch'ingly, ad. -ll : 
bewitch'ment, n. irresistless power over ; fascination. 

bewray, v. be-ra' (AS. be; vregan, to accuse, to 
discover), to point out ; to show ; to discover ; to be- 
tray : bewray'ing, imp. : bewrayed, pp. be-rcld'. 

bey, n. 6a (Turk, beg, a prince or chief), governor of 
a Turkish province ; a prince. 

beyond, ad., prep, bi-yond' (AS. begeond— from 
geona, thither, yonder), at a distance ; at the further 
side ; out of reach ; above : to go beyond, to surpass. 

beyrichia, n. bd-rlk'l-d (after M. Beyrich), a genus 
of minute fossil crustaceans, bivalved, and found at- 
, tached to other crustaceans as parasites. 



[ BICK 

bezel, n. bSz'Sl (Sp. bisel, the basil edge of a plate of 
looking-glass : F. biseau, aslant), the ledge which sur- 
rounds and retains a jewel or other object in the cavity 
in which it is set. 

bezoar-stones, bez'or-stonz (Pers. pa, against; za- 
har, poison), stony concretions found in the intestines 
of certain land-animals, and formerly used as medi- 
cines or antidotes for poisons; in geol., stony concre- 
tions usually composed of several crusts one within 
the other, and closely cohering: bezoardic, a. be'-zo- 
dr'dlk, of or like bezoar. 

bi, bl or bl, also bis, bis (L. twice), a common prefix, 
meaning tiuo, tivice, double, in two. Note.— When 
compounds beginning with bi are not found, mark the 
meaning of bi, and turn to the principal word. 

bia, n. bl'-d, a Siamese name for the small shells 
called cowries throughout the East Indies. 

biangular, a. bl-dng'gu-ldr (L. bis; angulus, a cor- 
ner), having two angles or corners. 

bias, n. bl'ds (F. biais, a slope: It. sbiescio, slant, 
on one side), a disposition or leaning of the mind ; 
inclination ; prepossession : v. to incline to ; to preju- 
dice in favour of: bi'assing, imp.: biassed, pp. bl'dst, 
inclined in favour of. 

bib,v. blb{L. bibo, I drink : Dut. biberen, to drink to 
excess: F. biberon, a tippler), to sip: bib'bing, imp. : 
bibbed, pp. bibd: bibber, n. blb'-ber, one who sips or 
tipples. 

bib, n. bib, a species of codfish, growing to a foot in 
length, of a pale-olive colour, sides tinged with gold, 
belly white: bibbs, n. plu. blbz, in shipbuilding, 
pieces of timber bolted to certain parts of a mast to 
support the trestle-trees. 

bib, n. bib (F. bavon, a bib ; baver, to slaver— from 
bave, spittle: Fris. babbe, the mouth), a piece of cloth 
put on the breasts of children for cleanliness when 
feeding them. 

bibacious, a. bl-bd'shus (L. bibo, I drink— see bib), 
given to drinking: bibacity, n. bl-bds'i-ti, love for 
dr i nking: bibulous, a. blb'u-lus, drinking in; spongy: 
bibio, n. blb'l-0, the wine-fly. 

bibasic, a. & i - wo ; basis, a base), hav- 

ing two bases— applied to acids which combine with 
two equivalents of a base. 

Bible, n. bl'bl (Gr. biblion, a book), the book; the 
Holy Scriptures : Biblical, a, blb'U-kdl, relating to the 
Bible: Bib'lical'ly, ad. -II: Biblicist, n. blb'llsist, 
also Biblist, n. one skilled in the knowledge of the 
Scriptures. 

bibliography, n. blb'll-dg'rd-fi, (Gr. biblion, a 
book; grapho, I write), knowledge and history of 
books : bibliographer, n. blb'll-og'rd-fer one who is 
skilled in the knowledge of books : bib'liograph'ic, 
a. -grdf-ik, also bib'liograph'ical, a. 4-ktiI, pert, to 
the history of books : bibliolatry, n. blb'll-61'd-trl, 
book-worship, especially applied to an extreme rever- 
ence for the Bible : bibliomancy, n. blb'll -o-mdn'si, 
(Gr. biblion, a book; manteia, prophecy), divination 
by the Bible: bibliology, n. bib -11- 61-6 -jl (Gr. biblion, 
a book ; logos, discourse), a treatise on books ; Biblical 
literature or theology: bib'liolog'ical, a. -loj't-kdl, 
pert, to: bibliomania, n. blb'll-o-ma'-nt-d (Gr. bib- 
lion, a book ; mania, madness), a rage for the posses- 
sion of rare and curious books : bib'lioma'mac, n. 
■nl-dk, one who has a rage for books: bibliopolist, 
n. blb'll-op'g-list, and bibliopole, n. -pel' (Gr. biblion, 
a book; poleo, I sell), a bookseller: bibliotheca, n. 
bib'-ll-o-the'-kd (Gr. biblion, a book ; theka, a case or 
box), a repository for books ; a library: biblioth'ecal, 
a. -oth'-e-kdl, pert. to. 

bicapsular, a. bl-kdp'su-ldr (L. bis, twice, and cap- 
sular), in bot., having two seed-capsules to each flower. 

bicarbonate, n. bl-kdr'bo-ndt (L. bis, twice; and 
carbonate), a salt having two equivalents of carbonic 
acid to one equivalent of a base : bisulphate, n. bl-sul' 
fat, constituted as preceding— and many other similar 
formations in bi. 

bice, n. bis (old F. bis; bes, in composition, being 
often employed to signify perversion or inferiority), a 
pale-blue or green colour. 

biceps, n. bl'sSps (L. bis, twice ; caput, the head), 
double-headed; in anat., applied to certain muscles 
that divide into two portions ; bicipital, a. bl-sip'l- 
tdl, and bicipitous, a. bi-sip'l-tus, having two heads ; 
also bicephalous, a. bi-s?f'-d-lus(L. bis, twice : Gr. keph- 
ale, the head), double-headed. 

bicker, n. blk'er (Scot.: Dut. bickeler, a stone- 
picker— from picker), in Scot., a fight between two 
parties of boys by throwing stones and using sticks ; 



w, boy, foot ; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



BICO i 

a bowl or dish made of wood : v. to quarrel ; to fight 
without a set battle ; to contend in words : bickering, 
imp. : bickered, pp. blk'erd. 

biconjugate, a. blkdn'jo~b-gdt (L. Ms, twice; con, 
together ; jungo, I join), in bot., in pairs— applied to a 
leaf in which the common petiole divides into two 
branches, each of which bears two leaflets. 

bicorn, a. bl'korn, or bicornous, a. bl-kor'nOs (L. 
Ms, twice ; cornu, a horn), two-horned ; in bot., ap- 
plied to any parts of plants that have the likeness of 
two horns. 

bicuspid, a. bl-kiis'pld (L. Ms, twee; cuspis, the 
point of a spear), in (mat., applied to teeth that have 
two fangs or points, as the first two molars on each 
side; in bot., leaves that end in two points; two- 
fanged; two-pronged. 

bid, v. bid (AS. beodan; Ger. bieten, to offer: Dut. 
Meden), to tell to do ; to request ; to offer a price ; to 
wish: bade, pt. bad: bidden or bid, pp. bld'-n: bid- 
ding, imp. bld'dlng: n. an invitation; an order: 
bid der, n. one who offers a price : bid, n. bid, an 
offer at an auction. 

bide, v. bid (AS. Mdan, to wait, to remain), to 
suffer; to endure; to live; to remain in a place; to 
continue in a state : biding, imp. bl'ding, dwelling ; 
remaining. 

bidental, a. bl-dSn'tdl (L. Ms, twice ; dens, a tooth- 
gen, dentis), having two teeth : bidentate, a. bl-dSn' 
tilt, in bot., applied to leaves that have their marginal 
incisions or teeth edged by smaller teeth. 

bidet, n. bld'et (F. bidet: It. Mdetto), a small 
horse ; an article of bedroom furniture. 

biennial, a. bhrn'iu-al (L. bis, twice ; annus, ayear), 
continuing or lasting throughout two years— applied 
to plants that do not bear flowers and seed till the 
second year, and then die : n. a plant that stands two 
years : bien'nial'ly, ad. -II. 

bier, n. ber (AS. baer: F. Mere: Ger. bdra), a frame 
of wood, or a carriage, on which the dead are borne to 
the grave. 

biestings, n. plu. best'lngz (see beestings), the 
first milk given by a cow after calving. 

bifacial, a. bl-fd'shl-dl (L. Ms, twice ; fades, the 
face), having two like faces. 

biferous, a. blf'-er-us (L. Ms, twice; fero, I carry), 
bearing fruit t ,vice a-year. 

biffin, n. biffin (supposed corruption of beefin, from 
its resemblance to raw beef), an apple so called, dried 
in an oven and flattened for keeping. 

bifid, a. bl'fld (L. bis, twice ; .fidi, I cleft or split), 
cleft in two; opening with a cleft, but not deeply di- 
vided: alsobifidate, a. blj ! '<., 

bifold, a. bl'fold (L. bis and fold), double; of two 
kinds : bi'form, a. -fawrm (L. forma, shape), having 
two forms. 

bifurcated, a. M-fer'kd-tSd, or bifur'cous, a. -Ms 
(L. bis, twice; f 'urea, a fork), forked; separated into 
two heads or branches : bi'furca'tion, n. -kd'shun, a 
dividing into two, as the division of the trunk of ves- 
sels, or of the stem of a plant. 

big, a. big (original spelling bug: Ice!, bolga, a swell- 
ing : Dan. bug, belly), large ; great in size or bulk ; full 
of pride; distended; ready to burst: bigly, ad. -II: 
bjg'ness, n. 
big, v. big, or bigg (Dan. byg), winter barley. 
bigamy, n. blg'd-mi (L. bis, twice; Gr. gameo, I 
marry), the crime of marrying a second wife or hus- 
band while a first is still alive : big'amist.n. -mist, one 
who has two wives or husbands at one time. 

biggin, n. big' gin (F. beguine, an order of nuns who 
do not take vows), a cap of a certain shape worn by the 
beguins ; a child's cap ; a small wooden vessel. 

bight, n. bit (Icel. bugt, a bend or curve : AS. bugan; 
Ger. biegen, to bend), a sudden bend inwards of the 
sea into the land ; a small bay ; the double part or coil 
of a rope. 

bigot, n. blg'ot (It. Mgotto, a bigot ; Mzzoco, a hypo- 
crite — from bigio, grey — applied to certain secular 
aspirants to superior holiness of life in thirteenth cen- 
tury), one who is obstinately and blindly attached to 
a particular religious belief, to a party, or to an opin- 
ion ; a blind zealot : big'oted, a. unreasonably attached 
to : big'otedly, ad.: bigotry, n. big'ot-ri, blind zeal in 
favour of something. 

bijou, n. be-zh6' (F.— plu. Mjoux), a jewel, a trinket: 
bijouterie, n. be-zhot'rl, jewellery; the making or 
dealing in trinkets or jewellery. 

bijugate, a. bl'-job-gdtf (L. Ms, twice ; jugum, a yoke), 
in bot., having two pairs of leaflets on a pinnate leaf. 



3 BILL 

bilabiate, a. bl-ld'bl-dt (L. bis, twice ; labium, a lip), 
in bot., having the mouth of any tubular organ divided 
into two principal portions, termed lips. 

bilateral, a. bi-ldt'ir-al, (I,, bis, twice ; latus, a side), 
in bot.-, arranged on or towards opposite sides: bilat- 
eral symmetry, that construction in vertebrate ani- 
mals where the organs of the body are arranged mora 
or less distinctly in pairs. 

bilberry, n. Ml'ber-rl (AS. bleo, blue ; Dan. blaa-bner, 
blue berry), name of a small wild fruit of a dark-blue 
colour, called in Scotland blaeberry; whortle-berry. 

bilboes, n. plu. Ml'-bOz (Iiilboa; L. boice, a shackle: 
Dul. bon/i'), among mariners, a sort of stocks or wood- 
en shackles for the feet, used for offenders. 

bile, n. bll (L. bilis, bile: F. bile), a thick, yellow, 
bitter liquor separated m the liver, and collected in 
the gall-bladder ; gall ; ill humour: bilious, a. bll'yus, 
having excess of bile : biliousness, n. : bil'iary, a. 
-yer-l, of or relating to bile: bile-duct, n. a vessel or 
canal to convey bile. 

bile, n. Ml (AS. byl, a blotch), more frequently boil 
— a soft tumour upon the flesh. 

bilge, n. bllj (Gael, bulg, a belly: Icel. bulki, a 
hump: Dan. bulk, a lump— a different spelling of 
bulge), the swelled out or bellied part of a cask ; the 
breadth of a ship's bottom on which she rests when 
aground: also called bilage, bll'dj: v. to have a 
fracture in a ship's bottom: to spring a leak: bilge- 
water, n. water lying on a ship's bottom or bilge: 
bilged, pp. blljd : bil'ging, imp. : bilge-pump, the 
pump employed to draw off the bilge-water. 

bilingsgate, n. bll'-lngz-gdt (the great fish-market 
in London), rough or foul language, such as is spoken 
a I Kiljugsgate. 

bilingual, a. bl-llng'gwal (L. Ms, twice; lingua, a 
tongue), in two languages: bilin'guous, a. -gurus, 
I ing two languages. 

biliteral, a. bl-lit'er-dl (L. bis, twee; litera, a letter), 
of two letters. 

bilk, v. bilk (Sw. balka, to partition off— another 
spelling of balk), to defraud ; to cheat; to leave in the 
lurch: bilk'ing, imp. : bilked, pp. bilkt. 

bill, n. bll (AS. Ml; Ger. beil, an axe: Dut. Mile, a 
stone-mason's pick), an instrument for hewing ; au 
anc. military weapon ; a hooked instrument for cutting 
hedges, pruning, &c. ; the beak of a fowl or bird : billed, 
a. blld, furnished with a bill. 

bill, n. bll (mid. L. bulla, a seal : Dut. Mljet, a note), 
an account for goods ; a printed advertisement ; in 
law, a declaration in writing of some fault or wrong ; 
a written promise to pay money in a certain time; a 
form or draft of a proposed law before parliament ; a 
written list of particulars in law, in commerce, or in 
other social usages : bill of exchange, a written order 
on a person in a distant place requesting him to pay 
money to another— the person who draws the bill is 
called the drawer, the person requested to pay the 
money the drawee, the person to whom the money is 
payable is called the payee : bill of fare, in a hotel, a 
list of articles ready for food : bill of entry, in com., a 
written account of goods entered at the custom-house : 
bill of lading, a written account of goods shipped by 
a person on board an outward-bound vessel, and signed 
by the master or captain : bill of health, a certificate 
of the health of a ship's crew : bill of mortality, an 
official return of deaths in any place : bill of rights, a 
summary or list of the rights and privileges claimed 
by a people : bill of sale, a written inventory or list 
given by the seller of personal property to the pur- 
chaser: bill of exceptions, a written statement of 
errors in law tendered to the presiding judge before 
a verdict is given : bill in chancery, a written state- 
ment put in or filed in the Court of Chancery : true 
bill, an attested written statement by a grand jury of 
sufficient evidence against a prisoner to warrant a 
trial: bill chamber, in Scot., a particular department 
of the Court of Session for dealing with certain written 
documents: bill of suspension, in Scot., a written 
application or appeal from a lower to a higher court, 
to prevent execution of a sentence in a criminal trial : 
bill of divorce, in the Jewish law, a certain form of 
writing given by a husband to a wife by which his 
marriage with her was dissolved: bill-sticker, one 
who posts placards, &c. 

bill, v. Ml (from bill, a beak), to caress as doves 
loining bills; to be fond: billing, imp.: billed, pp. 



mate, mdt.fdr, law; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



BILL 



49 



BISM 



lodge : v. to quarter soldiers : billeting, imp. : billeted, 
pp. 

billet, n. bU-lct (F. billot, a stick or log of wood cut 
for firewood), a small log of wood for firewood. 

billet-doux, n. bll'-la-do' (F. billet, a letter; doux, 
sweet), a short love-letter. 

billiards, n. plu. bil'yardz (F. billard— from F. bille; 
L. pilum, a ball), a same played on a long table cov- 
ered with cloth, with ivory balls and a cue or mace : 
billiard, a. pert. to. 

billion, n. bll'-yun (L. bis, twice, and million), a 
million of millions. 

billow, n. bil'-lo (Dan. bolge; Sw. bolja ; Dut. 
bo'ghe, a wave of the sea), a very large wave or surge 
of the sea : v. to swell or rise into large waves ; to 
surge: billowing, imp. : billowed, pp. -lod: billowy, 
a. -lo-l, full of billows ; swelling into great waves. 

bilobate, a. bl-lo-bat (L. bis, twice ; Gr. lobos, the 
ear-lap or lower part of the ear), having two lobes. 

bilocular, a. bl-lok'u-ldr (L. bis, twice; loculus, a 
little place), in bot., containing two cavities or cells. 

bimanous, a. bl-md'-nus (L. bis, twice ; manus, 
the hand), having two hands ; two-handed : bimana, 
n. -ma'nd, the order of mammalia of which man is 
the sole representative— the apes and monkeys being 
quadrumanous, or four-handed. 

bimensal, a. bl-min'sdl (L. bis; mensis, a month), 
occurring once in two months. 

bin, n. bin (AS. bin, a manger, a hutch: Sw. binge, 
a heap), a wooden box or chest used for holding corn 
or flour, &c. ; a compartment in a wine-cellar. 

bin (L. bini, two by two), a prefix meaning double ; 
by twos ; of two ; another form of bis, twice. 

binary, a. bl'nir-l (L. bini, two by two : F. binaire), 
consisting of two, or two parts : dual ; in astron., ap- 
plied to double stars ; in chem., applied to compounds 
consisting of two elements: n. constitution of two: 
binate, a. bl'nat, growing in pairs; double. 

bind, v. bind (AS. or Goth, bindan, to bind or tie: 
Icel. binda, to bind or knot— see bunch), to tie toge- 
ther; to fasten ; to confine or restrain ; to oblige by a 
promise, an oath, or an agreement ; to form or sew on 
a border ; to render costive or hard : binding, imp. : 
n. the cover of a book, &c: adj. obligatory: bound, 
pt. and pp. boicnd: bind'er, n. a person or thing that 
binds : bindery, n. blnd'er-i, a binder's workshop. 

bind, n. bind, or bine, bin (Ger. bund, a bunch, a 
truss), a miner's term for tough, argillaceous, or clayey 
shales. 

bind, n. u blnd (Icel. binda, to bind: Lith. pinnu, 
to wreathe, to plait: L. vinea, a vine), the winding or 
climbing stem of a climbing plant,— thus, hop-bine, 
the shoots of hops : woodbine, the honeysuckle : 
bindwood or binwood, in Scot., the ivy: bindweed, a 
wild plant with twining stems ; a convolvulus. 

Ding, n. blng (Sw. binge, a heap: Icel. bunga, to 
swell— same as bin), a heap ; a miner's term for a heap 
of ore or other mineral of a certain size. 

binnacle or binacle, n. bin'd-kl (formerly written 
bittacle.n. blt'd-kl: F. habitacle), a turret-shaped box 
placed on board a ship near the helm in which the 
compass is kept. 

binocle, n. bln'6-kl (L. binus, double; oculus, an 
eye), a telescope fitted with two tubes for both eyes: 
binocular, a. bl-nok'u-ldr, having two eyes; employ- 
ing both eyes at once— as binocular vision. 

binomial, n. bi-no'-mi-al (L. bis, twice; nomen, a 
name), in alg., a quantity consisting of two terms con- 
nected by the sign plus (+), or minus (-): adj. pert. 
to: binominous, a, bl-norn'l-nus : binomial system, 
in zool., the system according to which every animal 
receives two names, the one indicating the genus to 
which it belongs, the other being its own specific 
name— as i the domestic dog. 

binons, a. W-nus (L. bini, two by two), double ; in a 
pair, as leaves. 

binoxalate, n. bln-oks'dh&t (L. bis. twice; Gr. oxa- 
lis, a kind of sorrel— from Gr. oxus, acid), a combina- 
tion of oxalic acid with a base in which the former is 
in excess: binoxlde, n. -oks'id (L. bis, twice, and 
oxygen), the second degree of oxidation of a metal 
or other substance. 

biography, n. bl-og'rd-fl (Gr. bios, life; grapho, I 
write), the written history of the life and character 
of a particular person : bi'ograph'ic, a. -6-graf-ik, also 
bi'ograph'ical, a. -l-kdl, pert, to the written life of 
any one: bi'ograph'ically, ad. -i-k&l'-i: biographer, 
n. bi-og'rd-fer, a writer of lives. 

biology, n. bl-6l'-6-jl{GT. bios, life ; logos, a discourse), 
coiv, boy, /dot; pure, bud; chair, 



the science which investigates the phenomena of life, 
whether vegetable or am a. bi'6-loj'ik, 

also bi'olog'ical, a. -o loj-i-kal, relating to the science 
of life : biol'ogist, n. -ol'-o-jlst, one who treats of the 
phenomena of life. 

biparous, a. Mp'dr-us (L. bis, twice ; pario, I brir.g 
forth), having two at a birth: bip'artite, a. -tit (L. bis, 
twice ; partitas, divided), divided into two parts, as a 
leaf; having two corresponding parts: bip'artition, 
n. -tlsh'-iin, the act of dividing or making into two 
corresponding parts : bip'artile, a. -til, that may be 
divided into two parts. 

biped, n. bl'-ped [L. bis, twice ; pes, afoot— gen. pedis), 
an animal having two feet: bipedal, a, blp'-e-dul or 
bl-pe'-ddl, having two feet. 

bipennate, a. li-jien'-nat. andbipen'nated, a. (L. bis, 
twice ; penna, a feather), having two wings or wing- 
like organs. 

bipetalous, a, bl-pSt'd-lus (L. bis, twice ; Gv.petalon, 
a leaf), having two flower-leaves or petals. 

biplicate, a. blp'-ll-kat (L. bis, twice; plico, I fold), 
in bot., doubly folded in a transverse manner, as in 
the section of some cotyledons or seed-lobes. 

bipinnate, a. bl-pln'-ndt (L. bis, twice; pinna or 
penna, a feather), in bot., having the leaflets on the 
secondary petioles of a doubly compound leaf ar- 
ranged in a pinnate manner. 

biquadrate,n.bl-tar<M-ra<(L. bis, twice; quadratus, 
squared), the fourth power of a number, or the square 
of the square: biquadratic, n. or a. -rdt'-lk, relating 
to the fourth power. 

birch, n. birch (AS. birce: Sw. bjork), name of a 
tree ; a bundle of twigs used as a rod of correction : 
birch or birchen, a. -en, made of birch. 

bird, n. bird (AS. brid, the young of birds : Ger. 
brut, a brood of young), a feathered animal ; a chick- 
en ; a young fowl : v. to catch birds : bird-bolt, a 
small arrow: bird's-eye, seen at a glance; seen from 
a great height, as by a bird ; a plant ; a variety of cut 
tobacco : bird-cage, an enclosure of wire or wicker 
work for the confinement of birds : bird-catcher, one 
whose employment it is to snare birds : bird-like, 
resembling a bird : bird-lime, any glutinous or sticky 
substance spread upon twigs for catching birds : bird- 
limed, spread to ensnare : bird-willed, flighty; incap- 
able of sustained attention: bird's-eye limestone, a 
member of the lower Silurian of N. Amer., so named 
from the dark circular markings studding many por- 
tions of its mass : bird-tongues, a familiar term for 
fossil shark's teeth : bird's-eye maple, curled maple, 
a species of wood used in cabinet-work. 

birostrate, a. bl-ros'trdt (L. bis, twice; rostrum, a 
beak), having two beaks. 

birr, v. bir (Scot.), to make a whirring rattling 
noise: bir'ring, imp. : birred, pp. bird: birl, birling, 
birled, berld, are used in the same sense. 

birth, n. birth (AS. beorth; Sw. bord, a birth— 
from AS. beran, to brinp: forth), the act of coming into 
life; beingborn; descent; family; condition in which 
one is born ; origin ; beg ling produced: 

birthplace, n. place where born: birthright, a right 
or privilege which any one is entitled to by birth: 
birthday, n. the day on which a person is born ; the 
anniversary of it. 

biscuit, n. bis'-klt (F. biscuit— from L. bis, twice, and 
F. cufit, done or baked— from L. coctus, cooked or 
dressed), bread baked hard for keeping; articles of 
pottery before they are glazed and ornamented. 

bisect, v. bl-sekf (L. bis, twice ; sec.tus, cut), to cut 
or divide into two equal parts : bisec'ting, imp. : bi- 
sec'ted, pp. : bisec'tion, n. -sek'shun, the act of cutting 
into two equal parts : biseg'ment, n. the exact half of 
a line. 

biserial, a. bi-se'rl-al (L. bis, twice; series, an order 
or row), arranged in a double series or two courses. 

biserrate, a. bl-ser'rdt (L. bis, twice; serra, a saw), 
being doubly marked or notched like the teeth of a 
saw, as in certain leaves. 

bisexual, a. bl-seks'u-dl (L. bis, twice ; sexus, male 
or female), of both sexes ; hermaphrodite. 

bishop, n. blsh'op (AS. bisceop ; L. episcopus; Gr. 
episcopos, an overseer), a clergyman of high rank who 
has the oversight of the clergy within a district called 
a diocese : bish'opric, n. -rik, a diocese ; the office and 
jurisdiction of a bishop. 

bisk, n. bisk (F. bisque, rich soup), soup made by 
boiling together several sorts of flesh. 

bismuth, n. blz'-muth (Ger. vnszmuth— from wisz, 
white, and muth, lively: F. bismuth), a hard brit- 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



BISO 



50 



BLAC 



tie reddish -white metal, used in making' pewter, 
printers' types, &c, non-malleable, but easily fusible : 
bis'muthine, a. -In, sulphuret of bismuth of a greyish- 
tin colour: bis'muthite, n. -It, or bis'mutite, -mu-tlt, 
a yellowish-grey ore of bismuth, or of a white or dull 
mountain-green : bis'muthal, a. -dl, and bis'muthic, 
a. -Ik, of or from bismuth : bismuth-blende, -blend, a 
mixture of silicate of iron and bismuth with phos- 
phate of alumina. 

bison, n. bl'zon{L. or Gr.), a kind of wild ox, with 
short black rounded horns, and a large fleshy hunch 
on the shoulders. 

bissextile, n. bls-sSks'-tll (L. bissextilis— from bis, 
and sextus, sixth), every fourth year— so called by 
the anc. Romans, because in that year the sixth day 
of the calends of March (Feb. 24) was reckoned twice ; 
leap year: adj. pert, to leap year. 

bistort, n. bis- tort (L. bis, twice; tortus, twisted), a 
plant so called from the twisted or contorted appear- 
ance of its root ; snakeweed. 

bistoury, n. bis'tdbr-l (F. bistouri, an incision-knife 
—from Pistoria, now Pistoja, in Tuscany, once cele- 
brated for their manufacture), a small knife or scalpel 
for surgical purposes. 

bistre, n. bls'ter (F. prepared soot), a brown paint 
made from wood-soot. 

bisulcous, a. bl-sul'kus (L. bis, twice ; sulcus, a fur- 
row), cloven-footed, as swine or oxen. 

bisulphate, n. bl-sul'/dt (L. bis, twice; sulphur, 
sulphur), a sulphate containing two equivalents of 
sulphuric acid to one of the base. 

bit, n. bit (AS. bitol: Icel. bitill), the iron mouth- 
piece of a bridle ; a small piece of anything ; a tool : 
v. to put the bit in a horse's mouth; to restrain: 
bit'ting, imp. : bit'ted.pp. 

bitch, n. bich (AS. bicce: Icel. bikkia, alittle dog, a 
bitch : Ger. betze, a bitch), the female of the dog-kind ; 
opprobrious term. 

bite, v. bit (Goth, beitan: Icel. bita), to tear; to 
pierce; to break or crush with the teeth; to pinch 
with cold ; to reproach by stinging words ; to pain or 
wound: n. the seizure of anything by the teeth; 
wound made by the teeth; a morsel; a mouthful: 
biting, imp. bl'-tlng: adj. severe; sharp; sarcastic: 
bit, pt. bit: bitten, pp. blt'n: adj. in bot., applied 
to a leaf, root, or corolla terminating abruptly, as if 
bitten off short: biter, n. bl'-ter: bi'tingly, ad. -It. 

biternate, a. bl-ter'nat (L. bis, twice; terni, three 
by three), in bot., applied to compound leaves which 
form three leaflets on each secondary petiole or leaf- 
stalk. 

bittacle, n. Mt'td-kl— see binnacle. 

bitter, a. bit'ter (Icel. beitr; Goth, baitrs; Ger. 
bitter, biting, stinging), sharp ; biting to the taste ; 
severe ; reproachful ; painful to the feelings or mind ; 
distressing: n. a plant: bit'terness, n. sharpness: 
bit'terly, ad. -II: bitters, n. plu. blt'-terz, a liquor, 
generally spirits, in which bitter herbs or roots have 
been steeped : bit'terish, a. slightly bitter : bit'terish - 
ness, n. : bitter-spar, n. the largely crystalline and 
easily-cleavable kinds of dolomite or magnesian lime- 
stone: bitter-sweet, woody nightshade : bitterwort, 
the plant gentian: bittern, n. blt'-tern, the bitter liquor 
remaining after the salt in the salt-works is concreted, 
used in the preparation of Epsom salts. 

bittern, n. blt'tern (It. bittore), a bird of the heron 
tribe, of retiring habits, frequenting marshes. 

bitts, n. plu. bits (Icel. biti, a beam in a house or 
ship : F. bites : Sp. bitas), two strong pieces of timber 
in the fore part of a ship on which the cables are fast- 
ened when she lies at anchor : v. to bitt, to put round 
the bitts. 

bitumen, n. M-tu'mSn (L. bitumen— from Gr.pitus, 
the pine or pitch tree), mineral pitch or tar ; one of the 
family of mineral resins or hydro-carbons, highly in- 
flammable, and burning with much smoke and flame 
—in its purest and most fluid state it is called naphtha 
— of the consistence of oil, petroleum— as siaggy 
mineral pitch, maltha— as elastic mineral pitch or 
caoutchouc, elaterite— as a black, hard, brittle, and 
glossy mineral, asphalt: bitu'minate, v. -ml-ndt, to 
impregnate with bitumen: bitu'mina'ting.imp.: bitu'- 
mina'ted, pp.: bitu'minif erous, a. -lf'-er-us (L. fero, 
I produce), producing bitumen: bitu'minise, v. 
■ml-nlz, to prepare or coat with bitumen : bitu'mini- 
sing, imp. : bitu'minised, pp. -nlzd: bitu'minisa'tion, 
n. -ni-za'shun, the natural process of being converted 
into bituminous matter: bitu'minous, a. -ml-nus, full 
of or containing bitumen. 



bivalve, n. U'vdlv (L. bis, twice; valvce, folding 
doors), a shell consisting of two parts which shut 
and open, as the mussel or oyster; in bot., a seed ease 
or vessel of like kind: adj., also bival'vular, -vii-ldr, 
and bival'vous, -vus, having two shells, as the oyster 
or mussel. 

bivouac, n. blv'db-dk (F. : Ger. bei-wache, an addi- 
tional watch : Sp. vivac, town-guard), the encamp- 
ment of an army for the night in the open air : v. to 
take rest or refreshment in the open air, as an army 
on march, or travellers on a journey: biv'ouac'ing, 
imp. : biv'ouaced, pp. dkt. 

bizarre, a. bl-zaf (F.) odd; fantastical: bizar'ro, 
-z&r'ro (It.), in music, strange and fantastical, as ap- 
plied to the style of movement. 

blab, v. blab (Dan. blabbre, to babble : Ger. plappern, 
to speak confusedly or thoughtlessly: Gael, blabaran, 
a stammerer: Dut. labben, to tell tales), to tattle ; to 
tell tales ; to tell secrets in a thoughtless manner : n. 
a tell-tale; one who reveals things which ought not 
to be told: blab'ber, n. -ber, a tell-tale: blabbing, 
imp. : blabbed, pp. -bldbd. 

black, a. bldk (Ger. bleich, and Dut. Week, pale, 
or bleak, which seems to be the original meaning of 
black : Icel. blackr, bluish-grey or pale), the opposite 
of white ; dark ; cloudy ; dismal ; sullen ; very wicked : 
n. name of the darkest of colours ; a negro : v. to 
make black ; to dirty or soil : blacking, imp. : n. a 
substance used in polishing boots and shoes; that 
which makes black : blacked, pp. bldkt : black'ish, a. a 
little black: blackly, ad. -It: black'ness.n.: black-act, 
a law which makes it felony to appear armed with the 
face blackened : black-amber, n. the name given by 
Prussian amber-diggers to jet : black-art, magic or 
conjuration : black-ball, v. in a society, to reject a pro- 
posed member by putting black balls in the voting or 
ballot box : -balling, imp. : -balled, pp. : black-band, 
a Scotch miner's term for the ironstones of the coal- 
measures which contain coaly matter sufficient for 
calcining the ore without the addition of coal : black- 
berry, the fruit of the bramble : blackbird, a species of 
singing-bird : black-board, a board painted black, used 
in schools for teaching purposes : black-book, an old 
book said to have been composed in 1175, containing 
a description of the Court of Exchequer, its officers, 
privileges, &c. ; a book compiled under the authority 
of Henry VIII. in regard to monasteries; a book 
treating on necromancy : blackcap, a bird, so called 
from its black crown ; an apple roasted till black : 
black- cattle, a general term for bulls, oxen, and 
cows: black-chalk, a soft black or bluish-black clay 
or shale found in subordinate layers in several forma- 
tions, also called Italian chalk, German chalk, &c. : 
black-cock, the heath-cock or black grouse: black- 
friar, one of an order of monks, also called Domini- 
cans : black-flux, n. a mixture of carbonate of pot- 
ash and charcoal, used in chemical operations? 
black-hole, a place of confinement for soldiers : black- 
jack, a miner's term for sulphuret of zinc or blende : 
black-lead, a familiar name for graphite, from its 
resemblance to the metal lead, called also plumbago, 
used in making lead pencils: black-legs, a dis- 
ease among calves and sheep: black-leg, a common 
gambler ; a cheat : black-letter, n. the old English 
alphabetic character : black-mail, a tax in money or 
kind paid in olden times to robbers for protection ; 
any tax unjustly or unfairly exacted : black-pudding, 
a pudding made of blood thickened with meal : black- 
sheep, n. an outcast ; a person ill-behaved and of low 
habits: black-strakes, a range of planks immediately 
above the wales in a ship's side covered with tar and 
lamp-black : black-thorn, a tree very branchy, armed 
with strong sharp spines, and bearing small round 
black fruit like plums or cherries— also called the 
sloe : black- vomit, one of the fatal symptoms of yellow 
fever: black- wad, an earthy ore of manganese, usu- 
ally called wad, which see: blackamoor, n. bldk'-d- 
mor, a negro ; a black man : black-browed, a. applied 
to a person with black eyebrows ; gloomy ; threaten- 
ing; dismal 

blacken, v. bldk'n (from black), to make black; to 
soil; to defame: blackening, imp. bldk'-nlng: black'- 
ened, pp. -end : black'ener, n. one who. 

blackguard, n. bldg'gdrd (a name originally given 
in derision to the lowest class of menials or hangers- 
on about a court or great household), a mean low fel- 
low; one who uses foul language; any dirty useless 
man or boy ; a scoundrel : v. to defame ; to employ 
foul or abusive language in speaking of any one: 



mate, mat, far, law; mete, m&t, her; pine, pin; note, not, mCve; 



BLAC I 

blackguarding, imp. : blackguarded, pp. : black'- 
guardism, n. - ism, the conduct or language of a black- 
guard. 

black-rod, n. bldl'rod, a high officer of the queen's 
household, and of the order of the garter, so called 
from the black staff which he carries as a badge of 
office. 

blacksmith, n. bldk'smlth, one who manufactures 
articles from iron. 

bladder, n. bldd'der (AS. Uccdre: Icel. bladra, a 
bubble, a blister : Ger. blatter, a pustule), a thin sack 
or bag in animal- 1 . lar fluids, such 

as the urine and the gall .- blad dered, a. -derd, swelled 
like a bladder: blad'dery, a. -der-l, like a bladder. 

blade, n. bldd (Icel. blad, leaf of a tree, blade of a 
sword: Ger. blatt; Dut. blad, a leaf, a plate), the long 
leaf or spire of grass, or of a like plant ; the cutting 
part of a knife ; the broad part of an oar ; the part of 
a tool that is broad or thin ; a brisk, gay, bold fellow : 
v. to furnish with a blade: bla'ding, imp.: bla'ded, 
pp. : adj. applied to crystals composed of long and 
narrow plates, like the blade of a knife ; laminated : 
blade -bone, the upper flat bone of the shoulder: 
blades, n. plu. blddz, the principal rafters or breaks 
of a roof. 

blain, n. bldn (AS. blegen; Dut. or Dan. blegne; 
Icel. blina, a boil or pimple), a sore ; a blister. 

blame, v. bldm (F. blamer, to blame: Norm. F. 
blasmer ; L. blasphemare, to revile, to defame: Gj. 
in, to speak impiously: It bidsimdre, to 
blame), to find fault with j to censure : n. censure ; 
crime ; expression of disapprobation ; reproach : bla'- 
ming, imp.: blamed, pp. blamd : blameworthy, a. : 
blameworthiness, n. : blameful, a. -fool: blame'- 
fully, ad. -fool- 1 . blamefulness, n. : bla'mer, n. one 
who: blamable, a. bld'-md-bl, deserving: of censure; 
faulty; culpable: blamably, ad. -bll: bla'mableness, 
n. -bl-nis: blameless, a. bl&m'ISs, without fault : inno- 
cent; free from blame; guiltless: blamelessly, ad. 
li : blame lessness, n. 

blanch, v. bldnsh (F. blanchir, to whiten— from 
blanc, white: Dan. blank, shining, polished), to make 
white; to take out the colour: blanching, imp. : adj. 
whitening: n. the operation of brightening pieces of 
silver, or of making white like silver other metals ; 
the operation of whitening vegetables by covering 
them from the light: blanched, pp. bldnsht: blanch- 
er, n. one who. 

blancmange, n. blong-mongzh', or blancman'ger, n. 
•zha (F. white food or jelly), a confected white jelly. 

bland, a. gentle: Dan. lind, soft), 

mild; soft; gentle: blandly, ad. -II: bland ness, n.: 
blandation, n < i in irross flattery : blandilo- 
quence, n. bldn-dll'o-kwins (L. loquor, I speak), fair, 
mild, flattering speech : blandish, v. bldn'dlsh, to ca- 
ress; to soothe; to soften: blan'disher, n. one who: 
blan'di3hing, imp. : blan' dished, pp. -dlsht : blan'- 
dishment, n., and blandishing, n. soft words tending 
to win the heart ; caresses. 

blank, a. bldngk(F. blanc, white: Dan. blank, shining: 
Ger. blinken, to shine), denoting an unwritten ticket, 
or one not obtaining a prize ; empty ; void ; confused ; 
confounded ; in verse, without rhyme : n. a void ; any 
empty space ; paper unwritten on or without marks ; 
a ticket without value : v. to make void or empty ; to 
confuse; to efface or rub off: blank'ing.imp.: blanked, 
pp. bldngkt: blankly, ad. -II: blank'ness, n.: point- 
blank, the shot of a gun levelled horizontally, the 
shot proceeding in a straight line without curving: 
blank verse, v ■:-- without, or void of rhyme. 

blanket, n. bldngk'£t(V. bldnchet— from bldnc, white), 
a woollen cover for a bed : v. to toss in or cover with 
a blanket: blanketing, imp.: n. cloth for blankets: 
blank eted, pp. 

blare, n. blur (Dut. blaeren, to bubble, to blister: 
Gael, blore, a loud noise), a roar; a bellowing noise: 
v. to bellow- ; to roar : bla'ring, imp. : blared, pp. 
blard. 

blarney, n. bldr'-nl (from a legend connected with 
Blarney Castle, Ireland), smooth deceitful talk ; flat- 
tering words meant neither to be honest nor true. 

blaspheme, v. bids-Jem' (see blame), to speak of God 
with irreverence ; to speak in impious terms of any of 
God's names and attributes; to curse or swear: blas- 
pheming, imp. : blasphemed', pp. -fernd'-. blasphe'mer, 
n. one who : blas'phemous, a. -fe-mus, impious ; con 
taining blasphemy : blas'phemously, ad. -us'-li : bias'- 
phemy, n. -i, irreverence in speaking of God ; profane 
language. 



BLEN 

blast, n. bldst (AS. blcesen, to blow ; blcest, a blast), 
a violent rush of wind ; the sound of a wind-instru- 
ment; any destructive influence; an explosion of 
gunpowder ; the air introduced into a furnace : v. to 
cause to wither; to blight; to affect with a sudden 
calamity ; to destroy ; to confound ; to split rocks by 
gunpowder: blasting, imp.: n. the act of separating 
stones or rocks from their beds by blowing them up 
with gunpowder : blasted, pp.: blast-pipe, the waste- 
steam pipe in locomotive engines, of prime importance 
in causing a greater draught in the fire-tubes and 
through the fire-grate: blast-furnace, a furnace for 
smelting iron ore, &c, whose heat is vastly increased 
by air, generally heated, being forced into it by ma- 
chinery—the air so introduced is called the blast. 

blastema, n. blds-te'-md, (Gr. blastano, I germinate), 
in surg., a subtransparent glairy matter, containing a 
multitude of minute corpuscles forming the basis of 
part of an animal, as the blastemd of bone; in bot., 
the whole of the embryo after the cotyledons have been 
abstracted: blaste'mal, z.-mdl, pert, to ; rudimentary. 

blastoderm, n. blds'to-derm (Gr. bldstos, a bud; 
derma, a skin), the germinal disc or spot which forms 
on the egg in the early stage of incubation. 

blatant, a. bld'tdnt (Dut. bidet, a boaster: Gael. 
blore, a loud noise : L. blatero, I talk idly or prate), 
bellowing as a beast : blatter, v. bldt'-ter, to make a 
senseless noise ; to prate. 

blaze, n. bldz (AS. blase or blcese, a torch or lamp : 
Icel. blossi, a flame: Dan. blus, a torch), the strong 
flame of any burning body ; the full light of day. 

blaze, n. bldz (Dut. blesse, a white streak on the 
forehead : Ger. blasse : Dan. Mis), the white mark on 
the face of an animal ; a white mark on a tree when a 
part of the bark is stript off. 

blaze, v. bldz (AS. blcesan; Dut. blaesen, to blow), 
to blow abroad ; to spread news ; to publish : bla'zing, 
imp. : blazed, pp. bldzd: bla'zingly, ad. -II. 

blazon, v. bld-zn (AS. blcese, a flame, splendour : F. 
blason, a coat of arms), to portray armorial bearings 
in their proper colours; to deck; to embellish; to 
adorn ; to make known far and wide : n. show; pomp- 
ous display: bla'zoning, imp.: blazoned, pp. bld'znd: 
bla'zonment, n.: bla'zoner, n. one who: blazonry, n. 
bl&'zn-rl, that branch of heraldry which describes or 
explains coats of arms in proper terms; the art of 
delineating the figures and devices of a coat of arms 
in their proper colours or metals. 

bleach, v. blech (AS. blcecan— from blcec, pale : Dut. 
blaken— see black), to make white ; to take out colour ; 
to grow white in any way : bleach'ing, imp. : n. the art 
of making anything white, especially cloth : bleached, 
pp. blecht: bleacher, n. one who: bleach'ery, n. -er-l, 
a place for bleaching: bleaching-powder, a salt of 
lime— the chloride. 

bleak, a. blek (AS. blcec, black: Ger. bleich; Dut. 
bleek, pale), cold ; open; exposed; cheerless ; solitary : 
bleak'ish, a. cheerless and open in a certain degree : 
bleak'y, a. -I: bleakly, ad. -ll: bleakness, n. 

blear, a. bier (Dan. blcere, a blister : low Ger. Warren, 
to cry or weep— hence, blair-oge, a red watery eye), 
sore, watery, and tender in the eye : v. to make sore and 
tender : blearing, imp. : bleared, pp. bUrd -. blear'ed- 
ness, n. state of one whose eyes are blear : blear-eyed, 
having sore eyes: blear'ness, n. soreness of the eyes. 

bleat, n. blet (an imitative word: Ger. bloken, to 
bleat as a sheep), the cry of a sheep : v. to cry as a 
sheep : bleating, imp. : bleat'ed, pp. : bla'tant, a. 
making a noise like a calf or sheep. 

bleed, v. bled (AS. bledcm—see blood), to lose blood 
by any means ; to draw blood ; to run sap from a tree : 
bleed'ing, imp. : n. a flow of blood ; operation of let- 
ting blood; haemorrhage: adj. flowing with blood or 
juice: bled, pp. bled: bleed'er, n. one who. 

blemish, n. blem'-ish (old F. blesmir, to soil or spot, 
to make livid with blows — from blesme, pale, wan: 
Icel. blarni, the livid colour of a bruise), any defect ; 
any mark or scar that lessens the beauty and propor- 
tion; deformity; imperfection in character: v. to im- 
pair or injure ; to tarnish : blemishing, imp. : blem'- 
lshed, pp. -isht: blemlshable, a. -d-bl: blemlshless, 
a: blem'isher, n. one who. 

blench, v. blensh (same as blink, and probably 
flinch), to shrink ; to start back ; to give way. 

blend, v. blend (AS. blendan : Dut. blanssen, to dab- 
ble in water : Icel. blanda, to mix), to mingle together 
so as not to be able to separate; to confound: blend'- 
ing, imp.; n. in painting, so laying on different tints 
as to render it impossible to tell where one colour 



cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



BLEN 52 



BLOS 



begins and another ends : blend'ed, pp. : blend'er, one 
who. 

blende, n. bUnd (Ger. blenden, to dazzle), a term 
applied to several minerals having a peculiar lustre 
or glimmer, variously coloured, as hornblende, zinc- 
blende, &c, now generally restricted to the sulphuret 
of zinc ; the blackjack or mock ore of English miners : 
blendous, a. b en'dus, relating to blende. 

blennorrhcea, n. MUn'-or-re'-d (Gr. Uenna, mucus; 
rheo, I flow), an excessive flow or secretion from mu- 
cous glands in any situation. 

blehny, n. blen'-ni (Gr. blenna, mucus, slime), name 
of a fish of several species, so called from the mucous 
matter covering the body. 

bless, v. bUs (AS. bletsian, to bless— from blithe, 
merry Joyful: Bohem. blaze, happily), to make happy ; 
to prosper ; to praise ; to give thanks to ; to glorify or 
praise for benefits received : bles'sing, imp. : n. a wish 
of happiness to another ; gift ; benefit or advantage ; 
divine favour : blessed or blest, pp. bUst -. blessed, 
a. bUs's&d, happy and prosperous ; enjoying spiritual, 
happiness: bles'sedly, ad. -II: bles'sedness, n.: bles- 
ser, n. one who. 
blew, v. bid— see blow. 

blight, n. bllt (AS. blaze, pale: low Ger. blcjikm, to 
shine : old H. Ger. blich-fiur, blight-fire or lightning— 
from the idea of being bla : <> • ■ atning), a disease 

common to plants, by which they are withered either 
wholly or partially; anything nipping oi bla nr 
to retard growth or prevent fertility; to blast; to 
frustrate : blighting, imp. : blight'ed, pp. : blight- 
ingly, ad. -li. 

blind, a. MM Both, blinds : Icel. blindr 

—connected with blink), deprived of sight ; wanting 
discernment; heedless; inconsiderate; morally de- 
praved : v. to deprive of sight ; to darken ; to deceive : 
n. something that darkens or obscures ; a cover or 
screen : blinding, imp.: blind'ed, pp.: blindly, ad. -li: 
blind'ness, n. want of sight; intellectual darkness: 
blind'fold, a. having the eyes covered : v. to hinder 
from seeing: blindfolding, imp.: blindfold'ed, pp.: 
blindman's-buff (Ger. blin-.ii-iini.us), a play or game, in 
which one having his eyes covered tries to catch any 
other of the players : blindman's-ball, a common fun- 
gus : blind coal, a miner's term for those coals which, 
deficient in bitumen, burn away without flame: 
blinds, bllndz, in mil., a temporary defence in pres- 
ence of an e;>emy made of branches interwoven : 
blind side, a familiar term for a weakness or foible : 
blind-worm, a small reptile covered with scales, and 
having a forked tongue, but harmless— called also 
slow-worm. 

blink, n. bltngl an, to dazzle: Ger. blicken, 

to shine, or blinken, to twinkle), a wink ; a glance ; a 
look ; a moment : v. to wink ; to twinkle with the eye ; 
to see dimly or obscurely ; to evade : blinking, imp. : 
blinked, pp. bllngkt: blinkers, n. plu. blingk'erz, 
coverings for the eyes of a horse to keep it from seeing 
on either side : to blink the question, to shut one's 
eyes to it; to make one's self wilfully blind to it: 
blink'y, a. liable to wink by overstraining the eyes : 
snow or ice blink, the peculiar reflection from snow 
or ice in arctic regions. 

bliss, n. Mis (AS. Mis, joy— see bles3), happiness in 
a very high degree ; felicity ; joys of heaven : bliss'ful, 
a. -fool, full of bliss: bliss'fuily, ad. -II: bliss'fulness, 
n.: blissless, a. 

blister, n. blls'ter (AS. blcesan, to blow: L. pustula, 
a bubble, a pimple: Dut. Muyster), a thin white 
swelling on the skin, generally filled with watery 
fluid ; the scales on iron or steel : v. to raise blisters ; 
to rise in blisters: blis'tering, imp. : blis'tered, pp. 
-terd: blis'tery, a. -ter-i, full of blisters. 

blite, n. bllt (Gr. bliton: L. blitum), a kind of 
amaranth; a genus of plants called strawberry blite, 
from the appearance of the fruit which succeeds the 
flower. 

blithe, a. blith (AS. blithe, merry, joyful: Goth. 
bleiths, mild : Dut. blijde, cheerful), gay; merry; joy- 
ous ; sprightly : also in same sense blitheful, a. 
-fool, and blithe'some, a. -sum, mirthful : blithely, 
ad. -li: blithe'ness, n. : blithe'someness, n. : blithe'- 
somely, ad. -sum-li. 

bloat, v. blot (Icel. blautr, soft: Dan. Mod; Sw. 
Mot, soft), to swell ; to puff up ; to make vain ; to grow 
turgid: bloating, imp.: bloat'ed, pp: bloat'ed- 
ness, n. : bloat'er, n. small fish partially dried, 
generally applied to half -cured herrings. 
block, n. Mok (F. bloc, a log or mass: Gael, bloc, 
mate, mat, far, laXv; mate, met, 



round: Dut. Mok: Or. blur).), n h. avy piece of timber 
or stone; any mass of matter; the lump of wood on 
which persons were beheaded; any hindrance or ob- 
struction; the piece of wood in which the wheels of a 
pulley run; a row of houses : v. to shut up; to stop; to 
obstruct: blocking, imp.: blocked, pp. MOM: block- 
head, n. Mok'hid, a stupid fellow; a dolt: blockish, 
a. dull; stupid: blocklshly, ad. -li : blocklshness, 
n. : blocklike, a. : block-tin, n. pure tin in stamp' d 
bars or blocks: adj. noting a vessel made of double 
or triple plates of tinned iron : blockhouse, n. a kind 
of fort chielly const rueted c,f hewn timber. 

blockade, n. blok kail' (It. blomire, to block up: Sp. 
Moquear, to blockade— from block), the surrounding 
or shutting up any place with a sufficient number of 
soldiers or ships, in order to prevent any intercourse 
with its inhabitants: v. to shut up a town 01 a loiir 
with an army or with ships, to compel it, to surrender: 
blocka'ding, imp. : blocka'ded, pp. : to raise a block- 
ade, to force or drive away the troops or ships from 
their positions. 

blonde, n. blond (F. blond, light yellow, flaxen: 
Pol. bladij, pale), a fair woman, opposed to brunette; 
a kind of silk lace: blond, a. fair; having a fair com- 
plexion. 

blood, n. Mud (AS. Mod: Dut. Moed: Ger. Mut), the 
fluid which circulates tliroueh the veins and arteries 
of aniinals, essential to life ; kindred ; honourable 
birth or extraction : v. to stain with blood ; to give a 
taste of blood, or to provoke the desire for it; to heat 
or exasperate: blooding, imp. : blood'ed, pp. : blood'- 
stained, a. stained with blood; guilty of murder: 
blood'thirsty, a. cruel : blood'shot, a. red ; inflamed : 
blood'shed, n. waste of hie: blood'shedder, n. one 
who: blood'shedding, n. act of shedding blood: 
blood'sucker, n. any animal that sucks blood, as a 
leech; a cruel man: blood-bought, a. purchased by 
shedding blood : blood-guiltiness, n. crime of shedding 
blood : blood-horse, one of a full or high breed : blood- 
vessel, a vein or artery: bloodstone, a variety of 
chalcedony of a dark green colour, sprinkled with deep 
red spots— also called heliotrope; bloodhot, of the 
same heat as blood : blood-hound, a hound for track- 
ing human beings by scent ; a hunter after human 
blood: blood-money, money obtained as the reward 
for supporting a capital charge: bloody-flux, the 
disease called dysentery, in which the discharges 
from the bowels have a mixture of blood: blood- 
spavin, a distemper in horses, consisting of a soft 
swelling growing through the hoof, and usually full 
of blood: bloody-sweat, a sweat accompanied with 
a discharge of blood ; a disease called the sweating 
sickness : flesh and blood, human nature ; mortal 
man: cold blood, free from excitement or passion: 
cold-blooded, a. cool and calculating, used in a bad 
sense ; not having warm blood : hot blood, in a state 
of excitement and blind fury : hot-blooded, a. very 
impulsive; fiery: prince of the blood, one of royal 
descent: bloodless, a. -les, without blood; lifeless; 
inactive: bloodlessly, ad. -li: blood'y, a. -I, stained 
with blood; cruel; murderous: bloodily, ad. -l-ll: 
bloodiness, n. : bloodletter, one who lets blood : 
bloodletting, n. act of one who lets blood. 

bloom, n. M6m (Icel. blorni; Dut. bloeme; Ger. 
blume, a flower— see blow), blossom; the flower of 
any plant ; the beginning of youth or manhood ; life ; 
vigour; beauty; bright or blue colour on fruit, as 
on the peach or grape ; a clouded appearance which 
varnish sometimes assumes upon the surface of a pic- 
ture; a whitish waxy secretion produced on the sur- 
face of some leaves and fruits : v. to yield blossoms ; 
to flower; to be in a state of vigour; to have the 
freshness and beauty of early life : blooming, imp. : 
adj., healthful; fresh-coloured : bloomed, pp. blomd: 
bloom'ingly, ad. -li: bloomlngness, n. : bloom'y, 
a. -i , full of bloom. 

bloom, n. Mom (AS. bloma, a mass, a lump), the 
rough mass of iron from the puddling-furnace after 
undergoing the first hammering: bloom'ery or -ary, 
n. -tr-i, the furnace in which cast is converted into 
malleable iron : bloom'ing, n. the process of convert- 
ing cast into malleable iron. 

blossom, n. blos'-sum (AS. Mosm; Dan. Musse, to 
blaze: Dut. blosem, a blossom), the flower of any 
plant, especially when it precedes fruit: v. to put 
forth blossoms before the fruit begins to grow : blos- 
soming, imp. : n. the flov blos'somed, 
pp. -sumd : blos'somy , a 
somless, a. 

her; pine, pin; note, not, move. 



1-1, full of blossoms : bios'- 



BLOT 5 

blot, v. bldt (Dtm.plet, a stain : Fris. blat, bare : Scot. 
Had, a lump of anything soft), to spot or stain with 
ink or any other colouring matter; to destroy; to 
efface ; to defame : n. a spot or stain ; a blemish : 
blot 'ting, imp.: blotted, pp.: blotter, n. one who, 
or that which : blotting-paper, a soft unsized paper, 
used for drying freshlv-written paper by imbibing a 
portion of the ink: blot'ty, a. blot'ti, full of blots. 

blotch, n. block (Ger. plotz, a blow or the sound of 
it— see blot), a scab or eruption on the skin : v. to 
blacken or spot : blotching, imp. : blotched, pp. 
bldcht: adj. irregularly disposed in broad patches: 
blotch'y, a. -I, full of blotches. 

blote, v. blot (Sw. biota, to soak, to steep— see 
bloat), to drv by smoke as fish : bio ting, imp. : 
blo'ted, pp. : blo'ter, n. a smoked or dried herring, 
now usually spelt bloater. 

blouse, n. blo'vs (F.), a loose overcoat made of a 
light material ; a smock-frock. 

blow, n. bio (Gr. plcge, a stroke : L. plaga, a blow: 
Goth, bliggwan; Dut. bloicen, to strike), a stroke; 
first act of hostility ; a sudden calamity. 

blow, v. bio (AS. blawan, to blow or breathe : Ger. 
blahtn, to puff up), to move as air; to pant or puff; 
to throw or drive a current of air into or upon ; to 
warmby the Ln ath; t<> deposit ei^s as flies: blow- 
Ing, imp.: blew, pt. U6: blown, pp. blon: blow'er, 
n. one who: blowy, a. blo'-i, windy: blow-pipe, n. 
■pip, a tube through which a current of air is driven 
on a flame to obtain an increased heat: blow-off- 
pipe, in a steam-engine, the pipe fixed to the bottom 
of a boiler for discharging the sediment: blow'ers, 
11. plu. -erz, in coal-mining, the puffs or jets of car- 
buretted hydrogen given off by fissures in the coal : 
blow-ball, the downy head of the dandelion: blow- 
fly, the carrion-fly: to blow over, to pass away: to 
blow up, to drive up into the air by gunpowder ; to 
raise or swell with the breath : to blow out, to extin- 
guish by the wind or by the breath: blowing-house, 
the blast-furnace in which tin-ore is fused : blown 
upon, made stale or disreputable— applied to persons. 

blow, v. bio (AS. blowian, to bloom: Ger. bluhen, 
to bloom or blossom), to come into flower ; to show 
flower: blow'ing, imp. : blown, pp. blon. 

blowze, n. bldiuz (AS. bliisa, a torch: Dut. Nose, the 
redness of the cheeks), a girl whose face looks red by 
running much in the open air; am My fat-faced wo- 
man: blowzy, a. bldic'-zl, fat and ruddy. 

blubber, n. blub'-bir (an imitati\ e word, noting the 
noise made by a mixture of air and water spluttering, 
as the water bhibbers up, in the sense of froth), the 
coating of fat of a whale or seal ; the sea-nettle, jelly- 
fish, or medusa : v. to shed tears and slaver ; to weep 
in a noisy manner : blub Tiering, imp. : adj. slavering 
and childish weeping: blubbered, pp. -bird: blub'- 
berer, n. one who. 

bludgeon, n. bludj ><n, to strike: 

Gr. plcgo, I strike : a probable corruption of blood, as 
1'L-incr able to cause bloodshed), a short heavy stick. 

blue, n. U6 (AS. bho: old H. Ger. blaw: F. bleu: 
mid. L. blavvs), one of the primary colours ; azure : 
adj. resembling blue ; dejected : v. to make blue : 
blu'ing, imp.: blued, pp. blod: blue'ness, n. : blu- 
ish, a. tinged with blue: blu'ishly, ad. -II: blu'ish- 
ness, n : blue-pill, n. a pill containing mercury : blue- 
stocking, n. (a literary club chiefly of ladies, so called 
Irom the leading member, a gentleman, always ap- 
pearing in blue stockings), a woman devoted to litera- 
ture: blue-stone, n. also called blue-vitriol, sulphate 
of copper, used as a caustic ; blue-shone, an Australian 
miner's term for the basaltic lava through which they 
lave sometimes to dig in search of gold : blue- John, 
a miner's term for fluor or Derbyshire spar : blue-bon- 
net (also in Scot, a cap woven of thick blue worsted 
yarn), blue-bell, blue-bottle (also a large fly), names of 
plants : blue-book, a book containing a government 
official return or report, so called from its blue cover : 
blue-breast, a bird: blue-cap, a small bird; a fish: 
blue-devils, or the blues, bluz, colloquial name for 
certain appearances presented to the diseased brain 
after a drinking debauch ; lowness of spirits : blue- 
light, a signal-rocket ; blue-peter, a small flag used 
as a signal for sailing : prussian-blue, a colour or dye. 

bluff, n. bluf (Dut. blaf, plain, level, not sloping but 
rising straight up), a high steep bank generally fac- 
ing the sea or a river; an abrupt manner: adj. 
abruptly rising as a shore ; big ; vainglorious ; swag- 
gering ; blustering : bluffly, ad. -II : bluff'ness, n. 
bluffy, a. fi, having bold projecting points of land 



BOAT 

bluff-headed, not pointed ; obtuse— applied to a ship 
that has her stem too straight up : bluff-bowed, ap- 
plied to a vessel having broad and flat bows. 

blunder, n. blun'der (Dan. pludder, earth and 
water mixed together— hence confusion, trouble), a 
gross mistake ; a stupid error : v. to mistake grossly ; 
to err stupidly ; to act without reflection : blun'der- 
ing, imp.: adj. stupid; floundering: blun'dered, pp. 
■dird: blunderer, n. one who: blunder-head, n. 
-hid, a stupid fellow : blunderingly, ad. -II. 

blun'derbuss, n. -bus (Dut. donder-bus— from bus 
a firearm: Ger. donner-buchse, thunder-gun), a short, 
wide-mouthed, very noisy hand-gun. 

blunt, a. blunt (Sw. blott, naked, bare: Swiss 
bluntsch, the sound of a round heavy body falling into 
the water plump : Ger. plump, rough, heavy, dull), 
not sharp; having a thick edge; plain; unceremon- 
ious ; wanting in manners : v. to take away the sharp- 



blur, n. blur (Bay. plerren, a blotch on the skin : 
Dut. blaar, a blister), a spot ; a stain : v. to sully or 
stain; to blemish : blurring, imp.: blurred, pp. Uurd. 

blurt, v. blirt (Scot, blirt, a burst— as a blirt of 
greeting, i.e., a burst of weeping: Dut. blader, a 
bladder), to throw at random ; to utter words hastily 
ami unadvisedly; blurting, imp. : blurt'ed, pp. 

blush, n. bhi-li (AS. hi ij.--,i ; Icel. blys, a torch: Dan. 
blusse, to blaze : Dut. blosem, a blossom), a glow of red 
on the cheeks or face excited by a sense of modesty, 
shame, or indignation : v. to redden on the cheeks 
or face ; to carry a blooming colour : blushing, imp.: 
adj. showing a blush: blushed,])]). blusht .- blush'ingly, 
ad. -II: blushful, a. -fool: blush/fully, ad. -ll: blush'- 



lar noise from idle boasting and vainglorious talk; 
swagger ; fitful gusts of wind : v. to be loud and noisy 
in talking ; to puff ; to bully; to swagger: blustering, 
imp. noisy; boastful; windy: blustered, pp. -terd : 
blus terer, n. one who : blus'teringly, ad. -II. 

boa, n. bo'd (It. boa or bora, any filthy mud, a 
venomous serpent that lives in mud : L. boa, from 60s 
a cow, because supposed to suck cows), a general 
name for the largest kind of serpents ; a fur cravat 
for the neck : boa-constrictor, 11. -kou-slrlk'-tor, the 
great boa, a native of Africa, India, &c. 

boar, n. bOr (AS. bar: Dut. beer), the male swine-; 
fem., sow : boarish, a. like a boar. 

board, n. bOrd (AS. bord; Dut. berd; Ger. brett, a 
board or plank), a slab, or flat piece of wood sawn 
from a log ; a table ; food or diet ; a council, or meet- 
ing of managers convened for business; the deck of a 
ship : boards, bordz, planks ; the covers of a book ; the 
line over which a ship runs between tack and tack : 
board, v. to cover with flat pieces of wood ; to enter a 
ship by force; to furnish with food and lodging for a 
price: boarding, imp.: boarded, pp. a.: pasteboard, 
layers of paper pasted together to make a board: 
board'er, n. one furnished with food at a price ; one 
who boards a ship in action : board'able, a. -d-bl, that 
may be boarded : to fall over-board, to fall over a 
ship's side: the weather-board, the side of aship which 
is to windward : boarding-house, a house in which per- 
sons are provided with lodging and food for a price : 
board-wages, money given to servants when they pro- 
vide food for themselves : boarding-pike, a sword-like 
weapon used by sailors in boarding an enemy's ship : 
to make short boards, to tack frequently : starboard, 
right-hand side : boarding-school, a school where the 
pupils are lodged, educated, and provided with food 
for a price. 

boast, v. bOst (Ger. pausten, to swell the cheeks : 
Fris. poesten, to blow), to speak in high praise of self; 
to speak in exulting language of another ; to brag ; to 
vaunt: n. a brag; self -pra idation; occa- 

sion of exultation; exaggerated or ostentatious ex- 
pression ; boast ing, imp. : adj. ostentatious in words ; 
glorying ; vaunting : n. the act of boasting : boast'ed, 
pp. : boast'ingly, ad. -IX : boast'er, n. one who : 
boast'ful, a. -fool, given to boasting: boast'fully, 
ad. -It: boast'fulness, n. : boasting, n. the paring of 
stones by stone-cutters with the broad chisel ; among 
carvers, the rough cutting round the ornaments, to 
reduce the whole to their proper contour or outlines. 

boat, n. hot (AS. but : Dut. boot : Icel. batr: F. bateau), 



co~v, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal.' 



BOB 



boat-hook, n. a long pole hooked with iron to pull 
push a boat : boat-shaped, a. in appearance like a 
boat: boatfly, an insect, so called from swimming 
in water on its back : boatswain, n. bO'sn (AS. bat- 
swan), a ship's officer who has charge of the boats, 
sails, &c, and calls the crew to duty. 

bob, n. bob ( Gael, babag, a tassel), any small thing 
playing loosely at the end of a string ; a knot of worms 
on a string used in fishing for eels ; a blow : v. to play 
loosely against anything ; to mock ; to dangle ; to fish 
with a bob : bobbing, imp. : bobbed, pp. bobd : 
bobbin, n. bob'bln (F. bobine, a pin for silk), a round 
pin with a head on which silk or thread is wound ; a 
little knob hanging by a piece of thread : bobbinet, n. 
bob'bl-nef, a kind of lace wrought in machines : bob- 
stay, n. bob'sta, a rope used to confine the bowsprit 
to the stem: bobtail, n. bob'tdl, a tail cut short; 
the rabble, in contempt — as rag-tag and bob-tail: 
bob'tailed, a. having the tail cut short : bob'wig, n. 
a short wig. 

bode, v. bOd(AS. bodian, to deliver a message ; bod, 
a message), to foretell; to foreshadow; to portend; 
to be ominous : bo'ding, imp. : bo'ded, pp. : boding 
or bode'ment, n. an omen ; a portent ; a foreshadow- 
ing : bode'ful, a. ominous. 

bodice, n, bod'ls (formerly bodies — from fitting 
closely to the body), stays ; a quilted waistcoat worn 
by females. 

bodkin, n. bod'-kln (Bohem. bod, a prick or stitch ; 
bodak, a prickle or point : probably body and kin, a 
little body), an instrument for boring holes in cloth, 
or for tying up and dressing the hair ; a large blunt 
needle for drawing thread or tape through hemmed 
spaces. 

body, n. bod'l (AS. bodig; Gael, bodhag, a body: 
Ger. bottich, a cask), the frame of an animal ; a mass 
of living or dead matter ; an individual or single per- 
son, as no body; a substance, as opposed to spirit; a 
collection of individuals ; quality of a material : v. to 
produce in some form: bodied, a. -id: bodily, ad. -l-li: 
adj. containing a body: having a material form: 
bod'iless, a. : body politic, a state in its national or 
political capacity ; body-guard, a select body of troops 
who attend on a sovereign for his protection. 

bog, n. bog (Ir. bogach, a bog or marsh : Gael, bog, 
soft), a deep soft marsh ; a tract of land, consisting of 
decayed vegetaLle matter, rendered soft by water: 
bog-earth, a soil consisting mainly of decomposed 
vegetable matter : bog-butter, a name given to fatty 
masses occasionally found in peat-mosses : bog-iron- 
ore, a stratum or deposit of iron ore found in the 
bottoms of many bogs and peat-mosses : bog-wood, 
the trunks and larger branches of trees dug up from 
peat-bogs : bogtrotter, one who lives among bogs— 
formerly applied to the Scotch border troopers or 
robbers, now sometimes applied to a certain class of 
Irishmen : bog-rush, a bird the size of a wren, inhabit- 
ing the bogs of Sweden : bog-spavin, a tumour in the 
inside of the hough of a horse : boggy, a. bog'gl, full 
of bogs. 

boggle, v. bog'gl (imitative of a stammer or stutter, 
and represented by the syllables gag or gog, bag or 
bog: Bret, gagoula; Port, gaguejar, to stutter: F. 
bagouler, to gabble), to doubt ; to hesitate ; to waver ; 
to make difficulties over a matter: bog'gling, imp. : 
boggled, pp. bog'gld .- bog'gler, n. one who : bog'glish, 
a. doubtful. 

bogle or boggle, n. bO'-gl (from bo or boo, the cry 
made by a person with his face covered by his hands 
to frighten children: W. bw : It. bau), a bugbear; 
something that terrifies. 

bogy, n. bO'-gl (W. bivg, something to frighten: 
Slav, bog, a god), a nursery name for an evil spirit ; 
some goblin in particular : bug applies to goblins in 
general. 

bohea, n. bo-he' (from Bouy or Booy, a mountain in 
China), a common black tea. 

boiar, n. bdy'ir, more usually spelt boyar, a Russian 
nobleman ; a person of rank ; a soldier : boiarin, n. 
bdy'-e-rin, a gentleman. 

boil, v. boyl (Icel. bulla, to bubble up; bola, a 
bubble : F. bouillir, to boil : Dut. bol, swelling : Ger. 
heule, a tumour, a boil : L. bulla, a bubble), to swell ; 
to heave ; to bubble as water by heat ; to be agitated 
or moved violently by any cause ; to dress or cook in 
water : n. a tumour upon the flesh ; a sore inflamed 
swelling : boil'ing, imp. : n. the act of bubbling by 
mate, m<U,fdr, lefw; mete, mSt, 



BOMB 

heat ; dressing by hot water : boiled, pp. bdyld .- boil'- 
ingly, ad. -II: boiler, n. a vessel in which any liquid 
is boiled; that part of a steam-engine in which the 
steam is generated : boil'ery, n. -er-l, the boiler-house 
in salt-works : boiling-point, n. the degree of heat at 
which water or any other liquid bubbles up : to boil 
over, to run over the vessel with heat, as a liquid. 

boisterous, a. boys'ter-us (W. bvjyst, wild : low Ger. 
buster, wild or fearful), roaring; stormy; tumultuous; 
noisy ; violent : bois'terously, ad. -II: bois'terousness, 



bole, n. bOl (W. bol, the belly : Icel. bolr, the trunk 
of a man's body, or of a tree), the body or trunk of a 
tree. 

bole, n. bOl (Gr. bolos, a clod or lump of earth), in 
geol., a term applied to friable clayey earths, usually 
highly coloured by peroxide of iron ; hydrous silicates 
of alumina and iron peroxide ; when the boles become 
soapy in feel, they are known by the name mountain 
soap : bolary, a. bO'ldr-l, pert, to bole or clay. 

bolero, n. bO /■■ ■ . nish dance. 

boletus, n. bO-le'tus (L.), a species of fungus: bo- 
letic, n. bO-let'ik, of or from. 

boll, n. bOl (Dut. bolle, a head: W. bul, the husk 
that encloses the seed of flax), a measure of two 
bushels; in bot., the pod or capsule of a plant: v. to 
form into a pericarp or seed-vessel : boiling, imp. : 
boiled, pp. bold: boilings, n. plu. bOl'llngz, pollard 
trees topped and stript. 

bollards, n. plu. bol'ldrdz (Icel. bolr, the trunk of a 
tree), large posts set in the ground, at each side of the 
docks, to lash and secure hawsers lor docking ships. 

Bolognese-stone, bOl'd-nez—Bolo'gaiaxi, bo-lo'-nl-dv, 
of or from Bologna— a ponderous spar, native sul- 
phate of barytes, found in rounded masses near Bo- 
logna. 

bolster, n. boi ler: Dut. bult, a hump: 

Sp. bulto, a swelling), along pillow or cushion for lay- 
ing the head on in bed ; a pad for support ; a quilt ; a 
tool for punching holes and making bolts : v. to sup- 
port ; to hold up : bol'stering, imp. : bol'stered, pp. 
■sterd: bol'sterer, n. one who. 

bolt, n. bolt (Ger. bolzen, a cross-bow bolt : Swiss, 
bolz, an upright beam on another: F. boulon, a big- 
headed peg of wood : Dut. bult, a nob or hump), an 
arrow; a dart; a small round bar of wood or metafl; 
a stream of lightning ; a meteoric stone : v. to fasten 
with a bolt; to make secure; to utter or throw out 
precipitately: bolt'sprit, same as bowsprit, which 
see: bolt-upright, perpendicular; perfectly upright. 

bolt, v. bolt (Dut. buydel, a small bag: Ger. beuteln. 
to bolt meal— from beutel, a bag: F. bluter, to bolt 
meal), to separate the bran from the flour by shaking 
the mass backwards and forwards in a cloth of loose 
texture : bolt'ing, imp. : bolt'ed, pp. : bolt'er, n. one 
who: bolt-head, a matrass or receiver; a sifting ap- 
paratus : bolt'ing-hutch, n. -hutch, the bin or tub for 
the bolted meal : bolt'ing-tub, a tub to sift meal in. 

bolus, n. bo'-lus (L. bolus, a mass : Gr. bolos, a lump), 
a soft mass of medicine to be swallowed at once like 
a pill, but larger. 

bomb, n. bom (L. bombus, a humming or buzz : F. 
bombe: It. bomba— from an imitation of the noise of 
the explosion), a hollow iron ball filled with gun- 
powder and fitted with a fuse, and fired from a mor- 
tar; a stroke on a bell: bombard, v. bom-bdrd' (F. 
bombarde— from bombe), to throw bomb-shells, &c, 
into a town or fortified place in order to destroy it : 
bombarding, imp. : bombard'ed,pp.: bombardment, 
n. : bom'bardier', n. -bar-der 1 , n. the soldier who at- 
tends the firingof bombs : bomb-ketch or bomb-vessel, 
a strong ship from which bombs can be thrown into a 
town or fortress from sea : bomb-proof, a. a building 
sufficiently strong to resist the explosive force and 
weight of falling bombs. 

bombasine or bombasin, n. bum'bd-zin' (F. bom- 
basin, a cotton stuff: L. bombycinus, silken : Gr. born- 
bux, the silk-worm), a twilled cloth of silk, or silk 
and cotton. 

bombast, n. bum'bdst (It. bambagia, cotton: Gr. 
bombux, raw silk: Ger. baumbast— irom baum, trer, 
and bast, bark), a soft loose stuff used to swell out gar- 
ments ; an inflated swelling style in speaking or 
writing: bombas'tic, a. -bds'tlk, high-sounding; big 
and puffing without much meaning : "bombastically, 
her; pine, pin; note, not, mtve; 



BONA 



55 



BOOT 



ad. -kdl'l: bombic, a. bom'btk, relating to the silk- 
worm : bombyc enous, a. -bis'i-nus, silken ; of or like 
the silk-worm. 

bona-fide, a. bo'nd-fi'de (L. with good faith), with- 
out fraud or deception ; real 

bonasus, n. bo-nds'us (L. bonasus), an animal of 
the ox kind, having a mane like a horse, found in 
Central Europe ; the bison or aurochs. 

bonbon, n. bong-bong' (F.), a sweetmeat; a sugar- 
plum. 

bond, n. bond (AS. bindan, to bind: Ger. band, a 
string : old Dut. bond, a tie), anything that binds, as a 
rope, a chain, &c. ; union ; an obligation ; a vow or 
promise ; a written agreement ; a government store 
for goods on which the duty remains unpaid : v. to 
place in government storehouses ; to secure ; to give 
bond for : bond ing, imp. : bonded, pp. : adj. applied 
to goodsleft in bond-stores : bonds, plu. bond:, chains ; 
imprisonment; in carp., all the timbers disposed in 
the wall of a house : bond-stores, -storz, n. plu., places 
■where goods are stored on which the duty has not been 
paid: bond, a. in a state of servitude or slavery; 
bound — as bondman, bondmaid, bond-servant, bond- 
service, bond-slave: bondage, n. bon'-duj, slavery; 
imprisonment: bondsman, n. bondz'mdn, a slave; 
a surety. 

bone, n. bdn (AS. ban; Ger. bein, the bone of the 
leg : Dut. been ; W. bon, a stem or base, the legs being 
the stems or supports of the body), the firm hard sub- 
stance that composes the framework or skeleton of ver- 
tebrate animals ; any part of the skeleton : adj. made 
of bone: v. to stiffen with whalebone; to take out 
bones: boning, imp., sometimes spelt boneing: boned, 
b07id, pp.: bone less, a. -lis, without bones : bon'y, a. -I, 
full of bones; stout; strong; consisting of bone; hard 
and brittle : bone-black, n. charred bones : bone-brown 
or ivory-brown, bone and ivory roasted till they be- 
come of a brown colour throughout: bone -dust, 
ground bones: bone -earth, the earthy or mineral 
part of bones, consisting chiefly of phosphate of lime : 
bone-ache, pain in the bones: bone-bed, thin strata 
or layers found in several places in the earth's crust, 
so called from their containing innumerable frag- 
ments of fossil bones, scales, teeth, coprolites, &c. : 
bone-breccia, an admixture of fragments of limestone 
and bones cemented together into a hard rock by a 
reddish calcareous concretion : bone-lace, flaxen lace : 
bone - spavin, a hard swelling on the inside of the 
hock of a horse's leg: body and bones, altogether ; 
wholly : bone-setter, one who is skilled in the setting 
of broken bones: bone -setting, n. the restoration of 
a broken bone to its proper place. 

bonfire, n. bon'fir (Dan. baun, a beacon, an&fire), a 
large fire made in the open air as a sign of rejoicing, 
or lor display. 

bonito, n. bo-nl't6 (Sp.), a species of tunny-fish, cele- 
brated on account of its pursuit of the flying-fish. 

bon-mot, n. bong'mO (F. bon, good; mot, a word), a 
jest ; a witty saying or reply. 

bonnet, n. bon'nit (F. bonnet: Gael, boincid, a head- 
dress : Ir. boinead, a cap— from beann, the top ; eide, 
dress), a covering for the head worn by women ; in 
Scot., a round worsted cap, of a dark -blue colour, 
formerly much worn by men : bon'neted, a. wearing a 
bonnet ; in navi., an additional piece of canvass made 
to lace on to the foot of a sail in order to make more 
•way in calm weather: bonnette, bon'nSt (F.), in fort, 
a small work with two faces, having only a parapet 
with two rows of palisades: bon'net-a-pre'tre.-dS-prd^r 
(F., priest's cap), a field-work, having at the head 
three salient and two re-entering angles, so called 
from its resemblance to a bishop's mitre: bonnets, 
the cast-iron plates which cover the openings in the 
valve-chambers of a pump. 

bonny, a. bon'-nl (F. bon or bonne, good— from L. 
bonus, good), handsome ; beautiful ; merry : n. a dis- 
tinct bed of ore which has no communication with a 
vein. 

bon-ton, n. bong'tong {¥.), the height of fashion. 

bonus, n. bo-mis (L. good), a premium for a loan ; a 
consideration for some service done; an extra divi- 
dend to shareholders ; a division of the profits of an 
assurance office to its policy-holders. 

bonze, n. bom, plu. bonzes, bon'zes, a name given by 
Europeans to the heathen priests of Japan, China, &c. 

booby, n. bd'-bl (Sp. bobo, foolish : It. b'abbeo, a sim- 
pleton: F. badaud, a dolt), a dunce; a stupid fellow; 
a pupil at the foot of a form or class ; a water-bird of 
the pelican tribe. 



Boodhism, n. bdd'-lzm, also spelt Buddhism, n. 
bud'-izm, the religion of some Eastern nations who 
worship Boodh, bod, or Buddha, biid'-dd : BoodTiist or 
Buddhist, n. a worshipper of Buddha : adj. pert. to. 

book, n. book (AS. boc : Goth, boka, writing ; bokos, 
the Scriptures : Russ. bukva, the alphabet : Ger. buch), 
printed sheets of paper stitched and boimd together ; 
a volume or part of a volume ; a division : v. to enter 
or write in a book: booking, imp. registering in a 
book: adj. applied to the office at a railway station 
where the tickets are sold to travellers : booked, pp. 
bobkt, entered in a book a rail, coach, or 

steamer : bookless, a. without a book : bookbinder, n. 
one whose trade it is to cover the sewed leaves of a 
book with boards and leather: bookbinding, the art 
or process of covering books with boards, or with 
boards and leather: book-debt, n. money due to a 
tradesman or dealer for work done, or for goods: 
book-keeper, n. an accountant : book-keeping, n. the 
method of entering sales of goods, and all kinds of 
transactions in business, in books in a regular manner : 
book-learning, n. that obtained from books only: 
bookcase, n. a case for holding books : bookseller, n. 
one who deals in books : bookstand or bookstall, n. a 
stand in an open place, or on the street, on which are 
placed books for sale: bookworm, n. an insect de- 
structive to books; one too much given to books: 
book-learned, a. well read in books: without book, 
by memory: bookish, a. -ish, given to reading; ac- 
quainted only with books: book ishly, ad. -fit: book'- 
ishness, n.: bookland, n. (AS. bocland), charter land, 
held by deed under certain rents and services. 

boom, n. b6m (Dut. boom, a tree or pole : Ger. baum, 
a beam), a long pole or spar used in a ship to stretch 
out any particular sail at the bottom ; a chain, a rope, 
spars, or some other obstacle placed across a river or 
harbour to prevent the entry or approach of hostile 
ships: booms, b6mz, in nav., space in a ship's waist 
set apart for the boats and spare spars. 

boom, v. b6m (Dut. bommen, to sound like an empty 
barrel when beaten upon), to sound loud and dull 
like a gun; to roll and roar; to rush quickly, as a 
ship through the water : n. a hollow roar, as shot rush- 
ing through the air : booming, imp. : boomed, pp. 
b6md. 

boomerang, n. bdm'er-dng, a curved wooden war- 
club thrown by the natives of Australia with wonder- 
ful precision. 

boon, n. bOn (AS. ben, petition, prayer: Icel. beidne, 
a petition), request ; answer to a prayer or petition; a 
favour granted ; a free gift. 

boon, n. bon, the woody heart of dried flax. 

boon, a. b6n (L. bonus; F. bon, good), gay; merry, 
as boon companion. 

boor, n. bdr (AS. gebure, a peasant: Dut. boer: Ger. 
bauer), a countryman ; a rustic ; a clown ; an ill-man- 
nered, coarse, and ignorant man: boorish, a. rustic; 
awkward and rude in manners: boorishly, ad. -II: 
boor'ishness, n. coarseness of manners. 

boose or bouse, v. b6z (see bouse), to drink much 
with others: boosy, a. boz'l, fuddled; merry: boos'- 
ing, imp.: boosed, pp. bdzd. 

boot, v. b6t (AS. botan, to pay the price of: Dut. 
boete, fine, forfeit), to profit ; to do good ; to enrich : n. 
profit ; gain ; advantage : to boot, ad. into the bargain : 
booty, n. -I, plunder; pillage: bootless, a. without 
advantage; not contributing to further the end in 
view : bootlessly, ad. 11 : bootlessness, n. 

boot, n. b6t (F. botte, a boot: Dut. bote— same as 
Irish brogue: Sp. bota; It. botta, a hollow skin), a 
covering for the foot and ankle, and sometimes part 
of the leg ; a box for luggage in the fore part of a 
coach: v. to put on boots; to make ready for rid- 
ing : booting, imp. : boot ed, pp. : boot'jack, n. an 
article for taking off boots: boot-tree, n. a boot- 
last ; a block on which boots are stretched : bootee, 
n. b6t-e', a short or half boot: boots, n. plu. b6ts, 
an under -servant in a hotel or inn, whose duty it 
is to clean the boots of travellers ; a familiar term 
for the youngest officer at a regimental mess : boot- 
topping, scraping off the adhering matter from a ship's 
bottom, and then daubing it with tallow: boot and 
saddle, the trumpet call which precedes the march of 
cavalry. 

bootes, n. bo-d'-tez (Gr. or L. bob'tes, a ploughman), 
the constellation following the Great Bear. 

booth, n. b6th (Gael, both or bothan, a cottage or 
hut: Icel. bud, a hut: Dut. boed), a house or shed 
built of light materials, as wood or boughs of trees; a 
ufo~ot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, (here, zeal. 



BOOT 



56 



stall at a fair: boothy or bothy, n. Mth'%, in many 
parts of Scotland, a hut built of whatever materials 
is nearest at hand— wood, turf, or stone— for the ac- 
commodation of unmarried farm-servants. 

booty, n. bd'tl (Sw. byte— from byta, to exchange or 
divide: F. butin; It. bottino, plunder: Ger. beute, 
booty), spoil gained from the enemy; plunder ; pillage. 

bo-peep, n. bo'pep (see bogle), children in play look- 
ing from a place of concealment and drawing back 
again. 

borachio, n. bo-rdk'M-0 (Sp. borracha, a bottle, 
usually of a pig's skin, with the hair inside, dressed 
with resin and pitch, to keep wine or liquor sweet), a 
bottle or cask ; a drunkard. 

boracic, a. bO-rds'ik (see borax), of or from borax : 
boracic acid, a compound of boron and oxygen : bor- 
acite.n. bor'd-slt, an anhydrous compound of magnesia 
and boracic acid: borate, n. bo'-rdt, a salt of boracic 
acid. 

borage, n. bo'rdj (new L. borago, a corruption of 
corago— from L. cor, the heart, and ago, I bring), a 
plant used in the belief that it strengthened or ex- 
hilarated the heart. 

borax, n. bo'rdks {At. baurac, a species of nitre : 
F. borax: Sp. borrax), a salt in appearance like crys- 
tals of alum, found in Japan, Italy, and Peru, used 
in soldering metals— a compound of boracic acid and 
soda. 

borborygmus, n. bbr'bor-lg'mus (Gr. borborudzo, I 
produce a rumbling in the bowels), the gurgling noise 
produced by the movement of wind in the intestines. 

borcer, n. bor'ser (from bore), an instrument for bor- 
ing holes in large rocks in order to blow them up. 

bord, n. bord, a miner's term for the face of coal 
parallel to the natural Assures. 

Borda's circle, bor'-ddz-ser'kl, a repeating reflecting 
circle, invented by J. C. Borda, an eminent French sur- 
veyor, who died 1799. 

border, n. bawr'der (F. bordure, border, welt : AS. 
and Icel. bord), the outer edge or part of anything ; the 
surrounding line or limits of a large or small tract 
of land: v. to be near to; to reach to; to adjoin; to 
adorn with a border ; to ornament ; to limit : bor'der- 
ing, imp.: bor'dered, pp. -derd: bor'derer, n. one who 
dwells at or near the boundary of a country. 

bore, v. bor (Ger. bohren ; Icel. bora; L. for are, to 
bore : Fin. purr a, to bite), to make a hole in a hard body 
with some tool ; to perforate ; to pierce ; to annoy by 
repeated applications : n. the hole made by piercing or 
boring with a tool ; the cavity or hollow in anything, 
as in a gun-barrel ; a person or thing that annoys : 
bo'ring, imp.: n. the operation of piercing holes; a 
perforation: bored, pp. bord: bo'rer, n. one who, or 
that which : boredom, n. bor'durn, realm or domain 
of bores. 

bore, n. bor (a word imitative of the sound produced : 
F. barre: Icel. bara; Norm, baara, a wave or swell: 
variously expressed ia En-. Uv >rigre, m,/,; • '/</..,. i 
the advancing front of the tidal wave as it ascends 
certain rivers or estuaries, especially at a spring tide. 

boreal, a. bo're-dl (L. boreas, the north wind : Russ. 
borei), northern ; pert, to the north, or to the north 
wind. 

borecole, n. bor'kOl, or curled colewort, a hardy 
species of kale. 

boree, n. bo're, an Irish dance. 

born, pp. bawrn—see bear, to bring forth: born 
again, having received spiritual life. 

borne, pp. born— see bear, to carry. 

boron, n. bo'-ron (from the root bor in borax), in 
chem., one of the elementary substances, the base of 
boracic acid: boruret, n. bor'obr-St', a combination of 
boron with a simple body. 

borough, n. bur'o (AS. burg, a city: Icel. borg ; It. 
borgo; F. bowrg, a town— from Goth, bairgan; AS. 
beorgan, to protect), a corporate town ; a town which 
sends a burgess to Parliament : borough- English, a 
customary descent of lands to the youngest son : bor- 
oughmonger, one who traffics in the patronage of 
parliamentary boroughs. 

borrow, v. bor'ro (AS. borg or borh, a surety, a loan 
—from AS. beorgan, to protect), to solicit from another 
on loan ; to receive on credit for a time ; to imitate ; 
to copy: borrowing, imp.: borrowed, pp. -rod: bor- 
rower, n. -er, one who. 

bort, n. bort, or boort, n. bdort, a kind of impure 
diamond imported from Brazil, used for polishing 
other stones. 
, boscage, n. oos'M/(oldF. boscage; It. bosco, a wood), 



BOTT 

underwood ; a thicket ; a landscape in which thickets 
are painted: bosket or bosquet, n. bfis'kit, a grove; 
a bower: bosky, a. -M, wooded; shady. 

bosh, n. bosh (Turk, bosh, empty, vain : Scot, boss, 
hollow, empty), silly nonsense. 

bosom, n. booz'-um (AS. bosum, bosom: Ger. busen), 
the breast of a human being and the parts adjacent; 
the clothes about the breast ; the seat of the passions ; 
embrace; retreat; asylum: adj. intimate; dear; con- 
fidential: v. to conceal; to cherish; to preserve with 
care: bos'oming, imp.: bos'omed, pp. -umd. 

Bosporus, n. bds'-pO-r&s, also spelt Bosphorus (L. 
—from Gr. bosporos, the heifer's ford : from Gr. bous, 
heifer, and poros, a ford), a narrow sea; a strait: 
Bospo'rian, a. -rl-dn, pert. to. 

boss, n. bos (F. bosse, a bunch: Dut. busse, knob of 
abuckler: Ger. bmi.rli, a projection: Scot, boss, hol- 
low), something raised from the surface; a protuber- 
ance ; astudorknob; in geol., a rounded mass of rock 
that has resisted denudation, or a sudden protrusion 
of trap or other igneous rock ; a short trough for hold- 
ingmortar when tiling a roof : bossed, a. bOst, studded: 
in bot., having a rounded surface with a projecting 
point in the centre: bossy, a. bos'sl, raised: bos'ses, 
n. plu. -6z, projecting ornaments used in arch, in vari- 
ous situations. 

botany, n. bot'-d-nl (Gr. botane, herbage— from bos- 
kein, to feed, to graze), that branch of natural history 
whieli treats of plants, their structure, functions, pro- 
perties, and habits, by which they are distinguished 
from each other: botanic, a. bo-tan'lk, also botan'- 
ical, a. -l-kdl, relying to plants in general: botan'- 
ically, ad. -II: botanist, n. boCd-nist. one skilled in 
the nature and structure of plants : bo t'anise , v. -n iz , 
to seek for plants for the purpose of study : botani'- 
sing, imp. a. : bot'anised, pp. -nlzd. 

botch, n. boch (It. bozza, a swelling: Dut. botse, a 
lump or boil: Gael, boc, a blow, a pimple), a red 
swelling on the skin, particularly the face; a blotch; 
work ill done : v. to mend or patch clumsily : botch'- 
ing, imp.: botched, pp. bocht .botchy, n.b6ch'i. marked 
with botches : botch'er, n. one who : botch'ery, n. 
-er-i, clumsy addition ; patchwork. 

bot-fly— see bots. 

both, adj. conj. both (AS. butu or batwa: Icel. 
badir: Sans, ubhau: Ger. beide), the one and the 
other ; the two ; as well. 

bother, n. both'-er (Gael, both, perturbation), fuss ; 
bustle; confusion: v. to annoy; to tease; to perplex: 
both'ering, imp. : both'ered, pp. -erd: both'era tion, 
n. -a'-shun. 

bothrodendron, n. both'rO-d.Sn'drdn (Gr. bothros, a 
pit or cavity; dendron, a tree), in geol., a genus of 
coal-measure stems with dotted surfaces, and with 
opposite rows of deep oval concavities. 

bothy— see booth. 

bo-tree, n. bo'tre, in India, the sacred tree of the 
Buddhists, planted close to every temple. 

botryoidal, a. bdt'rloy'ddl (Gr. botrus, a bunch of 
grapes ; eidos, shape), resembling a cluster of grapes. 

bots, n. or botts, bots (Gael, boiteag, a maggot; 
bonds, maggots in barley), a disease of horses caused 
by small worms hatched in their intestines from the 
larvae of the bot-fly ■. bott, n. bot, a belly-worm, espe- 
cially in horses. 

bottel, n. boi'l (F. botel, diminutive of botte, a 
bunch or bun ■ ■ a |, a bundle of hay. 

bottle, n. bot'l (F. bouteille, a bottle, a bubble— from 
botte, a bunch : It. bottiglia), a vessel with a narrow 
neck for holding liquids : v. to shut up into a bottle : 
bot'tling, imp. -tling: bot'tled.pp. -tld: bottle-head, 
a sort of whale: bottle-nosed, with a nose full and. 
swollen at the end : bottle-holder, one who adminis- 
ters refreshment to a combatant; a backer; a second 
— usually in a prize-fight. 

bottom, n. bot'tom (AS. botm; Dut. bodem; Ger. 
boden; Icel. botn, the lowest part), the lowest part of 
anything; the foundation or base; that on which 
anything rests ; the deepest part of a subject ; the 
lowest part of a declivity ; the end ; natural strength ; 
a ship : -v. to found or build upon ; to rest upon as a 
support: bot'toming, imp.: bot'tomed, pp. -tomd: 
bot'tomless, a. without a bottom ; very deep : at bot- 
tom, in reality: on one's own bottom, independent 
or independently : bot'tomry, n. -rl, money borrowed 
on the security of the bottom of a ship— that is, of the 
ship itself: bot'toms, n. plu. the deepest working 
parts of a mine. 

bottom, n. bot'tom (TV. botivm, a button— from 



mdte, mdt,fdr, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, mOve; 



BOUC I 

bot, a round body), a ball of thread wound up; a 
cocoon. 

bouch, v. bobsh (F. botiche, mouth, entrance), to drill 
a new vent in a gun which has been spiked : n. the 
piece sloped out of the upper part of a shield of the 
fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, to allow the lance 
■free motion.: bouch'ing, imp : bouched, pp. bobsht. 

boudoir, n. bood'-ivor (¥.), a private apartment; a 
lady's dressing-room. 



bought, bawt, pt. of buy, which see. 

bougie, n. b6'-zhe (F.), a long slender instrument, 
made of elastic gum, wax, or metal, for removing ob- 
structions in the bladder ; a wax-taper. 

bouilli, n. b6l-ye, (F.— from bouillir, to boil), meat 
boiled or stewed with vegetables : bouillon, n. b6l- 
ydng, soup ; broth ; a disease in horses, consisting of a 
fleshy excrescence on the heel. 

boulders, n. plu. bol'derz (Dut. bolle, a globe or 



water -worn blocks of stone found imbedded in the 
clays and gravels of the drift formation ; the rounded 
stones found on the surface of the earth, or on the sea- 
shore : boulder-clay, in geol., the clays of the glacial 
or drift epoch, distinguished by the numerous boul- 
ders and pebbles foiuid among them. 

boult, v.— see bolt. 

bounce, n. bdivns (Dut. bonzen, to knock— from 
bons, a blow), the rebound of a heavy blow or thump ; 
a sudden fall ; a loud sound ; an untruthful boast : v. to 
leap, rush, or spring- out suddenly; to boast boldly; 
to lie; to bully: bouncing, imp.: adj. large; heavy; 
stout and active: bounced, pp. bownst: boun'cer, n. 
■ser, a bully ; a bold boaster ; a liar : boun'cingly, ad. 
-II. 

bound, bdtvnd, pt. and pp. of bind, which see ; 
confined or restrained— as wind-bound, ice-bound; 
obliged by moral ties. 

bound, a. 6oTcnrf(Icel. buinn, prepared, ready— from 
bua, to prepare, to set out), destined ; going, or ready 
to go to. 

bound, n. bdTvnd (F. borne, a limit: mid. L. bodina, 
a limit or march), a limit ; a boundary : v. to limit; 
to restrain or confine: bounding, imp.: bounded, 
pp.: boundless, a. without limits: boundlessly, ad. 
-II: boundlessness, n. : boundary, n. bolrnkUr-l, the 
bounds, or what marks the bounds ; a limit. 

bound, v. bdiend (F. bondir, to spring or leap), to 
spring or leap ; to move forward by leaps or jumps : 
n. a leap; a spring; a rebound: bounding, imp.: 
bounded, pp. 

bounden, a. bo~cn'dSn (from bind), morally impera- 
tive; obligatory. 

bounty, n. bolon'tl (F. bonte, goodness: L. bonitas 
— from bOTiMS.'good : It. bonitate), liberality in giving : 
kind favours ; anything given over and above what 
isdue; apremium: bounteous, a. bown'tlus, liberal 
and generous ; verykindin bestowing favours : boun'- 
teously, ad. -II: boun'teousness, n. : bountiful, a. 
bdivn'-tl-fool, liberal in bestowing gifts and favours: 
bountifully, ad. -U-. boun'tifulness, n. 

bouquet, n. bu'-ka (F.), a bunch of flowers; a nose- 
gay. 

bourdon, n. bor'dong (F. : It. bordone, a staff, a 
prop), the tall walking-staff used by pilgrims in the 
middle ages. 

bourgeois, n. bilr-jo'ys' (¥.), a kind of printing-tvpe 
in size between long-primer and brevier: b&rzh-tcd', 
in France, the middle order of inhabitants in towns, 
as distinguished from the nobility and gentry. 

bourgeon, v. bobr'jon, (F. bourgeon, the young- bud 
or sprout of a vine : Norm. F. bourgeonner, to bud), to 
sprout; to put forth buds; to shoot into branches: 
bour'geoning, imp. : bourgeoned, pp. -jond. 

bourn, n. bdrn (F. borne, a limit), bounds ; limits ; 
confines. 

boumonite, n. bo~or'-no-nlt (after Count Bournon), a 
mineral of a steel-grey colour— known also as endel- 
lionite. 

bourrans, n. bobr'Cinz (Russ. borei, the K. wind), the 
name given to the fierce snow-storms that blow from 
the north-east over the stejipes of Russia. 

bouse, v. odz (Dut. buysen, to drink largely— from 

buyse, a large two-handed flagon), to drink intoxicants 

deeply ; to guzzle : bousing, imp. : boused, pp. : 

bous'y, a. -I— see boose. ' 

cow, bo~j,foot; pure, bud; chair, \ 



7 BOY 

bourse, n. b6rs (F.), place where merchants meet; 
the exchange in towns, particularly in Paris. 

bout, n. bdivt (Dan. bugt, a bend, a turn), as much 
as can be done at one turn ; an attempt ; a drinking- 
match ; a debauch. 

bovine, a. bo'-vln (L. bos, an ox— gen. bovis), pert, to 
animals of the ox kind : boviform, bov'i-fawrm (L. 
forma, shape), resembling the ox. 

bow, v. bole {AS. beogan; Icel. buga; Goth, biuaan, 
to bend), to bend; to "bend the body in token of re- 
spect; to crush; to depress; to stoop: n. an act of 
respect by bending the body, or by inclining the head : 
bowing, imp. : bowed, pp. bowd. 

bow, n. bo (Ger. bogen, a curve: Dan. bug, belly, 
bow of a ship : W. bog. a swell, a rising up), an instru- 
ment for shooting arrows with ; a name given to vari- 
_ of a 
lything < 

as a bow-window : bow or bows, bolv or boivz, the 
rounding fore part of a ship: bow-compass, 66- a 
beam of wood or brass, with three long screws, that 
bend a lath of wood or steel to any arch : bow-shot, 
n. bo- the space over which an arrow may pass when 
shot from a bow; a place not far distant: bow- 
sprit, n. bo'sprlt, or boltsprit (bow, and Dut. sj^riet, 
properly a piece of cleft wood, the yard of a sail), a pole 
or spar that projects outwards from the stem or head 
of a ship: bow-window, n. bo- a bay-window, which 
see: bowstring, n. string of a bow; a string or cord 
used by the Turks in putting criminals to death by 
strangling them : bow-grace, n. bolv-grOs, a frame of 
old rope or junk placed round the bows and sides of a 
vessel to prevent injury from ice: bowline, n.bolv'lln, 
also spelt bowling or bolin, in nav., a rope fastened 
near the middle or perpendicular side of a square sail 
leading towards the bow, to enable the ship to keep near 
the wind: bow net, n. bolv- an engine made of wicker- 
work for catching lobsters, crawfish, &c. : bowleg- 
ged, a. bO- having crooked legs: bowman, n. bolv' 
man, the man who rows the foremost oar in a boat: 
bO'mdn, an archer: bow-saw, bo-sau; a flexible saw 
for cutting curves. 

bowels, n. plu. bdfc'ilz (It. bndello ; old F. boel; 
mid L. botellus, a gut, one of the intestines: Bret. 
bouda, to hum, to murmur), entrails ; intestines ; ten- 
derness; pity; compassion— among surgeons, used often 
in the singular, bowel : bow'el, v. to take out the en- 
trails: bow'elling, imp.: bow'elled, pp. -Sid, hav- 
ing bowels or a belly; bow'elless, a. without tender- 
ness or pity. 

bower, n. bolcr (Icel. bur, a separate apartment : 
AS. bur, a chamber: W, birr, an inclosure), in a gar- 
den, a place covered with trees bent and entwined ; a 
shady retreat ; a cottage covered with creeping plants: 
bowery, a. bem'-ri, shady ; containing bowers : bow- 
er-anchor (Dut. boeganker— from boeg, a bow), the 
second anchor in size in a ship: bow'ered, a. -erd, 
supplied with bowers. 

bowie-knife, n. bo'l-mf, a long knife or short sword 
used in North America by hunters and others. 

bowl, n. bol (F. boule, a wooden ball, a drink- 
ing vessel: Icel. bolla, a bubble; bolli, a tea-cup), a 
circular hollow vessel ; a basin ; a fountain ; a wooden 
ball or large marble, used for play on a level plat of 
ground or in the room of a house: v. to roll as a 
bowl; to play at bowls : bowling, imp. : bowled, pp. 
bold,: bowler, n. one who: bowling-green n. or 
bowling-alley, n. a place for playing at bowls. 

bows, n. plu. bolvz (from bow, anything bent or 
rounded ; Ger. bogen, a curve), the two sides of the 
fore part of a ship : bowse, v. bdivz, among seamen, to 
pull or haul hard : bowsing, imp. : bowsed, pp. 
bdii-zd: bowse away, to pull altogether. 

box, n. boks (AS. box; Gr. puxis; Ger. buchse, a 
box : Gr. puxos; L. buxus, a box-tree), a case or hol- 
low vessel of any size and shape, and made of any 
material ; a seat separated from others ; a shrub hav- 
ing a fine close-grained wood : v. to enclose : boxen, 
a. bok'-sn, made of boxwood : boxing the compass, re- 
peating the points of the compass in any order: in 
the wrong box, mistaken : box of a coach (Ger. bock, 
a buck or he goat, then a trestle or support upon 
which anything rests), the driver's seat on a carriage. 

box, v. boks (Dan. bosk, a sounding blow; baske, to 
slap), to fight with the fists or with clenched hands ; 



boxed, pp. bokst: box'er, n. one who! 

bey, n. boy (Ger. bube; Swiss, bub; L.pupus; It. 
arae, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



BOYA 



53 



BRAN 



putto, a boy : It. puppa, a child's baby), a male child ; 
a young lad ; a familiar name for a man ; applied 
to a man in contempt to indicate some defect : boy- 
hood, n. -hood: boyish, a. -ish, like a boy: boyishly, 
ad. -li: boyishness, n. manners or appearance of a 
boy : boy's play, amusement of a boy, as opposed to 
the earnest business of a man. 
boyar, n. bdy'er, a Russian nobleman. 
boyau, bdy'-o, plu. boyaux (F.), in fort., a ditch 
covered with a parapet, serving as a communication 
between two trenches. 

brace, n. bras, (containing the idea of straining, com- 
pressing, or confining : F. bras, the arm, strength : It. 
braca, a rope resisting a strain: see brake), that which 
holds anything tight or supports anything ; a couple 
or pair ; a crooked mark in printing ; trowsers' sup- 
porter : v. to bind ; to support ; to strengthen : bra- 
cing, imp. : adj. giving strength or tone : braced, pp. 
brast. 

bracelet, n. brds'-lSt (¥. brasselet, a bracelet: Sp. 
bracil, armour for the arm— from F. bras, the arm), 
an ornamental band for the wrist. 

brachial, a. brd'kl-dl (L. brachium, the arm: Gr. 
brachion: It. braccio), of or pert, to the arm: bra'- 
chiate, a. -kl-dt, in bot., having opposite pairs of 
branches placed at right angles to each other : brach- 
iolites, n. plu. brdk'-l-o-llts (Gr. lithos, a stone), a fossil 
zoophyte presenting a puckered or folded fungiform 
appearance, and furnished with lateral processes : 
brachlop'oda, n. plu. -op'6-dd, also brach'iopods, 
-pods (Gr. pous, a foot— gen. podos), an order of mol- 
lusca with one shell on the back and another in front, 
and having two long spiral ciliated arms developed 
from the sides of the mouth. 

brachy, a. brdk'-l (Gr. brachus, short), a word fre- 
quently made use of in scientific compounds as a 
prefix, and signifying short: brachypterous, a. 
brd-klp'ter-us (Gr. pteron, a wing) : brachycephalic, 
a. brdk'-l-se-fal'tk (Gr. kephale, the head), short- 
headed— applied to the form of the head in animals : 
brachyphyllum, n. brdk'l-fll'lum (Gr. phullon, a 
leaf), a coniferous-looking fossil plant occurring in 
terminal twigs and branches, and having short, ovate, 
ribless, and scale-like leaves : brachyuros, a. brak'- 
i-6'ros (Gr. oura, a tail), short-tailed : brachygraphy, 
n. brd-kig'rfr-fl (Gr. grapho, I write), art or practice of 
writing in a -short compass : brachyg'rapher, n. one 
who : brachylogy, n. brd-ktl'6-ji (Gr. logos, a word or 
.term), conciseness of expression. 

bracken, n. or a. brdk'Sn (W. bruk, heath: Icel. 
brok, sedge— see brake), ferns. 

bracket, n. brdk'St (F. brogue, a mortise for holding 
things together: Piedm. braga, an iron for binding 
anything together— see brace), a piece of wood or 
metal placed for supporting anything, generally 
against a wall ; crooked lines used in printing— thus, 
[]— to mark off or isolate a part of the text of a 
book: v. to place within brackets: brack'eting, 
brack'eted, pp. 

brackish, a. brdk'lsh (It. braco, a puddle: old F. 
brae, mud: Dut. brack, refuse, damaged), not quite 
fresh ; salt in a small degree : brack'ishness, n. 

bracts, n. plu. brdkts (L. bractea, a thin leaf of 
metal), in bot., the leaves, more or less modified ir 
form, which are seated on the peduncles : bracteate, 
a. brdk'tt-at, having bracts : brac'teole, n. -tl-ol, or 
bracktlet, n. brakt-Ut, a small bract seated on the 
flower-stalk. 

brad, n. brdd (Dan. braad, a goad ; bred, an edge : 
Sw. bradd, an edge), a nail with little or no head. 

brag, n. brdg (F. braguer, to flaunt: Icel. braka; 
Dan. brag, a crack, a crash: Gael, bragh, a burst or 
explosion), a boast ; proud expressions ; thing boasted : 
v. to boast ; to speak highly of one's self in regard to 
anything : brag'ging, imp. : bragged, pp. brdgd : 
brag'ger, n. one who : braggart, a. brdg'gdrt, boastful : 
n. a vain boasting person: brag'gartism, n. -tlzm, 
boastfulness : braggadocio, n. brdg'gd-do'shl-6 (It.), a 
puffing boasting fellow ; a swaggerer. 

bragget, n. brdg'get (W. brag, malt— from bragio, 
to sprout), sweet- wort; a liquor made from ale-wort 
and mead. 

Brahma, n. brd'md (Indian Brahman), the Creator, 
the chief person of the Hindoo Trinity : Brahmanic, 
a. brd-mdn'-ik, relating to the Brahmans : Brahmin, 
n. brd'min, an Indian of the highest or priestly caste : 
Brahmlnism, n. -tern, the religion of the Brahmins: 
Brahminlcal, a. -1-kdl, relating to the office or char- 
acter of a Brahmin. 



braid, n. brdd (AS. bredan, to weave : Icel. bregdn, 
to weave nets), flat cord; trimming; a band of hair 
formed by plaiting three or more folds together: v. to 
weave or plait : braiding, imp. : braid'ed, pp. : adj. 
edged with plaits or knots. 

brails, n. plu. brdlz (F. brains, breeches, drawers : 
F. brailler—h-om desbrailler, to tie up), in a ship, 
small ropes used to truss up sails. 

brain, n. bran (AS. brm ,/,,,: Dut. bregJic), a soft 
whitish mass inclosed in the skull of man or animals, 
in which the spinal marrow and all the nerves termi- 
nate ; the understanding ; imagination: v. to kill by 
dashing out the brains : braining, imp. : brained, pp. 
brand: brain-pan, the skull containing the brains: 
brain-sick, a disease in the understanding; giddy; 
addle-headed: brainless, a. without understanding: 
brainlsh, a. hot-headed : no brains, no understanding ; 
witless. 

braird, n. brdrd (AS. brord, a prick or point, the 
first blade or spire of grass or com), in agri., the first 
appearance of a crop alter the seed has been sown. 

brait, n. brat (prov. F. braed.to rub or grind down), 
a rough diamond. 

brake, n. brak (Gael, brae; L. brachium, the arm, as 
the type of exertion and strength : Icel. braka, to sub- 
due : It. braca, a horse's twitch : AS. bracan, to pound 
or knead: Dan. brage,to break flax), a skeleton car- 
riage for training horses ; a large heavy harrow for 
breaking clods ; a kneading-trough ; an instrument for 
checking the motion of a wheel— also spelt break; 
an inclosure for cattle ; a bit for horses ; a wooden 
frame for confining the feet of vicious horses in shoe- 
ing: brake-man, n. one who manages a brake of a car- 
riage : brake-van, n. in railway trains, a carriage fur- 
nished with powerful brakes. 

brake, n. brak (Dut. broeck, a fen or marsh: Ger. 
bruch, a wood in a marshy place : old F. broil, copse- 



wood, cover for game), broken ground covered with 
a tangled growth of bushes: brak'y, - 
thorny; prickly. 



k'y, a. -i, rough; 



brake, n. brak, or bracken, n. brdk'Sn (connected 
with last as the natural growth of waste places : W. 
bruk, heath: Icel. brok, sedge: Dan. bregne, bracken 
or fern), fern. 

bramble, n. brdm'bl (AS. bremel or brembel; Dut. 
braeme, bramble: Swiss, brom, a bud: It. bromboli, 
cabbage-sprouts), a creeping shrub, very rough and 
prickly, producing a black berry like the raspberry : 
bram'bled, a. -bid: bram'bly, a. -bll, full of brambles. 

bran, n. brdn (Bret, brenn; W. bran; It. brenna; 
F. bran— from F. bren, excrement, ordure), the husks 
or shells from ground wheat ; the husks of any grain : 
branny, a. -ni. 

bran-new (a corruption of brand-new), bright as a 
firebrand, or fresh like a trade-mark. 

branch, n. brdn?h(Bret. brank; It. branco; F.branche, 
the branch of a tree : It. branca, the fang or claw of a 
beast), the shoot of a tree or plant ; an arm ; any part 
of a body or system ; a descendant from a common 
parent : v. to divide into parts ; to spread out : 
branching, imp. : branched, pp. brdnsht .- branch- 
less, a. : branch'y, a. -I, full of branches : branch iness, 
n. : branch'let, n. a little branch: root and branch, 
wholly; totally. 

branchiae, n. plu. brdng'kl-6 (Gr. brangchia, the 
gills of a fish), the gills or breathing organs of animals 
living entirely in water : bran'chial, a. -ki-dl, relating 
to the gills of fishes: bran'chiopods, n. plu. -ki-6- 
podz (Gr. pous aifoot— gen. podos), crustacean animals 
having gills attached to the feet : bran'chiop'odous, a. 
-op'6-dus, gill-footed : bran'chios'tegal, a. -kl-os'tS-gdl, 
also brang'chios'tegous, a. -te-gus (Gr. stego, I cover), 
gill covering— applied to certain bones or bent rays 
which support the membrane covering and protecting 
the gills of fishes. 

brand, n. brdnd (Icel. brandr ; Ger. brand, a fire- 
brand: It. brandone, a large piece of anything: F. 
brandon, a stake), a burning piece of wood ; a sword ; 
a mark made by pressing a hot iron mould, as on a 
barrel ; a trade-mark ; a mark of infamy ; a stigma : 
v. to burn or mark anything with an iron mould red- 
hot ; to fix a mark of infamy on any one ; to stigma- 



tise : branding, imp. : branded, pp. : brand'-iron or 
branding-iron, n. an iron mould to brand with : brand- 
new— see bran : brandling, n. brdnd'-llng, a red worm 
used by anglers ; a fish : branlin, n. brdn'lin, a fish of 
the salmon kind. 

brandish, v. bran'dlsh (F. brandir, to make a thing 
shake by the force it is cast with : Manx, brans, dash : 
mdte, mdt,fdr, law; mite, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



BRAN ; 

old F. bransler, to shake), to move up and down ; to 
shake as a spear or stick; to wave or flourish: bran- 
dishing, imp.: brandished, pp. brdn'-dlsht: bran'- 
disher, n. one who. 

brandy, n. brdn'dl (formerly brandy -wine : Ger. 
branntwein, burnt-wine: Dut. brandivijn), spirit 
distilled from wine ; any strong spirit from other sub- 
stances : bran'died, a. -did, strengthened with brandy. 

brangle, n. brdng'gl (F. branler, to shake: It. 
branla, a French brawl), a squabble; a wrangle; con- 
fusion: v. to wrangle: bran'gling, imp.: bran'gled, 
pp. -gld. 

brank, n. brdngk (L. brance, a Gallic name for a 
certain bread-corn), buckwheat. 

branny, a. brdn'nl— see bran. 

brash, n. brdsh (from brush : Sp. broza, chips : 
Gael, bruis, splinters : F. brosse, bushy ground), a 
name, in many parts of England, applied to a mass of 
broken and angular fragments derived from the sub- 
jacent rocks ; broken fragments ; refuse ; boughs of 
trees ; a rush or eruption : water-brash— see water. 

brasier, n. brd'zlir (F. braise, embers— see brazil- 
wood), pan for holding burning coals ; one who works 
in brass— better spelt brazier: brasil, n. brd'zll, a 
pigment. 

brass, n. brds (AS. braes, from being used in solder- 
ing: Icel. bras, solder: It. bronze, burning coals; 
bronzo, brass), a compound of copper and zinc of a 
yellow colour; impudence: brasses, n. plu. -sez, slabs 
or plates of brass on tombstones or monuments having 
engraved or raised figures on them, much used in the 
middle ages : bras'sing, a. coating with brass : brassy, 
a. -si, made of brass ; like brass : bras siness, a: -sl-nis : 
brass-band, an instrumental band. 

brat, n. brdt (AS. brat, a cloak, a clout : W. brat, a 
rag : Gael, brat, a mantle), a name given in reproach 
to a child. 

brattice, n. brdt'tis (Ger. brett; Dut. berd, a plank 
or board: Scot, brettys, a fortification: It. bertesca, a 
kind of rampart), a fence or wall of boards in a coal- 
mine, or round dangerous machinery; also spelt 
brettice.bretage. 

braunite, n. brawn'-lt (in honour of M. Braun of 
Gotha), an abundant ore of manganese. 

bravado, n. brd-vd'do (Sp. bravada — see brave), a 
boast or brag; a menacing display meant to frighten. 

brave, a. brdv (F. brave, brave, gay: It. bravare; F. 
braver, to swagger, to affront : Sp. bravo, bullying— 
see brag), bold ; daring ; courageous ; gallant : brave- 
ly, ad. II: bravery, n. brd'ver-l, courage; heroism; 
fearlessness of danger : brave, n. a man daring beyond 
discretion ; an Indian warrior : v. to defy ; to challenge ; 
to encounter with courage: bra'ving, imp.: braved, 
pp. brdvd. 

bravo, int. brd'vo (It., Sp.) well done: n. an as- 
sassin ; a murderer for hire. 

bravura, n. brd-v6'rd (Sp. courage, brag), a song 
difficult to sing: adj. difficult; brilliant. 

brawl, n. braXvl(F. braiV, >-, to cry often : Dan. bralle, 
to talk much and high : Gael, brao&ilach, noise, dis- 
cord), a noisy quarrel ; uproar : v. to qua: rel noisily ; 
to make an uproar : brawling, imp.: adj. noisy; quar- 
relsome: brawl'ingly, ad -ll: brawled, pp. 'brawld: 
brawl'er, n. one who. 

brawn, n. brawn (It. brano, a piece of flesh violently 
pulled away from the whole: old H. Ger. br&to; Fris. 
braede, a lump of flesh : old F. braion, muscular parts 
of the body), the flesh of a boar prepared in a particu- 
lar manner ; the muscular part of the body ; the arm : 
brawn'y, a. -I, or brawned, a. braicnd, muscular ; 
hard ; bulky : brawn'er, n. a boar killed and dressed 
for the table: brawn'iness, n. 

braxy, n. brdk'sl, a disease among sheep— also called 
dysentery or gall-scour; the mutton of animals so 
affected. 

bray, n. brd (F. braire, to cry like an ass : Gr. bracho, 
to crash, to roar : IceL brak, crash, noise : Dan. brage, 
to crash), the cry of an ass ; any similar loud 
harsh sound : v. to make a loud harsh noise like an 
ass : braying, imp. : brayed, pp. brad : bray'er, n. 
one who. 

bray, v. bra (Sp. bregar, to work up paste or dough : 
F.broyer; Bret, oraea, to bray in a mortar: W.breuan, 
a mill), to rub or grind down in a mortar ; to pound ; 



brazed, pp. brdzd: brazen, a. brd'zin, made of brass 
cow, boy.fdbt; pure, bud; chair, 



9 BREA 

impudent ; shameless : bra'zenly, ad. -II: bra'zenness, 
n.: brazen-faced, a. remarkably impudent : brazen- 
face, n.: brazier, n., also brasier, brd'zi-er, a worker 
in brass ; a pan for holding burning coals. 

brazil-wood, n. brd-zel'-, (Port, braza, glowing em- 
bers : old E. brasil, of a bright red : S w. brasa, to blaze), 
a heavy wood of a red colour, used in dying red, im- 
ported from Brazil: brazilian, a. brd-zWi-an, ot or 
from Brazil: braziletto, n. brd-zil-Ut'-to, an inferior 
kiud of brazil-wood: brazil-nut, fruit of a palm of 
Brazil. Note.— The modern name of part of S. Amer., 
Brazil, is derived from furnishing the brazil-icood. 

breach, n. brech (AS. brice ; F. breche, a breach or 
opening in a wall), a gap or opening ; the act of break- 
ing, or state of being broken ; the breaking of a law, or 
the non-fulfilment of an agreement ; a neglect of duty : 
v. to make an opening or gap in anything : breach - 
ing, imp.: breached, pp. brecM: breach less, a. 

bread, n. bred (Icel. braud; Ger. brot; AS. breod, 
bread), food in general ; loaves ; cakes or biscuits pre- 
pared from flour of any kind of grain; sustenance: 
breadless.a. without bread: bread-fruit, the fruit of 
a tree whose pulp resembles bread when baked : 
bread-stuff, corn, meal, or flour for bread. 

breadth, n. bredth (Dan. bred, an edge or border: 
Sw. bradd, edge— see broad), a noun formed from the 
adj. broad; extent of surface in the shortest direction ; 
width : breadth/less, a. having no breadth. 

break, n. brdk (Goth, brikan; Ger. brechen; L.fran- 
gere, to break : AS. brecan, to break, to overcome), an 
opening ; a rent ; a tear ; a pause or interruption ; a 
stop : v. to separate or divide by force ; to rend ; to 
crush ; to weaken or impair ; to tame or train ; to in- 
terrupt; to lessen the force of; todissolveor abandon; 
to explain or open a matter to any one ; to decline in 
health: breaking, imp. : broke, pt. brok: broken, pp. 
bro'-kn: break'er, n. bruk'er, one who, or that which; 
a wave broken into foam by dashing on a rocky 
shore ; something placed in a river for breaking the 
force of floating ice, or for breaking it up: break- 
age, n. -dj, a breaking; an allowance for articles 
destroyed in the carriage : breaking or breaking- 
in, taming or training horses : breaking, n. bank- 
ruptcy : break-neck, a. -nek, steep ; dangerous : break- 
water, n. -waw'-ter, a mound or wall built in the sea, 
or at the mouth of a harbour, to break the force of 
the waves and protect the shipping : to break ground, 
in mil., to commence a siege by opening trenches : 
to break down, to fail or cause to fail: a break- 
down, a failure; an accident: to break the heart, 
to injure much or to destroy with grief: to break 
up, to dissolve ; to put a sudden end to : a break-up, 
- failure ; a dissolution : to break upon the wheel, to 



forth, to burst out; to exclaim: to break from, to go 
away with some vehemence : to break in, to enter 
unexpectedly: to break into, to enter by force: to 
break loose, to free from restraint ; to escape Into 
freedom: tobreakoff, to dtsist .suddenly; to abandon: 
to break out, to discover itself in .sudden effects; to 
arise or spring up : to break through, to force a pas- 
sage: to break upon, to discover itself suddenly: 
break of day, dawn ; the light preceding the appear- 
ance of the sun above the horizon. 

breakfast, n. brek'fdst (break and fast), first meal 
in the day, or the food so taken : v. to take the first 
meal : break'fasting, n. the act of taking breakfast. 

bream, n. brem (F. breme: Dut. braessem), abroad- 
shaped fresh-water fish of the carp family : v. among 
seamen, to burn off the sea-weed, ooze, &c, from a 
ship's bottom : breaming, imp. : breamed, pp. bremd. 

breast, n. brest (AS. breost : Goth, brusts: Dut. 
borst, the breast), the fore part of the human body, be- 
tween the neck and the belly ; in quadrupeds, the part 
between the fore feet ; the heart ; the conscience ; the 
affections ; in mining, the face of coal-workings ; the 
wooden partition that divides a shaft from bottom to 
top into two compartments: v. to meet in front: 
breasting, imp. : breast'ed, pp. : breast-deep or 
breast-high, up to the breast: breast-hooks, among 
seamen, pieces of compass or knee timber placed 
withinside a ship to keep the bows together: breast- 
knees, timbers placed in the forward part of a vessel 
across the stem to unite the bows on each side : breast- 
plate, n. armour for the breast : breast-rail, the upper 
rail of the balcony on the quarter-deck : breast- work, 
in fort., a mass of earth hastily thrown up for defence 
as high as the breast ; in nav., a set of framing termi- 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. -. 



BREA t 

rating the quarter-deck and poop at the foremost and 
after end of the forecastle ; a parapet not high enough 
to require a banquette : breast-bone, the bone at the 
breast; the sternum: breast-pin, an ornamental pin 
used to fasten a necktie or any similar covering over 
the breast. 

breath, n. brSth (AS. brceth, an odour, scent), air 
drawn into the lungs of animals and driven out from 
the same— in man and the more highly organised ani- 
mals through the mouth and nostrils; respiration ; a 
single drawing in and driving out of air ; a gentle 
breeze of air; life; pans*;; time to breathe; an in- 
stant : breathe, v. bret-h, to draw in and give out air ; 
to live ; to rest ; to speak softly to ; to express, as 
words : breathing, imp. : n. respiration ; utterance ; 
an ardent desire or longing after; secret prayer; 
accent: adj. living; vital: breathed, pp. bretfod: 
breath'er, n. one who ; breathful, a. br8th'-fobl : 
breathless, a. out of breath ; breathlessly, ad. -U : 
breathlessness, n. state of being out of breath : 
breathing -place, n. breih'ing-, a pause; breathing- 
time, n. pause; relaxation. 

breccia, n. brek'shl-d (It. a crumb or fragment) 
in geol., any rock composed of an agglutination 
of angular fragments— a conglomerate being compos- 
ed of rounded water-worn pebbles: bree'eiated, a. 
composed of angular fragments cemented together ; 
os'seous-breccia, n. a rock composed of fragments of 
bone cemented together. 

bred, pp. of breed, which see. 

breech, n. brlch, more usually in the plu. breeches, 
brich'-ez (AS. brcec; L. bracaz; Icel. brok; It. brache; 
old F. bragues, trousers), a close-fitting garment worn 
by men, lads, and boys, covering the lower part of 
the body : breech, v. brlch, to put into breeches ; 
to whip on the breech : breeching, imp. : n. the part 
of a harness which passes round the hinder part of a 
horse: plu. the mix--; wifh which cannon are lashed 
or fastened to the ship's side: breeched, pp. brlcht: 
breech, n. brech, the hinder part of anything, especi- 
ally of a gun ; the part where the body separates into 
two legs: breech-loading, a. in mil., receiving the 
charge at the breech instead of the muzzle : breech- 
loader, n. a firearm that receives its load at the 
breech. 

breed, v. bred (AS. bredan, to nourish, to cherish : 
Dut. broaden, to hatch as eggs : Ger. briiten, to bring 
eggs or spawn into active life : W. brivd, hot, warm), 
to generate ; to hatch ; to produce young ; to occa- 
sion ; to educate ; to train ; to instruct ; to raise from 
the best kinds: n. a race of men or other animals 
from the same stock; a kind; a caste; offspring; a 
variety ; a hatch ; a brood : breeding, imp. : n. edu- 
cation; manners: bred, pp. brSd: breed' er, n. one 
who. 

breeze, n. brez (F. brise, a cool wind : It. brezza, dull- 
ness or shivering ; imitative of a rustling noise), a soft- 
blowing wind ; a gentle gale : v. to blow gently : 
breezy, bre'zi, subject to frequent breezes : breeze'- 
less, a. 

breeze, n. brez (AS. briosa; Ger. bremse, a gad-fly— 
from Ger. brummen ; Fris. briinme, to hum), a gad-fly ; 
a stinging-fly— also spelt brize, breese. 

breeze, n. brez (F. bris or dibris, rubbish: Ger. 
brosame, a crumb : Gael, bris, to break), dust ; rub- 
bish—also spelt briss, brist. 

breithauptite, n. bri'-thop-tlt (after Professor 
Breithaupt), antimonial nickel of a light copper-red 
with a violet-blue tarnish. 

brent-goose, n. brent'gos (Ger. halber ente, a half- 
cluck), a migratory sea-bird ; the smallest species of 
geese. 

brethren, n. plu. brSth'ren (plu. of brother, which 
see), members of the same society or profession. 

breve, n. brev (It breve— from L. brevis, short), a 
figure that marks the longest sound in music. 

brevet, n. brSv'et (F. brevet, a commission— from L. 
brevis, short), the commission which confers on an 
officer the next hi ;hest rank to the one he holds, but 



of a brevet. 

breviary, n. bre'vl-er-% (F. briviaire, a breviary: L. 
breviarium, an abridgment or abstract— from L. brevis, 
short: It. breviario), an abridgment; the book con- 
taining the daily service of the Roman Catholic and 
Greek Churches. 

brevity, n. brev'-i-ti (F. brievete: L. brevitas, short- 
ness—from brevis, short), shortness ; conciseness ; con- 



mait; JiiiiJ.,/;ir, ('<<<> , wMc, Viet, 



) BRIG 

tained in few words : brevier, n. ir6-vSr', small print- 
ing-types. 

brew, v. br6 (old F. braux; Gael, braich; W. brag, 
sprouted corn, malt: Icel. brugga, to brew— from AS. 
brug, malt: Ger. brauen; Dut. brouwen, to brew), to 
make beer, ale, &c, by boiling and mixing the mate- 
rials and fermenting them; to contrive; to plot: 
brewing, imp.: n. the act of making beer from malt, 
&c. ; the quantify mad'- atone time : brewed, pp. brad: 
brew'er, n. one who : brewery, u. brO'ir-l, the house 
containing the apparatus where brewing is carried on ; 
also brew-house. 

brewsterite, n. br6s'-Ur-U (after Sir David Brew- 
ster), a mineral occurring in short prismatic crystals 
of a greyish-white or yellowish colour, and vitreous 
lustre: brews'toline, n. -to-lin, a transparent colour- 
less fluid occurring in the minute cavities of rock- 
crystals, &c, said to be liquid carbonic acid. 

bribe, n. brib (F. bribe, a lump of bread : W. brivo, 
to break; briw, broken : It. birbanti, a cheat), a price 
or reward given to induce any one to do a criminal or 
immoral action ; a gift for the purpose of obtaining an 
undue compliance— unless in familiar language, never 
used in a good sense : v. to give or promise a reward 
with the view of perverting the judgment or conduct 
of another ; to hire for a bad purpose : bribing, imp. : 
bribed, pp. brlbcl: bri'ber, n. one who: bribery, n. 
bri'ber-l, the praefiee of giving or taking bribes: 
bribeless, a. : bri'bable, a. -bdbl, capable of being 
bribed. 

brick, n. brik (F. brique, a brick : AS. ort'ee, a frag- 
ment: It. briccia, a collop or slice), a shaped mass of 
clay burned hard in a kiln, and used for building pur- 
poses; a small loaf of bread: v. to lay or pave with 
bricks; to imitate brickwork on plastered walls: 
brick'y, a. -I, full of or formed of bricks : brickbat, 
n. a piece of a brick : brick-kiln, n. a furnace in which 
bricks are hardened by fire : bricklayer, n. -la'er, the 
man who builds with bricks: brick-clay, the clay 
used in the manufacture of bricks, tiles, &c. ; in geol, 
used in contradistinction to boulder-clay, and denot- 
ing the finely-laminated clays which overlie the true 
boulder-clay: brick'nog'ging, n. -ndg'glng, brickwork 
built up between timber framing : brickmaker, n. one 
who makes bricks : brickmaking, n. 

bride, n. brld (AS. bryd; Ger. braut, a bride: Goth. 
bruths, daughter-in-law: W.priod, married), a woman 
about to be married, or newly married : bridal, a. 
bri'-dCd (AS. bryd-eale, bride-ale, the marriage-feast, . 



or bride's maid, a female attendant on a bride : bride 
or bride's cake, a wedding-cake: bride 'groom, n. 
(AS. bryd-gumar-from bryd, and guma, a man), the 
01.01 bout to be married, or newly married. 

bridewell, n. brid'-wel (from St Bride's Well in Lon- 
don, near which a palace was built, afterwards turned 
into an hospital), a house of correction ; a place where 
criminals are confined. 

bridge, n. brlj (AS. bricge: Ger. briicke), a roadway 
over arches spanning a river, a valley, &c. ; the part 
of a stringed instrument over which the strings are 
stretched: v. to stretch a roadway across, as over a 
river: bridg'ing, imp.: bridged, pp. brljd: bridge'- 
less, a. 

bridle, n.brl'-dl (AS. bridel: Icel. bitill: Ban.bidsel), 
the bit and reins by which a rider is able to guide and 
restrain a horse ; any restraint or check ; a curb : v. to 
put on a bridle ; to restrain ; to govern ; to curb ; to 
check: bridling, imp. brid'-llng: bridled, pp. bri'dld: 
bridler, n. brid'ler: bridle-way, n. a horse-track. 

brief, a. bref (F. bref— from L. brevis, short: Ger. 
brief, an epistle or letter), short ; concise : n. an 
abridged writing ; an epitome ; short written instruc- 
tions to counsel in conducting a case before a court 
of law: briefless, a. : briefly, ad. -II: briefness, n. 

brier or briar, n. bri'er (AS. brasr: F. bruyere, a 
heath), a prickly plant or shrub, as the sweet brier: 
7, a. ■%, full of briers ; thorny. 

brig, n. brig (contr. of brigantine—see brlgantine), 
a ship with two masts, square rigged. 

brigade, n. brl-gad' (F. brigade— from It. briqata, a 
troop), a body of soldiers, whether of infantry or cav- 
alry, consisting of several regiments, but of no fixed 
number: v. to form into brigades: briga'ding, imp • 
briga'ded, pp.: brigadier, n. brlg'-a-der', or briga- 
dier-general, n. the officer who commands a brigade. 

brigand, n. brig'-dnd (old F. brigand, skirmishers— 
from It. briga, strife: mid L. brigant, a light-armed 
Mr; pine, pin; note, not, mGve-; 



BRIG 6 

foot-soldier), one of a band of robbers ; a freebooter : 
brigandage, n. -clnddj, theft; robbery. 

brigantine, n. brlg-dntln (It. bi'igante, a pirate; 
brigandare, to play the pirate at sea), a light swift 
vessel formerly used by pirates. 

bright, a. brlt (AS. beorht; Icel. biartr, bright: 
Goth, bairhts, clear, manifest), shining; clear; illus- 
trious; evident; clever: brightly, ad. -II: bright- 
ness, n. : brighten, v. brlt'n, to make clear or shin- 
ing; to increase the lustre of; to cheer; to clear up : 
brightening, imp. brlt'-nlng: brightened, pp. brlt'nd. 

brill, n. brll, a fish of the turbot kind. 

brilliant, a. brll'ydnt (F. brilkr, to shine: L. beryl- 
tus, a bright shining precious stone: It. brillare, to 
quaver with the voice), sparkling with lustre; glit- 
tering ; splendid : n. a diamond cut in such a way as 
to refract the light and make it more glittering: 
brilliantly, ad. -U: brill iantness, n. : brilliancy, 
n. -si, great brightness. 

brills, n. plu. brilz (Ger. brille, spectacles), the hair 
on the eyelids of a horse. 

brim, n. brim (Ger. brame; Lith. brejnas, border: 
Icel. barmr, the edge: AS. bn/mme), the edge, rim, or 
border of any vessel : v. to fill or be filled up to the 
edge or rim: brim'ming, imp.: adj. full to the top: 
brimmed, pp.: brim less, a. : brimful, a. -fuul: brim'- 
mer, n. a glass full to the rim. 

brimstone, n. brlm'ston (AS. bryne, a burning, and 
stone), a hard brittle substance of a yellow colour; 
sulphur; reduced to powder by sublimation, it is 
called flowers of brimstone: brim'stony, a. -i, con- 
taining brimstone. 

brinded, brln'dSd, and brindled, a. brln'dld (Icel. 
brondottr, cross-barred in colour: It. brano, a bit: 
F. brin, a morsel), streaked; spotted; coloured in 
stripes. 

brine, n. brln (AS. bryne, saltness: Dut. brijn, 
pickle : Icel. brim, the surge on the sea-shore), water 
mixed with a large quantity of salt ; water of the 
ocean: v. to steep among salt and water: bri'ning, 
imp. : brined, pp. brlnd: briny, a. brl'nl, pert, to the 
sea or to brine: bri'nish, a. -nlsh, salt: brinishness, 



bring about, to effect or accomplish: to bring forth, 
to produce as fruit : to bring forward, to produce 
to view : to bring out, to expose : to bring in, to im- 
port ; to introduce : to bring on, to cause to begin : 
to bring up, to nurse ; to educate ; to cause to come 
up : to bring to, to check or arrest the progress of a 
ship while sailing: to bring to light, to make clear; 
to discover: to bring to mind, to recall to memory: 
to bring off, to clear ; to procure to be acquitted : to 
bring over, to convert ; to draw to a new party : to 
bring to pass, to effect. 

brink, n. brlngk (Dan. and Sw. brink, declivity: 
Icel. bringr, hillock: W. bryn, a hill), the edge or 
margin of a steep place. 

brisk, a. brisk (F. brusque, lively, quick: It. brusco, 
eager: W. brys, haste), active; nimble; full of life 
and spirit; lively; sparkling: briskly, ad. -II: brisk- 
ness, n. : to brisk up, to enliven ; to appear with life 
and spirit : brisking up, imp. : brisked up, pp. brlskt. 

brisket, n. In i^'kct iF. brlehct, the breast of an ani- 
mal: Icel. briosk; Sw. brusk, gristle : Bohem. brissko, 
a little belly), that part of the breast of an animal that 
lies next the ribs. 

bristle, n. bi'is'sl (AS. byrst ; Sw. borst; Dut. bor- 
stel; Scot, birse, a thick elastic hair: Swiss, borzen, 
to stand out), the stiff hair on the backs of swine, par- 
ticularly wild boars ; any stiff hair : v. to stand erect 
as bristles ; to strut about with head erect in anger 
or defiance: brist'ling, imp. -ling: bristled, pp. -sld : 
bristly, a. -II, thick set with bristles ; rough. 

bristol-board, n. bris'-tol-bord (from the town of 
Bristol), a kind of fine pasteboard having a smooth 
surface: bristol-stone, n. a quartz crystal of great 
purity. 

Britannic, a. bri-tdn'nlk <L. Britannia, Britain), 
pert, to Great Britain; British: britan'nia metal, n. 
-nl-d, a metallic alloy of block-tin, antimony, bismuth, 
and copper: British, a. n. brlt'lsh (AS. Brittisc), pert, 
to Britain or its people : Brit'on, n. -on, a native of 
Britain. 

brittle, a. brlt'tl (AS. brytan; Icehbriota; Dan. 

bryde, to break), easily broken ; not tough : brit'tle- 

coiv , hoy, foot ; pure, bud ; chair, 



L BROM 

ness, n. -tie's, the quality of being easily broken into 
fragments; want of tenacity. 

britzska, n. brU'-kd (P.uss. britshka), a long open 
carriage that can be closed at pleasure. 

broach, n. broch (W. procio, to thrust : Gael, brog, 
to goad: F. brocher, to spit), a spit; aspire: v. to 
pierce as with a spit; to tap. as a cask, in order to draw 
off the liquor ; to let out ; to utter ; to make public : 
broaching, imp. : broached, pp. brOcM: broach er, n. 
a spit ; one who opens or utters : to broach to, among 
sea men, to incline a vessel suddenly to windward so as 
to expose it to the danger of oversetting. 

broad, a. braXvd (AS, br&d: Goth, braids: Icel. 
breidr: Ger. breit), wide; not narrow; extensive; 
open; coarse; not delicate; bold: broadly, ad. -II : 
breadth, n. bredth .- broadness, n. : broadcast, n. 
the act of throwing the seed from the hand in sowing: 
adj. thrown from the hand upon the earth as in sow- 
ing; not planted in rows: ad. by scattering or throw- 
ing as troni the hand: broadcloth, n. fine woollen 
cloth double the usual width: broad-seal, the great 
seal of England : broad gauge, in railways, the width 
of 6 or 7 feet between the rails, as distinguished from 
the narrow gauge of 4 ft. Si in. : broadside, n. the 
side of a ship above the water-line; in a war-ship, 
all the guns on one side discharged at once : broad- 
sword, n. a sword with a broad blade; the claymore 
of the Highlanders: broaden, v. brawd'-n, to make or 
grow broad: broadening, imp. -nlng : broad' ened, 
pp. -end. 

Brobdingnagian, a. brol'-d ing- na'-il-un , a gigantic 
person, like an inhabitant of Brobdingnag in ' Gulli- 
ver's Travels.' 

brocade, n. br6-kad' (It. broccata, a sort of cloth 
wrought with gold or silver: F. brocher, to stitch or 
embroider), silk stuff, woven with variegated gold 
and silver threads, and raised Sowers : broca'ded, a. 
woven with figures, i:c. 

brocard, n. brok'drd (after Burkhard, bishop of 
Worms), an elementary principle or maxim; a pro- 
verbial rule in law, ethics, or metaphysics. 

brocatello, n. brOk'a-tCl'lo (It.: Sp. brocatel), a spe- 
cies of brecciated marble, the component fragments of 
which are of various colours; a coarse-figured fabric. 

broccoli, n. brok'koll (It.), a variety of cauliflower. 

brochure, n. bro-sh6i J (F.— from brocher, to stitch), 
a pamphlet; a small book of only a few leaves. 

brock, n. brok (AS. broc), a badger. 

brocket, n. bruk'-Ot (F. bro, art— from broche, a sharp 
snag), a two-year old red-deer, having a single sharp 
snag to his antler. 

brogan, bro'-gan, or brogue, brog n. (Gael, brog, a 
shoe), a coarse light kind of shoe ; a heavy shoe hav- 
ing the sole studded with nails ; a dialect or manner 
of pronunciation, as Irish brogue. 

broil, n. bro>jl (F. brouiller, to jumble or mix: It. 
broglio; Gael, broighlich, noise, confusion), a tumult; 
a jumbled noisy quarrel ; discord. 

broil, v. brol/l (contracted from F. brasiller, to roast 
on the braise or glowing coals : Scot, brissle, to parch 
or broil: It. brustolare, to scorch), to agitate by expo- 
sure over the fire ; to dress meat over a fire on a grid- 
iron; to be subjected to the action of great heat; to 
be in a great heat : broiling, imp. : broiled, pp. 
bro~jld: broil'er, n. one who. 

broke, v. brOk, pt.: broken, pp. bro'-Mn (from break, 
which see): bro'ken, a. rent asunder; rugged; un- 
even; infirm: bro'kenly, ad. -II: bro'kenness, n. 
-ken-nes, state of being broken : broken-hearted, de- 
pressed or crushed by grief or despair : broken-wind- 
ed, a. having short breath or disordered respiration. 

broker, n. bro-ker (Lith. brokas, a fault, matter of 
blame: Russ. brakovat, to pick and choose: Dut. 
brack, damaged), one employed by merchants to buy 
and sell for them ; one who deals in second-hand 
goods : exchange-broker, n. one who deals in home 
and foreign money: stock-broker, n. one who buys 
and sells shares for others: pawn-broker, n. one 
who lends money on goods left with him : insurance- 
broker, n. one who secures, at a certain rate per cent, 
that the value of a ship and cargo shall be paid, if lost 
at sea : brokerage, n. -aj, the fee, wages, or commis- 
sion paid to a broker for buying or selling for another : 
bro 'king, imp. doing business as a broker: adj. 
pert. to. 

bromine, n. brO'-mln (L. bromium — from Gr. bromos, 
a bad smell), one of the elements related to chlorine 
andiodine in its chemical Oflialitie iromal, n. bro'- 
mal, an oily colourless fluid, obtained by the action of 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



BRON 6! 

bromine on alcohol: bro'mic, a. -mlk, an acid com- i 
pounded of bromine ami nxygen: bro'mate, n. -mat, a 
compound of bromic acid with a base : bro'mide, n. 
■mid, a compound of bromine with a metallic base : 
bro'mite, n. -mlt, or bromic silver, an ore of silver 
occurring in olive-green grains: bromuret, n. brom'- 
u-ret, a basic compound of bromine and another ele- 
ment. 

bronchia, n. brong'-kl-d, bronliiae, n. plu. -kX-e (Gr. 
bronqchos, the windpipe), the tubes that branch off 
from the windpipe to the lungs : bron'chial, a. -ki-dl, 
pert, to the bronehioe ; also bron'chic, a. -klk: bronchi- 
tis, n. -kl'-Hs (itis, denoting ini! immnj mi 

mation of the air-tubes or bronchiae that lead to the 
lungs; bron'chocele, n. -ko-sel (Gr. -kele, a tumour), 
a tumour on the fore part of the neck— also called 
goitre: bronchot'omy, n. -kot'-o-ml (Gr. tome, a cut- 
ting), an incision into the windpipe or larynx between 
the rings— also called tracheotomy or larijngotomy : 
bron'chus, n. -kils, one of the subdivisions of the 
trachea or windpipe ; plu. bron'chi, -kl : bron- 
chophony, n. -kof-o-nl (Gr. phone, voice), the muffled 
and indistinct speech of any one labouring under a 
bronchial affection. 

brontes, n. bron'-tez (Gr. brontes, a giant, one of the 
Cyclops), in geol., a genus of Devonian trilobites, 
characterised by a broad, radiating, fan-like tail. 

bronze, n. bronz (It. bronzo; Sp. bronce, pan-metal: 
Icel. braza, to braze or solder), a metallic substance 
made of copper and tin ; a colour to imitate bronze ; 
any ancient figure or medal made of bronze is called a 
bronze : v. to imitate bronze by a colouring matter : 
bron'zing, imp. n. the art or act of giving to articles 
the appearance of bronze: bronzed, pp. a. bronzd 
(It. bronze, embers), coloured like bronze; tanned; 
sunburnt: bron'zy, a. -zl, like bronze: bron'zite, n. 
■zlt, a variety of diallage or schiller-spar, so called 
from its metallic lustre and pinchbeck colour : bronze 
powder, a metallic powder used to give to tin and 
iron goods, &c, a bronze-like appearance. 
brooch, n. broch (Sp. broca, a tack or button; 
/./</< i clasp), an ornament for the breast ; a jewel: 
v. to adorn with jewels. 

brood, v. br6d (AS. brod, a brood : Dut. broeden, to 
sit on eggs : W. brwd, hot), to sit over, as a bird over 
her eggs ; to spread over as with wings ; to dwell on 
a subject in anxious thought; to cherish: n. off- 
spring ; progeny ; the number of birds hatched at a 
time: brooding, imp. : brooded, pp. : brood-mare, 
a mare kept for breeding. 

brook, n. brook (AS. broca, a brook: W. bruchen, 
the bubbling or springing up of water : Gael, bruich, 
to simmer: Gr. brucho, I roar), a small stream of 
water less than a river; a streamlet: brooklet, n. 
-let, a small brook: brook'y, a. -I, abounding in 
brooks. 

brook, v. brook (AS brucan, to use, to enjoy : Goth. 
Tjrukjiia; Ger. brauchen, to use), to bear; to endure: 
brooking, imp. : brooked, pp. bro~bkt. 

broom, n. brom (AS. brom: Dut. brem), a wild 
shrub producing yellow flowers and pods ; a besom 
or brush with a long handle, made originally of the 
broom bush: broom'y, a. -i, full of broom: broom- 
stick, n. -stlk, the staff or handle of a broom. 

brose, n. broz (a softened form of broth: low Ger. 
broi, boiling water: old Eng. browys, pottage), a 
Scotch dish, made by pouring a boiling liquid over 
dry oatmeal or peasemeal, and then stirring it up. 

broth, n. broth (It. brodo; F. brouet, broth: Dut. 
broeye; Ger. briihe, boiling water: Gael, bruich, to 
boil), a dish consisting of flesh, barley, and vegetables, 
villi i.ii.- v.';ii! -. in .viiicli Gin y are boiled. 

brothel, n. broth'-Sl (Sp. borda, a hut or cottage : F. 
horde, a little cottage), a house of ill fame. 

brother, n. bruth'er (Sans, bhratr : Gael, brathair: 
W. brawd -. L. J rater), son of the same parents ; one 
that resembles another in appearance or manners; 
a relation or kinsman ; broth'ers, plu. : brethren, plu. 
brSth-'-rSn, members of the same society or profession : 
broth' erless, a. : broth'erlike, a. : brotherhood, n. 
an association ; a fraternity : broth'erly, a. -IX, kind ; 
affectionate; pert, to: broth'erliness, n. : brother- 
german or germain, n. -jer'man (L. germanus, come 
of the same stock), a full brother : brother-uterine, n. 
-u'-ter-in (L. uterus, the womb), a brother by the same 
mother only: brother-in-law, n., brothers-in-law, plu. 
a sister's husband ; the brother of a husband or wife. 

brougham, n. brd'-dm (after Lord Brougham), a light 
four-wheeled close carriage. 

mate, mat, far, lav); mete, met, 



BRYO 

brought, v. brdfot, pt. pp. of bring, which see. 
brow, n. brow (AS. braew ; Russ. brov, brow : Dut. 
brauwe, an eyelid, margin : Icel. bra, eyelid), the ridge 
over the eye ; the forehead ; the edge or brink of a 
steep place, as of a river or hill : eyebrow, n. I'broiv, 
the hair over the eye : to knit the brows, to frown ; 
to scowl : browbeat, v. brow-bet, to daunt or depress 
by haughty and stern looks ; to bully into submission 
by arrogant and impudent language : brow'beating, 
imp. n. : browbeaten, pp. -bet'n. 

brown, a. brown (Ger. braun; Icel. and F. brun; It. 
bruno, perhaps the colour of things burnt— from Goth. 
brinnan, to burn), of a dark or dusky colour, inclining 
to redness : v. to make dusky or dark : brown'ing, 
imp. : browned, pp. broivnd .- brownish, a. somewhat 
brown : brown'ness, n. : brown-coal, n. lignite: brown'- 
study, n. gloomy or dull thoughtfulness or reverie : 
brown'ing, n. liquid burnt sugar used for colouring 
gravy, &c; the act or operation of giving a brown 
colour to. 

browse, v. brolvz (F. brouser, to nibble off the sprigs 
and buds; broust, a sprig: Sp. broza, brushwood), to 
eat the tender leaves and branches of trees and shrubs, 
as cattle or sheep : n. the tender branches of trees or 
shrubs : browsing, imp. : browsed, pp. browzd. 

brucine, n. br6s-ln (after Bruce, the traveller), a 
vegetable alkaloid extracted from an African plant. 

brucite, n. brds'lt (after Dr Bruce of New York), a 
mineral, a native hydrate of magnesia. 

bruin, n. brb'-ln (Dan. bruin; Icel. brun, brown), a 
name for a bear. 

bruise, n. brOz (F. briser, to break: old F. bruiser; 
Gael, briid, to break), an injury on the flesh by its being 
crushed with a heavy or blunt substance ; a contusion : 
v. to crush or hurt by pressure ; to pound or reduce to 
coarse powder, as minerals or grain : bruising, imp. : 
bruised, pp. brdzd: bruiser, n. brtz'-er, he who, or that 
which; a prize-fighter. 

bruit, n. bro'-U (F. : It. bruito, a muttering), a report ; 
fame : v. to report ; to noise abroad : bruiting, imp. : 
bruited, pp. noised or rumoured abroad. 

brumal, a. brd'-mdl (F.— from L. bruma, winter), of 
or relating to winter. 

brunette, n. bro'o-niff (F.— from brun, brown, dusky), 
a woman with a dark or brownish complexion ; oppo- 
site of blonde. 

brunt, n. brunt (Serv. bronza, a cattle-bell, which 
the leading beast of the herd bore on its neck : Gris. 
brunza, the first train of baggage-animals), the first 
shock of an onset ; the greatest fury of the battle ; the 
force of a blow. 

brush, n. brush (Ger. and Sw. borste, a bristle, a 
brush: F. brosse, a bush, a head-brush: It. brusca, 
heath for brushes : Icel. bruskr, a tuft of grass), an 
article made of hair, bristle, &c, set in wood, for clean- 
ing, as dust from clothes, or for painting ; a skirmish ; a 
slight encounter ; the tail of a fox : v. to rub or sweep 
as with a brush ; to touch or strike lightly : brush'ing, 
imp. : brushed, pp. brusht : brush'er, n. one who : 
brush'wood, n. a lot of small trees or bushes growing 
closely together ; a coppice or thicket : brush'y, a. -I, 
rough ; shaggy : brush'iness, n. shagginess : brush- 
wheels, wheels without teeth, which move others by 
friction. 

brusque, a. brobsk (F. : It. brusco, harsh), rude ; 
rough or blunt in manners : brusque'ness, n. a blunt 
rough manner. 

brute, n. brot (L. brutus ; It. bruto, stupid, irrational : 
F. brut, raw, rough), a beast ; any animal except man ; 
a savage unfeeling man or woman : adj. irrational ; 
rough ; uncivilised : bru'tal, a. -t&l, pert, to a brute ; 
cruel; unfeeling: bru'tally, ad. -II: brutality, n. 
-tdl'-l-tl, inhumanity; savageness : bru'talise, v. -Hz, 
to make brutal .or inhuman ; to become like a beast : 
bru'tali'sing, imp.: bru'talised, pp. -llzd: bru'tify, v. 
-ti-fl, to reduce to the state of a brute : bru'tify'ing, 
imp. : bru'tified, pp. -fid: adj. reduced to the condi- 
tion of a brute: bru'tish, a. -tlsh, like a brute or 
beast; ferocious: bru'tishly, ad. 41: bru'tishness, n. 
bryony, n. brl'6-ni, also bryonia, n. bri-6'ni-a (L. 
bryonia : Gr. bruon— from bruo, I abound, from its 
abundance : F. bryone), plants of different genera— the 
roots are powerfully acrid : bryonine, n. brl'6-nin, a 
yellowish -brown bitter substance obtained from the 
root. 

bryozoa, n. brl'-6-zd'-d (Gr. bruon, moss ; zoon, an ani- 
mal), the minute mollusca which live united in masses 
in a branched and moss-like manner: bry'ozo'an, a. 
pert. to. 

Mr; pine, pin; note, not, mCve; 



BUBA ( 

bubalus, n. bu'bd-liis (L. a buffalo), in geol., the 
remains of the musk-buffalo. 

bubble, n. bub'-bl (an imitative word;Dut. bobbel: 
It. bubbola, a bubble : Bohem. bublati, to murmur : 
Scot, bub, a blast of wind), a round film or skin of water 
full of air ; anything empty ; a false show j something 
not real : v. to rise up in air-bells, as on the top of a 
liquid ; to run with a gentle gurgling noise ; to cheat : 
bubbling, imp. bub'-bllng .- adj. running with agurgling 
sound : bub'bled, pp. -bid .- bubT)ly, a. -bll, consisting 
of bubbles : bubTuer, n. one who cheats. 

bubo, n. bu'bo, plu. buboes, bu'-boz (Gr. boubon, the 
groin: F. bubon), aswelh ig mphatic glands, 

especially those of the groin and armpit : bubonocele, 
n. bu-bon'6-sel (Gr. kele, a tumour), a rupture in which 
the intestines break down into the groin. 

buccal, a. buk'-kai (L. bucca, the cheek), belonging 
to the cheek. 

buccaneers, n. plu. buk'd-nerz' (from the Carib lan- 
guage, — barbacoa, a kind of grate on which the flesh of 
their prisoners was cooked ; boucan, the place of such 
a feast: F. boucaner, to cook and smoke flesh at the 
same time), persons who, in the W. I. and S. Amer., 
hunted wild animals for their skins, and rudely pre- 
served much of the flesh by drying it after the Indian 
fashion, called bucaning; pirates or sea-robbers, who 
in former times principally attacked the Spanish 
settlements in Amer. : buc caneer'ing, n. -ner'-lng, 
the practice or profession of a buccaneer. 

bucentaur, n. bu-sdn'-tawr (Gr. bous, an ox; kenfau- 
ros, a centaur), in myth., a monster, half-man, half-ox : 
(It. bucentoro), the state-barge of Venice used in the 
ceremony of espousing the Adriatic. 

buccinator, n. biik'-sln-d'tor (L. buccina, a kind of 
trumpet), a muscle forming a large part of the cheek 
—so called from being used in blowing wind-instru- 
ments : buc'cinal, a. -ai, trumpet-like. 

buck, n. buk (AS. bucca: W. btcch; F. bouc— pro- 
bably from the tendency of the animal to but or strike 
with the forehead: Gael, boc, a knock or a blow), male 
of the deer, the goat, the rabbit. &c; a fop; a dashing 
young fellow : buckish, a. foppish : buckskin, n. a kind 
of leather. 

buck, n. biik (Gael, bog, moist, to steep or soak : Bret. 
bouk, soft: Dan. bbg-aske, the ashes of beach-wood), 
lye or suds in which clothes are bleached or washed: 
v. to wash or steep clothes in lye : buck ing, imp. : n. 
in mining, crushing ore: bucked, pp. bukt. 

bucket, n. buk'-ket (F. baquet, a pail: Russ. buk, a 
washing-vessel), a domestic vessel of various shapes 
for containing water, rubbish, or ashes ; a pail used by 
sailors : bucketful, a. 

buckle, n. biik'-kl (F. boucle, a curl or buckle: Pol. 
pukiel, a lock of hair: Ger. buckel, a boss or stud), an 
article consisting of a rim and tongue, used for fasten- 
ing together parts of dress ; a curl : v. to fasten with 
a buckle ; to engage in a matter with zeal : buckling, 
imp.: buckled, pp. biik'kld. 

buckler, n. buk-Ur (F. bouclier, a shield with a cen- 
tral boss— from boucle, protuberance), a kind of shield. 

buckra, n. biik'rd (in Calabar, a demon, a powerful 
being), among the blacks, a white man : adj. white. 

buckram, n. biik'-rdm (F. bougran: It. bucherame, 
—from buca, a hole), coarse linen cloth stiffened with 
glue: adj. stiff; precise. 

buckwheat, n. buk'-hicet (Dan. bog-hvete— from Ger. 
biiche; Dan. bog, beech-mast), a kind of grain having 
three-cornered seeds resembling beech-nuts: buck- 
thorn, a genus of plants. 

bucolic, n. bil-kol'ik (L. bucolicus; Gr. bukolikos— 
from Gr. boukolos, a cowherd), a pastoral poem : adj. 
relating to country affairs. 

bud, n. bud (Bohem. bodka, a point ; bodek, a thorn), 
the shoot or sprout on a plant containing the future 
leaf or flower ; a flower not blown or expanded : v. to 
put forth shoots ; to sprout ; to grow as buds : bud- 
ding, imp. : bud'ded, pp. : bud let, n. a bud growing 
from another bud. 

Buddha, n. bud'dd, Buddhism, n. bud'dizm, &c— see 
Boodhism. 

buddle, n. bud'dl, among miners, a wooden frame 
used for washing ore : v. to wash ore : bud'dling, 
imp. bud'ling: buddled, pp. bud'-dled. 

budge, v. buj (F. bouger, to move : Bret, boulg, 
movement: Icel. built, frequent motion), to move off; 
to stir: bud'ging, imp.; budged, pp. bujd: bud'ger, 
n. one who. 

budge, n. bvj (Russ. push', fur-skins ; pushit', to line 
with fur), dressed skin or fur of lambs, formerly used 



5 BULG 

as an edging or ornament, especially of scholastic 
habits: adj. solemn, like a doctor in his fur; stern: 
budge-barrel, n. a small barrel with one .head, the 
other having a loose leathern cover, used in carrying 
powder in a siege. 

budget, n. buj'et (F. bougette, a leather bag: It. bol- 
getta, a leathern bucket— from bulga, a skin), a bag 
with its contents ; a stock or store ; the annual fiL2 ra- 
cial scheme of the British nation. 

buff, n. buf (L. bubalus; Russ. buival; F. buffte, 
the wild ox or buffalo: It. buffalo), a sort of soft 
leather prepared from the skin of the buffalo ; a col- 
our near to yellow; yellow substance on blood in 
inflammations: adj. of the colour of buff-leather, or 
made of it : buffs, a regiment of soldiers, so called from 



their buff-coloured facings : buf' fy, a. -fX, pert, to the 
colour on the surface of blood; resembling buff: buf- 
falo, n. -fd-10, a kind of wild ox : buffle-headed.a. biif'Jl- 



hed'ed, having a large head like a buffalo; dull; stupid. 

buffer, n. buffer (low Ger. buffen, to strike: It. 
buffetto, a cult), apparatus at the ends of railway 
carriages, which, when driven in, spring out again, 
and so prevent injury to the carriages coming into 
contact; any cushion-like article to take away the 
force of a blow : buffer-head, n. in raihvay carriages, 
the part of the buffer apparatus which receives the 
concussion: buffet, n. buf -Jet, a blow with the fist; 
a box ; a slap : v. to strike with the fist or hand ; to 
box or beat ; to contend against : buffeting, imp. : 
buffeted, pp. : buf feter, n. one who. 

buffet, n. buf'-fet, (F. buffet, primarily, the tap of a 
tavern, then a sideboard), a cupboard or set of shelves 
fur rrockery ; a sideboard. 

buffoon, n. buffdn' (F. bouffon, a jester— from It. 
buffare, to puff, to blow hard), a man who amuses 
others by tricks, antic gestures, and jokes: v. to make 
ridiculous : buffooning, imp. : buffoon ery, n. -er-X, 
the tricks of a buffoon ; low jests ; drolleries : buf- 
foon'ish, a. : buffoon'ism, n. -Izm: buffo, n. bobf'-fo, 
the comic actor in an opera. 

bufonites, n. plu. bu'fo-nlts (L. bufo, a toad), toad- 
stones ; serpents' eyes ; fossil palatal teeth of extinct 
shark-like fishes. 

bug, n. bug (W. burai, what produces dread or dis- 
gust: Alb. boube; Russ. buka, a bugbear), a name ap- 
plied to various insects ; an offensive insect common 
in dirty dwelling-houses: buggy, a. -gl, full of bugs: 
bug giness, n. 

bugbear, n. bug'-bdr (bug, with bear, as an object of 
dread), anything that scares or frightens, real or ima- 
ginary : v. to alarm or scare by any means : bug'- 
bearing, imp. : bug beared, pp. 

buggy, n. biig'gl, a light one-horse vehicle open at 
top ; a gig. 

bugle, n. bii'gl (F. bvffle; It. buffalo, a wild ox), a 
hunting-horn, formerly spelt buffalo-horn; a musi- 
cal instrument ; a genus of plants; a long slender glass 
bead, generally black. 

bugloss, n. bil'-glos (L. buglossa— from Gr. bous, an 
ox, and glossa, a tongue), the plant ox-tongue ; aplant 
used in dyeing and colouring. 

buhl, n. bid (after Boule, a French carver in wood), 
unburnished gold, mother-of-pearl, &c, used for in- 
laying in dark wood, &c. : buhl-work, inlaying wood, 
&c, with metal or mother-of-pearl. 

buhrston or burrstone, n. ber'ston (old Eng. bur, a 
whetstone for scythes), a rough silicious stone used in 
making millstones for grinding corn. 

build, v. blld (Ger. bilden to form, to fashion : old 
Sw. bylja, to raise a habitation), to construct ; to make 
or raise anything— as a wall, a house, or a ship ; to 
shape into a particular form ; to raise on a foundation ; 
to increase ; to depend on as a foundation : building, 
imp.: n. an edifice; a fixed structure— as a house, a 
church: built, pt. pp. bllt, or builded, pp. bil'-ded: 
builder, n. bll'der, one who erects buildings. 

bukshisha— see backshish. 

bulb, n. bulb (L. bulbus, a globular root, an onion : 
Gr. bolbos), a root consisting of scales or layers, as the 
onion— or solid, as the crocus : bulbed, a. bnlbd, round- 



taiiung bulbs : bulbil or bulblet, n. bul'-bil, bulb'-let, in 
bot., separable buds in the axil of leaves, as in some 
lilies: bulbous-based, in bot., applied to leaves which 
are turned at the base. 

bulbul, n. bdbl'bul (Pers.), the Persian nightingale. 

bulge, n. {mZ/'(Gael. bolg, a swell or blister; bidg, a 
ship's bilge or convexity : Icel. bolga, a tumour), the 



cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



BULI 



broadest part of a cask ; a protuberance ; a swelling 
out : v. to swell out ; to bilge as a ship : bul'ging, imp. : 
bulged, pp. buljd. 

bulimia, n. bu-llm'l-d, or bulimy, n. bu'll-ml (Gr. 
bou, a particle which augments the meaning of words, 
and limos, hunger), excessive appetite for food. 

bulk, n. bulk (Dan. bialke, a beam ; anotlfer form of 
balk, which see), size ; magnitude ; the main mass or 
body ; the whole cargo of a ship in the hold : to break 
bulk, to begin to unload a ship ; to break open a pack- 
age of goods : in bulk, in the mass ; cargo loose in the 
hold of a ship and not enclosed in boxes or packages : 

bulk'head,n. -7i2d,apar1 LI a< ro . lie hold " : < .-■■in,. 

bul'ky, a. -hi, large ; of great size : bul'kiness, n. -ncs, 
greatness in bulk or size. 

bull, n. bobl (W. bwla: Icel. bolli: Ger. bulle), the 
male of the cow kind: in Scrip., a fierce and power- 
ful enemy: bul'lish, -Ish, bull-headed, bull-like, a. 
pert, to a bull; dogged and self-willed: bull-baiting, 
n. the rendering bulls furious by setting dogs to 
attack them: bull-dog, n. a large - headed, strong- 
jawed, variety of dog : bull-fight, n. an amusement 
among the Spanish and Portuguese, consisting of an 
exhibition of men fighting with wild bulls : bull-fly, 
n. a gadfly: bullock, n. bobl' ok (AS. bulluca), a cast- 
rated bull or ox fed for slaughter : bull-calf, a male 
calf; a young stupid fellow. 

bull, n. bobl (It. bolla, a seal: L. bulla, a boss or 
ornament), a name at first applied to the seal attached 
to an edict of the Pope, but now applied to the edict 
itself; a blunder; in the Stock Exchange, those who 
try to raise the price of stocks are called bulls, and 
those who try to lower their price, bears: bull's-eye, 
n. boolz-%, among seamen, a piece of wood shaped like 
a ring ; a dark distant cloud, ruddy in the centre, fore- 
telling a storm ; the centre mark on a target for shoot- 
ing at ; a small round window or opening. 

bullate, a. bul'-ldt (L. bulla, a bubble), in bot., gar- 
nished with studs like bubbles or blisters. . 

bullet, n. bobl'ldt (F. boulet— from L. bitila, abubble), 
a round or oblong ball of metal, used for loading pis- 
tols, guns, or rifles. 

bulletin, n. bobl'IS-ten (F. a packet : It. bullettino— 
from bulla, an edict of the Pope), an official report or 
notice ; a public announcement. 

bull-finch, n. bdbl'flnsh (corruption of bud-finch, 
as causing destruction among buds), a song-bird. 

bullion, n. bool'-yun (F. billon, base coin: Sp. vel- 
lon, an alloy of silver and copper : mod. Gr. boullono, 
I seal or stamp: formerly the mint where the pre- 
cious metals were alloyed and made into money), 
gold or silver of the standard fineness, in any form 
not money — generally in small bars called ingots ; 
gold and silver in the mass; foreign or uncurrent 
coin. 

bully, n. bobl'li (Dut. bulde.ren, to bluster: Ger. 
poltern, to make a noise : Sw. buller, noise), a quarrel- 
some cowardly fellow ; one who blusters and threatens : 
v. to insult with noise ; to overawe by threats : bully- 
ing, imp. -ll-lng-. bullied, pp. -lid: bul'lirag, v. -rtlg, 
to insult in a bullying manner. 

bulrush, n. bool'-rush (bull, meaning large, and 
rush), a large strong kind of rush. 

bulse, n. buls (Port, bolsa, a purse), in India, a bag 
or purse in which to carry or measure valuables— as 
diamonds. 

bulwark, n. bool'werk (Dut. bolwerck, a fortified 
wall : F. boulevart, the ramparts of a town, a broad 
street at Paris (boulevard) surrounding what was once 
the city : It. baluarte), a rampart ; a fortification ; any 
means of defence or protection, originally made of the 
boles or trunks of trees ; the railboards of a ship : v. 
to fortify with a rampart; to protect. 

bum, v. bum (Dut. bommen, to beat a drum: L. 
bombus; Gr. bombos, a humming, buzzing noise), to 
make a whirring noise: bumble-bee, n. bum'bl— -or 
humble-bee, hum'-bl—a, large bee, so called from the 
noise it makes— contracted into bumbee. 

bumastos, n. bob-mas'tos (Gr., an immense bunch of 
grapes), in geol. , a genus of Silurian trilobites— so called 
from their oblong-oval or grape-like form, and known 

■ ■ >"ii , h • trilobite. 

bumbailiff, n. bum 'bdl'lf (from the notion of a hum- 
ming or dunning noise), colloquially, an under-bailiff ; 
one employed to dun or arrest for debt. 

bumboat. n. bum'-bot (Dut. bum-boot, a very wide 
fishing-boat : Fris. bom, ground, a floor : Dut. boom, a 
beam), a boat employed in conveying provisions, &c, 
to outlying vessels. 



BURD 

bump, n. biimp (W. pwrtipio, to thump, to bang ; 
nmnp, a round mass: F. pompette, a pimple on the 

Jrin), a swelling ; a thump : v. to make a noise ; to 
strike against ; to thump: bumping, imp.: bumped, 
pp. bHm.pt: bumper, n. bam'pir.a, cup or glass swelled 
or filled to the brim. 

bumpkin, n. bum'-kln (Ger. baum; Dut. boom, a 
beam, a log), an awkward country fellow; a rustic: 
bump'kinly, ad. -II. 

bun or bunn, n. bun (F. Mane, a knob rising after a 
knock ; bignet, a little round loaf: It. bugno, a boil or 
blain: Gael, bonnach; Scot, bannock, a little cake), a 
sweet cake. 

bunch, n. bunsh (Icel. banga, to beat ; bunki, a heap : 
Dan. bundt ; Sw. bunt, a bunch), a lump or knot ; a 
cluster ; a protuberance ; a number of things grow- 
ing together or tied together ; a miner's term for an 
irregular lump of ore : v. to swell out in roundness ; 
to form or tie in a lot or bunch: bunching, imp.: 
bunched, pp. bunsht: bunchy, a. bunsh'-l, growing in 
bunches; having tufts : bunch'iness, n. 

bundle, n. bun'dl (AS. byndel; Dut. bondel, some- 
thing bound up: Dan. bundt; Sw. bunt, a bundle), a 
number of things put together and tied : v. to tie up 
together : bundling, imp. : bundled, pp. bun'dld . 
bundle-pillar, a column or pier with others of small 
dimensions attached to it. 

bung, n. bung (old Ger. bunge, a drum : Dut. and F. 
bonde, a bung : W. bwng, a bung-hole), a large round 
cork or wooden stopper for the hole in a cask : v. to 
stop up the opening in a cask with a bung : bunging, 
imp.: bunged, pp. bungd: bung-hole, n. the hole in a 
cask by which it is filled or emptied. 

bungalow, n. bung'-gd-lo (native name, bangla), in 
India, a country-house of one floor or flat only. 

bungle, n. bung'gl (Icel. bongan, a rude performance: 
Dan. banke; Icel. banga, to strike, as nailing on a 
patch), anything ill done; a botch; an affair mis- 
managed: v. to do anything clumsily; to mismanage 
an affair; to botch: bun'gling, imp.: adj. awkwardly 
done: bungled, pp. bung'-gld: bun'glingly, ad. -II: 
bun'gler, n. -gler, one who. 

bunion, n. bun'-yun (from bun, which see), a horny- 
excrescence on a toe. 

bunker, n. bung'-ker (Sw. bunke, a wooden vessel: 
Icel. bunki, a heap), a large wooden box for containing 
coals ; a bin : bunk, n. bungk, a large wooden case 
serving for a seat during the day, and for a bed at 
night. 

bunkum, n. bung'kum (from Buncombe, North Ca- 
rolina, U.S.), speech-making for mere show. 

bunt, n. bunt (Dan. bundt; Sw. bunt, a bunch, a 
bundle), the belly or protuberance or bagging part of 
a sail: bunt-lines, n. plu. ropes on the bottoms of 
sails to draw them upwards : bunting, n. bun'-tlng, a 
thin woollen cloth used for flags, and variously col- 
oured. 

bunting, n. bun'-tlng (Ger. bunt, variegated), a name 
for different kinds of birds, as yellow bunting, corn- 
bunting, snow -bunting : bun'ter, n. -ter, in geol., the 
upper new red sandstone. 

buoy, n. boy (Dut. boei; F. boue'e; Sp. boya; Fris. 
boye, a lump or cluster), an empty cask, or a small 
structure of wood, made for floating on the water, to 
point out shallows or rocks, &c. : life-buoys, articles 
kept in ships to be thrown into the water when any 
person falls overboard to keep him afloat ; a float : v. 
to keep afloat; to bear up; to support; to sustain; to 
place buoys ; to float : buoy'ing, imp. : buoyed, pp. 
bdyd: buoyancy, n. boy ity of floating 

on water or in air ; lightness : buoy'ant, a. floating ; 
light; that cannot sink; buoy'antly, ad. -II: buoy- 
antness, n. 

buprestis, n. bil-prest'-is (Gr. bouprestis, an insect 
that causes inflammation in oxen — from bous, an ox, 
andpretho, I set on fire), a genus of coleopterous in- 
sects remarkable for their brilliant metallic tints. 

bur or burr, n. ber (F. bourre, flocks or locks of 
wool: It borra, any kind of stuffing: Gael, borr, to 
swell), a rough prickly covering of the seeds of some 
plants; the seed-vessel of the burdock; the rough 
edge left by a tool in cutting metal ; the guttural pro- 
nunciation of the letter r : burr'stone, certain silicious 
rocks used as millstones. 

burbot, n. ber'bot (F. barbote— from barbe, beard), 
a fish like an eel, but thicker and shorter— called also 
eelpout. 

burden, n. ber'dn— sometimes written bur'then (AS. 
byrthen: Ger. biirde— from beran, to bear), something 
mdte, mdt.fdr, luiv; mSte, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, move; 



BURD € 

carried; a load; something grievous or oppressive; 
the prevailing sentiment in a song; the chorus; a 
ship's capacity for carrying : v. to lav on a load ; to 
oppress: burdening, imp. -dn-ing: burdened, pp. 
-rind : bur dener, n. one who: burdensome, a. -dn-sum, 
grievous to be borne ; fatiguing ; oppressive : bur'den- 
somely, ad. -li: bur'densomeness, n. 

burdock, n. ber'dok, or bur-weed, n. (see bur), a •wild 
plant with a rough prickly head, having heart-shaped 
leaves and purple blossoms. 

bureau, n. bu-ro' (F. a \\ riting-table: It. buio, dark: 
Pol. bury, dark -grey: oldF. burc, reddish-brown— the 
kind of cloth which covered the table), a table or chest 
of drawers with conveniences for writing and keeping 
papers; an office of an ambassador, state secretary, 
&c, for business: bureaucracy, n.-rok'rd-sl(F. bureau, 
and Gr. krateo, I govern), the system by which the 
public service ofacountry is carried on in departments, 
each one under the control of a head; government 
by or under the influence of officials: bureaucratic, 
a. -ro-krdt'ik, relating to or having the form of a 
bureaucracy; also bu'reaucrat'ical : bu'reaucrat- 
ically, ad. -li: bureauc'ratist, n. ->ok'rddist,a.n advo- 
cate for or supporter of. 

burette, n. buo-rct' (F. a cruet, a vase), a graduated 
glass tube with stop -cock for delivering measured 
quantities of liquids. 

burg, burgh, n. berg— in Scot., ber'u; also borough. 
bur'-o, which see (AS. burg)— the same words differ- 
ently spelt; at first a fortified town, now a city or 
town that sends, or unites in sending, a member to 
Parliament; a town with certain privileges: royal 
burgh, a town holding a charter from the crown : 
burgh of barony, one erected by a feudal lord or su- 
perior. 

burgage, n. ber'gdj (old F. burgeois : mid. L. burgen- 
sis), a tenure by which property is held in cities and 
towns : bur'gess, n. -jes, a citizen or freeman of a town : 
burgess-ship, n: burgher, n. berg'ir, the freeman or 
inhabitant of a burgh ; one of a religious sect in Scot- 
land: burgh'ership, n. : burgeois, n. b6r'zhw& (F.), a 
burgess: burgeois, n. o^,)-»',asmall printing-type ; 
also spelt bourgeois: burg-mote, n. burg'- mot, in AS. 
times, a borough court. 

burglar, n. berg'-U-r (Norm. F. bourglaire— from low 
L. burgi-latro, the robber of a dwelling), one who 
breaks into a house at night to steal ; a housebreaker : 
burgla'rious, a. -Id'rius, pert, to a theft by house- 
breaking: burglariously, ad. 41: burglary, n. lcr-l, 
the breaking into a house by night to steal. 

burgomaster, n. ber'gO-mds-ter, or burgh'master 
(burg and master), one employed in the government 
of a city; chief magistrate in one of the large towns 
in Holland, &c. 

burgout, n. bir'gSbt (W. burym, yeast ; gaivl, gruel), 
thick gruel used by seamen. 

Burgundy, n. ber'gun-dl, a fine French wine from 
Burgundy : burgundy pitch, a resin collected from the 
spruce fir. 

burial, n. bSr'l-dl—see under bury. 

burin, n. bu'rin (F. burin; It. borino, a sharp chisel 
for cutting stone with — probably from Fin. purra, to 
bite), an engraver's tool made of steel : bu'rinist, n. 
an engraver. 

burk, v. berk (name of an Irishman notorious for the 
crime), to murder by suffocation ; to smother : burk'- 
ing, imp. : burked, pp. burkt. 

burl, v. berl (Dut. barrel, a bubble: Sp. borla, a 
tuft), to pick knots and loose threads from cloth when 
fulling it : burl'er, n. one who : burring, imp.: burled, 
pp. burld: burl'ing-iron, n. an instrument like large 
tweezers used in burling cloth. 

burlesque, n. ber-lesV (F.: It. burlare, to make a 
jest of: Gael, burl, mockery), the turning any matter 
into ridicule ; the representation of a subject in mock 
gravity with the view of exciting laughter : adj. tend- 
ing to raise laughter ; droll ; comic : v. to turn a sub- 
ject into ridicule ; to treat a trifling matter with mock 
gravity to excite laughter : burlesquing, imp. : bur- 
lesqued, pp. -leskt': burlesqu'er, n. -ISsk'er, one who : 
burlet'ta, n. -Ut'td (It.), a comic opera; a musical 
farce. 

burly, a, ler'll (It. borram, to grow big and prosper- 
ous: Gael, borr, a swelling), big and fresh-looking; 
stout and jolly ; big and blustering : burliness, n. 
-ll-nes, the being big and blustering : hurly-burly, n. 
confusion; uproar. 

burn, n. bern (Goth, brinnan; Dut. brennen; AS. 
byrnan, to burn), an injury to the flesh by the action 



) BUSH 

of fire : v. to injure by fire ; to reduce to ashes by the 
action of fire; to harden by fire; to scorch, as the 
clothes ; to be on fire ; to shine ; to rage with violence 
or passion ; to feel excess of heat in the body : burn- 
ing, imp.: adj. very hot; scorching; powerful: n. the 
act of reducing to ashes ; a fire ; the vehemence or 
raging of passion : burned or burnt, pt. and pp. bernd, 
bernt: burner, n. the small movable part of a lamp 
or gas lustre, &c, next the flame: burning-glass, n. a 
convex lens of glass for collecting the rays of the sun 
so as to produce heat : burning-mirror, n. a concave 
surface, usually of polished metal, for the same purpose. 

burn, n. bern (Goth, brunna; Icel. brunnr .■ Ger. 
lion), a well, a spring: Gael, burn, water), a brook; a 
small running stream. 

burnish, v. ber'-n ish (F. brunir, to polish : Sw. bryna, 
to sharpen ; brynsten, a whetstone), to polish by fric- 
tion; to make smooth and bright by rubbing; to be- 
come bright by friction : n. lustre; brightness: bur- 
nishing, imp. : bur'nished, pp. -nisht, polished: bur'- 
nisher, n. the person or tool that burnishes. 

burnoose, n. ber'nds or -n6z (Ar. bur?ius, a kind of 
high-crowned cap : Sp. albornoz, a Mom ish cloak), an 
upper garment with a hood worn by the Moors and 
Arabs. 

burnt, pt. and pp. of burn, which see. 

burnt-ear, n. birnt'-er, a disease in corn in which 
the whole ear appeal's black. 

burnt-offering, n. hirnt-of-fer-ing, something burnt 
on an altar, as an uil'ciing for sin, called also bund- 
sacrifice. 

burr, n. ber, the lobe of the ear ; a roughness in 
sounding the letter r— (see bur). 

burrock, n. bir'-rdl; (AS. burg, hill, and ork, diminu- 
tive termination i, a small dam in a river for cutehing 
fish. 

burrow, n. ber'rd (AS. beorgan, to protect, to shel- 
ter : Dut berghen, to hide, to cover), an underground 
hole or excavation, where small animals such as the 
rabbit live : v. to make holes underground and live 
in them ; to live in a concealed place : burrowing, 
imp. : burrowed, pp. -rod. 

burse, n. bers (F. bourse, a purse, an exchange: low. 
L. bursa), a public building where merchants and 
money-dealers meet on business ; an exchange : n. bur- 
sar, n. bdr'ser, the treasurer of a college or monastery ; 
a student in a Scotch university to whom a sum of 
money is paid out of a fund set aside for that purpose; 
an exhibitioner : bur'sarship, n. the position or office 
of a bursar: bursary, n. -i, the treasury of a college or 
monastery ; the sum allowed to a bursar ; an exhibi- 
tion. 

burst, n. berst (Gei. bersten ; AS. berstan; Sw. brista ; 
F. briser, to break), a sudden breakage ; an explosion ; 
a violent outbreak ; v. to break open forcibly or with 
sudden violence; to break away from; to come upon 
unexpectedly ; to break forth, or into, with violence ; 
to rend by force : burst ing, imp. : burst, pp. : burst'er, 
n. one who. 

burthen, n. ber'thn: bur'thensome, a. : bur'then- 
someness, n.— see burden. 

burton, n. ber'-tn, in a ship, a small tackle of two 
single blocks, said to be named from the inventor. 

bury, v. ber'l (AS. birgan; Dut. berghen, to hide, to 
stow away : Ger. bergen, to conceal), to put or place 
anything in the earth ; to lay a dead body in the 

frave ; to inter ; to hide or conceal ; to overwhelm : 
ur'ied, pp. -id: bur'ying, imp. n. -l-ing, the act of 
placing the dead in the earth : burying-place, burial- 
place, n. a graveyard; a cemetery: burial, n. -l-dl 
(AS. byrigels, a sepulchre), the act of laying a dead 
body in the earth, in a tomb, in a vault, or among 
water, as at sea. 

bush, n. bdbsh (Icel. buskr, a tuft of hair ; buski, a 
bunch of twigs : F. bousche, a tuft, a wisp : Dut. 
bos, a bunch), a shrub or small tree ; a collection of 
shrubs of various kinds; a tract of uncultivated 
country covered with trees and shrubs of natural 
growth ; a fox's tail : bush-beater, n. bet'-er, one 
who beats amongst the cover to rouse game : bush- 
fighting, n. -fit'ing, irregular warfare in a woody 
country : bush'et, n. -St, a copse ; a wood : bush'man, 
n. one who lives in the back settlements of a new 
country ; bushy, a. bdbsh'i, full of bushes ; thick like 
the branches of a bush: bush'iness, n.: bushranger, 
a robber, especially an escaped criminal, roaming 
about the woods and outlying parts of a new country. 

bush, n. bdbsh (Dut. busse ; Ger. biichse ; Dan. bosse, 
a box), a round open piece of metal put into sheaves of 
cdio, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, (here, zeal. 



BUSI 6 

blocks to prevent them wearing ; a circlet of metal put 
into anything to lessen friction: v. to line any hole 
ii mi eii metal : bushing, imp. : bushed, pp. 

bobsht, lined with metal : bush'el, n. -el, a measure 
for dry goods, containing 8 gall, or i pks. ; a large 
quantity. 

business, busied— see busy. 

busk, n. busk (Icel. bukr, the trunk of an animal : 
Sp. buche, stomach, breast: F. busche, a log), a thin 
flat piece of steel, whalebone, or wood, worn by females 
in their stays. 

busk, v. busk (Icel. bua, to prepare, to dress ; at 
buast, to bend one's steps), to dress; to attire one's 
self ; to deck : busk'ing, imp. : busked, pp. buskt. 

buskin, n. bus'-kln (Sp. bolzequin, buskins: Dut. 
broseken; F. brodequin, buskin), a kind of half boot 
worn by the ancient actors in tragedy : bus'kined, a. 
•kind. 

bus, n. bus, a contraction of omnibus. 

buss, n. bus (Ger. buse: Dut. buyse: Sp. bucha), a 
boat for fishing. 

buss, n. 6ms (Gael, bus, a mouth: Sp. buz, a kiss: 
L. basium; It. bacio, a kiss: F. baiser, to kiss), a 
salute with the lips ; a rude or playful kiss : v. to kiss 
in a rude and playful manner: bus'sing, imp. : bussed, 
pp. bust. 

bust, n. bust (F. buste, the body of a man from the 
face to the middle : It. busto, a trunk without a head : 
Icel. butr, the trunk of a tree), the figure of a person 
showing the head, shoulders, and breast. 

bustard, n. bus'terd (F. outard, a great sluggish 
fowl : L. avis tarda, the sluggish bird), a kind of wild 
turkey. 

bustle, n. fttfs'sZ (Icel. bustla, to make a splash in the 
water, to bustle), hurry and noise; great stir; rapid 
motion with noise ; a pad formerly used to expand 
petticoats : v. tia be very active ; to stir quickly with 
noise: bustling, imp. -ling: bustled, pp. bus'sld: 
bustler, n. -ler, one who. 

busy, a. biz'i (AS. biseg, occupation : Dut. besig, 
busy : F. besogne, work), very closely engaged ; con- 
stantly and actively empl d meddling; trouble- 
some : v. to employ constantly ; to keep employed ; 
to make busy : bus'ying, imp. -l-lng : busied, pp. -Id: 
busily, ad. -l-ll: business, n. biz-nSs, employment; 
occupation; anything that demands attention; af- 
fairs ; matter under consideration ; something to be 
done: business-like, a. as it ought to be done; 
thorough : busy-body, n. -bdd'l, a meddling person : 
busy-minded b \ five mind. 

but, conj. but (AS. butan; Dut. buitan, without), 
something more to supply ; unless : ad. only : prep. 
except : int. expressing surprise or dissent : but and 
ben (AS. butan ■.■ bhoul binnan ndthin), withoufrthe 
house and within; applied to the outer and inner 
rooms of a house of two apartments. 

but-end, n. but'end, the blunt or larger end— see 
butt. 

butcher, n. bdbtch'er (F. boucMr— from boc, a goat : 
It. beccaro— from becco, a goat), one who slaughters 
animals for food ; one who cuts up and sells meat or 
flesh ; a cruel man ; one who delights in blood : v. to 
kill or slaughter animals for food ; to murder with un- 
usual cruelty: butch'ering, imp. : butch'ered, pp. 
-erd: butch'ery, n. -rr ■>., sla Lghter; murder with 

great barbarity: butch'erly, ad. -II: butch'erliness, 
n. : butcher-meat, n. the flesh of animals slaughtered 
for the table : butcher's-broom, n. the plant knee- 
holly, the branches of which are used by butchers for 
brooms. 

butler, n. but'lir (F. bouteillier— from bouteille, a 
bottle; rather from butt, a barrel: Sp. boteria, the 
store of barrels), a servant in wealthy families who 
has the charge of the plate, liquors, &c. : butlerage, 
n. -ter-dj, a duty on wine : but'lership, n. the office of 
butler, 
butment— see abutment, 
butt, v. but (Dut. botten, to thrust: It. botto, a 
blow), to strike with the head like a goat or a ram 
n. a push or thrust given by an animal with its head 
but'ting, imp.: but'ted, pp.: to come full butt 
against, to come upon suddenly, so as to make a 
sounding blow; butt-end of a thing (Icel. butr, the 
trunk : F. bout, end : W. pwt, a stump : Ger. butt, a 
short, thick thing), the striking end ; the thick end, 
as of a plank in a ship : butt, n. a mound of turf in a 
field to support a target fur shooting at; the prick in 

i.hc middle ol a barget (F. but) : to make a butt of a 

person, to make him a mark for the jests of the com- 



BY 

pany; to touch at the end (F. buter): butts, n. strips 
at the edges of a ploughed field : but-lands, waste 
ground: butt and butt, joining end to end without 
verlapping. 

butt, n. but (F. botte; mod. Gr. boutis, a cask: 
_p. bota, a wine-skin), a large barrel; a butt of wine 
contains l'.'li gallons; a, butt of beer, 108 gallons. 

butte, n. but (F. a small rising ground), in the 
western parts of North America, detached hills and 
ridges which rise abruptly, intermediate in height 
between hills and mountains. 

butter, n. but'-ter (Bav. buttern, to shake backwards 
and forwards: L. butyrum; Gr. bouturon, butter), an 
oily or fatty substance got from milk or cream by 
churning or shaking it: v. to cover or spread with 
butter, as bread: but'tering, imp.: buttered, pp. 
-terd: buttermilk, n. the milk left after the butter 
has been separated: but'tery, a. -ter-l, like butter: 
buttercups, bright yellow wild flowers in the form 
of a cup : butterfly (Dut. boterschijte — from the resem- 
blance of the excrement of certain species to butter), 
a common insect with large wings, so called from the 
colour of a yellow species : butterman, a vendor of 
butter : butter-tree, a tree whose seeds yield a sub- 
stance closely resembling butter. 

butteris, n. bilt'ter-ls (F. boutoir— from bouter, to 
thrust), a steel tool for paring the hoofs of horses. 

buttery, n. but'-ter-l (Sp. boteria, the store of wine 
in a ship kept in botas or leather bags), a store for 
drinkables ; the room where provisions are laid up. 

buttocks, n. plu. but'tdks (Dut. bout, the leg or 
thigh of an animal; boutje, a little gigot— from butt, 
the thick end), the rump, or protuberant part of the 
body behind ; the convexity of the hinder part of a 
ship. 

button, n. but'tn (F. bouton, a bud, a button: W. 
both, a boss ; botwm, a button), a small round article 
used for fastening parts of the dress together : v. to 
fasten with a button : buttoning, imp. but'nlng : but- 
toned, pp. but'tnd: button-hole, the slit in which the 
button is caught. 

buttress, n. but'tr&s (F. bouter, to thrust ; boutant, 
a buttress or shore-post), a prop or support for a wall ; 
any prop or support ; constructed of open masonry, it 
is called a flying buttress : v. to support ; to prop : 
but'tressing, imp. : but'tressed, pp. -tr&st. 

butyraceous, a. bu'ti-ra'rhds (L. butyrum, butter), 
having the properties of or containing butter: bu- 
tyric, a. -tir'lk, pert, to or derived from butter— ap- 
plied to an acid found in butter. 

buxeous, a. buks'6-us (L. buxus, the box-tree), pert, 
to the box-tree. 

buxom, a. buTcs'Hm (AS. bocsarn, obedient: Fris. 
boegsum, flexible, obedient), gay; lively; brisk and 
healthy— applied toawoman:bux'omly, ad. -II: bux'- 
somness, n. 

buy, v. bl (AS. byegan; Goth, bugjan, to buy, to 
purchase), to obtain a right to anything by giving 
money or value for it ; to purchase ; to bribe or cor- 
rupt : buying, imp. : bought.pt. pp. bawt, purchased: 
buyer, n. bl'er, one who buys. 

buzz, v. buz (an imitative word: It. buzzicare, to 
whisper, to buzz), to make a noise like bees ; to whis- 
per ; to make a hissing or murmuring noise ; to spread 
secretly : n. a hum ; a noise like bees and insects ; a 
hissing or murmuring noise caused by the whispering 
of great numbers: buz'zing, imp. : buzzed, pp. buzd: 
buz'zingly, ad. -Ii: buz'zer, n. one who. 

buzzard, n. buz'zerd (F. busard: It. bozzago), a 
species of hawk; a blockhead or dunce: adj. sense- 
less; stupid: buzzardet, n. buz'zer -dSt, a species of 
hawk much like the buzzard. 

by, prep, bl (AS. bi : Ger. bei: Dut. bij: Sans, abhi), 
near ; close ; at hand, &c. : ad. near : by, sometimes 
bye, as a prefix, means concealed; quiet; out of the 
direct way ; private, &c. : by-corner, n. a private 
place : by-lane, n. a private lane : by-law, n. a law 
made by a town or society to regulate its affairs : by- 
name, n. nickname: by-past, a. past; gone by: 
by-path, n. or by-road, n. a quiet or private road: 
by'stander, n. one who stands near ; a spectator : by- 
street, n. a street off the main street : by-stroke, a 
sly or secret stroke : by- walk, n. or by-way, a private 
walk: by-word, n. a common saying; a proverb: 
by-gone, n. a past incident or event : let by-gones be 
by-gones, let the past be forgotten : to stand by, to 
stand aside : to stand by one, to stand at his side ; to 
assist: to pass by, to pass at the side of: by-and-by 
or by-and-bye, ad. soon ; shortly : by-the-by, ad. by 



mate, mat, far, lata; mete, mit, her; pine, pin; note, not, mOve; 



BYRE 

the way; introductory to some things not in the 
direct course of conversation. 

byre, n. bir, in Scotland, a house for sheltering 
cows. 

byssus, n. bls'sns (L.— from Gr. bussos, fine flax), in 
conch., the fine silky filaments by which the mussel 
and other bivalves attach themselves to the rocks 
and sea-bottom; in hot., the silky tufts of mould or 
fungus -growth springing from damp and decaying 



7 CADG 

substances: bys'solite, n. -o-llt (Gr. bussos; lithos, a 
stone), a term applied to fine fibrous varieties of ami- 
anthus, tremolite, &c: bys sine, a. -sin, of or like silk : 
byssa'ceous, a. -sd'-shus, in hot., composed of deli- 
cate filaments resembling cotton or wool : bys'soid, a. 
-sdyd (Gr. eidos, form), in hot., very slender, like a 
cobweb. 

Byzantine, a. blz-dn'tln, relating to Byzantium: 
byzantine, n. blz'dn-tm, a large gold coin. 



c, contr. for L. centum, a hundred. 

caaba, n. kd'-dbd (Ar. ka'bah, a square building), 
a black sacred stone in the temple at Mecca, said to 
have been given by an angel to Abraham ; the temple 
itself. 

cab, n. M6(Heb. gabab, to hollow), in Eastern coun- 
tries, a measure for dry goods. 

cab, n. kab (contraction for cabriolet), a one-horse 
coach: cabman, n.: cabstand, n. 

cabal, n. kabdl (F. cabale, a club, a party: Heb. 
gabbdldh, tradition, mysterious doctrine), a few men 
united secretly for some party purpose ; a junto: v. 
to design secretly; to intrigue: cabal'ling, imp.: ca- 
balled, pp. -Mid's cabal'ler, n. one who. Note.— In 
its modern sense of "political intrigue or plotting," 
cabal was first used in 1671, when, by " a whimsical 
coincidence," it was found to be formed by the initial 
letters of the names of the members of the Cabinet- 
Clifford, Arlington, Buckingham, Ashley, and Lauder- 
dale. 

cabala, n. kdb'd-ld, or caT)al, sometimes caTjalism, 
n. (see above), a secret science or knowledge which the 
Jewish rabbins alleged they possessed, and by which 
they professed to be able to explain all Scripture diffi- 
culties : cab'alist, n. -list, one skilled in the secrets 
of the cabala: cab'alis'tic, a. -VQt, or cab alis'tical, 
a. -tl-kdl, having a secret meaning: cab'alis tical ly, 
ad. -II. 

caballine.a. kdb'-dl 71 inferior riding 

or pack horse : Gr. kaballes : It. cavallo : F. cheval), 
pert, to a horse : n. a coarse variety of aloes used as 
a medicine for horses. 

cabaret, n. kdb'-d-rd (F.), a house where liquors are 
retailed ; a tavern. 

cabbage, n. kdb-buj (F. caboche; It. capo; old Sp. 
cabo, ahead), a well-known vegetable; v. (F. cabas; 
Dut. kabas; Sp. cabacho, a frail or rush basket), to 
retain part of an article ; to pilfer : n. any part of a 
thing retained unjustly: cab'baging, imp. : cabbaged, 
pp. -bdjd : cabbage-tree, n. a species of palm-tree, 
bearing a substance which is eaten like cabbage. 

cabbling, n. kdb'-llng, the breaking up of puddled 
iron into small pieces, which are reheated and then 
wrought into bar-iron. 

cabin, n. kdb'-ln (F. cabane; It. capanna, a shed or 
hovel : W. caban, a booth or hut), a small room or en- 
closure; ashed; a small apartment in a ship: v. to 
live or confine in a cabin : cabining, imp. : cabined, 
pp. -ind : cabin-boy, n. a boy who waits on the passen- 
gers and officers of a ship : cab'inet, n. -net, a small 
private room or closet ; the secret council of a sover- 
eign ; the executive government of a country, so called 
because originally held in a small room or cabinet ; 
a piece of furniture containing boxes and drawers : 
adj. pert, to : cabinet-council, n. a confidential meet- 
ing of a sovereign's advisers : cabinet-maker, a man 
who makes articles of household furniture. 

cable, n. ka'-bl (F. cable; Sp. cabre— from old F. 
chaable; mid. L. cabulus, an engine of war: Icel. 
kadal, a rope: Ar. habl, a rope), a rope or chain of 
various degrees of thir taps : a cable's- 

length, 720 feet : cabled, a. kd'bld, fastened with a 
strong rope : caTriet, -Met, a small cable : cable- 
mouldings, in arch., wreathed mouldings resembling 
the twisted strands of a rope. 

caboched, a. kd-boshf (F. caboche, head: L. caput, 
head), in her., having the head of a beast with a full- 
faced view, and nothing of the neck seen. 

cabocle, n. kdb'6-kl, in Brazil, a compact brick-red 
mineral, resembling jasper. 

caboose, n. kd-b6s' (Dut. kabuis; Dan. kabys; Sw. 
kabysa, a cook's room in a ship), the kitchen or cook- 
ing-place of a ship, called a aalley in a ship of war. 

cabriolet, n. kdb'-rl-o-ld' (F.— from cabriole, a goat- 



leap, a caper), a one-horse coach with a hood and a 
cover for the legs. 

cacao, n. kd-kd-6 (Mexican, cacauatl), the chocolate 
tree : cocoa, n. kO'ko, a substance prepared from the 
cacao nibs or nuts. 

cachalong, n. kdsh'-d-long (found on the banks of 
the river Cacb, in Bucharia, whence the name), ainilk 
or blue white variety of opal. 

cachalot, n. ka$h'-d-l6t(F.: Dut. kazilot : Sw. kaselot), 
the sperm or spermaceti whale. 

cache, n. kdsh (F. a lurking-hole), a secret store or 
deposit of supplies, as of food. 

cachectic, a. ka-kSk'-tlk, also cachec'tical, a. -tl-kdl 
(Gr. kakos, bad ; {Ji)exis, habit), pert, to a vitiated or 
deranged state of the body called cachexia, -kek'-sl-d; 
also cachex'y, n. si. 

cachinnation, n. kdk'l)>-ua'.<hthi (L. rarhinnare, to 
laugh aloud), loud or immoderate laughter : cachin- 
natory, a. kd-Mn'-nd-tor'-i, laughing immoderately. 

cacique, n. kd-sck'{Sp.), a petty king, particularly of 
anc. Mexico. 

cack, n. kdk (Dan. kakke ; Dut. kakken ; Ger. kacken ; 
L. cacare, to go to stool), to go to stool ; to ease the 
body by stool : cack'ing, imp. : cacked, pp. MM. 

mv. kakla; F. 
caqueter, to chatter: Dut. kaeckelen; Turk, kakulla, to 
cackle), to make a noise like a hen or other domestic 
fowl ; to make a silly noise : n. the noise of a fowl, as 
a hen ; idle talk : cackling, imp.: n. the noise of a hen 
or goose : cack led, pp. kdk'ld .• cackler, n. -ler, one 
who. 

cacoethes, n. kdk'6-e-the'z (Gr. kakos, bad ; ethos, 
custom, habit), bad custom or habit, generally applied 
to scribblers : cacography, n. ka-koy //<■//,(< r. O'-'.qJio, 
I write), bad spelling: cacology, n. kd-kdl-6-jl (Gr. 
logos, a word), bad grammar or speaking: cacoph- 
ony, n. kd-kof-6-nl (Gr. phone, a voice), disagreeable 
or harsh sound of words ; discord : cacophonous, a. 
-6-nus, and cac'ophon'ic, a. -o-fon'-lk, harsh-sounding. 

cactus, n. kdk'tus (L. a prickly plant), a tribe of 
tropical plants with fleshy prickly stems and leaves ; 
a genus of flowering plants ; the Indian fig tribe. 

cad, n. kdd (a contr. of cadger, which see), an om- 
nibus-guard ; an errand-boy ; a person employed 
under another in job-work. 

cadaverous, a. kd-ddv-er-us (L. cadaver, a dead 
body), pale; wan; ghastly: cadaverously, ad. -It: 



caddis, n. kdd'dls, or caddis-worm (corruption of 
cod-bait : Ger. kbder, bait), a grub found in a case 
of broken shells, gravel, &c, a favourite bait with 
anglers. 

caddis, n. kdd'dls (Scot, caddis, lint for dressing a 
.wound : Gael, cadas, cotton : F. cadis, a sort of serge), 
a kind of worsted lace or ribbon. 

caddy, n. kdd'-dl (Chin, catty, the weight of the 
small packets in which tea is made up), a small box 
for tea. 

cade, n. kdd (L. cadus, a bottle), a barrel ; a cask. 

cadence, n. kd'dens (L. cadens, a falling: It. ca- 
denza: F. cadence), a fall; a decline; the modulation 
of the tones of the voice in reading; tone; sound; the 
manner of ending a piece of music : v. to regulate 
by musical measure : ca'denced, pp. -denst: cadenza, 
n. kd-den'-zd (It.), modulation of the voice in singing. 

cadet, n. kd-dif (F. cadet, the younger son of a 
family: Sp. cabdillo, lord, master: Icel. cad, a new- 
born offspring), a young man in a military school ; a 
youth appointed to the army, but not yet holding a 
commission ; a younger son : cadetship, n. 

cadger, n. kdj'-er (cadge, the round frame of wood on 
which the hawks were carried: W. c6d, a bag or 
pouch), one who brings butter, eggs, and poultry to 
the market ; a huxter. 



boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



CADI 



is said to have introduced into Greece the sixteen 
simple letters of the alphabet, hence called Cadmean 
letters. . 

cadmium, n. Tc&d'm/i-Hm (L cadmia m ore of zinc), 
a bluish-white metal discovered in 1818 ; an old term 
for zinc ore : cadmium yellow, a pigment of an in- 
tense yellow colour. 

caducean, a. kdd'u-se'dn (L. caduceum; Gr. keru- 
Jceion, a herald's staff: It. caduceo : F. caducee), be- 
longing to Mercury's caduceus or wand. 

caducous, a. kd-du'kus (L. caducus, falling— from 
cado, I fall), falling early, as a leaf ; having a tendency 
to fall off. 

caecum, n. se'-kum (L. ccecus, blind), in anat., the 
blind gut, applied to a part of the intestinal canal : 
caecal, a. se'-kdl, pert, to ; having a closed end. 

csespitose, a. sSs'pi-toz, also cea- (L. cccspes, turf), 
In hot., applied to plants which are densely crowded 
in turf-like patches. 

caesura, n. se-zu'rd, also ces- (L. from ccesum, to 
cut), in verse, the resting of the voice on a syllable ; in 
Latin verse, the ccesura divides the verse or line into 
two parts : caesu'ral, a. -rdl, pert. to. 



a bitter st iple found in coffee. 

Caffre, n. kOf'fr \ k&fii infidel), one of a power- 
ful race or tribe in South Africa. 

caftan, n. kdf'-tdn (Turk, qua/tan: Euss. kaftan: 
F. cafetan), a Persian or Turkish vest. 

cage, n. koj (L. cavea, a hollow place, a coop : Sp. 
gavia: It. gdbbia: F. cage), a box for birds, generally 
made of wire-work ; an enclosure for wild beasts ; 
outer work of timber ; the vessel for bringing up coals, 
&c. from pits : v. to shut up or confine : ca'ging, imp. : 
caged, pp. kdjd. 

caiman or cayman, n. kd'mdn (name given by 
natives of Guiana), the American crocodile. 

cainozoic, a. kd'no-zd'ik (Gr. kainos, recent ; zoe, 
life), in geol., applied to the upper stratified systems 
holding recent forms of life. 

caique, n. ka-ekf (F. and Sp. : Turk, qaiq, a boat), 
a small Spanish ship of war ; a light skiff used on 
the Bosphorus. 

cairn, n. kdrn (Gael, and W. earn, a heap), a heap of 
stones of a conical form and crowned by a flat stone, 
found in various parts of the country, generally over 
an anc. place of sepulture. 

cairngorm, n. kdrn'gawrm, a brownish - yellow or 
amber-coloured variety of rock-crystal found in the 
Cairngorm mountains. 

caisson, n. kas'son or kds-sobn' (F.), a wooden box 
filled with military stores ; an ammunition-waggon ; 
a wooden frame used in laying foundations in water. 

caitiff, a. kd'tif (F. chetif, poor, wretched : It. cat- 
tivo, a wretch), base ; vile ; wicked and mean : n. a 
mean, despicable person. 

cajeput, n. kdj'e-put (Malay), an oil from the East 
Indies. 

cajole, v. kd-jdl' (F. cajoler, to flatter), to deceive 
by flattery ; to coax : cajoling, imp. : cajoled', pp. 
-jold': cajoler, n. one who : cajolery, n. -ler-i, flat- 
tery. 

cake, n. kdk (Sw. kaka, a cake or loaf: Dan. kage : 
Dut. koeck: Ger. kuchen), a mass of dough baked of 
various shapes; thin flat pieces of oatmeal dough 
baked ; a flatfish mass of anything adhering or stick- 
ing together : v. to form into a flatfish mass ; to 
harden into a lump: ca'king, imp. : caked, pp. kakt: 
caking-coal, the kinds of coal which cake or run 
together in the fire. 

calabash, n. kdl'd-bdsh' (Sp. calebaza : F. calebasse— 
from Ar. garah, a kind of gourd ; aibas, dry), a vessel 
or cup made of the shell of a gourd; a large fruit 
shaped like a pear. 

calamary, n. kal'd-md'rl, (mod. Gr. kalamari, ink- 
stand: L. calamus, a reed-pen), the cuttle-fish. 

calamine, n. kdl'd-min (L. calamus, a reed— because 
when smelting it adheres to the furnace in the form 
of reeds), common name for the carbonate of zinc : 
cal'amite, n. -mit, a soft asparagus-green variety of 
tremolite: cal'amites, n. plu., in geol., fossil stems 
occurring in the coal-measures— so called from their 
resemblance to gigantic reeds : calamus, n. kdl'd-mus, 
a rush ; a reed, anciently used as a pen to write with, 
or made into a musical instrument ; in hot., a hollow 
inarticulate stem: calamiferous, a. -mif'er-us (L. 

mate, mdt,fdr, laTv; mete, mSt, 



CALE 

calamus, a reed; fero, I bear), in lot., producing 
reeds; reedy. 

calamity, n. kd-lamM-ti (F. ailnmitt: ; L. calarnitas, 
adversity), a great misfortune or cause of misery: 
calamitous, a. -tus, producing distress and misery; 
full of misery: calamitously, ad. -ll: calamltous- 
ness, n. 

calash, n. kd-ldsh' (F. caleche t It. cnlessa: Sp. 
calesa— from Serv. and Pol. kolo, a circle or wheel), a 
light carriage with low wheels ; a hooded carriage ; a 
lady's hood. 

calathiform, a. M-ldth'i-fawrm (Gr. kalathis, a 
asket; L. forma, shape), in hot., hemispherical or 
concave, like a bowl or cup. 

calcaneum, n. kul-ka'ne- um (L. the heel), in anat., 
the great bone of the heel : calca'neal, a. -ne-dl, pert, 
to. 

calcar, n. kdl'-kdr (L. a spur), in hot., a projecting 
hollow or solid process from the base of an organ ; 
the furnace in which the first calcination of sand and 
potashes for making glass is effected: cal'carate, a. 
■at, having a spur, or like one. 

calcareous, a. kdl-ka'-rl-us (L. calcarivs, pert, to lime 

-from calx, lime : F. calcaire : It. culcario), having the 
qualities of lime ; containing lime : calca'reous'ness, 
n.: calcareous tufa, a loose and friable variety of car- 
bonate of lime : cal'carif'erous, a. -kd-rif'-er-us (L. 
fero, I bear), lime-yielding. 

calcedony, n. k(d-s<>.<L'o id (from Chalcedon inBithy- 
nia), a mineral of the quartz family, closely allied to 
the opal and agate— also written chalcedony : calced'- 
onyx, n. -nlks, varieties of agates of an opaque white 
colour, alternating with translucent greyish. 

calceola, n. kal-se'6-ld (L. calceolus, a small shoe), 

1 geol., a fossil brachiopod, having its under or 
central valve flatly conical, or compressed like the 
point of a shoe, and fitted with a lid-like upper . 
valve: calceolaria, n. kdl'sl-6-la'rl-a, slipper-wort; 
a plant producing clusters of beautiful yellow or 
purple flowers. 

calcine, v. kdl'stn (It. calcina, lime— from L. calx, 
lime— gen. calcis : F. calcine r, to cakme), to reduce 
to powder by means of heat ; to reduce a substance 
by heat to a calx state: calcining, imp.: cal'cined, 
pp. -sind: calculable, a. -d-bl: cal'cina'tion, n. -si- 
nd'shun, the act of reducing to powder by heat; the 
process of reducing any ore or mineral to a calx by 
heat: calcif'erous, a. -slf-er-us (L. fero, I produce), 
containing lime : cal'ciform, a. -si-fawrm (L. forma, 
a shape), in the form of calx or lime : cal'cite, n. -sit, 
crystallised varieties of carbonate of lime : cal'cium, 
n. -si-um, the metallic base of calx or lime. 

calcography, n. kdl-kog'rd-fl (L. calx, lime— gen. 
calcis : Gr. grapho, I write), the art of engraving in 
the style of a chalk-drawing. 

calc - sinter, a. kdlk'sin'ter (L. calx, lime— gen. cal- 
cis: Ger. sintern, to drop), a stalagmitical orstalag- 
titical deposit from calcareous waters : calc-spar or 
calcareous-spar, crystallised carbonate of lime or cal- 
cite : calc-tuff, -tuf, or calcareous-tufa, -to'-fd, a porous 
carbonate of lime, generally deposited from springs. 

calculate, v. kdl'-ku-lat (L. calculus, a pebble : F. 
calculer, to calculate), to perform any operation in 



putation; the result of an operation in arithmetic ; 
an estimate arrived at in the mind by comparing vari- 
ous facts : cal'cula'tive, a. -llv, tending to calculate. 

calculus, n. kdl'ku-lus (L. a pebble), in surg., the 
stone in the bladder ; a part of the mathematics : cal'- 
cular'y, a. -ler'd, relating to the disease of the stone : 
n. the mass of little stony knots in some fruits : cal- 
culous, a. -lus, stony ; gritty ; also cal'culose, a. -lOz. 

caldron, n. kawl'dron (L. caldarium, a vessel for 
supplying hot water to a bath: F. chaudron: Sp. 
calderon), a large kettle or boiler : caldera, kdl-de'rd, 
a Spanish term for the deep caldron -like cavities 
wliich occur on the summits of extinct volcanoes. 

Caledonian, a. kdl'6-do'ni-dn (Caledonia, name of 
Scotland), Scotch : n. a Scotchman : caledonite, n. 
kd-lSd'6-nlt, the cupreous sulphato-carbonate of lead, 
found at the JA'CulliiHs in Scotland. 

calefacient, a. kdl'-i-fd'shi-ent (L. cal^o, I am 
warm ; facio, I make), warming ; giving heat : n. a 
substance which excites heat at the part where ap- 



2, pin; note, not, m6ve; 






CALE ( 

to become hot; to be heated: cal'efying, imp.: caT- 
cfied, pp. -fid. 

calendar, n. kal'&n-der(L. calendarium, an account- 
book: It. Lxikndario,— from L. calendar, the first day 
of the Roman month — from calo, I proclaim), an 
almanac ; a register of the days, weeks, and months 



day of each month among the Romans: calen'drical, 
a. drlkdl, pert. to. 

calender, n. kdl'-en-der (F. calandre: L. cylindrus; 
Gr. kidindros.a, cylinder), a press, consisting of heated 
rollers, between which cloths are passed to finish 
them off : v. to press between heated rollers : calen- 
dering, imp.: calendered, pp. -derd: calendrer, n. 
■drer, one who calenders cloths. 

calendula, n. kd-Un'-du-ld (L. calendce, the first day 
of the Roman month), a genus of plants including the 
common marigold; a substance obtained from the 
marigold, used in medicine. 

calentnre, n. kdl'en-tnr (Sp. calenfar, to heat), a 
•violent fever, chiefly affecting sailors in hot climates. 

calescence, n. kd-les'-sens (L. caleo, I am warm), a 
growing warm. 

calf, n. kaf; calves, plu. kdvz (AS. cealf: Ger. 
kalb: Dan. kalv), the young of the cow kind; a stupid 
or cowardly person: calve, v. kdv, to bring forth - 



jr made into leather. 

calf of the leg (Gael, calpa .- Icel. kalfi— the primary 
meaning being a lump), the thick fleshy part of the 
leg behind. 

calibre or caliber, n. kdl'l-ber (Sp. calibre, bore, 
diameter, quality— from Ar. kalib, form, mould: F. 
calibre: It. calibro), the diameter of a body; the bore 
of a gun ; capacity of the mind ; the extent of mental 
or intellectual qualities possessed by any one : cal'- 
ibered, pp. a. -l-berd, measured with compasses called 
callipers. 

calico, n. kdl'l-kd (from Calicut in E. Indies : F. cali- 
cot), unprinted cotton cloth: calico-printing, n. the 
art of dyeing cotton cloth, or covering cotton cloth 
with figures of various colours : calico-printer, n. one 
who. 

calid, a. kdl'id (L. calidus, warm), hot; burning; 
ardent: calidity, n. kd-lid'l-tl. 

caligraphy or calligraphy, n. kd-llg'-rd-fl (Gr. kalos, 
beautiful, fair; grapho, I write), elegant or beautiful 
writing : calig'raphist, n. one who writes beautifully : 
caligraphic, a. kdl'l-grCif'-lk, pert. to. 

calipash, n. kuli-pdih |F. carapace; Sp. galapago, 
fresh-water tortoise), the part of a turtle belonging to 
the upper shell : calipee, n. -l-pe, the part belonging 
to the under shell. 

calipers, n. plu. kdl'lperz, also spelt callipers (from 
calibre), a kind of compasses for measuring the di- 
ameters of round bodies. 

caliph, n. kd'lif (Ar. khalif, a successor : Sp. calif a), 
the title assumed by the successors of Mahomet ; cal- 
iphate, n. -l-flt, the office or government of the caliph. 

calisthenics, n. plu. kdl'ls-then'iks (Gr. kalos, beau- 
tiful; sthenos, strength), the art of promoting the 
health of the body by exercise : cal'isthen'ic, a. pert. to. 

calk, v. kawk (L. calcare, to press or stuff : F. cauque, 
a piece of lint placed in the orifice of a wound : Gael. 
calc, to ram, to drive), to close the seams between a 
ship's planking with oakum to prevent them admit- 
ting water ; to point or rough the shoe of a horse to 
prevent its shipping on ice: calk'ing, imp.: calked, 
pp. kdickt: calk'er, n. one who: calkins, n. plu. 
kauk'ins, the prominent parts of a horse's shoes shar- 
pened to prevent its slipping on the ice. 

call, v. kawl (L. calo, I call: Icel. kalla : Dan. kalde), 
to name ; to invite to come ; to summon ; to warn ; to 
exhort ; to visit : n. a summons or invitation ; a com- 
mand; a short visit: calling, imp.: n. business; em- 
ployment : called, pp. kawld : cal ler, n. one who : to 
call down, to invite or bring down : to call back, to 
bring again ; to revoke : to call for, to claim or re- 
quire : to call to mind, to remember : to call out, to 
speak aloud; to summon to service; to call in, to 
withdraw from circulation ; to collect : to call forth, 
to bring out: to call off, to bring away; to divert: 
to call np, to bring before ; to bring to recollection : 
to call over, to read aloud the several items or par- 
ticulars of anything : to call on, to pay a visit to ; to 
pray to or worship : to call at, to visit a place. 

callipers, n. plu.— see calipers. 

cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, 



) CAMA 

callous, a. kdl'-lus (L. callus, hard thick skin : Fin. 
kallo, the scalp or skull), hard ; hardened in mind ; 
unfeeling: callously, ad. -II : callousness, n.: callos- 
ity, n. -los'l-tl, a horny hardness on the skin: cal lose, 
a. -loz, in bot., having hard spots or callosities. 

callow, a. kdl'id (L. calvus, bare: AS. calo; Dut. 
kael, bald), naked ; destitute of feathers, as a bird. 

calm, a. kdm (F. calme; It. Sp. calma, absence of 
wind, quiet), still; quiet; tranquil; undisturbed: n. 
stillness ; quiet ; repose ; freedom from agitation or 
motion: v. to still; to quiet; to free from agit.ition; 
to pacify ; to tranquillise : calming, imp. : calmed, 
pp. kdmd: calm'er, n. one who: calmly, ad. -It: 
calmness, n. 

calomel, n. kdl'o-m£l (Gr. kalos, beautiful; melas, 
black), a preparation of mercury much used in medi- 
cine ; an ore of mercury. 

caloric, n. kd-lor'-lk (L. calor, heat: F. calorique-. 
It. calore), the cause or matter which produces heat : 
calorific, a. -If'-ik (L. facto, I make), causing heat: 
calorification, n. -l-kd'shun : calorifere, n. kd-lbr' 
i-fer (F. — from L. calor, heat; ferre, to bring), an 
apparatus for conveying and distributing heat, par- 
ticularly in conservatories: cal'orime'ter, n. -im'c-Ur 
(L. calor, heat; Gr. metron, a measure), an apparatus 
for measuring the heat contained in bodies. 

calotte, n. ka-l6f (F.), a cap worn on the top of the 
head as an ecclesiastical ornament in France. 

calotype, n. kdl'o-tlp (Gr. kalos, beautiful ; tupos, a 
type or stamp), photographic process. 

caloyer, n. kd-loy'er (mod. Gr. kalogeros, a monk— 
from Gr. kalos, good; geron, an old man), a Greek 

caltrop or calthrop, n. kdl'trdp (AS. coltrccppe, a 
species of thistle), an iron instrument with four spikes, 
placed in ditches or breaches as an obstacle to the 
advance of troops ; a plant whose fruit is armed with 
spines. 

calumba, n. kd-hlm'bd {kalumb, the name given to 
it in Mozambique), the root of a plant used as a tonic : 
carumbine, -bin, the bitter extract of calumba root. 

calumet, n. kdl'-oo-met (F.— from L. calamus, a reed), 
a pipe smoked by the American Indians when they 
make peace or a treaty— hence a symbol of peace. 

calumniate, v. ka-irnn'tu-at (L. calumnia, a mali- 
cious slander: F. calomnie), to accuse falsely and 
maliciously ; to slander ; to spread evil reports of any 
one maliciously : calum'nia'ting, imp. : calumniated, 
pp. : calum'nia'tor, n. one who : calum'nia'tion, n. 
■u'-shiin: calum'nious, a. -nlus, slanderous; injurious 
to character: calum'niously, ad. -li: calumniatory, 
a, -tor'l, slanderous: calumny, n. kdl'-um-nX, slander; 
false accusation ; the making and spreading of reports 
injurious to character. 

Calvary, n. kdl'-vd-ri (L. calvaria, the skull of a 
man or beast: F. calvaire, Calvary), the place where 
Christ was crucified ; a small chapel in a Rom. Cath. 
country wherein are represented the scenes of Christ's 
passion and crucifixion. 

calve, v. kdv— see calf. 

Calvinism, n. kdl'vln-lzm, the doctrines of Calvin, 
the Swiss Protestant reformer : Cal'vinist, n. one who 
holds these : Cal'vinis tic, a. -is'-tik, also Cal'vinis'- 
tical, a, -ll-kdl. 

calx, n. kdlks, plu. calxes, kdlk'-ses, or calces, kdl- 
sez (L. calx, limestone), lime or chalk; the ashes or 
residuum left after burning a metal or mineral. 

calymene, n. kdl'i-me-ne (Gr. kalemenai, to call by 
name), in geol., a genus of trilobites having deeply- 
trilobed shells — called also " Dudley locusts." 

calyptra, n. kd-lip'trd (Gr. kaluptra, a covering for 
the head of a woman), in bot., little hoods covering the 
inflorescence of mosses : calyp'trate, a, -trdt, having a 
calyptra. 

calyx, n. kd'liks, plu. calyxes, kd'lik-ses, or calyces, 
k&l'i-ses (L.— from Gr. kalux, the cup of a flower), in 
bot., the envelope or outer covering of a flower: cal- 
ycine, a. kdl'l-sin, or calycinal, a. kd-lis'i-ndl, of or 
relating to a calyx ; of the nature or appearance of a 
calyx : calycle, n. kdl'l-kl, also calyculus, n. kd-lik- 
u-lus, a row of leaflets at the base of the calyx on the 
outside: calycled, a. kal'4-kld, also calyculate, a. 
kd-lik'u-lat, having the appearance as if possessing a 
double calyx. 

cam, n. kdm (W. cam, crooked, bent), in mech., a 
projecting part of a wheel or other moving piece, in- 
tended to produce an alternate or variable motion. 

camaieu, n. kd-md'iju (F.) a stone engraved in relief; 
a painting in a single colour. 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



camb ; 

camber, n. kdm'ber (F. cambrer, to bow, to crook : 
Sp. combar, to bend : Gr. kampto, I bend), a beam of 
wood slightly arched upon the upper surface : cam'- 
bering, a. bending— applied to the deck of a ship 
higher in the middle than at the ends: cam'bered, 
a. -bird, arched. 

cambist, n. kdm'Mst (F. cambiste; It. and Sp. cam- 
bista, a money-changer), a banker or money-changer; 
one skilled in the science of exchange : cam'bistry, n. 
-tri, the science of exchanges, weights, &c: canrbial, 
a. -bl-dl, pert. to. 

cambium, n. kdm'M-um (new L.), in bot., the mucil- 
aginous fluid which lies between the young wood and 
the bark of a tree. 

Cambrian, a. kdm'bri-dn (Cambria, anc. name of 
Wales), in geol., a term used to designate the lowest 
fossiliferous rocks as developed in Wales, and their 
equivalents in other countries ; pert, to Wales : n. a 
native or inhabitant of Wales. 

cambric, n. kdm'brlk (from Cambray, in Flanders), 
a kind of fine white linen : adj. pert, to or made of. 

came, v. karri, pt. of come, which see. 

camel, n. cdm'el (L. camelus : Gr. kamelos : At. 
gamal), a large quadruped used in the East for the 
transport of goods, and for riding on. 

camellia, n. kd-mel'-l-d (after Camellus, a Moravian 
Jesuit, and traveller in Asia), a genus of plants admired 
for their beautiful flowers and elegant leaves. 

camelopard, n. kdm-el'-o-perd (L. camelus, a camel, 
and pardalis, the female panther), a wild animal with 
a long slender neck and spotted skin ; a giraffe. 

cameo, n. kdm'6-o (It. cammeo: F. camaieu — said to 
be from Pers. camahen, loadstone, as having been first 
employed for signets), a stone on which figures are 
engraved in relief; shells are now commonly used as 
a substitute for gems. 

camera, n. kdm'&r-d (L. camera; Gr. kamara, an 
arched roof, a chamber : It. camera), a chamber or 
compartment for exhibiting, by means of reflection, 
any external thing: camera-lucida, -lo'sl-dd (L. a 
light chamber), an instrument for so reflecting distant 
landscapes on paper, &c, as to allow them to be 
sketched: camera-obscura, -ob-skil'rd (L. dark cham- 
ber), a darkened chamber or box, in which, by means 
Of lenses, external objects, in their natural colours, are 
exhibited on any white flat surface within it : cam'- 
erated, a. -d'tSd, divided into chambers, as certain 
shells; arched. 

Cameronian, n. kdm'S-ro'nl-dn, a follower of Rich- 
ard Cameron, in Scotland, who re fus :inv,:i <■„, 

indulgence granted by Charles II. to the Presbyterian 
clergy. 

camisade, n. kdm'4-sad (F.— from F. chemise; Sp. 
camisa, a shirt), an attack made by soldiers in lie: 
dark— so called from their putting their shirts over 
ii A ' i < ' l ' h other by. 

camlet, n. kam'le't (F. camelot), a cloth first made of 



cammock, n. kam'mok (AS. cammoc), the plant rest- 
harrow— so called from the length and toughness of 
its roots, by which the harrow is arrested. 

camomile, n. kdm'6-mll (Gr. chamai-melon, earth- 
apple, so called from the smell of its flower), a plant 
whose flowers have a fragrant smell and a bitter aro- 
matic taste, much used in medicine— spelt also cham- 
omile. 

camp, n. kdmp (L. campus, a plain : It. campo), the 
ground occupied by an army at rest : v. to rest an 
army in the open country (see encamp) : camp'ing, 
imp.: camped, pp. kdmpt: camp-follower, n. one who 
follows an army without serving. 

campaign, n. kdm-pdn' (F. campagne ; It. cam- 
pagna, the plain open field), an extensive tract of 
country not hilly ; the time an army is engaged either 
in marching, fighting, or in camp : v. to serve in a 
campaign : campaigning, imp. : campaigned', pp. 
-pond' -. campaign' er, n. one who. 

campanology, n. kdm'-pd-nol'-o-jl (low L. campana, a 
bell ; Gr. logos, a discourse), the art of ringing bells, 
or a treatise on the art. 

campanula, n. kdm-pdn'u-ld (low L. campanula, a 
little bell) a genus of plants bearing bell-shaped 
flowers ; the bell-flower : campan'ulate, a. -u-lat, in 
bot., bell-shaped, as the hare-bell. 

campestral, a. kdm-pes'trdl (L. campestris, pert, to 
•>. i'-«/fi iii'1,1) .■H.-i.M,,.. i,,, i M . id.; 1,1 <..r ( ,vving in them. 

camphine, n. or camphene, kdm'fln (a contr. of 
camphogenj, rectified oil of turpentine. 

mate, mat, Jar, law; mete, v 



CAND 

camphor, n. Mm'for(¥. ramphre: Ar. kafur: Mai. 
kaphur: Sp. can/or), a whitish substance of an aro- 
matic bitter taste and fragrant smell, much used in 
medicine : cam'phorate, v. -at, to saturate or tincture 
with camphor: adj. pert, to camphor: cam'phora- 
ting.imp. : cam'phora'ted, pp.: adj. impregnated with 
camphor: camphor-tree, n. the tree producing cam- 
phor: camphogen, n. kum'fo-jen or -jen (new L. cam- 
phora, camphor, and Gr, ;/- m in, to bring forth), the 
product of the distillation of camphor with dry phos- 
phoric acid: cam'phoraceous, a. -d'shus, of or like 
camphor: camphoric, a. -Jor'lk, of or from camphor. 

campulitropous, a. kam'-pu-lU'-ro-pus (Gr. kampulos, 
curved; trepo, I turn), in bot, having the ovule and 
its integuments so bent that the apex is brought near 
thehilum.the hilum andchalaze being together— also 
cam pulit'ropal. 

camwood, n. cam'-w<Tod, a red dyewood, principally 
obtained from the vicinity of Sierra Leone, where it is 
called kambi, whence the name. 

can, n. kan (Icel. kanna, a large drinking- vessel : 
W. cannu, to contain: AS. canne), a cup or other 
vessel made of metal : can'akin, a little can. 

can, v. kan (AS. cunnan: Icel. kunna) can denotes 
power when joined to another verb, as, I can eat- 
that is, I have the power to eat : could, pt. ko~od. 

Canadian, a. kd-nd'-dl-dn, of or from Canada : n. a 
native or inhabitant of. 

canaille, n. ka-nW (F. ), the lowest people ; the rabble. 

canal, n. kd-ndl' (L. canalis, a pipe for water— from 
canna, a pipe or reed: It. canale), a water-course 
navigable for boats or ships; an artificial river; in 
anat., a duct or tube in the body for the passage of 
fluids: canaliculate, a. kdn'd-llk'il-ldt, in bot., chan- 
nelled ; having a longitudinal groove or furrow. 

canary, n. ka-na'ri, a wine from the Canary Islands ; 
a fine song-bin 1 oi yellowish plumage. 

cancel, v. kan 'sal (L. unia lime, to make like lattice- 
work : F. canceller, to erase), to deface writing by cross- 
ing it ; to annul ; to destroy : cancelling, imp. : can- 
celled, pp. -seld: cancellated, a. -Id'tcd (L. cancelli, a 
grating of bars, lutf ice--ui,ik), nmrki-.j v. it h cross lines; 
cancellate, a. -sSl'-lat, in bot., lattice-like; consisting 
of a network of veins : can'cella'tion, n. -la'-shun. 

cancer, n. kdn'ser (L. cancer, a crab, an eating sore : 
AS. cancre : It. cancro : F. chancre), a spreading sore 
on the body or in some internal part, very painful and 
very fatal ; a crab ; one of the signs of the zodiac : can'- 
cerate, v. -at, to grow into a cancer : can'cera'ting, 
imp.: can'cera'ted, pp.: can'cera'tion, n. -rd'-shun: 
can'cerous, a. -sir-its, like a cancer : can'cerously, ad. 
-II: can'cerousness, n.: cancriform,a. kdng'krl-fawrm 
(L. forma, shape), cancerous ; having the form of a 
cancer or crab : can'crine, a. -krin, having the quali- 
ties of a crab : can'croid, a. -krdyd (Gr. eidos, form), 
pert, to a crab ; like cancer : tropic of cancer, that 
parallel in the northern hemisphere whose latitude 
is equal to the sun's greatest declination, about 23° 28'. 

candelabrum, n. kdn'de-ld'brurn ; can'dela'bra, plu. 
-brd (L.— from candela, a candle: It. candelabra: F. 
candelabre), a large ornamental candlestick with 
branches. 

candid, a. kdn'dld (L. candidus, white: It. can- 
dido : F. candide), open ; sincere ; frank ; fair ; free 
from malice: can'didly, ad. -IX: can'dour, n. -der, 
openness ; sincerity ; frankness ; freedom from any 
intention to deceive: can'didness, n. : can'didate, n. 
-di-ddt (persons in Rome seeking offices having worn 
white gowns), a person who seeks for a vacant office ; 
one who offers himself as afitpersontofillan appoint- 
ment: can'didature, n. -dd-t-ur, the position of a can- 
didate for an office; a canvass: can'didateship, n. 
state of being a candidate. 

candied, kdn'dld — see candy. 

candle, n. kdn'-dl (AS. candel ; L. candela, a candle 
—from candeo, I shine), a round body made of tallow 
or any fatty matter, with a wick in the centre, used 
to give light ; a light or luminary: rush-candles, the 
pith of rushes dipped in tallow : can'dlestick, n. the 
stand or stick for a candle : Can'dlemas, -dhmds, a 
quarterly term, 2d Feb. ; a feast in the Ch. of Eng. 
and in the R. Cath. Ch. in honour of the purification 
of the Virgin Mary— on which occasion, in the R. 
Cath. Ch., many candles are used, and those intend- 
ed for use in the churches for the whole year are 
blessed. 

candock, n. kdn'dok (probably from can and dock), 
a plant that grows in rivers. 

candour, n. kdn'der (L. candor, a dazzling white- 
Tier; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



cane : 

ness: It. candore), fairness; frankness; openness; 
sincerity. 

candy, n. kdn'-dl (Turk, cand, sugar), crystallised 
sugar; sugar compounded with anything else: v. to 
boil or dress in sugar ; to cover or incrust with sugar ; 
to form sugar into crystals: can'dying, imp.: n. the 
act of forming into crystals, as sugar: candied, pp. 
kdn'dld. 

cane, n. kdn (L. canna, a reed or cane: It. canna: 
F. canne), a long, strong reed; a walking-stick: v. to 
beat or flog with a cane: caning, imp.: n. a flogging 
with a cane: caned, pp. hand: cany, a. ku'-nl, pert, 
to ; abounding in canes. 

canescent, a. ka-nSsl&nt (L. canescens, becoming 
white), in hot., hoary; approaching to white. 

canine, a. kd-nln' (L. canis, a dog: It. cane), of or 
pert, to a dog ; having the qualities of a dog : canine 
madness, the madness of a dog; hydrophobia: canine 
teeth, two sharp-pointed teeth in each jaw, one on 
each side— often simply termed canines, kd-nlntf. 

canister, n. kdn'-lsttr (L. canistrum, a basketwoven 
from reeds : It. canestro), a box or case for tea, coffee, 
&c; in mil., a tin canister having a wooden bottom, 
parked with balls, andshot from a cannon — called also 
case-shot. 

canker, n. kdng'-lxr (L. cancer; F. chancre, an eating 
sore— see cancer), a disease in frees which causes the 
bark to rot and fall off; a corroding ulcer: v. to eat ; 
to corrode ; to consume, as a cancer does the body ; to 
grow corrupt ; to waste away by degrees : can'kering, 
imp.: cankered, pp. -ktrd: cankerish, a.: canker- 
like, a. : canker-bit, a. bitten by an animal with 
ulcerous teeth : canker-fly, n. a fly that lives on fruit : 
canker-worm, n. a worm very destructive to plants 
and the leaves and fruit of trees : can'kerous, a, -Us, 
corroding bike a canker. 

cannel-coal, n. kdn'nil-kvl (a corruption of candle- 
coal, from its giving out much flame : Norm, kynnel, a 
torch), a hard, black, inflammable coal, known to the 
Scotch miners as parrot-coal — chiefly used for the 
manufacture of gas. 

cannibal, n. kdn'nX-bdl (from the Caribs or Cari- 
bales, the original inhabitants of W. India Islands), a 
savage that eats human flesh ; an anthropophagite : 
can'nibally, ad. -li : cannibalism, n. -izm. 

cannon, n. kdn'non (F. canon, a gun: It. cannone, 
a cannon— from canna, a reed, a tube), a great gun : 
cannon-ball, n. ball for shooting from a cannon : can'- 
nonade, n. -ad (F.— from canon), the act of throwing 
balls from cannons: v. to attack with cannons; to 
batter with balls or shot: can'nona'ding, imp.: can- 
nona'ded, pp. : can'noneer or can'nonier, n. -er', the 
man who manages cannon. 

cannot, v. and ad. kdn'not {can and not), to be un- 
able. 

canny, a. kdn'nl (Scot.: Icel. kenna, to perceive by 
sense), gentle ; cautious and obliging ; harmless ; safe: 
not canny, dangerous ; not safe. 

canoe, n. kd-no' (of Indian origin: Sp. canoa; Ger. 
kahn, a boat), a boat made by hollowing and shaping 
the trunk of a tree ; a boat made of skin, or the bark 
of trees. 

canon, n. kdn'on (Gr. kanon, a measuring or mark- 
ing pole, a ruler : L. canon, a rule ; canonicus, regu- 
lar), in Church affairs, a rule or law in discipline or 
doctrine; a rule in general; a catalogue of saints; 
the Holy Scriptures, called the sacred, canon; a repeat- 
ing piece of music ; eveiy last step in an equa- 
tion ; a dignitary of the church : bone in the fore 
leg of a horse : in print., a large size of type : canon 
law, the laws that regulate church government : 
can'oness, n. a woman who enjoys an income attached 
to a church, but who has no duty to perform ; canonic, 
ka-non'-lk, also canonical, a. -i-kal, according to the 
rules or laws of the church: canonical Scriptures, 
the books of Scripture admitted to be of divine origin ; 
also canonical epistles : canon'ically, ad. -li .- canon'- 
icals, n. plu. -i-kdls, the full dress of a clergyman while 
officiating in church : canon'icate, n. the office of a 
canon: can'onist, n. a man versed in ecclesiastical 
law : can'onis'tic, a. pert, to ; can'onic'ity, n. -is'4-U, 
agreement with the canon of Scripture, or comprehen- 
sion within it: canonise, v. kan'-dn-lz 1 , in the if. Cath. 
Ch. , to declare a man or woman a saint, and to inscribe 
his or her name in the catalogue, called a canon : can'- 
oni'sing, imp.: can'onised, pp. -izd: can'onisa'tion, 
n. -za'shun, the act of declaring any person a saint: 
can'onship, n. the benefice filled by a canon ; also 
can'onry, n. -r%. 



L CAOU 

canon, n. kdn'yon (Sp.), in Western America, a deep 
gorge or ravine between high and steep banks. 

canopy, n. kdn'-o-pl (Gr. konopeion, a bed with 
gauze curtains to keep off flies— from konops, a gnat : 
h. conopeum: F. canape), a covering over a throne or 
a bed; a covering over the head; in arch., an orna- 
mental projection over a door, a window, &c. : v. to 
cover with a canopy : can'opying, imp. -pl-ing : can'o- 
pied, pp. -pid. 

canorous, a. kd-nd'riis (L. canorus, melodious— from 
cano, I sing), musical; tuneful: cano'rously, ad. -ll: 
cano'rousness, n. 

cant, v. kdnt (Gael, cainnt, speech, language; can, 
to sing, to name : L. canto, I sing), to speak in a whin- 
ing tone of voice: n. whining affected speech; hypo- 
critical jargon; slang: canting, imp. : adj. speaking 
in a winning tone of voice: n. the talk of a would- 
be religious person : cant'ed, pp. : cant'ingly, ad. -II. 

cant, v. kdnt (Ger. kmitcn, to put a thing upon its 
edge, to tilt: Dan. kant ; Sp. canto, edge, angle), to 
pitch forward ; to place upon the edge, as a cask ; to 
jerk; to throw; among carpen., to cut off an angle 
from a square piece of timber : n. an inclination from 
a horizontal line; a thrust; a push: canting, imp.: 
adj. turning up on edge ; giving a sodden thrust. 

can't, kd?it, contracted for cannot. 

Cantab, kdn'-tdb, or Cantabridgian, n. -td-brlj'l-dn, 
a member or scholar oi Cambridge university. 

Cantabrian, a. kdnta'brl-dn, pert, to Cantabria, 
on the Bay of Biscay, in Spain. 

cantankerous, a. kdn-tdng'kcr-iis, in familiar lan- 
guage, cross-grained; ill-conditioned in temper: can- 
tan'kerousness, n. crossness ; ill-humour; petulance. 

cantata, n. cdn-td'td (It.— from L. canto, I sing), a 
poem set to music. 

canteen, n. kdn-ten' (It. cantina, a wine-cellar), a tin 
vessel for carrying a liquid ; the store and tavern at- 
tached to a barracks. 

canter, n. kdn'ter (a contr. of Canterbury gallop), a 
moderate gallop: v. to run, as a horse in an easy gal- 
lop : can'tering, imp. : cantered, pp. -terd. 

canterbury, n. kdn'tir-btr'Hiroma. city in England), 
a stand or receptacle for music, &c. : canterbury- 
bells, a species of campanula. 

cantharis, n. kdn'thdr-ls, or eanthar'ides, n. plu. 
Jt-dSz (Gr. kuntharis, a kind of beetle), the Spanish fly, 
used in making blistering plasters : canthar'idine, n. 
-l-din, the blistering principle in Spanish flies. 

canthus, n. kdn'lhus (L. canthus; Gr. kanthos, the 
iron ring around a wheel), the angle or corner of the 
eye. 

canticle, n. kdn'-tl-kl (L. canto, I sing), a song : plu. 
the Song of Solomon, or Song of Songs. 

canto, n. kdn'-to (It. canto, a song: L. cantus, sing- 
ing), a part or division of a poem ; in music, the leading 
part; a song: cantillate, v. kdn'tll-lat, to chant; to 
recite musically ; can'tilla'ting, imp. : can'tilla'ted, 
pp.: can'tilla'tion, n. -la-shun, chanting; reading or 
reciting with musical cadence. 

canton, n. kdn'ton (F. : It. cantone— from canto, a 
corner), a division of a country : v. to divide into dis- 
tricts or cantons; to allot quarters to troops: can'- 
toning, imp. : can'toned, pp. -tdnd -. can'tonal, a. pert, 
to or divided into cantons : can'tonment, n. the part 
of a town or village assigned to a body of troops ; 
separate quarters for soldiers. Note.— The verb can- 
ton and the words derived from it are now more 
usually, and always among military men, pronounced 
with the accent on the second syllable, thus— canton', 
canto' ning, canton'ment, &c. 

canvas, n. /,<•: as, canvas : L. cannabis; 

It. cannevo, hemp), a coarse cloth made of flax or 
hemp, used for tents, sails, painting on, &c. ; in a 
ship, the sails are called the canvas: adj. made of 
canvas: can'vass, v. (a metaphorical meaning taken 
from sifting a - bl igh ivas), to discuss ; 

to examine into ; to solicit votes or interest ; to make 
interest in favour of: n. a close inspection into; dis- 
cussion ; debate ; a seeking ; a solicitation : can'vas- 
sing, imp. : can'vassed, pp. -idst .- can'vasser, n. one 



cany, a. kd'nl (see cane), full of canes; consisting 
of canes. 

canzonet, n it. canzona, a song: L. 

canere, to sing), a little or short song in one, two, or 
three parts. 

caoutchouc, n. kdb'chobk (a native Indian word), 
india-rubber ; the dried juice of various tropical 
plants, used in the manufacture of waterproof cloths, 
colv, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



CAP 7 

overshoes, flexible tubes, &c. : caout'chine, n. -chin, 
or caout'choucine, n. -chob-sln, a volatile liquid dis- 
tilled from india-rubber. 

cap, n. kdp (AS. cceppe, a cap : Sp. capa; It. cappa ; 
F. chape, a cover : Gr. skepo, I cover), a cover for the 
head ; a cover in general ; the top or highest part ; a 
mark of some office or dignity : v. to cover the top 
end or orifice ; to uncover as a mark of reverence or 
civility ; to render complete ; to invest with official dis- 
tinction ; to admit to professional honours by the act 
of capping: capping, imp. : capped, pp. cdpt: cap-a- 
pie, ad. -d-pe' (¥.), from head to foot; all over, as 
armed cap-a-pie: cap-of -maintenance, a cap carried 
before the kings of England at their coronation : to 
set one's cap at, to take measures to gain the affec- 
tions of a man: capful, a small quantity, used by 
sailors when speaking of the wind. 

capable, a. kd'pd-bl (F. capable— from L. capio, I 
take), able to contain or receive ; having the requisite 
mental, moral, or physical ability ; qualified for : 
ca'pableness, n. -bl-nes, the quality of being capable : 
ca'pabil'ity, n. -bll'l-ti, the quality of being able or 
qualified for : capacious, a. kd-pd'shus, roomy ; large ; 
that will hold or take in much ; extensive : capa- 
ciously, ad. -II : capaciousness, n. : capacitate, v. 
kd-pds'-l-tdt, to qualify; to enable: capac'ita'ting, 
imp. : capac'ita'ted, pp. : capac ita'tion, n. -ta'shun : 
capacity, n. 41, the power of containing ; extent of 
room or space ; the power of receiving instruction ; 
ability ; profession or occupation. 

caparison, n. kd-pdr'l-sun (Sp. caparazon, carcass 
of a fowl, cover of a saddle), an ornamental cover laid 
over the saddle of a horse : v. to cover with an orna- 
mental cloth, as a horse; to deck; to dress out 
superbly : caparisoning, imp. : caparisoned, pp. 
-sund. 

cape, n. kdp (L. caput, the head : It. capo : F. cap), 
any portion or point of land stretching into the sea ; a 
headland ; a cover hanging from the neck over the 
back and shoulders ; a short loose cloak. 

caper, v. kd'-per (L. caper, a goat : It. capro, a buck: 
F. capriole, a caper in dancing), to leap, skip, or 
jump ; to prance ; to spring : n. a leap ; a skip, as in 
dancing ; a leap in sport, as a goat or iamb : ca'per- 
ing, imp.: adj. leaping ; skipping : ca'pered, pp. -pterd: 
ca'perer, n. one who : to cut capers, to dance in a 
frolicsome manner ; to play pranks. 

capers, n. kd'pers (F. capre: L. capparis : Ax. al- 
gabr), the buds of the caper-plant preserved in vinegar. 

capias, n. kd'pl-ds (L. take or seize hold of), a writ 
of arrest before, or execution after, judgment. 

capillaire, n. kdp-i-ldr' (F.), a syrup prepared with 
an infusion of the maiden-hair fern. 

capillary, a. kdp'il-ler-% (L. capillus, hair: F. capil- 
laire, capillary), resembling hair; tubes or canals, 
extremely fine and minute, through which moisture 
ascends spontaneously, are called capillary tubes: 
capillary attraction, the power that porous bodies 
have of drawing up or sucking in moisture: capil- 
laries, n. plu. -iz, in anat., the extremely fine extre- 
mities of the arteries, &c. : capillarity, n. -ldr'l-ti, 
the state or condition of: capllla'ceous, a. -la'shiis, 
very slender, like hair: capillament, n. kd-ptt'-ld-ment, 
a fine fibre or filament : capil'liform, a. -ll-fawrm, 
(L. forma, shape), hair-shaped. 

capital, a. kdp'i-tdl (L. capitalis, that by which life 
is endangered, pre-eminent— from caput, the head: 
It. capitate; F. capital), chief; principal; first in im- 
portance ; punishable by loss of life ; great ; large of 
size: n. the ornamental part of a column, pillar, or 
pilaster placed at the top immediately over the shaft, 
but under the entablature ; a chief city or town ; a 
large letter or type ; a stock-in-trade, consisting of 
money or goods : capitally, ad. -II .- capitalist, n. -1st, 
one possessed of large means and engaged in business : 
capitalise, v. -iz, to convert into capital, as money or 
stock: capltali'sing, imp.: capitalised, pp. -llzd: 
capitalisation, n. -l-zd'-shun, act by which anything 
is converted into capital : caplta'tion, n. -ta'shun, so 
niiicii jin head <>> individual; a poll-tax: capitate, 
a. kd,p'i-tat, in bot., like a pin-head ; having a rounded 
smmiiii,. ;>:; umir hairs: Oapltan-Pacha', a. -tdn- 
pihshd', i.l ie chief admiral of the Turkish fleet: capita- 
tion-tax, n. a tax imposed on each person above a cer- 
tain age : capitation-grant, n. a sum of money paid 
annually for each child attending an elementary school 
by the Committee of Council on Education, on the ful- 
filment of certain conditions. 

capitol, n. kdp'-l-tol (L. capitolium— from caput, the 



CAPS 

head), the temple of Jupiter ; a fort or castle in Rome 
where the senate of anc. Rome met ; the building 
occupied by the parliament or Congress of the U.S. 
of Amer. : capitolian, kdp'l-to'lUin, or capitoline, a. 
d-plt'6-lin, pert, to the Capitol of Rome. 

capitular, n. kd-plt'u-ler, or capitulary, -1(1.. capitu- 
lum, a little head, the head or chapter of a pillar— from 
caput, the bead), the laws of an ecclesiastical council 
or chapter; the member of a chapter: adj. relating 
to the chapter of a cathedral : capit'ularfy, ad. -II : 
capit'ulate, v. -Idt, to surrender, as an army or garri- 
son to an enemy, on certain conditions : capitulation, 
n. -la'shun, the act of thus surrendering to an enemy ; 
the written conditions or treaty : capit'ula'ting, imp. : 
capit'ula'ted, pp. : capit'ula'tor, n. one who : capit'- 
ulum, n. -lurn, in hot., a flower-head composed of a 
number of florets arranged without stems on the sum- 
— lit of a single peduncle. 

capivi, n. kd-pe'vi— see copaiba. 

capnomancy, n. kdxj'nO-mdn'sl (Gr. kapnos, smoke ; 
manteia, divinal ; ■> Lon by the motion or 

appearance of smoke. 

capnomor, n. kap'-nO-mOr (Or. kapnos, smoke; 
moira, a part), a colourless oil obtained from the oil 
of tar. 

capoch or capouch, n. kdpOch' (Sp. capucho— from 
capa, a cover), a monk's hood ; the hood of a cloak. 

capon, n. kd'pon (Sp. capar, to castrate; mod. 
Gr. apokopto, I cut off), a cock-chicken fed for the 
table; a castrated cock: ca'ponise, v. -nlz, to cas- 
trate, as a fowl : ca'poni'sing, imp. : ca'ponised, pp. 
-nlzd. 

caponiere, n. kdp'6-ner' (F. caponniere : Sp. capo- 
nera), in mil., a lodgment for soldiers in the dry ditch 
or the glacis ; a kind of way covered by a parapet, and 
palisaded ; a cut in the glacis leading from the cov- 
ered way to the works at the foot of the glacis. 

capot, n. kd-pot (F. capot, a great-coat: Ger. caput, 
ruined), a winning of all the tricks of cards at the game 
of piquet : v. to win at piquet. 

capouch, n. kd-pQch'— see capoch. 

capping verses, kdp'lng (Icel. kapp, contention), 
in familiar language, contending in the citation of 
verses : to cap, to beat one. 

capric, a. kdp'rlk (L. caper, a he-goat), obtained from 
butter, or the butter and fat of the goat ; applied to 
an acid, as capric acid : cap'rate, n. -rat, a salt of 
capric acid. 

caprice, n. kd-pres' (F. caprice, whim : It. cappric- 
cio— from L. capra, a goat), a sudden change of opin- 
ion or humour ; a whim ; a particular fancy : caprici- 
ous, a. -prlsh'us, given to change; whimsical; fickle; 
apt to change opinions or intentions suddenly: ca- 
prici'ously, ad. -It : caprici'ousness, n. 

Capricorn, n. kdp'rl-kawrn{L. caper, a goat; cornu, 
a horn), one of the twelve signs of the zodiac : tropic 
of Capricorn, the parallel in the S. hemisphere, whose 
latitude is equal to the sun's greatest declination, 
about 23° 28'. 

caprid, a. kdp'rid (L. caper, a he-goat), relating to 
the goat tribe : cap'rine, a. -rln, pert, to a goat. 

caprification, n. kdp'rl-fi-kd'shun (L. caprificare, 
to ripen figs by the stinging of the gall insects — from 
caper, a he-goat ; ficus, a fig), a process of accelerating 
the ripening of fruit by puncturing, particularly of 
the cultivated fig, practised in the Levant. 

capriolate, a. kdp'ri-6-ldt (L. capreolus, tendril of 
a vine, a wild goat), in bot., having tendrils. 

capriole, n. kdp'rl-Ol (see caper), a leap which a 
horse makes without advancing ; a leap or caper, as 
in dancing: v. to leap without advancing: cap'rio'- 
ling, imp. : cap'rioled, pp. -old. 

capsicum, n. kdp'sl-kum (new L. capsicum— from 
capsa, a box, a chest), red or Cayenne pepper, from 
Cayenne in French Guiana : cap'sicine, n. -sin, the 
active principle in the capsules of Cayenne pepper. 

capsize, v. kdp-sXz' (probably cap, top, head ; and 
seize), to upset ; to overturn : capsi'zing, imp. : cap- 



of timber round which a rope or chain is made to coil 
when raising an anchor or other heavy weight. 

capsule, n. kdp'sul (L. capsula, a little chest : F. 
capsule), in bot., the seed-vessel of a plant ; in anat, a 
membranous bag inclosing an organ ; in chem.,& china 
saucer, for roasting : cap'sular, -ler, also cap'sular'y, 
a. -l&r'l, hollow; full of cells: capsulate, kdp'su-lQt, 



mate, mat, far, law; mete, m6t, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, mOve ; 



CAPT : 

also cap'sulated, a. -Itl'tSd, inclosed in a capsule, or 
as in a box. 

captain, n. kdp'tan (F. capitaine : It. capitano— from 
L. caput, the head), an officer who commands a com- 
pany of foot, a troop of horse-soldiers, or a ship ; a 
leader or chief: captain-general, the commander- 
in-chief of an army: cap taincy, n. -si, the rank or 
commission of a captain : cap tainship, n. 

captious, a. kdp'shus (L. captiosus, captious, de- 
ceptive— from capere, to take: F. captkur), disposed 
to find fault; apt to cavil or raise objections; insidi- 
ous : captiously, ad. -U: cap tiousness, n. 

captivate, v. kdp'-tl-vdt (L. captivus, taken prisoner 
—from capere, to take : F. captiver, to enslave), to take 
prisoner ; to charm or subdue by beauty ; to gain by 
excellence in manners or conduct ; to enslave by love : 
cap tiva ting, imp. : cap'tiva ted, pp. : cap tiva tion, 
n. -va'shun: captive, n. kdp'tlv, a prisoner taken in 
war ; one who is charmed by beauty or enslaved by 
love : adj. made prisoner in war : captivity, n. -l-ti, 
bondage ; the state of being in the power of an enemy ; 
state of being under subjection or control : capture, n. 
-tur, the act of taking or seizing by an enemy, as a ship ; 
the thing taken ; a prize ; seizure, as of a criminal : 
v. to take or lay hold of by force ; to seize by strata- 
gem : cap'turing, imp. : cap'tured, pp. -turd i cap tor, 
n. one who seizes or captures, as a ship. 

capuchin, n. kdp'db-shen (F. capucin— from rapuce, 
a cowl : It. cappuccio—see cap), a monk of St Francis ; 
a cloak and hood for females. 

car, n. k&r (L. carrus; It. carro ; F. char, a car, a 
cart: Dut. karren, to creak: F. charrier, to carry), a 
small light carriage drawn by one horse; a railway 
carriage ; a chariot. 

carabine, n. kdr'-d-bln, or carbine, kdr'bln (F. cara- 
bin: It. calabrino), a short gun carried by a cavalry 
soldier: car'abineer' or carbineer', n. -bln-er', one 
who carries a carabine. 

caracole, n. kdr'dkol (Sp. caracol, a winding stair- 
case : Gael, car, a twist : AS. cerran, to turn), the 
half-turn which a horseman makes to the right or 
left ; in arch., a winding staircase. 

caramel, n. kdr'd-mel (F.), burnt sugar; a black 
porous substance obtained by heating sugar to about 

carapace, n. Mr'd-pds (F.— fromGr. karabos, a crus- 
taceous animal like the crab or lobster), the crusta- 
ceous and horny coverings of certain classes of ani- 
mals, as the tortoise, the crab, &c. 

carat, n. kdr'dt (F. : Gr. keration, seed of pulse : 
Ar. kirat, a small weight ; kuara, name of a plant 
whose beans in Africa are used as weights for gold), a 
weight of 4 grains used in weighing gold and pre- 
cious stones ; the weight that expresses the purity of 
gold, 24 carats being the standard of purity. 

caravan, n. kdr'd-vdn (Pers. kerivan: Ar. qaira- 
wan: F. caravane), a large close carriage ; in the East, 
a company of merchants journeying together for 
mutual safety: car'avan'sary, -ser-i, or car'avan'sera, 
n. -ser-d (caravan, and Pers. sarai, a large place), a 
station for unloading the camels and beasts of burden 
for the night. 

caravel, n. kdr'd-vSl (F. : It. caravela, a kind of ship : 
Gael, carbh, a ship), a small French herring- vessel ; 
a light vessel formerly used by Spaniards and Por- 



caraway, n. k&r'-d-iva (F. and It. carvi— from Caria 
in Asia Minor : carum carui, the plant), a plant, the 
seeds of which are used as the kernel in confections, 
and for giving a flavour to cakes. 

carbazotic, a. kdr'bd-zot'lk {carbon and azote), ap- 
plied to an acid which consists of carbon, nitrogen, 
and oxygen. 

carbine— see carabine. 

carbo-vegetabilis, n b'U-is (L. carlo, 

coal; and new L. vegetabilis, vegetable), a name for 
charcoal. 

carbon, n. kdr'bon (It. carbone ; F. charbon ; L. carbo, 
a coal), pure charcoal, existing pure only in the dia- 
mond : carbon'ic, -ik, orcarlaona'ceous.a. -bo-na'-shus, 
containing charcoal ; coaly : carbonate, n. -ndt, a com- 
pound formed by the union of carbonic acid with a 
base, &c: carbona'ted, a. combined or saturated with 
carbon : carboniferous, a. -nif-er-us (L. fero, I carry), 
producing carbon or coal : carbonise', v. -nlz', to 
change into carbon: carT)oni'sing, imp.: carbonised', 
pp. -nlzd': cai^bonisa'tion, n. -za'shun, the act or 
process of carbonising: carbonic acid, an acid com- 
posed of one part of carbon and two of oxygen : car- 



3 CARE 

bolic acid, kdr-bol'lk, a colourless oily liquid obtained 
from coal-tar: carbolene, n. kar'-bo-len, a non-volatile 
hydro-carbon, may be used for increasing the illumi- 
nating power of coal-gas. 

carboy, n. kdr'boy (mod. Gr. caraboyia, copperas or 
green vitriol: Turk, karaboya, black dye : Sic. carabba, 
a bottle with a big belly and narrow neck), a large 
globular bottle generally covered with basket-work. 

carbuncle, n. kdr'-biing-kl (L. carbunculus, a little 
coal— from carbo, coal), a red fiery round blotch on the 
skin; an inflammatory boil; a precious stone of a 
deep-red colour: car bunded, a. -kid, set with car- 
buncles ; spotted with red fiery sores : carbun'cular, 
a. -ku-lar, pert, to or resembling a carbuncle; red; 
inflamed. 

carburet, n. kdr'-bu-rit (F. carburc— from L. carbo, 
a coal), carbon in combination with some other sub- 
stance, the result not being an acid : v. to combine 
some other substance with carbon : car buret ting, 
imp. : carbruret'ted, a. combined with carbon : car - 
buret ter, n. that which: carbura'tion, -rd'shun, the 
act of: carburetted hydrogen gas, a compound of 
carbon and hydrogen, as common coal-gas. 

carcanet, n. kdr'-ka-net (F. carcan), a chain or col- 
lar of jewels. 

carcass, n. kdr'kds{F. carquasse, a dead body: mod. 
Gr. karkasi, a quiver, a earcass : It. carcasso, the hard 
core of fruits), the dead body of an animal ; applied 
to the living body in contempt; the framework or 
principal parts of a thing unfinished, as a house : car'- 
casse, n. -k&s, an iron case filled with combustibles 
to be thrown into a besieged town from a mortar. 

carcerule, n. kdr'-scr-ul (L. career, a jail), in bot., a 
dry, indehiscent, many-celled fruit, with few seeds in 
each cell, the cells cohering round a common style 
placed in the axis. 

carcharodon, n. kdr-kdr'6-don (Gr. karcharodon, 
having rough or jagged teeth— from karcharos, sharp- 
pointed, and odontes, teeth), in geol., a genus of sharks 
whose fossil teeth, &c, are often of great size. 

carcharopsis, n. kdr'kdr-op'sls (Gr. karcharos, 
sharp-pointed; opsis, appearance), in geol., a genus 
of carboniferous shark-like fishes. 

carcinoma, n. kdr'sl-nO'md (Gr. karkinos, a crab, 
cancer), cancer in general; ulcerative stage of can- 
cer: car'cinom'atous, a. -nom'd-tus, pert, to cancer in 
general. 

card, n. kdrd (F. carte: L. charta, paper: It. carta), 
a piece of pasteboard usually written or printed on 
for social or business purposes ; oblong pieces of 
pasteboard on which figures are printed, used in 
games : card-table, n. : card-maker, n., one who. 

card, n. kdrd (It. cardo, athistle : Gael, card, to card 
wool: Ger. scharren, to scrape: L. carduus, a 
thistle, a teasel— from carere, to comb wool), an in- 
str. for combing out wool or flax: v. to comb out 
wool, flax, or hemp ; to separate the finer from the 
coarser fibres : carding, imp. : card'ed, pp. : card- 
er, n. one who. 

cardamom, n. Mr'-dti-mom (F. cardamome : L. car- 
da mo mum), an Indian spice plant, whose seeds are 
used in med. 

cardiac, kar'-dl-dk, also cardi'acal, a. -dl'd-kdl (Gr. 
kardia, the heart or the upper orifice of the stomach), 
pert, to the heart ; invigorating the heart by stimu- 
lants: car'diac, n. a medicine that excites action in 
the heart, and animates the spirits : car'dial'gia, n. 
-di-ai-ui-d (Gr. ulqos, pain), pain in the stomach ; heart- 
burn : carditis, n. kdr-dl'-tis, inflammation of the 
heart. 

cardinal, a. kdr'dl-ndl (L. cardincdis, pert, to a 
hinge— from cardo, a hinge : It. cardinale ; F. car- 
dinal, principal), that on which other things turn : 
chief ; principal ; fundamental : n. a dignitary of the 
R. Cath. Ch. next in rank to the Pope : cardinalate, 
kdr'di-nd-lat, also car'dinalship, n. the office or rank 
of a cardinal : cardinal points of the compass, the 
four principal points — north, south, east, and west. 

eardrum, n. kdr'di-um (Gr. kardia, the heart), the 
cockle, so named in allusion to its heart-like form. 

care, n. kdr (AS. cearian, to take heed : Goth, kara, 
care : L. carus, dear), thoughtful attention ; uneasi- 
ness of mind; concern; regard; charge: v. to be 
anxious or uneasy in mind ; to heed or regard : ca'ring, 
imp.: cared, pp. kdrd: careful, a. kar'fobl, full of con- 
cern; attentive to; watchful; cautious: careless, a. 
without concern or thought ; regardless ; inattentive : 
care'fully, ad. -II : carefulness, n. : carelessly, ad. 
■ll : carelessness, n. : care'worn, a. crushed with 



cdtu, boy, foot ; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



CAEE 7 

care ; fatigued with anxiety : to take care, also have 
a care, be careful ; take heed. 

careen, v. kd-ren' (F. carener, to refit: L. carina, the 
bottom of a ship : It. carena, bottom of a ship : Dut. 
krengen, to sail on one side), to lay a ship on one side 
in order to repair the other ; a ship to incline to one 
side while sailing: careening, imp.: n. the act of 
heaving down a ship on one side : careened', pp. -rend' : 
careenage, n. kd-ren'dj, place for careening a ship ; 
expense of careening. 

career, n. kd-rer' (F. carriere; It. camera, & race, 
a highway : L. currus, a two-wheeled cart), course of 
action ; progress in life ; procedure ; a race or run- 
ning ; speed in motion : v. to run or move rapidly : 
careering, imp. : careered', pp. -rerd'. 

careful, a.— see care. 

caress, v. ka-res' (F. caresse; It. carezza, an endear- 
ment : W. cam, to love), to treat with fond affection ; 
to embrace with affection and love, as a parent a 
child ; to fondle : n. an act of endearment ; an expres- 
sion of affection : cares'sing, imp. : caressed', pp. 
-rest' : cares'singly, ad. -11. 

caret, n. kd'-ret (L. caret, it wants or is wanting), a 
mark thus (a) to show in written compositions that 
something has been omitted in a line. 

cargo, n. kdr'go (Sp. cargo, the load of a ship : It. 
caricare; Sp. cargar; F. charger, to load), the whole 
goods conveyed in a ship : supercargo, n. (L. super, 
over), the person who has the charge of the cargo on 
board a ship. 

caricature, n. kdr'-l-kd-tiir' (It. caricatura, an over- 
loaded represenrai em of anything— from carricare, to 
load), a figure or description of a person or thing in 
which defects are greatly exaggerated in order to 
make ridiculou? : v. to sketch or describe in order to 
turn into ridicule ; to represent as very ugly : carlca- 
tu'ring.imp.: car'icatured', pp. -turd' : carlcatu'rist, 
n. -tu'rlst, one who. 

caries, n. kd'rlez(L. caries, rottenness: It. and F. 
carie), the mortification of a bone in the living body; 
decay or rottenness of a bone: ca'rious, a. -Us, de- 
cayed or rotten: ca'rios'ity, n. -os'-i-tl, rottenness of 

carinate, a. kdr'1-nilt, or car'ina'ted, a. -nd'tSd (L. 
carina, a keel), in hot., keel-shaped, as the two lower 
petals of a papilionaceous flower: carlnal, a. -1-nal, 
applied to aestivation when the carina embraces the 
other parts of the flower. 

cariole, n. kdr'-i-ol (F.), a small open carriage; a 
covered cart. 

carl or carle, n. kdrl (AS. ceorl; Icel. karl, a man), 
a rude, rough man. 

carlings, n. plu. kar'llngz (F. carlingue), in a ship, 
short pieces of timber ranging fore and aft from one 
deck-beam to another, used to sustain and fortify the 
smaller beams of the ship. 

Carlovingian, a. kdr'lo-vln'jl-dn (F.), pert, to or de- 
scended from Charlemagne. 

carman, n.— see car. 

Carmelite, n. kdr'me-lit, a monk of the order of 
our Lady of Mount Carmel. 

carminative, n. kdr-min'd-tiv (It. carrninare, to card 
wool, to make gross humours fine and thin by medi- 
cines), a medicine used to expel wind or to cure flatu- 
lence: adj. i •:■;! H.'i i in- win. I i'niiii; warming. 

carmine, n. kdr'mln (F. carmin: It. carminio), a 
powder of a beautiful red or crimson colour bordering 
on purple ; the colouring matter of cochineal : car- 
min'ic, a. -min'lk, pert. to. 

carnage, n. kdr'naj (F. carnage,— from L. caro, flesh 
—gen. carnis), great dest> m-tion of life by violence— 
literally, heaj is of flush, as in slaughter-houses; havoc; 
massacre: car'nal, a. --mil, fleshly; sensual; opposed to 
spiritual, as carnal plea. ;n.n'. ,■ u n regenerate : car'nal- 
ist,n. one who: car'nally, ad. -VI: carnal-minded, a. 
worldly-minded : carnal-mindedness, n. : car'nalism, 
n. -Hzm, also carnality, n. -ndl'i-H, grossness of mind 
or desire : carna'tion, n. -nd'shun, flesh colour ; a 
plant so called from the colour of its flower: carna'- 
tioned, a. -shund, coloured like the carnation: came'- 
lian, n. -nc'-ll-dn (F. cornaline), a silicious stone of 
a deep flesh or whitish-red colour. 

carneous, a. k&r'nS-us (L. caro flesh— gen. carnts), 
like flesh; fleshy: car'nival, n. -vdl (L. caro, flesh; 
vale, farewell: low Jj.cn mi r. levn.iiin,., the solace of the 
flesh), the season of rejoicing before Lent in Catholic 
countries. 

carnivora, n. plu. kdr-niv'-o-rd (L. caro, flesh ; voro, 
I eat greedily), flesh-eating animals : carniv'orac'ity, 



CARR 

n. -rds'l-ti, greediness for flesh : carniv'orous, a. -6-rus, 
feeding on flesh : carnoslty, n. -nos'-l-ti, asmall fleshy 
excrescence: carnose', a. -uoz', in hot., fleshy— applied 
to albumen having a fleshy consistence. 

carol, n. kur'ol (properly a round dance : F. carole, 
a dance : W. coroli, to dance : L. corolla, a garland, a. 
chaplet), a song of joy and exultation ; a song in 
general : v. to praise or celebrate in song ; to sing in 
joy; to warble: carolling, imp.: carolled, pp. -old: 
car'olet'ic, a. -o-let'-ik, also -litic, in arch., adorned 
with festoons or foliage. 

carotid, a. kd-rot'id (Gr. karos, deep sleep ; Gr. plu. 
karotides), the carotids are the two great arteries of 
the neck that convey the blood to the head and brain. 

carouse, v. kd-rowz' (Ger. gar aus, all out : Sp. car- 
out or corojis, act of drinking a full bumper to one's 
health), to drink hard ; to revel : n. a drinking-match ; 
a revel : carou'sing, imp. : caroused', pp. -rd7vzd' : 
carou'ser, n. one who : carou'singly, ad. -li : carou- 
sal, n. -zdl, a feast or banquet. 



to chatter : Port, carpire, to cry or weep), to snatch or 
catch at ; to find fault, generally without sufficient 
reason; to cavil; to censure: carping, imp. : carped, 
pp. kdrpt: carp'ingly, ad. -11: carp'er, n. one who. 

carpal, a. kar'pdl (new L. carpus, the wrist), be- 
longing to the wrist. 

carpel, n. kdr'pel (Gr. karpos, fruit), in hot., one of 
the parts which compose the innermost of the four 
sets of floral whorls, into which the complete flower is 
separable : carpel'lary, a. -pel'ler-l, pert, to a carpel : 
carpol'ogy, n. pol'0-ji (( i <■), the study 

of fruits; a treatise on fruit: carpol'ogist, n. one 
who : car'pophore, n. -pO-for (Gr. phero, I carry), in 
hot., a stalk bearing the pistil, and raising it above 
the whorl of the stamens, as in the caper. 

carpenter, n. kdr'pen-ter (L. carpentarius, pert, 
to a chariot, a wheelwright: F. charpentier, a car- 
penter : Gael, carbh, a plank), a man who works 
in timber ; a builder or framer in wood, as in houses 
and ships; a joiner; awright: car'pentry, n. -trt, the 
art of framing and joining timber in the construc- 
tion of buildings. 

carpet, n. kdr'pet (mi&L. carpeta, plucked wool, any 
quilted fabric— from L. carpere, to pluck : F. charpie, 
lint : It. carpetta, a kind of petticoat), the woven or 
felted stuff made of wool, used to cover rooms, stairs, 
&c. : v. to cover with a carpet : carpeting, imp. : n. 
carpets in general ; stuff for making carpets : car'- 
peted, pp. : to be on the carpet, or to be on the 
tapis (F. tapis, a carpet), means that a matter is under 
consideration: carpet-knight, a soldier who has 
never known the hardships of actual service: car- 
pet-bag, a travelling-bag made of the same materials 
as carpets. 

carpolites, n. plu. kdr'pO-lits, also car'polithes, 
-llthz (Gr. karp'ix, fruit; h'lhos, a stone), in geol., a 
general term for fossil fruits. 

Carrara marble, kd-rdr'd, a pure white marble from 
Massa Carrara in Italy. 

carriage, n. kdr'ij (oldEng. caroche; It. carroccio; F. 
carrosse, a conveyance with springs— from L. carrus, 
a cart), the act of carrying or conveying; the thing 
that carries ; any vehicle with springs ; a coach ; be- 
haviour or conduct ; the charge or cost of conveyance 
of goods. 

carrier, n. kdr'rl-ir— see carry. 

carrion, n. kdr-rl-on (It. carogna ; F. charogne— 
fromL. caro, flesh), flesh unfit for human food: adj. 
relating to : carrion-crow, the species of crow com- 
mon in England which feeds on carrion, insects, &c. 

carronade, n. kdr'ron-dd (from Carron in Scot., 
where first made), a short cannon formerly used in the 
navy. 

carrot, n. k&r'rot (F. carotte-. It. carota), a long 
esculent root of a reddish colour: carroty, a. kdr- 
rot-i, like a carrot in colour. 

carry, v. kdr'ri (F. charrier, to convey in a car: 
Wal. carare, to convey in a cart : L. carrus, a car), to 
bear ; to convey ; to effect or accomplish ; to lead or 
draw; to produce ; to transact or conduct; in mil., to 
obtain possession of a military position by force : car' 
rying, imp. : car'ried, pp. -rid: car'rier, n. -rl-er, one 
who: to carry away, in naval language, to break a 
spar ; to part a rope : to carry off, to kill ; to bear away : 
to carry on, to promote ; to help forward : to carry 
l out, fully to accomplish; to put into execution: to 



j 






mate, mdt,fdr, law; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



CARS 

carry through, to succeed by perseverance : carrier- 
pigeon, a variety of the pigeon employed for carrying 
letters. 

carse, n. kdrs (W. cors, a bog), in Scotland, low, 
fertile, alluvial land near a river, or the valley through 
which a river flows. 

cart, n. kdrt (AS. krat; It. carretfo; F. charrette— 
from L. carrus, a two-wheeled cart), a carriage for the 
conveyance of goods, &c. : v. to carry away in a cart : 
cart'ing, imp. : cart'ed, pp. : car'ter, n. one who 
drives a cart: cartage, n. kdr'tdj, conveyance in a 
cart ; cost of goods so conveyed : cart-horse, n. a 
strong horse for drawing a cart : cart-load, n. as much 
as can be carried in a cart : cart-wright, n. one who 
constructs carts. 

carte, n. kdrt (F.), a card ; a bill of fare at a hotel. 

carte -blanche, n. cdrt-bldngsh (F. carte, paper; 
blanche, white), a paper signed but not filled up; 
unconditional power to do some business for another : 
carte-de-visite, n. kdrt'd6-ve-zet' (F.— literally, a 
card of visit), a small photographic likeness gummed 
on a card— so called from its original use as a visiting 
card: plu. cartes-de-visite. 

cartel, n. kdr'tel (It. cartella, pasteboard), a written 
agreement between states at war for an exchange of 
prisoners: cartel-ship, n. a ship employed in convey- 
ing exchanged prisoners, or the messenger to obtain 
an exchange. 

Cartesian, a. kdr-tc'zhl-dn, pert, to the doctrines of 
the French philosopher Descartes : n. a person who 
believes in the philosophy of Descartes. 

Carthaginian, a. kdr'4ha-jfn'i-dn, pert, to anc. Car- 
thage : n. a native of. 

carthamus, n. kdr'thd-mus (L.— from Gr. kafhairo, I 
purge, I purify), the wild or bastard saffron ; safttower : 
car thamine, n. -inin, a colouring matter obtained 
from the safliower. 

Carthusian, n. kdr-thO-zhl-dn, one of an order of 
monks, named from Chartreux in France : adj. pert, 
to. 

cartilage, n. kdr'tll-dj (F.— from L. cartilago, gris- 
tle), gristle ; a whitish elastic substance, softer than 
bone, and harder than ligament: car'tilag'inous, a. 
-ti-ldj'l-nns, having gristle instead of bones. 

cartoon, n. kdr-tdn' (It. cartone, pasteboard— from 
carta, paper: L. charta), a sketch made on paper, &c, 
as a design to be executed in tapestry, in mosaics, or 
on glass ; a design on paper to be transferred from 
the paper on to the fresh plaster of a wall, and painted 
in fresco. 

cartouch, n. kdr-t6sh' (F. cartouche: It. cartoccio, a 
paper case), a cartridge-box; a small wooden case 
filled with rifle-balls or small cannon-balls for being 
discharged from a gun; in arch., an ornament re- 
presenting a scroll of paper. 

cartridge, n. kdr'trij (a corruption of cartouche: 
L. charta, paper), a small bag or case made of paper, 
pasteboard, wool, &c, for containing powder and balls, 
used for loading rifles or cannon— containing powder 
alone they are called blank-cartridges— with ball, they 
are called hall-cartridges: cartridge-box, n. the small 
leather case in which the soldier holds his cartridges : 
cartridge-paper, n. a thick sort of paper. 

cartulary, n. kdr'hl-ler'l (F. cartulaire: low L. car- 
tularium), a register book; one who keeps records, 
&c. 

caruncle, n. Mr'ung-kl (L. carunrula, a little piece 
of flesh— from caro, flesh), a small fleshy excrescence, 
diseased or natural, as the comb of a cock; in hot., 
a. fleshy or thickened appendage of the seed : carun'- 
cular, a. -ku-ler, pert, to or having the form of a 
caruncle : carun'cula'ted, a. having a fleshy excres- 
cence. 

carve, v. kdrv (AS. ceorfan ; Dut. kervan, to cut or 
carve : Ger. kerben, to notch), to cut into pieces, as 
meat; to cut into forms or shapes; to engrave or 
sculpture : carv'ing, imp.: n. the act of cutting; the 
art of cutting figures in wood, &c; sculpture: carved, 
pp. kdrvd: carver, n. one who: carving-knife, n. 
a knife for cutting and si . < fable: to carve 

out, to cut or take out from some large thing ; to 
lay out by design. 

carvel, n. kdr'-vel (another form of caravel), a small 
ship ; jelly-fish. 

caryatides, n. plu. kdr'4-dt'X-dez, in arch., female 

figures used to support entablatures— so called from 

the women of Carya in Arcadia: car'yat'ic, a. -Ik, 

pert. to. 

caryocaris, n. kdr'l-dk'd-rls (Gr. karuon, a nut, and 

coxv, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, 



75 



CASQ 



karis, a shrimp), in geol., a small crustacean, having 
a long, pod-shaped, bivalved carapace. 

caryophyllia, n. kdr'l-d-fU'-ll-d (Gr. karuophullon, a 
clove), literally "clove-shaped;" in geol., a section of 
lamellated flower-like corals : car'yophylla'ceous, a, 
-la'-shus, in bot., having corollas of five petals with 
long claws, as in the pink : car yophylline, n. -df'-ll-lln, 
a crystalline substance extracted from cloves. 

caryopsis, n. kdr'-l-op'sls (Gr. karuon, a nut, a ker- 
nel; opsin, sight, form), in 60'., a dry, one-seeded, in- 
dehiscent fruit, incorporated with a thin pericarp, 
forming a single grain— as in wheat, barley, &c. 

casava, n. kd-sd'-vd (Sp. cazabe), bread made from 
the starch obtained from the root of the tapioca plant. 

cascade, 11. kds-kdd' (It. amenta; F. cascade, a fall 
of water— from It. cascure, to fall), a waterfall ; water 
flow ing over steep rocks. 

cascalho, n. kds-kdl'yo (Port, cascalho, gravel), a 
name given in Brazil to the gravelly deposit in which 
diamonds and gold are found. 

cascarilla, n. kds'ka-i-ii'-ld (Sp. cascara, bark of 
trees), the bark of a tree of Jamaica ; a powerful tonic. 

case, n. kds (F. caisse, a box : It. casta, a chest : Sp. 
casco, a cask: Dut. kast; Ger. kiste, a chest: L. cassus, 
hollow), a covering ; a box ; a sheath ; a frame ; a cer- 
tain quantity: v. to cover in ; to put in a case or box : 
ca'sing, imp. : n. a covering: cased, pp. kdst; case'- 
harden, v. -hdrd'n, to harden the outer part— as iron, 
by converting it into steel : case-hard'ening, imp. : 
case-hardened, pp.: case-knife, n. -nlf, along kitchen- 
knife : caseworm, n. caddis-worm ; a worm or grub 
which makes itself a case: case-shot, n. shot in a 
case: case 'man, n. a compositor. 

case.n. kds (L. casus, a fall : F. cas, a case, amatter), 
that which falls, comes, or happens ; an event ; con- 
dition or state in which any person or thing may 
chance to be ; a question for discussion ; a cause in a 
court ; the inflection of nouns : in case, if it should so 
happen : in good case, in good condition or health of 
body. 

caseine, n. kd'se-ln (F. — from L. caseus, cheese: 
It. cascio), the cheesy portion of the curd of milk : 
ca'seous, a. -us, like cheese; having the qualities of 
cheese : ca'seic, a. -ik, of or from cheese. 

casemate, n. kds'mdt (F.: Sp. cusa-mata— from casa, 
a house, and matar, to slay), a vault of mason-work 
in the flank of a bastion serving as a battery : case'- 
mated, a. having casemates. 

casement, n. kds'ment (It. casamento, a large house), 
a window made to turn and open on hinges ; a hollow 
moulding : case'mented, a. having casements. 

caseous, a.— see caseine. 

casern, n. kd'zern (F. caserne— from L. casa, a hut), 
small sleeping-places for soldiers near the ramparts. 

cash, n. kdsh (F. caisse ; It. cassa, a merchant's cash 
or counter), money on hand, or at command, as in a 
chest or in the bank ; ready money ; a Chinese copper 
coin : v. to turn into money ; to exchange for money : 
cash-account, n. in Scot., an account of advances 
made by a banker to a merchant or trader who has 
given security for the repayment of them : cash-credit, 
the privilege of drawing money out of a bank on 
security being given : cash-book, n. the book in which 
money paid out and received is written down : cash'- 
ing, imp.: cashed, pp. kdsht: cashier, n. kd-sher', a 
clerk who has charge of the money and the cash-book. 

cashew, n. kd-sho' (F. acajou — from the native 
name), a tree of W. I. and S. Amer. and its fruit, which 
yields an acrid juice, there growing at the apex of the 
fruit a flattened kidney-shaped nut yielding a caustic 
oil. 

cashier, v. kd-sher' (Dut. kasseren; F. casser, to 
break— from L. cassus, empty), to dismiss from an 
office of trust for bad conduct ; to reject or discard : 
cashier'ing, imp.: cashiered', pp. -sherd', dismissed ; 
discarded. 

cashmere, n. kdsh'mf rich and costly shawl, so 
called from the place in India where first made : adj. 
of or pert. to. 

casino, n. kd-se'-no (It.— from casa, a house), a small 
country-house ; a saloon for dancing, <tc. 

cask, n. kdsk (Sp. casco, a vessel for holding liquids ; 
F. casque, a case), a round, close, wooden vessel for 

ICll !.!<",[,:, 

casket, n. kdsk'et (dim. of cask: , cas ■<>-: c 
for jewels), a small chest or box for holding jewels, 
trinkets, &c. 

casque, n. kdsk (F.— from Sp. casco, a helmet, a cask), 
a helmet or head-piece for a soldier. 
game jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



cass ; 

cassation, n. kds-sd'shun (F— from casser, to make 
void), the act of repealing or annulling: court of 
cassation, n. the highest court of appeal in France. 

cassava— see casava. 

cassia, n. cdsh'l-d (L. andGr.) a name for many 
species of aromatic plants ; a spice ; a medicine. 

cassideous, a. kd-sld'i-us (L. cassis, a helmet), in hot., 
having one large lielniei-.-lcLped j > > 1: ; i J , as the aconite. 

Cassiopeia, n. kds'l-6-pe'yd (after the mythical wife 
of Cepheus), a constellation on the opposite side of 
the pole to the Great Bear, and at about the same 
distance from it. 

cassiterite, n. kds-stt'er-it (Gr. kassiteros, tin), the 
oxide of tin, being the ordinary tin ore. 

cassock, n. kds'-sok (F. casaque ; It. casacca, a man's 
long gown: Gael, casag, a long coat), a long, close- 

II' in I I" n. ... I '> I. I : Ii ' i In"- ll"ll. II 

gowns: cas'socked, a. -.so/./, dm bed with a cassock. 

cassowary, n. kds'so-wd'rl (Hind, kassuwaris), a 
large bird which runs with great rapidity, a native of 
the E. I. 

cast, v. kdst (Icel. kasta; Sp. cascar, to crack, to 
burst: F. casser, to break: It. cascare, to fall), to 
throw or fling ; to sow seed ; to reject ; to reckon ; to 
contrive or plan ; to mould or shape , to ponder or 
weigh, as in the mind : n. a throw; the distance passed 
by a thing thrown ; a glance or a turn of the eye ; 
chance or hazard ; a form or shape ; a tinge ; manner ; 
whatever is run into a mould : cast'ing, imp. : cast, 
pt. and pp. : to cast aside, to dismiss or reject : to 
cast away, to reject; to lavish : to cast down, to de- 
ject or depress : to cast forth, to throw out ; to ex- 
hale : to cast off, to discard, or to put away : to cast 
out, to reject ; to throw or turn out : to cast up, to 
compute ; to reckon ; to eject or vomit : to cast on, to 
put or place on, as loops of worsted on wires : to cast 
one's self on, to resign or yield to the disposal of, 
without reserve : to cast in the teeth, to upbraid ; 
to blame for : to cast in one's lot with any one, to 
take the chance ; to share the fortune : last-cast, all 
ventured on one effort : cast-iron, n. iron melted from 
the ore, and run into moulds— called also pig-iron or 
cast-metal: cast-steel— see steel: casting-vote, a 
vote that decides, when the votes are equally divided. 

Castalian, a. kds-td'll-dn (L. castalius), pert, to 
Castalia, a spring on Mount Parnassus sacred to the 
Muses. 

castanets, n. plu. kds'td-nSts (Sp. castana, a ches- 
nut), small concave shells of ivory or hardwood, 
shaped like spoons, rattled with the fingers in danc- 
ing. 

castaway, n. kdst'd-wd (cast and away), a person 
lost or abandoned : adj. useless ; of no value. 

caste, n kdst (Port, casta, breed, race), a name ap- 
plied to each of the four classes into which the Hindoos 
are divided ; a class or circle of persons in any com- 
munity who chiefly hold intercourse within their own 
limits. 

castellated, a. kds'telld'ted (It. castello ; L. castel- 
lum, a fortified place— from L. castra, a camp), having 
turrets and battlements like a castle : castle, n. 
kds'-sl, a building fortified ; a fortress : forecastle, a 
short deck in the fore part of a ship, at one time a 
castle : castle-in-the-air, an empty scheme ; the form- 
ing of hopes on no solid foundation ; visionary ex- 
pectations: cas'tled, a. -sld: cas'tlery, n. -er-1, govern- 
ment of a castle : castle-building, the forming in the 

mind Of Wil'l '" VI leiei , .cl.irinc; 

caster, n. kds'ter (see cast), one who casts ; a small 
spice bottle or cruet : cas'ters, n. plu. small wheels 
attached to the legs of sofas, tables, &c— sometimes 
written cas'tors. 

castigate, v. kds'tl-gdt (L. castigatum, to correct, to 
chastise : It. castigare), to correct or chastise ; to criti- 
cise severely in writing ; to punish with stripes: cas'- 
tiga'ting, imp. : castigated, pp. : cas'tiga'tion, n. 
■t/a'shun, correction hv stiipes; a whipping: cas'ti- 
ga'tor, n. one who : cas'tiga'tory, a. -ter-l, corrective : 
n. the thing used in correction. 

castile-soap, n. kds-UV (from Castile in Spain), a very 
pure variety of soap : Castil'ian, a. -tll'4-dn, of or from 
Castile : n. a native. 

castle, n. kds'sl—see castellated. 

castor, n. kds'-tor (L.), a beaver; also a drug taken 
from it : cas'torine, n. -in, a substance extracted from 
the drug castor. 

castors, n. kds'-tors (see caster), small wheels on 
the legs of tables, sofas, &c. 

Castor and Pollux, kds'-tor, pol'-luks (mythical 



3 CATA 

names), an electrical phenomenon, seen as a flame 
on the mast-head at sea, sometimes double, and then 
called C. and P. ; names of stars. 

castoroides, n. kds'-tor-dy'-diz (Gr. castor, beaver; 
eidos, like), in geol., a large fossil rodent allied to tlie 
beaver. 

castor-oil, n. kds'tdr-dyl (said to be a corruption of 
castus-oil, the sacred oil), the oil of the Palma Christi 
(palm of Christ), a plant of the W. I., used in medicine. 

castrametation, n. kds'-trd-me-td'-shun (L. castra, a 
camp ; meto, I measure), the art or practice of en- 
camping. 

castrate, v. kds'trdt (L. and It. castrate, to deprive 
of generative power), to emasculate ; to geld : cas trat- 
ing, imp. : cas'trated, pp. : castra'tion, n. -tra'shun, 
the act of emasculating. 

castrel, n. kds'-trel (F. crecerelle), a kind of hawk 
resembling the sparrow-hawk ; same as kestrel. 

casual, a. kdz'-u-dl (F. casuel — from L. casus, a 
fall), happening without design ; coming to pass with- 
out being expected or foreseen; accidental: cas'ually, 
ad. -II: cas'ualty, n. -dl-tl, an injury or hurt to the 
body by accident ; death or other misfortune by acci- 
dent : cas'uistry, n. -u-ls-trl, the science or system of 
rules that undertakes to decide in matters of con- 
science as to what is lawful or unlawful ; the art of 
quibbling ; the art of drawing fine distinctions : cas'- 
uist, n. -1st, one who resolves doubts of conscience in 
matters of duty: cas'uis'tic, a. -Is-tik: cas'uis'tical, 
a. -tbkdl, pert, to casuistry: cas'uis'tically, ad. -It. 

cat, n. kdt (Ger. katze: Gael, cat: Icel. kottr), a 
well-known domestic animal : cat-gut, n. strings for 
musical instruments made of the entrails of animals : 
cat's-paw, a term of contempt, applied to a person who 
is made the tool of another ; a dupe ; a puff of wind : 
cat'kin, a kind of flower, long and slender, resembling 
a cat's tail, as in the hazel, the birch, &c. : cat-like, 
a. stealthily, like a cat : cat's-eye, a variety of chalce- 
donic quartz : cat-block, in a ship, tackle used to raise 
the anchor: cat-call, a small squealing instr. : cats- 
foot, cat-mint, &c, plants : cat'ling, the down or moss 
growing about walnut-trees ; in surg., a kind of knife. 

cata, kat'-d (Gr.), prefix, signifying down; against; 
opposition or contrariety intensity. 

catacaustics, n. plu. kdt'd-kaws'tlks (Gr. kata, 
against; kaustikos, burning), in opt., the curves 
formed by the reflection of the rays of light : cat'- . 
acaus'tic, n. a particular curve formed by reflection : 
adj. pert. to. 

catachresis, n. kdt'-d-kre'sls (L. and Gr. misuse), in 
rhet., an abuse of a trope or of words; the use of a 
word in a sense different from its own : cat'achres'tic, 
a. -kres'-tik, or ca'tachres'tical, a. -tl-kdl, forced ; far- 
fetched : cat'achres'tically, ad. -II. 

cataclysm, n. kdt'-d-klizm (Gr. kataklusrnos, inunda- 
tion—from kata, down, and kluzein, to wash), any vio- 
lent inundation that sweeps over a country: caf- 
aclys'mal, a. -kllz'-mdl, pert, to an inundation or to its 
destructive effects. 

catacomb, n. kdt'-d-kom (Gr. kata, under, down; 
kumbos, a hollow or recess), burial-places in caves or 
hollow recesses under ground ; divisions or niches in 
a cellar for storing liquors ; certain old quarries near 
Rome, in Egypt, Paris, &c, used as burial-places. 

catacoustics, n. plu. kdt'd-kows'-tlks (Gr. kata, 
against, and acoustics), the doctrine of reflected 
sounds or echoes. 

catalectic, a. kdt'-d-Uk'-tlk (Gr. katalektikos, incom- 
plete), ending suddenly, as a verse wanting a syllable. 

catalepsy, n. ' r, kata, down; lepsis, a 

taking or seizing), a disease in which motion and sen- 
sation are suddenly suspended ; a trance: cat'alep'tic, 
a. -tik, pert. to. 

catalogue, n. kdt'-d-log (Gr. kata, down; logos, a 
word), a list of names in regular order: v. to make a 
list of : cataloguing, imp. : catalogued, pp. -logd. 

catalysis, n. kd-tdl'-l-sls (Gr. katalusis— from kata, 
down ; luo, I loosen), in chem., a term used to designate 
certain phenomena, in which changes in the composi- 
tion of substances are effected by the action of one 
body on another by contact: catalytic, a. kdt'-d-llt'-lk, 
relating to catalysis. 

catamaran, n. kdt'd-md-rdn' (cathamaran, floating 
trees— native name), a kind of raft used by the natives 
of the E. I. 

catamenia, n. kdt'd-me'nl-d (Gr. katamenios, month- 
ly—from kata, down; men, month), the monthly 
courses of females : cat ame'nial, a. -rne'-nl-dl, pert. to. 

catamount, n. kdt'-d-mownt, also -mountain {cat, 



mdte mdt,fdr, lau>; rnSte, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



CATA 

and mount or mountain), the wild mountain-cat ; the 
N. Amer. tiger. 

catapetalous, a. kdt'd-pHt'd-lus (Gr. kata, under; 
petalon, a petal), in hot., having the petals held to- 
gether by stamens which grow to their bases. 

cataphract, n. kdt'd-frdkt (Gr. kataphraktos, en- 
cased, fortified), defensive armour; a horseman in 
complete armour: cat aphrac ted, a. -frdk'ted, cov- 
ered with armour or scales. 

cataplasm, n. kdt'd-pldzm (L.— from Gr. kata, down ; 
plasso, I mould), a poultice or plaster. 

catapult, n. kdt'd-pult (L. catapulta— from Gr. kata, 
down, and pallo, I hurl), a war-engine, used anciently 
to throw large stones. 

cataract, n. kdt'drdkt (L. cataracta, a waterfall- 
from Gr. kata, down ; raktos, a precipice), the rushing 
of a great body of water over steep rocks; a disease 
in the eye by which the vision becomes impaired or 
destroyed. 

catarrh, n. kdtdr' (L. catarrhus— from Gr. kata, 
down ; rheo, I flow), a cold in the head causing a mu- 
lling at the nose, &c. : catarrhal, a. -rill, pert. to. 

catastrophe, n. ka-tds'-tro-fi (Gr. katastrophe, an 
overthrow— from kata, down ; strophe, a turning), a 
great calamity; a violent convulsion in nature; a 
final event ; the conclusion of a series of events. 

catch, v. kdch (¥. chatter; prov. F. cacher, to hunt: 
Ger. klatsch, a slap, a clap: Gael, glar, to seize), to 
seize suddenly; to lay hold on with the hands; to 
take or receive by exposure, as a cold, or a disease by 
infection; to ensnare; to overtake: n. anything that 
seizes or holds; the act. of seizing; a sudden advan- 
tage taken; a song in parts, in which those singing 
catch up the strain one after the other at various in- 
tervals : catching, imp. : adj. apt to catch ; infec- 
tious: caught, pp. pt, kau-t: catcher, n. one who: 
catch-penny, n. something worthless; a book pub- 
lished for the public taste, but without value: catch- 
word, n. the word placed under the last line of a page, 
and made to begin the first line of the next : catching 
a tartar, being caught in the trap one has laid for 
another. 

catch-poll, n. kdch'pol {catch, and poll, the head: 
F. chacepol), a Serjeant ; a bailiff's follower. 

catchup, n. kdtch'up, or catsup, n. kdts'iip (of E. I. 
origin), a sauce made from mushrooms. 

catechise, v. kat'Uklz (Gr. katechesis, the act of 
stunning by loud sound, instruction in the elements 
of a science— from kata, down ; echos, a sound), to in- 
struct or examine by asking questions and receiving 
answers ; to interrogate ; to try by asking questions : 
cat'echi'sing, imp. : cat'echised, pp. -kizd: cat'echi- 
ser, n. one who : cat'echism, n. -klzm, a book on any 
subject arrangedfor instruction in the form of question 
and answer : cat'echist, n. one who instructs in the 
principles of religion ; a catechiser : cat'echis'tic, -kis- 
tlk, or cat'echis tical, a. tl-kal: cat'echet'ic, -kSt'ik, 
cat'echet'ical, a.: cat'echet'ically, ad. -K: cat'echu'- 
men, n. -ku'men, in the anc. church, one not yet fully 
instructed in the principles of Christianity ; one being 
prepared for baptism. 

catechu, n. kdt'-G-shob, a dry brown extract obtained 
from the acacia catechu, an E. I. plant, used in medi- 
cine and the arts : cat'echu'ic, a. -Ik, of or from 
catechu. 

category, n. kdt'-S-gord (Gr. kategoria, an accusa- 
tion—from kata, against ; agoreuo, 1 speak in an as- 
sembly), in logic, the general head of a class, to one 
among a certain number of which anything whatever 
is referable ; a class ; an order of ideas : cat'egor'ical, 
a. -i.kdl, absolute; positive; direct; without possi- 
bility of evasion : categorically, ad. -II : cat'egor'- 
emat'ic, a. -G-mat'-ik (Gr. katcgorema, a predicate), in 
logic, capable of being employed by itself as a term ; 
also cat'egor'emat'ical, a. -i-kdl : -mat'ically, ad. -II. 

catenate, v. kdt'e-ndt (L. catena, a chain), to con- 
nect, as a series of links in a chain : cat'ena ting, imp. : 
cat'ena'ted, pp. : cat'ena'tion, n. -nd'shiln, regular 
connection, as the links of a chain: cat'enar'y, a. 
-ner'l, relating to a chain ; also ca'tena'rian, a. -na- 
ri-dn : catenary curve, the curve or bend made by a 
rope or chain hanging freely between two points of 
suspension. 

catenipora, n. plu. kdt'Sn-lp'or-d, or catenipores, 
n. plu. kd-Un'i-pors (L. catena, a chain; porus, a 
channel, a pore), chainpore coral, so termed from the 
chain-like arrangement of its pores in polished speci- 
mens. 

cater, v. ka'ter (Norm. F. acater, to buy: mod. F. 



7 CAUD 

acheter; It. accatfarc, to acquire, to get : L. captare, 
to lay hold of), to provide food : to purchase provisions : 
catering, imp. : catered, pp. -terd: caterer, n. one 
who: ca'teress, n. fern., a woman who seeks to pro- 
cure food. 

caterpillar, n. kdt'-tr-]>U'l-:r (old Eng. cates, food ; F. 
piller, to plunder— probably named from its resem- 
blance to the cat kins ot a nut), a hairy, ringed, worm- 
like creature, the grub of an insect, and very vora- 
cious. 

caterwaul, v. kdt'er-waTvl (from cat, and waul, to 
cry as a cat), to make a noise, as cats at night under 
the influence of the sexual instinct ; to make a harsh 
disagreeable noise : cat erwau ling, imp. : cat'er- 
wauled, pp. -ivafcld. 

cates, n. plu. kdts (Norm. F. acater, to buy), dainties ; 
cakes; nice food. 

catgut, n.— see cat. 

Catharine-wheel, n. kath'-ir-ln (so called from St 
Catharine of Alexandria, in allusion to the manner of 
her intended martyrdom), in arch., an ornamental 
window of a circular form, having radiating divisions 
or spokes like a wheel ; a firework of similar form. 

cathartic, a. kd-thdr'tlk (Gr. kathairo, I clean or 
purge), purgative: n. a purging medicine: also ca- 
thar'tical, a. : cathar'tine, n. -tin, the purgative prin- 
ciple of senna. 

cathedral, n. kd-the'drdl (L. or Gr. cathedra, a chair 
—from Gr. kafo, down, and In dra, a seator chair), the 
principal church in a diocese, containing the bishop's 
official seat or throne : adj. pert, to the principal 
church of a diocese : cathedra, n. -did, the seat or 
chair of a professor ; a pulpit. 

catheter, n. kath'-c-tir (L. or Gr. catheter, a thing let 
down or put in), in surg., a small tube introduced into 
the bladder to draw off the water. 

cathode, n. kdth'od (Gr. kata, down; {h)odos, a 
way), the surface at which electricity passes out of a 
body. 

catholic, a. kdth'OUk (Gr. katholikos, universal— 
from kata, down; (h)olos, the whole: L. cathulicus), 
universal; general; liberal; notnarrow-mindedorbig- 
oted: n. a name commonly applied to the adherents 
of the Church of Rome: Catholicism, n. kd-thOl-l-slzm, ' 
universality; liberality of sentiments; adherence to 
the Church of Rome : catholicity, n. kath'o-lU'Ul, the 
quality of being universal or catholic; the religion of 
the Church of Rome : catholicon, n. ku-thol'-l-kon, a 
universal medicine. 

cation, n. kdt'-ion (Gr. kata, clown ; ion, a going), an 
electro-positive substance which appears or is evolved 
at the cathode. 

catkin, catling— see cat. 

catlinite, n. kat'-Un-lt (after Catlin, the Amer. 
traveller), a reddish variety of claystone found west 
of the Mississippi. 

Catonian, a. ka-to'ni-dn, severe and inflexible, like 
the ancient Roman Cato. 

cat-o'-nine-tails (Pol. kat, executioner; kota woti, 
to scourge or torture : Russ. koshka, a cat), nine pieces 
of leather or cord knotted at intervals, used to flog 
offenders. 

catoptrics, n. plu. kd-top'trlks (Gr. katoptron, a 
mirror— from kata, down or against, and optomai, I 
see), that part of optics which treats of the properties 
of light reflected from polished bodies : catop'tron, n. 



cattle, n. kdt'tl (mid L. catalla, chattels, goods 
in general,— specially applied to cattle as the princi- 
pal wealth in an early stage of society : old F. catel, 
goods, movables), quadrupeds, being domestic animals 
used for labour or for food— more especially applied 
to oxen, bulls, and cows : cattle-show, n. an exhibi- 
tion of domestic animals in competition for prizes : 
cattle-pen, n. pen for cattle. 

catty, n. kat'tl, a Chinese weight of about 13 lb. 

Caucasian, a. kaw-kd'zhi-dn, pert, to Mount Cau- 
casus in Europe : n. one belonging to the Indo-Euro- 
pean race originating near Mount Caucasus. 

caucus, n. kaw'kus (a supposed corruption ofCalkers, 
who, along with others, used to meet in Boston for 
political purposes previous to the independence of 
the U.S. of Amer.), in U.S. of Amer., a meeting prelim- 
inary to a public meeting of citizens for election or for 
urposes, generally political. 

caudal, a. kaw'ddl (L. cauda, a tail), pert, to the 



cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



CAUD 7 

in hot., applied to seeds that have a tail-like ap- 
pendage: cau'dicle, n. -dl-kl, in hot., the tail-like 
process supporting the masses of pollen in orchids : 
cau'dex, n. -deks (L. the trunk), in hot., the main trunk 
or axis of a plant. 

caudle, n. ka ti ■ hot, warm— oraprobable 

corruption of cordial), a warm drink containing wine 
or other liquors given to women at childbirth: v. to 
prepare caudle; to treat Tenderly: cau'dling, imp.: 
caudled, pp. kcvw'dld: caudle-cup, the drink given to 
women at childbirth ; the glass of wine, &c, drunk in 
honour of the child born. 

cauf, n. kawf (Celt, kaff; L. cavus, hollow: L. 
cophinus, a basket), a chest for holding live fish ; the 
box or cage tor raising roal from the nune. 

caught, v. pt. or pp. kaivt—see catch. 

caul, n. kawl (AS. cawl: F. cede, a kind of little cap), 
a netted membrane covering the lower intestines ; 
the membrane covering the head of a child when born ; 
a net for enclosing the hair. 

cauldron, n. kawl'dron —see caldron. 

caulescent, a. kaw-lSs'Snt (L. caulis, a stalk), in hot., 
having a true stem : cau'licle, n. -li-kl, a short stem : 
cau'licule, n. -1%-kul, in hot. , a short stem ; in arch., one 
of the curled tops in a Corinth inn '-apilal; plu. in hot., 
small stems rising immediately from the neck of the 
root : cau'liform, a. -ll-fawrm (L. forma, shape), same 
as caulescent : cau'line, a. -lln, growing on a caulis 
or stem. 

cauliflower, n. kawl'i-fimor (L. caulis, a stem, and 
flower), a kind of cabbage with a thick, soft, white 
flower. 

caulk, n. kdwk (see calk), in a ship, the operation of 
driving oakum into the seams between the planks of 
a ship: caulking-iron, an iron chisel for driving in 
the oakum. 

cause, n. kaYvz (L. causa, a cause: It. causa; F. 
cause), anything that produces an effect ; the person or 
thing that brings about or does something; areason; a 
motive or inducement that urges or impels ; a suit at 
law; a party or side : v. to effect or produce ; to occa- 
sion: cau'sing, imp.: caused, pp. kawzd: causal, a. 
kawz'dl, relating to or expressing cause: causality, 
n. kaw-zdl'l-ti, agency of a cause ; quality of causing: 
causally, ad. kawz'&l-U : causable, a. kawz'd-bl : 
causation, n. kctw-za'shun, the act or power of caus- 
01 producing :-au'sative, a. -tlv, that effects as a 
cause : causeless, a. having no cause : causelessly, 
ad. -II : cause lessness, n. : cau'ser, n. one who. 

causeway, n. kawz'-iua (F. chaussie, a raised way : 
mid. L. calceta, a road), a raised roadway paved; a 
raised road over wet or marshy ground: causey, n. 
kaw'zl, a contr. for causeway: cau'seyed, a. -sad, or 
cause'wayed, a. -wdd, paved with blocks of stone. 

caustic, a. kdjws'-tik, or cau'stical, a. -tl-k&l (Gr. 
kaustikos, having the power to burn), burning ; cor- 
roding ; that has power to destroy a living texture : 
caus'tic, n. a substance that acts like fire when ap- 
plied to a living body ; nitrate of silver : caustic'ity, 

, /; ■/.// i In . i, ,■;!,! . : i ',:■ iir.' , ill ri, 

cautery, n. kaw'-ter-l (Gr. kauterion, a hot iron for 
marking— from kaio, I burn : L. cauterium), a burning 
or searing of living flesh with a hot iron, or by caustic 



medicine, so as to remove a diseased part : cau'terise, 
v. -ter-lz, to burn or sear living flesh : cau'teri'sing, 
imp. : cau'terised, pp. -%zd: cau'terisa'tion, n. -i-za- 
shun, the act of burning or searing with a hot iron ; 
also cau'terism, n. -izm. 

caution, n. kaw'shun (L. cautio, a taking heed : It. 
cauzione : F. caution), great care in the midst of dangers ; 
forethought ; a prudent course of conduct ; security 
for ; an advice ; a warning : v. to warn ; to exhort : 
cau'tioning, imp. : cau'tioned, pp.-shund: cau'tionary, 
a. -erl, containing warning ; given as a pledge : cau- 
tioner, n. in Scot., one bound for another : cau'tionry, 
n. -rt, in Scot., suretiship; the obligation of sureti- 
ship : cau'tious, a. -shiis, very careful in conduct ; 
wary; watchful; discreet: cau'tiously, ad. -It: cau'- 
tiousness, n. 

cavalcade, n. kdv'dl-kdd (F.— see cavalry), a proces- 
sion of persons on horseback. 

cavalry, n. kdv'dl-rl (It. cavallo ; F. cheval; L. cah- 
allus; Gr. kahalles; old En<*. caple, a horse), horse-sol- 
diers : cav'alier'.n. -d-ler' (It. cavaliere: F. chevalier), 
a horseman; an armed horseman; a knight; a gay 
soldier; in mil., an elevation of earth situated with- 
in a work overlooking the surrounding parts : adj. 
sprightly; gay; brave; generous; haughty: cav'a- 
liers', n. plu. •lerz', in Eng. hist., the partisans of 
mate, mdt, far, law; mete, met, 



I CELE 

Charles I.: cav'alierly, ad. -II, arrogantly ; disdain- 
fully : cav'alier'ness, n. 

cavatina, n. kdv'd-te'nd (It.), in music, an air of one 
movement, frequently preceded by a recitative. 

cavazion, n cavazione, excavation), 

in arch., an excavation for the foundation of a build- 
ing or for cellarage. 

cave, n. kdv (L. cavus, hollow: Fin. koppa, any- 
thing hollowed or vaulted), a hollow place under 
earth or rocks, as at the side of a hill ; a den ; a cavern : 
v. to hollow or scoop out ; to dwell in a cave ; (followed 
by in), to fall in, as eart] pit: caving, 

imp.: caved, pp. kdvd: cavity, n. kdv'4-tl, a hollow in 
anything: cave-earth, the reddish calcareous earth 
accumulated in anc. caverns. 

caveat, n. kd'vl-at (L. let him beware), in a court of 
laio, an intimation to stop proceedings ; a caution ; a 
warning : ca'vea'tor, n. one who. 

cavern, n. kdv'ern (L. cavus, hollow), a large hollow 
place below the earth or rocks ; a cavern is larger than 
a cave: cav'erned, a. -irnd, or cav'ernous, a. -irn-us, 
full of caverns : cavern'ulous, a. ka-vern'-u-lus, full of 
little caves or hollows. 

cavetto, n. kd-vet'to (It.— from cavo, hollow), in arch. , 
a hollow moulding used principally in cornices. 

caviare, n. kdv-i-dr (F. caviar: mod. Gr. kabiari), 
a prepared article of food consisting of the salted 
roes- of several kinds of large fish, chiefly of the 
sturgeon. 

cavil, v. kdv'il (L. cavillor, I taunt— from cavus, 
hollow : old F. caviller, to wrangle), to raise frivolous 
objections; to find fault unreasonably ; to wrangle; to 
carp at : n. a false or frivolous objection : cavilling, 
imp. : cavilled, pp. -ild: cav'iller, h. one who : cav- 
illingly, ad. -li: cav'illous, a. -ll-us, captious : cav'il- 
lously, ad. -li. 

cavity, n.— see cave. 

caw, v. kaw (from the sound), to cry like a crow 
or rook : caw'ing, imp. : cawed, pp. kawd. 

cawk, n. kaivk, (prov. Eng. cauk), a familiar term 
for heavy spar or native sulphate of barytes : cawk'y, 
a. -I, like cawk or pert, to it. 

cayenne, n. ka-yen' or kd-dn', a very strong pun- 
gent pepper of a red colour that comes from Cay- 
enne: adj. pert. to. 

cayman, n. ka'mdn (a negro name), the Amer. 
alligator ; also spelt caiman. 

cazique, n. kd-zek' (native or Amer. name), a W. 
I. or Amer. chief; also spelt casique. 

cease, v. ses (F. cesser, to cease : L. cessum, to go 
from, to yield : It. cessare to dismiss), to leave off; to 
stop doing ; to fail ; to be at an end : ceas'ing, imp. : 
ceased, pp. sest .- ceaseless, a, without a stop or pause ; 
incessant; endless: ceaselessly, ad. -II: cessation, 
n. ses-sa'shun, a stop ; a pause ; a leaving off. 

cedar, n. se'-der (L. cedrus: Gr. kedros), a large ever- 
green tree : ce'dared, a. -derd: cedar-like, a: ce'drine, 
a. -drin, pert, to the cedar. 

cede, v. sed (L. cedere, to go, to give up : F. cider : It. 
cedere), to give up; to yield; to relinquish or sur- 
render to : ce'ding, imp. : ce'ded, pp. : cession, n. 
sesh'iin (L. cessum, to give up), the act of yielding up 
or granting : cessible, a. sSs'l-U, liable to give way : 
itv of giving way. 

cedilla, n. se-dil'-ld (Sp. re,i,Uu: F. calille), a mark 
put under the letter c (thus, c) to show that it must be 
sounded like an s. 

ceil, v. sel (It. cielo ; F. del, heaven, sky ; then ap- 
plied to a canopy, the inner roof of a room ; after- 
wards confounded with seal, in the sense of to close), 
to cover the inner roof of a building with anything, 
as with plaster or wood : ceiling, imp. : n. the roof 
of a room : ceiled, pp. seld. 

celandine, n. sel'an-din (Gr. chelidonion ; L. cheli- 
donia— from Gr. chelidon, the swallow), a genus of 
plants of the ranunculus family ; a plant called swal- 
low-wort. 

celebrate, v. sel'e-brat (L. celebratus, celebrated: It. 
celebrato), to praise or extol ; to render famous ; to 
keep holy ; to honour by marks of joy or by ceremon- 
ies : cel'ebra'ting, imp.: cel'ebra'ted, pp. : adj. fam- 
ous ; renowned : cel'ebra'tor, n. one who : cel'ebrant, 
n. one who performs a religious act in a church pub- 
licly; the officiating Roman Catholic priest: cel'e- 
bra'tion, n. -brd'shun, the performance of solemn 
rites ; the distinguishing by marks of joy or respect ; 
praise ; renown : celeb'rity, n. s6-leb'ri-tl, fame ; 
renown ; distinction or notoriety. 

celerity, n. se-ler'4-tl (L. celeritas, swiftness— from 
Mr; pine, pin; note, not, mCve; 



CELE 79 



celer, swift: F. ciliriti: It. celerita, quickness), speed 
in anything, as actions, words, thoughts, or of bodies 
on or near the earth ;— velocity is more frequently 
applied to objects remote or inappreciable, as the 
planets, sound, light, &c. ;— swiftness. 

celery;, n. sel'tr-i (F. celer i), a kitchen vegetable. 

celestial, a. se-list'-yal (L. caelum, heaven; ctzlestis, 
heavenly: It. celeste: F. celeste), heavenly; of or 
pert, to heaven : n. an inhabitant of heaven : celes'- 
tially, ad. -li: celestialise, v. -ycil-iz, to make tit for 
heaven: celest'iali sing, imp. : celest ialised', pp. -llzd': 
celestine, n. si-les'tln, a mineral, sulphate of stron- 
tian, so named in allusion to its sky-blue colour. 

Celestins, n. plu. s6l'-8s-ttnz,a, religious order in the 
R. Cath. Ch. who eat no flesh unless when sick, and 
last often— named after Pope Celestin. 

celiac, a.— see coeliac. 

celibacy, n. sel'i-bd-sHL.ccelebs, unmarried, single), 
a single life ; an unmarried condition : celibate, n. 
sel'l-bcU, the state of being unmarried ; one who. 

cell, n. sel (L. cellci, a hiding-place: F. cellier: It. 
cella), a small confined room ; an apartment in a pri- 
son ; a small cavity ; a private room in a nunnery or 
monastery: cella, n. sel'-ld, the body or principal part 
of a temple : cellar, n. -ler, a room or place under a 
house used for storing coals, &c. : cellarage, n. -tij, 
the capacity of a cellar ; charge for cellar-room : cel- 
laret, n. -it, an ornamental case for bottles : cellar- 
ist, n. : cellarman, n. one who has charge of the cel- 
lar: cellular, a. sel'u-ldr, consisting of small cavi- 
ties or hollows : cel'lula'ted, a. -Id'tUd, formed with 
cells: cellule, n. sei'-ul, a little cell: cellular tissue, 
'n bot., an aggregation of minute membranous vesi- 



a. -ii-ttf-er-iis (L. c-.'luhi. a li:tle cell, and/ero, I bear), 
producing little cells : cellulose, n. -lOz, a compound 
of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, forming the funda- 
mental material or cell-structure of plants: adj. con- 
taining cells. 

Celt, n. selt (L. eeltee; Gr. keltai, the Celts: W. eel- 
tiad, an inhabitant of the wood or covert— from L. 
celo, I conceal), one who speaks the Celtic language ; 
one of the great parent stock of Southern and West- 
ern Europe; a stone or bronze cutting instrument 
found in ancient barrows or tumuli : Celtic, a. sdl'tlk, 
pert, to a Celt ; the language of the Celts : Cel'ticism, 
n. -tl-sizm, a custom of the Celts, or an idiom of their 
language. 

cement, n. sS-mSnf (L. cccmentum, quarried stone: 
F. cement, cement), the substance that unites two 
bodies together, or the parts of a broken thing ; bond of 
union ; mortar : v. to unite by a glutinous substance ; 
to unite firmly and closely ; to cohere : cement'ing, 
imp.: cement ed, pp.: cemen'ter, n. one who : cemen- 
tation, n. sSm'Sn-td'shun, the act of cementing; the 
process by which iron is converted into steel : ce- 
mentatory, se-mSn'tdtdr'-i, also cementitious, a. 
s€m'6n-tlsh'ii<, having the quality of cementing. 

cemetery, n. sem'e-ter-l {Gr. koimeterion, a sleeping- 
place : L. ccemeterium), a place for the burial of the 
dead. 

cenobite, n. se'no-blt (Gr. koinos, common; bios, 
life), one of a religious order who lives in a convent or 
monastery with others, and not alone, like an anchoret 
or hermit: cenobitic, sen'6-blt'ik, and cen'obit'ical, 
a. -l-kdl, living in community as a monk. 

cenotaph., n. sen'-o-tdf {Gr. fcenos, empty; taphos, a 
tomb: F. cenotaphe), a monument in honour of one 
who is buried elsewhere. 

cense, v. sens (F. encenser, to perfume: contr. from 
incense), to perfume with burning odoriferous sub- 
stances : cen'ser, n. -ser, a vase or pan in which in- 
cense is burned : cen'sing, imp. : censed, pp. senst. 

censor, n. sen'-sor (L. censor, a Roman magistrate), 
an officer in anc. Rome who imposed taxes and 
punished immorality ; in some countries, a person who 
inspects all MSS. before they are permitted to be 
printed or published ; one given to fault-finding : 
censo'rious, -so'rlus, also censo'rial, a. -rl-dl, given to 
blame or to condemn ; severe in making remarks on 
the conduct or writings of others : censo'riously, ad. 
•II: censo'riousness, n. disposition to find fault: cen'- 
sorship, n. the office or dignity of a censor. 

censure, n. sen'shoor (L. ce-nsura, severe judgment : 
It. censura: F. censure), the act of blaming or finding 
fault; reproof: v. to find faidt with; to blame; to 
condemn as wrong : cen'suring, imp. ; cen'sured, pp. 
-shdbrd: cen'surer, n. one who : cen'surable, a. -d-bl, 
cdiv, boy, /dot; pure, bud; chair, 



worthy of blame : cen'surably, ad. -bll : cen'surable- 
ness, n. 

census, n. sen'sus (L. census, a registering and ra- 
ting of citizens: It. senso: F. sens), an authoritative 
enumeration of the inhabitants of a state or country: 
cen'sual, a. -shol>-ul, of or relating to a census. 

cent, a. sSnt (L. centum, a hundred, of which cent 
is an abbreviation: It. cento: F. cent), a hundred: 
per cent, a certain rate for each hundred of any 
thing; in the U.S. of Amer., a copper coin, in value 
the hundredth part of a dollar, being a little more 
than a halfpenny sterling : per-centage, n. -taj, so much 
for each hundred : centenary, n. sen'-teti-er'-i, the num- 
ber of a hundred : centenarian, n. a person a hun- 
dred years old: centennial, a. -ten'ni-dl (L. annus, 
a year), pert, to a hundred years : centes'imal, a. 
■tcs'-i-mdl (L. centesi77ius), the hundredth: centes'i- 
mally, ad. -II : centipede or cen'tiped, n. tl-ped (L. 
pes, a foot— gen. pedis), an insect with many feet, re- 
puted 100 : cent per cent, £100 for each £100, as profit 
or interest. 

centaur, n. sSn'taTcr (L. centaurus ; Gr. kentauros, 
a herdsman who fought on horseback— from Gr. ken tea, 
I spur ; tauros, a bull), a fabulous being said to have 
been half man and half horse ; in asti-on., a constella- 
tion, part of a bright group in the southern hemisphere. 

centering, n. soi-tir-imj (see centre), the temporary 
frame on which an arch is built. 

centigrade, n. sen'tl-grdd (L. centum, a hundred ; 
gracilis, a step), a thermometer divided, between the 
freezing and boiling points of water, into 100 parts or 
degrees. 

centime, n. sSn-tem' (F.— fromL. centum, a hundred), 
the hundredth part of a franc. 

centimetre, n. sen-tlm'e-ter, or sdn'tl-ma'tr (F.— 
from L. centum, a hundred ; Gr. metron, a measure), a 
French measure of length, equal to -391 in., or about 
2-5ths in. English. 

centre, n. sen'-fir (Or. kentron, anything with a 
sharp point: L. centrum, the middle point), the mid- 
dle point or place : v. to place on the middle point ; 
to coDect to one point ; to settle exclusively on one ob- 
ject ; to rest on : centring, -tring, or centering, -ter- 
ing, imp. : centred or centered, pp. -terd : central, 
a. -t, a', placed at or near the middle : centrally, ad. -li: 
centralise, v. -Xz, to draw or bring to a centre : cen'- 
trali'sing, imp. ; centralised, pp. -llzd : centralisa- 
tion, n. -zd'-shun: centralism, n. -Izm, the combination 
of several parts into one whole : central'ity, n. -i-ti, 
state of being central : centre-bit, n. -Ur-hu, an instru- 
ment with a projecting conical point, nearly in the mid- 
dle, for boring circular holes : centre of gravity, that 
point of a body which, being supported, the whole 
body will remain at rest, even though acted upon by 
gravity : centre of motion, the point in a body which 
remains at rest, while all the other parts move round 
it : centrical, -trl-kdl, and centric, a. -trlk, placed in 
or near the centre or middle : centrically, ad. -II ; 
centricalness, n. 

centrifugal, a, sen-trif-u-gdl (L. centrum, the centre, 
and/ut/jo, I flee), tending to fly or go off from the cen- 
tre ; in bot., applied to that kind of inflorescence in 
plants in which the central flower opens first: cen- 
tripetal, a. -trip'-e-tdl (L. peto, I seek, I move to a 
place), tending to the centre ; having a desire to move 
to the centre ; in boL, applied to that kind of inflores- 
cence in plants in which the flowers expand from be- 
low upwards : centrifugal force, the force by which 
bodies, when set in motion round a centre, have a 
tendency to fly off at a tangent from the circle round 
which they move : centripetal force, the force which 
drives or impels a body towards some point as a centre ; 
the force or gravity by which bodies tend to a point 
or centre. 

centuple, n. sSn'tu-pl (L. centum, a hundred, and 
plico, I fold: F. centuple), a hundred fold: v. to mul- 
tiply a hundred fold : centuplicate, v, -tu-pU-kat, to 
make a hundred-fold: centu'plicating.imp.: centup'- 
lica'ted, pp. 

centurion, n. sSn-fii'-rl-on (L. centurio— from centum, 
a hundred), among the anc. Romans, the captain of 
100 men : century, n. sin'-tu-rl, a period of a hundred 
years : centu'rial, a. -rl-dl, pert, to a century. 

cephalaspis, n. sef'-d-lds'-pis (Gr. kephale, the head ; 
aspis, a shield), in geol., a fossil fish, so called from 
having the bones of the head united into a single 
shield-like case. 

cephalic, a. phale, the head), pert, to 

the head : n. a medicine for headache : cephalalgia, 
game, jog, shun, thing, (here, zeal. 



CEPH 8 

n. sSfd-Ml'ji-a, orceph'alal'gy, n. -jl (Gr. algos, pain), 
pain in the head ; headache : ceph'alal'gic, a. -jik, 
pert. to. 

cephalopoda, n. plu. sSf-dl-6-podz (Gr. kephale, the 
head ; pous, the foot— gen. podos), the highest class of 
mollusca— so called from the principal organs of loco- 
motion being arranged round the head, as in the cuttle- 
fish. 

ceramic, a. sS-rdm'lk (Gr. keramos, potter's clay, 
earthenware), pert, to pottery, or the art. 

ceramidium, n. ser-d-mid'i-um (Gr. keramidoo, I 
cover with tiles ; keramion, a jar), in hot., an ovate con- 
ceptacle having a terminal opening, and with a tuft 
of spores arising from the base, as in algae. 

cerate, n. se'-rdt (L. cera, wax : It. ce.ro : F. cire), a 
thick ointment containing wax : cera'ted, a. covered 
with wax : cere, v. ser, to cover with wax : n. the naked 
skin covering the base of the bill in some birds : ce'- 
ring, imp. spreading over with melted wax : cered, pp. 
serd: cere-cloth, n. -Moth, a cloth covered with melted 
wax, or with some gummy matter: cere'ment, n. -mint, 
a cloth dipped in melted wax in which dead bodies are 
wrapped : cerasine, n. s8r'd-sln, a variety of gum : 
cereous, a. se'rl-us, and cera'cious, a. -rd'shus, of or 
like wax ; waxen : ceru'men, n. -ro'-men, the wax of 
the ear : ceru'menous, a. -us, relating to or containing 
cerumen : ce'ruse, n. -ros (L. cerussa, white lead— from 
cera, wax), a kind of paint like wax ; white lead : 
ce'rine, n. -rln, the part of bees' wax soluble in boiling 
alcohol. 

ceratiocaris, n. se-rdsh'l-ok'd-rls (Gr. keration, a 
pod; karis, a shrimp), in geol., a fossil crustacean 
having a pod-like carapace and a shrimp-like body. 

ceratites, n. plu. sSr'd-tlts (Gr. keras, a horn), in 
geol., a, genus of ammonitidse peculiar to the triassic 
strata: ceratodus.n. se-rdt'-o-dils (Gr. odous, a tooth), 
fossil fish-teeth occurring between the trias and lias 
formations : ceratose, a. sir'-d-toz, horny ; having 
the texture and consistence of horn : ceratium, n. 
se-rd'shl-um, in hot., a long one-celled pericarp with 
two valves, containing many seeds. 

cereal, a. se'rl-dl (L. cerealis, pert, to Ceres or grain 
— from Ceres, goddess of agriculture : It. and F. 
cerdale), pert, to all kinds of grain used for food : n. 
one of the grain kind : cerealia, n. plu. -rl-d'tt-d, or 
cereals, se'H-dlz, the different grains used for food. 

cerebellum, n. ser'-8bel'lum(h. : It. cerebello: F. cer- 
velle), the hinder or lower part of the brain : cer'ebel'- 
lar, a. -lev, pert, to the cerebellum : cer'ebral, a. -brdl, 
pert, to the brain : cer'ebrum, n. -brum (L.), the brain 
proper ; the front or larger brain : cerebic, a. se-reb' 
Ik, of or from the brain : cereb'riform, a. -rl-fawrm (L. 
cerebrum, and forma, shape), shaped like the brain: 
cerebritis, n. i Ummation of the brain: 

cer'ebroid, a. -brdyd (L. cerebrum, the brain ; Gr. eidos, 
shape), like or analogous to brain : cerebro-spinal, a. 
-brO-spl'ndl (L. spina, the spine), belonging to the 
brain and spinal cord. 

ceremony, n. sSr'-g-mon-l (L. cceremonia, pomp or 
state in religious rites : F. ceremonie), outward forms 
or rites in religion ; formal rules or regulations ; cer- 
tain kinds of social intercourse; state etiquette: 
cer'emo'nial, a. -mo'nl-dl, according to established 
forms or rites, as of the Jewish religion ; ritual : n. 
outward form ; a system of rites or rules established 
by authority : ceremonially, ad. -II: cer'emo'nious, a. 
-ms, full of ceremony ; formal ; exact and precise : 
cer'emo'niously, ad. -U : cer'emo'niousness, n. the 
practice of too much ceremony or formality. 

cerithium, n. se-rlth'l-um (Gr. keration, a small 
horn), iH zool., a gasteropod, with an elongated, many- 
whorled, turreted shell. 

cerium, n. se'rl-um (from the planet Ceres), one of 
the rarer metals found in the mineral cerite, sir'it. 

cernuous, a. ser'nu-us (L. cernuus, bending or stoop- 
ing with the head to the ground), in bot., pendulous ; 
nodding. 

cerography, n. se-rog'rd-fl (L. cera, wax; Gr. 
graphe, a writing), the art of engraving on a waxed 
copper plate. 

ceroon, n. sertn' (Sp. ser on— from sera, a large 
basket), a bale or package in skins or hides. 

ceroplastic, ,» ,,,,,/,,,,' i „ wax; Gv.plas- 
sein, to form), the art of modelling in wax : adj. 
modelled in wax. 

cerosine, n. s&r'd-sln (L. cera, wax), a waxy sub- 
stance found on the surface of the sugar-ca" - 

n«rt-,a.in n o^!M« it? r~ t - t... 



) CHAF 

failing; fixed or regular: certainly, ad. -It: cer- 
tainty, n. -ti, a real state ; exemption from doubt or 
failui Buredly; in truth. 

certify, v. ser'-ti-fi ( L cc.rtur,, sure, and/acio, I make : 
F. certifier), to testify to in writing; to declare or in- 
form positively : certifying, imp. : cer'tified, pp. -fid: 
adj. testified to in writing ; assured : certifier, n. one 
who: certificate, n. -tlf-i-kai m,h in writing 

to testify something; a testimonial of character : v. to 
give a status or position to by a written declaration, 
as to a parishioner by a clergyman, or to a teacher by 
the Committee of Privy Council on Education: cer- 
tificating, imp. : certificated, pp. : adj. declared in 
writing to have a certai] fica'tion, n. 

■kd'shun, the act of certifying: certitude, n. -tl-tud, 
certainty ; freedom from doubt. 

certiorari, n. plu. ser'shl-o-rd'rl (low L. certiorate, 
to certify— from L. certior, more certain), a writ issued 
from a superior court to an inferior one, to remove a 
cause depending in it. 

cerulean, a. se-ro'll-dn (L. cceruleus, dark blue), 
blue ; sky-coloured : cerulific, a. sir'-o-llf'-lk, producing 
a blue or sky colour : cer'uline, n. -lln, a preparation of 
indigo. 

ceruse, n. an ore of lead— see under cerate. 

cerussite, n. se'rus-slt (L. cerussa, white lead: F. 
ceruse), a common ore of lead found in beds or veins 
with galena. 

cervical, a. ser'vl-kdl, (L. cervix, the neck — gen. 
ceroids ■ It. cervice), pert, to the neck. 

cervine, a. ser'vln (L. cervus, a deer), pert, to a stag 
or deer: cer'vinous, a. -vl-nus, dark, tawny, or deep 



taking a child from the womb by cutting— said to be 
that by which Caesar was born. 

cespitose, n. ses'pl-toz (L. cespes, a turf), turfy; in 
bot., having a turf-like root. 

cess, n. s6s (from assess: L. census, the rating of 
Roman citizens according to their property), a perman- 
ent land-tax in Scotland : v. to rate : ces'sing, imp. : 
cessed, pp. s8st. 

cessation, n. sSs-sd'shun (L. cessatio, an idling : F. 
cessation— see cease), a ceasing; a stopping; a rest; a 
pause. 

cession, n. ses'shun (L. cessio. a giving up — from 
cessum, to yield, to give way : F. cession), the act of 
giving way; a surrender of property, rights, or territory 
to another : ces'sionar'y, a. -ir'-l, having surrendered 
effects; yielding. 

cesspool, n. ses'pdbl (AS. sesse, a settle, a seat, and 
pool), a receptacle for liquid filth; a collection of 
offensive stagnant water. 

cestoid, a. ses'toyd (Gr. kestos, a girdle ; eidos, form), 
like a girdle— applied to intestinal worms with long 
flat bodies, as the tape-worm. 

cestracionts, n. plu. ses-trd'sM-onts (Gr. kestra, a 
kind of fish, a pike), the oldest sub-family of sharks, 
mostly fossil. 

cestus, n. ses'tus (L.— from Gr. kestos, a girdle em- 
broidered), the Venus or marriage girdle ; among the 
ancients, a kind of boxing-glove loaded with some 
metal. 

cesura, n. se-zu'rd (see caesura), in prosody, the 
division of a foot or measure between two words for 
the sake of securing an accent on a certain syllable. 

cetaceous, a. se-ta'shus (Gr. ketos; L. cetus, a whale : 
It. ceto), pert, to the whale kind : ceta'cea, n. -shi-d, 
alsoceta'ceans, n. -shi-dnz, animals of the whale kind ; 
cetine, n. se'tin, the solid crystalline mass of sperma- 
ceti: cetiosaurus, n. se'shl-6-saw'-rus (Gr. sauros, a 
lizard), in geol, a genus of marine saurians : cetology, 
n. se-tol'6-jl (Gr. logos, discourse), the natural history 
of cetaceous animals, 

cetotolites, n. plu. se-tot'6-llts (Gr. ketos, a whale; 
ota, the ears ; lithos, a stone), the fossil ear-bones of 
whales. 

chabasite, n. kdb'd-ztt (Gr. chabos, narrow, com- 
pressed), a crystal of a white colour,* one of the zeolite 
family. 

chad, n. sJidd, a kind of fish— see shad. 

chafe, v. chdf (F. echavffer, to heat, to warm : L. 
calefacere, to make hot), to warm with rubbing; to 
heat; to perfume: n. heat by friction: cha'fing, imp. : 
chafed, pp. chdft: cha'fer, n. or chafing-dish, a por- 
table grate for coals : cha'fery, n. -fer4, a forge in 



Q-works. 
mate, mdt.fdr, law; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, mCve; 



CHAF I 

chafe, v. cM/(Bav. kauchen, to breathe, to puff: It. 
sborfare, to puff with snorting), to excite passion; to 
rage; to fret; to fume: chafing, imp.: chafed, pp. 

chafer, n. chd'-fir (Ger. kafer: AS. ceafer; Dut. 
kever, any insect of the beetle kind), a buzzing insect, 
as cock-chafer, fern-chafer. 

chaff, n. chcif(AS. ceaf: Ger. kaff: Pers. khah), the 
husks of grain or grasses ; anything worthless : chaffy, 
a. -fl, like chaff. 

chaff, v. chaf (Dut. keffen, to yap, to bark: Ger. 
kaff, id?e words), in fam , to rally one; 

to chatter or talk lightly: chaffer, v. chaf'fer, to 
treat about a purchase ; to haggle ; to bargain : chaf- 
fering, imp. : chaffered, pp. -ferd. 

chaffinch, n. chaf'-flnsh, a bird of the finch family. 

chagrin, n. sha-gren' (F. chagrin, care, grief, the 
rough substance called shagreen — a type of the 
gnawing of care and grief: Piedm. sagrin, care), ill- 
humour ; vexation : v. to excite ill-humour in ; to vex : 
chagri'ning, imp. : chagrined', pp. -grind', vexed ; dis- 
pleased. 

chain, n. chdn (F. chaine: L. catena: Sp. cadena), 
a series of links or rings loosely but strongly con- 
nected, generally of some metal ; something that binds 
or restrains ; any connected series or range of things, 
as chain of ideas, chain of mountains ; bondage ; a 
measure of length of 66 feet or 100 links : v. to fasten ; 
to bind with a chain, or in the manner of a chain ; to 
enslave ; to fix temporarily to one spot by the sudden 
exhibition or expression in words of something which 
can excite strong mental emotion, as fear, awe: 
chaining, imp.: chained, pp. chCtnd: chain'less, a. 
without chains: chain-shot, n. two cannon-balls con- 
nected by a short chain : chain-work, n. any sort of 
work in the form of links or rings : chain-rule, in 
arith., a theorem for solving numerical problems 



carrying small buckets. 

chair, n. char (F. chaire, a pulpit: L. cathedra; Gr. 
kathedra, a seat), a movable seat with a support for 
the back ; any seat ; by a metonymy, the person who 
presides at a public assembly ; one of the grooved iron 
blocks resting on the sleepers that secure and support 
the rails of a railway : v. to carry in procession in a 
chair: chair'ing, imp.: chaired, pp. chard: chair- 
man, n. the person that presides over a public or pri- 
vate assembly ; the chief officer of a public company : 
chairmanship, n. the office of a chairman. 

chaise, n. shaz (F. chaise, a pulpit, a chair), a light 
two-wheeled carriage drawn by one horse. 

chalaza, n. kd-ld'zd, or chalaze', n. -Idz' (Gr. chal- 
aza, a small tubercle), in hot., the disc-like scar where 
the nourishing vessels enter the nucleus of the ovule. 

chalcedony, n. kal-sed-O-nl (fromChalcedon, a town 
in Asia Minor), a variety of quartz with some opal 
disseminated through it : chal'cedon'ic, a. -sS-don'lk, 
pert, to : chalcedony*, n. -sed-6-nlks (chalcedony, 
and onyx), a variety of chalcedony. 

chalcolite, n. kdl'ko-lit (Gr. chalkos, copper, and 
lithos, a stone), a mineral occurring in scales of an 
emerald-green colour : chalcography, n. kdl-kog'rd-fl 
(Gr. grapho, I write), engraving on copper : chalcog'- 
rapher, n. one who ; also chalcog'raphist : chalcopy- 
rites, n. plu. kal'ko-pl'-rlts (Gr. chalkos, copper, and 
i union ore of copper. 

Chaldaic.a. kal-da'-ik, or Chal'dee, a. -de(L. chaldazi; 
Gr. chaldaioi, the Chaldeans), pert, to Chaldea: n. 
the language or dialect of the Chaldeans : Chalde'an, 
n. -de'-dn, a native of: adj. pert.-to: Chalda'ism, n. 
-dd'-lzm, anidiom or peculiarity in the Chaldee dialect. 

chalder, n. chawl'der (old F. chauldron, a kettle), in 
Scotland, a dry measure containing nearly eight im- 
perial quarters : chaldron, n. chawl'-dron, a measure 
for coals containing thirty-six bushels. 

chalice, n. chdl'is (It. and F. calice; L. calix, a cup : 
Gr. kulix), a cup or bowl ; a communion-cup : char- 
iced, a. -ist, having a cell or cup. 

chalk, n. chalvk (F. chaulk— from L. calx, lime), a 
soft calcareous stone of a white colour : v. to rub or 
mark with chalk : chalk'ing, imp. : chalked, pp. 
chaivkt : chalk iness, n. : chalk'y, a. -%, like chalk : 
to chalk out, to lay out ; to plan ; to describe: red- 
chalk, a natural clay containing carbonate of iron : 
brown-chalk, a familiar name for umber : black- 
chalk, a variety of drawing-slate : French-chalk, a 
variety of steatite or soapstone. 

challenge, n halanger, to challenge— 

from L. calumniare, to institute an action at law), a 

cow, bdy,fb~bt; pure, tad; chair. 



L CHAN 

call or summons to fight in single combat ; the letter 
or message containing the summons; an exception 
taken to a voter or juror ; the demand of a soldier on. 
sentry : v. to call or summon to fight ; to call to an- 
swer ; to call to prove an assertion ; to take exception 
to a juror : challenging, imp. : challenged, pp. and a. 
-lenjd: challenger, n. one who: challengeable, a. 
■d-bl, that may sailed in question. 

chalybeate, n. kd-llb'-l-dt (L. chalybs; Gr. chalups, 
very hard iron : F. chalybe, chalybeate), medicine or 
water containing a solution of iron : adj. impregnated 
with iron ; having a taste like that of iron : chalybite, 
n. kdl'l-blt, an iron ore— called also sparry or spathose 
iron, carbonate of iron, or siderite. 

Cham, n. kdm, the sovereign prince of Tartary— also 
written Kham. 

chamade, n. shd-mdd' (Port, chamar; L. clamare, to 
call : F. chamade), the beat of a drum or the sound 
of a trumpet inviting an enemy to a parley. 

chamber, n. cham'-ber (F. chambre, a chamber: L. 
camera; Gr. kamara, a vault or arched roof), an 
apartment in a house ; a retired room ; a political or 
commercial body, as a chamber of commerce ; a hol- 
low or cavity ; that part of a gun which contains the 
powder, &c, called the charge; in a mine, the spot 
where the powder is placed: chambering, n. im- 
modest behaviour: cham'bered, a. -bird, consisting 
of chambers or cavities ; divided into cavities : cham- 
berlain, n. -hm{F. chambellan: It. camerlengo), one 
who has the charge of the apartments, &c, of a sover- 
eign or noble ; a servant who has the care of cham- 
bers ; the treasurer of a corporation : cham'berlain- 
ship, n. the office of: cham'ber-maid, n. a woman who 
cleans and arranges bedrooms: chamber practice, 
the practice of a barrister who gives his opinions 
privately or in his chambers. 

chameleon, n. kd-me'll-6n (L. chamceleon; Gr. chamai- 
leon, ground-lion— from chamai, on the ground; lean, 
a lion), an animal of the lizard kind that can change 
the colour of its skin ; in chem., manganate of potass, 
from the changes in colour which its solution under- 
goes. 

chamfer, n. chdm'fer (F. echancrer, to slope or 
slant: Port, chanfrar, to slope, to hollow), a small 
gutter or channel ; a bevel or slope : v. to cut a furrow 
in ; to channel ; to slope ; to wrinkle : cham'fering, 
imp.: cham'fered, pp. -ferd. 

chamois, n. sham'ivd (F. chamois: It. camoscio), a 
kind of goat or antelope ; a soft leather originally 
made from its skin. 

chamomile, n. kCim'6-mil or mil (Gr. chamai, on 
the ground, and melon, an apple), a plant so called 
from the smell of its flowers. 

champ, v. champ (old F. champayer, to feed, to 
graze : Icel. kampa, to chew— from kiammi, a jaw), 
to bite with repeated action of the teeth so as to be 
heard ; to chew ; to devour ; to bite frequently : cham'- 
ping, imp.: champed, pp. chdmpt: cham'per, n. one 
who. 

champagne, n. sh&m-p&n' (F.), a kind of sparkling 
wine from Champagne, in France. 

champaign, n. shdm'pan (L. campus, a plain: It. 
campo: F. champ), a flat open country: adj. level; 

champignon, n. shdm-pln'yong (F.), an edible 
mushroom ; the small mushroom of the fairy rings. 

champion, n. chdm'pi-on (Icel. kapp, contention: 
W. camp, a feat : Sp. campear, to be eminent : Ger. 
kampeln, to dispute), a man who undertakes to de- 
fend the cause of another in combat or otherwise ; one 
who is bold or successful in a contest ; a hero : cham- 
pionship, n. state of being a champion. 

chance, n. chdns (F. chance, chance : L. cadere : Sp. 
caer : Port, cahir, to fall), an unforeseen event ; acci- 
dent ; what fortune may bring ; an opportunity : v. to 
happen ; to occur without design ; to risk : adj. casual : 
chan'cing, imp. : chanced, pp. chdnst. 

chance-medley, n. char mudemeslee— 

from chaud, hot, and mi fight), an acci- 

dental conflict not prepared beforehand ; in law, un- 
intentional homicide in self-defence, or on a sudden 
quarrel. 

chancel, n. chdn'sSl (old F. chancel : L. cancelli, lat- 
tices with which the chancel was enclosed), that part 
in a church where the altar is placed. 

chancellor, n. chdn'sSl-er (F. chancelier : L. cancelli, 
lattices, as anciently sitting behind them), a judge or 
officer in a court who possesses the highest power and 
dignity ; a great officer of state ; the head of a uni- 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



CHAN I 

versity ; a lawyer attached to an ecclesiastical court : 
chancellorship, n.: chan'cery, n. -ser-i, the high 
court of equity in England and Ireland presided 
over by the Lord Chancellor; in Scot, a court for 
registration of charters, patents of dignity, &c. 

chancre, n. shdng'ker (F.), a venereal ulcer: chan- 
crous, a. shdng'krus, ulcerous. 

chandelier, n. shdn-de-ler' (F. a dealer in candles), 
a hanging branched lamp : chandler, n. chdnd'ler 
(Ger. handler, a dealer in small-wares), a maker of 
candles, or dealer in them; a dealer or shopkeeper: 
chand'lery, n. -i, goods sold by a chandler. 

change, n. chanj (F. changer ; It. cambiare, to ex- 
change : Icel. kaupa, to deal), an alteration or varia- 
tion on anything ; a passing from one state or form 
to another ; vicissitude ; variety ; small money : 
change, contracted for exchange, a place where per- 
sons meet for the transaction of business : v. to al- 
ter ; to make different ; to shift ; to put one thing in 
the place of another ; to give one kind of money for 
another; to undergo variation: chan'ging, imp.: 
changed, pp. chanjd: chan'ger, n. one who : change'- 
able, a. -d-bl, fickle ; prone to change : changeability, 
n. -bil'-i-ti: change'ableness.n.: change'ably, ad. -Mi: 
change'ful, a. -fool, full of change ; inconstant : 
changeless, a. constant ; not allowing of alteration : 
changeling, n. a child left in place of another ; a fool ; 
a waverer ; any one apt to change. 

channel, n. chdn'nel (L. canalis, a pipe for water— 
from canna, a reed : It. canale : F. canal), a water- 
course; the hollow or bed of running water; the 
deepest part of a river, harbour, or strait; that through 
which anything passes, as news ; a passage of water 
wider than a strait; a gutter; a furrow: v. to groove; 
to cut or form into a channel: channeling, imp. : 
chan'neled, pp. -neld. 

chant, n. chant (F. chanter; L. cantare, to sing), a 
song ; words recited to musical tones in church ser- 
vice : v. to sing ; to intone the words of a hymn or 
psalm, as in church service ; to make melody with the 
voice : chanting, imp. : chant'ed, pp. : chant'er, n. 
masc. one who : chant'ress, n. fem. one who : chant'- 
icleer', n. -i-cler' (chant, and clear: L. canticularius, a 
singer or chanter), a cock, from the loudness and 
clearness of his tones : chantry, n. chdnt'ri, a chapel 
endowed for the saying or singing of masses for the 
souls of donors or founders. 

chaos, n. kd'os (L. and Gr. chaos, a yawning gulf, 
immense void), the confused mass in which this earth 
is supposed to have existed prior to its being made a 
fit habitation for man ; any mixed and confused mass ; 
confusion ; disorder : chaotic, a. -ot'-lk, confused ; 
thrown together into a vast heap without any order 
or arrangement, 

chap, n. chap (Scot, chap, to strike: Dut. happen, 
to cut, to prune : W. cobio, to strike), a gap or chink ; 
a crack in the hands or feet; the jaw, applied to ani- 
mals {chop); a stroke; a blow: v. to split; to crack, 



chaplain, n. chap-bin. (F. chapelain; It. cappellano, 
a chaplain : low L. capella, a hood), a clergyman at- 
tached to a ship in the navy, to a regiment in the 
army, to a family, &c. : chaplaincy, -si, and chap'- 
lainship, n. the office, station, or business of a chap- 
lain. 

chaplet, n. chdp'let (F. chapelet— from L. caput, the 
head), a garland or wreath encircling the head; a 
string of beads, called a paternoster or rosary, used 
by Roman Catholics to keep count of their prayers ; a 
little moulding carved into beads, &c. 

chapman, n. chdp'mdn (AS. ceap-man, a merchant 
—see cheap), an itinerant dealer; a travelling mer- 
chant. 

chapped, chappy— see chap. 

chapter, n. chap'-ter (F '. chapitre; It. capitolo, head 
or division of a book— from L. caput, the head), the 
division of a book ; an assembly of the dean, canons, 
and prebendaries, or of the dean and canons residen- 
tiary alone, attached to a cathedral. 

chaptrel, n. chap'trel (L. caput, the head), the upper 
part of a pillar that supports an arch. 

char, n. char (Gael, cear, red, blood-coloured), an 
esteemed lake-fish. 

char, v. char (old Eng. chark or chirk, applied to the 
creaking or grating noise which charcoal makes when 
struck together — from AS. cearcian, to creak: F. 
charree, ashes), to burn to a black cinder ; to blacken 
wood by exposure to fire ; to reduce wood to coal or 
carbon by burning it slowly undercover: char'rlng, 
imp.: charred, pp. chard: charcoal, n. -kol, wood 
burnt into carbon, or made black all through like 
coal : animal charcoal, lamp-black derived from oils 
and fat: wood charcoal, from twigs and faggots: 
mineral charcoal or coke, from ordinary pit-coal. 

char or chare, n. char (AS. eyre, a turn : Dut. keeren, 
to turn : Gael, car, a twist), work done by the day ; a 
single job : v. to work at the house of another by the 
day; to do jobs: cha'ring, imp.: chared, pp. chard: 
char-woman, n. a woman that works by the day ; an 
occasional servant. 

character, n. kar'dk-tcr (Gr. c/»iroktvr:L. character: 
F. caractere), a mark cut on any thing ; a mark or fig- 
ure to represent a sound, as a letter or a note in music ; 
a picture to convey an idea ; manner of writing, speak- 
ing, or acting; peculiar qualities in a person; an 
account or representation of the qualities of a person 
or thing ; moral excellence ; reputation : v. to inscribe ; 
to engrave : char'actering, imp. : char'actered, pp. 
-terd -. characterise, v. -iz, to describe by peculiar 
qualities ; to distinguish : char'acteri'sing, imp. : 
char'acterised, pp. -izd: characteristic, n. -is'-tlk, that 
which distinguishes a person or thing from another : 
adj. applied to the principal letter of a word, retained 
in all its derivatives and compounds, or nearly all : 
adj. and char'acteris'tical, a. -tl-kdl, that marks the 
peculiar and di tin us of a person or thing: 

char'acteris'tically, ad. -II: char'acterless, a. without 
any character ; destitute of any distinguishing peculi- 
arity. 

charade, n. shd-rdd' (F. : Norm, charer: Lang, chara, 
to converse), a riddle ; a witty playing on the syllables 
of a word, and then on the word itself. 

charcoal, n.— see char. 

chard, n. chard (F. carde; It. car da; L. carduus. the 
wild and esculent thistle), the leaves or centre stalks of 
artichokes, beet, &c, blanched in their growth. 

charge, n. chdrj (It. caricare; F. charger, to load, to 
place in a car), that which is laid or imposed on; the 
quantity of powder and shot or balls necessary to 
load a gun or cannon ; an onset or attack, as on an 
enemy in battle ; any person, thing, or business in- 
trusted or delivered over to another ; a trust ; exhor- 
tation or instructions by a judge to a jury, or by a 
bishop to his clergy ; a solemn direction or command ; 
accusation or imputation ; the transactions that con- 
stitute a debt ; cost ; expense ; rent or tax on pro- 
perty; the quantity of electricity sent into a coated 
jar : v. to rush on ; to attack ; to load, as a gun ; to 
lay on, as a tax ; to intrust to ; to set down to, as a 
debt ; to blame ; to censure ; to accuse ; to command, 
exhort, or enjoin ; to give directions to, as a judge to 
a jury, or a bishop to his clergy; to fill with the elec- 
trical fluid: char'ging, imp.: charged, pp. chdrjd: 
changer, n. the person who charges ; a war-horse ; a 
large dish: chargeable, a. churj'a-bl, that maybe laid 
upon or charged to ; liable to be charged : charge'- 
ably, ad. -bli: charge'ableness, n. : charge less, a. 

charge d'affaires, n. shar-zha'ddf-far' (F. charge or 
mate, rndt,fdr, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



the hands or feet ; to open in long slits : chapping, 
imp.: chapped, pp. chdpt: chap'py, a. -pi, full of 
chaps. 

chap, n. chap (old E. chuff, fat, full-bodied: AS. 
ceaplas, the chaps, the jaws'), a familiar term for a 
man or boy. 

chape, n. chap (F. chape; It. chiappa; Sp. chapa, 
a small plate of metal), a metal plate at the end 
of a scabbard ; a catch by which a thing is held in 
its place. 

chapeau, n. slxdp-po' (F. ), a hat ; a cap or head-dress. 

. chapel, n. chnp'cl. ( b\ rha,„ Ue : mid. L. capella, ahood, 
the canopy or covering of an altar where mass was 
celebrated— afterwards extended to the recess in a 
church in which an altar dedicated to a saint was 
placed), a subordinate place of public worship ; a 
church; a dissenter's meeting-house: chap'elry, n. 
■rl, the bounds assigned to a chapel. 

chaperon, n. shap'-ir-dng (F. : It. capperone, a cloak 
worn by peasants), a hood or cap ; an elderly female 
attendant on a young lady in public ; any attendant 
and guide: v. to attend as a guide or protector: 
chaperoning, imp. -on-lng: chaperoned, pp. -ond: 
chap'eronage, n. -6n-aj, patronage or protection af- 
forded by a chaperon. 

Chapfallen, a. rhop-J'nTi'l,, (rh,i/>, flic |av. , ami Kill ,/; 

having the lower jaw depressed ; dejected ; dispirited ; 
silenced. 

chapiter, n. chdp'-i-tcr (old F. chapitel; It. capitello 
— from L. caput, the ]i,. ; ,il) flie uppci part or capital 
of a pillar. 



CHAR 

care of matters), one who transacts diplomatic busi- 
ness at foreign courts, in the absence of an ambas- 
sador. 

charily, ad.: chariness, n.— see chary. 

chariot, n. chdr'-l-Ot (F. chariot— from char, a car : L. 
carrus; It. carro, a two-wheeled cart), a light kind of 
coach with a front seat only; a war-coach; a car: 
char ioteer, n. -6-ter, the driver of a war-chariot in 
ancient times. 

charity, n. chdr't-tl (F. charite; It. carita— from L. 
caritas, high regard, high price or value), kindness ; 
love; that disposition of heart which inclines men to 
think well of others, and do them good; liberality to 
the poor ; candour ; an institution for the poor : chari- 
table, a. -td-bl, benevolent in disposition; kind in 
words and actions ; liberal in relieving the necessities 
of the distressed according to ability : charitably, ad. 
■Wf: charitableness, n. -id-bine's. 

charlatan, n. shdr'ld-tdn (F. and Sp.— from Sp. 
charlar, to chatter: It. carlatano, a quack doctor), a 
quack; a prating pretender; a mountebank: char- 
latanlcal, a. -ikdl, making undue pretensions to 
skill ; quackish : charlatanry, n. -rl, quackery ; de- 
ceit: char'latan'ism, n. -izrn. 

Charles's-wain, n. chdrlz'ez-wdn (AS. carles-icaen, 
the churl's or fanner's wain), a familiar name, from 
the shape of their arrangement, of the cluster of seven 
stars in the constellation Ursa Major, or the Great 
Bear. 

charlock, n. chdr'lok (AS. cerlice), a wild plant of 
the mustard family— also called ketlock. 

charm, n. charm (F. charme; It. carme, a charm, a 
spell— from L. carmen, a song), words, figures, or 
things supposed to possess some hidden or mysterious 
power; anything supposed to possess a magic power 
or spell; that which can subdue or delight: v. to sub- 
due or control ; to exercise irresistible power over ; to 
please or delight greatly ; to yield exquisite pleasure 
to the mind or senses ; to fortify against evil : char- 
ming, imp. : adj. pleasing in the highest degree 



charnel, a. chdr'nil (F. charnier, a churchyard— 
from L. caro, flesh— gen. carnis), containing flesh or 
carcasses : charnel-house, n. a place in some burial- 
grounds where the bones of the dead are stored up ; 
a burial-ground where too many dead are interred. 

Charon, n. kd'ron, in fabulous history, the son of 
Erebus (darkness) and Nox (night), who was em- 
ployed to ferry the souls of the dead over the waters 
of Acheron and Styx. 

chart, n. ch&rt (L. charta, paper: Gr. chartes: It. 
carta : F. carte), a, map of any part of a sea or river for 
the use of navigators ; the representation of a ship's 
course ; a map : chart'less, a. without a chart : 
charta'ceous, a. -td'shus, in bot., resembling paper; 
thin; flexible: charter, n. chdr'-ter, any written pa- 
per or document conferring privileges or confirming 
rights ; privilege ; exemption : v. to hire or let a ship 
under a written agreement : chaptering, imp.: chap- 
tered, pp. -terd : charter-party, n. the written agree- 
ment regarding the hire of a vessel and its freight, of 
which two copies are written: Magna-Charta, mug' 
vd-kdr'td (L. great charter), the great charter of Eng- 
lish liberties obtained from King John, A.D. 1215: 
Chartist, n. char'tist, one of a body of political agita- 
tors who demand certain radical changes in the govern- 
ment : Char'tism, n. -tlzm, the political opinions and 
principles of the Chartists : chartographer, n. chdr- 
tog'rd-fer (L. charta, paper, and Gr. grapho, I deli- 
neate, I write), a constructor of charts or sea-maps : 
char'tographlc, a. -to-graf'-lk, relating to charts. 

charwoman, n. : char'work— see char. 

chary, a. chdr'l (AS. cearig, careful : Dut. karigh, 
sparing, niggard : Ger. karg, niggardly), careful ; 
cautious; frugal: charily, ad. -II: char'iness, n. cau- 
tion; nicety. 

chase, n. chds— sometimes spelt chace (F. chasser; 
Sp. cazar, to hunt), eager or vehement pursuit ; hunt- 
ing; an earnest seeking after, as pleasure, fame, &c. ; 
the thing sought for or hunted ; open ground or re- 
treat for the larger game: v. to pursue eagerly; to 
drive away ; to follow eagerly after, as pleasure, profit, 
&c. : cha'sing, imp.: chased, pp. chast: chaser, n. one 
who: chase able, a. -d-bl, that may be chased: chase- 
gun, a gun placed at the bow or stem of a vessel. 






cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, 



3 CHEC 

chase, v. chds{F. chasse, a shrine for a relic: contr. 
of enchase), to work or emboss plate as silversmiths 
do : cha sing.imp. : n.the art of embossing or repi csent- 
ing figures on metals: chased, pp. chdst. 

chase, n. chds (F. chasse— from L. capsa, a box, a 
case), an iron frame in which to confine types. 

chasm, n. kdzm (Gr. and L. chasma, a gaping or 
wide opening), a deep gap or opening in the earth, or 
between rocks; a void space: chasmed, a. kdzmd, 
having gaps or deep openings : chas'my, a. -ml, full of 
chasms. 

chasseurs, n. shds-sers' (F. a huntsman— from chas- 
ser, to hunt), horse or foot soldiers trained for rapid 
movements. 

chaste, a. chdst (F. chaste— from L. castus, pure: 
Pol. czysty, clean, pure : It. casto), pure ; undented ; 
in language, free from barbarous or affected words 
and phrases ; refined in expressions ; in works of art, 
pure in taste or design ; not vulgar in style : chastely, 
ad. -ll: chaste'ness, n. : chastity, n. chds'tl-tl, purity 
of body and of speech. 

chasten, v. chds'-n (F. chdtier, to correct— from L. 
castigare, to correct), to correct; to punish for the 
purpose of reclaiming an offender; to afflict in any 
way; to purify: chastening, imp. chas'nlng ■. chast- 
ened, pp. chds'-nd: chas'tener, n. -ner: chastise, v. 
chds-tiz', to punish or correct with the rod ; to inflict 
a pain as punishment for an offence ; to correct or 
purify in any way : chasti'sing, imp. : chastised', pp. 
-i\zd': chasti'ser, n. onewfco: chasti sable, a. -sdbl: 
chastisement, n. chds'tiz-mSnt, correction; punish- 
ment. 

chat, n. chdt (It. gazzolare, to chat or chatter: Ma- 
lay, kata, to speak : an imitative word), familiar talk ; 
idle conversation : v. to converse in a familiar easy 
way ; to talk idly : chat'ting, imp. : chat'ted, pp. : 
chat'ty, a. -ti, talkative : chatter, v. chdt'ter, to utter 
sounds rapidly, as a monkey ; to talk idly or careless- 
ly ; to rattle the teeth, as in shivering : n. the rapid 
sounds, as of a monkey: chat'tering,imp.n.: chat'ter- 
ed, pp. -terd: chatterer, n. one who: chat'terbox, n. 
one that talks idly and incessantly. 

chateau, n. shd-to" (F.), a castle; a country seat; 
plu. chateaux', -toz'-. chatelet, n. shdt'-e-ld, a little 
castle ; the common jail and session-house in Paris. 

chattels, n. chat'-tls (F. chatel; oldF. chaptel, apiece 
of movable property— from mid. L. captale, the prin- 
cipal, as distinguished from interest), goods in gene- 
ral, with the exception of land— anciently applied to 
cattle, as being the principal wealth of the country. 

chauffer, n. chdf-fer (F. chauffer, to heat), a small 
furnace ; a round box of sheet-iron for containing a 
fire, open at the top, with a grating near the bottom. 

cheap, a. chep (AS. ceap, cattle, price : Goth, kau- 
pon, to deal: Icel. kaupa, to buy: Dut. koopen; Ger. 
kaufen, to buy), low in price for the quality ; not dear 
as prices go ; common or little in value : cheaply, 
ad. -II : cheap'ness, n. : cheapen, v. chep'n, to lessen 
in value: cheapening, imp. -ning: cheap'ened, pp. 
-end: cheap'ener, n. -ner. 

cheat, v. chet (see escheat— the escheators or cheat- 
ers were officers appointed to look after the king's 
escheats, giving many opportunities of oppressioa— 
hence cheater came to signify a fraudulent person), 
to deceive and defraud ; to impose on ; to trick : n. a 
fraud committed by deception ; a trick of dishonesty ; 
an imposition or imposture ; one who cheats : cheat'- 
ing.imp.: cheat'ed, pp.: cheat'er.n. onewho: cheat'- 
ingly, ad. -II. 

check, n. chSk (F. ichec, a repulse, a rebuke— a meta- 
phor taken from the game of chess, when a player is 
stopped by receiving check to his king), stop ; restraint ; 
continued restraint; curb; that which stops or con- 
trols ; a term in chess ; a pass, ticket, or token ; cloth 
woven in squares of different colours : v. to stop ; ts- 
restrain ; to moderate ; to chide or reprove ; to con- 
trol ; to compare and examine papers or accounts to 
ascertain their accuracy— (to check an account, in the 
sense of ascertaining its correctness, is derived from 
the Court of Exchequer, where accounts were compared 
and corrected by means of counters upon a checked 
cloth): checking, imp. : checked, pp. chekt: check'er, 
-er, n. one who, or that which : checkered, a. -erd, as 
checkered cloth, cloth consisting of squares or stripes 
of different colours : checkless, a. uncontrollable ; vio- 
lent : checker or chequer, v. -er (from the squares of 
a chessboard), to variegate by cross lines ; to form 
into squares like a chessboard by lines or stripes ; to 
diversify; to vary or mix with different qualities, 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



CHED 8 

scenes, or events : checkering, imp. : checkered, pp. 
•erd: adj. crossed with good and bad fortune in the 
career of life : check'mate, n. -mat (Pers. shah-mat, 
king dead), a movement that finishes a game of chess : 
v. to hinder from moving and so to finish ; to defeat ; 
to overthrow : check'mating, imp. : check'mated, pp. : 
check'ers, n. plu. device of alternate white and black 
squares used as a tavern sign : check'erwork, work 
having a pattern of squares varied alternately in col- 
ours or materials : check-roll, a list of servants in a 
household: check'string, a cord by which the occu- 
pant of a carriage may arrest the attention of the 

Cheddar, n. chSd-der, a kind of cheese manufactured 
at Cheddar, in England. 

cheek, n. chek (AS. ceac, the cheek, the jaw: Dut. 
kaecke, the jaw), the side of the face below either eye : 
cheek-by-jowl (AS. geagl, a jaw, a jowl), nearness; 
closeness ; side by side : cheek-bone, n. bone of the 
cheek : cheeks, n. plu. two upright, equal, and similar 
parts of any piece of timber-work ; the two solid parts 
upon the sides of a mortise ; the projection on each 
side of a mast. 

cheep, v. chep (an imitative word), to make a shrill 
noise like a young chicken : cheep'ing, imp.: cheeped, 
pp. chept. 

cheer, v. cher (prov. Sp. car a; old F. chiere; It. cera, 
the countenance : F. chere, the face, favour, entertain- 
ment), to receive with shouts of joy; to applaud; to 
comfort ; to gladden ; to infuse life into ; to encour- 
age ; to become gladsome : n. a joyful shout ; applause ; 
mirth; provisions for a feast: cheering, imp.: adj. 
animating; encouraging: cheered, pp. cherd: cheer'- 
ingly, ad. -II: cheerily, ad. -Ml, with spirit: cheerful, 
a. cher'fdbl, lively ; in good spirits ; full of life : cheer' - 



dispiriting : cheerlessly, ad. -ll : cheerlessness, n. : 
cheer'er, n. one who : cheer'y, a. -I, gay ; sprightly : 
cheer up, to become cheerful ; to enliven. 

cheese, n. chez (AS. cese, curdled milk: L. caseus, 
cheese : Fin. kasa, a heap), the curd of milk pressed 
into a mass of various shapes and sizes, and suffered 
to dry : cheesy, a. che'zl, having the taste or form of 
cheese: cheese'cake, n. a sweet cake: cheese-press, 
n. and cheese-vat, n. the one for pressing and the 
other for holding the curd to be formed into a cheese : 
cheesemonger, n. -mung'ger, one who deals in or sells 
cheese. 

cheetah, n. che'-td, the hunting leopard of India. 

chef-d'oeuvre, n. shef-do'vr or shu- (F.), a master- 
piece ; a very fine work of art. 

chegoe, n. chSg'6 (of Peruvian origin: Sp. chico, 
small), in tropical countries, a small insect that enters 
the skin of the feet in man; also written chigger, 
chlg'ger : chigoe, chlg'O : jigger, jlg'ger : chigre, 



ipis, a scale), a fossil fish having lozenge - shaped 
scales, and a great development of its pectoral and 
ventral fins : cheiroptera, n. plu. kl-rop'ter-d (Gr. 
pteron, a wing), the systematic name for bats and the 
bat-kind: cheirop'ter, n. one of the cheiroptera: 
cheirop'terous, a. -us, pert, to : cheiru'rus, n. -ro'rus 
(Gr. oura, a tail), in geol, a genus of Lower Silurian 
trilobites, so termed from their tail presenting four or 
five finger-like spines. 

chelae, n. plu. ke'le (Gr. chele, a claw), applied par- 
ticularly to the bifid claws or pincers of the crustace- 
ans, &c: chelif'erous, a. -Uf'er-us (L. ferre, to bear), 
having claws as a crab: cheliform, a. kel'l-fawrm 
(I* forma, a shape), having the form of a claw: che- 
late, a. ke'ldt, having chelae or two-cleft claws. 

chelonian, n. ke-lo-nl-dn (Gr. chelone, the tortoise), 
pert, to the chelonia or tortoise and turtle tribe. 

chemical, a.— see chemistry. 

chemise, n. shS-mez' (F.: Sp. camisa, a chemise), an 
undergarment worn by females; a shift; awalllining 
any earthwork in order to support it: chemisette, 
shem-l-zet' , an under waistcoat for a female. 

chemistry, n. k&m'ls-trl (Ar. kvnvia ; th< <j ■■< ni; ;,-;-. 
Gr. chumos, juice: lt.chimica: P. chimie), I "< ■ :; •■!■■ ■> >< ■■■-. 
that ascertains the nature and constituent parts of 
any body, investigates the laws that regulate the 
action of bodies on each other, and determines in what 
proportion their elements unite : chemical, a. -l-kdl, 
pert, to chemistry : chemically, ad. -ll : chemist, n. 



CHIA 

skilled in chemistry : chemicals, n. plu. -kdls, 
substances used for producing chemical effects : oi - - 
ganic chemistry, that which treats of the substance:; 
which form the structure of animals or vegetables, and 
their products: inorganic chemistry, that which 
treats of the substances which form mineral bodies : 
practical or applied chemistry, that which treats of 
the products of chemistry useful in the arts, and for 
economical purposes: pure chemistry, that which 
treats of the elemental constitution of substances, and 
of the laws of combination. 

cheque, n. chek (see check), an order for money on 
a banker, to be paid on demand. 

cherish, v. cher'ish (F. cherir, to love dearly, to 
cherish), to treat with tenderness and affection; to 
foster ; to protect and aid ; to harbour in the mind, as 
feelings oi ill-will : cherishing, imp.: n. support; en- 
couragement: cherished, pp. -isht: adj. comforted; 
fostered : cherlsher, n. one who : cher'ishingly, ad. -ll. 

cheroot, n. she-rot' ', a kind of cigar. 

cheropotamus, n. ker'o-pot'd-mus (Gr. choiros, a 
hog, and potamos, a river), a fossil animal very closely 
related to the hog family. 

„v.„,~~ ,, „j,js..?^* it r.^..„ :vs . -p. ctrise: Ger. kirsche), 



a well-known fruit, consisting of a pulp surrounding 
a pip or kernel: adj. ruddy: cherry-pit, n. a child's 
play: cherry-brandy, bi berries have 



been steeped : cherry-stone, the hard kernel of the 
cherry. 

Chersonese, n. ker'so-nez (Gr. chersos, land ; and 
nesos, an isle), a tract of land, of any extent, nearly 
surrounded by water ; a peninsula. 

chert, n. chert (W. cellt, flintstone ; a probable cor- 
ruption of quartz), an impure flinty rock resembling 
some varieties of flint and hornstone ; a limestone so 
silicious as to be worthless for the limekiln, is said to 
be cherty: cherly, a. -tl, flinty. 

cherub, n. chSr'ub, plu. cher'ubs or cher'ubim (Heb. 



a heavenly being : cher'ubic, adj. -o'o-bik, also cheru'- 
bical, a. -Ml, angelic : cher'ubim, n. plu. -db-blm (Heb. 
plu. of cherub), angels; heavenly beings. 

cherup, v. cher'up (for chirp), to twitter ; to make a 
noise as a bird : n. a short, sharp noise : cher'upping, 
imp. : cher'upped, pp. -upt. 

chesible, n. chez'l-U, or chasuble, chdz'db-bl, a 
Roman priest's garment. 

chess, n. ches (F. echec; It. scacco; Sp. xaque ; Ger. 
schach — from the cry of check : Pers. schach, a king), 
a game played on a board divided into sixty-four 
squares : chess-board, the board used in the game of 
chess : chess-player, one skilled in the game of chess. 

chessil-bank, cMs'sl-bdnk (Ger. kiesel, a pebble), the 
shifting pebble -beach extending from Portland to 
Abbotsbury, on the southern coast of England. 

chest, n. chest (AS. cist: Ger. kasten: L. cista), a 
large box ; the breast or thorax ; a certain quantity of 
goods, as tea : v. to lay in a chest ; to hoard : chesting, 
imp.: chest'ed, pp. : adj. having a chest ; placed in a 
chest : chest of drawers, a case of movable boxes, 
called drawers. 

chestnut, n. ch&s'nut (F. chastagne: Dut. kastanie: 
Ger. kesten), the seed or nut of a large forest-tree: 
adj. of a bright-brown colour ; also chesnut. 

chetah, n. che'td—see cheetah. 

cheval-de-frise, n. she-vdl'dS-frez': chevaux-de- 
frise', n. plu. she-vo"- (F. cheval, a horse ; /rise, any- 
thing curled), a long piece of timber pierced by wood- 
en spikes four or six feet long, pointed with iron, 
which cross each other, used to fill a breach or to hin- 
der the advance of cavalry. 

chevalier, n. shSv'd-ler (F.— from cheval, a horse), a 
horseman ; a knight ; a gallant young man. 

chevron, n. cMv'ron (F. : Sp. cabrio, a rafter), a fig- 
ure of two rafters meeting at the top ; a term in her- 
aldry ; a variety of fret ornament, called also zigzag ; 
the badge on the coat-sleeve of a non-commissioned 
officer : chev'roned, a. -rond, having a chevron. 

chew, v. cho (AS. ceowan, to chew— from ceac, the 
jaw : Dut. kauwen, to chew— from kauive, the jaw), to 
crush with the teeth; to masticate: chewing, imp.: 
chewed, pp. chdd: chew the cud, to eat the food over 
again, as a cow ; to think ; to meditate. 

Chian, a. kl'dn, pert, to Chios, an island in the 



mate, mdt./dr, lav:; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, mCve; 



CHIA 

chiasma, n. klds'md (Gr. chiasmos, a marking with 
the letter X. a cut crosswise), in anat., the central body 
of nervous matter formed by the junction and the 
crossing of the fibres of the ■ .j.tic nerves. 

chiastolite, n. kids'to-llt (Gr. chiastos, marked with 
the Greek letter X, or cleft, and lithos, a stone), a mine- 
ral, so called from the resemblance of the lines on the 
summits of the crystals to the Greek letter X- 

chibougue, n. chl-bobk' (Turk., with F. spelling), a 
Turkish tobacco-pipe. 

chicane, n. shl-kdn', or chicanery, n. -ner-l (F. chican- 
er, to wrangle or pettifog it— from chique, originally 
a jag or rag, a lump of bread), mean or unfair artifices 
to obscure the truth; trick; sophistry; wrangling: 
v. to use shifts or artifices ; chicaning, imp.: chicaned, 
pp. -kdnd.- chicaner, n. one who. 

chick, n. chlk, or chicken, n. -en (imitative of the 
cry: Dut. kieken; AS. cicen, a chicken: Hung, tyuk, 
a hen), the young of the domestic cock and hen ; a 
child ; a word of endearment : chicken-hearted, a. 
timid ; cowardly ; fearful : chicken-pox, n. a mild 
eruptive disease among children : chick-weed, a com- 
mon wild plant with white blossoms : chickling, n. 
a small chick : chick-pea, a variety of pea or vetch. 

chicory, n. chik'or-l (F. chicorie; It. cicoriu; L. 
cichorium, chicory or endive), a plant with a root like 
the carrot, the root of which cleaned, dried, roasted, 
and ground, is extensively used to mix with coffee. 

chide, v. chfd (AS. cidan, to scold: Swiss kiden, to 
resound as a bell), to reprove by words ; to scold at ; 
to rebuke; to quarrel: chiding, imp.: chid, pt. chid, 
or chode, pt. chod: chidden or chid, pp. chid- a : chi- 
dingly, ad. -ll: chider, n. chl'-der, one who. 

chief, a. chef (F. chef, the head, or highest point : 
It. capo— from L. caput, the head : Ger. kopf; Dut. 
cop, a cap, a head), highest ; principal ; the most emi- 
nent or distinguished ; the most important; first: n. 
a commander or leader; the head man of a clan, or 
tribe, or family: chiefly, ad. -II, especially; mainly; 
principally; in the first place : chief less, a. without a 
leader : chieftain, n. -tan, a leader ; the head of a clan 
or family: chieftaincy, -si, and chieftainship, n. 
the government over a clan : chief -justice, the prin- 
cipal judge of a court. 

chiffonier, n. shlf-fO-ner' (F. chiffnnnier, a rag- 
picker—from chiffon, a rag), a rag-picker; a kind of 
cupboard for holding scraps. 

chigoe, n. chlg-6—see chegoe. 

chilblain, n. chll'bldn (chill and Main), an inflam- 
matory sore on the skin produced by cold. 

child, n. child, plu. children, chil'drdn (AS. cild, 
phi. cildra : Dut. and Ger. kind, a child), a son or 
daughter ; an infant or very young person ; one weak 
in knowledge or experience of the world: plu. off- 
spring ; descendants ; the inhabitants of a country : 
childhood, n. the time in which persons are children: 
childish, a. like a child; trifling; ignorant ; silly: 
childishly, ad. -ll: childishness, n. the qualities of a 
child in regard to conduct ; simplicity ; weakness of 
mind : childless, a. without children : childlessness, 
n.: childlike, a,: child'-bearing, the act of producing 
or bringing forth children : child-bed, the state of a 
woman bringing forth a child : child-birth, the act of 
bringing forth a child ; travail : child's-play, trifling 
contest ; light work. 

childe, n. child (from child), formerly a noble youth : 
childermas-day, n. chll'der-mds, a feast of the Church 
held on 28th December, in remembrance of the chil- 
dren slain at Bethlehem by Herod — called usually 
Innocent's Day. 

chiliad, n. kil'l-Od (Gr. chilias, a thousand), 1000 
years. 

chill, a. chll (AS. cyU, cool : Sp. chillar, to crackle : 
low Ger. killen, to smart), moderately cold ; tending to 
cause shivering ; not warm ; cool : n. a cold ; a shiv- 
ering with cold ; the sensation of cold ; a depressing 
influence or sensation : v. to cause a shivering ; to 
check the circulation of the blood ; to make cold ; to 
blast with cold; to deject: chilling, imp. : adj. caus- 
ing to shiver: chilled, pp. child: chillingly, ad. -ll: 
chilly, a. -ll, rather cold : chilliness, n. -li-nes, sensa- 
tion of shivering; cold: chill'ness, n. -nSs, coldness. 

chillies, n. plu. chll'-liz (Sp. chili), the pods of the 
Cayenne or Guiana pepper. 

Chiltern Hundreds, n. plu. chll'tern hiin'drgdz, a 
hilly district in Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire, 
England, belonging to the Crown, to winch a nominal 
office is attached, called the "Stewardship of the 
Chiltern Hundreds," which a member of the House 



) CHIS 

of Commons accepts when he wishes to vacate his 
seat. 

chime, n. chlm (imitative of a loud, clear souDS : 
Fin. kimia, acute, sonorous), the musical harmony 
produced by striking a set of bells with hammers ; a 
set of bells timed to the musical scale, and struck by 
hammers acted on by clockwork : v. to sound in 
harmony or accord ; to agree with ; to cause to sound 
in harmony : chiming, imp. : chimed, pp. chimd. 

chimera, n. kl-me'-rd (L. chimara, a monstrous 
beast: Gr. chimaira), a vain or idle fancy; a creature 
of the imagination only: chimerical, a. -mSr'l-kal, 
merely imaginary ; vainly or wildly conceived : that 
can have no existence except in thought: chimer'- 
ically, ad. -ll. 

chimney, n. chhn'nl, plu. chimneys, -nlz (F. chemi- 
nee: It. camminata, a hall: low L. caminata, an 
apartment with a fireplace), a funnel or passage up- 
wards in a wall for the escape of smoke or heated air : 
chimney-flue or vent, the passage from the fireplace 
upwards for the escape of the smoke or heated air: 
chimney-sweep, one who cleans chimneys: chimney- 
piece, an ornamental frame of wood or stone round a 
fireplace. 

chimpanzee, n. chlm'pdn-ze, one of the higher apes 
of Africa, 

chin, n. chin (AS. cinne; Dut. kinne, the jaw, the 
cheek: Gr. genus, the jaw, the chin), the part of the 
face below the under lip : chin'cough, n. -kof (Dut. 
kinkhoest— from kind;, >>, to wheeze), hooping-cough. 

china, n. chi'-nd, a fire kind of earthenware, ori- 
ginally from China: adj. of or from China: china- 
shop, a shop for the sale of china-ware, &c. : a bull 
in a china shop, strength and violence unresisted : 
Chinese, a. chi-nez', of China : n. the language or inha- 
bitants : china-aster, n. -ds't&r (Gr. aster, a star), one 
of a genus of plants having compound flowers : china- 
clay, the finer varieties of pottery-clay, called kaolin : 
china-stone, the decomposed granites yielding the 
china-clay or kaolin of commerce. 

chinchilla, n. chln-chll'ld, a small S. Amer. rodent 
animal, whose soft fur is used for muffs, &c. 

chine, n. chin (F. echine, the back-bone: W. cefn, a 
ridge), the back-bone of an animal; a piece of the 
back-bone, with adjacent parts, cut from an animal 
for cooking ; part of the water-way of a ship : v. to cut 
into chine pieces: chi'ning, imp.: chined, pp. do ml. 

chink, n. chlngk (AS. cinan, to gape : Dut. klincken, 
to clink or sound sharp), a small rent, cleft, or open- 
ing lengthwise ; a crack or gap, as in a wall : v. to 
crack ; to make a small sharp sound with a piece of 
money or metal : chink'ing, imp. : chinked, pp. 
chingkt; chink'y, a. -kl, full of chinks or long small 
gaps. 

chinse, v. chins, to push oakum or tow into the 
chinks or seams between a ship's planking : chin'sing, 
imp. : chinsed, pp. chlnst. 

chinte or chintz, n. chlnts (Hind, chhint, spotted 
cotton cloth : Dut. chitz), cotton cloth printed in more 
than two colours. 

chip, n. chip (Swiss, kide, a twig: W. cedys, fagots 
of small wood : Ger. kippen, to clip or pare), a small 
piece of a body cut or broken off; a fragment : v. to 
cut into small pieces ; to cut or break off small pieces ; 
to hew : chip 'ping, imp.: n. a piece cut or broken off: 
chipped, pp. chlpt. 

chiragra, n. kl-rd'grd (L.— from Gr. cheir, the hand; 
agra, a catching), gout in the hand. 

chirography, n. kl-rog'rd-fi (Gr. cheir, the hand ; 
graphe, a writing), the art of writing : chirographic, 
a. -ro-grdf'ik, pert, to : chirog'rapher, n. -rd-fer, also 
chirog'raphist, -fist, one who : chirol'ogy, n. -rol'6-jl 
(Gr. logos, discourse), art of talking with the hands : 
chirol'ogist, n. -gist, one who: chi'roman'cy, n. -ro- 
mdn'-sl (Gr. m a in), the art of foretelling 

events or the dispositions of persons by inspecting the 
lines of the hands : chi'roman'tic, a. -tlk, pert to : 
chi'roman'cer, n. -sir, one who ; also chi'roman'tist, 
n. -«s«.-chi'roplast,n. -/ ■:"<«, to shape), 

in music, an instrument to teach fingering : chirop'o- 
dist, n. -rop'o-dlst (Gr. cheir, the hand, and poda, the 
feet ; or Gr. keiro, I clip or pare), a corn or wart doctor. 

.'_.■..-.'.' word: Sp. chirriar, to 

chirp : Norm, charer, to chatter), a particular sound, 
uttered by birds or insects : v. to make a noise, as the 
cry of small birds : chirping, imp. : chirped, pp. 
chirpt : ehirp'er, n. one who : chirp'ingly, ad. -ll. 



coiv, 'boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, t 



cms 8 

a cutting instrument or tool of iron or steel, used by 
masons, joiners, and sculptors : v. to cut ; to pare ; to 
carve or engrave with a chisel: chis'eling, imp.: 
chis'eled, pp. -eld : chis'eler, n. one who : derivatives 

al-.o ;:peil, Yv'li.il //,, :t.\ fli.ir.il I • ml , r/urrl/n I , ,':.,'. 

Chisleu, n. kis'16 (Heb. chisleu), the ninth month of 
the Jewish year, beginning with the new moon of our 
December. 

chit, n. chit (Swiss hide, a twig : prov. Eng. chits, the 
first sprouts of anything : It. citto, a little dirty boy), 
a shoot or sprout ; a lively child : chit'ty, a. -ti, child- 
ish ; like a babe : chit-chat, n. -chat, prattle ; familiar 
talk. 

chitine, n. kl'-tin (Gr. chiton, a coat of mail), the 
hardening substance of the covering of insects: ciii'tin- 
ous, a. -ms, consisting of or having the nature of chi- 
tine : chi'ton, n. -ton, a mollusc with a many-jointed 
shell covering its back— also found fossil : chi'tonellus, 
n. -61'lus (dim. of chiton), a sub-generic form of chiton, 
flistinguishecl bj I lie form of the plates. 

chitterlings, n. plu. chit'-ter --lings (prov. Eng. chit- 
ter, to twitter, then to shiver), the small entrails of 
swine, from their wrinkled appearance. 

chivalry, n. shiv'dl-rl, or chiv'- (P. chevalerie— from 
h im • Ik. i i ) i i in . "' lilhood; valour; 

the body or order of knights : chiv'alric, a. -rih, par- 
taking of the character of chivalry or knighthood : 
chiv'alrous, a. -rus, warlike; bold; gallant: chiv'al- 
rously, ad. -li. 

chives, n. plu. chivz (F. cive, small onions without 
bulbs ; cheveler, to put forth a small root), small onions 
growing in tufts ; in hot., slender threads or filaments 



il envelope : chlamyd' 

chloral, n. klo'-ral (see chlorine), a liquid formed 
from chlorine and alcohol. 

chlorine, n. klo'-rln (Gr. chloros, grass - green), a 
greenish - yellow gas possessing great power as a 
bleacher : chloric, a. klor'-ik, of or from chlorine : 
chloride, n. idor'-id, a compound of chlorine with a 
metal or othei elementary substance: chlorid'ic, a. 
-ik, pert, to chloride : chlorite, n. klo'rit, a soft friable 
mineral, allied in character to talc and mica, and so 
called from its greenish colour: chlorit'ic, a. -rlt'-lk. 
pert, to : chloritic sand, any sand coloured green by 
chlorite, generally applied to the greensand of the 
chalk formation: chloridate, v. klor-i-dat, to treat or 
prepare with a chloride, as a plate for the purposes of 
photography : chloride of lime, a combination of lime 
and chlorine, used in bleaching and as a disinfectant : 
chlor'ate, n. -at, a salt of chloric acid with a base: 
chlorous, a. klo-rus, noting an acid which contains 
equal parts of chlorine and oxygen. 

chloroform, n. kldr-6-fawrm (Gr. chloros, grass- 
green, and formyle ; L. formica, an ant), a volatile 
liquid remarkable for 1 bi i property ol producing insen- 



chlorophseite, n. klO'-r6-fS'-i t (Gr. chloros, grass-green, 
and phaios, brown, in allusion to the change of colour 
produced by exposure), a soft earthy mineral of an 
olive -green colour, changing to blackish - brown : 
chlo'rophane, n. -fan (Gr. phaino, I shine), a variety 
of fluor-spar, exhibiting a bright - green phospho- 
rescent light when heated: chlo'rophyll, n. -fil (Gr. 
phullon, a leaf), the colouring matter in plants, espe- 
cially in their leaves. 

chlorosis, n. klo-rO'-sls (Gr. chloros, green), a disease 
of young females; greensickness; in bot., etiolation: 
chlorot'ic, a. -rot'ik, pert, to or affected with chlorosis : 
chlo'ros, -ros, in hot., green: in composition, chloro. 

choanites, n. plu. ko'a-nlts (Gr. choane, a funnel), 
in geol., a genus of spongiform zoophytes occurring in 
the chalk formation. 

chock-full,, a. chok'-fdbl or chuck- (Swab, schoch, a 
heap; geschoppt-voll, crammed full), full up to the 
brim ; full to overflowing. 

chocolate, n. chok-6-lat (F. chocolat: Sp. chocolate: 
Mexican, cacualt, cacao), a powder or paste prepared 
from the kernels of Un ca.cao-nub. u:;< d in making the 
beverage so called. 

choice, n. choys (F. choix— from choisir, to choose), 
the determination of f he nii]«i in preferring one thing 
to another; option; the thing chosen; election: adj. 



CHOR 

select ; precious ; very good, or best ; selecting with 
much care: choice'less, a.: choicely, ad. -li: cnoice- 
- ess, n. -nes. 

choir, n. kwir (F. chozur— from L. chorus-. Gr. choros, 
a dance in a ring, a company of singers), a band of 
singers in a church , the. place in i he church where they 
sing: chorus, n. ko'-rus, a number of singers singing 
together ; the part of a song repeated at the end of 
every verse : cho'ral, a. -rul, pert, to what can be sung 
by a choir: chorally, ad. -li: cho'rist and chorister, 
n. kor'is-ter, one who sings in a choir. 

choke, v. chok (Icel. kok, the throat; koka, to swal- 
low: W. ceg, the throat; cr.gu., to swallow), to stop the 
passage of the breath by filling the windpipe with 
some body, or by compressing or squeezing the throat ; 
to smother or suffocate; to obstruct or block up; to 
hinder: cho'king, imp. : adj. suffocating: choked, pp. 
chokt -. cho'ker, n. one who : choke-damp, n. the car- 
bonic acid gas of mines : cho'ky, a. -ki, tending to 
choke: choke'-full, a.— see chock-full, which is the 
proper spelling. 

choler, n. kol'-er (Gr. and L. cholera— from Gr. kole, 
bile, and rheo, I flow), the bile, the flow of which was 
supposed to cause anger, or the redness of face in 
anger ; anger ; wrath ; irascibility : chol'era, n. -a, bil- 
ious vomiting and purging— the milder form of the 
disease is called cholera-morbus ; the malignant form 
is called Asiatic cholera : chol'era'ic, a. -a-ik, pert, to 
the disease cholera : chol'eric, a. -ik, easily irritated ; 
irascible ; excited by anger. 

cholesterine, n. k6-les'-ter-in (Gr. chole, bile, and 
stear, tallow or fat), a substance having the properties 
of fat, found principally in bile. 

chondrine, n. kon'drin (Gr. chondros, cartilage or 
gristle, a grain), a substance resembling gelatine, pro- 
duced by the action of hot water on gristle : chondro- 
dite, n. kon'-dro-dlt, one of the gems, occurring in 
grains of various shades of yellow and red: chon- 
drol'ogy, n. -drdl-o-ji (Gr. logos, discourse), a treatise 



chondrites, n. plu. kdn'drits (L. chondrus, a kind of 
sea-weed), fossil marine plants resembling the Irish 
moss of our own shores. 

choose, v. ch6z (AS. ceosan: Goth, kiusan: Dut. 
kiesen), to select ; to take by preference ; to have the 
power to take ; to adopt ; to follow : chose, pt. choz : 
choosing, imp. chdz'-ing: choos'er, n. one who : chosen, 
pp. ch6z'-n. 

chop, n. ch8p (Scot, chap, to strike; choppe, a 
blow; to chap hands, to strike hands: Icel. kaup ; 
Scot, coup, to buy and sell, to exchange), a pie«e cut 
or struck off; a piece of meat: v. to cut off or sepa- 
rate by the blow, or repeated blows, of a sharp instru- 
ment ; to cut into small pieces ; to mince ; to barter 



stick, n. a Chinese instrument for feeding. 

chop, n. ch6p, chops, plu. (AS. ceaplas, the chaps or 
jaws : Wallon. chiffe, the cheek ; chofe, smack on the 
chops: Gael, gob, the beak, the mouth— see chap), 
the sides of the mouth of a river or of a channel ; the 



chap or jaw : v. to vary or turn ; to shift suddenly, £ 
the wind chops or chops about: chop'ping, imp.: 
chopped, pp. chdpt: chop-fallen, a. cast down in 



spirits ; dejected : chops, n. plu. the jaws. 

chopin, n. chop-in (F. chopine; Ger. schoppen, sl 
liquid measure), in Scot., a liquid measure containing 
a quart. 

choral, &c— see choir. 

chord, n. kawrd (L. chorda: Gr. chorde, an intestine 
of which strings arc made), the string of a musical 
instrument ; notes in harmony ; a straight line joining 
the two ends of the arc of a circle : v. to string a mu- 
sical instr. : chord'ing, imp.: chord'ed, pp. strung. 

chore, n. k6r, for char, which see. 

chorea, n. M-rr'n (fir. rhorna, a dance), in med., St 
Vitus's dance ; a disease attended with constant 
l.wif.ehings ol' the voluntary muscles. 

chorepiscopal, a. ko'-ri-pls'ko-pal (Gr. choros, place, 
country, and episkopos, bishop), relating to a local or 
i-aillra.gan bishop. 

choriambus, n. k<V-n-iivi'-l>iU(a,r. koreios, a trochee, 
and iambos, an iambus), a poetic foot consisting of 
four syllables— the first and fourth long, the second 
and third short; a trochee and an iambus united: 
cho'riam'bic, a. -bik, pert. to. 

chorion, n. ko'rl-on (Gr. chorion, skin) the exterior 



mate, mdt,fdr, laiv; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, ndt, m6ve; 



CHOR < 

membrane investing the fcetus in the womb; in hot., 
a fluid pulp composing the nucleus of the ovule in its 
earliest stage : cho'roid, n. -royd (Gr. eidos, form), 
a membrane resembling the chorion— applied to a 
coat of the eye. 

chorisis, n. kor'l-sis (Gr. chorizo, I separate), in tot., 
separation of a lamina from one part of an organ so 
as to form a scale or a doubling of the organ. 

chorography, n. kO-rog'rd-fi (Gr. choros, a place or 
country, and graphe, a writing), the description of 
a region or country. 

chorus, n.— see choir. 

chosen and chose— see choose. 

chough, n. chuf (AS. ceo: Dut. kauive: F. choucas), 
a kind of jackdaw or crow. 

chow-chow, n. cholv-choiu, a Chinese sweetmeat; 
a kind of mixed pickles. 

chowder, n. cholv'dir, fresh fish boiled with biscuit, 
pork, onions, &c. : v. to make a chowder of. 

chrism, n. krlzm (Gr. chrisma, ointment : F. chrisme, 
consecrated oil), consecrated oil ; unction : chrismal, 
krlz'-mdl, pert, to chrism : chris'matory, n. -md-ter'l, 
a vessel for chrism : chrisom, n. kriz'um, a child that 
dies within a month after birth : chrisma'tion, n. 
-ma'shv.n, the act of applying the chrism or conse- 
crated oil. 

Christ, n. krlst (Gr. christos, used as ointment, 
anointed), the Anointed; the Messiah: christen, v. 
kris'n, to baptise and name in the name of the Father, 
Son, and Holy Spirit : christening, imp. -nlng: n. the 
act of baptising and naming ; initiation into the Chris- 
tian religion : christ'ened, pp. -nil : Christendom, n. 
krls'n-d677i, the countries inhabited by those profess- 
ing to believe in the Christian religion : Christian, n. 
krlst'-ydn, a true disciple of Christ; a professed be- 
liever in Christ : adj. pert, to Christ, his doctrines, 
or his church: Christianity, n. kris'tbdn'l-tl, the re- 
ligion of Christians, its doctrines and precepts : christ- 
1 anise, v. krist'yan-iz', to convert to Christianity: 
christianising, imp. : christ'ianised', pp.-izd': christ'- 
ianisation, n. -i-zd'shun, the act of converting to 
Christ: Christ less, without the true knowledge of 
Christ: christology, n. krls-tol'-O-gl (C/irist, and logos, 
a discourse), a discourse or treatise on Christ : Christ- 
inas, n. krls'mds (Christ, and mass), the festival of 
Christ's nativity on the 25th December: Christmas 
season, from 25th December to 6th January : christ- 
mas-box, a box in which little presents of money, 
&c., are collected at Christmas ; the present itself. 

chromatic, a. kro-mdt'ik (Gr. chroma, colour), relat- 
ing to colours : chromatic scale, n. (from the interme- 
diate notes being printed in colours), the scale in music 
that proceeds by semitones : chro'mat ical'ly, ad. 
-kdl'-l: chromat'ics, n. plu. -Iks, the science of colours : 
chromatography, n. kro-md-tog'rd-fi (Gr. chroma, 
colour ; graplie, writing), a treatise on colours ; the 
art of printing in colours— also called chromo-litho- 
graphy: chrome, n. krom, also chromium, n. kro- 
mi-um, one of the metals, so named from its property 
of imparting colour to others in a remarkable degree : 
chromic, a. krom'lk, of or from chrome: chr ornate, 
n. kro'-mdt, a compound of chromic acid with a base : 
chrome-ochre, n. -o'-kr, oxide of chrome of a fine yel- 
lowish green : chromatrope, n. kro'md-trop(Gx. trope, 
turn, rotation), an optical apparatus for exhibiting 
a stream of colours : chromogen, n. krom'o-jen, also 
chrom'ule, n. -ul (Gr. gennao, I produce), in hot., the 
colouring matter of plants : chrom'atom'eter, n. 
-d-tom'e-ter (Gr. nxetron, measure), scale for measur- 
ing colour: chromite, n. kro'-mlt, or chromate of iron, 
a mineral consisting of protoxide of iron and oxide of 
chromium, used in the preparation of various pig- 
ments. 

chronic, a. kron'lk, also chron'ical, a. -1-kdl (Gr. 
chronikos; F. chronique— fromGr. chronos, time, dura- 
tion), continuing a long time, as a disease: chron'icle, 
n. -kh a history that narrates the facts in the order in 
which they occurred as to time ; a history : v. to record 



corded or registered : Chron'icles, n. plu. two books of 
the Old Testament: historical narratives of events: 
chronicler, n. -kler, one who ; an historian. 

chronogram, n.hron-o onos, time, and 

pramma, a writing), an inscription which includes in 
it the date of an event : chron'ogrammat'ic, a. -mdt'lk, 
also chron'ogrammat'ical, a. -l-kdl: chron'ogram- 
mat'ically, ad. -ll ■. chron'ogram'matist, a. -md-tist, 



J CHUR 

chronology, n. kro-nol'o-jl (Gr. chronos, time or 
duration, and logos, discourse), the science that treats 
of the dates of past events ; the method of measuring 
or computing time : chronological, a. kron'-o-loj'-ikdl, 
also chron'olog'ic, a. -Ik, containing an account of 



oger, n. one who endeavours to discover the true dates 
of past events, and to arrange them in order. 

chronometer, vi.kro-nomc-tir (i;r. chronos, time, and 
metron, a measure), any instrument or machine that 
measures time, as a clock or a dial ; a large watch con- 
structed with great nicety for use at sea : chronomet- 
ric, kron'-o-mit'-rik, also chron'omet'rical, a. -rl-kdl, 
pert, to: chronometry, n. kro-nom'e-trl, the art of 
measuring time, or of constructing chronometers. 

chrysalis, n. krls'd-lls, also chrys'alid, n. (L— from 
Gr. chrusallis, the gold-coloured sheaths of butterflies 
—from chi-usos, gold), the second stage in the state of 
such insects as the butterfly, the moth, &c: chrys'- 
alid, a. -lid, pert, to a chrysalis. 

chrysanthemum, n. krl-sdn'-thi-mum (Gr. chrusos, 
gold; aathemon, a flower), a genus of composite 
plants of many species. 

chrysoberyl, n. krls'd-bdr'll (Gr. chrusos, gold; and 
Gr. berullos; L. beryllus, beryl), a gem of a yellowish 
or asparagus green colour ; a species of corundum. 

chrysocolla, n. krls'6-kol'ld (Gr. rlirvsos, gold, and 
kolla, glue), a mineral of a fine emerald-green colour: 
chrysolite, n. kris'-o-llt (Gr. lithos, a stone), a fine 
green-coloured transparent crystal: chrysoprase, n. 
krls'6-prdz (Gr. prason, a leek), a fine apple-green to 
leek-green variety of chalcedony. 

chub, n. chub (F. chevane: mid. L. capito), a plump 
river-fish. 

chubby, a. chub'bl (AS. ceaplas, the chaps : It. ciuffo, 
the snout of an animal: Dan. kiaft, chaps), short 
and thick : chub-faced, a. -fast, having a plump round 
face : chub'biness, n. -M-nSs. 

chuck, v. chuk (F. claquer, to clack, to chatter: 
Wallon. caker, to strike in the hand, to chatter : Turk. 
chakil, a pebble), to make the noise of a hen when 
calling ner chickens ; to give a slight blow under the 
chin so as to make the jaws snap ; to throw or pitch 
a short distance : n. the noise or call of a hen as imi- 
tative of the noise of pebbles knocking together; a 
slight blow, as under the chin ; the part of a turning- 
lathe for holding the material to be operated upon : 
chucking, imp.: chucked, pp. chukt: Eng. chack- 
stone, Scot, chuckie-stane, a pebble. 

chuckle, v. chuk'-kl (Icel. kok or quok, the throat — 
see chuck), to laugh inwardly in triumph : n. a broken 
half-suppressed laugh: chuckling, imp.: adj. a sup- 
pressed choking approaching to a laugh, expressive 
of inward satisfaction : chuckled, pp. -kid .- chuckle- 
headed, a. stupid ; thickheaded ; noisy and empty. 

chum, n. chum (a probable contraction of comrade 
or chamber-fellow), one who lodges in the same room ; 
an intimate companion. 

chump, n. chump (an imitative word expressive of 
the thick end of anything, as chunk and hump), a 
thick heavy piece of wood ; a lump. 

chunam, n. ch6-ndmf, in India, lime or anything 
made of it. 

church, n. cherch (Gr. kuriakon, the Lord's house— 
from kurios, the Lord: AS. cyrice .- Scot, kirk), an 
edifice or a building consecrated or set apart for the 
worship of God ; the collective body of Christians 
throughout the world ; a certain number of Christians 
holding the same dogmas : v. to perform the office of 
returning thanks in church for women after child- 
birth : churching, imp. : n. attending church to offer 
thanks, as a woman after childbirth : churched, pp. 
chercht: churchwarden, n. -ivar'dn, in Eng., one who 
has the charge of a church and its concerns, and who 
represents the parish : churchyard, n. a burial-ground 
beside a church: churchman, n. an Episcopalian; 
a clergyman or member of an established church: 
church-music, n. music adapted for use in a church : 
church-service, religious service in a church : church- 
goer, a regular attender at church : church militant, 
the church as warring against every form of evil: 
church-rate, a tax levied on parishes in England for 
repairing churches, and for other matters connected 
with them. 

churl, n. cherl (AS. ceorl, a countryman : Dut. kderle, 
a man, a rustic : Ger. kerl, a fellow), a countryman ; a 



cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



CHUR I 

cross-grained; hard or firm: churlishly, ad. -11: 
chur'lishness, n. rudeness of manners or temper. 

churn, n. chern (Icel. kjarni; Ger. kern, the ker- 
nel, the choice part of a thing— whence Icel. kirna; 
Fris. kemjen, to churn), a vessel in which milk or 
cream is agitated in order to separate the butter : v. 
to shake or agitate cream in order to make butter : 
churn'ing, imp.: n. the operation of making butter by 
agitating milk or cream, or the quantity made at one 
time : churned, pp. chernd. 

chyle, n. kll (Gr. kulos, juice or humour), in ani- 
mals, a white or milky fluid separated from the sub- 
stances digested in the stomach, and conveyed into 
the circulation of the blood by the lacteal vessels: 
chylifaction, n. ki-li-fdk'shun (L. /actus, made), the 



process of making chyle from food : chylifac'tive, 

■tiv, forming or changing into chyle ; having the power 

to make chyle : chyliferous, a. -kl-llf-er-us (L. fero, I 



make), making chyle, usually applied to a part of the 
digestive apparatus of insects : chylopoetic, a. kl'-lo- 
po-St'lk (Gr. poieo, I make), making chyle— applied to 
the stomach and intestines. 

chyme, n. kim (Gr. kurnos, juice), digested food before 
being changed into chyle : chymification, n. ki-mlf-i- 
ka'shun (L. facio, I make), the process of forming 
chyme : chy'mif y, v. -fi, to change into chyme : chy- 
mifying, imp.: chy'mified, pp. -fid: chymous, a. 
M-mus, pert, to chyme: chymist, n. klm'lst — see 
chemist. 

cicala, n. sl-kd'-ld (It.), an insect having a long stout 
body and wings. 

cicatrix, n. slk'd-trlks ; cic'atrice, n. -tris (L. cica- 
trix, a scar: F. cicatrice), the scar or seam that re- 
mains after a wound has skinned over and healed: 
cic'atrise, v. -trlz, to heal a wound ; to induce a skin 
to grow over it ; to skin over : cic'atri'sing, imp. : 
cic'atrised, pp. -trizd : cic'atrisa'tion, n. -tri-zd'shUn, 
the process of healing ; the being skinned over : cic'- 
atri sive, a. -tri'-zlv, tending to promote the healing 
of a wound: cic'atric'ula, n. -trik'-ii-ld, in bot., the 
scar left after the falling of a leaf; the hilum or base 
of the seed; in anat., the point in the ovum (egg) in 
which life first shows itself. 

cicerone, n. sis'S-ro'nS or chVchS-ro'nS ; plu. ciceroni 
(It.— from Cicero, the great ancient orator), one who 
explains curiosities and antiquities ; a guide : Cicer- 
onian, a. sls'er-o'nl-un, like Cicero in style ; eloquent : 
cic'ero'nianism, n. -izm, imitation of Cicero. 

clchoraceous, a. sik'o-rd'-shus (L. clchorium, chic- 
ory) of or pert, to chicory or succory. 

cidarites, n. plu. sid-dr-lts (Gr. kidaris, a turban), 
in geol., a genus of the family of sea-urchins furnished 
with long curiously-ornamented spines. 

cider, n. sl'der (F. cidre: L. sicera), the juice of 
apples fermented: ci'derkin, n. -kin, a poor liquor 
made from the refuse of apples after the juice has 
been pressed out for cider. 

ci-devant, ad • P ), formerly ; heretofore ; 

late. 

cigar, n. si-gdr' (Sp. cigarro, originally a particular 

n M i ci i i mall roll of tobacco-leaf 

forsmoking: cigarette, 1 1 sig'd rW a little cigar rolled 
in thin paper. 

cilia, n. plu. sil'i-d (L. ciliurn,, an eyelid with the 
hairs growing on it : It. ciglio : F. cil), the hair of the 
eyelids ; hairs on the margin of any body ; thin hair- 
like projections from an animal membrane which 
have a quick vibratory motion— in the smaller ani- 
mals and insects only seen by the microscope : ciliary, 
a. -l-er-i, belonging to the eyelids or cilia : cil'ia'ted, 
a. -i-a'te'd, in hot, furnished or surrounded with paral- 
lel filaments or bristles resembling the hairs of the 
eyelids : cil'iobrach'iate, a. -i-6-brdk'-i-dt(L. brachium, 
an arm), having the arms provided with cilia : cil'io- 
grade, a. -grdd (L. aradus, a step), swimming by the 
action of cilia: ciliary motion, that rapid vibratile 
motion characteristic of cilia in a state of action. 

Cimbric, a. slm'brlk, pert, to the Cimbri, an ancient 
tribe of northern Germany. 

cimeter or cymetar, n. sim'S-ter (F. cimeterre: s« 
cimetarra), a short curved sword used by tJ ~ 
and Turks— also spelt scimetar, scymetar. 

' ' mnerium, a for- 

mer name of the Crimea, fabled by the ancients to 
have been continually shrouded in darkness), ex- 
tremely dark ; very obscure ; benighted. 

cimolite, n. sim'O-llt, a pure white or greyish-white 

variety of clay from the island of Cimola (now Argen- 

mdte, mdt.fdr, law; mete, mSt, 



5 CIRC 

tiera), in the Grecian Archipelago, used as a fuller's 
earth : cimolian, a. si-mo'-li-dn, pert to. 

cinchona, n. sin-ko'-nd (after Countess of Cinchon, 
wife of a viceroy of Peru), the bark of a tree of many 
species growing in Peru, &c. , also called Peruvian bark ; 
the tree itself: cinchon'ic, a. -kon'-ik, pert, to: cm- 
chonine, n. sin'-ko-.nln, also cincho'nia, -ko'-nl-d, an 
alkaloid obtained from cinchona bark : cin'chonism, 
n. -kon-izm, in med., a disturbed condition of the body 
caused by overdoses of cinchona or quinine. 

cincture, n. slngk'tur (L. cinctura, a girdle: It. cin- 
tura ■. F. ceinture), a belt ; a girdle ; something worn 
round the body ; a carved ring at the bottom and top 
of a pillar : cinc'tured, a. -turd, encircled with a belt 
or ring. 

cinder, n. sin'der (AS. sinder, dross, scum : F. cendre ; 
It. cenere; L. cineres, ashes : Ger. sinter; Icel. sindur, 
dross of iron), any body or piece of matter thoroughly 
burnt, but not reduced to ashes— thus the refuse of a 
fire consists of ashes and cinders : cin'dery, a. -i, re- 
sembling cinders : cinder-bed, in geol., a stratum of 
the Upper Purbeck series, almost wholly composed of 
oyster-shells. 

cinenchyma, n. si-n&n'-klmd (Gr. kineo, I move; 
engchuma, an infusion), in bot., laticiferous tissue 
formed by anastomosing vessels. 

cinerary, a. sin'er-er-l(L. cineres, ashes— see cinder), 
relating to ashes, applied to sepulchral urns contain- 
ing the remains of bodies reduced to cinders and 
ashes : cinereous, a. sl-ne'ri-us, also cineritious, a. 
sin'er-ish'us, resembling ashes in colour ; grey : cine'- 
reous'ly, ad. -li. 

Cingalese, n. sing'gd-lez, of or pert, to Ceylon- 
cinnabar, n. sin-nd-bdr (L. cinnabaris : Gr. kinna- 
bari, red lead or vermilion), the native red sulphuret 
of mercury ; the artificial cinnabar of commerce is 
called vermilion : cin'nabarine, a. -In, of or containing 
cinnabar. 

cinnamon, n. sin'nd-mon (Gr. and Heb. kinnamon), 
the inner bark of a tree that grows in Ceylon, Sumatra, 
Borneo, &c: cinnam'ic, a. -nam'ik, of or from cinna- 
mon: cinnamon-stone, a variety of lime-garnet of a 
clear cinnamon-brown tint. 

cinque, n. singk (F. five), a five; a word used in 
games : cinque-foil (L. folium, a leaf), a plant belong- 
ing to the genus Potentilla; in arch., an ornament; 
Cinque-Ports, n. plu., the five harbours or ports on 
the southern shore of England opposite France— viz., 
Hastings, Romney, Hythe, Dover, and Sandwich; 
afterwards increased by the addition of Winchelsea, 
Rye, and Seaford. 

cipher, n. sl'fer (F. chiffre ; It. cifra— from Ar. cifr, 
a dot), in arith., the round or nothing; any per- 
son or thing of little value ; initials of a name inter- 
twined; a secret manner of writing: v. to use figures : 
to practise arithmetic ; to write in concealed or secret 
characters : ciphering, imp.: n. the art or act of com- 
puting by numbers : ci'phered, pp. -ferd. 

Circassian, a. ser-kdsh'l-dn, of or from Circassia, in 
Europe : n. a native of. 

Circean, a. ser-se'dn (L. circazus), pert, to Circe, the 
fabled daughter of Sol and Perseus, said to have first 
charmed her victims and afterwards changed them 
into beasts ; fascinating but noxious. 

circinate, a. ser'sl-nat (L. circino, I turn round), in 
bot., rolled inwards from the summit towards the base 
like a crosier, as the young fronds of ferns : cir'cinal, 
a. -si-ndl, resembling a circle. 

circle, n. ser'kl(L, irculus, kringla, a circle: 

Gr. krikos, a ring : It. circolo ; F. cercle), a figure con- 
tained by a single curved line called its circumfer- 
ence, every part of which is equally distant from a 
point within it called the centre; a ring; any round 
body ; the compass or circuit of anything or place ; 
a sphere or station in society; a number of persons, 
as a circle of friends ; a series ending where it begins : 
v. to move round ; to encompass ; to surround or en- 
close ; to keep together: cir'cling, imp. : cir'cled, pp. 
-kid : circlet, n. ser'kUt, a little circle : great circles, 
in astron., those circles whose planes pass through the 
centre of the sphere and divide it into two equal parts : 
lesser circles, those circles whose planes do not pass 
through the centre of the sphere, and which divide it 
into unequal parts : hour-circles, great circles of the 
celestial sphere : polar circles, the arctic and antarc- , 
tic circles. 

circUj prefix— see circum. 

circuit, n. sir-kit (F. circuit: L. circum, round, and 
Hum, to go), the act of moving or passing round ; the 
Mr; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



CIRC I 

*space enclosed by a circle ; a ring ; the journey of the 
-judges in holding courts in different parts of a coun- 
try: v. to move in a circle ; to go round : circu'itous, 
a. -kil'l-tus, going round in a circle; not straight or 
direct : circnitously, ad. -11: to make a circuit, to go 
round : circular, a. -kil-ler, pert, to a circle or in the 
form of a circle ; round ; ending in itself ; addressed 
to a number or circle of persons: n. a written or 
printed letter or note sent to a number or circle of 
persons: cir'cularly, ad. -II: cir'culate, v. -Idt, to 
spread or move in a circle ; to spread ; to pass from 
one place or person to another ; to be diffused : n. a 
recurring or repeating decimal or part of a decimal : 
cir'cula'ting, imp. moving or passing round ; repeat- 
ing; diffusing: cir'cula'ted, pp.: cir'cula'tor, n. one 
who: cir'cula'tion, n. -la'shun, the act of moving 
round ; a series repeated in the same order ; the act 
of going and returning ; currency of money. 

'''™ m ser'kum, also circu, ser'ku, (L. c 
ix signifying around, round about, 
mbient, a. ser'kurn-dm'bl-dnt (L. 
roundabout, and ambio, Igo round), surrounding; en- 
closing, or being on all sides, as the air about the earth : 
cir'cumam biency, n. -en-si, the act of surrounding : 
cir cumam bulate, v. -dm'bu-lat (L. ambulo, I walk), 
to walk round about ; -am'bula'ting, imp. : -amT)ula'- 
tion, n. -la'shun .- cir cumcise, v. -siz (L. cccsum, to cut), 
to cut off the foreskin, as a religious rite among the 
Jews and other Eastern nations ; to purify the heart : 
cir'cumci'sing, imp.: circumcised', pp. -slzd': cir- 
cumci'ser, n. one who: cir'cumcisi'on, n. -slzh-un, the 
act or ceremony of cutting off the foreskin among 
the Jews, &c. : circumference, n. -fer-ins (L. fero, I 
carry), the line that bounds a circle ; the measure of 
a circular body or a sphere round and round — the 
measure round about of any other body is called its 
perimeter: circum'feren'tial, a. -fer-en'shal, pert, to 
the circumference : circum'feren'tor, n. -fir-en'tir, an 
instrument used by surveyors for measuring angles : 
cir'cumflex', n. -fleks' (L.flexus, bent), a mark or char- 
acter over a vowel or syllable, combining the rising 
and falling (acute and grave) accent ; in anat., ap- 
plied to certain vessels and nerves from their course : 
v. to mark or pronounce with the circumflex : -flex'- 
ing, imp. : -flexed, pp. -flikst .- cfrcum'fluent, a. -floo- 
6nt (L. fluo, I flow), flowing round, as water : cir- 
cum'fluence, n. -flpb-Sns, a flowing round on all sides : 
circum'fluous, a, -flob-ii?, flowinground: cir'cumfuse', 
v. -fdz' [L.fusus, poured), to spread round, as a fluid ; 
to surround : cir'cumfu'sing, imp. : cir'cumfused', pp. 
-fuzd': cir'cumfu'sion, n. -fu'zhiin: cir'cumfu'sile, a. 
-fu'zll (L.fusilis, fluid, liquid), capable of being poured 
or spread around : cir'cumja'cent, a. -ja'-sint (h.jacens, 
lying), lying round ; bordering on every side : circum'- 
locu'tion, n. -loku'shun (L. locutus, spoken), the use 
of many words to express an idea, when the use of one 
word or few words, expressing the same idea, is wished 
to be avoided ; a periphrasis : cir'cumloc'utory, a. 
-lok'ii-ter-l, pert. to. 

circumnavigate, v. ser'-Mm-ndv'i-gdt (L. circum, 
round, and navigo, I sail— from navis, a ship), to sail 
round, as the world ; to pass round by water : cir'- 
cumnav'iga'ting, imp. : cir'cumnav'iga'ted, pp. ; cir- 
cumnav'igable, a. -gd-bl, that may be sailed round : 
cir'ctunnav'iga'tion, n. -gd'-shun, the act of sailing 
round the globe : cir'cumnav'iga'tor, n. one who has 
sailed round the globe: cir'cumpolar, a. -po'-ldr 
(L. polus, the pole), round the pole— applied to the 
stars near the north pole : cir'cumcis'sile, a. -sis'sil 
(L. scissum, to cut), in bot., to cut round in a circular 
manner, as seed-vessels opening by a lid. 

circumscribe, v. ser'-kiim-skrib (L. circum, round 
about, and scribo, I write), to draw a line round ; to 
bound ; to limit ; to confine or restrict : cir'cumscri'- 
bing, imp. : cir'cumscribed', pp. -skrlbd', limited ; 
confined : cir'cumscrfbable, a. -bd-bl : crrcumscrip'- 
tioa, n. -skrlp'shun (L. scriptus, written), limitation , 
in bot., the periphery or margin of a leaf: cir'cum- 
scrip'tive, a. -tlv, limiting ; defining external form : 
cir'cumspect, a. -spSkt (L. spectum, to look, to regard), 
cautious ; prudent ; weighing well the probable con- 
sequences of an action : cir'cumspect'ly, ad. -11 : cir'- 
cumspec'tion, n. -spek'shun, great caution ; attention : 
cir'cumspec'tive, a. -tlv, vigilant; cautious: cir'cum- 
spec'tively, ad. -11: cir'cumspect'ness, n. caution; 
discreetness. 

circumstance, n. sir'kum-stdns (L. circum, round 
about, and stans, standing), that which affects a fact 
or case in some way ; event ; incident : plu. condition 



> CITY 

or state of affairs ; matters attending an action that 
modify it for better or worse : v. to place in a particu- 
lar position or condition : cir'cumstanced, pp. -sttinst, 
placed in a particular position as regards another 
state: crrcumstan'tial, a. -stdn-shdl, relating to but 
not essential ; incidental ; casual ; particular ; minute ; 
in laiu, proving indirectly: cir cumstan'tially, ad. 
-shdl-11, not essentially ; exactly ; in every circum- 
stance or particular : cir'cumstan'tiarity, n. -shi-dl- 
1-tl : cir'cumstan'tials, n. plu. -shalz, incidentals : 
cir'cumstan'tiate, v. -shl-ut, to describe exactly; to 
verify in every particular : cir'cumstan'tia'ting, imp. : 
cir'cumstan'tia'ted, pp. 

circumvallation, n. ser'-kum-vdl-la'shun (L. cir- 
cum, round about, and vallum, an earthen wall or 
parapet set with palisades), a fortification made round 
a place by a besieging army, consisting of a wall, 
ditch, &c: cir'cumvent', v. -vent (L. ventum, to come), 
to gain advantage over another by deceit ; to outwit ; 
to cheat ; to impose on : cir'cumvent'ing, imp. : cir'- 
cumvent'ed, pp.: cir'cumven'tion, n. -ven'shitn, the 
act of gaining an advantage by fraud ; deception : cir'- 
cumven'tive, a. -tlv, deluding ; deceiving by artifice : 
cir'cumvolve', v. -volv' (L. volvo, I roll), to roll round ; 
to revolve : cir'cumvolv'ing, imp.: cir'cumvolved', pp. 
-volvd': circum'volu tion, n. -v6-l6'-shun, state of being 
rolled round ; act of. 

circus, n. ser'kiis (L. circus, a circular line : Gr. 
kirkos ; It. circo; F. cirque), a circular enclosure for 
feats of horsemanship, &c, with seats for spectators 
rising all round in tiers, and sloping backwards. 

cirrhose, a. sir'-roz (L. cirrus, a curl), in bot., hav- 
ing or giving off tendrils ; also cir'rous, a. -n~ts : cir'- 
rhus, n. -riis, a tendril or modified leaf in the form of 
a twining process— also spelt cirrus : cir'ri, n. plu. -rl, 
the curled filaments acting as feet to barnacles ; in 
bot. , tendrils : cirrif'erous.a, -rl/'-er-us(L.fero, Ibear), 



(J.. i/rmJiis, a step), moving by means of cirri. 

cirrhosis, n. slr-ro'sls (Gr. kirrhos, tawny), in 
med., a term applied to a diseased state of the liver. 

cirriped or cirripede, n. slr'rl-pSd; plu. cir'ripeds 
or cir'ripedes (L. cirrus, a curl, and pedes, feet), an 
animal of the class cir'riped'ia, -ped-t-d, as the bar- 
nacles, having curled jointed feet— also spelt cir'ro- 
pod, n. -ro-pod: cirrous, a. slr'riis (L. cirrus, a curl), 
terminating in a curl or tendril: cirrus, n. slr'rus; 
cirro, slr'rO, in composition, the " curl-cloud," one of 
the primary modifications of cloud : cir'ro-cum'ulus, 
n. -kum'-u-lus (L. cumulus, a mass piled up high), one 
of the intermediate modifications of cloud ; also cir'ro- 
stra'tus, n. -stra'tus (L. stratum, the thing spread 
out, a bed). 

cisalpine, a. sls-dl'pin (L. cis, on this side, and Alpes, 
the Alps), on this side the Alps in regard to Rome ; the 
south side of the Alps. 

cissoid, n. sls'sdyd (Gr. kissos, ivy, and eidos, form), 
a mathematical curve invented by Diocles. 

cist, n., also spelt cyst, slst (L. cista, a basket of 
wicker work : Gr. kiste : F. ciste : It. cesta), a chest or 
box ; in archceol., an anc. tomb of the Celtic period 
si sting of two rows of stone, and covered with rude 
stone slabs : cis'ted, a. inclosed in a cist. 

Cistercian, n. sls-ter'shl-dn, one of an order of 
monks established originally at Citeaux in France, 
whence the name. 

cistern, n. sls'tern (L. cisterna, a reservoir for water : 
Boh em. ciste; L. castus, clean), an oblong or square 
box for storing water for domestic use ; a hollow place 
or pond for contain] a reservoir. 

citadel, n. .--< itadelle: It. cittadella, a 

little town), a fortress or castle in or near a city ; a 
place for arms. 

cite, v. sit (L. cito, I put into quick motion, I call), 
to summon ; to call upon to appear in a court of jus- 
tice ; to quote ; to repeat the words of another in 
proof; to confirm or illustrate from some authority : 
ci'ting, imp. : ci'ted, pp. : citation, n. sl-td'shun, a 
summons into court; a quotation: ci'table, a. -td-bl, 
capable of being cited: ci'tator'y, a. -td-ter'i, having 
power of citation : ci'ter, n. -ter, one who. 

citric, a. slt'rlk (L. citrus, a lemon, or the tree), be- 
longing to lemons or limes : citric acid, an acid ex- 
tracted from the juice of these: cit'rine, a. -rin, like 
a citron ; lemon-coloured : citron, n. -ron, the fruit of 
the citron-tree : citrate, n. sit'-rdt, a salt of citric acid. 

city, n. sU'-l (I L civitas: It. citta), a corpo- 

rate and cathedral town : adj. pert, to a city: citizen, 



cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



CIVE 9 

n. -zen, the native of a city ; one who enjoys the rights 
and privileges pert, to a city : citizenship, n. the state 
of being vested with the rights and privileges of a 
citizen. 

civet, n. siv'St (F. civette: It. zibetto: Pers. zdbad), 
a substance taken from a gland or bag under the 
tail of the civet-cat— used as a perfume. 

civic, a. slv'ik (L. civis, a citizen), pert, to a city or 
citizen: civ'il, a. -II, relating to the ordinary affairs 
and government of the people of any country, as civil 
rights and privileges, &c. ; political as opposed to cri- 
minal; intestine as opposed to foreign; lay as dis- 
tinguished from ecclesiastical ; ordinary life as distin- 
guished from military; courteous; gentle and oblig- 
ing; affable; kind; polite: civ'illy, ad. -II: civility, 
ii. sl-vll'l-ti, politeness; courtesy; obliging behaviour 
in the treatment of others : civilian, n. -i-dn, one en- 
gaged in the ordinary pursuits of life : adj. opposed to 
military or clerical: civilization, n. siv'i-li-zd'shun 
(also with s for z), state of being refined in manners ; 
state of being free from the grossness of savage life : 
civilize, v. -llz, to reclaim from barbarism ; to make 
less gross in manners : civ'ili'zing, imp. : civ'ilized, 
pp. -llzd: civ'ili'zer, n. one who or that which: civil 
action, any action at law not criminal : civil death, 
the being banished or outlawed : civil law, the ecclesi- 
astical or Roman law : civil list, the whole of the 
sovereign's revenue in his own distinct capacity ; the 
expenditure of the royal household: civil war, a 
war between parties of the inhabitants of the same 
country. 

clack, v. klak (F. claquer, to flap or clap : Icel. klak, 
a certain noise of the domestic fowl : Dut. klacken, to 
strike, to smack), to make a sharp noise suddenly ; to 
talk incessantly: n. a sharp continued noise; the 
valve of a pump-piston ; one of the valves in a loco- 
motive or other steam-engine : clack'er, n. one who : 
clack'ing, imp. : clacked, pp. kiakt. 

clad, v. kldd—see clothe. 

claim, v. kldm (L. clamo, I cry out : F. clamer, to 
call: Dan. klemte, to toll: Gael, glam, to bawl), to 
seek or demand as a right ; to demand as due ; to as- 
sert ; to have a right or title to : n. a demand as of 
right ; a right or title to anything ; the thing claimed : 
claiming, imp. : claimed, pp. klamd : claim'ant, n. 
-ant, one who demand ii] a right: claim'- 

able, a. -d-bl. 

clairvoyance, n. kldr-voy'dns (F. clair, clear; L. 
clarus, and F. voir, to see; L. videre), an alleged 
power of seeing or being cognisant of anything not 
present to the eyes or other of the senses : clairvoy'- 
ant, one who claims the power of seeing or knowing 
what is not present to the eyes or other of the senses. 

clam, n. kldm, a shell-fish of the shape of an oyster, 
but having a shell grooved on the outside like a cockle. 

clam, v. kldm (Swed. klamp, a block : Icel. klambr, 
a lump : Dut. klompe, a clod), to clog or obstruct with 
glutinous matter ; to be moist : clam'ming, imp.: 
clammed, pp. kldmd: clam'my, a. -mi, thick; adhe- 
sive ; soft and sticky : clam'miness, n. state of being 
sticky; tenacity. 

clamber, v. kldm'ber (Ger. klammern, to hold fast 
with the hands or claws: Dan. klamre, to clamp, to 
grasp), to climb amongst obstructions or with diffi- 
culty: clambering, imp.: clam'bered, pp. -berd. 

clamour, n. kldm'er (L. clamor, a loud noise— from 
clamo, I cry out: F. clameur; Sw. klammer; Gael. 
clamras, uproar, brawl), a great noise or outcry : v. 
to complain noisily ; to talk loudly ; to make impor- 
tunate demands : clam'ouring, imp. : clamoured, pp. 
-erd : clam'ourer, n. one who : clam'orous, a. -6-rus, 
noisy in words; boisterous: clam'orously, ad. -Ii: 
clam'orousness, n. the state of being loud or noisy. 

clamp, n. kldmp (Dut. klampen, to hook things to- 
gether: AS. clam, a bandage, a clasp: Ger. klamm, 
pinching, strait), anything that fastens or binds ; a 
piece of iron or other metal used to fasten a corner : 
v. to fasten or bind with clamps ; to join pieces of 
board together with the grain crossing each other: 
clamping, imp. : clamped, pp. kldmpt. 

clan, n. ki<in (i:ael. kin.nn, children: L. clientes, 
dependants), a family ; a tribe ; a number of persons 
descended from one common stock under a chief: 
clan'ship, n. : clan'nish, a. -nish, united by feelings 
and prejudices peculiar to clans; disposed to adhere 
closely: clan'nishly, ad. -II: clan'nishness.n.: clans'- 
man, n. one belonging to the same clan. 

clandestine, a. i;hi V i/rs'/in [L. clandestinus, secret 
—from clam, privately: It. clandestino; F. clandes- 



CLAS 

tin), secret; hidden; private — applied to wrong 
actions: clandes'tinely, ad. -Ii: clandes'tineness, n. 

clang, n. kldng (L. clango, I sound : Ger. klang ; 
Dut. klank, sound : Gael, gliong, the ring of metal), 

Mi- . iiaru i inging ■ o I oi • bi Uic bodies striking 

together: v. to make a sharp ringing sound by 
striking metallic bodies together : clang'ing, imp. : 
clanged, pp. kldngd : clan'gour, n. -ger, a sharp, ring- 
ing, or rattling sound. 

clank, n. kldnk (Dut. klank, sound, rumour— see 
clang), the rattling ringing sound of armour or of 
metallic bodies : v. to rattle and sound, as prisoners 
clank their chains: clanking, imp.: clanked, pp. 
kldnkt. 

clap, n. kldp (an imitative word : Dan. klappre, to 
chatter, as the teeth with cold: Dut. klappen, to 
rattle), a noise made by the meeting of bodies ; a loud 
noise or a burst of sound, as of thunder ; a stroke with 
the open hand : v. to sti i] fcogi flier so as to 

produce a sound; to strike gently with the palm 
of the hand; to applaud by striking the palms of 
the «hands together; to drive together; to thrust 
hastily: clapping, imp.: clapped, pp. klapt: clap'- 
per, n. one who, or the thing which; the tongue or 
striker of a bell : clap'trap, n. any trick or device to 
gain applause: adj. not genuine: to clap on, to add 
or put on quickly. 

clare-obscure, n. klar-db-skur', also written claro- 
obscuro, n. kld'ro-ob-skd'ro (L. clarus, clear, and ob- 
scurus, obscure), light and shade in painting; a 
design of two colours. 

claret, n. kldr'et (F. clairet, a red wine, somewhat 
clear— from L. clarus, clear), French wine of a dark- 
red colour. 

clarify, v. kldr'4-fl (L. clarus, clear, and facio, I 
make: F. clan/' i clear; to render pure and 

bright : clarifying, imp. : clarified, pp. -fid : clarl- 
fier, n. one who ; that which makes clear : clar'ifica'- 
tion, n. -i-fi-ka'shun, the act of purifying or refining. 

clarion, n. kldr'4-6n(Sii>. clarin, atrumpet : F. clair; 
It. chiaro, clear), a trumpet with a narrow tube: 
clarionet, n. -6-nSt, a wind musical instrument— also 
clar'inet, n. 

clary, n. kld'-ri (probably corrupted from claret, 
referring to the red tinge of the tops), the plant mea- 
dow and wild sage. 

clash, n. kldsh (an imitative word : Dut. kletse, an 
echoing stroke : Ger. klatschen, imitative of the sound 
produced by striking with the hand against a parti- 
tion or wall : F. glas, noise, knell : Gr. klazo, I clash, as 
arms), a noise made by striking one thing against 
another; collision; an opposition of interests ; contra- 
diction : v. to strike one thing against another ; to 
meet in opposition ; to interfere in interests : clash- 
ing, imp.: adj. interfering; opposite: n. a striking 
against in bodies; opposition: clashed, pp. kldsht: 
clash'ingly, ad. -Ii. 

clasp, n. kldsp (old Eng. elapse, imitative of the 
sound of a metal fastening: Dut. gaspe, a clasp or 
buckle), a hook for fastening; a catch; an embrace 
by throwing the arms around : v. to shut or fasten 
with a hook ; to catch and hold by twining ; to hold 
closely in the hand; to embrace closely: clasping, 
imp. : clasped, pp. klaspt .- clasp-knife, n. a knife 
with a folding blade : clasp'er, n. he who or that which. 

class, n. kids (L. classis; F. classe, a class: Icel. 
klasi; Sw. and Dan. klase, a bunch), a rank of per- 
sons ; a number of persons in society supposed to have 
the same position in regard to means, rank, &c. ; a 
number of students in a college, or pupils in a school, 
engaged in the same course of study; a distribution 
into groups of creatures or things having something 
in common ; a kind or sort : v. to arrange ; to put 
into sets or ranks; to distribute into groups: clas'- 
sing, imp. : classed, pp. kldst : classic, klds-sik, or 
clas'sical, a. -sl-kdl, pert, to authors of the highest 
rank ; chaste ; pure ; refined : clas'sic, n. a writer of the 
first rank; a standard book; clas'sically, ad. -Ii: clas'- 
sicallty, n. -kdl'-i-ti: clas'sicalness, n. : class-fellow, 
n. one at school or college attending the same class : 
clas'sicism, n. -si-sizm, a pretentious affectation of 
the classical character : clas'sics, n. plu. -siks, the best 
anc. Greek and Roman authors ; Greek and Latin lit- 
erature ; authorities or models of the first class : clas- 
sify, v. -st-fi (L. classis, a class, and facio, I make: F. 
classifier), to arrange into groups or divisions ; to 
make into classes according to something common: 






mdte, mdt.fdr, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, mdve; 



CLAT I 

n. -si-fi-ka'sMn, the act of arranging into classes or 
ranks : clas'sifi'able, a. -fV-d-bl, that may be classified : 
clas'sinca tory, a. -kd'-tir-l, forming the basis of clas- 
sification. 

clathrate, a. Math-rat (L. clathri; Gr. klethra, a 
trellis or lattice), in bot., latticed like a grating: 
clathraria, n. -rd'-ri-d, a genus of fossil stems, so 
called from the lattice-like arrangement of the leaf- 
scars which ornament their surface. 

clatter, n. kldt'-ter (an imitative word : Dut. klateren, 
to rattle), a rapid rattling noise made by hard bodies 
when brought sharply into contact ; a noise tumultu- 
ous and confused; rapid noisy talk: v. to make a 
rattling noise by striking hard bodies together ; to 
talk fast and idly ; to clamour : clattering, imp. : 
clattered, pp. -terd: clat terer, n. one who : clat'ter- 
ingly, ad. -li. 

clause, n. MaTcz (F. clause, a clause: L. clausum, 
to shut), a part shut off; a part or member of a sen- 
tence ; an article in an agreement ; a stipulation in 
a document : clau'sular, a. -zu-ldr, consisting of or 
having clauses. 

clavate, a. kia'v&t (L. clava, a club: Sans. cula, a 
lance or club), in bot., club-shaped; becoming gradu- 
ally thicker towards the top : cla'vated, a. knobbed ; 
set with knobs. 

clave, v.— see cleave, 

clavicle, n. kldv'-l-lcl (L. clavis, a key), the collar- 
bone: clavicular, a. kla-ctk-u-lar, pi it. to the collar- 
bone: claviary, n. klu'vi-er'-l, in music, an index of 
keys: cla'vier, n. -er, the key-board of an organ or 
piano: clavichord, n. kld'-vi-kawrd (L. chorda, a 
chord), a musical instrument like a small pianoforte. 

claw, n. Maw (Dut. klauive, a ball or claw : oldEng. 
diver, a claw: L. clavus; F. clou, a nail), a sharp 
hooked nail in the foot of a cat, bird, or other ani- 
mal; the whole foot of a bird; in bot., the narrow 
base of some pe^ls corresponding to the petiole of 
leaves : v. to tear or scratch with the nails : claw'ing, 
imp. : clawed, pp. klaYvd : claw less, a. 

clay, n. kid (AS. clceg, sticky earth : Dan. Mag, 
clammy, sticky : Dan. klag, mud), a tenacious, tough, 
and plastic kind of earth ; earth in general ; frailty ; 
liability to decay : v. to cover with clay ; to purify 
and whiten with clay, as sugar : claying, imp. 



clayed, pp. Mad : clay'ey, a. -i, abounding in clay 
-'-.ylsh, a. -ish, containing clay : clay'-marl, n. -marl. 
whiti-h chalky clay: clay-slate, n. roofing slate: 



day'-stone, i lathicrock, generally of 

a buff or reddish-brown colour. 

claymore, n. kld'mOr (Gael. Claidheamh, a sword, 
and mor, great), the Highland broadsword. 

cleading, n. kle'-dlng (Scot., clothing), a covering for 
the cylinder of a steam-engine or for a locomotive to 
prevent the radiation of heat. 

clean, a. Men (AS. clazne, pure: Icel. glan, shine, 
polish : Gael, and W. glan, clean, pure), free from dirt 
or any offensive matter ; not foul ; free from moral 
impurity ; pure ; neat ; dexterous or adroit : ad. 
perfectly ; wholly ; fully : v. to free from dirt or any 
foulness : clean ing, imp. : cleaned, pp. Mend : cleanly, 
a. klen'-ll, free from dirt or foul matter ; neat ; pure : 
cleanly, ad. klen'-ll: clean'ness, n. -nSs : clean'er, n. 
one who: cleanliness, n. Men'-U-nes, purity; neatness 
of dress : cleanse, v. MSnz, to purify ; to make clean ; 
to remove dirt or any foul matter ; to purify from 
guilt: clean'sing, imp. : cleansed, pp. klcnzd', made 
clean ; purified : clean'ser, n. one w T ho : cleansable, a. 
klen'-zd-bl, that may be cleaned. 

clear, a. kler (L. clurus ; Icel. Mar, clear, pure : F. 
clair), open; free from obstruction; serene; un- 
clouded ; apparent ; evident or manifest ; distinct ; 
plain ; easy to understand ; innocent ; guiltless ; 
free : ad. clean ; quite ; wholly : v. to remove any ob- 
struction ; to separate any foreign or foul matter ; to 
acquit; to vindicate; to leap over; to make gain or 
profit ; to become free from clouds ; to become fair ; 
to become disengaged : clear'ing, imp. : cleared, pp. 
klerd : clear'er, n. one who or that which : clearly, 
ad. -II: clearness, n. : clear-sighted, a. -slt-ed, dis- 
cerning ; acute : clear-sightedness, n. : clear'ance, n. 
-dns, permission by the custom-house for a vessel to 
sail : clear'ing, n. justification or defence ; a tract of 
land prepared for cultivation; among bankers, the 
exchange of notes and drafts; among railway com- 
panies, the exchange of tickets and equitable division 
of the money received for them: clearing-house, n. 
the house where the clearing among bankers and 
railway companies is effected : clear-starch, v. to stif- 
cdw, boy, /dot; pure, bud; chair, 



I CLIC 

fen with starch, and then clear by clapping with the 
open hands : clear-starching, imp. : clear-starched, 
pp.: clear-starcher, n. one who: clear-headed, a. 
having a clear unclouded intellect : to clear a ship, 
to procure the requisite papers at the custom-house, 
and obtain permission to sail: to clear for action, in 
a ship of war, to remove all encumbrances from the 
deck previous to an engagement : to clear the land, 
among seamen, to gain the open sea: clear-story- 
see clerestory, which is the better spelling. 

cleat, n. Met (Dut. kluit, a lump : AS. cleot, a plate, 
a clout), a piece of wood fastened on the yard-arm of 
a ship to keep the ropes from slipping ; a piece of wood 
to fasten anything to ; a piece of iron worn on shoes 
to render them more durable. 

cleave, v. klev (Ger. kleben ; Dut. kleeven, to stick to, 
to fasten), to adhere to; to stick to ; to be united in 
interest or affection : cleaving, imp.: cleaved, klevd, 
or clave, Mdv, pt. did cleave : cleaved, pp. 

cleave, v. klev (Ger. klicbcn, to cleave— from Ger. 
kioben. a mass or bundle : Dut. kloue, a cleft), to split ; 
to part or divide by force ; to crack ; to part ; to open : 
cleav'ing, imp. : clove, Mdv, or cleft, MS/t, pt. did 
cleave: cloven, klov'-n, cleft, kleft, or cleaved, pp. 
klevd, divided by force : cleaver, n. k!C : ver, a butcher's 
chopper: cleavable, a. -d-bl, that may be split or 
parted: cleav'age, n. -aj, that structure in many stra- 
tified rocks, such as clay-slate, which renders them 
capable of being split indefinitely into thin plates. 

clef, n. MS/ (F. clef a key— from L. clavis, a key), in 
a piece 0/ music, a figure placed at the beginning of 
each stave to tell its pitch, or the degree of elevation 
in which it is to be sung. 

cleft, n. Me/t (from cleave, which see), a crack; a 
gap ; a crevice. 

cleg, n. Meg, the gleg or horse-fly. 

clematis, n. Mevi-a-Us (Gr. Mematis, a little vine- 
branch, a small twig), a genus of plants, chiefly 
climbers— also called virgin's bower. 

clement, a, MSm'-Snt (L. eh mens, mild, merciful: It. 
clemente: F. clement), mild; gentle in disposition; 
kind; merciful; tender: clem'ency, n. -6n-sl, mild- 
ness in temper and disposition; gentleness; mercy; 
disposition to forgive or to spare : clem'ently, ad. -li. 

clench, v. MSnsh, for clinch, which see: clench- 
bolts, in a ship, those clenched at the ends where they 
come through : clench-nails, those which will drive 
without splitting the board : to clench an argument, 
to place it in a firm and unassailable position. 

clepsydra, n. kle^'-sl-dra (L. — from Gr. klepto, I 
steal, and (h)udor, water), an anc. instrument in 
which time was measured by the gradual dropping of 
water ; a water-clock. 

clerestory, n. kler'-e-stor-l (F. cleristere; by others, 
F. clair, clear, bright, and Eng. story, a flat), an upper 
story or row of windows in a church rising- clear 
above the adjoining parts of the buildings : cler'esto'- 
rial, a. -sto'-ri-dl, pert. to. 

clergy, n. Mcr'-jl (F. clergS; L. clericus; Sp. clerigo; 
It. clerico, one of the clergy— from Gr. Mercs, a lot), 
the body of men set apart to conduct the service of 
God in a Christian Church; ministers of the Estab- 
lished Church of a country : cler'gyman, n. a minis- 
ter of a Christian Church: clerical, a. kler'-l-kul, 
pert, to the clergy or the Church— also cleric, a. -i k : 
n. a man in holy orders; a clergyman: benefit of 
clergy, an anc. privilege by which clergymen, and 
subsequently all who could read, were in certain cases 
exempted from 1 utions : clergyable, a. 

-d-bl, applied to felonies within the benefit of clergy. 

clerk, n. kldrk (L. clericus, a clerk : AS. cleric, a 
clerk, a priest), one engaged to write in an office or 
keep business books ; a clergyman ; a reader of re- 
sponses in the church-service : clerk'ship, n. the office 
of a clerk. 

clever, a. klev'-er (prov. Dan. klever, clever: Scot. 
gleg, quick of perception: Gael, glac, to seize, to 
catch), skilful ; ingenious ; smart ; not dull ; ready ; 
clev'erly, ad. -li : cleverness, n. 

clew, n. Mo (W. cloh, a vnus, a ball of 

twine : Dut. klouwe, a ball of yarn), a ball of thread ; 
anything that guides or directs in an intricate case 
(usually spelt clue); one of the corners of a sail: v. to 
truss up the sau the yard : clewing, imp.: 

clewed, pp. Mod : clew-lines, lines to truss up sails to 
the yards. 

click, n. Mil to rattle Mick, a slap: 

F. cliquer, to clap), a sharp sound louder than a tick 
and thinner than a clack ; a small piece of iron falling 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



CLIE 



92 



into a notched wheel : v. to strike louder and fuller 
i.;.n ,i iick clicking, imp. : clicked, pp. klikt. 

client, n. Ml' ent (L. cliens, one who had a patron— 
-en. dicntis), one who employs a lawyer; a depend- 
ant : cli'entship, n. 

cliff, n. klif (Icel. kleyj from cliufa, to cleave: 
Ger. kluft, a cavern, a cleft: Dut. kleppe ; Dan. klipjic, 
a rock), a steep bank ; a high and steep rock : cliffy, 
a. -ft, steep, broken, and rugged. 

cliff, in music— see clef. 

clift, n. kllft, same as cleft— which see. 

climate, n. Mi'mdt (Gr. klimata, slopes, tracts of 
land: F. clirnat), the condition of a place or country 
with respect to the weather tli;i r. prevails ; a region or 
district of country: climat'ic, also climat'ical, a. -mat' 
•l-kdl, pert, to or depending on a climate : clime, n. 
kllm, poetic for climate ; a region ; a country : cli'ma- 
tol'ogy, n. -md-tol'6-jl (Gr. logos, discourse), the 
science which treats of the different climates of the 
earth, their causes, products, and peculiarities : cli - 
matolog'ical, a. -loj'i-kdl, pert, to : climatise, v. -Hz, 
to accustom to a new climate : cli'mati'sing, imp. : 
cli'matised, pp. -tlzd. 

climax, n. kh'm&ks (Gr. klimax, a staircase, aladder : 

Gr. klimaktcr, ■■ '•]■) si<'i ''■■ :-■•'■■ • I ; ". e.;e.-nl, :, .1 .rjj.K 

of speech in which the sentences rise as it were step 
by step upwards in intensity: climacteric, n. kllm' 
dk-ter'lk or Ml-mdk'ter-lk, one of the critical steps or 
periods in human life in which some great change is 
supposed to take place in the human constitution : 
adj. also clim'acter'ical, -ter'-l-kdl, pert, to or con- 
nected with ; critical : grand climacteric, the age of 
63 in man, after which the constitution is supposed to 
decline, and old age begin. 

climb, v. kllm ill Memmen, to hold tight, to 
climb: Dan. klynge, to cling, to crowd), to mount up- 
wards with the hands and feet, as up a steep hill, pre- 
cipice, or tree ; to ascend with labour, or as a plant by 
means of tendrils: climbing, imp. -Ing: climbed, pp. 
kllmd : climb'er, n. one who ; a climbing plant : 
plu. an order of birds. 

clinandrium, n. Ml-ndn'-drl-um (Gr. Mine, a bed, 
and aner, a man— gen. andros), in hot., that part of 
the column of orchideous plants in which the anther 
lies : clinan'thium, n. -thl-um (Gr. anthos, a flower), 
in hot., a receptacle of flowers which is not of a fleshy 
consistency. 

clinch, v. A, hi : nken, to clink or rivet: 

Dan. klinke, a rivet : Norm. F. clanche ; Gsr. klinge, 
the latch of a door), to grasp with the hand; to 
fix firmly by folding over; to rivet: n. anything 
which holds both ways : clinching, imp. : n. the fas- 
tening of a bolt or nail by hammering the point so 
as to make it spread : clinched, pp. klinsht -. clinch'er, 
a. -er, overlaying or overlapping, like slates on a 
roof— applied to the planking of a ship, as clincher- 
work: n. one who makes a smart or unanswerable 
reply; the reply itself: clincher-built or clinker- 
built, kllngk'er-, applied to a boat or ship whose out- 
side plankings overlie each other like slates on a roof: 
to clinch or clench the fist, to contract the fingers 
firmly and closely into the palm of the hand so as to 
form a ball. 

cling, v. Ming (AS. clingan, to shrink or wither: 
Dan. klynge, to cluster: Sw. klaznga, to clutch, to 
climb), to adhere closely ; to stick to firmly, as an in- 
terest ; to hold fast to by entwining or embracing, 
as in affection : clinging, imp. : clung, pt. and pp. 
klung. 

clinical, a. Mln'l-kdl (Gr. Mine, a bed), pert, to a 
bed : clinical lecture, instruction given to medical 
students by a professor at a sick-bed : clinically, ad. 
•II, by the bedside : clinoid, a. Ml'ndyd (Gr. eidos, 
form), in anat., applied to certain processes of bone 
having a supposed resemblance to a couch. 

clink, v. klingk (Ger.klingen, to tingle: Gael, gliong, 
to ring as nieial — clink, limn clang, as expressing a 
shriller sound), to jingle ; to make a small sharp ring- 
ing noise : n. a sharp ring or jingle of small metallic 
bodies, as coins: clinking, imp.: clinked, pp. kllnqkt: 
clinker, n. kllngk'er, in min., the black oxide of iron'; 
the slaggy ferruginous crusts that form on the bars 
of engine-furnaces: plu. very hard bricks ; bricks run 
together and glazed over by excessive heat : clinker- 
bar, in a steam-engine, the bar fixed across the top of 
the ash-pit : clink-stone, rock of a greyish-blue colour 
wliieh rings with a metallic sound when struck. 

clinometer, n. kll-n5m'S4&r (Gr. klinein, to incline, 
and metron, a measure), an instrument for measuring 

mute, mdt, far, laTv; mete, milt, 



CLOT 

} at which strata incline from the 



the dip or a 
horizon. 

Clio, n. kll'6 (L.— from Gr. Meio— from Meio, I cele- 
brate), in anc. myth., the muse who presided over his- 
tory. 

clip, v. klip (a word imitative of the snapping noise 
made by shears: Dan. klippe, to clip or cut: Sw. 
klippa, to wink : Ger. klipp, a clap), to cut off with 
shears or scissors ; to pare ; to cut short : n. a sheep- 
ie:,M,i. , iii.ii ... in. n is shorn off thesheep: clip'ping, 
imp.: n. the part cut off: clipped, pp. kllpt; also dipt, 
pt. and pp.: clip'per, n. one who ; a fast-sailing ship : 
to clip one's wings, to put a check upon one's projects 
or schemes. 

clique, n. Mek (F.), persons associated for some dis- 
reputable purpose ; a party ; a coterie ; a set or 
party : cliquish, a. -Xsh, relating to a clique. 

cloaca, n. Mo-a'kd (L. a drain or sewer), that part 
of the intestines of birds, fishes, and reptiles, in which 
the intestinal, ovarian, and urinary outlets terminate: 
cloacal, a. Mo-d'kdl, relating to or connected with. 

cloak, n. Mok (Flem. klocke, a gown : Bohem. klok, 
a woman's mantle), a loose outer garment ; that 
which conceals ; a pretext ; an excuse : v. to cover 
with a cloak ; to hide or conceal ; to employ a false 
covering: cloaking, imp.: cloaked, pp. klokt. 

clock, n. Mok (F. cloche; Ger. glocke; Dut. klocke, a 
bell : Gael, clag, to ring), a machine which shows the 
time of day and strikes the hours : clockmaker, one 
who makes clocks : clock-work, mechanism like a 
clock: o'clock, contraction for "time of, on, or by 
the clock." 

clock, n. Mok (Norm, klaeg, a horse-fly), familiar 
name of the common beetle ; also clock'er, n. 

clock, n. klok (an imitative word : Dut. Mocken), the 
cry of the brooding hen— see cluck. 

clod, n. Mod (Dan. Mods; Sw. Mots, a block, a log: 
Dut. Mos, a ball), a hard lump of earth of any kind ; 
earth, ground, or turf; a stupid fellow; a dolt: 
clod'dy, a. -dl, ce,iisislin;r <>f clods: clodhopper, n. a 
in in i peasanl clod'dish, a. lumpish; boorish: 
clod'pole, n. a stupid fellow. 

cloff, n. Mof, in com., an allowance of two lb. per 
cwt. for the turn of the scale to the wholesale pur- 
chaser of goods. 

clog, n. Mog (Gael, ploc, any round mass : Scot. 
clag, to cover with mud), a hindrance; an impedi- 
ment ; anything that hinders motion : v. to load so 
as to hinder or impede motion ; to burden ; to embar- 
rass; to render difficult; to adhere in a cluster or 
mass: clog'ging, imp.: clogged, pp. klogd: clog'gy, 
a. -gl, that has power to clog ; thick : clog'giness, n. 

clog, n. Mog (Ger. Motz, a log, a clog), a wooden 
shoe ; a shoe with a wooden sole. 

cloister, n. kldy'ster (Ger. Moster; F. cloitre, a mo- 
nastery—from L. claustrum, an inclosure), an inclosed 
place; a monastery or nunnery; a piazza of an in- 
closed court : v. to confine in a monastery ; to shut 
up in retirement : cloi'stering, imp. : cloistered, pp. 
Moy'sterd : cloi'steral, a. confined to a cloister ; retired 
from the world : cloi'sterer, n. one who. 

clonic, a. klon'lk (Gr. klonos, a violent confused 
motion), in med., applied to spasms or convulsions, 

n i ti rial a rithn taxation. 

close, a, Mos (L. clausus, shut up : F. clos, closed, 
shut), shut ; having no vent or outlet ; confined ; com- 
pact; solid or dense; concise; brief; very near; private; 
narrow ; crafty; penurious ; warm ; oppressive, as the 
weather: n. in Scot., a narrow passage or entry; a 
courtyard ; an inclosure : adv. closely ; nearly ; se- 
cretly: closely, ad. Mos'll: close-bodied, a. fitting 
the body closely; close-fisted, a. niggardly: close- 
hauled, a. among seamen, close to the wind: close 
quarters, in direct contact; hand to hand: close'- 
ness, n. -nes, narrowness ; want of ventilation ; com- 
pactness; secrecy. 

close, v. kloz (see above), to shut ; to make fast ; to 
end or finish; to cover; to inclose; to come or bring 
together ; to unite : n. conclusion ; end ; a pause ; 
cessation : clo'sing, imp. : closed, pp. Mozd : clo'ser, 
n. -zer, one who or that which : to close with, to 
accede to ; to grapple with. 

closet, n. kloz'et (dim. of close, an inclosure), a 
small room or apartment for retirement; a small dark 
room : v. to shut up ; to conceal ; to take into a private 
apartment for consultation : clos'eting, imp. : clos'- 
eted, pp. 

clot, n. klSt clot log: Dut. Mot, a lump; 

allied to clod), fluid matter thickened or coagulated 
Mr; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



CLOT i 

into a lump or lumps — clod is applied to earth: v. 
to turn into masses or lumps ; to coagulate or thick- 
en, as milk or blood : clot'ting, imp.: clot'ted, pp.: 
clof ty, a. -ft, full of clots. 

cloth, n. Moth (AS. clath, cloth: Ger. kleid; Icel. 
klcedi, a garment: W. clyd, warm), any woven stuff; 
any fabric woven from wool ; the covering of a table : 
cloths, plu. Moths, meaning different kinds : clothe, 
v. Moth, to cover with articles of dress ; to put on 
raiment ; to invest ; to surround ; to spread over or 
to cover: clothing, imp.: n. garments in general; 
dress: clothed or clad, pp. kiofhd. Mad: clothes, n. 
plu. MOthz, garments or dress for the body: bed- 
clothes, coverings of a bed : clothes-basket, n. : clothes- 
brush, n.: cloth'ier, n. -X-er, a seller of cloths ; a seller 
or maker of clothes; an outfitter: the cloth, a familiar 
name for the clergy in general, or the clerical profes- 

cloud, n. kldird (old Dut. dote, a cloud— allied to 
clod, being vapours drawn into clods or separate mas- 
ses), a mass of visible vapour floating in the atmo- 
sphere ; a great multitude, in the sense of a diffused 
and indistinct mass : v. to obscure or darken ; to over- 
spread with clouds ; to make of a gloomy or sullen 
aspect ; to sully ; to tarnish ; to become obscure ; to 
grow cloudy: clouding, imp.: clouded, pp.: cloudy, 
a. -X, overcast; obscure; gloomy; dispiriting; semi- 
opaque: cloudily, ad. -U : cloud iness, n.: cloudless, 
a, without a cloud : cloudlessly, ad. -II: cloud-berry, 
n. the mountain bramble, abounding in the High- 
lands of Scotland : cloud-capt, a. extremely lofty; very 
high: cloud'-wrapt, a. -rapt, misty; obscure: in the 
clouds, beyond the range of the eye— applied to flights 
of fancy, or to confused and obscure representations ; 
absent ; not attending to what is going on around. 

clout, n. clmot (AS. clut, a patch— primary sense, a 
blow: Dut. klotsen, to strike), a patch; a piece of 
cloth or leather to repair a hole or break; a piece of 
cloth for cleaning or kitchen use ; a flat-headed nail : 
v. to patch ; to mend or repair by putting or sewing 
on a patch: clouting, imp.: clouted, pp.: a clout on 
the head, a blow or stroke on the head. 

clove, v. klov — see cleave. 

clove, n. Wot) (Dut krvyd^naegel, the nail-spice: L. 
clavus, a nail), a kind of spice, consisting of the dried 
unexpanded flowers of a tree of the myrtle tribe: 
clove gillyflower, a beautiful flower having a peculiar 
scent— also called clove-pink, carnation-pink. 

clove, n. klov (low Ger. kloven, to cleave: Dut. 
Move, a fissure), a division of a root of garlic; in hot., 
cloves, applied to young bulbs, as in the onion; a 
weight, part of theVcy, being about 8 lb. 

cloven, v. klov'n (pp~. of cleave, which see), parted ; 
divided into two parts : cloven-footed, a. having the 
foot or hoof divided into two parts, as the ox. 

clover, n. klo'ver (AS. claefer; Dut. klaver— from 
low Ger. kloven, to cleave), a common field-herb called 
trefoil, used for the fodder of cattle : to live in clover, 
to live in abundance : clo'vered, a. -verd, abounding 
in clover. 

clown, n. kldtvn (Dut. kloete, a lump, a block : Ger. 
klotz, a log; klotzig, blockish, rustic), a peasant; a 
rustic ; one who has the rough manners of one from 
the country ; an ill-bred man ; one who plays the fool 
in a theatre or circus: clownish, a. like a rustic; 
coarse and ill-bred: clown'ishly, ad. -H: clownlsh- 
ness, n. rudeness of behaviour; awkwardness. 

cloy, v. klo~ii (from Eng. clog, a thick mass : F. en- 
cloyer, to choke or stop up), to fill to loathing ; to sur- 
feit: cloying, imp.: cloyed, pp. kloyd, filled; glutted: 
cloyless, a. 

club, n. klub (W. dob, a knob: Russ. klub', a ball: 
Sw. klabb, a log: Ger. kolbe, a club), a stick with 
one end heavier than the other; a thick heavy stick 
or cudgel for beating or defence; a principal war 
weapon in ancient times, and now in barbarous coun- 
tries ; a number of persons associated for some com- 
mon purpose ; the name of one of the suits of cards : 
v. to unite for some common end ; to pay a share of a 
common reckoning ; to beat with a club ; to turn up 
and place together the club-ends of a number of rifles : 
clubbing, imp.: clubbed, pp. kliibd: club'bist, n. one 
who belongs to a club or association: club-house, n. 
a place of resort for the members of a club : club-law, 
n. brute force: club-foot, n. a deformed foot: club- 
footed, a. having crooked or misshapen feet: club- 
moss, n. a moss-like plant ; the Lycopodium. 

cluck, n. kliik (an imitative word: Dut. klocken; F. 
glousser; Sp. cloquear), the call of a hen to her chick- 



J COAL 

ens, or the noise she makes when hatching : v. to call 
or cry as a hen does to her chickens : cluck'ing, imp. : 
clucked, pp. klukt. 

clue, n. kid (see clew), a key to ; a guide. 

clump, n. Mump (related to club: Icel. Mumbi, a 
lump: Dut. klompe; Ger. klumpen, a clod, a mass), a 
short, thick, or shapeless piece of matter ; a cluster ot 
trees or shrubs. 

clumsy, a. klum'-zl (low Ger. klomen; old Eng. clom- 
sid, stiffened with cold : Icel. klumsa, suffering from 
cramp), awkward and inefficient, like one benumbed 
with cold ; unskilful ; slow ; heavy ; ill made : clum- 
sily, ad. -II: clumsiness, n. 

clung, v. klung—see cling. 

clunch, n. klunsh (from cling), any tough coarse 
clay ; soft chalk ; the clayey beds of chalk-marl. 

Cluniac, n. klu'/il-dk, one of a reformed order of 
monks of the Benedictines, so called from Clugni or 
Cluny in France. 

cluster, n. klus' ter (Dut. klissen, to stick together; 
Mister, a cluster), a bunch ; a number of things of the 



clustering, imp. : clus'tered, pp. -tird : clus'teringly, 
ad. -IX: clustery, a. -tir-l, growing in clusters. 

clutch, n. Much (Scot, cleik, to snatch : Swiss, klupe, 
claws), a Ann grasp or griping with the hands by 
tightening the fingers; a seizure; a grasp: v. to seize 
firmly with the hand ; to gripe; to grasp : clutching, 
imp.: clutched, pp. kliicht: clutches, n. plu. claws; 
hands, in the sense of rapacity and cruelty : in the 
clutches, in the power of, in a bad sense. 

clutter, n. klut'-ter (another form of clatter), a noise ; 
a bustle : v. to make a confused noise : clut'tering, 
imp. : clut'tered, pp. -terd. 

clymenia, n. Mhmc'nl-a (L. clymene, a sea-nymph), 
in qeol., a genus of nautiloid shells. 

clypeate, a. kllp'-e-dt (L. clypeus, a shield), in bot., 
having the shape of a shield; also clype'iform, n. 
-l-fa'crm (L. forma, shape). 

clyster, n. Mls'ter (F. clystere ; Gr. Muster— from Gr. 
kluzo, I wash or rinse), an injection into the bowels. 

co, ko (L.cum; Gr. sun, with, together: It. con), 
a form of the prefix con, and means, with ; together ; 
together with ; co is used before a vowel and h, as 
coalesce, cohabit, and is often separated from the 
word by a hyphen, as co-operate, co-partner; in 
math., co is an abbreviation of complement, as co-lati- 
tude, co-sine, co-tangent. Note.— The prefix con as- 
sumes the various forms of co, cog, col, com, cor, 
according to the first letter of the second element of 
the compound ; but, 1, con becomes com before b and 
p, as combustion, co?npel ; 2, con is retained before / 
and v, except in comfort, as conflict, convene ; 3, con 
is retained before t, d, q, g, and s, as content, condole, 
conquest, congeal, consent. 

coach, n. koch (F. coucher; Dut. koetsen, to lie, to 
put to bed ; Dut. koetse, a couch, a coach), a carriage ; 
a four-wheeled vehicle: v. to travel in a coach: 
coaching, imp. : coached, pp. kocht: coach-box, n. the 
seat on which the driver sits : coach'ful, n. -fo~bl, enough 
to fill a coach : coachman, n. the driver of a coach. 

coadjutor, n. ko'dd-jMtr iL. con, together; ad, to; 
jutus, assisted), one who helps another; an assistant: 
co'adju'torship, n. joint assistance : co adju'trix, n. 
fern, -j Mr Iks, a female assistant. 

coadunate, a. ko-ad'u-nat (L. con, together, and adu- 
nare, to unite), in bot., united at the base ; cohering. 

coagulate, v. ko-ag'ii-lat (L. and It. coagulare, to 
curdle : F. coagider), to curdle ; to congeal ; to change 
a fluid into a fixed mass; to thicken or turn into 
clots : coag'ula'ting, imp. : coag'ula'ted, pp. : coag- 
ula'tor, n. : coag'ulant, n. that which: coagula'tion, 
n. -la'shun, the act of changing from a fluid to a fixed 
state: coag'ulable, a. -la-bl, that may be thickened: 
coagulability, n. -bU'i-ti, the capacity of being thick- 
ened or coagulated: coag'ula'tive, a. -la'tiv, having 
power to coagulate: coag'ulum, n. -Mm (L.), clot of 
blood ; the curd of milk ; a thickened or fixed mass of 
a liquid. 

coal, n. hSIO kohle— original meaning, 

fire: Sw. kylla, to kindle), mineralised vegetable 
matter ; a hard black mineral used as fuel : v. to 
take in coal for the supply of a steam or sailing vessel : 
coaling, imp. : n. taking in of coals, as into a steam- 
ship: coaled, pp. kolcl: coal'y, a. -I, like coal; con- 
taining coal : coal-black, a. black like coal : coal- 
field, n. a natural deposit or bed of coal in the earth : 



cou,; boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, joy, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



COAL 

coal-fish, n. a sea-fish having the upper part of the 
head and back black : coalsey, n. kol'zi, fry of the 
coal-fish : coal-heaver, n. -hev'er, one who carries coals, 
as into a house, cellar, or ship; a coal-porter: coal- 
mine or coal-pit, n. the place out of which coal is 
dug : coal-whipper, n. one of a gang who unloads a 
ship's cargo when it consists of coal: collier, n. kdl- 
yer, one who digs out the coals in a coal-mine ; a ship 
employed in carrying coals : colliery, n. -i, a place 
where coal is dug, and the machinery employed in 
raising it to the surface: coal-measures, n. plu. 
-mezh-oors, in geol., the layers or strata of stone, &c, 
between which the deposits of coal are found: to 
blow the coals, to kindle strife: to carry coals to 
Newcastle, to do something very unnecessary; to 
lose one's labour : to haul over the coals, to call to 
account ; to censure. 

coalesce, v. ko'd-les' (L. coalescere, to grow together 
—from con, and alescere, to grow up: It. coalizzare: 
F. coaliser), to unite ; to grow together ; to adhere in 
masses ; to assimilate or unite as one, as nations by 
intermarriages : coalescing, imp. : coalesced', pp. 
-lest': coalesc'ent, a. -les'-ent, growing or uniting to- 
gether: coalesc'ence, n. -ens, the act of growing 
together; union: coaliti'on, n. -llsh'un, a union of 
persons, parties, or states for a common object ; a con- 
federacy or league : coalitionist, n. -1st, one who. 

coamings, n. plu. kom'ingz, among seamen, raised 
work round the hatches of a ship to prevent water 
getting down into the hold. 

- coarse, a. kors (a supposed corrupted form of 
"course," as in the phrase "of course," meaning ac- 
cording to the regular order of events), not refined ; 
rude ; rough ; gross ; impure ; indelicate : coarse'ly, 
ad. -II : coarse'ness, n. 

coast, n. kost (L. costa, a rib, a side: It. costa; F. 
coste, a rib, a coast), the limit or border of a country ; 
the sea-shore or land near it : v. to sail near the land 
or in sight of it ; to sail from port to port in the same 
country : coast'ing, imp. : coasted, pp. : the coast is 
clear, the danger is over ; no impediment exists ; no 
enemies oroiJi>'>n<.'iiis;u-e insightor at hand : coast'er, 
n. a vessel employed in home-trade only : coast'wise, 
ad. by or along the coast : coasting- trade, n. the trade 
carried on in ships from port to port of the same 
country: coast-guard, body of police for watching the 
sea from the coast : sea-coast, margin of land next 
the sea. 

coat, n. kot (F. cotte; It. cotta, a coat or frock), a 
man's garment worn above the waistcoat ; an upper 
garment ; an external covering ; a layer of any sub- 
t or spread over, as paint on a 



stance : 

wall ; to smear ; to put on a coat : coat'ing, imp. : 

~. a covering; any substance 



, 1 over another: 

coat'ed, pp. : adj. in bot., having concentric coats or 
layers: coatee, n. ko-te", a half coat; a very short 
coat : coat of arms, n. the emblazonment of armo- 
rial bearings on an escutcheon : coat of mail, n. a 
piece of armour in the form of a shirt. 

coax, v. koks (old Eng. cokes, a simpleton, a gull : 
F. cocasse, one who says or does laughable or ridiculous 
things), to wheedle or gull one into doing something ; 
to persuade by fondling or flattery : coax'ing, imp. : 
coaxed, pp. kokst: coax'er, n. one who: coax'ingiy, 
ad. -li. 

cob, n. kob (W. cobio, to thump ; cob, a knock), the 
top or head; anything in round lumps; a strong 
pony; a foreign coin; clay mixed with straw: v. to 
punish : cobbing, imp. : cobbed, pp. kobd : cob'by, 
a. -bl, stout; brisk. 

cobalt, n. ko'hujrit (Or. kuhnld, the goblin or demon 
of Ger. mines), a brittle metal of a reddish-grey or 
greyish- white colour, much used in the state of oxide 
to give a blue colour to glass, and to produce enamels 
upon metals and earthenware, &c: cobaj'tic, a. -tik, 
pert, to cobalt: co'baltine, n. -tin, arsenical ore of 
cobalt. 

cobble, v. kob'bl (frequentative of cob, to knock: 
Dan. kobler, to cobble), to mend by putting on a 
patch; to repair coarsely: cob'bling, imp. -Ming: 
cob'bled, pp. -bid, badly made or mended : cob'bler, 
11. -bier, one who ; a mender of hoots and shoes. 

cobble, n. kob'bl (Dut. kabbelen, to beat, as water 
against a hank or on the -lion-), a round water-worn 
stone; a boulder; a small fishing-boat— also spelt 
coble. 

cobra-de-capello, n. ko'brd-de-kd-pel'lO (Port, ser- 

■■■ <H . !l. I, n„\l, , ,. Lu-mIi ,!:,..! ■ I , I '•_ ll | y i' (.' I M 1 1 I I o I I 

inhabiting the East Indies. 

mate, m&t, far, law; mete, met, 



I COCK 

cobweb, n. kob'wSb (Flem. kop, a spider: Fris. kop, 
a bubble), the network spread by a spider to catch its 
prey; any snare: adj. slender and feeble : cob'webbed, 
a. -webd, in bot., covered with loose hairs. 

coca, n. ko'kd (Sp.), the dried leaf of a plant, having 
highly narcotic qualities, used by the Peruvians. 

cocagne or cocaigne, n. ko-kan' (F. a land of milk 
and honey), an imaginary land of idleness, plenty, and 
pleasure ; a name applied to London and its suburbs. 

cocciferous, a. kok-slf'-er-us (Gr. kokkos, a berry, 
and L. fero, I bear), trees or plants that produce ber- 
ries are so called. 

Cocculus Indicus, n. kok'u-lus-ln'di-kus (L. Indian 
berry), the fruit of a large tree, possessing narcotic and 
poisonous qualities : Cocculus Palma'tus, -pal-ma'Ms, 
the plant from which the Columba root is obtained : 
coe'eus or coe'eum, n. -kus (L. a berry used for dyeing), 
in bot., applied to the closed cells of plurilocular peri- 
carps which separate from each other when ripe : coc- 
cid'ium, n. -sld'-l-um, in hot., a rounded conceptacle in 
algae without spores, or containing a tuft of spores : 
coccolite, n. kok'o-lll (Gr. lithos, a stone), in rain., a, 
variety of augite : coccos'teus, n. -kos'-te-us (Gr. osteon, 
a bone), in geol., a fish of the old red sandstone, 
so termed from the berry-like tubercles studding its 
plates. 

cochineal, n. kdch'l-nel (Sp. cochinilla, awood-louse), 
a scarlet and crimson dye-stuff consisting of a mass 
of very small insects, natives of the warm countries 
of Central and S. America. 

cochlear, a. kok'le-er (L. a spoon), in tot., a kind of 
aestivation in which a helmet-shaped part covers all 
the others in the bud : cochlear'iform, a. -ar'-i-fawrm 
(L. forma, a sh. 

cochleary, a. kok'le-er-l (L. cochlea, the shell of a 
snail, a screw: Gr. kochlos, a shell-fish with a spiral 
shell), having the form of a screw ; spiral : coch'leate, 
a. -at, also coch'lea'ted, a. spiral ; screw-like. 

cochliodus, n. kok'll-6-dus (Gr. kochlias, a cockle, 
and odous, a tooth), fossil shell teeth found among 
mountain limestone, having a cockle-shell-like aspect. 

cock, n. kok (an imitation of the cry : F. cog ; Bohem. 
kokot, a cock), the male of birds, particularly of the 
domestic fowl— fern, hen; a vane in shape of a cock : 
cock'erel, n. -er-el, a young cock: cock-crowing, n. 
the early dawn; also cock-crow, n.: cock-pit, area 
where cocks fight: cock-and-a-bull, a tedious absurd 
story: mere babble or boasting: every cock on his 
own dunghill, every one fights best at home, or with 
his friends to back him : cock-fight, n. a battle be- 
tween game-cocks : cock-fighting, n. the act or prac- 
tice of pitting lach other. 

cock, v. kok (It. coccare, to snap, to click— a word 
imitative of a quick sudden motion in rising or start- 
ing up), to stick abruptly up ; to cause suddenly to 
project or stick up ; to set up with an air of pertness, 
as the head or hat ; to set or draw back the part of a 
gun which snaps or clicks ; to strut : n. the part of a 
gun which snaps or clicks; in a balance, the needle 
which vibrates to and fro between the cheeks ; a 
twined or crooked spout to let out water at will: 
cock'ing, imp.: cocked, pp. kokt: adj. turned up at 
the sides: cockade', n. -kad' (F. coquarde, a cap worn 
partly on the one side), a knot of ribbons stu>-k jauntily 
on the hat : cockad'ed, a. provided with a cockade : 
cock'atoo, n. -a-tO, a parrot with a tuft of feathers 
on its head : cock'er, n. -er, a dog employed to raise 
wild birds: cock-sure, confidently certain. 

cock, n. kok (Fin. kokko, a coniform heap, a hut: 
Dan. kok, a heap, a pile), a small heap of hay or reaped 
corn : cock-loft, a room over the garret ; the room 
next the roof: cock-pit, in a ship of war, a room 
appropriated to the use of the wounded during an 
action : cocked, a. kokt, thrown into heaps. 

cock, n. kok (It. cocca; Dan. kog; Icel. kuggi, a 
small boat : Fin. kokka, the prow of a vessel, being 
the part that sticks up), applied to a small boat : cock- 
swain, -swan, a petty officer who has the command 
or care of a boat— fumiliarly spelt coxen, kok'sn. 

cockatrice, n. kok'-d-tris (Sp. cocatriz, a crocodile, 
of which it is a mere corruption), a fabulous animal ; 
a cock with a dragon's tail, supposed to be hatched by 
a cock from a viper's egg, or from one of its own. 

cockchafer, n. kok'cha-fer (cock, and AS. ceafor, a 
beetle), the May-bug or dorr-beetle. 

cocker, v. kok'er (Dut. kokelen, to pamper— see cock- 
ney), to pamper ; to fondle and spoil, as a child : cock- 
ering, imp.: n. fondling indulgence; cock'ered, pp. 
-erd. 
Mr; pine, pin; note, not, move; 



COCK 



95 



COGN 



cocket, n. kok'et (F. cachet, a seal: contr. of L. 
phrase, quo quietus), an official seal ; a written certifi- 
cate, sealed, given by the custom-house officers to mer- 
chants to show that their merchandise has been pro- 
perly entered. 

cockle, n. kok'-kl (F. coquiole; Pol. kakol ; Gael, cogal ; 
AS. coccel), a weed that grows among corn ; the corn- 
rose. 

cockle, n. kok'-kl (L. cochlea; Gr. kochlos, a snail, a 
shell-fish : F. coquille), a shell -fish ribbed or grooved on 
both sides: v. to contract into folds or wrinkles: 
cockled, pp. -kid. 

cockney, n. kok'nl (F. cocagne, a plentiful country: 
F. coqueliner, to cocker, to pamper), an anc. nickname 
for a citizen of London— now applied by way of con- 
tempt. 

cockroach, kok'roch (from cock), a common kind of 
beetle infesting houses and ships. 

cockscomb, n. /./.>■.:,/ (from cock), the red fleshy 
substance on the head of a cock; a plant : cox comb, 
n. koks-, a fop; a. vain silly fellow. 

cocoa, n. ko'-ko (Port, coco, an ugly mask to frighten 
children, so called from the monkey-like face at the 
base of the nut), the common way of now spelling 
cacao; the nut of the cacao roasted and ground; the 
beverage made of it ; the very large nut of the cocos 
palm. 

cocoon, n. ko-kvn' (F. cocon— from L. concha, a shell), 
the round silky case in which the silk-worm and many 
other larva? envelop themselves: cocoonery, n. -«••*, 
a building where silk-worms are fed while preparing 
to envelop themselves in cases or cocoons. 

coction, n. kOk'-shiin (L. coctio, a digestion), the act 
of boiling: coc tile, a. -til, made by baking or heat. 

cod, n. kod (Flem. kodde, a club— from its large club- 
shaped head), a well-known fish chiefly inhabiting the 
northern seas, and especially the sandbanks around 
Newfoundland : codling, n. a young cod : cod-liver oil, 
n. an oil obtained from the livers of the cod-fish. 

cod, n. kod (Icel. koddi, a cushion: Sw. kudde, a 
sack: \V. cod, a hagi, any husk or case containing the 
seeds of a plant; a pod: codded, a. inclosed in a 
cod, as in beans and peas. 

coddle, v. kod'-dl (F. cadel. a starveling: L. catuhis; 
Prov. cadel, a whelp), to pamper or treat delicately; 
to parboil; to soften by means of hot water: codling, 
n. kod'-llng, or codlin, n. -tin, an apple fit for boiling 
or baking. 

code, n. kod (L. codex, the body of a tree, a book : 
F. code: It. codice), laws collected and arranged, par- 
ticularly if done by authority: codex, ko'-deks (L), 
any written document, generally an ancient one ; 
an anc. manuscript: codicil, n. kod'-l-sll. an addition 
or supplement made to a will : cod'icillary, a 
-ir-i, of the nature of a codicil: codify, v. -i-ji (L. 
facio. I make), to reduce to a code or system: cod'ify'- 
ing, imp. : codified, pp. -fid : codifi er, n. -er. or 
codist, n. ko'dlst, one who forms or reduces laws to a 
system or code : codification, n. kod'-i-fi-kd'-shun, the 
act of reducing laws to a system. 

codeine, n. ko-de'in (Gr. kodcia, a poppy head), one 
of the active medicinal principles of opium. 

codger, n. koj'-jir (Ger. kotzen, to spit; kotzer, a 
spitting or coughing man or woman), familiarly, a 
term of abuse for an elderly person ; a miser. 

codille, n. ko-dil' (Sp. codillo), a term at ombre, sig- 
nifying that the stake is won. 

codling, n,— see cod and coddle. 

coefiicient, n. ko'effish'-ent (L. con, together; ex, 
out of ; facio, I do or make), that which unites with 
something else to produce the same effect; in alg., 
the figure or known number or quantity put before 
the letter or letters that denote an unknown number 
or quantity, or partly known and partly unknown : 
adj. co-operating; acting to the same end: co'ef- 
fici'ency, n. -fish'in-si: co efficiently , ad. -ent-li. 

Coehorn, n. ko'-hav:rn (after the inventer Baron 
Coehorn), in mil., a small kind of mortar. 

ccelacanthi, n. plu. se'ld-kdn'thl (Gr. koilos, hol- 
low, and akantha, a spine), an extensive group of 
fossil sauroid fishes. 

coeliac or celiac, a. se'li-ak (Gr. koilia, the belly), 
pert, to the intestinal canal; coeliac passion, n." a 
flux or diarrhcea of undigested food. 

coelorhynchus, n. se-16-rin'kiis (Gr. koilos, hollow, 

and rhvtngch sil sword-fishes. 

coequal, a. ko-e'kicdl (L. con, together, and equus, 

equal i, of the same rank, dignitv, or power: n. one 

who is equal to another : coe^qually, ad. -U. 

cow, toy, foot; pure, oud; chair, 



coerce, v. ko-er$' (L. con. together, and or reeo, Idrive), 
to restrain by force; to compel: coer'cing, imp.: co- 
erced', pp. -erst': coer'cer, n. ser, one who : coe-cion, 
n. -er'-shiin, compulsion: coer'cible, a. si-bl, that may 
or ought to be repressed: coercive, a. -.sic, having 
power to restrain : coer cively, ad. -II. 

coeternal, a, ko'-e-ter'nal (L. con, together, and 
ceternus, perpetual, everlasting), equally eternal with 
another: coeval, a. -e'vdl (L. ccvum, an age), of the 
same age ; contemporaneous ; beginning to exist at 
the same time: coexist', v. -egz-lst' (L. existo, I 
exist), to exist at the same time with another: co'- 
exist'ent, a. -ent, having existence at the same time 
with another: n. that which coexists with another: 
coexist ence, n. -ens : co'exten sive, a. -eks-tcn'slo 
(L. ex, and tcnsum, to stretchi, having the same ex- 
tent. 

coffee, n. koffl (Ar. kawah; F. and Sp. cafe, 
coffee), a plant, a native of Caft'a in Arabia, now ex- 
tensively cultivated in the W. Indies and elsewhere ; 
the seeds roasted and ground, an infusion of which is 
drunk as a beverage: coffee-pot, n. a pot in which 
ground coffee is infused. 

coffer, n. kof'fir (F. coffre ; It. cofano. a chest : 
AS. cof, a receptacle— see coffin), a chest or trunk ; 
a chest for containing money ; a square depres- 
sion between the modillions of a cornice, after- 
wards filled up with some ornament ; a hollow lodg- 
ment or trench across a dry moat : v. to treasure up : 
coffering, imp.: coffered, pp. -ferd: coffer-dam, n. 
a wooden inclosure formed in the bed of a river, con- 
sisting of an outer and inner case, with clay packed in 
between them to exclude the water, used in laying 
foundations for the building of piers, &c. 

coffin, n. kof'-j in (It. wr'ano, a chest: Gr. kophinos; 
L. cophinus, a basket: F. cofai), the chest or box in 
which a dead human body is inclosed previous to 
burial; the conical paper-bag used by grocers ; the hol- 
low part of a horse's hoof ; the wooden frame surround- 
ing the imposing-stone of printers : v. to inclose in a 
coffin: coffining, imp.: coffined, pp. -find: coffin- 
less, a. without a coffin. 

cog, kog, prefix— see co. 

cog, n. kog (It. Gael. ■ reeling: Sw. 

kugge, a prominence in an indented wheel : It. cocca, a 
notch), the tooth on the rim of a wheel; a piece of 
deceit : a trick: v. to furnish with cogs; to obtain by 
flattering or wheedling ; to wheedle ; to cheat : cog'- 
ging, imp.: cogged, pp. kogd: cog-wheel, n. a wheel 
with teeth on the rim: to cog dice, to load them so 
that they shall fall in a particular direction. 

cog, n. kog (W. auch, a kind of boat), a wooden 
vessel of a circular form for containing milk, broth, 
Arc: a little boat. 

cogent, a. ko'-jent (L. cogens, driving together— from 
con, together, and ago, I drive), urgent; pressing on 
the mind; not easily resisted; convincing: cogently, 
ad. -h: co'gency, n. -jen-si, force or pressure on the 
mind; urgency. 

cogitate, v. kdj'Uat (L. cogitatum, to think, to muse 
—from con, and agito, I put in motion: It. cogitare), 
to think; to meditate: cog'ita'ting, imp.: cog'ita'- 
ted, pp.: cogitable, a. -ta-hi, capable of being con- 
ceived, as a thought: cog'ita'tion, n. -td-shun, act 
of thinking: cogitative, a. -tiv, given to musing or 
meditating. 

cognac, n. kon'ydk (after a town in France, where 
made), the best kind of French brandy— sometimes 
spelt cog'niac. 

cognate, a. kog'nut (L. cognatus, connected by 
birth— from con, together, and natus, born: It. cog- 
nato : F. cognat), related or allied by blood ; proceed- 
ing from the same stock or family; having relation 
to ; allied : n. a male relation through the mother : 
cogna'tion, n. -nd'-shun, descent from the same origin ; 
relationship. 

cognition, n. kog-nlsh'-iin (L. cognitio, knowledge— 
from co??, together, and nosco, I know: It. cognizione: 
F. cognitio?i), knowledge from experience or inspec- 
tion : cognisable, a. kog'-ni-zd-bl, or kon'-, that may be 
heard, tried, and determined, as by a judge ; that falls 
or may fall under notice or observation : cog'nisably, 
ad. -Mi: cognisance, n. kog'-ni-zdns, or kon'-, judicial 
notice or knowledge ; jurisdiction or right to try ; 
perception ; observation ; knowledge by recollection : 
cognisant, a. kog'-ni-zdnt, or kon'-, having knowledge 
of: cognisee, n. kog'-ni-ze, or kon'-, in law, one to whom 
afineoflandis acknowledged: cognisor, n. kOq'-ni-zor, 
or kon'-, one who acknowledges the right of the cog- 
game,jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



COGN £ 

nisee in a fine ; the defendant. Note.— The preceding 
words are sometimes spelt with z. 

cognomen, n. kog-no'-men (L. cognomen, a surname 
—from con, together, and nomen, a name), a surname : 
cognominal, ndm'i-niU pi srt. to the surname. 

cognosce, v. kog-nos' (L. cognoscere, to examine, to in- 
vestigate— from con, together, and noscere, to know : 
It. cognoscere) i u> inquire into a matter ; 

to investigate into the facts of a case : cognoscing, 
imp.: cognosced', pp. -nost': cognosc'ible, a. -l-bl, 
capable of being known or made the object of know- 
ledge: cognosc'ibil'ity, n. -bll'-i-tl, quality of being 
cognoscible. 

cognoscenti, n. plu. ko /ji'nosh-shSn'-ti 

(It. ), persons possessing a knowledge of the essential 
beauties of works of art. 

cognovit, n. kog-no-vit (L. he has acknowledged), in 
law, an acknowledgment of the plaintiffs < 'laim '<•.: 
the defendant, authorising thereby judgment and 
execution against himself. 

cohabit, v. ko-hdb'-it (L. con, together, and habito, 
I dwell), to live together as husband and wife, usually 
applied to a man and woman without marriage : co- 
habiting, imp.: n. the act of dwelling together: 
cohabited, pp. : cohablta'tion, n. -ta'shun. 

coheir, n. koar' (L. con, together, and hceres, an 
heir), one who inherits along with another. 

cohere, v. ko-hef (L. cohcerere, to be connected— 
from con, together, and hcereo, I stick or cleave ; 
hcesum, to stick), to stick together ; to be well con- 
nected; to depend on; to agree or suit: cohering, 
imp.: cohered', pp. -herd': cohe'rent, a. -he-rent, 
sticking together ; related in some form or order ; 
consistent ; having a due agreement of parts : cohe- 
rently, ad. -II: cohe'rence, n. -rens, or cohe'rency, 
n. -ren-si, union of parts of the same body; the 
uniting of two bodies by attraction ; consistency : 
cohe'sion, n. -he'-zhun (F. cohesion), the act of sticking 
together; that power of attraction which unites the 
particles of matter and preserves the forms of bodies : 
cohesive, a. -zlv, that has the power of sticking: 
cohe'sively, ad. -II: cohe'siveness, n. the quality of 
being cohesi i I together. 

cohort, n. kd'-hort(L. cohors, a place inclosed, a com- 
pany of soldiers— gen. cohortis: It. corte: F. cour), 
among the anc. Rom., a body of soldiers varying 
from 420 to 600 ; a body of soldiers. 

coif, n. kdyf (F. coiffe, a hood or cap : It. cuffia : 
mod. Gr. skoiq ih, ahead-kerchief), acaul 

or cap ; a cap to cover a baldness ; the distinguishing 
badge of a sergeant-at-law : v. to cover or dress with 
a coif: coifing, imp.: coifed, pp. kdyft: coiffure, n. 
koyf'obr, a head-dress. 

coil, n. kdyl (It. cogliere; Sp. coger; L. colligere, to 
gather), a rope gathered into a circular heap : v. to 
gather or wind into a circular heap, as a rope or ser- 
pent : coiling, imp. : coiled, pp. koyld. 

coin, n. kdyn (L. cuneus, a wedge, the steel die with 
which money is stamped, probably from the stamp- 
ing having once been effected by a wedge : Sp. cuna, 
a wedge ; cuno, a die for coining : F. coin, a wedge, 
a die), a piece of gold, silver, or copper stamped ; 
money : v. to make money of metal ; to make, as to 
coin a word ; to forge or fabricate : coining, imp. : 
n. the act of making money out of a metal : coined, pp. 
kdynd : adj. stamped as coin: coin'er, n. one who ; a 
maker of base money : coin'age, n. -aj, the money 
coined ; the metallic currency ; new production ; in- 
vention. 

coincide, v. ko'-ln-sld' (L. co, and incidere, to fall 
into— from in, in or on, and cado, I fall : F. coincide.r), 
to fall or meet in the same point ; to concur or agree : 
co'inci'ding, imp. : co'inci'ded, ' pp. : co inci'der, n. 
one who: coincident, a. -sl-dent, falling on or meet- 
ing at the same point ; concurrent ; agreeable to : 
coincidence, n. -si-dens, the falling on or meeting of 
two or more lines, surfaces, or bodies at the same 
i) "" ' 'incurrence; agreement; a happening at the 
same time : coin'cidently, ad. -It. 

coir, n. kwdyr (Tamil, cuyer, a rope of any kind), 
cocoa-nut fibre for ropes or matting. 

coit, koyt—see quoit. 

coition, n. ko-ish'-un (L. coitio, a coming or meet- 
ing together— gen. coitionis— from con, and itum, to 
go), a going or coming together ; sexual intercourse. 

coke, n. Ao/ i i / the core of an apple, the 

remnant of a thing when the virtue is taken out of it : 

■ ■• ' -""/' i mpl i coal charred or half burnt in kilns 
or ovens— see charcoal: v. to char or half burn: co- 



COLL 

king, imp.: coked, pp. kokt: coke-oven, n. a building 
of brick or clay in which coals are charred or made 
into coke. 

col, kol, one of the forms of the prefix con, which 
see. 

colander, n. kul'-dn-dcr (L. colans, straining or filter- 
ing), a vessel of tin or earthenware with a perforated 
bottom ; a sieve : also spelt cullender. 

colchicum, n. kol'-chi-kum (L.), a plant called mea- 
dow-saffron, whose seeds and underground stem are 
used in medicine : colchicine, n. -sin, also col'chica, 
-kd, a peculiar principle obtained from colchicum. 

colcothar, n. kol'-ko-ther (new L.), the brown-red 
peroxide of iron, produced by calcining sulphate of 
iron, used for polishing glass, &c. 

cold, a. kold (Goth, kalds, cold: Icel. kala, to blow 
cold : Ger. kalt, cool), not warm or hot ; frigid ; indif- 
ferent ; without zeal ; without affection ; wanting in 
animation : n. the sensation or feeling produced by 
the want or loss of heat ; a disease contracted from 
improper exposure of the person to atmospheric 
changes; a shivering or chilliness: colded, pp. a. 
kold'-ed, affected with cold: coldish, a. -ish, some- 
what cold: coldly, ad. -II, with indifference; not 
warmly: cold'ness, n. : cold-shoulder, n. neglect: 
cold-blooded, a. without feeling or concern; in zool., 
applied to all animals below the class of birds : cold- 
hearted, a. wanting feeling or passion. 

cole, n. kol(AS. cawl; Dan. kaal, cole— fromL. caulis, 
the stem of a plant), the cabbage kind in general: 
cole-wort, -wurt (AS. wyrt, root, plant), young cab- 



side horny co*. ■ ", as among the beetles 

col'eop'teral, a. pert, to; also coleopterous, a. -us-. 
col'eorhi'za, n. -d-rl'-zd (Gr. rhiza, a root), the sheath 
which covers the young rootlets of monocotyledonous 
plants. 

colic, n. kdl'-lk (L. colicus; Gr. kolikos, pert, to the 
colic — from Gr. kolon, the largest of the intestines), a 
severe pain in the stomach or bowels: adj. affecting 
the bowels : colicky, a. kol'-i-kl, pert. to. 

Coliseum, n. Jso Col'osse'um, kol'-os- 

(L. colosseus, of a gigantic size), the amphitheatre of 
I the Emperor Vespasian at Rome ; a large building for 
exhibitions. 

collaborator, n. kol-ldb'-d-rd'-ter (F. collaborates 
—from L. con, together, and laborare, to labour), 
one who assists in labour, usually literary or scien- 
tific ; frequently used in the F. form, collab'orateur', 
-teY. 

collapse, n. kol-ldps' (L. collapsus, fallen in ruins— 
from con, together, and lapsus, fallen), a falling in or 
together ; extreme depression of the bodily energies : 
v. to fall inwards or together ; to close by falling to- 
gether: collapsing, imp.: collapsed', pp. -lupst'. 

collar, n. kol'-ler (L. collum, the neck: It. collo), 
something worn round the neck; that part of the 
harness which goes round the neck of a horse or other 
animal used as a beast of burden; in arch., a ring: 
v. to catch hold of one by anything round the neck ; 
to roll up flesh meat and bind it with cord : collaring, 
imp.: collared, pp. -lerd: adj. seized by the collar; 
rolled together, as beef or pork : collar-bone, n. bone 
on each side of the neck; the clavicle. 

collate, v. kol-laf (L. collatus, brought or carried 
together— from con, and latus, carried), to bring or lay 
together for the purpose of comparison ; to bring to- 
gether and compare MSS. or books ; to bestow a bene- 
fice on a clergyman ; to gather and place in order ; to 
place in a benefice, said of a bishop : colla'ting, imp. : 
colla'ted, pp. : collator, n. one who : colla'table, a. 
-tcl-bl: colla'tion, n. -la-shun, the comparing of MSS. 
or books with others of the same kind for correction 
of errors, &c; presentation to a benefice by a bishop ; 
a repast between full meals : colla'tive, a. -la'-txv, pert, 
to an advowson ; able to confer or bestow : collateral, 
a. -ldt'-er-dl, side by side, or on the side; running 
parallel ; happening or coming together in connection 
with an event, as collect ces; in addi- 

tion to, or over and above ; not direct or immediate ; 
descended from a common ancestor or stock— opposed 
to lineal: collaterally, ad. -U: collat'eralness, n. 

colleague, n. kol'-leg (L. collega, a partner in office: 
Icel. lag, society : It. collega : F. collegue), a partner or 
associate in the same office or employment— never 
used of partners in trade or manufactures : v. kdl-leg', 
to join or unite with in the same office or for the same 



mate, mdt,/dr, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, mdve; 



COLL £ 

purpose : colleagu'ing, imp. : colleagued', pp. -legd': 
colleagueship, n. 

collect, n. koi-likt (L. cl'-:cfa, a contribution; col- 
tectum, to gather together— from con, together, and 
ledum, to gtuher, to select), a short prayer adapted 
for a particular occasion: v. kol-lekt', to gather sepa- 
rate persons or things into one body or place ; to as- 
semble or bring together ; to gain by observation or 
research; to infer as a consequence ; to recover from 
surprise: collec ting, imp. : collected, pp.: adj. cool; 
self-possessed: collectible, a. -Ick'-ii-bl, that may be 
gathered: collec'tion, n. -shun, the act of gathering ; 
an assemblage or crowd; a contribution; a sum 
gathered for a charitable purpose ; a book of extracts ; 
a selection of works in painting or sculpture not large 
enough to form a gallery ; a selection of prints with- 
out regard to number: collectedly, ad. -B: collec- 
tedness, n. a composed state of mind ; recovery from 
surprise : collec tive, a. -tlv, gathered into a mass, 
sum, or body; aggregate; expressing a number or 
multitude united as one: collectively, ad. -ll: col- 
lec tiveness, n. : collec tor, n. -Uk'ter, one who collects 
or gathers: collec torship, n. the office ; also collec- 
torate, n. -at -. to collect one's self, to recover from 
surprise or embarrassment. 

college, n. kol'-lCj iL. coll :gium, persons united by 
the same calling— from con, together, and lego, I 
choose : It. collegio : F. college), an assemblage or so- 
ciety of men possessing certain powers and rights, and 
engaged in some common employment or pursuit ; a 
number of persons engaged in literary studies ; the 
building where they meet or reside; a university: 
collegian, n. -le'-jidn, a member of, or student in, a 
college : collegiate, a. -at, containing a college ; in- 
stituted after the manner of a college: collegiate 
church, a church built and endowed for a corporate 
body, having dean, canons, prebends, &c, like a cath- 
edral, but not a bishop's see; in Scotland, a church 
with two ministers of equal rank. 

collenchyma, n. kol-ien'-kl-md (Gr. kollct, glue, and 
engchuma, a tissue), in bot., the substance lying be- 
tween and uniting cells. 

collet, n. kol'-iet (F. collet, a collar— from L. collum, 
the neck), the part of a ring in which a precious stone 
is set ; the neck or part of a plant that lies between 
the root and stem. 

colletio, a, kollit'lk (Gr. kolletikos; L. colleticus, 
sticking— from Gr. kollu, glue), having the property 
of gluing. 

collide, v. kollld' (L. collidere. to dash together— 
from con, together, and lardere, to strike forcibly: It. 
colliden), to strike or dash against each other: col- 
li'ding, imp. : collided, pp. : collision, n. kol-llzh'un, 
which see. 

collier, n. kSl'yer (from coal, which see). 

colligate, v. k'ol'-ll-gdt (L. colligatus, bound together 
— from con, together, and ligo, i bind), t© bind or tie 
together : colligating, imp. : colligated, pp. : colli- 
gation, n. - I her ; that pro- 
cess in induct i\ e phii> >-i >nhy by which a certain num- 
ber of facts :er for generalisation. 

collimation.n. kol-li- ma-ih tut (L. collineare, to direct 
in a straight line— from con, together, and linea, a line : 
F. collimation), the line of sight in the direction of any 
object; in the telescope, the line of sight passing 
through the centre of the object-glass and the centre 
of the cross- wires placed in the focus: collimator, 
n. an instrument for determining the zenith-point. 

collision, n. kolllzh'un (L. collisum, to dash to- 
gether—see collide), the act of striking together of two 
hard bodies ; opposition ; interference. 

collocate, v. kol'-lo-kdt (L. collocatura, to put or set 
in a place— from con, together, and loco, I set or place : 
It. collocare: F. colloquer), to set or place; to station : 
collocating, imp. : collocated, pp. : collocation, n. 
•ka'-shiin, the act of placing. 

collodion, n.t67-to'dt-d»(Gr. koUa, glue, and eidos, 
resemblance), a solution of gun-cotton in ether: col'- 
loid, n. -loj/d, in chem., an inorganic compound hav- 
ing a gelatinous appearance: adj. resembling glue 
or jelly. 

collop, n. kol'lop (Dut. Hop ; It. colpo, a blow : a 
lump representing the sound of a blow on a flat sur- 
face: Scot, blad, a lump), a small slice of meat: 
mince-collops, n. plu. meat cut into very small 



piece,. 

colloquial, a. kol-U'kioi-ai (L. colloquium, a conver- 
sation, a discourse— from con, together, and loquor, I 
speak: It. colloquio: F. colloque), pert, to ordinary 



1 COLP 

conversation: collo'quially, ad. -II: collo'quial'ism, 
n. -izm, a form of expression in common use: collo- 
quist, n. kul'lo-kivlst, a speaker in a dialogue : collo- 
quy, n. -kwl, conversation between two or more ; a 
conference ; dialogue : collo'quialise, v. -al-lz', to ren- 
der colloquial. 

collude, v. kol-ldd' (L. colludere, to play or sport to- 
gether—from con, together, and ludere, to play, to 
mock: It. colludere: F. colluder), to play into each 
other's hands ; to conspire in a fraud ; to act in con- 
cert: collu'ding, imp.: colluded, pp.: collu'der, n. 
one who: collusion, n. -lo'-zhun (L. collusum, to sport 
or play together), a secret agreement between two or 
more persons for some evil purpose, as to defraud any 
one: collu'sive, a. -sir, deceitful; fraudulent: collu'- 
sively, ad. -ll, in a manner to defraud secretly: collu- 
siveness, n. : collu'sory, a. -zer-%, carrying on fraud 
by secret agreement. 

collum, n. kol-lum (L. the neck), in bot., the part 
where the stem and root join, and termed the neck 
of a plant. 

colocynth, n. kdl'-o-shith (Gr. knlokunthis, the wild 
or purging gourd), the bitter apple of the druggists ; 
the fruit of a plant common in many districts of Asia 
and Europe : col ocyn'thine, n. -thin, the active medi- 
cinal principle of colocynth. 

cololites, n. plu. kol'o-llts (Gr. kolon, one of the in- 
testines, and lithos, a stone), in geol., a name given to 
certain intestinal-like masses and impressions. 

colon, n. kv'-lon (L. colon; Gr. kolon, the largest of 
the intestines, a member: It. and F. colon), the 
largest of the intestines ; in writing or printing, the 
mark (:) chiefly used to separate the perfect clauses of a 
sentence, and which indicates a longer pause than a 
semi-colon (;), but a shorter one than a period (.). 

colonel, n. kir'-nUl (F. colonel: It. colonnello: for- 
merly cormiel— from L. corona, a crown), the chief 
officer of a regiment : lieutenant-colonel, the second 
officer in a regiment : colonelcy, n. -si, or col'onel- 
ship, n. -ship, the rank or commission of a colonel. 

colonnade, n. k6l'6ndd' (F.— from F. colonne; L. 
columna, a column : It. colonnata), a series or range of 
columns placed at certain intervals. 

colony, n. kdl'6-nl (L. colonia, an abode or dwelling: 
It. colonia: F. colonie), a body of persons sent out 
from their native country to a distant district, or a 
new country, in order to settle and cultivate it ; the 
country thus settled or planted: colonial, a. ko-lo' 
nl-dl, pert, to a colony: colonist, n. kol'6-nist, an in- 
habitant of a colony: col'onise, v. -nlz, to settle or 
plant a colony in; to remove and settle in a country : 
col'oni'sing, imp. : colonised', pp. -nizd': col'onisa'- 
tion, n. -nl-za'-shun, the act of planting with inhabi- 
tants. 

colophon, n phon, summit, finish- 

ing-stroke), the device which formerly marked the 
conclusion of a book, and which contained the place 
and year of its publication. 

colophony, n. kol'-o-fon-l (first brought from Colo- 
phon in Ionia: Gr. kolophonia), a dark-coloured resin 
obtained from turpentine. 

colosseum, n. kol'os-se'-um, same as coliseum, which 
see. 

colossus, n. kdlos'siis (L. colossus; Gr. kolossos, a 
gigantic statue at Rhodes at the entrance of the port: 
It. colosso: F. colosse), a statue of gigantic size : colos- 
sal, a. very large; gigantic: colossean, a. col'os-se'dn, 
gigantic. 

colour, n. kul'-er (L. color, colour: F. couleur: It. 
colore), the hue or appearance that a body presents to 
the eye ; dye or tinge ; anything used to give or im- 
part colour to a body; a paint; appearance to the 
mind ; false show : plu. a flag, standard, or ensign : v. 
to alter or change the outward appearance of any body 
or substance ; to tinge ; to dye ; to give a specious 
appearance to ; to make plausible ; to blush : col'our- 
ing, imp.: n. the art of dyeing ; a specious appearance ; 
of applying colours: coloured, pp. -erd: 



adj. shewing colour ; of African descent : col ourer or 
col'ourist, n. one who: colourable, a. -d-bl, specious; 
plausible: col'ourably, ad. -bit: col'ourless, a. desti- 
tute of colour; transparent: water-colours, colours 
mixed with gum-water or a size, and not with oil: 
colourman, one who prepares and sells colours : col- 
our-blindness, a disease or defect in the eyes through 
which individuals are unable to distinguish colours. 

colportage, n. kdl'por-taj, also -tdzh (F.— from L. 
collum, the neck, and portare, to carry), the trade of 
a hawker ; the system of distribution by colporteurs : 
cow, T>6y, fSot; pure, Md; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



COLT 9 

col'porteur', n. -ter' (F. ), a hawker or pedlar ; in France, 
a hawker of books and pamphlets ; one who travels 
about to distribute and sell religious books. 

colt, n. kolt (Sw. kult, a young boar, a stout boy), a 
young horse, usually limited to the male; a young 
foolish fellow : colt'ish, a. -ish, frisky : colt'ishly, ad. 
-II : colt's-foot, a medicinal herb. 

colter or coulter, n. kOl'ter or kdbl'-ter (L. cutter, a 
knife, the cutting part : akin to Sans, krit, to split : 
It. coltro: old F. coultre), the iron part in front of a 
plough with an edge that cuts the earth or sod. 

colubrine, a. kol'u-brin (L. coluber, a serpent or 
adder: It. coluhm) .viaii.e ,•])■■. is ; cunning. 

Columbian, a. kO-Mm'-M-dn (from Columbus, iVin- 
discoverer of Amer.), pert, to the U.S. or to America: 
columlrite, n. -bit, a mineral of ag h oi i>. '>...., m ii 
black colour occurring in single crystals and in small 
crystalline masses, first discovered in Amer. : colum'- 
bic, a. -bik, pert, to or produced from the metal co- 
lum'bium, -bl-urn : colum'bate, n. -bat, a salt of co- 
lumbic acid. 

columbine, a. kol'um-bin (L. columba, a dove), pert, 
to a pigeon or dove ; dove colour : n. name of a plant ; 
the heroine in a pantomime, mistress of harlequin : 
col'umbar'y, n. -ber't, a pigeon-house. 

column, n. kol'urn (L. columna, a round pillar: It. 
colonna-. F. colonne), a pillar or shaft used to adorn or 
support a building; any body pressing downwards 
perpendicularly on its base and of the same diameter 
as the base, as a column of water, air, or mercury ; a 
body of troops drawn up in deep files ; a division of the 

page of a boot P < ...h. , i.-n ; u-ioe 

bot., the solid body formed by the union of the styles 
and filaments in some plants : columella, n. -el'ld, in 
bot, the central axis round which the carpels of some 
fruits are arranged ; the central column in the spor- 
angia of mosses : columnar, a. ko-lum'-ner, formed in 
columns :n. the central pillar round u hichaspiralshell 
is wound; in anat., the central part of the cochlea of 
the ear: columned, a. -umd, adorned or provided 
with columns. 

colures, n. plu. ko-l6rs' (Gr. kolouros, dock-tailed— 
from kolouein, to cut, and oura, the tail), in astron., 
the two circles which pass through the lour cardinal 
points of the ecliptic— the equinoctial and solstitial 
points. 

colza, n. kol'zd (F. colza, wild cabbage— from cole, 
which see), a variety of cabbage or rape whose seeds 
yield an oil, called colza-oil. 

com-, kdm-, prefix, another form of con, which see. 

coma, n. ko'md (Gr. koma, a deep sleep), lethargy ; 
a dozing ; a kind of stupor or propensity to sleep in 
certain diseases: comatose, a. kom'-d-toz', also com'- 
atous, a. -tus, excessively drowsy; dozing without 
natural sleep ; lethargic. 

coma, n. ko'md (Gr. kome, a head of hair), the stem 
of a plant terminating in a tuft or bush ; the hairy 
appearance that surrounds a comet : co'mate, a. -mat, 
hairy ; of a bushy appearance. 

comb, n. kom (Icel. karnbr; Ger. kanim), an instru- 
ment with teeth for arranging or cleansing the hair, 
also for preparing and cleaning wool or flax ; the crest 
of a cock ; the top or crest of a wave : v. to adjust, 
arrange, or clean with a comb : comb'ing, imp. : 
combed, pp. komd: comb'er, n. one who dresses wool ; 
among seamen, the crest of a wave, breaking with a 
white foam : comb'less, a. wanting a comb or a crest : 
combmaker, n. one who makes combs. 

comb, n. kdm (AS. comb ; W. cwm, a hollow, a val- 
ley), the collective mass of cells in which bees store 
their honey: comb, combe, or coomb, an upland 
valley, generally narrow and without a stream of 
water. 

combat, n. kum'bdt (F. combattre, to fight— from L. 
con, together, and F. bn/trc, to bea i ), a. fight ; a contest 
by force; a battle, conflict, or strife: v. to fight; to 
struggle or contend with, for, or against; to act in 
opposition ; to oppose or resist : com'bating, imp. : 
com'bated, pp.: com'batant, n. -tdnt, smy person who 
fights ; a duellist ; a controversialist : com'bative, a. 
-tlv, disposed to fight or contend : com'bativeness, n. 
disposition or inclination to fight. 

combine, v. kdm-bln' (F. combiner— from L. con, to- 
gether, and bini, two by two, double), to unite or join 
together two or more things ; to link closely together ; 
to cause to unite or bring into union ; to unite, agree, 
or coalesce; to league together: combining, imp.: 
combined', pp. -bind': combi'ner, n. one'who : combi'- 
nable, a, -nd-bl, that may or can be united : com'bina'- 



J COMI 

tion.n. -M-nd'shiin, close union or connection ; an inti- 
mate union of two or more persons or things to effect 
some purpose ; a union of particulars : chemical com- 
bination, the tendency of certain substances to unite 
and form a new substance. 

combustible, a. kdm-bus'tl-bl (L. combustum, to 
wholly consume — from con, together, and ustum; 
Sans, ush, to burn : F. combustible), that will take 
fire and burn ; having the property of catching fire : 
n. a substance that will take fire and burn : com- 
bus'tibil'ity, n. -Ml'l-H, the quality of taking fire and 
burning; capacity of being burnt; combust'ion, n. 
-bust'yun, a burning ; the action of fire on bodies cap- 
able of being burnt ; the chemical combination of two 
or more bodies generally producing heat, and some- 
times both heat and light. 

come, v. Mm (AS. cuman; Ger. kommen, to come : 
Dut. komen, to come, to fall, to please), to draw near ; 
to move towards ; to arrive or reach ; to happen or 
fall out ; to advance and arrive at some state or con- 
dition ; to sprout ; to spring : com'ing, imp. : came, 
pt. kdm, did come: come, pp.: com'er, n. one who: 
come'ly, a. -U, suitable; fitting; graceful; decent: 
adv. handsomely; gracefully: comeliness, n. fitness; 
suitableness ; beauty which excites respect : to come 
about, to fall out ; to happen ; to change : to come 
and go, to flicker; to change: to come at, to reach; 
to gain : to come in, to yield ; to become the fashion ; 
to obtain ; to accrue, as from an estate or from trade : 
to come near, to approach : to come of, to proceed, 
as from ancestors, or as an effect from a cause : to 
come off, to escape ; to get free ; to take place, as a 
race : to come on, to approach ; to make progress : to 
come out, to be made public ; to be introduced into 
general society ; to publish : to come over, to run 
over, as a liquid ; familiarly, to get the better of any 
one : to come round, to recover ; to revive : to come 
short, to be insufficient : to come to one's self, to re- 
cover, as one's senses: to come to pass, to happen: 
to come up to, to amount to ; to rise : to come upon, 
to invade ; to attack : all comers, all persons indif- 
ferently. 

comedy, n. kom'Sdl (L. comcedia; Gr. komoidia, a 
village song— from Gr. komos, a merry-making, and 
ode, a poem : F. comedie), a representation by actors 
in a theatre of the light and trivial everyday occur- 
rences of life : come'dian, n. -e'dl-dn, an actor or player 
in comedy ; a writer of comedy. 

comely, a.— see come. 

comestible, a. kom-Ss'tl-bl (F. comestible— from L. 
comestum, to eat, to consume), eatable : n. an article 
of solid food : comestibles, n. plu. eatables. 

comet, n. kdm tes; Gr. kometes— from 

Gr. kome, hair: F. comete: It. cometa), a hairy star; a 
celestial body accompanied with a train or tail of 
light : com'etary, a. -er-l , relating to a comet : comet- 
arium, n. -a'-rl-um, an instrument for explaining the 
revolutions of a comet: comet-like, a.: com'etog'ra- 
phy, n. -et-og'rd-fi (Gr. gra%tho, I describe), a treatise 
about comets : com'etol'ogy, n. -St-dl'o-ji (Gr. logos, 
a discourse), a discourse about comets. 

comfit, n. Mm'/ It (F. confit— from L. confectum, to 
prepare), a sweetmeat, generally restricted to a cara- 
way, coriander-seed, or almond, and suchlike, coated 
with sugar. 

comfort, n. Mm'fert (F. conforter, to comfort, to 
strengthen— from L. con, together, and fort is, strong), 
ease or rest either to body or mind ; support ; consola- 
tion; moderate enjoyment with ease: v. to console ; 
to strengthen; to encourage: com'forting, imp.: 
com'forted, pp.: comforter, n. -er, the person who, 
orthing which ; the Holy Spirit : com'fortable, a. -d-bl, 
being in a state of ease or moderate enjoyment; giv- 
ing comfort ; placing above want : com'fortably, ad. 
-bit: com'fortable'ness, n. -d-bl'n6s, the state of en- 
joying comfort: com'fortless, a. -16s, without any- 
thing to support or solace under misfortune or dis- 
tress: com'fortlessly, ad. -II: com'fortlessness, n. 

comic, a. kom'lk, also comical, a. -l-kdl(F. comique 
—from L. comicus, pert, to comedy— see comedy). 
relating to comedy ; raising mirth ; droll ; diverting : 
comically, ad. -II: comlcalness, n. : comicality, 
n. -kdl'bti, that which is comical or ludicrous. 

coming, a. kum'lng (see come), future ; expected : 
n. arrival ; approach ; act of sprouting. 

comitia, n. plu. kom-tsh'l-d (L.), assemblies of the 
people in anc. Rome : comitlal, a. -dl, relating to the 
popular assemblies of Rome. 

comity, n. kom'l-tt (F. comiti— from L. comiias, 






mate, mat, far, law; mete, met, hCr; pine, pin; note, not, move; 



COMM i 

kindness, affability), courtesy; civility: in interna- 
tional law, acts of courtesy beiween nations and 
states. 

comma, n. Tcom'md (Gr. komma, a part cut off— from 
kopto, I cut), in written or printed compositions, the 
point (,) which is used to separate or point off phrases 
and imperfect clauses, and generally the simpler parts 
of a sentence, and which marks the shortest pause in 
reading. 

command, n. kom-mdnd', or -viand' (L. con, and 
mando, I order), right, power, or authority over : an 
order or nit-- Lty; a naval or military 

force under the authority of a particular officer : v. to 
bid, order, or charge with authority; to govern or 
direct ; to have power over ; to have within the obser- 



jid'ingly, ad. -II: commanded, pp. 
dant, n. kom-mdn'-ddnt (F.), one in command of a fort 
or a body of troops: comman'dable, a. -dd-bl: com- 
man'datory, a. -dd-ter'-l, having the force of a com- 
mand: commander, n. -der, one who ; the captain of 
a ship of war under a certain size, or an officer who 
ranks next above a lieutenant : command'ment, n. a 
law; a precept; one of the precepts of the Decalogue : 
comman'dery, n. -deri, the body of knights of any 
military order ; the estates and revenue of such order: 
commander-in-chief, in Great Britain, the military 
officer who has the command and direction of the land 
forces ; a generalissimo. 

commeasurable, a. kdm-mizh'-ovr-d-bl (L. con, and 
metior, I measure), having a common measure. 

commemorate, v. kom-mem'ordt (L. and It. com- 
memorare, to keep in mind— from L. con, together, 
and memor, mindful), to call to remembrance by a 
special act ; to do honour to the memory of an indi- 
vidual or some act of his ; to celebrate with honour 
some past event: commem'ora'ting, imp. : commem'o- 
ra'ted, pp.: commem'ora'tion, n. -rd'shun, the act of 
calling to remembrance by some special act or solem- 
nity ; the act of honouring the memory of a person or 
an event : commem'ora tive, a. -tlv, also commem'o- 
rator'y, a -rdter'l: serving or tending to preserve 
the remembrance of: commem'orable, a -bl, worthy 
to be remembered. 

commence, v. kom-mSns' (F. commencer; It. comin- 
ciare, to begin), to begin ; to originate or enter upon ; 
to begin to be ; to perform the first act or part : com- 
menc'ing, imp.: commenced', pp. -menst': commence- 
ment, n. -mint, beginning, rise, or origin ; first exist- 
ence; the great annual day at Cambridge on which 
degrees are conferred and prize essays read, &c. ; the 
similar day at Oxford is called " The Commemora- 
tion." 

commend, v. kom-mSnd' (L. commendare, to commit 
to one's favour— from co?i, and mandare, to commit, 
to consign : It. commendare : F. commender), to praise ; 
to represent as worthy or suitable ; to speak in favour 
of; to intrust or give in charge: commending, imp.: 
commended, pp.: commend'er, n. one who: commen- 



ss, n. -bl-nis: com'menda'tion, n. -da'shiin, appro- 
bation or praise ; declaration of regard ; eulogy : com- 
men'dator'y, a. -ter'-l, serving to commend; contain- 
ing praise. 

commendam, n. kom-mlri-ddm (L. — from commendo, 
I commit or intrust to), a vacant church living in- 
trusted to the charge of a qualified person till it can be 
supplied with an incumbent ; the holding of a vacant 
benefice, or the intrusting of its revenues to another 
*or a time : com'menda'tor, n. -dd'-tir, one who holds 
a benefice for a time : commen'dator'y, a -dd-ter'-l, 
holding in commendam. 

commensurate, a. kom-mSn'-su-rdt (L. con, and 
mensura, a measure), equal ; proportional ; having 
equal measure or extent : commensurate 'ly, ad. -1%: 
eommen'surate'ness.n.: commen'surable, a. -su-ra-bl, 
having a common measure or extent ; reducible to a 
common measure : commen'surably, ad. -bll : com- 
men'surabiTity, n . -rd-bil'-l-tl, the capacity of being 
compared with another in measure, or of having a 
common measure : commen'sura'tion, n. -sil-rd'-shun, 
proportion in measure. 

comment, n. kom'ment (L. commentare, to form in 
the mind, to ponder— from L. mens, the mind ; akin to 
Sans, root, man, to think), a note or remark intended 
to illustrate a writing, or explain a difficult passage 
in an author; that which explains or illustrates: v. 



) COMM 

kom-mint' or kom'-, to write notes to explain and 
illustrate the meaning of an author ; to expound or 
explain: commenting, imp. : comment ed, pp. : com- 
mentary, n. kdm'men-tlr'-i, an explanation or illus- 
tration of a difficult or obscure passage in an author : 
a book of comments or notes; a familiar historical 
narrative: commentate, v. kom'-men-tat, to write com- 
ments or notes upon : commentating, imp. : com- 
mentated, pp. : commentator, n. -td'-tor, one who 
writes notes to explain an author; an expositor or 
annotator: commen'tato rial, a. -td-to'-rl-dl, having 
or exhibiting the character of a commentator. 

commerce, n. kom^mers (L. commercium, trade, 
traffic— from con, and merz, goods, wares: It. com- 
mercio: F. commerce), trade; traffic; an interchange 
of productions and manufactures between nations or 
individuals; intercourse: commercial, a. kdm-mir- 
shdl, pert, to commerce or trade : commer'cially, ad. 
■shdl-li. 

commination, n. kom -mind' shun (L. comminatio 
a threatening— from con, and minor, I threaten : F. 
commination), denunciation of punishment or ven- 
geance; an office in the Church of England contain- 
ing a recital of God's threatenings, used only on Ash- 
"Wednesday: commin'atory, a. -min'-d-ter-i, threaten- 
ing. 

commingle, v. cdm-mlng'gl (L. con, and mingle), to 
mix together into one mass. 

comminute, v. kdm'ml-nut (L. comminutum, to 
separate into small parts— from C07i, and minuo, I 
lessen), to make small or fine ; to lessen in extent or 
duration ; to pulverise by pounding, &c— not applied 
to liquids : comminuting, imp. : comminu'ted, pp. 
made small ; reduced in amount or extent : com'minu'- 
tion, m -shim, the act of reducing or lessening. 

commiserate, v. kom-mlz'-erdt (L. commiseratus, 
commiserated, pitied — from con, and miseror, I pity : 
It. commiserare, to pity), to pity; to have compassion 
on ; to sympathise with in distress ; to be sorry for : 
commis'era'ting, imp.: commis'era'ted, pp.: commis'- 
era'tor, n. one who pities : commiseration, n. -d'shun, 
pity; compassion; sorrow for the distress of others: 
commis'era'tive, a -d'-tlv, piteous; compassionate: 
commis'era'tively, ad. -It 

commissary, n. kdra'-mlss&r'l(¥. commissaire— -from 
L. con, and missus, sent), one to whom is committed 
some duty or office ; a delegate ; an officer who has 
the charge of providing provisions, clothing, tents, 
transports, &c, for an army : commissar yship, n. the 
office of: commissariat, n. -sd'-ri-dt, in an army, the 
department or office of a commissary : com'missa'rial, 
a. pert, to a commissary : commissary-general, n. a 
chief officer of the a ■ rtment. 

commission, n. kom-mish'-un (L. commissum, that 
which is intrusted — from con, and missum, to 
send: It. commissione; F. commission, a message, 
a commission), the act of doing or committing any- 
thing ; the state of acting by authority for another ; 
the fee allowed and paid to an agent for the sale of 
property or goods ; one or more persons appointed to 
perform certain duties ; a written warrant or autho- 
rity for exercising certain powers ; an order ; autho- 
rity given : v. to empower ; to give authority to ; to 
depute : commissi'oning, imp. : commissi'oned, pp. 
-und: commissioner, n. -un-ir, one who holds autho- 
rity for the doing of something: commission mer- 
chant, n. one who transacts business in buying and 
selling the goods of others, receiving for his re- 
muneration a certain rate per cent: to put a ship 
into commission, in the navy, to prepare a ship and 
put it into active service : to put the great seal into 
commission, to place, it in the hands of certain per- 
sons till the appointment of a new lord chancellor. 
Note. — Any important secular office is placed in com- 
mission by intrusting certain persons with the dis- 
charge of its duties till a new appointment be made. 

commissure, n. kdm-mlsh'-o~or (L. commissura, a 
knot, a joint — from con, and missus, sent: F. commis- 
sure: It. commessura), a joint or seam; the place 
where two bodies or their parts meet and unite ; 
the point of union between two parts : commissural, 
a. kdm-mfeh'-o~o-ral, pert to. 

commit, v. Ay, . wmmittere, to bring together 

in a contest, to trust — from con, and mittere, to send: 
It. commettere ; F. commettre, to commit), to intrust ; to 
put into the hands or power of another ; to send for 
confinement; to deposit, as in the memory; to do or 
effect ; to perpetrate ; to engage or pledge ; to refer, 
as to a committee: committing, imp.: commit 'ted, 



cow, bdy.Jdbt; pure, biid; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



COMM 



100 



COMP 



pp.: commit'ter, n. one who: commit'tal, n., also 
commit'ment, n. a sending to prison ; an order for 
confinement in prison ; the act of referring to or in- 
trusting to ; a doing or perpetration ; the act of pledg- 
ing or engaging: committee, kom-mlt'te, a number 
of persons chosen to consider and manage any mat- 
ter: commit' teeship, n. : committee, n. kom'-mlt-te", 
the person to whom the custody of an idiot, or a luna- 
tic, or his estate, is committed by the Lord Chancellor, 
who is called the committor. 

commix, v. kom-miks' (L. commixtum, to mingle to- 
gether—from con, and mixtum, to mix), to mingle or 
blend : commixture, n. -tur, state of being mingled ; 
union in one mass ; incorporation. 

commode, n. kom-mod (F. — see commodious), a 
small sideboard with drawers and shelves; a head- 
dress formerly worn by women ; a convenient article 
of bedroom furniture. 

commodious, a. kom-md'dl-us (L. commodus, com- 
plete, suitable— from con, and modus, a measure, a 
manner : It. comodo : F. commode), convenient ; 
suitable; useful: commo'diously, ad. -lit commo- 
diousness, n. convenience; suitableness for its pur- 
pose: commodity, n. kom-mod'-i-ti, anything that is 
useful; any object of commerce; anything that can 
he bought or sold, animals excepted; goods; wares; 
merchandise. 

commodore, n. kSm'mo-dor' (Port, commendador; 
F. commandeur, a governor or commander), the 
commander of a squadron or detachment of ships ; the 
senior captain of two or more ships of war cruising in 
company ; the leading ship in a fleet of merchantmen. 
common, a. kom'mon (L. communis, that which is 
common— from con, and munis, performing service 
or duty: It. commune: F. commun), belonging equally 
to more than one ; serving for the use of all ; usual or 
ordinary; without rank; not distinguished by supe- 
rior excellence; in gram., applied to nouns that are 
both masc. and fern. : n. a tract of ground belonging 
to no one in particular or open to the use of all : 
com'monly, ad. -ll, usually : com'monness, n. : in com- 
mon, in joint possession or use : common-law, unwrit- 
ten law binding by usage : common-sense, exercise of 
the judgment in relation to common or everyday 
matters, unaided by any art or system of rules : out 
of the common, unusual ; not common : common- 
council, the governing body of a city or corporate 
town: common-looking, a. having a plain ordinary 
appearance : commonplace, ordinary ; neither new 
nor striking: common place-book, a book in which 
things wished to be remembered are recorded and ar- 
ranged under general heads for ready reference: 
common measure, in arith., a number which will 
divide each of two or more numbers exactly : com- 
mon prayer, the liturgy of the Church of Eng- 
land: Common Pleas, -plez, one of the high courts 
of law held in Westminster Hall: com'monable, a. 
-d-bl, held in common: com'monage, n. -aj, the 
right of pasturing on a common ; the right of using 
anything in common with others: com'monalty, 
n. -dl-tl, the common people; all classes and condi- 
tions of people below the rank of nobility: com'- 
moner, n. -er, one under the rank of nobility; a mem- 
ber of the House of Commons; a student of the 
second rank in the University of Oxford : com'mons, 
n. plu. -mom, in Great Britain, the lower House of 
Parliament whose members are elected by the peop" 
food provided at a common table : short-commo 
insufficient fare .; stinted diet: Doctors' Commons, ... 
London, a college for the professors of the civil law 
having a great registry of wills : com'monty, n. -mon- 
tl, in Scots law, land belonging to two or more per- 
sons, generally heath or moorland : common-weal, n. 
-wet (L. communis and lueal), the public good : com- 
monwealth, n. -ivelth, the country in which a free and 
popular government exists; the whole body of the 
people in a country ; in Eng. Hist., the form of govern- 
ment established under Oliver Cromwell. 

commotion, n. kom-m6'shun (L. commotum, to put in 
violent motion— from con, and motum, to move : It. 
<-nnn,uirr,re), agitation ; disturbance; tumult of people; 
confused excitement ; disorder of mind. 

commune, n. kdm'-mun (F.— see common), in France, 
the name for a district of country: communal, a. 
k6m-mu'ndl pert, to a commune. 

commune, v. kom-mun' (L. communicare, to impart, 
to share together: It. communicare; F. communi- 
quer—see common), to talk with particularly ; to con- 
verse with familiarly and intimately ; to confer ; to 



have intercourse with one's self in meditation : com- 
mu'ning, imp. : communed', pp. -mund': communion, 
n. -mun'yun (L. communio, mutual participation), 
familiar intercourse between two or more persons ; 
intimate intercourse or union ; concord ; a body of 
Christians who have the same tenets of belief and 
forms of worship ; the celebration of the Lord's Sup- 
per, or the partaking of it: commu'nicant, n. -nt- 
kdnt, one who partakes of the sacrament of the Lord's 
Supper : communicate, v. kom-mu'nl-kat, to impart ; 
to give to another; to reveal; to give, as informa- 
tion, &c; to partake of the Lord's Supper; to have 
a passage or entrance from one place to another; 
to have intercourse by words, &c. : commu'nica'ting, 
imp. : commu'nica'ted, pp. : commu'nica'tor, n. one 
who : commu'nica'tion, n. -ka'-shun, the act of impart- 
ing or making known ; intercourse by words, letters, 
or messages ; correspondence ; means of passing from 
one place to another: commu'nica'tive, a. -kd'tlv, dis- 
posed to impart or reveal ; unreserved : commu'nica- 
tiveness,n. : commu'nica'tory, a. -kil'-ter-i, imparting 
knowledge : commu'nicable, a. -kd-bl, capable of being 
imparted from one to another: commu'nicably, ad. 
■Hit commu'nicableness, n. : commu'nicabirity, n. 
■bil'i-ti. 

communism, n. kom'mu-nlzm (F. commun, com- 
mon—see common), a state of things in which no 
separate rights of property exist, all property and 
substance being held in common ; socialism : com- 
mu'nist, n. one who advocates that all things should 
be common property : com'munis'tic, a. -nis-ttk, pert, 
to communism. 

community, n. kom-ynu'ni-tl (L. communis, com- 
mon, ordinary— see common), a body of persons hav- 
ing common rights and privileges, or common inte- 
rests—generally limited in its application to the in- 
habitants of a city, town, or district, or to a society or 
profession ; the whole body of the people. 

commute, v. kom-mut' (L. commutare, to alter 
wholly— from con, together, and muto, I change : It. 
commutare), to put one thing in the place of another; 
to mitigate ; to change a penalty or punishment to one 
less severe : commu'ting, imp. : commu'ted, pp. : 
com'muta'tion, n. -ta'shun, the giving of one thing for 
another ; the substitution of a less penalty or punish- 
ment for a greater: commu'table, a. -mti'td-bl, that 
may be exchanged: commu'tabil'ity, n. -bU't-ti, the 
capability of being exchanged one for another: com- 
mu'tative, a. -td-tlv, relating to exchange : commu- 
tatively, ad. -II. 

comose, a. ko'moz(L. coma, hair), in bot, furnished 
with hairs, as the seeds of the willow ; hairy. 

compact, a. kom-pdkt' (L. compactus, pressed— from 
con, and pacta::., driven in, agr< ed upon : It. compatto : 
F. compacte), firm; close; solid; dense; not diffuse: 
v. to press closely together ; to join firmly; to make 
close: compac'ting, imp.: compac'ted, pp.: compac'- 
ter, n. one who : compaction, n. -pdk'shun, the act of 
making an agreement : compac'ture, n. -tur, a close 
union of parts : compactly, ad. -li t compact'ness, n. 
close union of parts ; firmness ; density: compac'tedly, 
ad. -li: compac'tedness, n. : compact, n. kom'pdkt, an 
agreement ; a mutual contract ; any agreement or 
treaty, 

company, n. kum'pd-nl (F. compagnie, company: 
It. compagno, a comrade— from L. con, and panis, 
bread), a large or small number of persons met to- 
gether ; a party of persons assembled for social inter- 
course ; fellowship ; a number of persons united for 
the purposes of trade, &c. ; a firm ; the crew of a ship, 
including officers ; a division of soldiers in a foot regi- 
ment under a captain : to bear company, to go with ; to 
attend : to keep company with, to associate with ; to go 
with as an intimate friend frequently or habitually : 
companion, n. kom-pdn'-yun, one who goes with an- 
other habitually as a friend ; an associate ; a comrade : 
compan'ionless, a. without a companion: compan'- 
ionship, n. fellowship ; company : companionable, a. 
-<X-bl, sociable ; agreeable ; having the capacity of 
being agreeable in company: companlonably, ad. 
-d-bll. 

compare, v. kom-pdr'[L. comparare, to couple things 
together for judgment— from con, and par, equal, 
like: It. comparare: F. comparer), to set or bring 
things together in order to ascertain wherein they 
:j '...::< ,,,-■: wijm n , i i , , ,• - h 1 1 , . , Mil . '",i : : ■ ■cts to be com- 
pared may be thought of or be actually present; to liken; 
to refer to as similar for the purpose of illustration ; 
to inflect an adjective: compa'ring, imp. : compared.', 



mdtc, mdt,fdr, law; mite, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, mOve; 



COMP 1( 

pp. -pdrd': compa'rer, n. one who: comparable, a. 

kOiu'-piir-a-bl, that may be compared: comparably, 
ad. -d-bll: comparative, a. kom-pdr'd-tlv, not positive 
or absolute; estimated by comparison; having the 
power of comparing ; in gram., an adjective inflected, 
expressing more or less : comparatively, ad. -II : com- 
parison, n. -l-son, the act of comparing ; a considera- 
tion of the relations between persons or things in 
order to discover wherein they agree and wherein 
they differ; the inflection of an adjective to express 
more or less : comparates, n. kom'pd-rdts, in logic, 
the two things or objects capable of being compared. 

compartment, n. kom-pdrt'-mint (F. compart imnit 
—from L. con, together, and pars, a part or division), 
a division or separate part of a general design ; one of 
the divisions of a carriage, room, &c. 

compass, n. kum'-pds (F. compas, a compass, around 
—from L. con, and passus, a step), grasp ; reach ; space ; 
extent ; the limit or boundary of anything— applied 
to anything that can be measured or limited; a cir- 
cuit ; a circumference ; the magnetic needle or mari- 
ner's compass ; a guide ; a direction : compasses, n. 
plu. -&z, an instrument with two legs for describing 
circles, &c. : v. to stretch round ; to inclose ; to encircle 
or surround ; to go or walk round ; to grasp or em- 
brace ; to accomplish; to plot; to contrive: com- 
passing.imp.: compassed, pp. -pdst: com'passless.a. 
without a guide: mariner's compa ille.i :>. 

it goes through the whole circle of possible variations 
of direction between the points N. S. E. and AV. : to 
compass an object, to go about it or to contrive it : to 
fetch a compass, to depart from the right line ; to ad- 
vanee indirectly. 

compassion, n. kom-pdsh'-un (It. compassione ; F. 
compassion, compassion— from L. con, and passus, 
suffered), sorrow excited by the distress or misfor- 
tunes of another; pity; sympathy; fellow-feeling: 
compas'sionate, a. -shun-dt, inclined or disposed to 
compassion; merciful; pitiful; having a tender heart : 
v. to pity; to commiserate: compas'siona'ting, imp.: 
compassionated, pp. : compas'sionless, a. : com- 
passionately, ad. -II. 

compatible, a. kom-pdt'l-bl (F. compatible; It. com- 
patibile, suitable, compatible— from L. con, and pa- 
tior, I suffer), that may exist with ; suitable ; fit ; con- 
sistent with : compatibility, n. -bll'-Ul, consistency; 
suitableness ; agreement : compatibly, ad. -l-bll. 

compatriot, n. kom-pd'-trl-ot (It. compatriota, com- 
patriot—from L. con, and patria, one's native coun- 
try), a fellow-patriot: adj. of the same country; of 
like interests and feelings. 

compear, v. kom-per' (F. comparoir, to appear in 
law— from L. con, and pareo, I appear), in Scots laiv, 
to appear in a court by order, either in person or by 
counsel : compearing, imp. : compeared', pp. -perd' : 
compearance, n. -dns. 

compeer, n. kom-per' (Norm. F. compere— from con, 
and par, equal), an equal ; a companion or colleague. 

compel, v. kom-pil' (L. compellere, to drive or force 
together— from con, andpello, I drive: It. compellere), 
to force ; to oblige ; to constrain : compelling, imp. : 
compelled', pp. kom-peld'.- compel'ler, n. one who: 
compellable, a. -ld-bl, that may be forced: compella- 
bly, ad. -Id-bll. 

compendium, n. kom-pen'-dl-um, also compend, n. 
kom'pend (L. compendium, a shortening: It. com- 
pendia: F. compendium), an abridgment; a sum- 
mary; a book containing the substance of a larger 
work : compen'dious, a. -dl-us, short ; concise ; 
abridged: compen'diously, ad. -II: compen'dious- 
ness, n. 

compensate, v. kom-pSn'sat (L. compensatum, to 
counterbalance — from con, and penso, I weigh out 
carefully : It. compensare : F. compenser), to give 
equal value to ; to recompense ; to make amends for : 
compensating, imp. : compensated, pp. : compen- 
sation, n. kom'-pen-su-shun, amends; recompense; 
what is given to supply a loss or make good a defici- 
ency; satisfaction: compensative, a. -sd-tlv, also 
compensatory, a. -sd-ter'-i, making amends. 

compete, v. kom-pet' (L. competere, to strive after— 
from «m, and peto, I seek: It. competere: F. corn- 
peter), to seek or strive for the same thing or position 
as another ; to strive to be equal : compe'ting, imp. : 
competed, pp.: competitor, n. -pet'-l-tor, one who 
competes: competition, n. kom'-pe-tlsh-un, rivalry; 
strife for superiority; emulation: competitive, a, 
kom-pet'-i-tiv, in the way of competition ; emulous 
competltory, a. -ter'-l, acting in competition : com- 



COMP 

petent, a. kom'-pl-tent (L. competens, fit, suitable), fit ; 
suitable; adequate; aMe or <[tuiliiicd : in law, having 
power or right : com'petence, -tens, also competency, 
n. -ten-si, fitness; suitableness; sufficiency; legal 
right or power : competently, ad. -It. 

compile, v. kom-pll' (F. compiler—- from L. compil- 
are, to plunder, to rob— from con, and pilo, I pillage : 
It. compilare), to write or compose ; to select and put 
together for publication ; to collect and rearrange : 
compiling, imp. : compiled', pp. -plld' .■ compiler, n. 
one who : compilation, n. kom'-pl-ld'-shun, a book com- 
piled; a selection from an author, or from different 
authors. 

complacent, a. kdm-pld'-sent (L. complacere, to be 
pleasing to several at the same time— from con, and 
piano, I please: It. compiacere: F. completive), civil; 
agreeable ; having a desire or disposition to please : 
complacence, n. -sens, also complacency, n. -sen-sl, 
pleasure ; satisfaction ; cause of pleasure : compla- 
cential, a. hdm'-pld-s6n-shdl, marked by complacence: 
com'placen'tially, ad. -II, in an accommodating man- 
ner: compla'cently, ad. -pla-sent-U, softly; in a com- 
placent manner. 

complain, v. kom-pldn' (F. complaindre— from L. 
con, and plangere, to beat one's breast in agony, to 
lament aloud), to utter expressions of grief, censure, 
resentment, uneasiness, or pain ; to murmur ; to find 
fault; to present an accusation against: complain'- 
ing, imp. : n. expression or act of complaint : com- 
plained , pp. -pldnd': complain'er, n. one who : com- 
plain'ant, n. in law, a prosecutor or plaintiff : com- 
plaint', n. -plant', expression of grief, regret, &c; mur- 
muring; fault-finding; a bodily ailment; a charge 
against any one or a thing, &c. : complain'ingly, ad. -II. 

complaisant, a. kom'-pld-z&nt' (F. complaisant, 
affable, courteous— from L. con, and placeo.l please, 
I delight), pleasing in manners ; courteous ; civil ; 
polite: com'plaisantly, ad. -ll: complaisance', n. 
■idns', desire of pleasing; civility. 

complement, n. konv-ple-ment (L. complementum, 
that which fills up or completes— from con, ana 
pleo, I fill : It. complements : F. complement), a filling 
up or completing ; that which is wanted to complete 
or fill up some quantity or thing ; something added 
by way of ornament: com'plemen'tal, a. -men'-ldl, 
also com'plemen'tary, a. -m&n'ter-i, supplying a de- 
ficiency : complementing, n. 

complete, a. kom-plet' (L. completum, to fill up— 
from con, and pleo, I fill : It. completo; F. complet, 
complete, entire), without a flaw; perfect; not defec- 
tive ; finished ; concluded: v. to finish ; to perfect; 
to accomplish : completing, imp. : comple'ted, pp. : 



inline of the Rom. Cath. Church. 

complex, a. kom'pieks (L. complexus, entwined, en- 
circled—from con, and plexus, plaited, interwoven), 
intricate ; composed of two or more parts or things ; 
not simple ; difficult : com'plexly, ad. -II: complexity, 
n. kom-pleks'-l-ti, state of being intricate. 

complexion, n. kom-plek'-shun (L. complexio, a com- 
bination, a connection : F. complexion, temper, dis- 
position), the hue or colour of the skin, particularly of 
the face ; colour of the whole skin ; natural tempera- 
ment or disposition of the body: complex lonal, a. 
pert, to : complexlonally, ad. -dl-ll : complex'ioned, 
a. -shund, having a certain hue of skin or natural tem- 
perament. 

compilable, compliant, &c— see comply. 

complicate, v. kom'-ph • atum, to fold 

together— from con, and plico, I fold : It. complicare : 
F. compliguer), to fold and twist together ; to involve ; 
to entangle ; to make intricate ; to confuse : com'pli- 
ca'ting, imp. : com'plica'ted, pp. -ka'ted: com'plica'- 
tion, n. -ka'shun : com'plicate, a. intricate ; confused : 
com'plicately, ad. -II: complicacy, n. -kd-si, state of 
being intricate: com'plica'tive, a. -kd-ttv, tending to 
involve: complicity, n. kdm-plis'-i-tt, state of being 
an accomplice or sharer in guilt. 

compliment, n. kom'-pll-ment (L. complere, to fill up : 
It. complire, to accomplish : F. compliment), an ex- 
pression of civility, respect, or regard— used in this 



to praise ; to congratulate ; to address with expres- 
sions of approbation, esteem, or respect : com'pli- 
men'ting, imp. : com'plimen'ted, pp. : com'plimen'- 
ter, n. one who : complimen'tal, also com'plimen'- 
<,fo~ot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



COMP 



102 



CONC 



tary, a. -mSn'-ter-l, containing or expressing civility, 
respect, or praise : com'plimen'tally, ad. -tai-ll. 

compline or complin, n. kom'-plin (L. cornplere, to 
fill up or complete), the last division of the breviary 
of the R. Cath. Ch. ; the last prayer at night, so called 
because it fills up or closes the services of the day. 

comply, v. kdm-pl%' (F. compiler, to bend to: It. 
complire, to accomplish, to complete— from L. con, 
and pleo, I fill), to yield to; to fulfil or complete; to 
accord with ; to be obsequious to : complying, imp. : 
adj. obsequious ; yielding : complied?, pp. -plld': 
compli'er, n. one who: compilable, a. -d-bls compli- 
ance, n. -dns, act of yieldin, submission: compli'- 
ably, ad. -bit: compliant, a. -tint, bending; yield- 
ing ; disposed to yield : compli'antly, ad. -U, in a 
yielding manner. 

component, n. kom-pO'-nSnt (L. componens, placing 
or laying together— from con, and pono, I place), a 
constituent part ; an elementary part of a compound: 
adj. constituent ; helping to form a compound. 

comport, v. kmn-port' (F. comporter, to bear, to 
behave— from L. con, and porto, I bear or carry), to 
agree with ; to suit ; to behave or conduct : comport'- 



ing, imp. : comported, pp. : comport'able, a. -d-bl. 

compose, v. kom-pOz' (F. composer, to compose— 
from L. con, and positus, placed or set : It. composto, 



composed), to form one entire body or thing by join- 
ing together several individuals, things, or parts ; to 
write as an author ; to calm ; to quiet ; to place or dis- 
pose in proper form ; to set up types ; to form a piece 
of music : compo'sing, imp. : composed, pp. kom- 
pozd': adj. calm; sedate; tranquil; formed; contrib- 
uted: compo'sedly, ad. -II, sedately; calmly: com- 



the thing composed ; any mass or body formed by 
combining together two or more substances; com- 
bining ideas or thoughl i igii them in order, 
and committing them to writing ; a book written by 
an author ; any union, combination, or disposition of 
parts ; the payment of a part only of a debt in lieu of 
the full debt ; the sum so paid ; synthesis as opposed 
to analysis: composing-stick, n. a small instrument 
in which types are set : composite, a. kom'poz-it, made 
up of parts; compound; in bot., having the struc- 
ture of the compositse: composite order, in arch., the 
last of the five orders of columns, so called from its 
capital being made up of parts borrowed from the 
others: composite number, a number that can be 
measured or divided by other numbers greater than 
a unit or one : compositive, a. kom-poz'-l-ttv, able or 
tending to compound : compositor, n. -ter, among 
printers, one who sets types, and puts them into pages 
and forms. 

compositae, n. plu. kom-poz'-l-te (L. compositus, put 
together, compounded), in bot., the largest natural 
order of plants, having their flowers arranged in dense 
heads, as in the daisy, the dandelion, the asters, &c. 

compost, n. kom'-post (L. con, and positus, put or 
placed : It. composto, a mixture), a mixture or com- 
position of various substances for fertilising land ; a 
kind of plaster or cement. 

composure, n. kom-po'-zhoor (see compose), a set- 
tled state of the mind ; calmness ; tranquillity ; se- 



compound, n. kdm'-pownd (L. componere, to set or 
place together— from con, and pono, I set or put : 
probably L. con, and pondus, a weight, a mass), a 
body formed by the union or mixture of two or more 
substances or parts: adj. composed of two or more 
substances ; composed of several parts : compound, v. 
kom-pownd', to mix or unite two or more substances 
into one body or mass ; to unite or combine ; to adjust ; 
to discharge, as a debt by composition; to come to 
terms: compounding, imp.: compound'ed, pp. : com- 
pounder, n. one who discharges a debt by certain 
fixed payments, or by several payments : compound'- 
able, a. -d-bl. 

comprehend, v. kom'-pri-h&nd' (L. comprehendere, 
to lay or catch hold of— from con, and prehendo, I 
. T.i m in <...-;>::,. i i. n, m/,, , mkre : F. comprendre), to 
comprise or include ; to contain in the mind ; to con- 
ceive ; to understand : comprehend ing, imp. : com'- 
prehend'ed, pp. : com'prehen'sion, n. -h&n'-shun, 
capacity of the mind to understand ; power of the 
understanding to receive ideas : comprehensible, a. 
-hSn'si-bl, intelligible ; that may be comprehended : 
com'prehensibly, ad. -si-lM: comprehen'sibleness, 
•si-bl-nes: com'prehen'sive, a. -Mn'-siv, embracing 



compresso), folds of soft linen cloth used to cover tho 
dressings of wounds, &c, or to keep them in their 
proper place and defend them from the air : v. kdm- 
pris', to crush or force into a smaller bulk ; to pres3 
together ; to bring within narrow liinits ; to squeeze : 
compres'sing, imp. : compressed', pp. -prist': adj. in 
bot., flattened laterally or lengthwise: compression, 
n. -prish'-un, the act of forcing into a narrower 
compass: compres'sible, a. -pris'-sl-bl, that may be 
squeezed into smaller bulk: compres'sibillty, n. 
-bll'l-ti, the quality of yielding to pressure : compres'- 
sive, a. -slv, having the power to compress : compres- 
sor, n. -sir, that which serves to compress : compres'- 
sure, n. -prish'-oor, the act or force of bodies pressing 
together. 

comprise, v. kom-prlz' (F. compris, included— from 
L. comprehendere, to comprise, to include), to include 
within itself; to comprehend ; to contain or embrace : 
comprising, imp.: comprised', pp. -prlzd': compri'sal, 
i). -pri'-zdl, the act of comprising. 

compromise, n. kom'-pro-miz' (F. compromis, agree- 
ment, treaty— from L. con, and promissus, a promise), 
an agreement between persons having a dispute, to 
settle their differences by mutual concessions; an 
arrangement of differences in a dispute : v. to arrange 
and settle differences by mutual agreement ; to agree ; 
to pledge or engage ; to put to hazard by some pre- 
vious act not to be recalled, as to compromise the 
honour of a nation : compromising, imp. : compro- 
mised', pp. -mizd' : com'promi'ser, n. -zer, n. one who. 

comptrol, v. kon-trol' (same as control, which see): 
comptroller, n. kon-trol'-ler, a regulator ; a superin- 
tendent; a supervisor. 

compulsion, n. kom-pfd'-shun (L. compulsus, driven 
together— from con, and pulsus, driven— see compel), 
the act of driving or urging by some kind of force ; 
constraint of will or action ; the state of being com- 
pelled: compul'sive, a. -slv, able to compel; having 
power to compel or constrain by force : compulsively , 
ad. -It: compul'siveness, n.: compul'sory, a. -ser-l, 
not of choice ; not voluntary ; having the power to 
compel : compul'sorily, ad. -II. 

compunction, n. kom-pungk'-shun (L. compunctio, a 
pricking— from con, and punctus, pricked or stung : 
It. compunzione: F. componction), grief, anguish, or 
remorse from a consciousness of guilt ; the sting of 
conscience ; repentance : compunc tionless, a. : com- 
punc'tive, a. -tiv, causing remorse: compunc'tious, a. 
-shus, repentant ; full of remorse. 

compurgation, n. kom- pur -g a'- shun (L. compurgo, I 
purify completely— from con, and purgo, I make clean), 
the practice of confirming any man's veracity by the 
testimony of another : compurgator, n. one who. 

compute, v. kom-puV (L. computare, to sum up, to 
reckon— from con, and putare, to think or reckon : It. 
computare: F. compter), to number; to count or 
reckon ; to throw together several sums or particulars 
in order to ascertain their collective value; to esti- 
mate; to calculate: computing, imp.: compu'ted, 
pp.: computer, n. one who : computable, a. -ta-bl, that 
can be numbered or reckoned : com'puta'tion, n. -ta- 
shun, the act of computing or numbering ; the pro- 
cess by which the sum, quantity, or result of any num- 
ber of particulars may br ascertained. 

comrade, n. kom'-rad (F. earner ade, a companion: 
Sp. camerada), a mate ; an intimate companion ; an 
associate in occupation. 

con, kdn (L. cum, with), a prefix, meaning together, 
with ; con assumes the various forms of co, cog, col, 
com, cor, according to the commencing letter of the 
other part of the word of which it forms the pr< " 
see co. 

con, Icon (a shortened form of the L. contra, 
the negative side of a question ; against 
the phrase pro and con, for and against. 

con, v. kdn (AS. cunnan; Goth, kunnan, to 

Sw. kunna, to be able), to fix in the mind by frequent 
repetition: con'ning, imp.: conned, pp. kond. 

concatenate, v. kOn-kdt'-S-nat (L. con, together, and 
catenatus, chained, fettered; catena, a chain), to link 
together ; to unite in a series or chain, as links of a 
chain, or ideas in the mind depending on each other: 
concat'ena'ting, imp.: concat'ena'ted, pp.: concate- 
nation, n. -na'-shun, a series or successive order of 
things connected with or depending on each other. 






er 01 me 
p,e»x- 

ttt 
;o know : 



mate mat, far, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, move; 



CONC 1 

concave, a. kon'kdv (L. concavus, completely hol- 
low— I'roni con, and ca vus, hollow: It. concavo: F. con- 
cave), hollow: n. a hollow place scooped out ; the 
inner surface of any rounded or spherical body— the 
inside is called the concave surface, the outside the 
convex surface : concavity, n. -kuv'i-tl, the inner 
surface of a rounded hollow body ; the hollow place 
or part in any body: concavo-concave, a. -kd'vo, 
concave on both sides : concavo-convex, a. concave 
on one side and convex on the other : con'cavous, a. 
-kd-viis, hollow ; without angles : con'cavous'ly, ad. -It. 

conceal, v. kon-sel' (L. con, and celare, to hide), to 
keep out of sight ; to keep secret ; to cover ; to dis- 
guise; to dissemble: concealing, imp.: concealed', 
pp. -seld': conceal'er, n. one who : conceal'able, a. 
-d-bl, that may be hid or kept close : conceal'ment, n. 
a keeping close or secret; the act of hiding or with- 
drawing from sight ; a place of hiding ; a secret place. 

concede, v. kon-sea (L. concedere, to depart, to 
yield— from con, and cedere, to yield: It. concedere: 
F. conceder), to yield ; to admit as true, just, or pro- 
per; to surrender: conce'ding, imp.: conce'ded, pp. 

conceit, n. kon-set' (It. concetto ; F. concept, an imagi- 
nation, anything conceived: L. concept um, to perceive, 
to become pregnant), an opinion ; a pleasant fancy; 
an affected expression or forced allusion ; an imagina- 
tion of one's own importance : conceit'ed, a. vain ; 
full of self-esteem : conceit'edly, ad. -IX : conceit'ed- 
ness, n. vanity ; the state of being filled with too high 
an opinion of self : conceive, v. kon-sev', to form in 
the mind ; to imagine ; to understand or comprehend ; 
to think ; to receive into the womb ; to breed : con- 
ceiving, .imp.: conceived', pp. -sevd' : conceiv'er, n. 
one who: conception, n. -sep'shun, the act of con- 
ceiving or being comx-ived ; image or idea in the 
mind; view, sentiment, or thought : conceiv'able, a. 
-d-bl, that may be understood or believed: concerV- 
ably, ad. -bit: conceiv'ableness, n. 

concentrate, v. kon-sCn'-trdt or kon'- (It. concen- 
trare ; F. concentrer, to meet in one centre— from L. con, 
and centrum, the middle point), to bring to one point; 
to bring to a common centre ; to cause to come nearer 
to a common point or centre ; to increase the weight 
or specific gravity of a body: concentrating, imp.: 
concen'trated, pp.: con'centra'tion, n. -tru'-shiin, the 
act of bringing nearer together ; collection into one 
point or centre ; the act of reducing to a smaller bulk : 
concen'trative, a. -tlv, tending to condense or hold to- 
gether: concen'trativeness, n. in phren., one of the 
organs of the brain : concentre, v. k6n-s&n'-tir, to 
come to a point ; to bring to a centre : concen'tring, 
imp.: concen'tred, pp. -terd: concen'tric or concen- 
trical, a. -trlk or -trl-kdl, having a common centre, 
as circles or circular layers within each other : con'- 
centriclty, n. -trls'Ul. 

concept, n. kon'-sUpt (L. conceptum, the thing con- 
ceived—see conceit), object conceived by the mind ; 
mental representation: concep'tive, a. -sep'-tlv, cap- 
able of conceiving ; active in conceiving : concep- 
tualism, n. -tu-dl-izm, in mental phil., the doctrine 
that conceptions are the only universals : concep'- 
tualist, n. -d-Ust, one who maintains that conceptions 
are the only universals. 

conception, n. kon- sep'shun— see under conceit. 

conceptacle, n. kdn-sep'-ta-kl(~L. conceptacuhim, that 
which serves for receiving), that in which anything is 
contained; in bot., a hollow sac containing a tuft or 
cluster of spores. 

concern, n. kon-sent (F. concerner; It. concernere, 
to concern— from L. con, and cernere, to see, to sepa- 
rate), that which relates or belongs to one ; business, 
interest, or affair; anxiety; careful regard; a busi- 
ness or those connected with it : v. to relate or belong 
to ; to interest or affect ; to be of importance to ; to 
take an interest in: concerning, imp.: concerned', 
pp. -sernd'-. concern'ment.n.: concern'edly, ad. -Sd-ll: 
concern'ing, prep, in regard to ; about ; relating to. 

concert, v. kon-serf (It. concerto; F. concert, con- 
cert, agreement : L. con, and serturn, to join together, 
to interweave), to contrive and settle bymutual agree- 
ment ; to strive in union for a common purpose : con- 
certing, imp.: concert'ed, pp.: adj. planned by per- 
sons acting in union : con'cert, n. the union of two or 
more in effecting a common design or plan ; agree- 
ment in a scheme ; a number of performers playing or 
singing the same piece of music in harmony ; a musi- 
cal entertainment : con'cert-pitch, the elevation of a 
given note of an instrument, by which the other notes 
are regulated; concer'to, n. (It), a musical composi- 



CONC 



kon'-scr-tC'-nd, a musical instr., so called from the har- 
monious richness of its tones. 

concession, n. kon-sgsh'-iin (L. concessio, an allow- 
ing, a granting— from con, and cessus, yielded. It. 
concessione: F. concessiori), the act of yielding or con- 
ceding ; the thing yielded ; a grant ; acknowledgment 
by way of apology: concessi'onar'y, a. -er'-i, giving 
way to by indulgence; yielding: concessi'onist, n. 
one favourable to concession: conces'sive, a, -sSs'slv, 
implying concession: conces'sively, ad. -slv-ll: con- 
ces'sory, a. -scr-l, conceding; yielding. 

conch, n. kongk (L. concha, a shell: Gr. kongche: It. 
conca: F.conquc), a shell: conchifer.n. kdng-'ki-f.'r(h. 
fero, I bear or carry), an animal covered with a shell ; 
a bivalve : conchifera, n. plu. kdng-klf'-er-d, or con- 
chifers, n. plu. an extensive class of bivalve shell-fish, 
including the oyster, the mussel, the cockle, and the 
scallop : conchif'erous, a. -us, producing or having 
shells: conchite, n. kong'-klt, a fossil shell: conchitlc, 
a. -klt'-lk, composed of shells; containing shells in 
abundance: conchoi'dal, a. -km/dnl (Gr. tidos, form), 
shell-like— applied to that peculiar fracture of rocks 
and minerals which exhibits concave and convex sur- 
faces resembling shells : conchoid, n. kong'kdijd, a 
mathematical curve of a shell-like form : conchom eter, 
n. -kom-6-ter (Gr. metron, a measure), an instrument 
for measuring the angle of the spires of shells : con- 
cho-spiral, a kind of spiral curve as seen in shells : 
conchol'ogy, n. -kol'-o-jl (Gr. logos, a discourse), the 
natural history of shells and their inhabitants : con- 
chol'ogist, n. -6-jlst, one who : con'chologlcal, a. 
-ko-ioj'-l-kdl, pert, to: conchylaceous, a. kong'-kl-ld- 
shus, of or pert, to shells. 

concierge, n. kon'-sl-erf (¥.), a housekeeper; keeper 
of a prison or a palace. 

conciliate, v. kon-sll'-l-dt (L. conciliatum, to join 
together, to unite : It. concilia re -. F. concilier), to win 
or gain, as the affections or goodwill ; to reconcile or 
bring to a state of friendship persons or parties for- 
merly at enmity or variance : conciliating, imp. : 
conciliated, pp.: concil'ia'tor, n. one who: conciT- 
ia'tion, n. -d'-shun, the act of gaining back favour, 
esteem, or affection : conciliatory, a. -ter'i, tending 
to conciliate. 

concise, a. kon-sls' (L. concisus, cut off, brief— from 
con, and cccdo, I cut), brief; short; comprehensive; 
containing few words: concisely, ad. -U: concise'- 
ness, n. brevity in speaking or writing: concisi'on, n. 
-slsh'un, a cutting off; the Jews in the N. T. who ad- 
hered to the rites of the law. 

conclave, n. kon'-kldv (L. conclave, a room, a cham- 
ber—from con, and clavis, a key: It. and F. conclave), 
that which is locked up ; the meeting of cardinals for 
the election of a pope when they are shut up for that 
purpose ; any close assembly. 

conclude, v. kon-klod' (L. concludere, to shut up; 
conclusus, shut up— from con, and claudo, I shut : It. 
concludere: F. conclure), to infer; to decide or deter- 
mine ; to close or finish ; to end ; to form an opinion : 
conclu'ding, imp : adj. final ; closing: conclu'ded.pp.: 
conclu'sion, n. -klo'-zhun, end; close; inference or 
consequence; final determination or judgment: con- 
clu'sive, a. -ztv, final; decisive: conclu'sively, ad. -II: 
conclu'siveness, n. the quality of being decisive. 

concoct, v. kon-kokt' (L. concoctio, digestion— from 
con, and coctum, to prepare by fire, to cook : F. con- 
coction), to digest, as food in the stomach ; to purify ; 
to refine ; to form and mature in the mind ; to plan 
or devise, as a scheme : concoc'ting, imp.: concoc'ted, 
pp. : concoc'tion, n. -kok'shun, the change which food 
undergoes in the stomach ; maturation by heat ; the 
process of purifying : concoc'ter, n. one who plans : 
concoc'tive, a. -tlv, having the power of digesting. 

concomitant, a. kon-kom'-i-tdnt (L. concomitans, 
attending— from con, and comitans, following, attend- 
ing: F. concomitant: It. o rmjoined with; 
accompanying : n. an attendant ; that which accom- 
panies ; a person or thing collaterally connected : con- 
comitantly, ad. -II: concomitance, n. -i-tans, also 
concomltancy, n. -tan-sl, the being conjoined with 
another thing. 

concord, n. kong'kawrd (L. concordia, agreement — 
from con, and cor, the heart : It. concordia: F. Con- 
corde), agreement; harmony; union; peace; agree- 
ment or proper relation of words in a sentence ; har- 
mony of two or more sounds in music : concor'dance, 
n. -kor'ddns, an index or dictionary of the words and 



cdiv, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



CONC 



104 



CONE 



phrases, and sometimes of passages, of the Scriptures, 
with the book, chap., and verse in which they occur: 
concor'dant, a. agreeing ; corresponding : concor- 
dantly, ad. -It: concor'dancy, n. -dun-si: concordat, 
n. kon-kdr'dat, a treaty or compact between a sove- 
reign and the pope ; a convention. 

concourse, n. kong'kors (L. concursus, a meeting 
together — from con, and cursum, to run : It. concorso : 
F. concours), a running together ; confluence ; an 
assembly of men or things. 

concrescence, n. kon-kres'ens (L. concrescere, to prow 
strong— from con, and crescere, to grow), growth or 
increase ; the act of growing by the spontaneous 
union of separate particles: concres cible, a. -i-bl, 
capable of congealing. 

concrete, a. kong'kret (L. concretus, grown together, 
hardened— from con, and cretum, to grow: It. con- 
creto: F. concret), united in growth ; formed by mass- 
ing several things together ; having a real existence ; 
not abstract, but applied to a subject— as white, ab- 
stract, white sugar, concrete : n. acompound ; any mass 
formed of lime, sand, pebbles, &c. : v. kon-kret', to 
unite or form into one mass ; to congeal or grow hard : 
concre'ting, imp. : concre'ted, pp. : concretely, ad. 
-It: concrete'ness, n. : concre'tion, n. -kre'shua, the 
act of growing together ; a mass formed by the union 
of various parts adhering to each other : concre'tive, 
a. -kre'tlv, causing or tending to concrete : concre'- 
tional, a. -kre'shun-dl, also concre'tionary, a. -shun- 
er-i, pert, to; made up of concretions : concretionary 
deposits, in geol., chemically formed deposits, gener- 
ally arising from calcareous and silicious springs: 
concrete number, a number applied to a particular 
object— as three men, six months. 

concubine, n. kong'ku-bin (L. concubina, a concu- 
bine — from con, andcw&o, I lie down: It. concubina: F. 
concubine), a woman who lives with a man without 
being married ; an inferior wife : concu'binage, n. 
-bi-ndj, living together without marriage : concu'binal, 
a. -bi-ndl, pert. to. 

concupiscence, n. kon-ku'-pls-s6ns (L. concupiscens, 
longing much for— from con, and cupio, I desire : It. 
concupiscenza ; F. concupiscence, lust), desire for un- 
lawful pleasure : concupiscent, a. lustful. 

concur, v. kon-'ker' (L. concurrere, to run together— 
from con, and curro, I run : It. concorrere : F. concourir), 
to meet in the same point ; to agree or unite in action 
or opinion ; to combine ; to coincide : concurring, imp.: 
concurred', pp. -kurd': concurrent, a. -kur'-rent, act- 
ing in conjunction; conjoined; united; associated: 
n. that which concurs ; contributory cause : concur- 
rently, ad. II: concurrence, n. -6ns, agreement or 
union in action or opinion ; consent. 

concussion, n. kon-kush'un (L. concussio, a shaking 
— from con, and quassum, to shake : It. concussione), 
the shock caused by two bodies coming into sudden 
and violent contact; state of being shaken ; agitation: 
concus'sive, a. -kus'siv, having the power or quality of 
shaking: concussed', pp. a. -kiist', shaken or driven. 

condemn, v. kon-dim' (L. condemnare, to condemn, 
to blame— from con, and damnare, to bring damage 
or loss upon: It. condennare: F. conda miner), to pro- 
nounce guilty ; to censure ; to blairn to srin.oon- to 
punishment ; to declare to be unfit for use or service : 
condemn'ing, imp. -dem'ing: condemned', pp. -demd'-. 
condem'nable, a. -nu-bl, that may be condemned; 
blamable : con'demna'tion, n. -na'-shun, the act of 
condemning; the act of declaring one guilty; the 
cause or reason for condemning: condem'natory, a. 
-nd-ter-l, tending to, or containing something worthy 
of censure. 

condense, v. kon-dSns' (L. conclensare, to condense 
— from con, and densus, close, thick : It. condensare : 
F. condenser), to make more close, thick, or compact ; 
to make close by pressure ; to compress or reduce into 
a smaller compass; to grow or become thick: adj. 
thick ; close : conden'sing, imp. : condensed', pp. 
-denstt '.- condense'ly, ad. -II: conden'sity, n. -sl-tl: 
conden'ser, n. -sir, he or that which ; a vessel for con- 
densing vapour: conden'sable, a. -sd-bl, capable of 
being condensed : condensation, n. kon'din-sd'-shuti, 
the act of making nmn: dense or compact. 

condescend, v. kon'de-send' (L. con, and descendere, 
to descend : It. condescendere ; F. condescendre, to 
condescend), to do some act of courtesy or kindness 
to an inferior as if an equal ; to stoop or descend ; to 
submit ; to yield : con'descend'ing, imp.: con'descend- 



ad. -II: con'descen'dence, n. -dins, in Scot, law, a 
distinct written statement of the facts in dispute, to 
be laid before the court ; a written pleading. 

condign, a. kon-din' (L. condignus, wholly deserv- 
ing: F. condigne, appropriate), deserved; merited — 
applied to punishment : condign'ly, ad. -II: condign- 
ness, n. : condig'nity, n. -dlg'ni-ti, merit; desert. 

condiment, n. kon'dl-ment (L. condimentum, sea- 
soning: It. condimento: F. condiment), seasoning for 
food ; sauce ; pickle. 

condition, n. kon-dlsh'-un (L. conditio, external 
position, situation : F. condition), a particular mode 
or state of being ; a disposition of body or mind ; order, 
rank, or quality ■<• ■ ■■ < meat; something laid 

down as essential : conditional, a. -un-dl, containing 
or depending on certain terms ; not absolute : con- 
ditionally, ad. -It: conditi'onal'ity, n. -dl'iti, the 
quality of being conditional or limited: conditioned, 
a. -und, having certain qualities— preceded by such 
words as good, well, bad; in rneta., having conditions 
or relations. 

condole, v. kon-dol' (L. con, and dolere, to grieve), 
to grieve with another in distress or misfortune ; to 
sympathise : condoling, imp. : condoled', pp. -dOldf: 
condo'lator'y, a. ld-ter'-l, expressing condolence: con- 
do'ler, n. one who: condole'ment, n. : condolence, 
n. -16ns, grief or pain of mind excited and expressed 
by the distress or misfortunes of another. 

condor, n. kon'dor (Sp. condor), a large bird of prey— 
the vulture of S. Amer. 

conduce, v. kon-dus' (L. conducere, to bring or lead 
together— from con, and ducere, to lead : It. conducere: 
F. conduire), to lead or tend to ; to contribute : condu- 
cing, imp.: conduced', pp. -diisd': condu'cible.a. -sl-bl, 
leading or tending to: condu'eibly, ad. -bit: condu'- 
cibleness, n.: conducive, a. kon-du'siv, that may con- 
tribute; having a tendency to promote: condu'eive- 
ness, n. the qua I ! >1 riding bo promote. 

conduct, n. kon'dukt (L. conduction, to lead together 
—from con, and ductum, to lead : F. conduite, beha- 
viour), personal behaviour; mode of life; manage- 
ment; guidance; escort: v. kon-dukf, to bring along 
or guide ; to behave, as one's self ; to direct ; to 
point out the way ; to manage ; to lead or command ; 
to transmit-: conducting, imp. : conduc'ted, pp. 
conduc'tor, n. masc, conduc'tress, fern, one who: 
conduc'tion, n. -shun, transmission through a con- 
ductor : conduc'tor, n. a body that receives and com- 
municates to another body electricity or heat ; a 
lightning-rod; conduc'tit -''i, capacity 






conducting. 

conduit, n. kun'dlt or kon', (F. conduit— from L. 
con, and ductum,, to lead or conduct), a canal or pipe 
for the conveyance of water ; a channel ; a surface- 
drain. 

conduplicate, a. kon-du'pU-kdt (L. con, and du- 
plico, I double), doubled ; folded upon itself. 

condyle, n. kon'dll (Gr. kondulos, a knuckle, a 
knob), a rounded projection at the end of a bone; a 
knuckle : con'dyloid, a. -di-loyd (Gr. eidos, form), re- 
semblingacoii<I.vl< — urrir ,;;liy;i|>i>ji<<! in the projection 
by which the lower jaw is articulated with the head : 
condylope, n. kon'dl-lop, also condylopod, n. konclil' 
o-pod (Gr. pous, a foot— gen. podos), articulated ani- 
mals with jointed legs, as a crab, a spider, a fly, &c. 

cone, n. kon (L. conus, a figure like a sugar-loaf: Gr. 
konos-. It. cono: F. cone), a figure broad and round at 

iiH'h'iii- gradually lesse gii circumference, like 

a sugar-loaf ; the fruit of the fir, pine, &c. : conic, a. 
kon'-tk, also conical, a. kon'i-kdl, having the form of a 
cone ; cone-shaped: con'ically, ad. -It: conies, n. plu. 
kon'tks, that part of geometry which treats of the pro- 
perties of conical figures and the curves which arise 
from their sections : conic sections, the curves formed 
by the intersections of a plane and a cone— viz., the 
parabola, the hyperbola, and the ellipse: coniferous, 
a. ko-nif'er-us (L.fero, I carry), in bot., bearing cones - 
conifer, n. kdn'-l-fer; plu. coniferae, ko-ntf-er-e, 
or shrubs bearing cones, including the pine, fi- 
juniper : coniform, a. kon'-lfawrm (L. for 






to a conoid ; nearly conical : conoi'dic, a. -dlk, also 
conoi'dical, a. -dt-kill, pert, to or like a conoid. 
coney, n. ko'nt— see cony. 



mate, mat, far, law; mete, mdt, her; pine, pin; note, ndt, mCve; 



CONF 



105 



CONF 



confabulation, n. kdn-fab'-uld'sliiin fL. con, and 
fabulor, I converse, I chat), familiar and easy con- 
versation: confabulate, v. -hit, to talk in an easy 
unrestrained manner; to rhat : confab ula ting, imp. : 
confab'ula'ted, pp. : confab ulator y, a. -la-tir'-l, bav- 
ins the character of an easy and familiar conversation : 
confab, n. kon-fdb', a familiar contraction of confabu- 
lation. 

confect, v. kon-fekt' (L. confectio, a preparing, a 
composing— from con, and factum, to make), to pre- 
serve with sugar; to form into sweetmeats: n. kon- 
fekt, a sweetmeat : confec ting, imp.: confec ted, pp.: 
confec'tion, n. -fik'shun, anything prepared with 
sugar ; a sweetmeat : confec tioner, n. -er, one who 
makes sweetmeats: confectionery or -ary, n. -er-l, 
sweetmeats ; the art of preparing them. 

confederate, v. kOn-fcd'-lr-dt (L. con, andfvdcratus, 
leagued together, confederate: F. conftd-rcr), to 
ally ; to unite together in a league with others : n. a 
person or a nation united in a league with others ; 
an ally ; an accomplice : adj. united in a league ; allied 
by treaty: confederating, imp.: confederated, pp. 
confed'era'tion, n. -a'-shun, an agreement for mutual 
support ; a league; an alliance: confederacy, n. -d-si, 
persons, states, or nations united by a league ; a com- 
bination for any unlawful purpose. 

confer, v. kon-fer 1 (L. conferre, to bring or carry to- 
gether—from con, and ferre, to carry, to bring : It. 
conferire: F. conferer), to give or bestow; to- consult 
together; to converse; to bring to or contribute: 



important subject ; a discussion between two or 

for mutual instruction, as committees or delegates: 

confer rer, n. one who. 

conferva, n. kon-fcr'-vd, plu. confer'vae, -re (L. con- 
ferva, a medicinal water-plant— from confervere, to 
boil up), in bot., fresh -water plant-, (.-.insisting of 
slender-jointed green filaments : con'ferva'ceous, a. 
-vtiJsh&s, pert, to the confervas : confer void, a. -voyd, 
in bot., formed of a single row of cells ; having articu- 
lations like the conferva; : confer'vites, n. plu. -vlfs, 
in geol., fossil plants, apparently allied to the aquatic 
confervas. 

confess, v. kon-fSs' (L. confessus, fully or entirely 
acknowledged— from con, and fateor, I confess, I own: 
F. confesser; It. confessare, to confess), to admit or 
own ; to acknowledge, as a crime or fault ; to disclose 
or avow ; to admit or assent to as true ; to hear the 
confession of another, as a Roman Catholic priest does : 
confessing, imp. : confessed, pp. -fc.<t' : adj. avowed ; 
undenied; clear: confessi'on, n. -fgsh'iin, anything 
disclosed or acknowledged: confessedly, ad. -sSd-ll: 
confes'sant, n. onewhoconfessestoapriest: confessi'- 
onal, n. -fesh'un-dl, the place where a priest sits to 
hear confessions : confessor , n. a priest who hears con- 
fessions ; one who has borne persecution for his pro- 
fession of Christianity — one who suffers death for his 
religion is a martyr: confessi'onary, a. er-t, pert, to 
confession to a priest. 

confide, v. kon-fid' (L. confidere, to trust confidently 
—from con, and Jidere, to trust: It. conjidare: F. con- 
fier), to trust ; to rely on ; to commit to the charge of ; 
to believe in ; to deliver into the possession of another 
for safe keeping : confi'ding, imp. : adj. trusting; dis- 
posed to put confidence in : confi'ded, pp. : confidence, 
n. kon'-fl-dens, trust; reliance; security; boldness; 
courage; con'fident, a. -dent, having full belief; trust- 
ing ; relying on one's own ability; positive ; impudent : 
n. one intrusted with secrets or important matters, as 
a servant or friend : confidant', n. masc, con'fidante', 
n.fem. -dan? (F.), a bosom-friend, chiefly in love affairs 
and the lighter matters of life : confidently, ad. -dent- 
il: confidential, a. -din'-shdl, spoken or written in 
confidence; trusty; faithful: confidentially, ad. -II: 
confi'der, n. -der, one who : confi'dingly, ad. -II. 

configure, v. kon-fig'-ur (L. configurare, to form in 
accordance with— from con, and figura, a form or 
shape : It. configura r I, to dispose or form in a certain 
figure or shape : config'uring, imp. : config'ured, pp. 
-urd: configuration, n. -u-rd'-shun, external form; 
shape or outline of a body; aspects of the planets. 

confine, v. kon-fin' (L. confinis; It. confine, border- 
ing on— from L. con, and fmis, a boundary or limit : F. 
confiner. to restrain within a place), to restrain within 
limits; to imprison ; to shut up ; to be much at home 
or in retirement ; to tie or make fast ; to bind : con- 
fi'ning, imp.: confined, pp. Icon-find': confiner, n. 
one who : confi'nable, a. -nd-bl, that may be limited : 



confine, a. kon-fin, bordering on; adjacent: confines, 
n. plu. joint limits ; adjacent parts ; boundaries : con- 
fine ment, n. restraint within limits; imprisonment; 
seclusion; voluntary restraint in any way; restraint 
by sickness— applied to a woman in childbirth. 

confirm, v. kon-ferm' (L. confirmare, to establish— 
from con, and firmare, to strengthen: It. confirmare : 
F. conflrmer), to add strength to ; to fix or settle ; to 
assure or ratify; to admit to full Christian privileges 
by the laying on of hands : confirm'ing, imp. : confirm - 
inglv, ad. -li, in a manner to strengthen or make firm : 
confirmed', pp. -firmd'-. confirm'ator'y, a. -d-ter'-l, 
serving to confirm ; affording additional proof: con- 
finn'er, n. one who : confirm' able, a. -d-bl, that may 
be established or made more firm: confirmation, n. 
kdn'-fer-ma'-shun, the act of fixing, settling, or making 
more certain; evidence; proof; convincing testimony; 
admission to full Christian communion by laying on 
of the hands of the bishop: confirmative, a. -d-tlv, 
having the power of confirming : confirm'atively, ad. 
-II: con'firmator, n. -ma-t-r, he that affirms or attests. 

confiscate, v. kon-fis'kdt (L. confmcare, to transfer 
to the state treasury— from con, and fiscus, a basket, 
a money-bag: It. confiscare: F. conflsquer), to for- 
feit to the public treasury, as the goods or estate of 
a rebel or traitor: confiscating, imp. : confis'cated, 
pp. : con'fisca'tor, n. one who : confiscable, a. -kd-bl : 
confiscation, n. -ka'-shun, the act of forfeiting or ad- 
judging to the public treasury: confis'cator'y, a. -fls' 
kd-tir'-l, having the character of confiscation; con- 
signing to forfeiture. 

conflagration, n. kdn'fld-grd'-shiin (L. conflagrare, 
to he on fire— from con, and fagrare, to blaze: It. 
conflagrare), a great fire ; a burning of any great mass, 
as houses or a forest: con'flagra'tive, a, -tlv, causing 
conflagration. 

conflict, n. kon'-fllkt (L. conflictus, a striking of one 
tiling against another— from con, and flictus, a strik- 
ing or dashing against: It. conflitto: F. conflit), a 
dashing or striking together of two bodies ; a contest ; 
a battle ; strife ; contention ; distress ; agony : v. kdn- 
filkt', to strike or dash against; to strive or struggle 
together; to contend; to fight: conflicting, imp.: 
conflicted, pp. : conflic'tive, a. -fllk'tiv, tending to 
conflict. 

confluent, a. kon'-flob-Snt (L. confluens, a flowing to- 
gether— from con, and fluens, flowing: It, confluente: 
F. confluent), flowing together; meeting; joining; 
running into each other and spreading: confluence, 
n. -ens, the junction or meeting together of two or 
more streams of water; the running together or 
crowding of people in a place : conflux, n. -fluks (L. 
fliu-us, flowing, fluid), a flowing together; a crowd; a 
multitude collected. 

conform, v. kon-fawrm' (L. conformare, to form, to 
shape— from con, and forma, shape : It. conformare : 
F. conformer), to comply with or yield to ; to act ac- 



to : conform'ing, imp.: conformed', pp. -fun-rrml .- 
conformer, n. one who: conform'able, a. -d-bl, like; 
resembling ; corresponding ; suitable ; compliant ; 
in geol., applied to strata or groups of strata lying 
one above another in parallel order: conform 'ably, 
ad. -bli: conformation, n. kdn'for-ma'-shiin, the act of 
conforming ; the particular make or construction of a 
body: conform 'ist, n. one who conforms; a member 
of an Established Church, as distinguished from a dis- 
senter or nonconformist : conformity, n. -i-ti, re- 
semblance ; correspondence or agreement in form or 
manner; con. ! forms, &c. 

confound, v. kon-foimid' (L. confunclere, to mingle, 
to blend— from con, and fundere, to pour out : F. con- 
fondre: It. confondere), to mingle different things so 
that they cannot be distinguished ; to mix or blend ; 
to confuse or perplex ; to astonish or stupefy ; to cast 
down; to terrify; to dismay: confound'ing, imp.: 
confounded, pp. : confound'er, n. one who : con- 
found'edly, ad. -II, in familiar language, hatefully ; 
i. 

confraternity, n. kon'-fra-ter-nl-tl (L. con, and fra- 
ternitas, brotherhood: It. confraternita : F. confra- 
ternite), a brotherhood ; a society or body of men- 
genera lly a religious one. 

confront, v. kon-frunt' (L. con, and frons, the fore- 
head, front: It. confrontare: F. confronter), to stand 
face to face ; to set face to face ; to oppose ; to bring 
into the presence of : confronting, imp.: confronted, 
pp. : confront'er, n. one who. 



cow, boy, foot; piire, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



CONF 



106 



CONJ 



con/us), to mi: 0] Lisorde \ things so that they cannot 
be distinguished ; to render indistinct ; to perplex ; to 
. throw into disorder ; to agitate by surprise or shame : 
confuting, imp.: confused', pp. kon-fuzd' -. confu- 
sedly, ad. -fu'zed-ll: confu'sedness, n.: confu'sion, n. 
-fu'-zhun, disorder ; indistinctness ; astonishment ; 
distraction of mind. 

confute, v. kon-fut' (L. confutare, to cool down, to 
repress— from con, and futum, a vessel to sprinkle 
water: It. confutare: F. confuter), to prove to be 
wrong or false ; to convict of error by argument or 
proof: confuting, imp. : confu'ted, pp. : confu'ter, n. 
one who: confutable, a. -td-bl: confutation, n. 
■fa-ta'shun, the act of disproving: confu'tant, n. one 
who confutes or undertakes to confute. 

conge, n. kong'zha (F. leave), leave ; farewell; part- 
ing ceremony ; bow : v. to take leave by a bow or 
other mark of civility or respect : con'geed, pp. -zhdd: 
conge d'elire, -di-ler' (F. conge, leave ; elire, to choose), 
the sovereign's permission to a dean and chapter to 
choose a bishop. 

congeal, v. kon-jel' (L. congelare, to congeal— from 
con, and gelu, frost: It. congelare: F. congeler), to 
change from a fluid to a solid state, as by cold or loss 
of heat ; to fix or stagnate ; to produce a sensation of 
cold or shivering by some external cause : congeal' - 
ing, imp. : congealed', pp. -jeld': congeal'able, a. -d-bl, 
that can be thickened or made solid: con'gela'tion, 
n. -jd-ld'shun, the act of converting a fluid into a solid, 
as by cold. 

congener, n. kon-je'ner (L. congener, of the same 
species or kind— from co n, and genus, a kind: It. con- 
genere : F. conginere), one of the same origin or kind : 
congen'erous, a. -jen'-er-us: congeneric, a. -je-ner'lk, 
of the same kind or nature. 

congenial, a. kdn-je'nl-cil (L. con, and genialis, jovi- 
al, genial; genius, fondness for good living), adapted; 
suitable; kindred; similar; belonging to the nature: 
congenially, ad. -II: conge'nial'ity, n. -i-tl, suitable- 
ness ; state of being congenial. 

congenital, a. JcdnjSn-i-tdl congenitus, born to- 
gether— from con, and genitus, brought forth, pro- 
duced: It. congenita), of the same birth; born with 
another ; existing from birth, as a disease or some de- 
formity. 

conger, n.kdng'ger(L. conger : It. congro : F. congre), 
a kind of sea-eel. 

congeries, n. plu. kon-je'-rl-ez' (L. a heap, a pile— 
from con, and gero, I bear or bring), a collection of 
small particles or bodies forming one mass. 

congest, v. konje'st? [L. congestus, pressed together— 
from con, and gestum, to carry: It. congestione; F. 
congestion, congestion), to gather into a mass: con- 
jest'ing, imp. : congested, pp. : adj. containing an 
unnatural accumulation of blood : congestion, n. -yun, 
a collection of blood or matter in any part of an 
animal body hardened into a mass or tumour : conges'- 
tive, a. -tiv, tending to congestion. 

conglobate, a. kon'glO-h < (L. < latum, to gather 

into a ball— from con, and globus, a ball: It. conglo- 
bare), formed or gathered into a ball; in anat., glob- 
ular : v. to form into a ball or hard round substance : 
con'globa'ted, pp. : con'globa'tion, n. -ba'shun. 

conglomerate, a. kon-glom'er-dt (L. conglomeratum, 
to roll together— from con, and glomerare, to wind into 
a ball: It. conglomerare: F. conglomdrer), gathered 
together, as a ball of thread ; gathered into a mass : 
n. a sort of coarse rough rock composed of various 
substances, as pebbles of quartz, flints, &c — also 
called pudding-stone : v. to collect into a round mass : 
conglom'era'ting, imp. : conglomerated, pp. ; con- 
glomeration, n. -a'-shun, collection of various par- 
ticles of bodies into a mass. 

conglutinate, v. kon-glo'tl-ndt (L. conglutinatum, 
to unite firmly together— from con, and gluten, glue: 
It. conglutinare: F. conglutiner), to glue together; to 
heal a wound by uniting the parts by a tenacious 
substance ; to unite : conglu'tina'ting, imp. : con- 
glu'tina'ted, pp.: conglu'tina'tion, n. -nd'shun .- con- 
glu'tina'tive, a. -nd'-tlv, having the power of uniting 
by means of a gluey substance: conglu'tina'tor, n. 
that which. 

congo, n. kong'gO, also congou (Chinese), a fine va- 
riety of black tea from China. 

congratulate, v. kon-grdt'-u-lat (L. congratulatus, 

wished joy warmly— from con, and gratulor, I wish 

joy: It. congratulare : F. congratuler), to profess one's 

mate, mdt.fdr, km; mete, mSt, 



joy to another on account of some event deemed 
happy or fortunate ; to wish joy to another : congrat - 
ula'ting, imp. : congrat'ula'ted, pp. : congrat'ula'- 
tion, n. -la-shun, the act of expressing joy or good 
wishes to another — commonly used in plural: con- 
grat'ula'tor, n. one who: congrat'ulator'y, a. -la-ter'4, 
expressing joy for the good fortune of another. 

congregate, v. kong'-n, i gatum, to col- 

lect into a flock— from con, and grex, a flock, a herd), to 
collect separate persons or things into one place ; to 
bring into a crowd; to assemble; to meet: con'gre- 
ga'ting, imp. : con'grega'ted, pp. : con'grega'tion, n. 
-gd'-shun, an assembly of persons; a number of per- 
sons met for divine worship: con'grega'tional, a. 



in whicli each church or congregation claims com- 
plete control of its own affairs : con'grega'tionalist, 
n. -dl-ist, one who holds to the complete independ- 
ence of each church. 

congress, n. kong'-grSs (L. congressus, a friendly 
meeting together— from con, and gressus, a step, a 
course: It. congresso F. congres), a meeting; an 
assembly of persons for the settlement of affairs 
between different states or countries ; the legislature 
of the United States of America: congressional, a. 
■gr8sh'wn-(U, pert, to a congress: congres'sive, a. 
■gres'siv, coming together. 

congruent, a. kon'-groo-int (L. congruentia, agree- 
ment, harmony: It. congruenza), suitable; agreeing; 
harmonious: congruence, n. -grdb-Sns, agreement: 
con'gruous, a. -groo-us, accordant ; suitable ; consist- 
ent: con'gruously, ad. -II: congruity, n. k6n-gr6'-Ul, 
the relation of agreement between things; fitness; 
reason. 

conia, n. ko-nl'd, also coneine, n. ko'ne-ln' (L. 
conium, hemlock), the poisonous alkaloid of the plant 
hemlock. 

conic, con'ics, coniferous, &c— see under con.. 

conirosters, n. plu. kon'l-ros'ters (L. conus, a cone, 
and rostrum, a beak), a family of birds having stronr 
bills more or less conical : con'iros'tral, a. -ros'trdi 
having a thick conical beak, as a crow. 

conjecture, n. kon-jek'tiir (L. conjectura, an infer- 
ence, a conclusion— from con, and jactum, to throw: 
It. conjectura: F. conjecture), a guess; a supposition; 
an opinion formed on very slight evidence : v. to form 
an opinion by guess or on very slight evidence; to 
surmise : conjecturing, imp.: conjee tured, pp. -turd: 
conjec'turer, n. -tu-rir, one who : conjec'tural, a. -rul, 
depending on a guess or on slight evidence : conjec- 
turally, ad. -II: conjec'turable, a. -tu-rd-bl. 

conjoin, v. kon-joyri (F. conjoindre, to conjoin— 
fromL. con, and jungo, I join or fasten), to unite; to 
connect or associate : conjoin ing, imp. : conjoined', 
pp. -jdynd": conjoint', a. -joynt', united ; connected : 
conjointly, ad. -lit conjoint'ness, n. 

conjugal, a. kon'-job-gdl (L. conjugalis, relating to 
marriage— from con, and jugum, a yoke or bond: It. 
conjugate: F. conjugal), pert, to marriage; matrimo- 



from con, and. jugum, a yoke : It. coujugaret, to unite; 
to exhibit a verb in all its principal parts ; to inflect a 
verb: n. a word agreeing in derivation with another 
word : adj. in bot., a pinnate leaf composed of a single 
pair of leaflets : con'juga'ting, imp. : conjugated, pp : 
con'juga'tion, n. -gd'-shun, in gram., the exhibition of 
the principal parts of a verb; in phys., the simplest 
form of reproduction, in which the union of two in- 
dividuals takes place : conjugate diameter, a diame- 
ter parallel to a tangent at the vertex of the primi- 
tive diameter. 

conjunct, a. kon-jtinkf (L. conjunctum, to join 
together, to unite— from con, and junctum, tc ' " 
to couple), conjoined; united: conjunctly, : 
conjunction, n. -jungk'-shun, union; connec" 
astron., the meeting of two or more planet; 
same part of the heavens, or in the direct line o 
eye, as the moon with the sun at new moon ; in g, 
a joining or connecting word : conjunc'tive, a. -tlv, 
serving to unite: conjunc'tively, ad. -II: conjunc- 
tiveness, n. : conjuncture, n. -tur, a ioining to- 
gether ; a combination or union, as of causes ; an oc- 
casion ; a crisis. 

conjure, v. kon-jor' (L. covjurare, to combine to- 
gether under an oath— from con, andjurare, to swear: 
F. conjurer), to call on or summon by a sacred name; 
to implore solemnly : conju'ring, imp. : conjured', pp. 
Mr; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



CONN 



107 



CONS 



-jdrd': conjure'ment, n.: con'jura'tion, n. -jdb-rCl'-sJiun, 
the act of using certain words or ceremonies in order 
to gain the assistance of a superior power ; the act of 
summoning in a sacredname: conjurer, n. kon-jo'-rer, 
one who summons in a sacred name : conju'ror, n. -jo- 
rdr, one bound by oath with others: conjure, v. kt'ui' 
jer, to act in some manner by supernatural influence ; 
to practise magic arts : conjuring, imp. : conjured, 
pp. -jerd: conjurer, n. -tr. une who pretends to the 
secret art of performing things supernatural ; a jug- 
gler ; a man of sagacity. 

connascence, n. kon-nds'sSns (L. con, and nasccns, 
being born, springing up; natus, born), a common 
birth or origin; act of growing together: connate, 
a. kon'-ndt, born with another; in hot., applied to two 
leaves united by their bases: connat'ural, a. -ndt'-u- 
ral, connected by nature or birth ; inherent : connat- 
urally, ad. -II. 

connect, v. Jcon-nSkt' (L. connectere, to bind or 
fasten together— from con, and necto, I tie, I bind), 
to tie or link together; to knit or fasten together ; 
to join or unite ; to combine or associate ; to have 
a close relation: connecting, imp.: connected, 
pp. : connec'tedly, ad. -K: connective, a. -tlv, able to 
connect: n. that which joins: connection or con- 
nexion, n. -nek'-shun, state of being joined or fasten- 
ed together ; union by an intervening substance ; rela- 
tion by blood or marriage; a religious sect: n. plu. 
acquaintances ; business friends. Note. — By most 
writers the spelling connection (L. con, necto, I tie) 
and connexion (L. con, nexus, tied) are used indiffer- 
ently. As derived from the English verb connect and 
the Latin necto, the spelling connection should be pre- 
ferred to that of connexion. If, however, both forms 
are preserved, their application ought to be restricted, 
and they ought not to be made identical in significa- 
tion. As suggested by Dr Latham, the form (1) con- 
nection should be used when a link or boi'i of union 
is meant; and (2) connexion when the object which is 
linked is signified— thus (1) connection, n. kon-nek- 
shun, state of being fastened together : act of fastening 
together; junction by an intervening substance or 
medium; just relation to something precedent or 
subsequent ; coherence : (2) connexion, n. kon-nek- 
shun, a relation by marriage or blood ; a religious sect 
or communion ; circle of persons with whom any one 
is in contact. 

connive, v. kon-nli/ (L. connivere, to wink or shut 
the eyes : F. conniver), to close the eyes upon the faults 
or wrong-doings of another; to pretend ignorance of 
the faults of another ; to overlook a wrong act : con- 
niving, imp.: connived', pp. -nivd'-. conniver, n. one 
who: conni'vance, n. -ni'-vdns, pretended ignorance of, 
or blindness to, the faults of others. 

connoisseur, n. kon'-nls-ser' {¥.), a good judge in the 
fine arts ; a knowing or skilful critic, especially ap- 
plied to painting and sculpture, &c : connoisseur - 
ship, n. the office of. 

connote, v. kon-not' (L. con, and noto, I mark), to 
imply ; to include ; to betoken : conno'ting, imp. : 
connoted, pp.: connotation, n. kon'-no-td'-shun, the 
act of designating with something; implication; in- 
ference: connotative, a. -no'-td-tic, attributive. 

connubial, a. kon-nu'-bl-dl (L. connubialis, pert to 
wedlock— from con, and nubo, I marry), pert, to mar- 
riage; nuptial. 

conoid and conoidal— see cone. 

conquer, v. kong'-ker (L. conquirere, to seek after 
earnestly — from con, and qucerere, to seek: It. con- 
quidere; F. conquerir, to conquer), to overcome by 
physical force, as an enemy in battle ; to vanquish ; 
to defeat ; to subdue by argument or by moral influ- 
ence ; to gain by perseverance or effort : con'quering, 
imp.: con quered, pp. -kerd: con'queror, n. one who 
has obtained a victory: con'querable, a. -dl-bl, that 
may be overcome: con'quest, n. -kwest (old F. con- 
queste, conquest : L. conquisitus, sought out, selected), 
the act of overcoming by physical or moral force ; suc- 
cess in arms ; the thing conquered. 

consanguineous, a. kon'-sdng-gwin'-l-us (L. consan- 
guineus, related by blood— from con, and sanguis, 
blood: It. consanguineo : F. consanguin), related by 
birth or blood; descended from the same parent or 
ancestor: con'sanguin'ity, n. -i-ti, relationship by 
blood ; descent from the same ancestor. 

conscience, n. kon'-shens (L. conscientia, a knowing 
along with others— from con, and sciens, knowing ; 
It. conscienzai F. conscience), self-knowledge or judg- 
ment of right and wrong; the power or faculty by 



which we judge of the rectitude or wickedness of our 
own actions ; justice ; real sentiment ; truth ; candour ; 
scruple: conscienceless, a.: conscientious, a. -slii-Sn- 
shus, regulated by conscience; scrupulous or exact, 
as in word or deed: conscientiously, ad. -h: con- 
scien'tiousness, n. a scrupulous regard to the decis- 
ions of conscience: conscious, a. -shus (L. conscius, 
privy to), possessing the power of knowing one's own 
thoughts and actions ; having knowledge of anything 
without extraneous information ; aware ; sensible : 
consciously, ad. -II: consciousness, n. the know- 
ledge of what passes in one's own mind : con scion- 
able, a. -sfiun-d-bl, according to conscience; reason- 
able; just: conscionably, ad. -d-bll: con scionab'le- 
ness, n. -db'-l-nes. 

conscription, n. kon-skrlp'-shun (L. conscript io, a 
writing — iromcon, and scriptus, engraved or written: 
F. conscription), a forced enrolment of all males 
above a certain age for naval or military service, 
adopted in France and other Continental countries : 
conscript, n. kon'-skript, one drawn by lot from the 
enrolled list: adj. enrolled : conscript-fathers, sena- 
tors of anc. Rome. 

consecrate, v. kdn-sS-krdt (L. consecratum, to dedi- 
cate or devote to a deity— from con, and sacer, sacred : 
It. consecrare: F. consacrer), to make or declare sa- 
cred ; to set apart or dedicate to the service and wor- 
ship of God ; to render venerable or make respected: 
consecrating, imp.: consecrated, pp.: con'secra- 
tor, n. one who : consecration, n. -krd'-shun, a sepa- 
ration from a common to a sacred use; the act of 
dedicating to the service of God: con'secra'tory, a. 
■tir-l, making sacred: con'secra tedness, n. 

consecution, n. kon'-se-ku'-shun (L. consecutio, a con- 
sequence— from con, and secutus, followed), a train 
of consequences from premises ; succession ; series 
of things that follow each other: consecutive, a. 
■sck'-u-tiv, following one another in regular order; 
succeeding: consecutively, ad. -II: consec'utiveness, 
n. -tic's. 

consent, n. kdn-sSnt' (L. consentire. to agree— from 
con, and scut ire, to think, to feel: It consentire: F. 
consentir), a yielding of the mind or will to the pro- 
posals or conditions of another ; a conceding what 
may be withheld ; concurrence ; agreement : v. to 
yield ; to agree in mind and will ; to permit : con- 
sent ing, imp.: consent'ed, pp.: consent'er, n. one 
who: consentaneity, n. -ta-ne'-l-tl, mutual agree- 
ment: consentaneous, a.kon'-sen-td'-ni-us, agreeable ; 
consistent with: consentaneously, ad. -ll: con sen- 
ta'neousness, n. : consentient, a. kon-sen'-shi-ent, 
agreeing in mind: consent'ingly, ad. -Ing-ll. 

consequent, a, kon'-se'-kicent (L. consequential, a con- 
sequence — from con, and sequens, following : It. con- 
sequente; F. consequent, consequent), following as a 
natural effect : n. that which follows a cause ; an 
effect: con'sequence, n. -Inverts, that which naturally 
follows an effect ; an event or effect resulting from 
some preceding act or cause ; result or issue; import- 
ance; influence; moment: consequently, ad. -11: 
con'sequential, a. -kwen'-shdl, following as the ef- 
fect ; important ; conceited ; pompous : con'sequen'- 
tially, ad. -B: in consequence, by means of; as the 
effect of. 

conserve, n. kon-serv (L. conservare, to keep thor- 
oughly—from con, and servare, to keep, to preserve: 
It. conservare: F. conserve)-), fruit crushed and pre- 
served among sugar ; jam ; any fruit or vegetable pre- 
served by sugar: v. kon-serv' to keep in sound or safe 
state ; to defend from injury ; to preserve fruits, &c, 
by means of sugar: conserving, imp.: conserved', 
pp. -sSrvd': conser'ver, n. one who: conser'vable, a. 
•vd-bl, that maybe preserved from injury: conserva- 
tion, n. kon-ser-va-shun, the keeping of a thing in a safe 
or entire state : conser vant, a. preserving ; having 
the power of preserving from decay: conser'vancy, 
n. -vdn-si: conservative, a. -vd-tiv, able to preserve 
from loss, decay, or injury: n. that which preserves ; 
in politics, one opposed to unwarranted or hasty 
changes in the state: conservatively, ad. -II: con- 
ser'vativeness, n.: conservatism, n. -tizm, the prin- 
ciples and opinions of conservatives : con'serva'tor, 
n. -va'-tdr, an individual who has the charge of pre- 
serving anything, as the public peace, a museum, &c: 
conser vatory, n. -vd-ter-i, a place where anything is 
kept as nearly as possible in its natural state, as plants 
in a greenhouse, &c. ; a greenhouse : adj. having the 
quality of preserving from loss or decay ■ conserva- 
toire, n. kon-ser'va-tivdr (¥.), a public school of music. 



coiv, bo~l/, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



CONS 



108 



CONS 



consider, v. kon-sld'-er (L. considerare, to look at 
carefully: F. consider -er .- It. considerare), to fix the 
mind on ; to think on with care ; to ponder ; to medi- 
tate on; to reflect; to deliberate : considering, imp.: 
considered, pp. -erd: consid'erable, a. -er-d-bl, that 

may beconsiili i :-<i , > i ..■a.iua.ble; moderately 

large: consid'erably, ad. -d-bll: consid'erableness, n. 
db-l-n&s: considerate, a. kon-sld'-er-ut, thoughtful; 
careful ; prudent ; having regard to : consid'erate'ly, 
ad. -II: consid'erate'ness,n.: consid'era'tion, n. -a'- 
shun, mature thong] it; ivilection; regard; claim to 
notice ; that which induces to an agreement, as in a 
contract or bargain : considering, a. deliberative ; 
reflective : prep, taking into account ; making allow- 
ance for— as in the sentence, " It is not possible to act 
otherwise, considering the weakness of our nature " : 
consid'eringly, ad. -II. 

consign, v. kon-sln' (L. consignare, to put one's seal 
to— from con, and sigmirn, a seal or stamp : It. con- 
signare; F. consigner, to consign), to send, transfer, 
or deliver ; to commit or intrust to ; to intrust goods 
to another for sale : consigning, imp. : consigned', 
pp. -slnd' : consigner, n. one who : consignment, n. 
the act of sending committing for safe keeping or 
management ; goods sent for sale : consignee, n. kon- 
sl-ne", the person to whom goods are intrusted or 
sent for sale; afactor: consignor or -er, n. kon-sl'-ner, 
he who consigns goods to others for sale, &c. 

consist, v. kon-slst' (L. consistere, to make to stand 
—from con, and sistere, to cause to stand : It. con- 
sistere : F. consister), to be composed of ; to be made 
up of; to stand or he in : consisting, imp.: consisted, 
pp.: consis'tent, a. uniform; not contradictory or 
opposed ; agreeing : consis'tently, ad. -II : consis'- 
tence, n. -sis-tens, also consis'tency, n. -(en-si, degree 
of density or firmness of a body ; agreement or har- 
mony in all parts ; conduct in harmony with profes- 
sion : to consist with, to agree ; to be in accordance 
with. 

consistory, n. kon-sls'-Ur-l (see consist), a spiritual 
court ; the court held by a bishop in his diocese for 
the trial of ecclesiastical causes ; the college of Cardi- 
nals at Rome ; a council or assembly of ministers and 
elders : con si i l-dl, pert, to : con'sisto'- 

rian, a. -to'-rl-dn, relating to an order of Presbyterian 



console, n. kon'-sol (F. console — from L. con, and 
solidus, solid), an ornamental bracket carved in wood 
or stone for supporting a cornice ; an ornament, as on 
the key-stone of an arch ; a small fancy side-table. 

console, v. kon-sol' (L. consolari, to comfort greatly 
—from con, and solari, to comfort : It. consolare : F. 
consoler), to comfort ; to cheer the mind in distress or 
depression; to soothe: consoling, imp.: adj. adapted 
to console or comfort : consoled', pp. -sold': consoler, 
n. -ler, one who: conso'lable, a. -ld-bl, that may be 
comforted: con'sola'tio n j Id'shUn the act of com- 
forting, cheering, or soothing the mind ; refreshment 
of mind or spirits : consol'atory, a. -sol'd-ter-l, tend- 
ing to soothe or impart comfort. 

consolidate, v. kon-sol'l-ddt (L. consolidatum, to 
make very solid— from con, and solidus, solid : It. 
consolidare: F. consolider), to form into a compact 
mass ; to make dense and firm ; to unite or combine 
into one ; to bring together separate parts, as of a 
broken bone ; to grow firm and hard: consolidating, 
imp. : consolidated, pp.: consolidation, n. -da-shun, 
the act of making firm or solid; the act of uniting 
two or more parts or things into one : consolldant, 
n. -ddnt, a medicine that unites I he parts of wounded 
flesh and heals: adj. having the quality of uniting 
wounds or forming new flesh : consollda'tive, a. -da' 
tiv, having the quality of healing or rendering com- 
pact. 

consols, n. plu. kon-solz' or kon'- (contr. from con- 
solidate), most of the large sums of money borrowed 
by the nation at various times on different terms con- 
solidated or brought together into one scheme, bear- 
ing the same rate of interest, 3 per cent, for which 
an act was passed in 1751— the whole public debts of 
the nation are called stocks. 

consonant, a. kon'-so-ndnt (L. consonans, a con- 
sonant—from con, and sono, I sound: It. consonante: 
F. consonnant), agreeing ; according ; consistent ; 
suitable : n. a letter which cannot be sounded without 
a vowel: con'sonantly, ad. -II: consonance, n. -ndns, 
and con'sonan'cy, n. -nan'-sl, accord or agreement in 
sounds; agreement; consistency: con'sonants, n. 
plu. the letters of the alphabet which cannot be 



unded, or but imperfectly, without the aid of the 
letters a, e, i, o, u, sometimes w, y, called vowels: 
con'sonous, a. -nus, agreeing in sound : con'sonan'tal, 
i. -ndn'-tul, pert, to a consonant. 

consort, n. kon'-sort (L. consors, having an equal 
bare with another— from con, and sors, lot, condi- 
tion : It. consorte; F. consorts, partners), a companion 
or partner; a wife or husband— applied to those in 
exalted station; union; one ship keeping company 
with another : v. kon-sort', to associate ; to keep com- 
pany with: consorting, imp.: consort'ed, pp.: con- 
sortship, n. 

conspicuous, a. kon-splk'-u-Hs (L. conspicuus, that is 
or comes in view, visible— from con, and specio, I see : 
It. conspicuo), easy to be seen by the eye ; obvious to 
the mind; prominent; eminent: distinguished: con- 
spicuously, ad. -u-us-ll: conspic'uousness, n. open- 
ness to view ; extensively known and distinguished. 

conspire, v. kon-spir' (L. conspirare. to blow to- 
gether—from con, and spirare, to breathe, to blow: 
It. conspirare: F. conspirer), to band together to 
commit crime ; to plot ; to hatch treason ; to combine 
for an unlawful purpose ; to concur to one end: con- 
spi'ring, imp. : conspired', pp. -splrd': conspiracy, n. 
-splr'-d-si, a plot; two or more persons engaged to- 
gether for an unlawful or evil purpose : conspirator, 
n. -ter, one who engages in a conspiracy: conspi- 
ringly, ad. -spl'-rlng-ll. 

constable, n. kun'-std-bl (L. comes stabuli, the atten- 
dant or count of the stable— hence master of the horse, 
whose duty it was to preserve public order: It. con- 
testabile, a const a b]o), once a, high officer of the Crown, 
now a peace-officer ; a policeman: con'stableship, n.: 
constablery, n. kun'-.td-bh , -i, the body or jurisdiction 
of constables : con'stablewick, n. -vAk, the district to 
which a constable is limited: constab'ulary, a. -stdb; 
u-ler-l, pert, to or consisting of constables: n. the 
body of constables in a district : high constables, a 
standing body of citizen:- . . ith'special powers 

for preserving order: special constables, a body of 
citizens appointed to act on special emergencies. 

constant, a. kon' stunt (L. constans, standing firm — 
from con, and stans, standing : It. costante : F. con- 
stant), firm; fixed; unchanged; steadfast; unchange- 
able, as in mind, purpose, affection, or principle ; de- 
termined; invariably the same: n. that vfhi'^ ~ 
mains unchanged: con'stantly, ad. -II: con's 
n. -stdn-sl, fixedness ; unshaken determinatior 
ing affection. 

constellation, n. kon'-stel-ld'-shun (L. consteli 

group of stars— from con, and stella, a star : F. c 

lotion), a cluster or group of stars called by a partici 
lar name ; an assemblage of beauties or excellencies. 

consternation, n. kon'- ster-nd'- shun (L. consternatio, 
dismay, alarm — from con, and sternere, to throw 
down, to prostrate: It. costernazione : F. consterna- 
tion), amazement that produces confusion and terror ; 
a state of horror that unfits for action; excessive 
wonder or surprise. 

constipate, v. kdn'-stl-pdt (L. conslipatum, to press 
closely together— from con, and stipare, to stuff or 
cram : It. costipare ; F. constiper), to cram into a nar- 
row compass; to thicken; to crowd the intestinal 
canals to make costive : con'stipa'ting, imp.: consti- 
pa'ted, pp. : con'stipa'tion, n. -pd'-shun, the act of 
crowding or pressing anything into a smaller compass : 



constituent, a. kon-stlt'-u-Snt (L. constituens, putting 
or placing together— from con, and statuens, setting 
up: It. constituente : F. constituant), necessary or 
essential; elemental: n. an essential or component 
part: that which constitutes or composes; a voter 
for a member of Parliament : constituency, n. -Sn-st, 
the whole body of electors within certain limits, as a 
town or county : constitute, v. kon'-sti-tiit, to set up 
or establish ; to make ; to appoint ; to empower : con'- 
stitu'ting, imp.: con'stitu'ted, pp.: con'stitu'ter, n. 
one who: con'stitu'tion, n. -tu'-shun, the natural 
frame of body of any human being or any animal ; the 
peculiar temper of the mind, passions, or affections ; 
the peculiar character or structure of anything, as of 
air ; the established form of government in a country ; 
a particular law or regulation : con'stitu'tional, a. -dl, 
inherent in the natural frame of the body or mind ; 
legal; relating to the constitution of a country: n. in 
familiar language, a brisk walk taken for preserving 
bodily health: con'stitu'tionally, ad. -li: con'stitu'- 
tionalist, n. -dl-ist, a friend to an existing constitu- 
tion or government ; the framer or friend of a new 



mate, mdt,ftir, laYv; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, move; 



CONS 



109 



CONT 



constitution ; also con'stitu'tioriist, n.: con'stitu'tive, 
a. -tu-tlv, that constitutes or forms; having power to 
enact : con'stitu'tively, ad. -ft. 

constrain, v. kon-strdn' (L. constringere, to draw or 
bind together— from con, and stringere, to bind, to 
strain : It. costringere ; F. contraindre, to constrain), to 
force or compel ; to press or urge with a force suffi- 
cient to produce a desired effect": constraining, imp.: 
constrained', pp. -strand': constrain edly, ad. -Sd-ll: 
constrain'able, a. -dbl, that may be forced or re- 
pressed: constraint', n. -strunf, any force or power, 
physical or moral, that compels to do or keeps from 
doing; urgency. 

constrict, v. kon-strlkf (L. consfrictus, drawn or 
bound together— see constrain), to draw together ; to 
bind; to draw into a narrow compass : constricting, 
imp. : constricted, pp. : adj. tightened or contracted: 
constrictor, n. that which contracts or draws to- 
gether; a large species of serpent, as the boa constric- 
tor: constric'tion, n. -strik'-shun, a contracting or 
drawing together. 

constringe, v. kOn-s'rinj' (see constrain), to con- 
tract ; to force into a narrow compass : constring'ing, 
imp.: constringed', pp. -strlnjd': constrin'gent, a. 
-strln'jent, having the property of contracting or 
drawing together. 

construct, v. kon-strukf (L. construct io, the building 
of anything— from con, and structum, to pile up, to 
build: It. costruzione : F. construction), to form or 
build ; to compose and put in order ; to make ; to in- 
vent: construc'ting, imp.: constructed, pp.: con- 
structor, n. one who: construc'tion, n. -striik'shu?i, 
the thing formed or built; the proper arrangement 
and connection of words in a sentence; the sense, 
meaning, or interpretation, as of the words of another, 
&c. ; the manner of drawing figures or diagrams in 
mathematics: constructional, a. -al, pert, to: con- 
structive, a. -tlv, not exactly expressed but inferred: 
constructively, ad. -ll : construe tiveness, n. inphren., 
the faculty of the mind that produces a desire to con- 
struct or form. 

construe, v. kon'strd (L. construcre, to construct, to 
make: F. audit, construire—see construct), in a dead 
or foreign language, to arrange words in their natural 
order and to translate them ; to interpret; to explain; 
con'struing, imp. : construed, pp. -strod. 

constuprate, v. kon'stil-prdt (L. constupratum, to 
violate— from con, and stupro, I ravish), to violate 
the person of; to ravish: con'stupra tion, n. -prd'- 
shim. 

consubstantial, a. kon'suh-sfdr'shid (L. consubstan- 
tialis — from con, and substantia, substance or matter), 
having the same substance, essence, or nature : con- 
substan'tially, ad. -ft: con'substan'tiate, v. -shl-at, to 
unite in one common substance or nature : con 'sub- 
stantiating, imp.: con'substan'tia'ted, pp.: con'- 
substan'tia'tion, n. -shl-d'shiin, according to the fol- 
lowers of Luther, a substantial though mysterious 
union of the body and blood of our Lord with the 
bread and wine of the sacrament after consecration ; 
con'substan'tial'ity, n. -shi-dl'l-tl, the existence of 
more than one in the same substance : con'substan'- 
tialist, n. -ist, one who. 

consuetude, n. kon'-swe-tud (L. consuetudo, habit, 
use— from con, and suetum, to be accustomed, to be 
wont), custom; usage: con'suetud'inary, a. -tud'-i- 
ner-l, customary; derived from use and wont; from 
time immemorial. 

consul, n. kon'siil (L. consul— from consulo, I con- 
sider, I deliberate : It. console ; F. consul, a consul), in 
anc. Rome, a person elected to exercise sovereign 
power in the state— there being two of them chosen 
annually; a person chosen to represent a sovereign in 
a foreign state, and to look after the interests of his 
country in that state: consular, a. -sii-Mr, pert, to 
the power or dignity of a consul : consulship, n. the 
office: con'sulate, n. -su-lat, the office, jurisdiction, 
or residence of a consul : consulage, n. -Idj, a duty laid 
on imports and exports by the consul of a port. 

consult, v. Jcon-sulf (L. considtare, to consider 
maturely : It. consultare : F. consulter), to seek the 
opinion of another; to ask advice of; to seek for in- 
formation in, as in books ; to have regard to, in acting 
or judging: consult'ing, imp. : consult'ed, pp. : con- 
sul'ter, n. one who: con'sulta'tion, n. -t a- shun, a 
meeting of two or more persons for deliberation on 
some matter: consul'tative, a. -td-tiv, having the 
privilege of consulting. 

~ " '. kdn-sum' (L. consumere, to 



from con, and sumere, to take : It. a 
sumer), to destroy by separating the parts ; to eat or 
devour ; to squander or waste ; to spend idly, as time ; 
to become wasted; to bring to utter ruin: consu- 
ming, imp.: consumed', pp. -sumd': consumer, n. one 
who: consu'mable, a. -sii'md-bl, that may be destroyed, 
wasted, or dissipated, as by fire : consumption, n. 
kon-sum'-shun (L. con, and suwptum, to take), the act 
of consuming ; a wasting away of the body by disease, 
generally understood of "the lungs ; the use of the pro- 
ducts of industry: consumpt, n. kon'-sumt (contr. of 
consumption), the use of any product of industry, as 
the consumpt of grain, of tea, &c. : consumptive, a. 
■sum-tic, wasting; exhausting; affected with disease 
of the lungs: consumptively, ad. -ll: consump tive- 
ness, n. 

consummate, a. kdn-siim'mdt (L. consummare, to 
accomplish, to finish— from con, and summa, the sum- 
mit, completion: F. consommer), complete; perfect; 
finished: v. kon'-sum-mdt or kdn-sum'-, to complete; 
to finish; to effect a purpose : con summa'ting, imp.: 
consummated, pp.: consum'mately, ad. -ft; con- 
summation, n. -md'-shun, completion; end of the 
present system of tilings ; end of life. 

contact, n. kon'-tdkt (L. contactus, touch, contact— 
from con, and tactus, touched: It. contatto: F. con- 
tact), the touching or close union of bodies ; touch. 

contagion, n. kontd'jun (L. contagio, contact, 
touch— from con, and tangere, to touch: It. conta- 
aione: F. contagion), the communication of a disease 
by contact or touch ; the subtile or virulent matter 
proceeding from the bodies of diseased persons im- 
parting the same diseases to others— the latter strictly 
applies to infection, and the former to contagion ; that 
which propagates evil or mischief: conta'gious, a. 
•jus, producing disease by contact or near approach ; 
containing that which may be propagated, as mis- 
chief or some affection of the mind: conta'giously, 
ad. -ll : conta'giousness, n. : conta'gionist, n. one 
who believes in the contagious character of certain 
diseases. 

contain, v. kon-tdn' (L. continere, to hold or keep 
together — from con, and tenere, to hold), to be able to 
hold ; to have capacity ; to comprehend ; to hold 
within limits; to include; to embrace; to inclose: 
contain'ing, imp. : contained', pp. -land': contain- 
able, a. -d-bl, that may be contained. 

contaminate, v. kon-tdm'-l-ndt (L. contaminatum, 
to defile : It. contaminare : F. contaminer), to pollute 
or defile; to render impure; to sully; to taint: adj. 
corrupt by base mixture : contam ina'ting, imp. : 
contaminated, pp.: contamination, n. -nd'shun, 
pollution ; defilement : contam'ina'tive, a. -nu'-ttv, 
sjto make impure. 

contankerous, a. kon-tdng'-Mr-us (originally a. 
slang word), querulous ; very contentious ; perverse ; 
more frequently spelt cantankerous. 

contemn, v. kon-tem' (L. contemnere, to value little 
—from con, and temnere, to despise : It. contennere), 
to look upon as mean and despicable ; to treat with 
scorn ; to despise ; to reject with disdain : contemn- 
ing, imp.: contemned', pp. -Umd': contemn'er, n. 
-tCm'-'lr, one who. 

contemplate, v. kon-tim'-pldt (L. contemplatus, 
viewed attentively— from con, and templum, a placo 
for observation on every side: It. contemplare; F. 
contempler, to contemplate), to view with continued 
attention ; to study ; to meditate on or ponder over ; 
to intend or design ; to muse : contemplating, imp.: 
contem'plated, pp.: contem'plator, n. one who: 
contem'platist, n. one who : con'templa'tion, n. -pld- 
shun, study; meditation; the act of considering any- 
thing attentively : contem'plative, a. -pla-iiv, given 
to study and reflection; thoughtful: contem'pla- 
tively, ad. -ft .- contem'plativeness, n. 

contemporaneous, a. kon-t&m'-po-rd'-ni-us, also co- 
tempora'neous, a. ko- (L. contemporaneus, a contem- 
porary—from con, and tempus, time), living or being 
at the same time : contem'pora'neously, ad. -ft .- con- 
temporaneousness, n., also contem'porane'ity, n. 
-po-rd-ne'-i-ti, state of being contemporaneous: con- 
temporary, a. -po-rer-l, also cotem'porary, a. being 
or existing at the same time : n. one who lives at 
the same time with another. Note.— In the spelling 
of these words, usage is now in favour of con rather 
than co. 

contempt, n. kon-temf (L. contempfvs, despised— 
from con, and temnere, to despise), the act of despis- 
'—; the act of viewing or treating as utterly mean, 



cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



CONT 



110 



CONT 



vile, and worthless ; disobedience or disrespect to a 

■■mi n.i.:.i m .' i ."I. h,: grace; shame: 

contemptible, a. -tem'-ti-bl, worthy of scorn or disdain ; 
mean ; vile ; despicable : contemp tibly, ad. -tl-bll : 
contemp'tibleness, n. -bl-n6s : contemp'tuous, a. 
-tem'-tu-us, showing or expressing contempt or disdain ; 
haughty ; insolent : contemp'tuously, ad. -ll : con- 
temp'tuousness, n. 

contend, v. kon-t&nd' (L. contendere, to strain vio- 
lently—from con, and tendere, to stretch : It. conten- 
dere), to strive; to struggle in opposition; to dispute 
earnestly ; to debate ; to strive to obtain ; to quarrel : 
contending, imp. : contended, pp. : conten'der, n. 
one who : contention, n. -tgn'shun (L. con, and ten- 
turn, to stretch, to strive), strife ; violent struggle or 
effort to obtain something quarrel; strife in words: 
conten'tious, a. -shiis, quarrelsome ; given to angry 
debate; litigious: conten'tiously, ad. -ll: conten'- 



content, a. kon-tent' (L. contentus, contented, satis- 
fied—from con, and tentus, held, kept within limits : 
It. contento: F. content), held or contained within 
limits; quiet; having a mind easy or satisfied: n. rest 
or quietness of mind ; satisfaction and ease of mind; 
acquiescence ; measure or capacity: v. to make quiet ; 
to satisfy the mind; to please; to gratify: content'- 
ing, imp. : content'ed, pp. : content'edly, ad. -II i 
content'edness, n. : content'ment, n. -mint, quiet; 
satisfaction of mind: content'less, a. dissatisfied: 
content' and non-content', words used by the Lords 
in their House of Parliament to express— the former 
approval, and the latter disapproval,— the former being 
equivalent to ay or yes n< bh< latter to no: con- 
tents, n. plu. lOn-tin/s' or Ion', that which is held or 
contained within a limit; the heads of a book; an 
index. 

contention, contentious, &c— see under contend. 

conterminous, a. or coterminous, a. kon- or ko-ter' 
ml-nus (L. conterminus, bordering upon — from con, 
and terminus, a limit or border), bordering upon; 
touching at the boundary; contiguous: conter'nunal, 
a. bordering upon. 

contest, v. kon-test' (L. contestari, to call to witness 
—from con, and testis, a witness: It. contest are. ; F. 
contester, to contest), to dispute ; to struggle or strive 
earnestly ; to litigate ; to oppose ; to emulate : n. 
kon-test, struggle ; conflict ; dispute : contesting, 
imp.: contest'ed, pp.: adj. disputed: contestable, 
a. -tSs'-td-bl, that may be called in question or dis- 
puted: con'testa'tion, n. -td'-shun, joint testimony: 
contes'tingly, ad. -ll. 

context, n. kon-tekst (L. contexti i 

con, and textus, woven : It. contesto : F. contexte), the 
parts in a discourse or book immediately preceding 
or following the sentence quoted; in Scrip., the 
verses coming before or after a verse or text by 
which its sense may be determined or affected : con- 
tex'ture, n. teks'-tur, the composition of the parts of 
anything ; the character of the component parts of a 
body ; constitution : contex'tural, a. -tu-ral, pert, to 
the contexture : contex'tured, a. -turd, woven. 

contiguity, n. kon'-tl-gu'-l-tl (L. contiguus, very 
near— from con, and tango, I touch : It. contiguo : F. 
contigu), actual contact of bodies ; nearness of situa- 
tion or place: contiguous, a. -% : w- us, touching; close 
together; neighbouring; adjoining: contiguously, 
ad. -II: contig uousness, n. -us-nSs. 

continent, a. kon'-tl-nent (L. continens, that restrains 
his passions— from con, and tenens, holding: It. con- 
tinente: F. continent), restrained; moderate; tem- 
perate; chaste: con'tinently, ad. -II: con'tinence, n. 
-nins, also con'tinency, n. -nSn-si, res raini <■.,,)■.■.■.■■<■ 
upon desires and passions— applied to men, as chas- 
tity to women. 

continent, n. kon'-H-nSnt (L. continens, the main- 
land—from con, and tenens, holding: It. continente; 
F. continent, the mainland), a large extent of land 
containing many countnrs; tlio mainland: the coun- 
tries of the mainland of Europe, especially as dis- 
tinguished from the Bril h lands on'tinen'tal, a. 
-tdl, pert, to a continent ; pert, to the countries of the 
mainland of Europe. 

contingent, a. kon-tln'-jSnt (L. contingent, touching 
on all sides— from con, and tangere, to touch : It. con- 
tingere, to happen, to fall out), depending on some- 
thing else ; uncertain ; incidental ; casual : n. a quota ; 
a suitable share; proportion; a fortuitous event: 
contin'gence, n. -jSns, also contingency, n. -j&n-si, 
an unforeseen event ; an accidental possibility ; casu- 
mdte, mat, far, law; mete, met, 



alty : contingently, ad. -jSnt-li, accidentally; without 
design. 

continual, continuance, &c— see continue! 

continue, v. kon-tln'-u (L. continuare, to join one 
thing to another in uninterrupted succession— from 
con, and tenere, to hold: It. continuare: F. con- 
tinuer), to abide or remain in a state or place; to 
endure ; to extend from one thing to another ; to pro- 
tract ; to persevere in : contin'uing, imp. : contin'ued, 
pp. -ud: contin'uer, n. -u-er, one who: contin'ua'tor, 
n. -d'-tor, one who continues or keeps up a series or 
succession: contin'uable, a. -u-d-bl, capable of being 
continued: contin'uedly, ad. -ud-ll, without ceasing: 
contin'uous, a. -u- us, uninterrupted; joined without 
intervening space : contiguously, ad. -ll : con'tinu'ity, 
n. -nu'l-tl, uninterrupted connection ; close union of 
parts: contin'ual, a. -u-dl, without interruption or 
cessation ; unceasing ; perpetual ; constant : contin- 
ually, ad. -ll: continuance, n. -dns, duration; per- 
severance ; residence; uninterrupted succession: con- 
tin'ua'tion, n. -u-d'-shiin, uninterrupted succession; 
carrying on to a further point, as a line or a story : 
contin'ua'tive, a. -u-d'tiv, that continues: n. that 
which continues or endures. 

contort, v. kon-tdrt' (L. contortus, intricate, obscure 
—from con, and tortus, twisted : It. contorto), to twist 
together ; to pull awry ; to writhe : contort'ing, imp. : 
contort'ed, pp. : adj. twisted together; twisted back 
upon itself; arranged so as to overlap each other: 
contor'tion, n. -tor-shun, a twist or twisting; a 
wresting ; a wry motion ; a wresting or twisting of 
a part of the body out of its natural place, as the 
muscles of the face or a limb. 

contour, n. kon-tdr" (F. contour; It. contorno, cir- 
cuit, outline— from L. con, and F. tour; It. torno; L. 
tornus; Gr. tornos, a lathe), the outline ; the line that 
bounds or defines a figure or surface. 

contra, a or ad. kon'trd (L.), on the other hand ; 
on the contrary ; opposite ; a common prefix, with 
its form counter, signifying against ; in opposition. 

contraband, a. kon'-trd-bdnd' (It. contrabbando, 
illegal traffic — from L. contra, against, and mid. L. 
bannum, a proclamation), contrary to proclamation ; 
prohibited : n. prohibited goods ; illegal traffic : con'- 
traban'dist, n. one who traffics in prohibited goods ; 
a smuggler; also con'trabandis'ta (Sp.). 

contract, n. kon'-trdkt (L. contractus, an agreement 
—from con, and tractus, drawn or dragged : It. con- 
tratto: F. contrat), an agreement; a mutual promise; 
a bargain ; the writing which contains the terms and 
conditions of the agreement between two or more 
persons ; an act of betrothment : v. kontrdkf, to 
draw closer together; to draw into a less compass 
or bulk; to abridge; to wrinkle, as the brow; to 
betroth ; to acquire, as a habit ; to incur, as a debt ; 
to bring on, as a disease ; to bargain ; to shrink or 
become shorter: contrac'ting, imp. -trdk'-tlng: con- 
tracted, pp. : contractor, n. -ter, one who agrees 
to do a certain service or work at a stipulated price 
or rate: contraction, n. -shun, the act of drawing 
together or shortening; the thing shortened or re- 
duced: contrac'tedly, ad. -Ud-ll: contrac'tedness, 
n. : contrac'tible, a. -tl-bl, capable of contraction : 
contrac'tibil'ity, n. -bll'-i-ti, the quality of being able 
to be contracted: contrac'tibleness, n. -bl-nes: con- 
trac'tile, a. -til, having the power of shortening ; 
tending to contract: con'tractil'ity, n. -tll'l-tl, the in- 
herent quality or force by which some bodies shrink 
or contract. 

contra-dance, n. kon'-trd-ddns (L. contra, and 
dance), a dance in which the partners are arranged in 
opposite lines : F. contre-danse, corrupted into coun- 
try-dance. 

contradict, v. kon'trd- dikt' (L. contradictio, a 
speaking against, a reply— from contra, and dictum, 
to speak: It. contradizione : F. contradiction), to 
oppose by words ; to assert the contrary of what has 
l'l'iai said: in gainsay; to impugn: con'tradic'ting, ■ 
imp.: con'tradic'ted, pp. : con'tradic'ter, n. -ter, 
one who: con'tradic'tion, n. -dlk'-shun, a contrary 
statement; an assertion opposed to what has been 
said; inconsistency with itself; opposition in any 
way: con'tradic'tive, a. -dlk'-tlv, containing con- 
tradiction; adverse: con'tradic'tively, ad. -ll: con'- 
tradic'tious, a. -dlk'-shus, inclined to contradict; 
filled with contradiction mt: con'tra- 

dic'tiousness, n. : con'tradic'tory, a. -ter-l, affirming 
the contrary ; containing a denial of what has been 
asserted ; inconsistent : n. in logic, a proposition op- 
her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 






CONT 



111 



CONV 



posed to another in all its terms: con'tradic'torily, 
ad. -li. 

contra-distinctive, a. kOn'-trd-dls-tink'ttv (L. con- 
Ira, opposite, and di<tii:rtii\-\, distinguished or marked 
by opposite qualities: con tra-distrnc tion, n. -tlnk' 
shun, distinction by opposite qualities. 

contra-distinguish, v. k6n'-trd-dls-tlng'gwish(L. con- 
tra, opposite, and distinguish), to explain not only 
by different but by opposite qualities: contra- 
distinguishing, imp.: con'tra-distin'guished, pp. 
■gulsht. 

contra-indicate, v. kon'trd-in'di-kat (L. contra, op- 
posite, and indicate), in med., to point out some pecu- 
liar method of cure contrary to the usual treatment : 
con'tra-in'dicant, n. -kdnt, symptom in a disorder 
forbidding the usual treatment : con'tra-in'dica tion, 
n. -kdshihi, a symptom which forbids the usual treat- 
ment. 

contralto, n. kon-trdi'td (It.— from L. contra, and 
altus, high), in harmonised music, the counter-tenor 
or alto ; one of the middle parts. 

contra-position, n. kon'trd-pO-zlsh'un (L. contra, 
opposite, and position), a placing over against; in 
logic, conversion in particular propositions. 

contrapuntal, a. kon'-trd-puu'-tdl (It. contrappunto, 
counterpoint in music— see counterpoint), pert, to 
counterpoint: con trapun'tist, n. one skilled in 
counterpoint. 

contrariety, contrarily, &c— see contrary. 

contrary, a. kon'-trd-rl (L. contrarius, lying or being 
over against — from contra, against: It. contrario: F. 
contraire), adverse; opposite; contradictory; repug- 
nant ; in an opposite direction : n. a thing of opposite 
qualities : con'traries, n. plu. -rlz, opposites ; propo- 
sitions that destroy each other : contrary to, opposite 
to: onthe contrary, in opposition; on the other side: 
to the contrary, to an opposite purpose or intent : 
contrariety, n. -rl'l-tl, some inherent quality or prin- 
ciple which creates opposition ; repugnance; incon- 
sistency: contrarily, ad. -trd-ri-li: contrariness, n.: 
contrariwise, conj. ad. -rl-wiz, on the other hand; 
conversely. 

contrast, n. kon'trdst (F. contraste, opposition : It. 
contrastare, to oppose — from L. contra, against, 
stare, to stand), opposition or difference of qualities 
made manifest by direct comparison ; opposition of 
outline or colour to increase effect: v. kon-trdst', 
to oppose different tilings, qualities, or conditions to 
each other that, by comparison, the superior excellence 
of one of them may be seen ; to set things in opposi- 
tion, or side by side, in order that the superiority of 
one of them may be exhibited in a more striking point 
of view : contrasting, imp. : contrast'ed, pp. 

contrate-wheel, n. kon'-trdt-hu-cl (L. o.h, tra, against, 
opposite, and wheel), in a watch, a wheel, the teeth 
and hoop of which lie contrary to the other wheels, 
or parallel to the axis. 

contravallation, n. kOn'-tni-vai-hVsliun (L. contra, 
opposite, and vallum, a wall, a rampart), in fort., a 
trench guarded by a parapet, formed to secure the 
besiegers from the sallies of the besieged. 

contravene, v. kon'-trd-ven' (L. contra, opposite, and 
venio, I come: It. contrawenire : F. contrevenir), to 
obstruct in operation ; to oppose ; to defeat ; to do any- 
thing in opposition to the provisions of a law : con'- 
tra veiling, imp.: con'travened, pp. -vend': con'tra- 
ve'ner.n. one who : con'traven'tion, n. -vin'-shun, ob- 
struction ; a defeating of the operation or effect, as 
of a law or treaty. 

contraversion, n. kon'trd-ver'-shun (L. contra, op- 
posite, and versus, turned), a turning to the opposite 
side. 

contretemps, n. kong'tr-tong (F. — from L. contra, 
against, and tempus, time), an unexpected accident 
which throws everything into confusion. 

contribute, v. kon-trlb'-iit (L. contributum, to eon- 
tribute— from con, and tribuere, to grant or give: 
It. contribuire : F. contribner), to give or grant in 
common with others, as to a common stock; to 
pay a share ; to give a part or share ; to impart 
aid or influence to a common purpose: contrib- 
uting, imp. : contributed, pp. : contrib'utable, a. 
•td-bl: contrib'utar'y, n. -tar'-l, paying tribute to 
the same sovereign : contributor, n. one who : con- 
tribu'tion, n. -tri-bu'sh . .iven to a com- 

mon stock ; the payment of each man's share of some 
common expense ; the act of imparting or lending aid 
or influence for a common purpose : contrib'utive, a. 
■trib'-ii-tlv, having the power or quality of partly pro- 
cdw, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, 



moting any purpose : contrib'utor'y, a, -tdr'-l, promot- 
ing the same end ; bringing aid to the same stock or 
purpose. 

contrite, a. kon'trlt (L. contritus, bruised, much 
used— from con, and tritus, rubbed: It. contrito; F. 
contrit, contrite), deeply affected with grief and sorrow 
for having offended God; penitent; humble: con- 
tritely, ad-ZJ: contrition, n. -trlsh'un, deep sorrow; 
penitence ; grief of heart for sin. 

contrive, v. kon-trlv' (F. controuver, to devise — 
from L. con, and F. truuver, to find; It. trovare, to in- 
vent or seek out), to plan out ; to frame or devise ; 
to scheme: contriving, imp. : contrived', pp. -trlvd' : 
contri'ver, n. one who: contri'vable, a, -vd-bl, capa- 
ble of being planned or devised: contrivance, n. 
-trl'vdns, the act of planning or devising; the thing 
planned or devised ; a scheme. 

control, v. kon-trol' (F. contrerolle, the copy.of a roll 
of accounts— from contre, against, and role, a roll), to 
check by a contra-account ; to restrain ; to govern ; 
to subject to authority: n. check; restraint; power; 
command: that which restrains, as Board of Control : 
controlling, imp.: controlled', pp. -trold' : control- 
ler, n.— spelt also comptroller, one who : controllable, 
a. -ld-bl, that may be checked or restrained: con- 
trol'lership, n. the office of a controller. 

controvert, v. kon'-tro-virt (It. controvertere, to 
controvert— from L. contra, and vertere, to turn), to dis- 
pute ; to contend against in words or writing; to 
deny and attempt to confute or disprove: con'tro- 
vert'ing, imp. : con'trovert'ed, pp. : con'trover tible, 
a. -ti-bl, disputable: con trover'tibly, ad. -tlbll: con- 
trover'tist, n. one who: controversy, n. -ver-sl (L. 
contra, and versus, turned),debate or dispute, generally 
carried on in writing; an agitation of- contrary opin- 
ions; quarrel; strife: con'trover'sial, a. -vcr -shul, re- 
lating to disputes: controversially, ad. -U: con- 
trover 'sialist, n. -1st, a disputant ; one who. 

contumacious, a. kdn'tu-md'shus (L. contumacia, 
haughtiness, pride— from L. con, and tumere, to swell, 
to be puffed up : It. contumacia; F. contumace), stub- 
born ; perverse ; unyielding ; disobedient to lawful 
authority: con'tuma'ciously, ad. -li: con'tuma'cious- 
ness, n. -shUs-n&s: contumacy, n. -md-sl, stubborn- 
ness ; contempt of lawful authority ; disobedience. 

contumelious, a, kdn-tu-me'll-iis (L. contumelia, a 
bitter taunt, an affront— from con, and tumere, to 
swell: It. contumelia), insolent; haughtily reproach- 
ful ; rude and sarcastic in speech : con'tumeliously, 
ad. -II: con'tume'liousness.n. : con'tumel'y.n.-mgM, 
insolence; excessive rudeness in order to affront; con- 
temptuous language. 

contuse, v. koa-tuz' (L. amtusum.a, bruise— from con, 
and tusus, beaten: It. contuso; F. contus, bruised), to 
bruise ; to beat ; to bruise or injure any fleshy part of 
the body without breaking the skin : contu'sing, imp. : 
contused', pp. -tuzd': contusion, u. -tu'zhun, an injury 
on any part of the body from a blow without breaking 
the skin ; a bruise. 

conularia, n. kon'u-ld'rl-d (L. conulus, a little cone), 
a genus of fossil pteropod shells having a tapering 
conical outline. 

conundrum, n. ko -nun'- drum (AS. cunnan, to know ; 
cunned, crafty), a sort of riddle in which some fanci- 
ful or odd resemblance is proposed for discovery be- 
tween things totally unlike. 

convalesce, v. kon'vd-les' (L. convalescere, to grow 
quite strong— from con, and valesco, I grow or get 
strong), to be gradually growing better after sickness ; 
to recover health by degrees: con'vales'cing, imp.: 
con'valesced', pp. -Zest'.- con'vales'cent, a. -les'-sent, re- 
covering health and strength after sickness : n. one 
who : con'vales'cence. n. -les'sSns, renewal of health 
knesa or debility. 

convection, n. kon-vek'shun (L. convectum., to con- 
vey), the process of conveying or transmitting; the 
communication of heat through fluid bodies: con- 
vec'tive, a. -tiv, caused or accomplished by convec- 
tion : convec'tively, ad. -li. 

convene, v. kon-ven' (L. convenire, to come or meet 
together— from con, and venire, to come : It. convenire : 
F. convenir), to call ; to meet ; to come together for a 
public purpose ; to cause to assemble ; to call together : 
conve'ning, imp.: convened', pp. -vend': convener, n. 
the chairman of a committee ; one empowered to call 
others together. 

convenient, a. 
ing, suitable : It. 
fit ; adapted to use or wants ; commodious : conve'- 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



conv 1: 

niently, ad. -II: convenience, n. -nX-Sns, also con- 
ve'niency, n. -nX- en-si, suitableness ; commodiousness ; 
what is suited to wants or necessity. 

convent, n. kon'-vent (L. conventus, a meeting, an 
assembly— from con, and venturn, to come : It. con- 
vento: F. convent), a house for persons devoting their 
lives to religious purposes ; a body of monks or nuns 
—the house for the former is called a monastery, and 
for the latter a nunnery : conven'tual, a. -v&n-tu-dl, 
belonging to a convent : n. a monk ; a nun. 

conven'ticle, n. kon-vin'-tX-kl (L. conventiculum, an 
assembly, a place of assembly: It. conventiculo : F. 
conventicule—see convene), formerly an assembly for 
worship of dissenters from the Established Church, 
now used in contempt of a religious meeting of ques- 
tionable propriety or decency; a meeting for plots: 
conven'ticler, n, -tl-kler, one who. 

convention, n. kon-vin'-shun (L. conventio, an as- 
sembly: F. convention— see convene), an assembly, 
particularly of delegates or representatives ; an agree- 
ment made at a public assembly ; an agreement made 
■before a treaty or between the commanders of two 
hostile armies : conventional, a. -dl, customary ; tacit- 
ly understood : conventionally, ad. -II: convention- 
ality, n. -dl-i-tl, anything pert, to the customary 
usages of social life in living and acting : conven- 
tionalism, n. -Izm, that which is received or estab- 
lished by custom or tacit consent : conven'tionary, a. 
-shun-er-X, acting under contract : conven'tioner, n. 
a member of a convention : conven'tionist, n. -1st, one 
who enters into a contract. 

converge, v. kon-verf (F. converger; It. convcrgere, 
to converge— from L. con, and vergere, to incline, to 
bend), to incline or tend to one point, as rays or lines 
—diverge, its opposite, means to branch or ray off from 
a point : converging, imp. : converged', pp. -verjd' : 
convergent, a. -ver'-j&nt, tending to one point: con- 
vergence, n. -jdns, also conver'gency, n. -j&n-sX, 
tendency to one point. 

conversable, conversant, &c— see converse. 

conversazione, n. kdn.'-nr ■sut'-ii-iy-ne — plu. con'- 
versaz'ioni, -s&t'-zl-o-ne (It.), a select company met for 
conversation, generally on literary topics. 

converse, v. kon-vers' (L. conversari, to live or keep 
company with— from con, and versare, to turn much or 
often: It. coniirsare; F. converser, to talk with), to 
talk familiarly with ; to speak with, as a fi iend with a 
friend ; to convey thoughts and opinions in friendly 
intercourse : n. kon-vers, familiar discourse or talk : 
conver'sing, imp. : conversed', pp. -versf: conver'- 
sable, a. -sd-bl, ready or free to converse; sociable: 
conver'sably, ad. -bit: conver'sableness, n. : conver- 
sant, a. kon-ver-s&nt, having frequent or customary in- 
tercourse ; acquainted by familiar use, study, or inter- 
course : con'versantly, ad. -II: con'versa'tion, n. -sd- 
shun, familiar intercourse in speech; easy, unre- 
strained talk : con'versa'tional, a. -dl, pert, to conver- 
sation: con'versa'tionalist, n., also con'versa'tion- 
ist, n. one who excels in: conver'sative, a. -sd-tXv, 
chatty; sociable. 

converse, n. kon'-v&rs (L. conversus, a turning or 
twisting round— from con, and verto, I turn about ; 
versus, turned about), in math., an opposite proposi- 
tion; in logic, a sentence or proposition in which the 
■ < ram-: are interchanged, as putting the predicate for 
the subject: adj. opposite; reciprocal: conversely, 
ad. -IX, in a contrary order ; reciprocally : conversion, 
n. -ver'-shiin, change from one state to another; a 
change of heart or disposition evidenced by a new 
course of life and love to God ; change from one side, 
party, or religion to another. 

convert, v. kon-verf (L. convertere, to turn round— 
from con, and vertere, to turn about : It. convertere : F. 
convertir), to change from one state to another; to 
turn from one religion, party, or sect to another; to 
turn to love God ; to change from one use or destina- 
tion to another: converting, imp. : convert'ed, pp.: 
conver'ter, n. one who: convert, n. kon'-vert, one 
changed ; one turned from sin to holiness : conver- 
tible, a. -tl-bl, that may be changed or used for one 
another: conver'tibly, ad. -UX: convertibility, n. 
■btl'-i-tl, the quality of being changed from one condi- 
tion or state to another. 

convex, a. kon'-vSks (L. convexus, vaulted or arched 
—from con, ami vrchi.m, to carry or bear: F. convexe), 
rising or swelling on the surface ; rising in a circular 
or round form on the surface ; opposite of concave, 
meaning hollow: con'vexly, ad. -II : convexed', a. 
-vixt', made convex : convex'edly, ad. -II i convexity, 



2 CONY 

n. -i-tl, a roundness of surface : convex'o-con'cave, a. 
round on one side and hollow on the other : convex'o- 
con'vex, a. round on both sides : pla'no-con'vex, a. 
flat on one side and convex on the other. 

convey, v. kon-vd' (Norm. F. conveier; F. convoyer, 
to attend, to conduct : It. conviare, to conduct — from 
L. con, and via, a way), to carry ; to bear or transport ; 
to pass or transmit, as aright ; to transfer ; to impart ; 
to communicate : conveying, imp. : conveyed', pp. 
-vdd": convey'er, n. one who : convey'able, a. -d-bl, that 
may be carried away ; that maybe transferred: con- 
veyance, n. -dns, the act of conveying or removing ; 
the act of transmitting or transferring, as property ; 
the deed which transfers anything to another, as pro- 
perty ; the means of carrying a thing from place to 
place, as a waggon, a railway, a canal : convey'ancer, 
n. -dn-ser, a lawyer employed to draw up writings 
(conveyances) by which property is transferred to 
another: convey'ancing, n. -dn-sXng, the business of 
a conveyancer ; i!n ->c !,,- : .i ;.,. (1 Heeds or other 
writings for transferring the title of real property 
from one person to another. 

convict, v. kon-vXkt' (L. convictum, to prove guilty 
or wrong — fronrcow, and victum, to vanquish or sub- 
due), to prove or find guilty of a crime charged ; to 
convince of sin ; to show or prove to be false : n. kon- 
vikt, a person proved guilty of a crime by a court 
of justice; a felon: convicting, imp.: convic'ted, 
pp. : convic'tion, n. -vik'-shUn, the act of finding or 
proving guilty ; strong belief grounded on evidence ; 
the act of making, or being made, sensible of sin or 
error: convic'tive, a. -vik'-tiv, having the power to 
convict or make sensible of error: convic'tively, 
ad. -IX. 

convince, v. kon-vlns' (L. convincere, to completely 
overcome— from con, and vincere, to vanquish or sub- 
due), to persuade ; to satisfy the mind by evidence ; to 
compel the mind by arguments to yield its assent : 
convin'cing, imp. : convinced', pp. -vXnst': convin'cer, 
n. one who: convin'cible, a. -vin'-sl-bl: convincingly, 



convivial), relating to a feast; festal; social; jovial: 
convivlalist, n. a person good-humoured and social 
at an entertainment: convlvlally, ad. -ll: conviv- 
iallty, n. -dl'-i-ti, the good-humour or mirth indulged 
in at an entertainment. 

convoke, v. kon-vOK (L. convocare, to call together 
—from con, and vocare, to call : It. convocare : F. con- 
voquer), to call together; to convene: convo'king, 
imp.: convoked', pp. -vokt': con'voca'tion, n. -kd'-shiin, 
a meeting convened of clergy or heads of a univer- 
sity ; a convention, synod, or council. 

convolute, a. kon'-vd-l6t, also con'volu'ted, a. -16'tSd 
(L. convolutus, rolled together— from con, and volutus, 
rolled: It. convolto ; F. convolm , lied or curled), 
rolled together; rolled upon itself or on another 
thing ; twisted : con'volu'tion, n. -lO'-shun, the act of 
rolling or winding, as a thing on itself or one thing 
on another ; a winding or twisting. 

convolve, v. kon-volv' (L. convolvere, to roll together 
—from con, and volvere, to roll), to roll or wind to- 
gether ; to roll or twist one part on another : convolv- 
ing, imp.: convolved', pp. -volvd'. 

convolvulus, n. kon-vol'-vu-lus (L. andF. that which 
rolls itself up), the flower bindweed. 

convoy, v. kon-voy' (F. convoyer, to attend— from L. 
con, and via, a way— see convey), to attend on the 
way for protection either by sea or on land, as war- 
ships accompanying a fleet of merchant-vessels in 
time of war; to accompany: n. kon-voy, the protec- 
tion of an attending force either on sea or land : con- 
voying, imp. : convoyed', pp. -vdyd. 

convulse, v. kon-vuls' (L. convulsum, convulsion — 
from con, and vulsum, to pluck or tear away: It. 
convulso; F. convulse", subject to convulsions), to 
shake by violent irregular action, as in excessive 
laughter ; to affect by irregular spasms, as in agony 
from grief or pain : convulsing, imp. : convulsed', pp. 
-vulst': convul i ' - iolent and in- 

voluntary contraction of the parts of the body, as in 
fits; any violent and irregular motion— used ■ more 
frequently in the plu. or as an adj. : convulsive, a. 
-sXv, that produces or is attended «ritl) onvulsions; a • 
strong unrelaxed grasping: convulsively, ad. -IX: 
convul'siveness, n. 

cony, n. ko'-ni (L. cuniculus: F. connil: Ger. kanin- 
chen), a rabbit ; a simpleton. 






mdte, mdt./dr, law; mite, mCt, her; plne.pXn; note, not, mOve; 



coo 



113 



COQU 



coo, v. k6 (imitation of the noise of doves : Dut. 
Jcorren: Icel. kurra), to cry as a pigeon or dove: 
cooing, imp.: cooed, pp. kod. 

cooey, v. koo'-l (an imitative word— from the cry of 
the aborigines), to utter a peculiar whistling sound : 
n. a peculiar whistling sound uttered by persons in 
the woods or deserts of Australia in order to indicate 
to friends their exact position : coo'eying, imp. -i-lng: 
n. the peculiar whistling sound, &c. : coo'eyed, pp. -id. 

cook, v. kook (L. coquere, to prepare by fire: Ger. 
kochen, to boil), to dress victuals for the table ; to pre- 
pare for any purpose : n. one whose occupation is to 
dress food for the table : cook'ing, imp. : cooked, pp. 
kookt: cookery, n. -er-l, the art of preparing victuals 
for the table: adj. pert, to: cooky or cookie, kobk'-l 
(Scotch), a small cake or bun. 

cool. a. k6l (Icel. kula, a cold blast : Ger. kiihl, 
cool, fresh), moderately cold ; not excited by passion 
of any kind ; not hasty ; not retaining heat ; indiffer- 
ent; self -possessed ; impudent in a high degree: n. a 
moderate state of cold ; freedom from heat or warmth : 
V. to make moderately cold ; to lessen heat ; to allay 
passion of any kind ; to moderate ; to become indiffer- 
ent ; to become less hot, angry, zealous, or affection- 
ate : cool'ing, imp. : cooled, pp. kold : cool'er, a. less 
hot: n. thai -sel in which liquors are 

cooled: coolly, ad. -li: coolness, n. moderate degree 
of cold; indifference: coolish, a. somewhat cool: 
cool-headed, a. not easily excited ; free from passion. 

coolie, n. kd'll, an East Indian porter or carrier. 

coom, n. k&m (Ger. kahm, mould: Sw. kimrok, 
pine-soot), refuse matter such as collects in the boxes 
of carriage-wheels or at the mouths of ovens; soot; 
coal-dust. 

coomb, n. k6m (F. comble, heaped measure: Dut. 
kom, a trough), a dry measure of four bushels, used in 
England; in phys. geog., a valley or depression, gen- 
erally without a stream. 

coop, n. kop (L. cupa; F. cuve, a tub, a cask: It. 
and Sp. cuba, a hen-coop : AS. cofa, a chamber), a box 
barred on one side for confining fowls; a pen; an 
inclosed place for animals ; a barrel or cask : v. to 
confine in a coop or in a narrow compass : cooping, 
imp.: cooped, pp. kdbpt: cooper, n. kuop'tr, one who 
makes casks or barrels : cooperage, n. -aj, the work- 
shop of a cooper ; the price paid for cooper's work. 

coopee, n. k6'-pe (F. coupe— from couper, to cut), a 
motion in dancing. 

co-operate, v. k6-6p'er-dt (L. con, and operate), to 
act or work together for the same end; to concur in 
producing the same effect : co-op'era'ting, imp. : co- 
op'era ted, pp. : co-op erant, a. working to the same 
end:co-op'erative, a. -a-tlv, working jointly to the 
same end: co-operator, n. one who: co-operation, 
E. -d'-shun, joint assistance to the same end. 

co-ordinate, a. ko-or'dl-ndt (L. con, and ordina- 
tus, put in order, arranged), of equal order ; of the 
same rank or degree: co-or'dinately, ad. -II: co- 
or dinateness, n. equality of rank or authority : co- 
or'dination, n. -nd'-shun, the state of holding equal 
rank or authority: co-or'dinates, n. plu. in geom., 
lines or other elements of reference, by means of which 
the position of any point, as of a curve, is defined 
with respect to certain fixed lines or planes. 

coot, n. kobt (Dut. koet, a small black duck: W. cwt, 
a short tail), a small black water-fowl frequenting lakes 
and still rivers. 

copaiba, n. ko-pa'-bd, or copai'va, n. -va (Sp. and 
Fort.), a balsam obtained from the various species of 
copaifera trees : copai'vic, a. -vlk, noting an acid ob- 
tained from copaiba balsam. 

copal, n. ko'-pdl (Mexican copalli, a general name 
for resins), a resinous substance from certain trees, 
used as a cement and in hard varnishes: copaline, a. 
/. up'd-lla, in geol.,& fossil resin found in some tertiary 
clays. 

coparcenary, n. ko-pdr'-sSn-er'l (L. con, and par- 
ticeps, a partaker, a sharer), joint share in an in- 
heritance : coparcener, n. -er, a joint sharer in an 
inheritance. 

copartner, n. ko-pdrt'ner (L. con, and pars, a part- 
gen, partis), one who is jointly concerned with one or 
more persons in carrying on a business ; a sharer ; a 
partaker: copartnership, n., or copartnery, n. -nir-l, 
joint concern in a business ; the persons who have a 
joint interest in a business. 



trations ; a cover for the head ; anything spread over 
the head ; the top or covering course of a wall : v. 
to cover with a cope : coping, imp. : n. the top or 
sloping part of a wall : coped, pp. kopt : cope'stone, 
n. head or top stone. 

cope, v. kop (Icel. kapp, contention) to contend 
with on equal terms ; to match ; to oppose with suc- 
cess; to strive or struggle with : co 'ping, imp. : copea, 
pp. kopt. 

Copernican, a. koqoer'-nl-kan, pert, to the system of 
Copernicus, a celebrated astronomer, who taught that 
the earth revolves round the sun. 

cophinus, n. ko/'-i-niis (Gr. kophinos, a basket), in 
geol., a term applied to curious organic markings. 

copied, copier— see copy. 

copious, a. ko'pi-us (L. copiosus, having abundance 
—from cojna, plenty: It. copioso : F. copieux), abun- 
dant ; plentiful ; in great quantities ; not barren ; 
full in matter: copiously, ad. -II: copiousness, n. 
abundance ; full supply ; great plenty. 

Copland, n. kop'ldnd (W. cop, the top of anything, 
and land), a piece of ground terminating in a cop or 
angle. 

copper, n. kop'-per (L. evprum, copper— from Cyprus, 
where found in abundance : Ger. kupfer), a metal of 
a brownish-red colour ; any vessel made of it ; a 
large boiler ; a coin : v. to cover or sheathe with 
sheets of copper : coppering, imp. : coppered, pp. 
kop'-perd: cop'perish, a., also coppery, a. kop'per-i, 
containing copper ; tasting or smelling like copper: 
copper-bottomed, sheathed with copper, as a ship : 
copper-fastened, fastened with copper bolts : cop- 
per-glance, a valuable but scarce ore of copper : 
copper-nickel, an ore of nickel of a colour like copper, 
found in Westphalia, used in the manufacture of tier- 
man silver : copper-nose, -noz (F. couperose, an extreme 
redness of the face, with many pimples about the nose), 
a red nose: copperplate, a plate of polished copper 
on which copies from paintings, figures, or designs are 
engraved : copper-pyrites, an ore of copper and sul- 
phur of a brass-yellow colour. 

copperas, n. kop'pir-as (F. couperose: It. copparosa, 
copperas— from L. capri rosa, the flower of copper), a 
familiar term for the sulphate of iron; green vitriol. 

coppice, n. kop'pls (old F. copeiz, wood newly cut: 
Gr. kopades, trees cut down), a wood of small growth ; 
a wood consisting of underwood or brushwood cut at 
certain times. 

coprolite, n. kop'rollt (Gr. kopros, dung, and lithos, 
a stone), in geol, the petrified dung of animals, chiefly 
of saurians and sauroid lilies, found in the lias and 
coal-measures : cop'rolit ic, a, -llt'ik, containing or re- 
sembling coprolites: coprophagous, a. kop-rOj-d-ijf's 
(Gr. phuqein, to eat), feeding on excrements or filth : 
coproph'agans, n. plu. -guns, a family of beetles which 
live on the dung of animals. 

copse, v. kdps— another form of coppice, which see : 
cop'sy, a. -si, having copses. 

Coptic, n. kop'tlk (a supposed corruption of the L. 
^'jiipttas. an Egyptian), the language of the ancient 
inhabitants of Egypt, called Copts: adj. pert, to the 
Copts : Copts, n. plu. kopts, also Cophti, n. kof-ti, 
descendants of an anc. Egyptian race. 

copula, n. kop'u-ld (L. copula, a couple, a tie : It. 
copula : F. couple), in logic, the word that couples or 
ties the predicate to the subject— namely, is, or is 
not .- cop'ulate, v. -lat, to unite in pairs ; to have sexual 
intercourse : cop'ula ting, imp. : copulated, pp. : 
cop'ula'tion, n. -la'-sMn: cop'ula tive, a. -Id'-tiv, that 
unites or couples ; that connects : n. in gram. , a word 
which connects : cop'ula'tory, a. -ter-i, that unites. 

copy, n. kop'i (P. copie, an imitation— from L. copia, 
abundance: It. copia), an imitation; a likeness of a 
thing; a pattern or example for imitation : v. to write, 
print, paint, &c, from an original or pattern ; to imi- 
tate ; to follow in habits or manners ; to try to be like ; 
to act in imitation of : cop'ying, imp. -%-ing : copied, 
pp. -id : cop'ier, n. -l-er, one who : cop'yist, n. -i-ist, a 
transcriber or imitator : copyright, n. property in a 
literary work, or in a work of the fine arts : copy-hook, 
n. a book containing examples for imitation : copy- 
hold, n. in England, a tenure of land or houses by copy 
of court-roll : copyholder, n. one who : copying-press, 
n. a machine for taking copies from written letters. 

coquet, v. kO-ket' (F. coqueter, to strut or swagger, 
as a cock among hens— from coq, a cock), to trifle in 
love in order to gratify vanity ; to attempt to attract 
admiration : coquet'ting, imp. : coquet'ted, pp. 
coquetry, n. kok-et-ri, attempts to attract notice or 



cow, boy, /Jot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



COR 1 

love from vanity : coquette, n. kO-ket', a vain trifling 
girl who endeavours to attract admiration and love 
from vanity, and then rejects her lover for another ; a 
jilt: coquettish, a. -tlsh, invitingly pretty ; affecting 
the manner of a coquette : coquet'tishly, ad. -II. 

cor, kor (L.), a prefix; another form of con, which 
see. 

coracle, n. kor'd-kl (W. cwrwgl), a hoat made by 
covering a frame of wicker or basket work with leather 
or oil-cloth, used in Wales. 

coracoid, a. kor'd-koyd (Gr. korax, a crow, and 
eidos, shape), resembling a crow's beak; in anat., ap- 
plied to a process of the shoulder-blade, which attains 
a large size in birds and reptiles. 

coral, n. kor'dl (L. coralium; Gr. korallion; It. co- 
rdllo; F. cor ail, coral), the hard limy substance se- 
creted by the coral zoophyte, and occurring most 
abundantly in the warmer latitudes of the ocean : 
adj. pert, to : coral-rag, n. in geol., the upper 
member of the middle oolite, consisting in part 
of continuous beds of petrified corals: coral-reef, 
also coral-island, n. a chain or ridges of coral 
in various parts of the ocean, at or above the sur- 
face, forming an island : cor'alla'ceous, a. -la'shus, 
also cor'alline, a. -lin, of or like coral : cor'alline, n. 
a coral-like substance ; small corals resembling moss : 
cor'allif'erous, a. -llf'er-us{L.fero, I bear), containing 
coral: coral'liform, a. (L. forma, a shape), r< ■.<■,,, Mm- 
coral: cor'alloid, a. -16yd, also cor'alloi'dal, a. -loy'ddl 
(Gr. korallion, and eidos, a form), branching like 
coral ; having the appearance or structure of coral. 

corban, n. kdr'bdn (Heb. korban; Ar. kurban, offer- 
ing, sacrifice), among the anc. Jews, a living offering 
or sacrifice ; an alms-basket ; a gift ; an alms. 

corbeil, n. kor'Ml (F. corbeille; It. corbello: L. cor- 
bula, a little basket), a little basket filled with earth, 
used in sieges : cor'bel, n. -Ml, a piece of stone, wood, 
or iron projecting from a wall for giving support to any 
mass, sometimes carved as a head or in the form of 
a basket ; a niche in a wall ; the base of a Corinthian 
column, so called from its resemblance to a basket: 
v. to support on corbels ; to furnish with corbels : 
cor'belling, imp. : corbelled, pp. -Mid. 

corcule,n. / » (1 culum I tie heart— from 

cor, the heart), in bot., the heart of a seed, or the 
embryo. 

cord, n. kawrd(L. chorda; Gr. chorde, a string, gut : 
It. corda: F. corde), a string or small rope having the 
strands or plies well twisted ; a quantity of wood for- 
merly measured by a cord ; that by which persons are 
caught, held, or drawn; in Sci ip a snare; amusical 
string: v. to bind; to fasten with cords or rope: 
cording, imp. kor'dlng : cor'ded, pp. : cor'dage, n. 
-ddj, cord and ropes taken together. 

cordate, a. kor'dat, also cor'dated, a. (L. cor, the 
heart— gen. cordis), in bot., having the form of a heart ; 
heart-shaped : cor'dately, ad. -II. 

cordelier, n. kdr'de-ler' (F.— from L. chorda, a gut, 
a rope), a Franciscan friar, so called from wearing a 
girdle of rope. 

cordial, a. kor'-dl-dl (F. cordial— from L. cor, the 
heart — gen. cordis), hearty; sincere; proceeding. from 
the heart ; invigorating : n. anything that revives the 
spirits; any medicine that increases the strength or 
raises the spirits ; a liquor containing an extract of 
some vegetable substance and some spirit, and •> ; < l- 
ened: cor'dially, ad. -II: cor'diallty, n. -141, sin- 
cerity ; freedom from hypocrisy ; warmth of manner : 
cor'dlform, a. -fawrm (L. forma, a shape), heart- 
shaped. 

cordon, n. kor'ddng (Sp. and F. cordon— from L. 
chorda, a string or rope), a row of jutting stones before 
a rampart; a series of military posts ; cords or strings 
with tassels as a mark or badge of honour ; a band ; 
a wreath. 

cordovan, n. kdr'do-vdn, also cordwain, kord'wdn 
(Sp. town Cordova, where first made), Spanish leather : 
cordwainer, n. kord'wdn-ir, or cordiner, n. kor'dl- 
ner, a shoemaker. 

corduroy, n. kdr'dob-roy' (F. corde du ■> or, i lie i i,e.' ;: 
cord), a thick cotton stuff corded or ribbed. 

core, n. kor (L. cor, the heart : F. coeur), the inner 
part or heart of anything, as of fruit ; among founders, 
the centre part of a mould, meant to keep hollow any 
casting in metal : cored, a. kord, in the herring fishery, 
waited and ready for drying. 

corf, n. korf (Dut. korf; L. corbis, a basket) in 
mining districts, a basket for carrying coals ; a coal- 
— — : plu. corves, korvz. 



CORN 



sembling leather; tough: corium, n. ko'-rl-um, the 
true skin lying beneath the cuticle. 

coriander, n. kor'l-dn'der (L. coriandrum: It. cori- 
andro : F. coriandre), a plant whose seeds are used in 
cookery and in making sweetmeats. 

Corinthian, a. ko-rln'thl-dn, pert, to Corinth, a 
city of Greece : n. an inhabitant of Corinth ; a gay 
licentious person: Corinthian order, in arch., the 
fourth of the five orders, characterised by fluted 
shafts, and foliated capitals delicately formed. 

cork, n. kork (Sp. corcho— from L. cortex, bark: 
Fin. kuori, bark), a species of oak whose bark, called 
cork, is extensively used in making stoppers for 
bottles, casks, &c. : v. to stop bottles or casks with 
corks ; to make fast with a cork : corking, imp. : 
corked, pp. korkt : adj. provided or fitted with a cork : 
corky, a. kork'-l, also corked, a. resembling or tasting 
of cork: cork'iness, n. elasticity ; buoyancy: corkcut- 
ter, n. one who makes corks, &c. : cork-jacket, n. a 
float: cork-screw, n. an instrument for drawing corks. 

corm, n. kawrm (Gr. kormos, a stem or log), in bot, 
a short, roundish, bulb-like underground stem, not 
formed of concentric layers, but solid, as in the cro- 
cus, gladiolus, &c. 

cormorant, n. kor'-mordnt (F. cormorant: It. corvo 
marino, a sea-raven), a large native sea-bird distin- 
guished for its voracity— often called the sea-raven ; a 
glutton. 

corn, n. kawrn (Goth, kaurn; Icel. kiarni, corn, 
grain : Dut. keerne, a grain, kernel), a single seed or 
grain of one of the edible plants ; grain of all kinds- 
applied to wheat, barley, oats, rye, maize, &c. : corn'- 
less, a. : cor'ny, a. kor'-nl, corn-like : cornbrash, n. 
in geol, a coarse shelly limestone, so called from the 
facility with which it disintegrates and breaks up for 
the purposes of corn -land: corn-chandler, n. a 
dealer in corn : corn-crake, n. the corn-crow : corn, 
v. to cure meat with salt in grains : corning, imp. : 
corned, pp. kawrnd : corned-beef, n. beef cured with 
salt : corn exchange, n. a place where grain is sold 
and where corn-merchants meet: corn-cockle, n. a 
weed in corn-fields : corning-house, n. the place where 
gunpowder is granulated or corned : corn-flag, n. a 
kind of plant bearing red or white flowers : corn- 
flower, n. a plant growing among corn, as the wild 
poppy or corn-rose, the blue-bottle, &c. : corn-laws, 
n. plu. the laws regulating the duties on the import 
of grain : cornstone, n. in geol., a term usually applied 
to the reddish and bluish-red limestones occurring 
in the middle formation of the old red sandstone — 
so called from the fertile corn-soil overlying them. 

corn, n. kawrn (L. cornu, a horn: It. corno: F. 
come), a horny excrescence on a toe or some other 
part of the foot, very troublesome and painful : cor- 
nean, a. kor'-nl-dn, in geol., an igneous rock, so called 
from its tough, compact, and horn-like texture: cor- 
neous, a. -ni-us, horny ; of a substance resembling 
horn : corn'less, a. without corns : cor'ny, a. -nl, hard ; 
corn-like. 

cornea, n. kor'nld (L. corneus, horny— from cornu, 
a horn), a horny transparent membrane forming the 
front part of the eyeball through which the light 
passes : corneule, n. kor'nul, a little cornea, such as 
covers each segment of the compound eyes of in- 
sects. 

cornel, n. or a. kor'nSl (F. cornouille— from L. cor- 
nus, the cornel-cherry), a tree yielding small edible 
cherries ; the dogwood-tree. 

cornelian, n. kor-ne'-ll-dn (F. cornaline: It. rorna- 
lino), a variety of chalcedony— also spelt carnelian. 

corner, n. kor'-ner (F. corniere, a corner— from F. 
come ; L. cornu, a horn), the small space at the point 
where two lines meet; an angle; a small confined 
part of a larger space ; a secret or retired place ; the 
end or limit: cor'nered, a. -nerd, having corners: 

corner-stone, n. the principal si un ring two walls 

at a corner : cornerwise, a. with the corner in front : 
cornerless, a. 

cornet, n. kor'ngt (F. cornet— from F. come; L. 
cornu, a horn), a wind musical instrument ; an officer 
of cavalry who bears the colours of a troop (It. cor- 
netta, the ensign carried by a lancer on horseback; 
F. cornette, a cornet of horse) : cor'netcy, n. -si, the 
rank of a cornet or his commission : cornet-a-piston, 
kor'net-d-pls'tdn, a soft-toned musical instr. furnished 
1 i i 1 1 ■ a Ives and pistons. 

cornice, n. kor'nls (It. cornice; F. corniche; L. cor- 



mate, mdt.fdr, law; mile, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, mCve;. 




CORN 



115 



CORK 



ona; Gr. korone, the summit or head), the highest 
projection or border on a wall or column. 

cornicle, n. kor'-nl-kl (L. corniculum, a little horn— 
from ct/i-nu, a horn), a little horn: cornic'ulate, a. 
nlk'ulat, horned : cornif ic, a. -nlf'lk (L. facio, I 
make), producing horns : cor nifonn, a. -ni-fawrm 
(L. forma, shape), having the shape of a horn: cor- 
nig'erous, a. -nif-er-iis (L. gero, I carry), havinghorns: 
cornute, a. kor'-nut, also eornu'ted, a. in hot., horn- 
shaped. 

Cornish, a. kor-nish, of or relating to Cornwall. 

cornucopia, n. kor'-nu-ko'-pl-d, plu. cor'nuco piae, 
-ko'-ple (L. cornu, a horn, and copia, plenty), the lioru 
of plenty ; in sculp., the emblem of abundance. 

cornulites, n. kdr'nu-llts (L. cornu, a horn, and Gr. 
lithos, a stone), in geol., a genus of ringed shelly tubes 
occurring in Silurian strata : cor'nu-am monis, n. 
-dm'-mo-nls, a fossil-shell like a ram's horn ; the am- 
monite. 

corolla, n. ko-rdl'la, also corol, n. kor'ol (L. corolla, a 
small wreath or crown), the inner covering of aflower : 
cor'olla'ceous, a. -Id'shiis, pert, to a corolla; protect- 
ing like a wreath : cor ollet, n. -lit, one of the florets 
of a corolla. 

corollary, n. kor'dl-lir'l (mid. L. corollarium, a cor- 



the demonstration of a proposition; an inference from 
a preceding proposition. 

corona, n. ko-ro'nd (L. corona, a crown, a garland: 
It. corona: F. couronne), the flat projecting part of a 
cornice ; a drip ; a halo or luminous circle round the 
sun, moon, or stars; in anat., the upper surface of 
the molar teeth ; in hot., the circumference or margin 
of a radiated compound flower: coronal, a. kor'-ondl, 
belonging to a crown ; pert, to the top of the head ; 
in anat., accented koro'ndl : cor'onal, n. a crown ; 
a wreath ; a garland : coronated, a -nd'-tid, crowned : 
coronary, a. -ner-l, relating to the crown of the 
head; eiicirclinir the head like a crown ; in anat., ap- 
plied to the arteries which encompass the heart in 
the manner of a garland, and supply it with blood for 
its nutrition : coronation, n. -nd'shun,the act or so- 
lemnity of crowning a sovereign ; the pomp and as- 
sembly accompanying a coronation : cor'oner, n. -nir, 
formerly an officer acting for the interest of the Crown 
in regard to property, Ac, in a county, now an officer 
whose duty is to inquire (holding an inquest) into the 
causes of sudden deaths, &c. : cor'onet, n. -nit, a 
crown worn by princes and the nobility— each one, 
according to rank, having some distinguishing marks ; 
an ornamental head-dress: cor'oneted, a. wear- 
ing or entitled to wear a coronet: coroniform, a, ko- 
ron'-l-j'ao-nn (L./orma, ashape), crown-shaped : coro- 
nule, n. kor'-o-nul, the coronet or downy tuft on 
seeds. 

coronoid, a, kor'-o-ndijd (Gr. korone, a crow, and 
eidos, form), resembling a crow's beak; in anat., ap- 
plied to certain processes of bones, so called from their 
being shaped like the beak of a crow. 

corporal, a. kor'-pordl (L. corporalis, bodily— from 
corpus, a body: It. corporate: F. corporel), of or re- 
lating to the body ; pert, to the animal frame in its 
proper sense: corporally, ad. -II: corporal or cor'- 
porale, n. -rd'-ll (F. corporal), a fine linen cloth used 
to cover the sacred elements of the Eucharist. 

corporal, n. kor'-pordl (F. caporal ; It. caporale, 
head, principal— from caput, the head), the lowest 
non-commissioned officer in a company of foot ; in the 
navy, an officer under the master-at-arms : corporal- 
ship, n. the office. 

corporate, a. kor'-po-rdt (L. corpus, a body, the 
flesh— gen. corporis : It. corpo : F. corps), united in a 
body or community by law, and empowered to transact 
business as an individual : cor'porately, ad. -li : cor'- 
porateness, n. : corporation, n. -rd'-shun, a number 
of individuals formed into one body, and authorised 
bylaw to act as one person ; the municipal authorities 
of a town or city : corporeal, a. kor-po'-ri-dl (L. cor- 
poreus, composed of flesh), having a body or sub- 
stance; material, as opposed to spiritual or imma- 
terial: corporeally, ad. -li: corporeality, n. -i-ti, 
state of being a body; opposed to spirituality : corpo'- 
realism, n. -izm, corporeal character : corpo'realist, 
n. one who denies the existence of spirit as separate 
from body: cor'pore'ity, n. -pO-re'i-ti, bodily sub- 
stance ; state of having a body. 

corps, n. kor; corps, plu. but pronounced kdrz 
(F. corps— from L. corpus, a body : It. corpo), a body 



kind: corselet, n. kors'lCt, Hunt armour lor the body: 
corset, n. kor'-s&t, stays ; a quilted waistcoat for wo- 
men. 

corpulence , ! so corpulency, n. -ISn- 

si (L. corpuscirtum, a little body— from corpus, a body : 
It. corpusculo: F. corpuscide) bulkiness of body; ex- 
cessive fatness ; fleshiness : cor'pulent, a. -lent, fieshv; 
bulky; fat: corpulent ly, ad. -li: corpuscle, n. kor- 
pus'-l, a small body; a particle : corpus'cular, a. -pus- 
ku-ler, relating to small bodies or particles : corpus'cu- 
la'rian, a. -ld'-ri-dn, material; physical; atomic: n. 
an advocate for the atomic or material philosophy ; 
a materialist. 

correct, v. kor-rekf (L. correctio, an amendment — 
from con, and rectum, to set right : It. correzione : F. 
correction), to amend ; to make right ; to punish : adj. 
free from faults ; right ; conformable to truth ; accur- 
ate : correcting, imp. : correc'ted, pp. : correc'tion, 
n. -rik'-shun, the act of correeting; amendment; pun- 
ishment : correc'tional, a. -dl, having a tendency to 
correct: correc'tive, a, -tiv, having power to correct: 
n. that which corrects: correctly, ad. -II: correct'- 
ness,n. -rgkt'-n£s, accuracy; exactness; conformity to 
established rules or usages : correc'tor, n. one who. 

corregidor, n. kor-rej'i-dOr (Sp.), a Spanish magis- 
trate. 

correlate, n. kdr'r6-ldt' (L. con, and relatum, to carry 
or bring back), one that stnndsin a reciprocal relation, 
as father and son : v. to stand in a reciprocal relation, 
as father and son : corl-ela'ting, imp. : cor'rela'ted, 
pp.: correlation, n. -Id' shun, mutual relation: cor- 
relative, a. -rei'd-tlv, having a reciprocal relation : n. 
that which has a reciprocal relation ; relationship or 
dependence, as father to son, light to darkness ; in 
arum., the word or words to which a pronoun refers : 
correl'atively, ad. -li: correl'ativeness, n. -tlv-nds. 

correspond, v. kor'rSspdnd (L. con, and respondere, 
to answer or promise: F. correspondre), to suit; to 
agree ; to be proportionate ; to hold intercourse by 



fitness ; intercourse by letters or otherwise ; the letters 
so sent: correspondent, a. -dent, adapted; suitable: 
n. one who holds intercourse by letters: cor'respon'- 
dently, ad. -ll: correspondingly, ad. -dlng-li: cor're- 
spon'sive, a. -siv, answerable. 

corridor, n. kor'-ri-dor (F. : Sp. corredor, a runner, 
a gallery— from L. curro, I run or flow), a gallery 
round a building ; a covered way ; a long passage or 
aisle. 

corrigenda, n. plu. kor'rij&n'dd (L.), things to be 
corrected. 

corrigible, a. kor'rl-ji-bl (L. corrigo, I set right: F. 
corrigible), that may be corrected or reformed ; cap- 
able or deserving of punishment. 

corroborate, v. kor-rob'd-rdt (L. corroboratum, to 
strengthen very much— from con, and robur, strength : 
It. corroborare : F. corroborer), to strengthen ; to con- 
firm: corrob'ora'ting, imp.: corrob'ora'ted, pp.: 
corrob'orant, a. -rant, having the power of giving 
strength: n. in med., thai itrength to the 

body when weak : corrob'ora'tion, n. -rd'-shun, the act 
of strengthening or confirming: corrob'ora'tive, a. 
■rd'tlv, strengthening; having the power to confirm. 

corrode, v. kor-rod' (L. corrodere, to gnaw to pieces 
—from con, and rodere, to gnaw: It. corrodere: F. 



dent, a. -dint, having the power of corroding : n. that 
which eats away: corro'dible, a. -di-bl, that maybe 
eaten away: corro'dibillty, n. -bil'i-ti: corro'sive, 
a. -ro'zlv (L. con, and rosum, to gnaw), consuming ; 
wearing away ; fretting ; vexing : n. that which cor- 
rodes: corro'sively, ad. -li: corro'siveness, n. : cor- 
ro'sion, n, -zhun, the act of eating away by degrees: 
corro'sibil'ity, n. -zi-bil'i-ti : corrosive sublimate, 
-sub'-U-mdt, a virulent poison, a preparation from 
mercury. 

corrugate, v. kor'rob-gdt (L. corrugatum, to make 
full of wrinkles— from con, and ruga, a wrinkle : It. 
corrugate), to wrinkle or purse up ; to furrow or form 
into ridges, as sheets of metal : adj. in bot., shaped 
into wrinkles or folds ; wrinkled : cor'ruga'ting, imp. : 
cor'ruga'ted, pp. : adj. covered with irregular folds ; 
having a crumpled and uneven surface : corl-ugant, 
a. having the power of contracting into wrinkles : 



colo, be~y,fdbt; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



corr 1: 

cor'ruga'tion, n. -gd'shiin, contraction into wrinkles : 
cor'ruga'tor, n. he who or that which. 

corrupt, v. kdr-ru.pt' (L. corruptum, to corrupt— 
from con, and ruptum, to break), to turn from a sound 
to a putrid state ; t& taint ; to deprave ; to pervert ; 
to bribe : adj. unsound ; tainted; vitiated; not genu- 
ine : corrupting, imp. : corrupted, pp. : corrupter, 
n. that which or one who: corrup'tible, a. -tl-bl, that 
may be corrupted: n. in Scrip., the human body: 
corruptibly, ad. -bll: corrup'tibil'ity, n. -bll'-i-ti, 
possibility of being corrupted : corrup'tibleness, n. : 
corruption, u. -shun, wickedness ; putrescence ; per- 
version; depravity; bribery: corrup'tive, a. -tiv, 
tending to corrupt or vitiate : corruptly, ad. -rupt'-ll: 
corrupt'less, a. : corrupt'ness, n. state of being cor- 
rupt. 

corsair, n. kor'sAr (It. corsaro, a pirate— from Sp. 
corsa, a cruise or course at sea : L. cursus, a voyage : 
F. corsaire, a pirate), a pirate ; one who scours the 
sea in an armed ship for the purpose of plundering 
merchant vessels ; a robber on the sea. 

corse— see corps. 

corselet, n. kors'-let (F.— see corps), light armour for 
the fore part of the body: corset, n. kor'-set, stays; 
boddice. 

cortege, n. kor'tazh (F. cortege : It. corteggio), a train 
of attendants. 

Cortes, n. plu. kor'tez (Sp.), the Spanish or Portu- 
guese parliament i» a ;:;nniily i»i i,lir. states, consist- 
ing of the nobility, the clergy, and representatives 
from cities. 

cortex, n. kor'tSks (L. cortex, the bark of trees— gen. 
corticis: It. cortice), the bark of a tree ; a cover: cor- 
tical, a. -tl-k&l, belonging to the bark ; consisting of 
bark : corticated, a. -ka'-tSd, resembling bark ; hav- 
ing the bark: cor'ticif'erous, a. -slf'-er-us (L. fero, 
I produce), producing bark or that wh.h li resemble,; 
it : cortic'iform, a. -tls'l-fawrm (L. forma, shape), 
like bark: cor'ticose, a. -tt-koz, full of bark; barley. 

corundum, n. ko run n . .1 ime, korund), 

the hardest known mineral except the diamond, gen- 
erally of a greyish or greenish-brown tint, used for 
polishing steel and cutting gems. 

coruscate, v. ko-rUs'kat (L coruscatum, to vibrate, 
to glitter : It. ".oruscare), to throw off vivid flashes of 
light; to flash or sparkle : coruscating, imp. : corus'- 
cated, pp. : coruscation, n. kor'us-ka'shun, a sudden 
burst of light in the clouds or atmosphere ; a flash ; 
glitter. 

corvette, n. kor-vSt' (F. corvette; Sp. corveta, a 
leap, a curvet : L. curvus, crooked), a sloop of war ; 
a war-ship carrying not more than 20 guns. 

corvine, a. kdr'-vin (L. corvus, a crow), pert, to the 
crow or crow kind. 

corymb, n. kor'im (Gr. korumbos, the top, a cluster : 
L. corymbus, a cluster), in bot., an inflorescence in 
which the lower stalks are longest, and all the flowers 
come nearly to the same level : corymbiated, n. kor- 
im'bl-a'tSd, garnished with berries or blossoms in 
clusters: cor'ymbiferous, a. -bif-er-us (L. fero, I 
carry), bearing a cluster of flowers in the form of a 
corymb : cor'ymbose', a. -602', approaching the form 
of a corymb either in the branches or the inflorescence. 

corypheus, n. kor't-fe'-us (L.— from Gr. koruphaios, 
standing at the head), a leader of the anc. chorus ; 
a head man. 

cosecant, n. ko-sS'Mnt (L. con, and secans, cut- 
ting): co'sine, n. -sin (L. con, and sinus, a curve): 
cotan'gent, n. -tdn'-jent (L. con, and tango, I touch), 
terms in trig, designating the relation of certain 
straight lines to arcs of a circle, or to angles. 

cosey, a. ko'zi (Scotch cozie, sheltered, warm), 
warm ; snug ; comfortable : co'sily, ad. -li. 

cosmetic, n. koz-met'ik (F. cosmdtique— from Gr. 
kosmetikos, skilled in adorning), any preparation that 
renders the skin soft, pure, and white ; a preparation 
which helps to beautify the complexion : adj. that 
promotes beauty : cosmetically, ad. -kAl'-ll. 

cosmic, a. koz'mlk, also cos'mical, a. -ml-Ml (Gr. 
kosmos, the world : F. cosmique), relating to the world 
or visible nature ; in astrnn., rising or setting with 
the sun : cos'mically, ad. -II. 

cosmogony, n. koz-mog'd-nl (Gr. kosmogonia, crea- 
tion—from kosmos, the world, and gone, generation or 
origin), the origin or creation of the world or uni- 
verse : cosmog'onist, n. one who treats of the origin or 
formation of the universe. Note.— Cosmogony specu- 
lates as to the origin of the universe ; geology unfolds 
the history of our globe from facts and observation. 

mate, mdt,fdr, law; mete, mSt, 



5 COTS 

cosmography, n. kdz-mog'rd-fl (Gr. kosmos, the 
world, and grapho, I describe, I write of), a descrip- 
tion of the world or universe; the science which 
treats of the several parts of the world, their laws 
and relations: cosmog'rapher, n. -rdfer, one who 
describes the world or universe : cos'mographlcal, a. 
-Hto-griif'i-kiil: cos'mographlcally, ad. -It. 

cosmology, n. koz-mol'-O-jl (Gr. kosmos, the world, 
and logos, a discourse), the science that treats of the 
system of the universe and the nature of the world 
and material things: cosmol'ogist, n. one who writes 
of: cos'molog'ical, a. -mo-loj'i-kul: cos Biologically, 
ad. -ll. 

cosmoplastic, a. koz'-mo-pl&s'-tlk (Gr. kosmos, the 
world, and plastikos, plastic), world-forming. 

cosmopolitan, n. Loz'-mn ■jioi'i-iitn, also cosmopol- 
ite, n. -mop-6-llt (Gr. kosmos. the world, and polites, 
a citizen), one who is at home everywhere ; a citizen 
of the world : cosmopolitanism, n. -mo-pol'l-tdn-izm, 
citizenship of the world. 

cosmorama, n. kdz'mo-rd'md, (Gr. kosmos, and 
{h)orama, a view), an optical exhibition in which ob- 
jects are represented as if oft heir natural size; a dio- 
rama: cos'moram'ic, a. -rdm'ik, pert. to. 

Cossacks, n. plu. kos'sAks, in Russia, military tribes 
guarding the S. and E. frontiers of the Russian em- 
pi..' '..' . y :;l"iliul ■• ■ !,•:,.:< men 

cosset, n. kos'set (It. ai.sirc.io, a lamb bred by hand 
—from casa, a house), a lamb brought up by hand ; a 
pet lamb. 

cost, n. kdst (L. constare ; old F. couster, to stand 
one in, to cost : It. costare, to cost), the price or value 
of a thing ; expense ; charge ; expense of any kind ; 
pain ; suffering : n. plu. law charges : v. to be had 
at the price ; to be bought for ; to require to be given, 
laid out, bestowed, or employed ; to cause to bear or 
suffer: costing, imp. : cost, pt. and pp: costly, a. 
-II, of a high price ; expensive: costliness, n. expen- 
siveness : costless, a. without cost. 

costal, a. kos'tAl{L. costa, a side or rib: It. costale; 
F. costal, costal), pert, to the sides or ribs of the body : 
costate, a. kos'tat, ribbed ; also cos'tated, a. 

costardmonger, n. kos'terd-mung'ger— now spelt 
costermonger, n. kos'ter- (old Eng. costard or cus- 
tard, an apple round and large like the head, and 
monger), one who sells fruit, fish, or vegetables in the 
streets of a town in a barrow or small cart. 

costeaning, n. kos-ten'-lng, in mining, sinking shal- 
low pits at intervals, and driving headings at right 
angles to the general course of the veins, for the pur- 
pose of discovering ore. 

costive, a. kos'tlv (L. constipare, to crowd closely 
together— from con, and stipare, to cram : contracted 
from It. costipativo, having a tendency to consti- 
pate), bound or confined in the bowels : cos'tively, ad. 
-It: cos'tiveness, n. -nes, obstruction in the bowels, 
with hardness and dryness of the fecal matter. 

costly, a. : costliness, n.— see cost. 

costmary, n. kdst'ma-rt (Gr. kostos ; L. costus, an 
aromatic plant, and Mary, the Virgin), an aromatic- 
plant ; the herb alecost. 

costume, n. kos-tum' (It. and F. costume), style of 
dress ; the mode of dress peculiar to any people, or 
nation, or age. 

cosy, a. ko'zi— see cosey. 

cot, n. kot (Fin. koti, a dwelling-place ; kota, a mean 
house), a small house, or eoftnge; a hut. 

cot, n. kot (Ger. zote, a cot, a lock of wool clung to- 
gether; kotze, a rough, shaggy covering: prov. Eng. 
cot, a matted fleece of wool), original ly a mat of shaggy 
materials, then an inartilie ia 1 sleeoing-place, where a 
rug or mat may be laid down for that purpose; a 
small bed ; a swinging bed-frame or cradle ; a sleep- 
ing-place in a ship. 

cote, n. kot (AS. cote; W. cwt, a hovel), a pen or 
shelter for animals, as sheepcote, dovecote ; a cottage. 

cotemporaneous, a., cotemporary, Ac— see under 
contemporaneous. 

co-tenant, n. ko-ten'ant [con, and tenant), a tenant 
in common. 

coterie, n. k6'ter-6 (F. a club, a society), a friendly 
party; a circle of familiar friends, particularly of 
ladies ; a select party. 

coterminous, a.— see conterminous. 

cotillon or cotillion, n. ko-lil'-yun (F.— from cotte, a 
petticoat), a lively danee engaged in l.y '•ight persons. 

cotswold, n. kots'-wold (AS. cote, and wold, a wood), 
inelosures for sheep in an open country; a range of 
hills in Gloucestershire. 
her; pine, pin; note, not, mCvc; 



COTT 



117 



COUN 



■ cottage, n. kot'-tlj (Fin. koti, a dwelling-place : AS. 
cote, a hovel ), .<> ed house ; a small coun- 

try-house : cottager, n. -er, one who lives in : cotter, 
cot'tar, cot'tier, n. kot'-tir, contractions for cottager. 

cotton, n. kot'-n (F. coton; Sp. algodon; Arab. 
qo'ton; prov. F. coutou, wool, flock, cotton), a soft 
downy substance resembling fine wool, obtained from 
the pods of a plant grown in warm countries; the 
cloth made from it; calico : adj. made of or pert, to 
cotton: cottony, a. kot'-tn-l, soft like cotton: cotton- 
gin, n. -jln, a machine to separate the seeds from the 
cotton-wool. 

cotyla, n. kot'-l-ld (Gr. kotule, a cup or socket), in 
anat., the socket or hollow that receives the end of 
another bone : cot'yloid, a. -lo'yd (Gr. eidos, shape), 
resembling the socket of a joint. 

cotyledon, n. kot'-i-le'-dOn (Gr. kotuledon, a cup-like 
hollow), in a plant, the temporary leaf which first ap- 
pears above ground ; in anat., applied to the portions 
of which the placentae of some animals are formed : 
cot'yled'onous, a, -ICd'-o-niis, pert, to; having a seed- 
lobe. 

couch, n. kdlvch (F. coucher, to lay down : It. col- 
care; L. collocare, to lay or place down— from L. con, 
and locare, to lay), a place for rest or sleep : a bed ; 
a sofa ; in making malt, a layer or stratum of barley 
spread on the malt-floor : v. to lie down, as on a bed 
or place of repose ; to lay down in a bed or stratum ; 
to conceal or express in words obscurely ; to include 
or comprise ; to recline on the knees, as a beast ; to 
crouch ; to fix a spear in the posture for attack ; to 
depress or remove the film that overspreads the 
pupil of the eye, called a cataract : couching, imp. : 
couched, pp. kdivcht : couch er, n. one who couches 
cataracts : couch-grass, n. (a probable corruption of 
quick-grass), a grass with a long jointed root which 
spreads with great rapidity : couch'less, a, : couch- 
ant, a. kdivch'-ant (F.), lying down with the head 
raised up. 

cougar, n. k6'-gdr, the American panther. 

cough, v. kof (an imitative word : Dut. kuch, a 
cough; kichen, to breathe with difficulty), to ex- 
pel the air from the lungs with considerable force 
and noise ; to expectorate : n. an effort of the lungs 
to throw off offending matter, as phlegm from the 
air passages, accomp:inic-d with considerable noise: 
coughing, imp. : coughed, pp. kofd. 

could, v. kobd (AS. cutlie, was able), past tense of 
can; had sufficient power, moral or physical. 

coulees, n. kdb-lez' (F. couler, to flow as melted 
metals), in geol, streams of lava, whether flowing or 
become solid. 

coulter, n. kOl'-ter (L. culter, a ploughshare, a 
knife: F. coultre, a coulter), the sharp iron of the 
plough which cuts the earth ; also col'ter. 

coumarine, n. k&m'-d-rm, an odoriferous substance 
obtained from Tonquin beans. 

council, n. kdwn'sll (L. concilium, an assembly : F. 
concile : It. concilio), an assembly met for consulta- 
tion or convened to give advice; an ecclesiastical 
meeting ; a municipal body : councillor, n. a mem- 
ber of a council : coun'cillorship, n. the office : com- 
mon council, in a city, the body which represents 
the citizens : (Ecumenical council, ek'-u-mSn'-l-kdl-, in 
cedes, hist., a general council or assembly of a select 
number of ecclesiastics of various ranks representing 
the whole church : Privy Council, a select number of 
persons for advising a sovereign in the administra- 
tion of public affairs : council-board, the table around 
^sulfation. 

counsel, n. kdtvn'-sSl (F. conseil; L. consilium, de- 
liberation), advice ; opinion or advice given for the 
instruction or guidance of another ; consultation ; se- 
cret opinions ; design ; purpose ; will ; one who ad- 
vises in matters of law; an advocate; a barrister: 
v. to advise ; to give advice or a deliberate opinion to 
another for his guidance; to warn; to admonish: 
coun'selling, imp.: coun'selled, pp. -seld-. counsellor, 
n. -ler, one who advises another ; an advocate ; a bar- 
lister : coun'sellorship, n. 

count, v. kdivnt, formerly spelt compt, as in accornpt 
(L. computare, to sum up— from con, and putare, to 
clear up, to arrange : It. computare ; F. compter, to 
reckon), to number ; to sum up ; to reckon ; to ascribe 
to ; to rely on : n. a question in arithmetic ; a num- 
ber ; act of numbering ; total amount ; in law, a par- 
ticular charge in an indictment : count'ing, imp. : 



is counted or goods laid ; an imitation of a piece of 
money: count able, a, -a-bl, that maybe numbered: 
countless, a. that cannot be numbered ; innumerable. 

count, n. kdivnt (F. comte; It. conte— from L. comes, 
an associate, the name given to the great officers of 
state under the Frankish kings), a foreign title of 
nobility answering to English earl : count'ess, n. -£s, 
the wife of a count. 

countenance, n. kdivn'-tS-ndns (F. contenance, looks: 
L. continere, to hold together— from con, and tenere, 
to hold), the whole external appearance of the body ; 
the features of the human face ; look ; favour; good- 
will ; support : v. to favour ; to support ; to encour- 
age ; to aid : coun'tenancing, imp. : coun'tenanced, 
pp. -ndnst: coun'tenancer, n. -ser, one who : in coun- 
tenance, in favour ; pleased : to keep in countenance, 
to support; to aid by favour; to please by giving 
assurance to ; to keep from dejection or dismay : to 
put in countenance, to encourage ; to make cheerful 
by support ; to bring into favour : out of countenance, 
annoyed and vexed ; abashed ; dismayed : to put out 
of countenance, to annoy and vex ; to disconcert ; to 
abash. 

counter, n.— see count, to number. 

counter, ad. kdivn'-ter (F. contre; L. contra, against), 
contrary ; in opposition ; the wrong way : another 
form of prefix contra, opposition or contrariety. 

counter, n. kdivn'-ter, or counter-tenor, -tin'-or (L. 
contra, in opposition to), in music, the part immedi- 
ately below the treble— formerly an under part serv- 
ing as a contrast to a principal part. 

counteract, v. kdivn'-ter-dkt' (L. contra, against, and 
actus, done), to act in opposition to; to hinder; to 
defeat ; to frustrate : coun'terac'ting, imp. : coun'- 
terac'ted, pp.: counteractive, a. -dk'-tlv, tending to 
counteract: coun'terac'tion, n. ak'shun, hindrance; 
action in opposition: counter- agent, n. he who or 
that which acts in opposition to. 

counter-attractive, a. kown'-ter-dt-trdk'-tlv {counter, 
and attractive) attracting in a different or in an op- 
posite direction: counter- attrac'tion, n. opposite 
attraction. 

counterbalance, v. kdivn'-ter-bdl'-dns (counter, and 
balance), to weigh against with an equal weight; to 
act against with an equal power or effect: n. equal 
weight or power. 

counter-buff, v. kdivn'-ter-buf [counter, and buff), to 
repel ; to strike bark: n. a bio win a contrary direction. 

counter -charge, n. kdwn'-ter-chdrj (counter, and 
charge), an opposite charge : counter-charm, n. -charm 
(counter, and charm), that by which a charm is dis- 
solved or destroyed : v. to destroy the effect of enchant- 
ment: counter-check, n. -cMk (counter, and check), 
check in opposition to another; hindrance: v. to op- 
pose or stop by some obstacle : counter-current, n. 
-kur-Snt (counter, and current), a current in an oppo- 
site direction: adj. running in an opposite direction. 

counter-drain, u.hjini'-ter-dran (counter, anddrain), 
a drain running parallel to a canal or artificial water- 
course to collect the leakage water : counter-draw, v. 
-draw (counter, and draw), to copy a design or paint- 
ing by means of fine linen cloth, oiled paper, or any 
similar transparent substance spread over it, through 
which the strokes appearing are traced with a pencil. 

counter- evidence, n. kdivn'-ter -iv'-l-dens (counter, 
and evidence), evidence or testimony opposing some 
other evidence. 

counterfeit, • ... ,, , ., (p. contre, against, and 
/aire, to make : L. contra, and facere, to make), to 
copy or imitate without authority or right ; to forge ; 
to imitate with a view to deceive ; to feign ; to dis- 
semble: adj. false; forged; made in imitation of 
something else ; not genuine : n. a cheat or impostor ; 
one who pretends to be what he is not ; that which is 
made in imitation of something else : coun'terfeit'- 
ing, imp. : coun'terfeit'ed, pp. : coun'terfeit'er, n. 
one who. 

counterfoil, n. kdwn-ter-fdyl (counter, and foil), the 
corresponding part of a tally or check : counter- 
gauge, n. -gdj (counter, and gauge), in carpentry, a 
method of measuring joints: counter - Irritant, n. 
-ir'i-tdnt (counter, and irritant), in med., any sub- 
stance employed to produce an artificial or secondary 
disease for the relief of the original one. 

countermand, v. kdivn'-ter -mdnd (L. contra, against, 
and mando, I order), to give an order contrary to one 
given before ; to annul or forbid the execution of a 
former command: n. a contrary order: coun'ter- 
mand'ing, imp.: countermanded, pp. 



cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



COUN 



118 



countermarch, v. kown'ter-mdrch (counter, and 
march), to march back: n. a marching back; a change 
of measures : coun'termarch'ing, imp. : coun'ter- 
marched', pp. -mdrcht'. 

counter - mark, n. kdwn'ter-mdrk (counter, and 
mark), a mark or token added in order to afford se- 
curity or give proof of quality; an artificial cavity 
made in the teeth of horses to disguise their age : v. 
to add a mark as a test of quality, &c. ; to make an 
artificial cavity in the teeth of a horse. 

countermine, n. kown'-ter-mln (counter, and mine), 
a pit and gallery sunk in the earth in the attack or 
defence of a fortified place in order to blow up the 
works of an enemy is called a mine— one dug to de- 
stroy a mine is called a countermine; a secret project 
to frustrate any contrivance: v. to mine in opposi- 
tion, or to search for an enemy's mine ; to frustrate by 
secret measures : countermining, imp. : coun'ter- 
mined', pp. -mind'. 

counter-motion, n. k6wn'ter-mo'»hun, (counter, and 
motion), an opposite motion : coun'ter-move'ment, 
n. (counter, and movement), a movement in opposition 
to another. 

counterpane, n. kdwn'ter-pan (L. culcita puncta, a 
stitched cushion: F. courte- point e, a counterpane, 
corrupted into contre-pointe), the upper covering of a 
bed, having the stitches arranged in patterns for orna- 
ment ; a quilt or coverlet. 

counterpart, n. kown'ter-pdrt (counter, and part), 
the part that answers to another ; the key of a cipher ; 
in music, the part to be applied to another, as the 
bass is the counterpart to the tn.-hlc 

counter-pie?- □ Mwn'tei pie' (counter, and plea), in 

law, in an inci'li'iital piVa.'lim-, | jj, .ilairii ill",-: i-<;i>1> i': 

the defendant's plea : coun'ter-plead, v. -pled, to plead 
the contrary of; to deny: counter-plot, n. (counter, 
and plot), artifice opposed to an artifice: v. to oppose 
one machination by another: coun'ter- plot' ting, n. 
act of plotting against a plot. 

counterpoint, n. kolvn'ter-pdynt (L. contrapunctus ; 
It. contrappunto ; F. contrepoint, counterpoint — lite- 
rally, point against point), an opposite point; the 
placing of notes in music so as to indicate the har- 
mony of parts ; the art of combining and modulating 
sounds. 

counterpoise, n. kown'-tir-poyz (F. contre-peser, to 
counterpoise — from L. contra, and pensare, to weigh), 
an equal weight ; a weight sufficient to balance an- 
other in the opposite scale ; a force or power sufficient 
to balance another force or power : v. to weigh against 
with an equal weight ; to act against with equal power 
and effect: coun'terpois'ing, imp.: coun'terpoised', 
pp. -poyzd'. 

counter-poison, n. Tcdwn'tk pdy'zn (counter, and 
poison), a medicine which destroys the effects of a 
poison ; an antidote. 

counter-project, n. kown'ter-proj : Skt (counter, and 
project), a scheme or proposal given in opposition to 
another: coun'ter - proof , n. -proof, in engraving, a 
print taken off from another just printed, with the 
view of ascertaining the state of the plate. 

counterscarp, n. kown'ter-skdrp, (L. contra, and It. 
Scarpa ; F. escarpe, the slope of a wall, or the steep 
front of a fortification), in a fortified place, the slope 
of the ditch next the enemy, often the whole covered 
way which surmounts it. 

counter- secure, v. kdwn'ter-se-kur' (counter, and 
secure), to render more secure by corresponding 

-rl-tl, se 
another. 

countersign, n. kdwn'ter-sln (L. contra, and signum, 
ft mark), a private signal or word given to soldiers on 
pinn-ii . /> :ifcc!iv,ord : v. to sign a document in addi- 
tion to another to attest its authenticity : coun'ter- 
Bign'ing, imp. : coun'tersigned', pp. -sind' .- coun'ter- 
sig'nal, n. a signal to answer or correspond to another: 
coun'ter-sig'nature, n. the signature of a secretary, or 
of a subordinate, added to the signature of a superior. 

countersink, v. (counter, and sink), to drill a coni- 
cal depression in wood or metal to receive the head 
of a screw. 

counter-tenor— see counter. 

countervail, v. koivn'ter-vul (L. contra, and valere, 
to be strong-), to act, ;i-;un:-;i, with equal force or power ; 
to equal ; to balance : coun'tervail'ing, imp. : coun- 
tervailed', pp. -vald'. 

counter-view, n. kown'ter-vu (counter, and view), a 
posture in which two persons front each other; con- 



COUR 

. -vOt, to vote in opposition to ; 



trast: coun'ter- vote, i 
to outvote. 

counter-weigh, v. kown'ter-wa (counter, and weigh), 
to weigh against ; to counterbalance ; coun'ter-wheel, 
v. hwel, to move backwards and forwards in opposi- 
tion to other movements : coun'ter-work, v. -wurk, to 
hinder by contrary operations; to counteract. 

countess, n. kownt'is, (F. comtesse — see count), the 
wife or consort of an earl or count. 

counting, n. kownt'ing (see count, to # reckon), reck- 
oning; computing: counting-house or -room, the room 
or house appropriated by a trader, manufacturer, or 
merchant, for keeping their business-books, accounts, 

countless, a.— see count. 

country, n. kun'-trl (F. contrde; It. contrada, the 
district lying opposite you — from L. con, and terra, 
land), rural districts ; a kingdom or state ; any tract 
of land ; one's residence or native soil : adj. pert, to 
the districts beyond a town ; rural; rustic; untaught; 
rude: country-dance is a corruption of contra-dance, 
which see : country seat, n. a residence at a distance 
from a town or city : countryman, n. a rustic ; one 
not a native of a town ; one born in the same country: 
countrified, a. kun'-trl'fld, having the air and mien of 
a rustic. 

county, n. kown'tl (Norm. F. counti ; F. comU : It. 
contea, a county— from L. comes, a companion— see 
count), originally an ear! older a count; 

a particular division or district of a state or kingdom ; 
a shire : county-town, n. the chief town of a county 
where the district courts and markets are held. 

coup, n. kdb (F.), a blow; a stroke : coup-de-grace, 
n. kob'de-grds' (F. stroke of mercy), finishing stroke ; 
death-stroke : coup-de-main, n. koo'de-mdng (V. 
stroke of hand), in mil., an instantaneous and vigorous 
attack to capture a position : coup-de-soleil, n. ko~o- 
dS-sol-W (F. a stroke of the sun), a disease produced by 
exposure of the head to the rays of the sun ; sun- 
stroke : coup-d'etat, ko~b'de-td' (F. a stroke of state), 
a sudden and decisive blow ; in politics, a stroke of 
policy : coup-d'oeil, n. kob-dal' (F. a stroke or glance 
of the eye) a single view of anything. 

coupe, n. kocj-pa' (¥.), the front division of a stage- 
coach or diligence. 

couple, n. kup'-l (F. couple; L. copula, a band or 
tie), two or a pair ; the male and female ; a man and 
his wife ; two of the same species or kind taken to- 
gether ; a brace : v. to link, chain, or unite one thing 
to another ; to fasten together ; to unite as man and 
wife ; to marry : coupling, imp. kup'llng : n. that 
which couples or connec i , 7 of two rail- 

way carriages : coupled, pp. kup'-ld : couplet, n. kup' 
let, two lines which rhyme : couples, n. plu. kup'-ls, 
a pair of opposite rafters in a roof nailed at the top 
where they meet, and united by a beam of wood at 
the bottom : couplings, n. plu. sliding boxes or nuts 
that connect the ends of a tube, or one tube or pipe 
to another : coupling-pin, a bolt used for connecting 
railway carnages, and for certain parts of machinery. 

coupon, n. kob'pong (F.— from couper, to cut) war- 
rants or notes attached to transferable bonds, which 
are successively cut off in order to be presented for 
payment of dividends as they fall due. 

coupure, n. koo'-pur (F. couper, to cut), in mil., an 
intrenchment of any kind formed behind a breach 
whose object is to enable the besieged to prolong the 
defence. 

courage, n. kur'-aj (F. courage— from F. cozur, heart, 
courage : L. cor, the heart, and agere, to move), bravery ; 
fearlessness ; valour ; resolution ; that quality of 
mind which enables men to encounter dangers and 
difficulties with firmness and without fear : coura'- 
geous, a. -a'jus, brave ; fearless ; daring ; endowed with 
to mi ril houl fear: coura'geously, ad. -K: coura'- 
geousness, a. -jus-nes. 

courant, n. kob-ranf (F. running : L. curro, I run) 
that which spreads news very quickly; a newspaper: 
couranto, kSb-rdn'to, a piece of music in triple time. 

courier, n. kobr'i-er (F. courrier— from L. 
run), a special messenger with letters 
from a distance ; a travelling servant att 
family. 

course, n. kOrs (L. cursus, a course, a journ* 
curro, I run : It. corso : F. cours), a career 
the ground on which the race is run; generally a 
passing, moving, or motion forward within limits ; 
the progress of anything ; usual manner ; order of 
procedure ; way of life or conduct ; natural bent; the 



mate, mdt,fdr, law; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



COUR 



119 



CRAB 



dishes set on table at one time ; elements of an art 
or science exhibited and explained in a series of les- 
sons or lectures, as a course of chemistry ; a continued 
range of stones or bricks in the wall of a building ; 
the track of a ship : v. to hunt ; to chase ; to run 
through or over ; to move with speed : cour sing, imp. : 
n. the sport of chasing and hunting with greyhounds : 
coursed, pp. korst .- courser, n. -ser, a swift horse ; a 
war-horse : courses, n. plu. -s8s, in a ship, the princi- 
pal sails ; in geol., thin regular strata, from their being 
superimposed upon one another like the hewn courses 
of a building ; the menses : of course, by consequence : 
in the course of, at some time during. 

court, n. kort (F. cour; It. corte; L. cohors, a cattle- 
yard, an inclosed place), an open space of ground at- 



sons attached to his person as attendants, council, &c. ; 
a place of justice, likewise the judges and officers en- 
gaged there ; civility ; flattery ; the art of pleasing : 
v. to endeavour to please ; to woo or pay addresses to 
a woman ; to solicit ; to seek : court'ing, imp. : court- 
ed, pp. kort'-cd: courtship, n. the act of soliciting 
favour ; paying addresses or making love to a wo- 
man : court-martial, n. courts-martial, plu. a court 
of justice composed of military or naval officers for 
the trial of offences committed in the army or navy : 
courtier, n. -yer, a man who attends at the courts of 
princes seeking for favours or advancement ; one 
who flatters to please : courteous, a. -yiis, affable ; 
polite ; civil ; obliging ; of elegant manners : court- 
eously, ad. -li: court eousness, n. : courtly, a. kort'-U, 
elegant ; refined ; worthy of a court : ad. in the man- 
ner of a court: courtliness, n. -nSs; courtesan, n. 
kur'tS-zdn, a woman of loose virtue : court-plaster, 
a black sticking-plaster— formerly used in patches on 
the face by ladies as ornaments or beauty-spots: 
court-yard, an inclosed space before a house: court- 
card, n. in card-playing, king, queen, and knave of 
a suit : court-day, a day on which a court sits to 
administer justice: court-dress, a dress suitable for 
appearing at court, or a levee. 

courtesy, n. kir'tS-sl (from court: F. courtiser, to 
flatter; courtoisie, civility), politeness of manners 
combined with kindness ; civility ; an act of civility 
or respect ; favour not by right : courtesy, n. kert'sl, 
an act of respect or reverence paid by a woman : v. 
to perform an act of respect, &c. , as a woman : court'- 
esying, imp. or n. -Ing: court esied, pp. -sld. 

cousin, n. kuz'-n (F. cousin: It. cugino), the son 
or daughter of an uncle or aunt ; any relation more 
distant than a brother or sister ; title of address used 
by a king to his nobles : cousins-german, the children 
of brothers or sisters : cousinly, a. -U, having the 
relation of cousins: ad. becoming a cousin. 

cove, n. kov (L. cams, hollow : Sp. cueva, a cave : 
Port, cova, a hole, a ditch), a small inlet or recess in 
the sea-shore where boats may find shelter ; a creek or 
small bay ; a nook : v. to arch over : co'ving, imp. : 
coved, pp. kovd: adj. arched over. 

covenant, n. kuv'-e-ndnt (F. convenant, a contract: 
L. conventum, an agreement— from L. con, and venio, I 
come), a written agreement between parties to do or 
not to do some act or thing ; a stipulation ; an engage- 
ment in writing ; a solemn league ; the promise made 
by God to man on certain conditions : v. to enter into 
aformal agreement ; to contract : covenanting, imp. : 
cov'enan'ted, pp. : covenanter, n. kuv'-e-ndn'-ter, one 
who joined in the solemn league and covenant in 
Scotland in the reigns of Charles I. and II. 

cover, n. kuv'-er (F. couvrir, to conceal: It. coprire, 
to cover— from L. con, and operire, to cover), anything 
laid or spread over something else ; anything that 
veils or conceals; disguise; shelter; protection: v. 
to overspread the surface or top of anything by an- 
other thing ; to veil or conceal from view by some in- 
tervening object ; to clothe; to shelter; to protect; to 
equal or be equivalent to: cov'ering, imp.: n. any- 
thing spread or laid over another; a garment; bed- 
clothes : cov'ered, pp. -erd: cov'ercle, n. -er-kl, a small 
cover; a lid: cov'erlet, n. -er-Ut (F. covvre-lit, a bed- 
cover), the upper covering of a bed : cov'ert, a. -ert, 
concealed ; private ; secret ; disguised ; insidious ; 
under protection : n. a place which covers or shelters ; 
a defence ; a shady place ; a thicket ; a hiding-place : 
cov'ertly, ad. -li, secretly; insidiously: cov'ertness, 
n.: covert-way or covered-way, in a fortified place, 
the level road or space on the outer edge of the main 
ditch: cov'erture, n. -er-tur, shelter; defence; in law, 



the state or condition of a married woman, as being 
under the po in of her husband. 

covet, v. kiiv'-Ht (Prov. cubitos; L. cupidus, passion- 
ately desirous, covetous : F. convoiteux, very desirous), 
to desire or wish for eagerly; to desire earnestly to 
obtain ; to desire any object which cannot be obtained 
or possessed lawfully ; to have an earnest desire for : 
cov'eting, imp. : cov'etingly, ad. -II : cov'eted, pp. : 
cov'eter, n. one who : cov etable, a, -td-bl, that may be 
coveted: cov'etous, a. -e-tiis, eager to obtain; greedily 
desirous after; avaricious: covetously, ad. -Us cov- 
etousness, n. 

covey, n. kiiv'-l (F. couve'e, a brood— from couver, to 
hatch), a brood or hatch of birds; a small flock of 
birds ; a brood of partridges. 

covin, n. kiiv'-in (old F. covine— from convenir, to 
agree: L. convenire, to meet together, to agree), de- 
ceitful agreement between two or more to the hurt of 
another: covinous, a. -knits, deceitful; fraudulent. 

cow, n. kdiv, plu. cows, kdivz, old plu. kine, kin (AS. 
cu, a cow; cy, cows: Sans, gao; Ger. huh, a cow), the 
female of the bull; a well-known animal yielding 
milk for domestic uses : cow-pox, small blisters that 
appear on the teats of a cow, the vaccine matter for 
inoculation being obtained from these : cow-hide, 
leather made from the skin of a cow ; a rough riding- 
whip : v. to whip roughly : cow'feeder, n. one whose 
business it is to feed cows and deal in their milk: 
cow'herd, n. one who tends cows in the field: cow- 
tree, a tree of S. Amer. producing a nourishing milk. 

cow, v. kow (Sw. kufwa; Dan. kue, to subdue, to 
bring down), to depress with fear; to keep under; to 
dispirit : cowing, imp. : cowed, pp. kowd. 

coward, n. kow'erd (old F. couard, a hare, an ani- 
mal proverbially timid— so called from its short tail : 
L. cauda, the tail— also applied to one who holds 
back), one who wants cour:i_; .- m ru._-.-t clanger of any 
kind ; a timid person ; a poltroon : adj. also cow'ard- 
ly, a. -II, destitute of courage ; timid ; base ; fearful ; 
dastardly : cow'ardly, ad. -li .- cowardliness, n. : cow- 
ardice, n. -er-dls, want of courage to face danger; un- 
due fear or timidity. 

cower, v. kdiv'-tr (W. nvrian, to squat : Gael, curr, a 
corner : Fin. kaari, a curve), to sink by bending the 
knees ; to shrink or crouch through fear : cow'ering, 
imp. : cowered, pp. kdiv'-erd. 

cowl, n. kdivl (L. cundlus ; old F. cuoule ; AS. cugle ; 
W. cu'fl, a monk's hood), a monk's hood or habit ; a 
cover for a chimney that turns with the wind : cowled, 
a. kdtcld, hooded ; covered with a cowl : cowl-staff, a 
staff or pole on which a vessel is supported between 
two persons. 

co-worker, n. ko-werk'-er (con, and worker), one who 
works with another. 

cowry, n. kolv'-rl (Hind, kauri), a small shell used 
as money in Africa and the E. I. 

cowslip, n. kdic'slip (probably for cow's -leek, as 
house-leek: Icel. laukr, a garden vegetable), a spring 
flower; a species of primrose : cow'leech, n. -la eh (cow, 
and AS. Iccce, a physician, a leech), a cattle-doctor. 

coxcomb, n. koks'-kom (cock's-comb, something re- 
sembling it formerly worn by licensed fools in their 
caps), a fop; a vain showy fellow: coxcombry, n. 
-rl, foppishness : coxcomlcal, a. -kom'4-kdl, foppish ; 
conceited. 

coy, a. kdy (F. coi, still, quiet: It. cheto; Sp. quedo; 
L. quietus, quiet), bashful; modest; reserved; not ac- 
cessible : coyly, ad. -li : coy'ness, n. reserve ; unwil- 
lingness to become familiar: coylsh, a. -ish, some- 
what coy : coy'ishly, ad. -li : coylshness, n. 

coz, n. kHz, a contracted form of cousin. 

cozen, v. kuz'-n (It. coglionare, to deceive, to make 
a dupe of: Venet. dialect, cogionnare), to cheat; to 
defraud; to deceive: coz'ening, imp.: cozened, pp. 
kuz'&nd •. coz'ener, n. a cheat : coz'enage, n. -en-aj, 
fraud ; deceit ; the practice of cheating. 

cozy, a.— see cosey. 

crab, n. krab (Icel. krabbi ; Ger. krebs; L. cancer, a 
crab, the pinching animal : Bret, krab, a crab ; krdban, 
a claw), a well-known crustacean or shell-fish ; one of 
the signs of the zodiac ; a wild apple ; a peevish morose 
person j an engine with three claws for launching 
ships: crabbed, a. krdb'-ed, sour; rough; austere; 
peevish ; morose : crab'bedly, ad. -li .• crabbedness, 
n. : crab-tree, n. wild-apple tree. 

crab, n. krab (Sp. cabra, a goat, a machine for 
throwing stones ; cabria, a crane), a wooden appa- 
ratus something like a capstan, and used for similar 
purposes. 



<unv, bo~j,fobt; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



CRAC 



120 



CRAY 



crack, n. krdk (a word imitative of the sound of a 
hard substance in splitting, or by the collision of hard 
bodies : F. crac: Dut. krdk: Gael, cnac), apai-tial break ; 
a clink or fissure ; a crevice ; arent ; any violent, sud- 
den, or sharp sound ; a smart, quick blow : v. to rend ; 
to burst or break partially ; to split ; to disorder or 
destroy ; to throw out smartly, as to crack a whip, to 
crack a joke: adj. in familiar language, having quali- 
ties to be boasted of ; first-rate, as a crack horse, a 
crack stud: crack-brained, a. crazed: cracking, imp.: 
cracked, pp. krdkt : adj. split ; broken ; crazed : crack- 
er, n. a noisy firework ; a hard biscuit ; anything that 
breaks sharply : crackle, v. krdk'l, to send out slight 
cracks or snaps ; to repeat small cracks rapidly ; to 
crepitate: crackling, imp. krdk'llng : crackled, pp. 
■Id: cracklings, n. plu. cakes made from the refuse 
of tallow-melting, used for dogs' food : crack'nel, n. 
■nel, a small brittle cake or biscuit. 

cradle, n. krd'-dl (AS. cradol; Gael, creathall, a 
cradle— from creathach, underwood), a movable bed 
in which children are rocked to sleep ; infancy ; a 
framework used for various purposes, as in ship- 
building ; a rocking-machine : v. to lay or rock in a 
cradle ; to nurse tenderly : cra'dling, imp. : n. lord- 
dling, the open timbers or ribs of any vaulted ceil- 
ing : cradled, pp. kra'dld. 

craft, n. krdft (AS. craft, strength, skill: Ger. 
kraft, strength, power: W. craffu, to seize with the 
understanding), a trade ; manual art or skill ; fraud ; 
cunning; small sailing-ships: craftsman, n. krdfts- 
mdn, a mechanic ; an artificer : craftsmaster, n. a 
skilled artificer : crafty, a. krdf-ti, artful ; cunning : 
craftily, ad. -It: craftiness, n. -ti-n&s, dexterity in de- 
vising and effecting a purpose ; cunning : craft'less, 
a. destitute of craft. 

crag, n. krdg (Gael, creag, a rock : W. careg, a stone ; 
caregos, pebbles), a steep rugged rock ; a cliff; a rocky 
point or ridge on a hill; in geol., shelly tertiary de- 
posits of the pliocene epoch, chiefly developed in 
Norfolk and Suffolk : crag'gy, a. -gl, also crag'ged, a. 
■ge~d, covered with crags or broken rocks; rugged: 
. crag'gedness, n. -ge'd-ne's, fulness of crags or promi- 
nent rocks: crag'giness, n. -gl-n8s, state of being 
craggy: crag and tail, in geol, a form of secondary- 
hills common in Britain, in which a bold precipitous 
front is exposed to the west or north-west, and a slop- 
ing declivity towards the east. 

crake, n. krdk (Icel. kraka, a crow ; krakr, a raven), 
a bird so named from its cry, as corn-crake; a boast; 
a brag. 

cram, v. krdm (AS. cramman, to stuff: Icel. krami, 
pressure : Dan. kramme, to crush), to press or drive 
in ; to fill to excess ; to stuff ; to eat greedily : cram'- 
ming, imp.: crammed, pp. krdmd. The following 
may be called polite slang:— cram, v. to prepare, in a 
limited time, for passing an examination by the stuff- 
ing in of intellectual food, whether by a tutor called 
a " coach," or by one's own endeavours: n. the infor- 
mation so imparted or acquired : cramming, n. krdm' 
ing, the act of preparing, in a limited time, for pass- 
ing an examination, by only acquiring that amount 
of knowledge necessary to answer the questions that 
may be proposed : cram'mer, n. one who. 

crambo, n. krdm'bo (probably from cram), a play in 
which one person gives a word and another finds a 
rhyme ; a word rhyming with another. 

cramp, n. kra mp | tret ' raban, a claw It. granfo, 
contraction, drawing together: Dut. krampe; F. cram- 
pon, a hook), a painful contraction of a muscle, par- 
ticularly of the leg or foot; a spasm; restraint; a 
short piece of iron bent at the ends : v. to pain with 
the cramp or spasms ; to restrain or confine ; to fasten 
with a cramp-iron: cramping, imp.: cramped, pp. 
krdmt: crampoons, n. plu. krdm-pdns', also cramp- 
irons, hooked pieces of iron for raising stones, &c. ; in 
mil., irons fastened to the feet of a storming-party : 
crampons, n. plu. krdm'pons, in hot., the roots which 
serve as supports to certain climbers, as in the ivy. 

cranberry, n. krdn'bdr-ri (Ger. kranbeere), a small 

red berry growing on a shrub on heaths, and on swampy 

ground ; the moss or moor berry. 

cranch, v. krdnsh— see craunch. 

crane, n. krdn (AS. cran ; Ger. kranich, a cr 

W. garan, a crane, a shank—from gar, a leg), a wading- 
bird having long legs, a long neck, and a long beak ; 
• myelinic foi raising and removing heavy goods ; r 
bent metal tube with a stop for drawing off liquors 
a siphon : cra'nage, n. -ndj, the dues paid for the us<_ 
of a crane : crane's-bill, n. the geranium of many 
mate, mdt.fdr, law; mete, mU, 



species, so named from the seed-vessels resembling 
the beak or bill of a crane ; long-beaked pincers used 
by surgeons. 

cranium, n. krd'nl-um, plu. cra'nia, -d (Gr. kranion ; 
mid. L. cranium, the skull), the skull : cranial, a. kra'- 
nl-dl, of or pert, to the skull: cra'nia, n. plu. -d (Gr. 
kranos, a helmet or headpiece), in geol., a genus of 
small brachiopodous molluscs having the lower valve 
flat and the upper limpet-like or helmet-shaped : 
cra'niol'ogy, n. -ol'-o-jl (Gr. logos, a discourse), the 
science that treats of the skull in connection with the 
faculties and propensities of animals ; phrenology : 
cra'niol'ogist, n. one skilled in the study of the skull : 
cra'niologlcal, a. loj'-i-kal, pert, to the study of the 
skull : cra'niog'nomy, n. -og'nd-mi (Gr. gnomon, an 
index or interpreter), practical phrenology: cra'ni- 
om'eter, n. -om'-i-ter (Gr. matron, a measure), an in- 
strument for measuring skulls : cra'niom'etry, n. 
-om'e-trl, the art of measuring skulls: cra'niomet'- 
rical, a. -met'rl-kdl: cra'nios'copy, n. -os'ko-pl (Gr. 
skopeo,! see or look), the seieni.iije elimination of the 
skull. 

crank, n. krdngk (Dut. kronkelen, to twist, to bend : 
Lap. kranket, to crook, to bend: Dan. kringel, 
crooked: prov. Eng. cringle-crangle, zigzag), any- 
thing bent or turned ; in a machine, an iron axis bent 
and jointed like an arm, used for changing a rotatory 
motion into a horizontal or perpendicular one, or the 
contrary ; a metal brace. 

crank, a. krdngk, also cranky, a. krdng'kl (Dut. 
krengen, to press down a vessel on its side : Lap. 
kranket, to bend), inclined to heel over, as a ship that 
wants steadiness ; liable to be upset: crank'ness, n., 
-nes, also crank'iness, n. -kl-n6s, liability to be overset, 
as a ship that wants steadiness. 

crannogs, n. krdn'nogs (Irish), in Ireland, lake-for- 
tresses constructed on artificial islands for greater 
security in troublous times. 

cranny, n. krdn'ni (F. cran, a notch, a mark: 
Bav. krinnen ; Ger. krinne, a notch, a rent), an open 
crack ; a chink ; a cleft ; a crevice ; a retired or secret 
place : cran'nied, a. -nld, full of chinks. 

crape, n. krdp (F. crepe, a tissue of fine silk twisted 
to form a series of minute wrinkles ; crespe, curled : 
L, crispus, crisped, curled), a thin cloth loosely woven 
and wrinkled. 

crapnel, n. krdp'nSl— see grapnel. 

crash, n. krdsh (an imitation of the noise made by 
a number of things breaking— another form of clash), 
a noise as of things falling and breaking at once ; a 
violent mixed noise : v. to give out a confused rough 
noise : crashing, imp. : crashed, pp. krdsht. 

crasis, n. krd'sls (Gr. krasis, a mixture), healthy con- 
stitution of the blood and humours ; in gram., the 
union of two vowels into one syllable ; synajresis. 

crass, a. krcis (L. crassus, thick, dense), thick ; coarse 
or gross : cras'siment, n. -si-mint, also cras'sament, n. 
-sd-mdnt, the thick part or clot of blood : cras'situde, 
n. sl-tud, grossness ; thickness ; stupidity; also crass'- 
ness, n. 

cratch, n. krdch (F. creiche ; It. craticia, a rack, a 
crib— from L. crates, a hurdle), the open frame in 
which hay is put for cattle. 

crate, n, krdt (L. crates, wicker or hurdle work : 
It. crate, a harrow: Dan. krat, copse), an open case 
formed of small bars or rods of wood in which glass, 
china, &c, may be packed for carriage ; a hamper. 

crater, n. krd'-ter (L. crater; Gr. krater, a cup), the 
mouth of a volcano, so called from its cup or bowl 
shaped vent ; aperture ; a constellation of the S. 
hemisphere, called the cup: crateriform, a. krd-ter'-l- 
fawrm (L. forma, a shape), having the form of a crater 
—applied to hills whose summits present bowl-shaped 






to chew with noise : craunchlng, imp. : craunched, 
pp. krdnshf. 

cravat, n. krd-vdt' (F. cravate, a neckcloth: for- 
merly written crabet— said to have been introduced 
in 1036, and named after the Crabats or Cravats, as 
the Croatians were then called), a neckcloth ; a large 
necktie. 

crave, v. krdv (AS. craflan, to ask : Icel. krefa, to 
demand: W. crefu, to desire), to ask earnestly; to 
ask humbly ; to long for ; to beg, entreat, or implore : 
cra'ving, imp. : n. a vehement or urgent desire to 
obtain : craved, pp. krdvd. 

craven, n. kra-vSn (old Eng. cravant, a coward- 
her; pine, pin; note, nSt, mOve; 



CRAW 



121 



CREO 



anciently the exclamation of the party overcome in 
single combat, when he yielded : prov. Eng. cradant ; 
Scotch, craicdon, a coward), a recreant ; one cowardly 
base: adj. weak -hearted ; spiritless; cowardly base: 
cra'venly, ad. -ll. 

craw, n. kraw (Ger. kraoen. the neck orthroat: Dut. 
kraeye, the neck: Sw. krafwa, a craw), the crop or 
first stomach of a bird or fowl. 

crawfish, n. kraw'flsh (a comparatively modern 
corruption of creveys or crevish: F. ecrevisse: Dut. 
krevisse,si crawfish: Ger. krebs, a crab), a crustacean 
or shell-fish of the same genus as the lobster, but 
smaller, and found in fresh-water streams ; crayfish. 

crawl, v. krcuvl (Norm, crauler ; F. grouiller, to stir, 
to swarm : Dut. krielen, to stirabout, to swarm : Dan. 
gryle, to swarm, to crawl), to creep ; to move slowly, 
as a worm ; to move on the hands and knees, as a 
child : n. an inclosure on the coast for fish ; the place 
set apart for fish in a fishing-boat : crawling, imp. : 
crawled, pp. kraTvld : crawl'er, n. one who : crawl- 
ingly, ad. -ll. 

crayfish, n. krd'fl<h—see crawfish. 

crayon, n. krd'-On (F. cmuon, a piece of drawing- 
chalk : L. creta, chalk : Gael, creadh, clay), a kind 
of pencil : cray'ons, n. plu. pieces of chalk of differ- 
ent colours used for drawing with ; the drawing 
itself done with crayons : v. to sketch with a crayon : 
cray'oning, imp. : cray'oned, pp. -ond. 

craze, v. krdz (F. ecraser, to crush, to bruise : Dan. 
krase, to crackle), to disorder or weaken the intellect; 
to impair the natural force or energy, as of the in- 
tellect ; to bruise or crush : n. a weakness of mind in 
any particular thing : crazing, imp. : crazed, pp. 
krdzd : crazy, a. krd'zl, broken ; feeble ; weak ; 
shattered in mind : cra'zily, ad. -ll : cra'ziness, n. the 
state of being broken or weakened in intellect, or in a 
thing : crazing-mill, a mill for crushing or grinding 
tin. 

creak, v. krek (a word imitative of a more acute 
sound than that represented by crack : F. criquer, to 
creak : It. criccare, to rattle : Dut. krick, a crash, a 
creak), to make a sharp, harsh, grating noise : creak' - 
ing, imp. : creaked, pp. krekt. 

cream, n. krem (F. crime ; It. crema, cream—from 
cremore, the simmering of milk beginning to boil: 
Icel. krauma, cream— from kraumr, the lowest point 
of boiling: AS. and Scotch ream), the thick oily scum 
which rises on the surface of milk when it has stood 
for a time ; the best part of a thing : v. to skim ; to 
take off the best part of auvthing : cream ing, imp. : 
creamed, pp. kremd: cream'y, a. -I, full of cream: 
cream-faced, a. pale ; having a coward look: cream'- 
iness, n. -l-nis : cream of tartar, a compound of tar- 
taric acid and potassa, much used in medicine— so 
called because in its separation from the other com- 
pounds among which it is found, its crystals show 
themselves first on the surface. 

crease, n. kres (Bret, kriz, a wrinkle, a tuck in a 
garment : F. grisser, to crackle), a line or mark made 
in not folding cloth smoothly : v. to mark by a fold 
like a furrow : creasing, imp. : creased, pp. krest. 

creasote, n. kre'd-sot (Gr. kreas, flesh, and sozo, I 
preserve), an oily colourless liquid with the smell of 
smoke, procured from coal-tar, &c, and which has 
the property of preserving animal substances. 

create, v. kre-dt' (L. creatum, to create — allied to 
Sans, kri, to make : It. creare : F. crier), to form out 
of nothing ; to bring into existence by inherent power ; 
to produce from existing materials a body invested 
with new powers and qualities ; to generate ; to form 
anew ; to invest with a new character or dignity ; to 
produce or cause : crea'ting, imp. : crea'ted, pp. : 
Crea'tor, n. the Deity ; one who creates : crea'tion, n. 
■d'-shim, the act of creating the world; the world 
itself; the universe: crea'tive, a. -tlv, that has a 
power or tendency to create : crea'tively, ad. -ll : 
crea'tiveness, n. : creature, n. kre'tur, often -chobr, 
every living thing except God, the Creator— applied 
also to inanimate substances ; an animal ; a human 
being in contempt or pity ; anything produced or im- 
agined; a dependent or tool: crea'turely, ad. -ll: 
crea'tureship, n. state of a creature: creature-com- 
forts, those things which minister to the comforts of 
the body. 

creatin, n. kre'd-tln (Gr. kreas, flesh— gen. kreatos), 
a substance from the juice of flesh, presenting itself 



credence, n. kri'dins (L. credens, trusting or con- 
fiding in— allied to Sans, crat, faith: It. credenza, be- 
lief), belief; credit; confidence: credenda, n. plu. 
kre-dcn'-dd (L.), things to be believed; articles of 
faith : credential, a. -sJull, giving a title to credit : 
creden'tials, n. plu. -shcilz, that which gives a title 
to credit ; the letters or written documents on whicn 
a claim to hospitality or official status is founded at 
a foreisrn court. 

credence-table, n. kre'dens-td'bl (F. cridence : It. 
credenza— from the anc. Gothic gereden, to make 
ready, to prepare), the small table at the side of the 
altar or communion-table on which the bread and 
wine are placed before they are consecrated. 

credible, a. kred'l-bl (L. credibilis, credible— from 
credere, to trust, to confide in), worthy of credit or 
belief: cred'ibly, ad. -Ml: credibility, n. -bll'l-tl, the 
state of a thing which renders it possible to be be- 
lieved : cred'ibleness, n. -bhnis. 

credit, n. kred'it (L. credit, he confides or trusts in: 
F. credit: It. (reditu, credit), trust; reliance on the 
truth of words spoken ; confidence in the sincerity of 
intentions or actions ; good opinion derived from 
character or social position ; power ; influence ; sale 
of goods on trust ; time allowed for payment of goods 
not sold for ready money; in book-keeping, one side 
of an account is called the credit (Cr.) side, the other 
the debtor (Dr.) side — by is the sign of entiy of 
the former, and to of the latter: v. to confide in ; to 
believe ; to trust ; to sell goods on trust ; to do hon- 
our to ; to put a payment to an account to lessen its 
amount : crediting, imp. : credited, pp. : creditable, 
a. -l-td-bl, worthy of praise or commendation ; honour- 
able : creditably, ad. -td-bll: credltableness, n. 
-td-bhnes: creditor, n. -l-tor, one who has a just claim 
on another for money. 

credulous, a. kred'-u-liis, (L. credulus, easy of belief 
— from credo, I believe: It. credulo: F. credule), too 
easy of belief; unsuspecting ; easily deceived: cred'- 
ulously, ad. -ll : cred'ulous'ness, n. : credulity, n. kri- 
du'll-tl, excessive easiness of belief; unsuspecting 
trust. 

creed, n. kred (L. credo, I believe), a brief summary 
of the essential articles of religious belief; any system 
of principles professed or believed. 

creek, n. krek (Dut. kreke, a crooked ditch, a small 
stream having an elbow: F. crique, a small natural 
haven: Icel. kryki, a corner: AS. crecca, a creek), a 
narrow inlet of water from the sea into the land ; 
a sudden bend of a river; a pool in a deserted river- 
course: creek y, a. -I, full of creeks; winding. 

creel, n. krel (Scotch), a small wicker basket used 
by anglers ; a larger basket used by women to carry 
fish in on the back. 

creep, v. krep (AS. creopan; Dvtt. kruipen; Ger. 
kriechen, to creep : Icel. kriupa, to kneel), to move 
forwards on the belly, as an animal without feet ; to 
crawl, as on the hands and knees; to move slowly, 
feebly, secretly, or insensibly, as time ; to grow along, 
as a plant ; to trail : creep'ing, imp. : adj. having a 
tendency to creep or the habit of creeping ; crept, pt. 
and pp. krept ■. creep'er, n. -er, a climbing or trailing 
plant ; an instrument with iron hooks or claws for 
dragging at the bottom of water : creepliole, n. -hoi, 
an excuse ; a subterfuge : creep'ingly, ad. -ll. 

creese, n. kri rger— also written kris. 

cremaillere, krem'dl-yar' (F. a pot-hanger), in fort., 
lines having an indented or zigzag outline somewhat 
resembling the teeth of a saw. 

cremation, n. krS-ma'shun (L. crematio, a consum- 
ing by fire— from cremo, I burn), a burning ; the burn- 
ing of the dead. 

cremocarp, n. krem'o ' nao, I suspend, 

and karpos, fruit), the fruit of the umbelliferee, con- 
sisting of two one-sided carpels completely invested 
by the tube of the calyx. 

crenate, a. kre'ndt, alsocre'nated, a. (mid. L. crena, 
a notch: F. crene), notched; in bot., having a series 
of rounded marginal prominences: crenature, n. 
kren'd'-tur, in bot., a notch in a leaf or style : cren'- 
ulate, a. -u-ldt, in bot., having the edge slightly scol- 
loped or notched: cren'ela'ted, a. -e-ld'tid (F. crinele, 
embattled), provided with loopholes, as in a castel- 
lated building, through which missiles might be shot ; 
in arch., a kind of indented moulding. 

Creole, n. kre'ol (F. Creole ; Sp. criollo,& Creole— pro- 
perly, nursed, grown up), in Spanish Amer. or W. I. 
Islands, a descendant from European ancestors ; na- 
tive of Brazil of African parents. 



matic crystals, procured chiefly from the 

cow, toy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



CREO 



122 



CRIN 



creosote, n. kre'0-sot— see creasote. 

crepane, n. kre'pan, also cre'pance, n. -pdns (L. 
crepare, to crack), a chop or scratch in a horse's leg 
caused by the shoe on one hind leg striking the other. 

crepitate, v. kr6p'-i-tat (L. crepitate, to crackle or 
creak : It. crepitare), to make a small crackling noise, 
as salt suddenly thrown on a fire : crepitating, imp. : 
crep'ita'ted, pp. : crep'ita'tion, n. -td'shun, a small 
sharp crackling noise, as salt thrown on a fire. 

crept, v.— see under creep. 

crepuscule, n. kre-pHs'Ji ul (L, crepusculum, twilight, 
dusk— from creper, dusky, dark: It. crepuscolo), twi- 
light: crepus'cular, a. -ku-ler, pert, to twilight; 
glimmering; also, crepus'culous, a. -Mis; also some- 
times crepus'culin, a. -lln. 

crescendo, n. kres-sen'do (It.— fromL. cresco, Igrow, 
I increase), in music, a mark over a passage or note 
to indicate that it is to he sung with an increasing 
volume of sound. 

crescent, n. krSs'sSnt (L. crescens, growing or in- 
creasing : F. croissant : It. crescente), the moon in the 
form of a curve, broad in the centre and tapering 
towards the two ends, called the horns ; anything so 
shaped, as a block of buildings or houses ; the emblem 
on the national standard of Turkey, in the form of 
a hollow half-moon: adj. growing: cres'cented, a. 
adorned with a crescent; • crescent -like ; crescent- 
shaped: crescentic, a. -s&n'tlk, in the shape of a 
crescent. 

cres3, n. krSs (AS. ccerse ; Dut. kersse ; Sw. krasse, 
a cress : F. cresson, a cress— from crisser, to grind the 
teeth), a well-known salad plant of a moderately pun- 
gent taste : cres'sy, a. -si, abounding in cresses. 

cresset, n. kr&s'se't (Dut. kruysel; F. creuseul, a 
hanging lamp : connected with crock, cruet, cruise, 
and crucible), a large open lantern fixed on a pole, and 
filled with combustible materials ; a great light set on 
a beacon or watch-tower; the grating within which 
the light or fire is kindled. 

crest, n. krest (L. crista, the tuft or plume on the 
head of birds : akin to Gr. keras, a horn : It. cresta), 
the plume of feathers or a like ornament on the top of 
an ancient helmet ; the helmet itself; the comb on the 
head of a bird; pride; courage; the figure or device 
that surmoumv a coat of arms ; the foamy top of a 
wave ; the highest part of a hill or ridge : crest'ed, a. 
adorned with a tuft or crest : crest'less, a. : crest'- 
f alien, a. dispirited; dejected. 

cretaceous, a. kre- td'shus (L. creta, chalk: It. creta: 
F. craie and crayon), composed of chalk ; chalky ; in 
geol., the last or uppermost of the secondary forma- 
tions, in which chalk - beds form its most notable 
features. 

cretinism, kre'tln-tzm (F. critin, one of certain in- 
habitants of the Alps and other mountains, remarkable 
for their stupid and languid appearance), a peculiar 
kind of idiocy, attended with deformity, that prevails 
in districts about the Alps and other mountains : 
cre'tin, n. -tin, one of the deformed idiots of the Alpine 
territories. 

creux, n. kr6 (F. creux, hollow), anything engraved 
or sculptured by excavation or hollowing out— the 
reverse of relief. 

crevasse, n. krS-vds' (F), a deep crevice— usually 
applied to rents in glaciers. 

crevice, n. krSv'is (F. crevasse, a hurst, a gap— from 
L. crepare, to crack), a crack ; a rent ; an opening. 

crew, n. kro (W. envoi, a round lump : Dut. kruy- 
den, to thrust, to crowd forward : Lith. kruwa, a heap, 
as of stones or people— crew is connected with crowd 
and curd), the body of seamen that man a ship ; ap- 
plied in a bad sense to a company or band of persons. 

crew, v. kr6— see under crow. 

crewel, n. cro'61 (Ger. knduel ; low Ger. klevel, a ball 
of thread), two-threaded worsted yarn loosely twisted. 

crib, n. krib (Dut. kribbe ; Ger. krippe, a crib : W. 
crib, a comb ; cribin, a rake), the rack or manger out 
of which cattle feed ; any small building ; a bed or 
sleeping-place, chiefly applied to one occupied by a 
child ; often used to signify a book for unfairly assist- 
ing schoolboys in the preparation of lessons : v. to 
shut or confine in a small space ; to pilfer : crib'bing, 
imp.: cribbed, pp. kribd, shut up; confined: cribbage, 
n. krib'aj, a game at cards between two, in which five 
cards are dealt to each, each player casting out two 
cards, forming what is called the crib, which belongs 
to the dealer. 

cribble, n. krib'l (L. cribrare, to pass through a sieve : 

It. cribrare : F. cribler), a coarse sieve used for corn, 

mdte, mdt,/dr, lava; mete, met, 



sand, or gravel ; coarse flour or meal : v. to cause to 
pass through a coarse sieve: crib 'bring, imp. -ling, 
sifting : cribbled, pp. krib'ld, sifted : cribriform, a. 
-ri-fawrm (L. forma, shape), like a sieve. 

crick, n. krik (from creak), a familiar term for a 
painful stiffness in neck or back. 

cricket, n. krik'dt (Dut. krieken, to chirp), a chirp- 
ing insect found about ovens and fireplaces on ground 
floors. 

cricket, n. krik'St (F. criquet, the stick or peg serv- 
ing for a mark in the game of bowls), a favourite out- 
door game played with bats, wickets, and ball : crick- 
eting, imp.: n. the act of playing at cricket: crick'- 
eter, n. -er, a player at cricket. 

cricoid, a. kri'koyd (Gr. krikos, a ring, and eidos, 
shape), like a ring. 

cried, v. ; crier, n., &c— see cry. 

crime, n. krlm (L. crimen, a crime, a fault : It. cri- 
mine: F. crime), a violation or breaking of some 
human or divine law ; a serious fault ; iniquity : 
criminal, a. krim'i-ndl, that violates a human or di- 
vine law ; guilty of or tainted with crime ; abandon ed ; 
wicked ; in law, opposed to civil .- n. a person who has 
violated human or divine laws ; one guilty : crimi- 
nally, ad. -li: crim'inallty, n. -l-tl, the quality of being 
guilty of a crime ; guiltiness : crimeless, a. krim'les, 
innocent: criminate, v. krim'-l-nat, to accuse; to 
charge with a crime: crimlna'ting, imp. : crim'ina'ted, 
pp. charged with a crime : crim'ina'tion, n. -nd'shun, 
the act of accusing ; a charging with being guilty of 
some crime or offence : crimlna'tor, n. -i-na'tor, one 
who: crimlna'tory, a. -ter-i, that involves accusa- 
tion ; accusing : capital crime, a crime punishable 
with death : crim. con. n. krlm'-kdn' (contr. for crimi- 
nal conversation), adultery. 

crimp, v. krimp{W. crimpio, to pinch, or crimp : 
Dan. krympe, to shrink : Dut. krimpen, to contract- 
connected with cramp, crump, and crimple, all used 
in the sense of contraction), to pinch up in small ridges, 
as a frill or ruffle ; to induce rigid muscular contrac- 
tion in a fish by making cuts through the flesh : adj. 
brittle; easily crumbled: crimping, imp.: n. the 
operation of inducing rigid muscular contraction in 
fish by transverse cuts and immersion in cold water ; 
the act of forming into ridges or plaits : crimped, pp. 
krimpt : adj. applied to cod and other fish prepared for 
table by the operation of crimping : crimping-iron, 
an iron for curling hair and crimping frills : crimple, 
v. krim'pl, to contract or draw together ; to cause to 
curl : crim'pling, imp. : crimpled, pp. krim'pld, con- 
tracted; shrunk. 

crimp, n. krlmp (Dut. krimpe, a confined place in 
which fish are kept alive till wanted), one who un- 
fairly decoys men into naval or military service — espe- 
cially one who entraps sailors; one who ostensibly 
keeps a lodging-house for sailors, but whose real oc- 
cupation is to fleece the unwary of their wages : v. to 
decoy into naval or military service : crimp'ing, imp. : 
crimped, pp. krimpt. 

crimson, n. krim'zn (F. cramoisi ; Turk, kirmizi: 
Sp. carmesi— from kermes, the name of the insect pro- 
ducing the colour), a deep-red colour ; a red colour in 
general ; a red inclining to purple : adj. having the 
colour of crimson : v. to dye with crimson ; to be 
tinged with red ; to blush: crim'soning, imp.: crim'- 
soned, pp. -znd, tinged with a red colour: crimson- 
hued, a. of a crimson colour. 

cringe, v. krinj (AS. crymbig, crooked : Dan. krybe, 
to creep, to grovel : Ger. kriechen, to creep, to sneak), 
to fawn upon with servility ; to flatter meanly : n. 
servile civility : cringing, imp.: adj. having the habit 
of one who cringes: cringed, pp. krlnjd: cringer, n. 
krin'jir, one who : cringeling, n. krinj'-ling, one who 
stoops meanly to obtain favour. 

cringle, n. kring'gl (Icel. kringla, a round cake: 
Dan. kring, a circle), a withe for fastening a gate ; a 
short piece of rope with each end spliced into the 
bolt-rope of a sail confining an iron ring or thimble. 

crinite, a. kri'nit (L. crinis, hair), in bot., having 
the appearance of a tuft of hair. 

crinkle, v. kring'kl (Dut. kronkelen, to curl, to twist : 
Dan. kringel, crooked), to form with short turns or 
wrinkles; to run in and out in little short bends: 
crin'kling, imp. -kling: crinkled, pp. kring'-kld. 

crinoids, n. plu. kri'noyds, also crinoi'dea, -noy' 
de-d (Gr. krinon, a lily, and eidos, shape), in geol., the 
encrinites, an extensive order, chiefly of fossil echino- 
derms, so termed from the resemblance which they 
have to a lily ; stone lilies : crinoi'dal, a. -ddl, pert. to. 
Tier; pine, pin; note, ndt, mdve; 



CRIN 



stiffened with cane, steel, or horsehair hands ; the 
bands that stiffen petticoats. 

crioceras, n. kri-os'-ir-ds. also crioceratite, n. krl'6- 
Si'r'-A-tlt (Gr. krios, a ram, and keras, a horn), in geol, 
a genus^ the ammonite family, so named from its 
shape. 

cripple, n. krip'-l (Icel. kryppa, a hump: Dut. 
krepel, a cripple : Dan. krybe, to creep), one who has 
lost the use of a limb or limbs, or is partly disabled ; 
a lame person : v. to deprive of the use of a limb or 
limbs; to lame; to disable : crippling, imp.: crippled, 
pp. krip'ld, disabled. 

crisis, n. kri'-sls, plu. cri'ses, -sez (L. crisis; Gr. 
krisis, a decision: It. and F. arise), the change in the 
symptoms of a disease that indicates recovery or 
death : the decisive point in any important affair. 

crisp, a. krlsp (L. crispus; old F. crespe, curled: 
AS. cirpsian, to crisp or curl: It. crespo), curled; 
formed into ringlets or curls ; brittle ; easily broken 
short; in hot., having an undulated or curling ; margin : 
v. to wrinkle ; to curl : crisping, imp. : crisped, pp. 
krlspt: crisply, ad. 41: crisp'ness, n. brittlencss: 
cris py, a. -pi, curled ; brittle : cris'pate, a. -pat, hav- 
ing a crisp appearance ; rough, with waving lines. 

Crispin, n. kris'pln, a shoemaker, after St Crispin, 
the patron saint of shoemakers. 

cristate, a. krls'tdt (L. crista, a crest), in hot., crested ; 
tufted: crista, n. -to, in anat., a term applied to 
several processes of bones. 

criterion, n. krl-te'-rl-on, plu. crite'ria(Gr. kritcrion, 
means for judging— from krino, I judge), a standard 
or rule by which a judgment can be formed. 

critic, n. krlt'-ik (L. criticus, a critic: Gr. kritikos: 
It. critico: F. critique— from Gr. krino, I judge), a 
person skilled in judging of the merits of works intlie 
line arts, or of the beauties and defects in literature ; 
a fault-finder: critical, a. -i-kdl, highly important; 
momentous— from crisis; nicely exact; prone to 
judge severely the productions of others; fault-find- 
ing: critically, ad. -II ; crit'icalness, n. : criticise, v. 
-siz, to examine and judge, with attention to beauties 
and faults ; to find fault with ; to censure or blame : 
critlci'sing, imp.: criticised', pp. -sizd'.- critlci'sable, 
a. -zd-bl, capable of being criticised: criticism, n.-slzm, 
the art of judging of the beauties orfaults in literature 
or the fine arts ; critical remarks, verbal or written : 
critique, n. kri-tek' (F.), a critical examination in writ- 
ing of any work ; a criticism. 

crizzel, n. krlz'zel (F. gresiller, to drizzle; gre'sille, 
covered or hoar with rime), a roughness on the surface 
of glass which clouds its transparency. 

croak, n. krok (AS. cracetan, to croak: Ger. krach- 
zen, to croak: L. crocio; Gr. krozo, I cry as a raven), 
the cry of a frog or raven ; any low harsh sound : v. 
to make a low hoarse noise in the throat, as a frog ; 
to utter a low muttering sound ; to grumble : croak'- 
ing, imp. : croaked, pp. krokt: croaker, n. one who 
murmurs or grumbles. 

Croats, n. plu. kro'dts, inhabitants of Croatia; its 
native troops. 

croceous, a.— see crocus. 

crochet, a. kro'shd (F. crochet, a little hook— from 
croc, a hook: Icel. krokr, a hook), applied to fancy- 
work performed with a hooked needle : v. to do fancy- 
work with a hooked needle : n. in fort., a cut into the 
glacis opposite a traverse, continuing the covered- way 
around the traverse : cro'cheting, imp. -sha-ing .■ cro - 
dieted, pp. kro'-shdd; in mil, usually pronounced kro' 
shit; kr o- she -ting ; kro'shS-ted. 

crock, n. krok (Dut. kruycke ; Ger. krug; Dan. 
krukJce; "W. creaen, an earthen vessel, a pitcher— see 
cresset), an earthen pot or pitcher: crock'ery, n. -er-l, 
earthenware. 

crocket, n. krok'-U (Eng. crook; Dut. kroke, a curl; 
Dan. krog, a corner), in arch., ornaments of leaves, 
flowers, bunches of foliage, or animals, employed to 
decorate angles of spires, pinnacles, &c. 

crocodile, n. krdk'6-dll (L. crocodilus ; Gr. kroko- 
deilos), a large voracious reptile of amphibious habits, 
in shape resembling a lizard, and covered with scutes : 
adj. like a crocodile; false: croc'odillan, a. -dil-l-dn, 
pert, to : n. an animal akin to the crocodiles : croc'- 
odilla, n. -l-d, an order of reptiles, including the 
crocodile, the gavial, and the alligator. 

crocoisite, i (Gr. krokoeis, of a saffron 

or yellow colour), the chromate of lead ; red-lead ore 
—used as a pigment. 

cow, boy, f dot; pure, hud; chair, 



IS CROS 

crocus, n. kro'kus (L. crocus; Gr. krokos; Gael, crock, 
red), an early spring flower ; saffron ; a yellow powder : 
cro'ceous, a. -shl-us, like saffron ; yellow. 

croft, n. kroft (AS. croft, a small farm : Gael, croit), 
a small field attached to a house, or near it : crofter, 
n. -ter, one who. 

cromlech, n. krdm'ISk (W. cromlech, a crooked 
stone), an anc. monument consisting of a huge flat 
stone, supported like a table by others set on end. 

cromorna, n. kro-mor'na (F. cromorne; It. cro- 
morno), a reed-stop in the organ. 

crone, n. krOn (Gael, cronan, a low murmuring 
sound : Scot, croon, a hollow continued moan), an old 
woman : crony, n. kro'-nl, an intimate companion or 
acquaintance. 

crook, n. krook (Icel. kraki, a hook : Dut. kroke, a 
fold, a curl : Dan. krog, a hook), anything bent ; a 
curve; a shepherd's staff curved at the end: v. to 
bend; to curve; to turn from a straight line: crook'- 
ing, imp. : crooked, pp. kroukt: adj. krduk'dd, bent; 
curved; winding; pent !.-<■; deceitful; without recti- 
tude : crookedly, ad. -id-ll: crook'edness, n. a wind- 
ing or bending. 

crop, n. krop (AS. crop, top, craw of a bird: Gael, crap, 
a knob, a little hill : F. crope, the top or protuberance 
of a hill : Dut. crop, the knob of the throat : Ger. krojif, 
the craw of a bird), craw of a bird ; first stomach into 
which a bird's meat descends; anything gathered into 
a heap ; the gathered harvest ; corn < >r i >ther vegetable 
products while growing, or after being gathered : v. 
to cut or pluck the ends off; to mow or reap ; to sow 
or plant: crop'ping, imp. : n. the act of cutting off: 
the raising of crops : cropped, pp. a. krdpt, plucked ; 
cut short; eaten off: neck and crop, altogether; at 
once ; bag and baggage : to crop out, in geol., to come 
to the surface, as the edge of any inclined stratum, 
which is called the crop or outcrop: crop'ful, a. -fool, 
having a full crop or belly : crop'per, n. -pir, a pigeon 
with a large crop : crop-sick, a. sick from excess in 
eating or drinking. 

croquet, n. kro'kd (F.), an open-air game played 
with wooden balls and mallets. 

crore, n. kror, in the East Indies, 100 lacs of rupees, 
equal to about one million sterling. 

crosier, n. kro'zhl-er (F. croix; It. croce : Icel. kross; 
Ger. krexiz, a cross— from L. crux, a cross for the punish- 
ment of malefactors), a staff crooked at the head and 
highly ornamented with gold or silver ; a symbol of pas- 
toral care and authority ; a bishop's staff or crook : 
cross, n. kros, two lengths of any body placed across 
each other— thus (+), (X ), or ( -(■ ) ; a line drawn through 
another ; the ensign of the Christian religion ; the 
instrument on which the Saviour died; any misfor- 
tune ; a hindrance : v. to draw a line, or place a body, 
across another ; to pass or move over ; to pass from 
sidetoside; to cancel; to erase; to obstruct or hinder: 
adj. oblique; transverse; obstructing; adverse; peev- 
ish or ill-humoured : cros'sing, imp. : n. a paved 
part for passing across a street : crossed, pp. krost : 
crossette, n. kros-sef, in arch., the small projecting 
pieces in arch-stones which hang upon the adjacent 
stones: crossly, ad. -li, adversely; in opposition: 
cross'ness, n. peevishness: cross-grained, a. having 
the fibres cross or irregular : perverse; troublesome: 
crossbar, n. a kind of lever : crossbow, n. a weapon 
formed by fastening a bow at the end of a stock : 
cross-bun, n. a bun with the form of a cross on one 
side : cross let, n. a little cross : to take up the cross, 
to submit to afflictions and self-denial for love to 
Christ : cross-action, in law, a case in which A having 
an action against B, B also brings an action against 
A on the same case: cross-examination, a strict 
examination of a witness by the opposing counsel : 
cross-beam, a large beam running from wall to wall : 
to cross the breed, to breed animals from different 
varieties of the same species: cross-armed, a. hav- 
ing arms across: cross-barred, a. -bard, secured by 
bars crossing each other: crossbill, a bird so called 
from the form of the bill : cross-course, in mining, a 
vein or lode which intersects at right angles the gen- 
eral direction of the veins: cross-cut, in mining, a 
level driven at right angles with the view of intersect- 
ing a lode or vein : cross-cut saw, a saw managed by 
two men, one at each end : a crossed check, an order 
for payment of money on demand, having the name 
of a banker written across it: cross - purpose, con- 
tradictory conduct or system, as proposing a difficulty 
to be solved; a riddle : to cross- question, to examine 
again in another direction : cross-sea, waves nmning 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



CROT 



124 



CRUP 



high across others ; a swell : cross-staff, a surveyor's 
instrument for measuring offsets: cross -tie, a rail- 
way sleeper; in arch., a connecting band in a building: 
cross-tree3, in ships, certain pieces of timber at the 
upper ends of the lower masts and top masts : cross- 
road, an obscure road or path leading from one part 
of the main road to another, or intersecting it : cross- 
wind, an unfavourable or side wind: crosswise, ad. 
■wiz, across ; in the form of a cross : to play cross 
and pile, to play at tossing up money which had a 
cross on one side and a pile or pillar on the other : 
cross-stone, n. harmotome or pyramidal zeolite. 

crotch, n. kroch (F. croc, a hook; crochet, a hook, a 
little hook), a hook or fork: crotched, a. krocht, 
hooked : crotch'et, n. -St, a fixedness of the mind on 
some particular object or pursuit; a whim or fancy; 
a musical note ; a bracket : crotcheted, a. kroch'e- 
t6d, marked with crotchets : crotchety, a. -tl, having 
a changeable tendency to fix the mind too exclusively 
on one object; whimsical. 

croton-oil, n. krO'ton-oyl, an oil expressed from the 
seeds of one of the croton tribe of plants, violently 
purgative : croton'ic, a. -Ik, pert. to. 

crouch, v. krowch (Icel. krokinn, crooked, bowed 
down: W. crwcau, to bow, to curve), to stoop low; to 
bend ; to act meanly ; to fawn or cringe : crouch'ing, 
imp. : crouched, pp. krdivcht. 

croup, n. krop (Gael, crup, to contract, to shrink : 
Goth, kropjan; Icel. kropa; Scot, roup, to cry), a 
disease very fatal to children, arising from inflam- 
mation of the upper part of the windpipe caused by 
cold. 

croup, n. krop (F. croupe, hind quarters), the hinder 
part or buttocks of a horse; the place behind the 
saddle. 

croupier, n. krd-pir' (F. an assistant at a gaming- 
table), in Scot., one who sits at the foot of the table at 
a public dinner and assists the chairman. 

crout, n. krotut (Ger. kraut, a plant, a vegetable : 
Dan. kruid, an herb, cabbage), sliced or chopped cab- 
bage placed in layers alternately with salt and spices, 
closely packed and allowed to ferment, usually called 
sour crout ; a universal article of domestic use in Ger- 
many, and called sauer kraut. 

crow, n. kro (Ger. krahen, to crow: L. crocire; F. 
croasser; Gr. krozein, to croak: Icel. kraki, a crow: 
an imitation of the cry of different birds), a large bird 
of a very deep blue-black colour ; the cry of a cock ; an 
iron lever : v. to sing or cry as a cock, being a mark of 
joy or defiance ; to boast in triumph : crow'ing, imp.: 
crew, pt. kro, did crow: crowed, pp. krod: crow- 
bar, a strong bar of iron used as a lever : to pluck or 
pull a crow, to be contentious about a trifle : crow- 
berry, a heath-like plant, one species producing a 
black berry: crow-coal, among miners, earthy coal 
containing very little bitumen : crow-foot or crow's- 

f. ■ i,, ,i / ,■," /..,ii ;.i ml ; i-'jnui rjn'j, |il i.ni , r. 1 1 « ■ seed ' CS- 

sels of which resemble the foot of a crow ; in a ship, a 
number of small cords rove through a long block, used 
to suspend an awning by, &c. ; in mil., a machine of 
iron having four points or spikes : crow's-bill, in surg., 
a kind of forceps for extracting bullets, &c, from 
wounds : crow's-feet, wrinkles under the eyes, being 
the effects of age : crow's-nest, a lopk-out or watch- 
tower placed on the main-topmast cross-trees, gen- 
erally of a whaling vessel : crow-quill, n. (crow and 
quill), a pen made from the quill of a crow, used for 
delicate writing and sketching. 

crowd, n. krdiod (W. crwd, a round lump : Lith. 
kruwa, a heap, as stones or people : connected with 
curd), a confused multitude of persons ; a throng ; a 
mob ; a number of things together; the populace : v. 
to press together ; to fill to excess ; to encumber with 
numbers ; to extend to the utmost, as a ship crowds 
on sails : crowd'ing, imp. : crowded, pp. : adj. very 
full : crowdy, n. krow'dl, a mixture of oatmeal and 
milk or water. 

crown, n. krdivn (L. corona, a crown: W. crivn, 
round, circular: Gael, crim, the boss of a shield, a 
garland), the state cap or diadem of a king or sover- 
eign ; the executive government ; a wreath or gar- 
land ; the top part of a thing ; a silver coin, value 5s.: 

i"<> invest anj one viWii regal power by the ceremony 



of placing the state cap or diadem on his head ; to 
complete or finish ; to reward : crown'ing, imp. : 
crowned, pp. krdwnd: crown-glass, n. the best com- 
mon window-glass: crownless, a. without a crown: 
crown-office, n. an office belonging to the Court of 
Queen's Bench : crown-post, n. in a building, a post 



which stands upright in the middle between two prin- 
cipal rafters : crown-prince, n. the prince who suc- 
ceeds to the crown or throne: crown-wheel, n. a 
wheel having cogs at right angles with its plane ; in 
a watch, the wheel v, hieli drives the balance: crown- 
work, in fort., an outwork consisting of a bastion 
connected by a curtain on each side with two demi- 
bastions, situated on some elevated point, which, be- 
sides defending the position, covers the other works. 

crucial, a. kr6'shl-al (F. crucial; It. cruciate, cru- 
cial—from L. crux, a cross— gen. crucis), in surg., pas- 
sing across ; intersecting ; in form of a cross ; severe ; 
trying : cru'cia'ted, a. -a'ted, tormented : cru'cia'tion, 
n. -a-shun, torture; exquisite pain: cruciferous, a. 
■slf'-er-us (L. fero, I bear), in hot., pert, to an order of 
plants, the crucif erae, -ere, having the four petals of 
the flower in the form of a cross : cru'ciform, a. -si- 
fciwrm (L. forma, a shape), in hot., consisting of four 
equal petals disposed in the form of a cross. Note. — 
the cruciform plants include the stocks, wallflowers, 
cabbages, and cresses. 

crucible, n. kr6'-sl-bl (F. creuset, a little earthen pot: 
mid. L. crucibulum, a melting-pot— from L. crux, a 
cross, as formerly marked with a cross), a pot for 
melting metals, &c, usually of Stourbridge clay, plum- 
bago, platinum, or other fire-resisting materials. 

crucifix, n. crucified, &c— see crucify. 

crucify, v. kro'-sl-fl (F. crucifier; It. crucifiggere, to 
crucify,— from L. crux, a cross— gen. crucis, and figo, I 
fix ; .fixus, fixed), to put to death by nailing to a cross ; 
to repress and subdue evil passions and desires from 
love to Christ : cru'cifying, imp. : cru'cified, pp. -fid: 
cru'cifier, n. one who : crucifix, n. krd'sl-flks, a figure 
in wood, metal, or other substance, representing 
Christ fastened to the cross : cru'cifix'ion, n. -fik'-shun, 
the act of nailing to the cross; the punishment of 
death by the cross : the crucifixion, n. the death of 
Christ by the cross. 

crud, krud, and cruddle, krud'l, same as curd and 
curdle, which see. 

crude, a. krod (L. crudus, bloody, raw : Bohem. 
krew ; W. crau, blood— connected with cruel), in a 
raw, unprepared state; rough; imperfect; clumsy; 
hasty; not matured: crudely, ad. -it; crude'ness.n. : 
crudity, n. kro'-dl-tl, rawness. 

cruel, a. krd'el (L. crud 'tdele ; F. cruel, 

cruel, fierce— see crude), inclined to inflict pain or 
sufferings on others ; barbarous ; inhuman ; ex- 
tremely unkind ; hard-hearted ; merciless : cru'elly, 
ad. -II: cru'elty, n. -tl, inhumanity; disposition to 
inflict sufferings. 

cruet, n. kro'-et (Pol. kark ; Scot, craig, a neck: 
Russ. korssok, a pitcher with a narrow neck— see 
crucible), a small flint-glass bottle, containing for im- 
media I e use a sauce, or pepper, mustard, &c. 

cruise, n. kr6z (Dut. kruissen, to cruise— from cruis, 
a cross : F. croiser — from croix, a cross : L. crux, a 
cross— the cross being the badge of the seamen who in 
former times carried on naval warfare against the in- 
fidels), a voyage among places, or from place to place : 
v. to sail from place to place or within certain parts of a 
sea for a particular purpose, as for war or protection 
of commerce: crui'sing, imp. : n. the act of voyaging 
for observation, pleasure, or practice: adj. pert, to: 
cruised, pp. krdzd : crui'ser, n. kro'zer, a ship of war 
cruising. 

cruise, n. krdz, a cup— see cruse. 

crumb, n., or crum, n. krum (AS. crume, a crumb : 
Gael, criom, a bite, a nip : Ger. krume ; Dut, kruime, 
a crumb), a small part or fragment; the soft part of 
bread, as distinguished from the crust : crum'my, a. 
-ml, inclined to go to crumbs ; soft : v. to break into 
crumbs : crumb'ing, imp. : crumbed, pp. krumd : ' 
crumble, v. krum'-bl, to break or fall into small pieces ; 
to moulder ; to perish : crum'bling, imp. -bllng: crum'- 
bled, pp. -bid: crumb-brush, n. a curve-shaped brush 
for sweeping crumbs from a table-cloth : crumb-cloth, 
n. a cloth laid on the top of a carpet under the table 
for gathering the crumbs : crum'pet, n. -pet, a kind of 
cake or muffin ; very thin bread. 

crump, a. krump (Sw. krumpen, shrunk : AS. 
crump, bowed, bent : Ger. krumm ; W. crwm, to 
bend, to crook), crooked : crump-back, hump-back : 



folds or v 

crum'pled, pp. -pld. 

crunch, v. krunsh (see craunch), to crush between 
the teeth. 
crupper, n. krup'per (F. croupibre, a crupper— from 
mate, mat, far, law; mete, met, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, mdve; 



CRUR 



125 



CUCK 



croupe, the ridge of the back, the rump of a horse), a 
strap of leather buckled to a saddle, and which, passing 
under the horse's tail, prevents the saddle from slip- 
ping forward on to the horse's neck : v. to put a crupper 
on : crup pering, imp. : crup pered, pp. -perd. 

crural, a. kro'-rCil (L. cms, the leg — gen. cruris: 
Sans, cri, to go, to run), of or belonging to the legs. 

crusades, n. plu. krd-sddz' (F. rroisade, a crusade— 
from L. a'ux, a cross: Sp. cruzada), military expedi- 
tions in the middle ages for the recovery of the Holy 
Land from the Saracens, the soldiers wearing the 
figure of the cross, or having banners with crosses on 
them : crusade', n. a roi tag : crusa'der, 

n. sa'der, one who: crusading, a. pert, to : crusa'do, 
n. -do, a Portuguese com, so called from the figure of 
the cross stamped upon it. 

cruse, n. kroz (Icel. krus ; Ger. krus; Dut. kroes, a 
cup, a drinking-vessel— see crucible), a small cup; a 
small bottle : cruset, n. kru'-sit, a goldsmith's melting- 
pot. 

crush, v. krush (a word imitative of the noise of 
crushing a hard or brittle body : F. croissir, to crack 
er crash : It. crosciare, to crush : Lith. kruszti, to 
grind), to press and bruise between two hard bodies ; 
to beat or force down ; to subdue ; to overwhelm by 
superior power; to conquer; to be pressed into a 
smaller compass : n. a collision ; a violent pressure, 
as of a crowd: crushing, imp.: adj. pressing into :t 
mass; overwhelming : crushed, pp. kriisht .- adj. 
broken or bruised by pressure or by a fall : crush'er, 
one who or that which. 

crust, n. kriist (L. crusta, the shell of anything ; 
imitative of the sound of crunching a crust of bread : 
Ger. kruste.a, crust : Bohem. chraustati, to crunch), 
the outward covering or shell of anything, generally 
harder than the body itself ; the outer portion of the 
earth ; the tartar deposited from wine on the bottle, 
evidence of age, the wine being then called crusted: 
v. to cover with a crust ; to harden the outside of a 
thing: crust'ing, imp. : crusted, pp. krust'Sd: crusta- 
cea, n. plu. -ta'shia, also crusta'ceans, n. plu. -shl- 
CLnz, a general name for all kinds of animals with 
jointed shells, as the crab, lobster, Ac. : crustacean, 
a.-dn, pert, to; having jointed shells: crusta'ceous, 
a. -ta'shus, pert, to ; of the nature of crust or shell ; in 
hot., hard, thin, and brittle: crustated, a. -ta-tid, 
covered with a crust : crusta'tion, n. -ta'shiin, an 
adherent crust: crusty, a. kr&s'-ti, hard; abrupt in 
manner or speech ; ill-tempered: crustily, ad. -tl-ll : 
crustiness, n. -tl-n6s, the quality of being crusty; 
peevishness ; moroseness. 

crut, n. krilt (contracted from crust), the rough 
shaggy part of oak-bark. 

crutch, n. krueh (Ger. kriicke ; Dut. kruck ; Lith. 
kruke, a crutch : It. croccia, a little cross, a crutch— 
from L. cmx, across), a staff having at one end a curved 
cross for the armpit ; a support for the lame in walk- 
ing ; old age : v. to support on crutches : crutch'ing, 
imp. : crutched, pp. krucht. 

crux, n. krCdcs (L. a cross), the southern cross— name 
of a constellation of the southern hemisphere. 

cry, v. At? (imitative of a shrill sudden exertion of the 
voice: It. gridare ; F. crier; Ger. schreien, to cry and 
weep), to utter a loud voice ; to speak or call loudly ; 
to utter a voice in weeping or sorrow ; to lament ; 
to squall as a child; to proclaim: cries, n. plu. 
krlz, a loud sound uttered by any animal ; a loud 
sound in lamentation or weeping; clamour; bitter 
complaints ; a street announcement ; crying, imp. 
krVlng: adj. uttering a squalling noise, as a child; 
calling for notice ; notorious : n, clamour ; outcrv : 
cried, pp. krid: crier, n. kri'er, one who; a public 
- officer who makes announcements or proclamations: 
to cry against, to utter a loud voice by way of re- 
proof or threatening: to cry out against, to com- 
plain of or censure strongly : to cry out, to exclaim : 
to cry down, to depreciate : to cry up, to praise or 
extol : to cry to, to call on in praver ; to implore. 

cryolite, n. krl'o-lit (Gr. kmos.'ice, hoar-frost, and 
htfios, a stone), a mineral found onlv in the gneiss of 
\\ est Greenland, which melts like ice in the flame of 
a candle ; the commercial ore of aluminium : cryo- 
phorus, n. -of-or-iis (Gr. phero, I bear), an instrument 
for freezing water by its own evaporation. 

crypt, n. kr'tpt (It. and L. crupta. a vault, a con- 
cealed subten sag —from Gr. krupto, I con- 
ceal : F. crypte), an underground cell or cave for burial, 
generally under a church ; the part of a church or 
chapel underground : cryptic, a. krip'tlk, also cryp- 



tical, -t 1 -kAl, pert, to ; hidden ; secret : cryp'tos, a. -tos • 
in bot., inconspicuous or concealed ; in composition, 
crypto. 

cryptogamia, n. krlp'-to-ga'ml-a (Gr. kruptos, con- 
cealed, and gamos, marriage), in bot., one of the great 
divisions of the vegetable kingdom, comprisli-g the 
mushrooms, lichens, mosses, sea-weeds, and fens, 
the organs of fructification in which are concealed or 
not apparent ; also cryptog'amy, n. -tog'd-mi: cryp'to- 
ga,m'ic,a.:-td-garu'-ik, alsocryptog amous, a.-tdg'-a- nuts, 
pert, to plants of the order cryptogamia : cryptog'- 
raphy, n. tog'rd-fl (Gr. graphe, a writing), the act or 
art of writing in secret characters : cryp'tograph- 
ical, a. gra/'-l-kal, pert, to : cryptographer, n. -tog' 
-ra-h'r, one who. 

crystal, n. }., i--!<j ! (L. < rys/aUum, rock-crystal : Gr. 
krustallos, ice, rock-crystal: It. cristallo: F. cristal), 
anything congealed like ice with smooth surfaces; 
any natural body transparent or semi-transparent ; a 
transparent substance made by fusing certain bodies 
together, as an alkali with flint or sand and lead ; a 
fine kind of glass: adj. consisting of crystal; clear; 
transparent: crystalline, a. -tin, like crystal; clear; 
transparent : crys tallise, v. -Hz, to cause to form into 
crystals ; to be converted into crystals : crys talli- 
sing, imp. : crys tallised', pp. -llzd': crys talli sable, a. 
■li'-zi'i-bl, that maybe formed into crystals: crys'tal- 
lisa'tion, n. -za-shun, the act or process of being 
formed into crystals: crys talli'ser, n. -li'zir, he who 
orthat which: sub- crystalline, a. indistinctly or faintly 
crystalline : rock-crystal, n. transparent or colourless 
quartz : crystalline lens or humour, a white, transpa- 
rent, firmsubstanee having the form of a convex lens, 
situated in the anterior part of the vitreous humour 
of the eye : crystallography, n. -log'rd-j'l (Gr. graphe, 
a writing), that department of mineralogy which in- 
vestigates the relation of crystalline forms, and the 
origin and structure of crystals : crys'tallog'rapher, 
n. one who : crys tallograph'ic or -graphical, a. pert, 
to: crys'tallograph'icaliy, ad. ■kti.hU: crystalloid, a. 
-Idyd (Gr. eidos, form), having the form or likeness 
of a crystal : n. that which has the form or likeness 
of a crystal. 

ctenoid, a. te'ncqid (Gr. kteis. a comb— gen. kfenos, 
and eidos, form), comb-shaped : having the appearance 
of a comb: ctenoidans, n. plu. -nol/dtins, the third 
order of fishes in the arrangement of Agassu, having 
scales with rough and jagged edges, as the perch : 
ctenoptychius, n. te~n'6p-tik'liis (Gr. ptuche, a wrin- 
kle), in geol., a genus of fossil fish-teeth, distinguished 
by the serrated or comb-like margins of their edges. 

cub, n. Mb (Icel. kobbi, a seal), the young of certain 
animals, generally of the bear and fox ; a boy or girl, 
in contempt: v. to bring forth young : cub'bing, imp.: 
cubbed, pp. kiibd. 

cubation, n. ku-ba'shun (L. cubare, to lie down: It. 
cubare : F. couver), a reclining ; the act of lying down : 
cubatory, a. ku'bd-ter'i, lying down; recumbent. 

cube, n. kub (L. cuius, a square on all sides: Gr. 
Jcubos), a solid body with six equal sides, all squares ; 
a number multiplied twice by itself, as 4 X 4 x 4 = 64, 
64 being the cube of 4 : v. to raise to the third power: 
cuTung, imp.: cubed, pp. kubd: cubic, a. kii'bik, also 
cu'bical, a. -Ml, solid; not superficial; pert, to the 
length, breadth, and thickness of a body: cu'bical'ly, 
ad. -li: cu'bical'ness, n. : cu'biform, a. -bl-faTcrm 
(L. forma, shop a m of a cube : cuTaoid, 

a. -bdiid, also cuboi'dal, a. -dtil (Gr. eidos, form), having 
nearly the form of a cube : cube root, the first power 
of a cube, as 4 is the cube root of 64 : cubature, n. ku- 
bd-tur, the finding exactly the solid or cubic contents 
of a body: cube-ore, an arseniate of iron occurring in 
perfect cubes in copper ores. 

cubeb, n. ku'beb (Hind, kabdba), a small spicy beny, 
a native of various parts of the East Indies, stimulant 

1 . "I . < 

cubit, n. ku'-bit (Gr. kubiton, the elbow or bending 
of the arm— from kujito, I bend: L. cubitum, the 
elbow, bending or curvature of a shore— from cubare, 
to lie or bow down: It. cubito), the length of a man's 
arm from the elbow to the extremity of the middle 
finger ; an ancient measure of length from about 20 
in. ; in anat., the forearm: culntal, a. -bl-ttil, of the 
length or measure of a cubit; pert, to the elbow: cu- 
bited, a. -Vt-ti. I measure of a cubit. 

cuboid, n. ku'bdyd—see cube. 

cucking-stool, n. kuk'ing-st6l (Manx, cugh, excre- 
ment in children's language : L. caco ; Gr. kakao, I go 
to stool : Icel. kuka, to go to stool), a chair on which 



hfoot; pure, Mid; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



CUCK 



126 



females for certain offences, as for brawling and scold-, 
ing, were fastened and ducked. 

cuckold— see under cuckoo. 

cuckoo, n. kobk'ko (L. cuculus ; F. coucou, the cuc- 
koo), a well-known bird, so called from its note in 
spring: cuckoo-spit or spit'tle, n. a frothy matter 
found on plants, containing the larva of the frog- 
hopper: cuckold, n. Mk'old, a husband whose wife 
is false to his bed : cuck'oldly, a. -II, having the qua- 
lities of a cuckold ; poor ; mean ; cowardly : cuckold- 
maker, n. one who corrupts men's wives : cuck'oldom, 
n. act of adultery ; state of a cuckold : cuck'oldry, n. 
-rl, system of making cuckolds. 

cucullate, a. ku-kul'dat, also cu'culla'ted, a. (L. cu- 
cullus, a cowl or hood: It. cucullo), in bot., formed 
like a hood ; covered as with a hood or cowl. 

cucumber, n. ku'kum-ber (L. cucumis; old F. cow- 
combre), the fruit of a trailing plant of a long round 
shape, used as a pickle and salad : cu'cumites, n. plu. 
-ku-mltz, fossil cucumbers found in the London clay. 

cucurbit, n. ku-ker'bit (L. and It. cucurbita, a 
gourd: F. cucurbite), a chemical vessel in the shape 
of a gourd having a wide mouth : cucur'bita'ceous, a. 
-blda'shus, resembling a cucumber or gourd : cucur'- 
bita'ceae, n. -ta'-shi-e, the natural order of plants of 
which the gourd is the type. 

cud, n. kud (AS. cud, what is chewed, a cud: Icel. 
quidr, the womb, the paunch: Esthon. kdht, the 
belly), the food which a ruminating animal, as the 
cow or sheep, throws up from its first stomach to chew 
at leisure : cud-chewing, a. applied to ruminating ani- 
mals : to chew the cud, fig. to reflect, as to chew the 
cud of bitter reflection. 

cudbear, n. kud'bar (after Dr Cuthbert Gordon), a 
purple or violet colouring matter obtained from cer- 
tain lichens. 

cuddle, v. kud'l (prov. Eng. crewdle, to crouch to- 
gether— from Eng. crowd, to press, which see), to em- 
brace so as to keep warm ; to fondle ; to lie close and 
snug: cud'dling, imp.: cuddled, pp. kud'-ld. 

cuddy, n. kild'dl (probably a contraction of cuddle, 
to lie close and snug : W. caued, shut up or inclosed), 
a small room or cabin in a ship ; a small apartment. 

cuddy, n. knd'-dl (Scot.), the coal-fish; one of the 
cod-fish family. 

cudgel, n. ki'ij'el (Dut. kudse, a knobbed stick: It. 
cozzare, to ku<" k). n slvrf thick stick of wood : v. to 
beat with a thick stick: cudg'elling, imp.: cudg'elled, 
pp. -eld ■. cudg'eller, n. one who. 

cudweed, n. kud'-ived (probably a contraction of 
cotton-weed), a plant covered with fine down, whose 
flowers long retain their beauty after being dried. 

cue, n. ku (F. queue, a tail), the end of a thing; 
the last words of the preceding speech written with 
the speech of an actor, in order to let him know when 
he is to proceed with his part, from the letter Q by 
which it was marked ; a hint ; an intimation ; a long 
curl or roll of hair; a short direction; the straight 
rod used at billiards. 

cuff, n. ki'if ( I c. yr/i in fin, a cuff, a clap with the hand 
on the cheek : Sw. kuffa, to knock), a blow with the 
clenched hand or fist ; a box or stroke -J v. to strike 
with the fist or clenched hand, or with wings, as a 
bird: cuffing, imp.: cuffed, pp. kuft. 

cuff, n. kuf (Dan. klap, a flap : Sw. klaff, anything 
that hangs broad and loose : old F. cceffe, head-dress), 
iii. p;:,i ofasleeve vhich flaps or claps back. 

cui bono, ki'-bo'-no (L. for whose good), a common 
expression denoting, to what end ; for whose benefit. 

cuinage, n. kwln'-aj (a corruption of coinage), the 
stamping of pigs of tin with the arms of the duchy of 
Cornwall. 

cuirass, n. kwl-rds' (F. cuirasse— from cuir, leather: 
It. corazzo— from L. corium, a skin), a breastplate of 
metal ; metal armour covering the trunk of the body : 
cui'rassier', n. -ser', a heavy cavalry soldier covered 
with mi'tal armour or with a metal breastplate. 

cuisine, kicl-zen' (F. cuisine; It. cucina; AS. cy- 
cene, a kitchen : L. coquo, I boil, I cook), the kitchen ; 
the cooking department. 

Culdee, n. kul'de (Gael, gille Be, servant of God : mid. 
L. culdei, corrupted from L. cultor Dei, a worshipper 
of God), an anc. monkish priest whose order minis- 
tered in Scotland, Ireland, and Wales: culdean, a. 
kulde'dn, pert, to the anc. Culdees or their doctrines. 

cul-de-sac, n. kdo'-di-sakf (F. the bottom of the bad. 
a street or narrow passage not open at both ends. 



cull, v. kul (F. cueillir, to pluck or gather: L. colli- 
gere, to bind together — from legere, to gather), to pick 
out ; to gather ; to select from many : culling, imp. : 
culled, pp. kuld : cul'ler, n. one who : cullers, n. plu. 
-lerz, the worst of a flock culled out for disposal : cuT- 
let, n. -let, broken glass for remelting. 

cullender, n. kul'len-der (L. colare, to strain: F. 
couler, to flow: Sp. colar, to filter), a colander; a 
strainer: cullis, n. -Us (F. coulis, strained juice of 
meat), broth of boiled meat strained ; a kind of jelly. 

cully, n. kul'li, also cul'lion, n. -yun (old F. couille, 
a testicle : old F. couillon ; Sp. collon, a vile fellow, 
a dastard), the entertainer or companion of a courte- 
san ; a soft-headed fellow ; a man easily deceived or 
imposed upon : v. to make a tool of: to impose upon ; 
to trick: cul'lying, imp. -ll-ing: cullied, pp. -lid: cuT- 
lyism, n. -izm: cul'libil'ity, n. -bll'i-tl, easiness of 
being gulled. 

culm, n. Mini (L. culmus, the stalk of corn : It. cul- 
mo), the stalk or stem of corn or grasses, usually hol- 
low and jointed: culmiferous.a. kul-mlf-er-us (L./ero, 
I bear), having smooth jointed stalks, and their seeds 
contained in chaffy husks, as in wheat, oats, &c. 

culm, n. kulm (W. cwlm, culm: old Eng. colmie, 
black, foul), an impure shaly kind of coal or anthracite 
shale : culm measures, in geol., the anthracite shales of 
North Devon : culmif erous, a. -mlf-er-us (L. fero, I 
bear), abounding in culm. 

culminate, v. kul'ml-nat (L. culrnen, a top, a sum- 
mit), to be vertical ; to come to the meridian ; to 
reach the highest point ; to top or crown : cul'mina'- 
ting, imp. : cul'mina'ted, pp. : cul'mina'tion, n. 
-nd'shun, the transit of a planet over the meridian, or 
its highest point of altitude for the day ; crown ; top ; 
the most brilliant or highest point in the progress of 
any person or time. 

culpable, a. Ml'pd-bl (L. culpa, a fault: It. colpa: 
F. coulpe), deserving of blame or censure; sinful; 
criminal: cul'pably, ad. -bit, in a faulty manner: cuT- 
pabil'ity, n. -bll'l-tl, also cul'pable'ness, n. -bl-nes. 

culprit, n. kul'-prit (L. culpa, a fault, and reatus, 
the condition of an accused person : old law L. cul- 
patus, applied to a person accused), a person accused 
of a crime ; one convicted of a crime ; a criminal. 

cultch, n. Mich, also cutch, n. Mch, the spawn of 
oysters; the objects on which the spawn or spat is 
adhering. 

cultirostral, a. Ml'H-ros'trdl (L. culter, a plough- 
share, and rostrum, a, beak), pert, to the cul tiros'tres, 
-trez, an order of birds having bills shaped like the 
coulter of a plough, or like a knife, as the heron and 
the crane. 

cultivate, v. kul'tl-vdt (L. cultus, tilled : It. culti- 
vare ; F. cultiver, to cultivate), to till ; to prepare the 
ground for the reception of seed ; to foster ; to im- 
prove, as the mind ; to labour to increase : cul'tiva'- 



tivable, a. -v&-bl i being cultivated or tilled: 

cul'tiva'tion, n. -vd'shun, tillage of land; culture; 
! t i on ; refinement. 

cultrate, a. Ml'trat, also cul'trated, a. (L. culter, a 
knife), also cul'tiform, a. -M-/ai<;rm(L../"orma, a shape), 
shaped like a pruning-knife. 

culture, n.Ml'tur, also sometimes -chSbr (F. culture; 
L. and It. cultura, a cultivating, a working), the act 
of preparing the earth for seed; cultivation; any 
labour or means employed for improvement : v. to 
cultivate or improve : cul'turing, imp. : cultured, 
pp. -turd : cul'tureless, a. having no culture. 

culver, n. kiil'-ver (AS. culfre, a pigeon), a pigeon ; 
a wood-pigeon : culver-tailed, a. dove-tailed : culver- 
house, n. a dovecote ; a pigeon-house. 

culverin, n. kul'ver-in (F. coulevrine— from, cou- 
leuvre, a snake), a long slender gun able to carry a 
ball to a great distance. 

culvert, n. Ml'vert (F. couvert ; old F. culvert, cov- 
ered), a passage or arched way under a road or canal. 

cumber, v. kir„i'!„:r (Dnr, komber, loss, difficulty: 
Ger. hummer, trouble, rubbish: F. encombre, hind- 
rance, impediment : L. cumulus, a heap), to load ; to 
crowd ; to retard or stop ; to trouble or perplex : cum'- 
bering, imp.: cum'bered, pp. -bird: cumbersome, a. 
-sum, also cum'brous, a. -briis, troublesome ; burden- 
some; unwieldy; not easily borne: cum'brance, n. 
-brans, a burden; hindrance: cum bersomely, ad. 
-ber-sum'tt : cum'bersomeness, n. : cum'brously, ad. 
-brusdi: cum'brousness, n. 

Cumbrian, a. Mm'bri-un (the anc. Cumbria), in 









mate, milt, far, law; mete, mit, her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



CUMI 



127 



CUER 



geol., the term for the lowest slaty and partially- 
fossiliferous beds of Westmoreland and Cumberland. 

cumin, n. kum'-in (L. cuminum: Gr. kuminon), an 
Eastern plant, cultivated for its agreeable aromatic 
seed. 

cumulative, a. ku'-mil-ld'-flv (L. cumulatus, heaped 
up: It. annulare; F. cumukr, to heap up), composed of 
parts in a heap that is added to something else; in 
logic, applied to a series of arguments which, taken in 
the whole, curies strong conviction; in med., a drug 
which remains long in the system without acting. 

cumulus, n. ku'-inO-lu< (L. muulus, a heap: It. cum- 
ulo), the " heap cloud," one of the primary modifica- 
tions of cloud : cu'mulo-stra'tus, one of the combined 
modifications of cloud : cu'mulo-cir'ro-stra tus, " the 
nimbus or rain-cloud," one of the combined modifi- 
cations of cloud. 

cuneal, a. ku'nl-dl r L. cuneus, a wedge: It. cuneo), 
having the form of a wedge: cu'neate, a, -ni-dt, also 
cunea'ted, a. wedge-shaped; tapering like a wedge: 
cuneiform, a. -ne'-l-faXcrm , and cu'niform, u.-u l-faXcrm 
(L. foi-ma, shape i," having the shape or form of a 
wedge : cuneiform letters, those letters in which the 
old Persian and Babylonian inscriptions are written, 
so called from their wedge-like appearance. 

cunette, n. ku-net' (F.), in fort., a narrow ditch run- 
ning at the bottom of a dry ditch for the purpose of 
draining it. 

cunning, a. kiin'nlng (AS. cunnan ; Goth, kunnan, 
to know: Sw. kunna, to be able), artful ; sly; crafty ; 
deceitful; trickish : in Scrip., skilful; experienced: 
n. artifice; craft; shrewdness; deceit: cunningly, 
ad. -It: cun'ningness, n. 

cup, n. kiip (F. coupe ; It. coppa, ahead, a cup : Ger. 
kopf, a cup, a knob: L. cupa, a cask: Sans, kupa, a 
small cistern), a small drinking-vessel ; the contents 
of a cup ; anything hollow : in Scrip. , sufferings or afflic- 
tions ; any good received, or evil endured : v. to draw 
blood by puncturing the skin ;nnl applying a cupping- 
glass : cupping, imp.: n. in surg., the operation of 
drawing blood with a cupping-glass: adj. pert, to: 
cupped, pp. kiipt: cups, n. plu. tile excessive drinking 
of intoxicants : cup ping-glass, n. a small glass vessel 
shaped like a cup, used for drawing blood or morbid 
matter : cupper, n. -per, a surgeon who draws blood 
by cupping: cupbearer, n. one who attends on a prince : 
in his cups, drunk with strong drinks : cupboard, n. 
kub'-bOrd, originally a board or shelf for cups ; a case 
of shelves for chinaware, &c. 

cupel, n. ku'-pel (L. cupella, a little cup: F. coupelle, 
the little pot in which goldsmiths fine their metals 
—from coupe, a cup), a small cup-like vessel, very por- 
ous, used in refining metals : cupellation, n. ku- 
pel-la'- shun, the process of refining gold or silver by 
the cupel. 

Cupid, n. ku-pid (L. cupido, Cupid— from cupido, 
desire), the god of love in heathen mythology. 

cupidity, n. ku-pid'-l-tl (L. cupidiias, a longing de- 
sire: It. cupidita : F. cupidite), an eager desire after 
the possession of wealth or power ; avarice ; greedi- 
ness. 

cupola, n. kii-pd-ld (It. cupola, a round vaulted 
chapel behind the chancel— from cupo, deep, hollow : 
F. coupeau, the top or head of a thing ; coupole, a 
cupola), an arched or spherical vault on the top of an 
edifice ; a round top or dome, shaped like a half-globe : 
V. to make in the form of a dome ; to cover a war-slup 
with plates of iron in the form of a half-globe or 
dome : cu'pola'ing, imp. -Wing: cu'polaed, pp. a. 
-lad, having a hemispherical roof or covering. 



pery: cupriferous, a. ku-prif-er-us (L. fero, I bear), 
yielding copper — applied to veins, rocks, &c. contain- 
ing ores of copper : cu'prite, n. -prit, the red oxide of 
copper. 

cupressinites, n. plu. ku-pres'-sl-nlts (L. cupressus, 
the cypress-tree : It. cupresso -. F. cypres), a genus of 
fossil fruits occurring in Tertiary strata, and allied to 
those of the existing cypress : cu pressites, n. plu. -sits, 
in geol., a general term for all coniferous remains 
which are allied to those of the existing cypress, or 
identical with them. 

cupula, n. ku'-pu-ld, also cu'pule, n. -pill (L. a little 
cup), in hot., the cup of the acorn ; the husk of the fil- 
bert, chestnut, &c. : cu'pulif'erous, a. (L./ero, I bear), 
bearing cupules. 

cur, n. Mr (Dut. korre, a house-dog, a small dog : 

W. cor, a dwarf), a degenerate dog ; a worthless snar- 

cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, 



ling fellow : curlish, a, -rlsh; curlike, a. like a cur; 
having the qualities of a cur. 

curable, a. ; curability, n., &c— see cure. 

curacoa, n. ku-ra-sO'-a (from the island of Curacoa, 
where first made), a cordial made by distilling brandy 
flavoured with orange-peel, cloves, &c, and sweetened. 

curasso, n., or curassow, kii-rds'-so, a large S. Amei. 
turkey -like bird of a deep shining black colour. 

curate, n. kil'-rdt(L. curator, he who cares for— from 
curare to take care of: It. curatore; F. curateur, a 
guardian ; cure, a parson, a curate), one who has the 
cure or care of souls ; a clergyman ; one who assists a 
beneficed clergyman in spiritual duties : a perpetual 
curate, one not removable at pleasure, as the others 
are ; the incumbent of a disi rict taken from a rectory 
or vicarage: curacy, n. -rd-sl, the office or employ- 
ment of a curate -. cu'rateship, n.: cura'tor, n. -ra'tor, 
one who has the care or superintendence of anything ; 
a guardian or trustee. 

curb, n. kerb (F. courber, to bend, to crook : Gael. 
crup, to crouch : Manx, crib, to curb : L. curvus, 
crooked), the flat iron chain fastened to the upper 
part of the branches of a bridle ; a check ; restraint ; 
hindrance: v. to guide or restrain by a curb, as a 
horse ; to check or restrain ; to hold back; to keep in 
subjection: curb'ing, imp.: curbed, pp. k&rbd: curb- 
stones, a row of stones along the edge of a pavement 
— in Scot., also written kerb or kirb: curb'less, a. 

curd, n. kerd (\V. crud, a round lump : F. crottes, 
the lumpy dung of sheep : AS. and Scot, cruel, coagu- 
lated nnlk— the old spelling crud is more true to the 
origin), the cheesy matter or coagulum that separates 
from milk on the addition of rennet or an acid ; any 
coagulated matter : v. to turn to curd : cur' ding, imp.: 
cur'ded, pp. : curdy, a. -di, like curd ; full of curd : 
curdle, v. kur'-dl, to thicken or change into curd ; to 
coagulate ; to stagnate or congeal : cur'dling, imp. : 
cur' died, pp. -did: adj. coagulated; congealed. 

cure, n. kur (L. cura, care, pain: It. cura-. F. cure), 
the act of healing ; a remedy for a disease ; a care of 
souls ; the spiritual charge of a parish ; the parish 
itself: v. to heal; to restore to health; to remedy; 
to remove an evil ; to salt, pickle, or dry for preserva- 
tion: curing, imp.: cured, pp. kurd: cureless, a. 
that cannot be cured : cu'rer, n. -rer, one who cures ; 
one who prepares salted or cured fish or flesh, asjish- 
curer: curable, a. -ra-bl, that may behealcd : cu'rable- 
ness, n. : curability, n. -bll'-l-tl, possibility of being 
cured: cu'rative, a. -ra-tlv, tending, or having the 
power, to heal 

curfew, n. kir'-fu (F. couvre-feu, cover-fire), in former 
times, the ringing of an evening (8 o'clock) bell, as a 
signal to the people to cover up fires, put out lights, 
and retire to rest. 

curious, a. kiVrl-us (L. curiosus, very full of care, 
inquisitive— from cura, care: It. curioso; F. curieux, 
curious, inquisitive), strongly desirous toknoworsee; 
inquisitive ; prying ; wrought with elaborate care and 
art ; difficult to please ; singular ; rare : cu'riously, ad. 
-t/t; cu'riousness, n. : curiosity, n. -os'-i-ti, a strong 
desire to see or to know ; that which excites a desire 
of seeing; ararity: curioso, n. ku'-ri-o'-zo (It.), one fond 
of collecting rare and curious articles. 

curl, n. kirl (formerly written crull: Dut. krol ; 
low Ger. krukel, a curl— from the sense of a vibratory 
movement, and thence of a spiral or twisted form), a 
ringlet of hair or anything like it: v. to turn, form, 
— bend into ringlets, as the hair ; to twist ; to coil ; 



with smooth stones on the ice: curlers, n. plu. 
players at the game of curling: curled, pp. kirld: 
curly, a. -II, having curls ; full of ripples : cur'liness, 
n. : cur'lingly, ad. -II: curling-tongs or irons, n. an 
instrument for curling the hair : curly-headed, a. hav- 
ing hair curled naturally. 

curlew, n. ker'-loo (the name imitative of the shrill 
cry of the bird : F. courlis), a wild bird of the snipe 
tribe. 

curmudgeon, n. kur-muj'-un (probably from corn- 
mudgin, a dealer in corn— such persons in former 
times being supposed to keep up the price of corn 
from avarice), an avaricious, churlish fellow ; a miser ; 
a griping man : curmudg'eonly, ad. -II. 

currant, n. kur'-rdnt (from Corinth in Greece, whence 
they were first brought), a well-known small fruit ; a 
small variety of dried grape, chiefly from the Ionian 
Islands. 

currency, n.kiir'-ren-si(L.currens, flowing or run-' 



game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



CURR 



128 



CUST 



ning— from currere, to run: It. corrente), a continued 
course or passing of anything, like the running of a 
stream; a passing from person to person, or from 
age to age, as a report ; a passing from hand to hand, 
as money or bills of credit ; the whole circulation of 
money, or the whole quantity of money of every sort, 
is called the currency; anything in circulation as a 
medium of trade; general estimation or reception; 
the rate at which any thing is valued: current, 
a. -rSnt, passing from person to person, or from 
hand to hand : circulating ; common ; general ; gene- 
rally received; passable; now passing: n. a flowing 
or passing ; a stream ; course ; continuation ; general 
course or tendency: cur'rently, ad. -li; cur'rent- 
ness, n. circulation ; general reception. 

curricle, n. kur'-ri-kl (L. curriculum, a career, a 
course— from currere, to run: It. curricolo, a curri- 
cle), an open carriage with two wheels, drawn by two 
horses abreast: curriculum, n. kur-rik'-u-lum, the 
whole course of study at a school or university. 

curried, and currier— see curry. 

currish— see cur. 

curry, v. kur'-ri (F. corroyer, to dress leather— from 
L. corium, a hide : It. corredare, to prepare, to rig out), 



bing down a horse: cur'ried, pp. -rid: currier, n. 
a workman who dresses leather : to curry favour (a 
supposed corruption of the F. courvoyer fauvel, to rub 
the fauvel or the bay horse), to seek or gain favour by 
flattery or officious civilities : curry-comb, a comb of 
iron for rubbing down and cleaning horses. 

curry, n. kur'-rl, sometimes currie (Pers. khurdi, 
broth, juicy meats), a, highly-spiced condiment much 
used throughout India; a dish flavoured with curry: 
v. to prepare with curry: curry-powder, apowdercon- 



of the cross), to utter a wish of evil against . 
imprecate evil upon ; to execrate ; to utter impreca- 
tions; to vex or torment: n. a malediction; a wishing 
of evil; great vexation or torment: cur'sing. imp.: 
n. the uttering of a curse; execration: cursed, pp. 
kerst or ker'sS4 adj blasted by, or under the influence 
of, a curse ; abominable ; detestable ; execrated : cur - - 
ser, n. one who: cur'sedly, ad. -II: cur'sedness, n. 

cursive, a. ker'-siv (L. cursus, quick motion, a run- 
ning: It. corso, a running; corsivo, cursive), running ; 
fluent: cur'sively, ad. -li: cursory, a. ker'-ser-i, hasty ; 
slight ; superficial ; not with close attention : cur - - 
sorily, ad. -li: cur'soriness, n. : cursive-hand, in 
writing, a running; hand : cur'sitor, n. -si-tor, the clerk 
of course ; an officer in the Court of Chancery whose 
business is to make out original writs. 

cursores, n. ker-so'-rez (L. curro, I run; cursor, a 
runner), an order of birds, including the ostrich, &c, 
so named from the adaptation of their legs and feet 
for running. 

curst, a. kerst (old Eng. crus, wrathful : F. courroux, 
wrath), ill-tempered ; cross-grained ; hence crus'ty, a. 
ill-tempered. 

curt, a. kert (L. curtus ; F. court, short, little), short ; 
abrupt; brief and ill-natured; snappish: curt'ly, ad. 
-II: curt'ness, n. shortness. 

curt., in in- , , 'a! correspond- 

ence, a common contraction of current, used to desig- 
nate this month, that is, the month in which the let- 
ter is written, as 15th curt. : instant, in'-stant, and its 
contr. inst. (L. instans, present), noting a Cv.y-. -- > i ' 1 1 n : 
present or current month, as 10th inst.-. proximo, 
proks'l-mO, or its contr. prox. (L. proximo, on the 
next), noting a day of the next month, as, on the 4th 
prox. : ultimo, ul'-ti-mo, or its contr. ult. (L. ultimo, 
in the last), noting a day in the last month, or the 
month preceding the present, as, on the 6th ult. 

curtail, v. ker-tal (F. court, short, concise, and tatt- 
ler, to cut), to shorten ; to cut off the end or a part ; 
i oi diminish: curtailing, imp.: curtailed', 
pp. -tald': adj. cut shorter; abridged: curtailment, 
■ i :>. '-:!,ui-t,ening of anything: curtail'er, n. one who: 
cur'tail-dog, a dog mutilated according to the forest 
laws to prevent liim running down the royal game: 
cuT tail-step, the lowest step in a flight of stairs, ending 
at its outer extremity in a scroll. 

curtain, n. ker'-tln (F. courtine; It. cortina, the 

hangings of a court; Wal. cortu, a tent), a movable 

cloth hung round a lied, at a window, or in front of a 

stage; any piece of movable drapery used for con- 

mate,indt, far, law; mete, met, 



cealment ; the part of a wall or rampart which joins 
the flanks of two bastions together: v. to inclose 
by means of curtains : cur'taining, imp. : cur'tained, 
pp. -tind : cuTtainless, a. : to draw the curtain, to 
close a curtain so as to shut out the light or conceal 
an object: to raise the curtain, to commence: to 
drop the curtain, to close the scene ; to throw off the 
mask ; to end : behind the curtain, in concealment ; 
in secret : curtain lectures, the querulous and dis- 
contented talk of a wife to her husband while in bed 
with him. 

curtal, n. ker'tdl— same as curtail, which see: adj. 
brief; abridged. 

curtate, a. ker-tat (L. curtatum, to shorten, to 
diminish), in astron., applied to denote a planet's dis- 
tance from the sun, reduced to the plane of the 
ecliptic. 

curtsey, n. kirt'-st, curt'seys, plu. -slz— also curtsy, 
n. kert'-si, curt'sies, plu. -siz (F. courtiser, to court, to 
entertain with compliments of respect— see courtesy), 
a woman's or girl's act of reverence or respect ; a 
woman's salutation of respect by slightly bending the 
knees and inclining the body forwards: curt'seying 
or curtsying, imp. -si-lug: curt'seyed or curtsied, 
pp. -sid. 

curule, a,, ku'-rool (L. curulis, pert, to a chariot, a 
curule chair : It. and F. curule— from currus, a char- 
iot), pert, to the chair or seat used in Rome by public 
officers; senatorial; magisterial. 

curve, n. kerv (L. curvus, bent : F. courbe : It. curvo), 
anything bent; part of a circle; an arched line: adj. 
crooked ; bent : v. to bend ; to crook ; to make circu- 
lar: cur'ving, imp.: curved, pp. kervd: curva'tion, 
n. -va'-shun, the act of bending: cur'vatlve, a. -vd-tiv, 
in hot., scarcely folded ; having the margins merely 
curved a little: cur'vature, n. -vCi-tur, crookedness, 
orthemannerof being bent; a curve; abendingfrom 
a straight line : cur'vated, a. -va-ted, curved; bent in 
a regular form. 

curvet, n. ker'-vSt (F. courbette, curvet: L. curvus, 
bent), the prancings of a managed horse, in which he 
bends his body together and springs out : v. to leap in 
curvets ; to frisk ; to leap and bound : curveting, 
imp.: cur'veted, pp. 

curvicaudate, a. ker'-vl-kaw'-dat (L. curvus, bent, 
and cauda, a tail), having a bent tail : cur'vifoliate, 
a. -fo'-li-at (L. folium, a leaf), having bent leaves : cur'- 
viform, a. -vl-faivrm (L. forma, a shape), being of a 
curved form. 

curvilinear, a. ker'-vl-ttn'-l-er (L. curvus, bent, and 
linea, a line), having a curve line ; consisting of curve 
lines: cur'vilin'ear'ity, n. -dr-l-ti: cur'viros tral, a. 
-ros'-tral (L. rostrum, a beak), having a crooked beak. 

cushat, n. kdbsh'-dt (AS. cusceote), the ring-dove or 
wood-pigeon. 

cushion, n. kffbsh'-un (F. coussin; It. coscino; Ger. 
kiissen, a cushion), a soft pad or pillow to sit on ; any 
bag filled with soft materials ; any stuffed or padded 
surface ; the padded side or edge of a billiard-table : 
v. to furnish with a cushion or cushions: cushioning, 
imp. •. cushioned, pp. -und: cush'ionet, n. -un-St, a 
little cushion. 

cusp, n. kusp (L. cuspis, a point, a lance— gen. cus- 
pidis: It. cuspide), the point or horn of the moon; 
in arch., the projecting points or ornaments formed 
by the meeting of the small arches or foils, in foil- 
arches or tracery: cuspidate, a. kus'-pi dat, also cus'- 
pida'ted, a. in hot., having a sharp end like a spear; 
ending in a bristly point; in anat., applied to the 
canine or eye teeth. 

custard, n. kus'-terd (probably a corruption of the 
obsolete crustade, a dish of the fourteenth century, 
consisting of a kind of stew served up in a raised 
crust), a mixture of milk and eggs sweetened and 
flavoured, and afterwards baked or boiled : custard- 
apple, a tropical fruit containing a sweet yellowish 
pulp. 

custody, n. kus'td-di (L. custodia, a keeping or pre* 
serving — from custos, a guard : It. custodia : F. cus- 
tode), a guarding; a keeping; care or watch over for 
security or preservation; imprisonment: custodian, 
n. -to'-di-dn, one who has the care or custody of some 
public building; also custo'dier, n, -er, one who: cus- 
to'dial, a. -dl, relating to guardianship: cus'tos, n. 
■tds (L.), a keeper, as custos rotulorum, the principal 
justiee of a enmity, and keeper of its records. 

custom, n. kus'tum (old F. coustume; It. costume, 
custom, usage— from L. consuetus, usual, ordinary), 
frequent repetition of the same act ; established man- 
Mr; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve;. 



CUT 



129 



CYCL 



ner ; the practice of frequenting a shop for the pur- 
chase of goods ; usage ; toll or tax : cus'toms, n. plu. 
duties or taxes on goods imported or exported : cus- 
tom-house, the house where the customs are paid, 
<Se. : customable, a. -d-bl, habitual; frequent: cus- 
tomably, ad. -d-bll : customary, a. -ir'-i, usual ; habit- 
ual; in common practice: customer, n. -mer, one 
who frequents a shop for the purchase of goods ; a 
buyer: customarily, ad. -er'-i-ll : cus'tomar iness, n. 

cut, v. kut (W. cwtt, a little piece : Turk, kaf, a cut- 
ting), to separate by a cutting instrument ; to divide ; 
to sever; to hew, as timber; to penetrate or pierce; 
to affect deeply; to intersect or cross; to intercept: 
n. a stroke or blow with a sharp instrument ; a cleft ; 
a notch ; a gash ; a channel or ditch made by digging 
or cutting; a part cut off; a carving or engraving, 
likewise the print from it ; form ; shape ; fashion : adj. 
divided ; carved ; intersected : cut'ter, n. one who or 
that which cuts ; one of the boats of a large ship ; a 
light swift vessel with one mast ; an incisor or tooth 
so called: cut'ting, imp.: adj. sarcastic; severe: n. 
an incision ; a piece cut off; a portion of a plant for 
propagation ; a long deep excavation, as in making a 
road, a railway, or a canal : cut'ters, n. plu. in a 
machine, knives that cut ; bricks used chiefly for the 
arches of windows, doors, &c. : cut'tingly, ad. -II : 
cut, pp. and pt. divided ; pierced ; deeply affected : 
to cut a figure, to show off conspicuously: to cut a 
joke, to be witty and sociable : to cut down, to reduce ; 
to retrench ; to fell, as timber : to cut off, to separate ; 
to destroy; to intercept: to cut up, to divide into 
pieces : to be cut up, applied to an army in the field 
that has lost many men in killed and wounded: to cut 
out, to remove a part ; to shape : to cut out a ship, to 
enter a harbour and seize and carry off a ship by a 
sudden attack : to cut short, to abridge : to cut one's 
acquaintance, to refuse or avoid recognising him 
when meeting or passing each other : to cut a knot, 
to effect anything by short and strong measures : to 
cut the cards, to divide a pack into two portions: cut 
and dry or dried, prepared for use: to cut in, to 
divide; to join in anything suddenly: to draw cuts 
(W. cutws, lot), to draw lots by means of straws 
or pieces of paper, dec, cut in pieces of different 
lengths and held between the forefinger and thumb : 
cut-purse, n. kut'-pCrs, a thief; a robber: cut-throat, 
a murderer ; an assassin : adj. murderous ; barbarous : 
cut-water, the fore part of a ship's prow that cuts the 
water. 

cutaneous, a. kii-tii'ne'iis (L. cutis, skin: allied to 
Sans, sku, to cover: It. cutaneo ; F.cut and, cutaneous), 
pert, to the skin ; affecting the skin : cuticle, n. ku'tl-kl, 
the thin exterior coat of the skin ; the scarf skin ; the 
thin external covering of a plant : cutic'ular, a. -tlk'u- 
ler, pert, to the cuticle or external coat of the skin. 

cutchery, n. kuch'-er-l, a court of justice in the E. I. 

cute, a. kut (a familiar contraction for acute), sharp ; 
clever. 

cutlass, n. kiit'ld-s (a corruption of old Eng. curtal- 
axe : F. coutelas, a hanger or sword : It. coltello; Venet. 
cortelo, a knife), a broadsword used by seamen in 
boarding an enemy's ship. 

cutler, n. kut'Ur (L. cutter; W. cyllel, a knife: F. 
coutelier, a maker of knives), one who makes knives 
and other cutting instruments : cutlery, n. -I, knives 
and other cutting instruments. 

cutlet, n. kilt-let (from cut), a small slice of meat 
for cooking— i to veal. 

cuttle-fish, n. kut'-tl-flsh (AS. cudele, a cuttle-fish: 
old Eng. cuttle, a knife— from F. couteau, a knife— 
from the knife or feather shaped bone or shell con- 
tained in Its body : in W. morgyllel, the sea-knife), a 
fish, or rather mollusc, with long arms or feelers 
having horny rough surfaces, remarkable for its 
power of throwing out a brownish-black liquor which 
darkens the water and conceals it from its pursuers. 

cutty, a. kiit'ti (W. cwtt, a little piece), a word used 
as the first part of a compound, meaning short or 
small : cutty-pipe, a tobacco-pipe with a short stem ; 
cutty-stool, in Scot., a small low three-legged seat. 

cwt., n. pronounced jht, a contr. for 

hundred weight — c first letter of L. centum, a hundred 
— iv t, first and last letters of weight. 

cyanate, n. si'd-ndt (Gr. kuanos, dark-blue), a salt 
composed of cyanic acid anda base : cyan'ic, a. -dn'lk, 
relating to blue — applied to a series of colours having 
blue as the type: cy'anide, n. -d-nld, a compound of 
cyanogen with an elementary substanee : cyan'ogen, 
n. -dn'6-jSn (Gr. gennao, I produce), a gas having an 



odour like that of crushed peach-leaves, and which 
burns with a rich purple flame, an essential ingredient 
in Prussian blue : cy'anite, n. -d-nlt, one of the garnet 
family, so called from its prevailing azure-blue colour : 
cy'anose, n. -noz, also cyanosite, n. -dn'-o-zlt, sul- 
phate of copper or blue vitriol, used as a pigment and 
dye-stuff: cyanosis, n. -d-no'sXs, in vied., a diseased 
condition arising from a defect in the heart, and 
characterised by"blueness of the skin : cy'anu'ric, a. 
-nu'rlk (Gr. ouron, urine), noting an acid obtained 
from urine, &c. : cy'anom'eter, n. -ndm'-e~-ter (Gr. 
metron, a measure), an instrument for ascertaining 
the intensity of the blueness of the sky or ocean : 
cyanotype, n. sl-du'd-tip (Gr. tupos, an impression), a 
process of taking photographs in Prussian blue. 

cyathiform, a. sidth'lfawrm (L. cyathus, a cup or 
small ladle, and forma, shape), in oot., cup-shaped: 
cyathophyllum, n. sl'd-tho-fil'-lum (Gr. phullon. a 
leaf), in geol., a genus of cup-corals— the simple tur- 
binated forms being familiarly known by the name of 
" petrified rams' horns." 

cycadaceous, a. slk'-d-dd'shiis (L. cycas, one of the 
genera/ — gen. cycados; Gr. kukas, a kind of palm), pert, 
to the natural order of cycads, si'kddz, or small palm- 
like trees, the cycadaceae, sik'-d-dd-shl-g, from the pith 
of some of which a kind of sago is obtained : cyc'adeoi'- 
dea, n. -d6-dy'-dl-d (Gr. eidos form), in geol, a genus of 
roundish or oblong steins, greatly resembling those of 
the cycas : eye adites, n. plu. -dits, fossil plants from 
the oolite and chalk, apparently allied to the existing 
oycas. 

cyclamen, n. slk'ld-men (L. cyclaminos ; Gr. kukla- 
minos, the plant sow-bread— from Gr. kuklos, a circle, 
referring to the round leaves), in bot., a genus of bul- 
bous plants having beautiful flowers, called sow- 
bread, because the principal food of the wild boars of 
Sicily. 

cycle, n. sl'kl (F. cycle; Gr. kuklos, a circle, an orb : 
W. cylch, a circle), the revolution of a certain period 
of time which finishes and begins again in a perpetual 
circle; a round of years in which the same course 
begins again : cycle of the moon, or golden number, a 
period of 19 years, at the end of which the new and 
full moons occur again on the same days of the month : 
cycle of the sun, a period of 28 years : cycle of induc- 
tion, a period of 15 years : cyclic, a. sl-kllk, pert, to 
a cycle or circle; also cy'clical, a. -kll-kdl: cy'clas, n. 
■kids, in zool., a genus of fresh-water bivalves having 
oval, transverse, equivalved shells: cyclocladia, n. 
sl'klokla'dl-d (Gr. klados, a branch), in geol., certain 
coal-measure plants. 

cyclobranchiate, a. v Gr. kuklos, a 

circle, and brangchia, gills), having the gills disposed 
round the body, as among certain shell-fish, like the 
limpet: cy'clograph, n. -grdf (Gr. grapho, I write), 
an instrument for describing the arcs of very large 
circles. 

cycloid, n. sl'-kloiid (Gr. kuklos, a circle, and eidos, 
form), ageometrica'l curve : cycloi'dal, a. -ddl, pert, to : 
cycloi'deans, n. plu. -kldy'dl-dnz, in the system of 
Agassiz, the fourth order of fishes, having smooth 
scales, as the salmon and herring: cyclom'etry, n. 
■klom'S-trl (Gr. metron, a measure), the art of measur- 
ing circles or cycles. 

cyclones, n. plu. sX'klOnz (Gr. kuklos, a circle), rota- 
tory hurricanes -which occur most frequently between 
the equator and the tropics, and near the equatorial 
limits of the trade- winds : Latham recommends the 
spelling cycloons, sl'kldbnz. 

cyclopedia or cyclopaedia, n. sl'klo-pe'dl-d (Gr. 
kuklos, a circle, and paideia, learning, instruction), a 
book of universal knowledge; a book containing 
treatises on every branch of knowledge, arranged in 
alphabetical order. 

Cyclops, n. plu. st-klops (Gr. kuklos, s circle, and ops, 
the eye), in the Greek myth., giants, described as huge 
misshapen monsters, inhabiting Sicily, having but 
one eye, and that situated in the middle of the fore- 
head : cy'clope'an, a. -klo-pe'dn, pert, to the Cyclops ; 
vast ; terrific ; applied to those vast remains of anc. 
architecture, which consist of large unhewn masses 
of stones fitted together without mortar : cyclop'ic, a. 
pert, to the Cyclops ; savage; gigantic. 

cyclopteris, n. si-kloo i - a circle, and 

pteris, a fern), in geol, a genus of fern-like plants, 
having their leaflets of a round shape. 

cyclosis, n. si-klo'sts (Gr. kuklosis, a surrounding, a 
circulation— from kuklos, a circle), the partial circula- 
tion observable in the milky juice of certain plants. 



cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, Jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



CYCL 



cyclostomous, n. sl-klos'to-mus (Gr. kuklos, a circle 
and stoma, a mouth), having a circular mouth or aper- 
ture for sucking, among certain fishes, as the lamprey. 

cyder, n. sl'der, for cider, which see. 

cygnet, n. slg'net (L. cygnus; Gr. kuknos, a swan), 
a young swan. 

cylinder, n. sll'ln-der (L. cylindrus; G. kulindros, 
a roller), a roller ; a long circular body of uniform 
diameter: cylindric, a. sl-lin'drlk, also cylindrical, 
a. -drl-kdl, pert, to ; having the form of a cylinder : 
cylin'dricule, n. -kill, a small cylinder : cylin'drically, 
ad. -kdl-li: cylindricity, n. sil'ln-drls'l-tl : cylindri- 
form, a. sl-lln'drl-fawrm (Gr. forma, shape), in the 
form of a cylinder : cylindroid, n. sll'ln-drdyd, a cylin- 
der having its ends elliptical. 

cyma, n. si'md, also cyme, n. slm (Gr. kuma, a 
wave), in arch., a moulding whose contour resembles 
that of a wave, being hollow in its upper part and 
swelling below; an ogee: cy'moid, a. -moyd (Gr. 
eidos, form), formed like a cyma. 

cymar, n. sl-mdr' (F. simarre), a slight covering ; a 
scarf; also simar. 

cymbal, n. slm'-bdl (L. cymbalum; Gr. kumbalon, a 
cymbal— from kumbos, a cavity : It. cimbalo : F. cym- 
bale), a musical instrument of brass of a circular form 
like a dish, struck together in pairs when used. 

cymbiform, a. slm-bl-fawrm (L. cymba, a boat, and 
forma, shape), boat-shaped. 

cyme, n. slm (L. cyma; Gr. kuma, the young sprout 
of a cabbage), in bot., a mode of inflorescence resem- 
bling a flattened panicle, as that of the elder: cymoid, 
a. sl-mdyd (Gr. eidos, form), having the form of a cyme : 
cy'mose, a. -moz, flowering in cymes. 

cymophane, n. slm'o-fdn (Gr. kuma, a wave, and 
phaino, I appear), a semi-transparent variety of chry- 
soberyl : cymophanous, a. sl-mof'-d-nus, having a wavy 
floating light. 

cynanche, n. sl-ndn'M (Gr. kuon, a dog, and angcho, 
I strangle), a disease of the windpipe attended with 
inflammation. 

cynic, n. sln'lk (Gr. kunikos, dog-like— from kuon, a 
dog), a surly or snarling man ; a misanthrope ; one of 
the cynics : Cyn'ics, n. plu. an anc. sect of philoso- 
phers who contemned riches, the arts, the sciences, 
and amusements ; followers of Diogenes ; rude men : 
cynic, a. or cynical, a. -l-kdl, snarling ; having the 
qualities of a sorly dog : cynlcalness, n.: cynically, 
ad. -II : cynicism, n. -si zm, austerity ; churlishness. 

cynosure, n. sl'-no-zhobr(L. cynoswa; Gr. kunosoura, 
a dog's tail— from Gr. kuon, a dog, and oura, a tail), 
the pole-star, being the bright star of the constellation 
Little Bear, by which seamen used formerly to steer, 
and to which, therefore, they often directed their looks ; 
anything to which attention is strongly directed. 

cyperaceous, a. slp'er-a'shus (Gr. kupeiros, a kind 
of rush), belonging to the natural order of plants, the 
sedges, consisting of grass-like herbs growing in tufts 
— called the cy'pera'ceae, -shl-e: cy'perites, n. plu. 
-pir-lts, in geol., long narrow ensiform leaves o< 
ring in the coal-measures. 

cypraeidae, n. plu. sl-pre'l-de (L. cypria, a name of 
Venus), the cowry family; the shells of carnivorous 
gasteropods inhabiting the shores of warm seas, a 
small species of which is used extensively as money 
in Asia and Africa. 



130 DAD 

cypher, n. sl'fer, another spelling of cipher, which 

cypress, n. sl'prSs (L. cupressus, the Cyprus), plant3 
or tree3 valued for the durability of their wood; the 
emblem of mourning for the dead, anciently used at 
funerals : cyprine, a. slp'rin, pert, to the cypress-tree : 
n. (L. cuprum, copper), a blue mineral found in Nor- 
way. 

cyprinoid, a. slp'rl-ndyd (L. cyprinus, a carp, and 
Gr. eidos, likeness), carp-like; in geol., applied to 
many species oi small os Bushes: cyprinodonts, n. 
plu. sl-prln'6-donts (Gr. odous, a tooth— gen. odontos), 
recent fossil species of carp-like small fishes. 

cypris, n. sl'-prls, cypndidae, plu. -prid'l-de (Gr. 
kupris, a name of Venus), a genus and family of minute 
bivalve crustaceans. 

Cyprus, n. sl'prus (Cyprus, an island in the Levant), 
a thin, transparent, black stuff. 



riot, n. -6t, an inhabitant of Cyprus. 

Cyrenaic, a. sl'-re-na'-lk, pert, to Cyrene, a Grecian 
colony on the N. coast of Africa : Cyre'nians, n. plu. 
-re'nl-anz, the philosophers of a school founded a,t 
Cyrene. 

cyriologic, a. sl'rl-o-loj'lk (Gr. kurios, chief, and 
logos, discourse), pert, to capital letters. 

cyst, n. slst, also cystis, n. sls'tls (Gr. kustis, a 
bladder), in animal bodies, a bag containing morbid 
matter : cys'tic, a. -Hk, pert, to or contained in a cyst : 
cys'ticle, n. -tl-kl, a small cyst: cys'tine, n. -tin, a 
kind of calculus formed in the human bladder : cys- 
tid'eae, n. -tld'l-e, in geol, a family of Silurian echino- 
derms having a spherical or bladder-like form : cys'- 
tiphyl'lum, n. -tl-fil'-lum (Gr. phullon, a leaf), in geol., 
a genus of Silurian turbinated corals, composed inter- 
nally of small bladder-shaped cells: cysti'tis, n. -ti- 
lls, inflammation of the bladder: cys'tocele, n. tO-sel 
(Gr. kele, a tumour), hernia or rupture of the bladder: 
cys'tose, a. -toz, containing cysts: cystot'omy, n. 
-tot'o-ml (Gr. temno, I cut), the act or art of opening 
encysted tumours : cystid'ia, n. -tld'l-d. in bot., 
sacs containing spores; a kind of fructification in 
fungi. 

cytherean, a. slth'er-e'dn (Cythera, an island in the 
^Egean Sea, now Cerigo, celebrated for the worship of 
Venus),of orbelongingto Venus, ortolove: cytheridse, 
n. plu. sl-tMr'-l-de, in geol., a family of minute bivalve 
crustaceans. 

cytoblast, n. sl'to-bldst (Gr. kutos, a vessel, a cell, 
and blastano, I bud), the nucleus of animal and vege- 
table cells : cy'toblaste'ma, n. -blds-te'md, the viscous 
fluid in which animal and vegetable cells are pro- 
duced, and by which they are held together. 

cytogenesis, n. sl'to-jen'e-sls (Gr. kutos, a cell, and 
genesis, origin), the development of cells in animal 
and vegetable structures. 

cytos, sl'tos (Gr. kutos, a cell), a prefix, meaning a 
cell— in composition written cyto. 

Czar, n. zdr, sometimes written tzar (Polish form 
of the Russian title of the Kaiser, Caesar, or Emperor), 
the title of the Emperor of Russia ; a king : czari'na, 
n. -e'nd, a title of the Empress of Russia : czar'ish, a. 
-Ish, pert, to the Czar: czar'owitch, n. -6-vltz, the 
eldest son of the Emperor of Russia. 



of medicine: D.D., doctor of divinity: LL.D., doctor 
of laws: D.C., in music, da capo, which see. 

dab, v. dab (a word imitative of the sound of a blow 
on a soft substance, as clay: F. dauber, to beat), to 
strike gently: n. a gentle blow; a small lump of 
anything soft and moist; something moist thrown 
on a person ; a small fish : dab'bing, imp. : dabbed, 
pp. ddbd: dabT)er, n. an instrument used by en- 
gravers and others : dabble, v. ddb'l, to play among 
water, or among mud and water ; to throw water and 
splash it about ; to do anything in a slight and super- 
ficial manner; to meddle : -dab'bling, imp. -ling: 
daVbled, pp. -Id: dab'blingly, ad. -li: dab'bler, n. 
-ler, one who meddles without going to the bottom ; 
a superficial meddler. 

da capo, dd ka'-po (It. da, from, and capo, head, be- 



ginning), in music, a direction to return to, and end 
with, the first strain. 

dace, n. das (F. dard), a small native fresh-water 
fish. 

dactyl, n. ddk'tll (Gr. daktulos, a finger), a poetical 
foot, consisting of three syllables, the first long and 
the other two short, like the joints of a finger, as 
dudllst : dactylic, a. -Ik, relating to or consisting of 
dactyls: dacliylist, n. one who writes flowing dac- 
tylic verse : dactyl'oglyph, n. -o-gllf((ir. glupho,Ien- 
grave), the name of the artist inscribed on a finger- 
ring or gem: dac'tylog'raphy, n. -tll-dg'rd-fl (Gr. 
grapho, I write), the art of gem-engraving : dac'tyl- 
ol'ogy, n. -tll-ol'-o-jl (Gr. logos, discourse), the art of 
communicating ideas by certain movements and posi- 
tions of the fingers. 

dad, n. ddd, or daddy, n. ddd'dl (W. tad; Lap. 
dadda), the name for a father in children's language. 



mate, mdt,fdr, law; mete, m&t, her; pine, pin; note, nilt, m6ve; 



DADE I 

dade, v. dad (imitative of the syllables da, da, the 
incoherent utterances which accompany the muscular 
exertions of an infant ; F. dada, a hobby-horse), to 
teach a child to walk ; to hold up a child by leading- 
strings while attempting to walk : da ding, imp. : 
da'ded, pp. : dading-strings, leading-strings by which 
a child is held up while learning to walk : daddle, v. 
ildd-l, also daidle, v. ddd'-l (Scot.), to walk unsteadily 
like a child ; to waddle like a duck ; to do anything 
imperfectly; to trifle : daddling, imp. dad-ling: daid- 
ling. imp. ddd'-ling: daddied, pp. ddd'-ld: daidled, pp. 
dad-Id. 

dado, n. dd'-do (It. a cube or die for playing with), 
the solid block or cube forming the body of a pedes- 
tal; an architectural arrangement of moulding, &c, 
round the lower part of the walls of a room. 

daedalian, a. dedd'li-dn (L. d&dalus, artificial, 
skilful— from Daedalus, a renowned Athenian arti- 
ficer), formed with art; ■- skill ; intri- 
cate : daedalous, a. de'-dd-liis, in tot., irregularly 
jagged, as the broad apex of a leaf. 

daffodil, n. ddf-o-dll (Or. asphodelos; F. asphodele), 
a native flowering plant of a deep vellow hue ; a lily: 
also written daffodilly, n. -dil-ll, and daffodown- 
dilly, n. -ddicn-di!'-ll. 

daft, a. dtift (Scot.), insane; stupid; foolish. 

dag, n. dag (imitative of the noise of a blow with 
something sharp: F. dague; It. daga, a dagger), the 
original pistol of the fifteenth century: dagger, n. 
ddg'-ger, a short sword ; a poniard ; a mark of reference 
—thus (t): v. to pierce or stab with a dagger: to look 
daggers, to look fiercely or reproachfully: daggers 
drawn, at enndty. 

daggle, v. dag, a jag or shred: Fin. 

takku, a shaggy fleece: Sw. dagg, dew), to trail in 
the dirt ; to hang in wet dirty dags or jags, as the 
wool at a sheep's tail: daggling, imp.: dag'gled, 
pp. -Id, trailed in mud or foul water ; befouled : dag- 
lock, a lock of wool on a sheep that hangs and drags 
in the wet: dag-swain, a coarse woollen blanket: 
daggle-tailed, a. -tdld, bemired or bespattered be- 
hind with mud or water. 

Dagon, n. dd'-gon (Heb. dag, a fish), the national god 
of the anc. Philistines, &c, represented with the face 
and hands of a man and the tail of a fish. 

daguerreotype, n. dd-ger'otip (from M. Daguerre of 
Paris, the inventor), a painting on metal by means of 
sunlight. 

dahlia, n. da'-ll-d (after Dahl, a Swedish botanist), 
a plant from Mexico bearing a large ami beautiful 
compound flower: dahline, n. dd'-lln, a substance re- 
sembling starch obtained from the root of the dahlia. 

daily, a. dd'-ll— see day. 

dainty, a. ddn'-tl (W. dant, a tooth: Bav. dantsch, a 
delicacy: L. dens, a tooth— gen. dentis), pleasing to 
the taste ; delicious ; delicate ; effeminately beauti- 
ful; affectedly particular as to food: u. something 
nice to the taste; a delicacy: dain'tiness, n. -nes, 
nicety in taste ; delicacy: daintily, ad. -II. 

dairy, n. dd'-rl (oldEiig. dey, a female servant whose 
duty was to make cheese and butter, &c: Pol. doic, to 
milk cows; dojka, a dairymaid: Sw. deja, a dairy- 
maid), everything connected with milk and its pro- 
ducts ; the house^or room where milk is kept and con- 
verted into butter or cheese : dairymaid n. -mad, a 
female sen-ant engaged in the management of milk : 
dairyman, n. a man who keeps cows and sells milk. 

dais, n. da'ls (F. dais or daiz, a canopy over the 
head of a throne, the whole seat : old F. da is, a table— 
from L. discus, a quoit), the raised floor at the upper 
end of a dining-room : a raised seat, often canopied. 

daisy, n. dd'-zl (a corruption of day's eye), a well- 
known flower ; the wild daisy is called in Scotland, 
the gowan : daisied, a. -zXd, full of or adorned with 
daisies. 

dak, n. dak, also dawk, n. doXck (Hind, dak), a 
mode of travelling by post in the East. 

dakoit or dacoit, n. ddk-dvt (Bens, dakhe, a rob- 
ber), in the E. I., one of a class of rebbers who act in 
gangs : dakoi'ty, n. -kdy'-ti, the act or practice of gang 
robbery. 

dale, n. ddl (W. ticll, a hole, a pit : Pol. dol, a pit, _ 
"bottom : Goth, dal ; Ger. thai, a valley), the low 
ground between bills ; a vale or valley : dales'man, 
n. one who : istrict of hills and dales. 

dalliance, n. dal'-ll-dns (see dally), acts of toying 
fondness between males and females ; a lingerinr 






DAMS 

dalen, to speak or act childishly : a word imitative of 
senseless chatter, as in fal-lal-la, fiddle-de-dee, &c), to 
*-— time by trifling ; to fondle ; to play with caress- 
j ; to put off ; to amus ; of delay : 

__ Iying,imp.: dallied, pp. -lid : dallier, n. -IX er, one 
who : dalliance, n. -dris : dilly-dally, v. to waste time 
in trifling. 

dam, n. ddm (L. domina; It. dama ; F. dame, a 
lady), a female parent, now used only for animals. 

dam, v. ddm (Pol. tama, a dam, a dike : Icel. 
dammr; Dan. dam, a fish-pond: old Sw. dampn, a 
dam), to stop wholly or partially the flow of a stream 
of water by a mound of earth and stones, or by any 
other obstruction : n. a bank or mound of earth and 
stones ; anything to confine wholly or partially a 
stream of water : dam'ming, imp. : dammed, pp. 
ddmd. 

dam, n. ddm, also daum, n. daTmn, an Indian copper 
coin, the fortieth part of a rupee. 

damage, n. ddm'-dj (old F. dommage— from L. dam- 

um, hurt, loss), any hurt, loss, or harm to property or 
person ; the value of the mischief done : v. to injure ; 
to hurt or harm ; to receive harm ; to be injured : 
dam'aging, imp. : dam'aged, pp. -djd .- damages, n. 
plu. dam'-d-jiz, money awarded by a court of law on 
account of loss or injury to property, or injury to per- 
son, through the fault of another : dam'ageable, a. 
■d-bl, that may be injured 

damascene, n. ddm-ds-sen (from Damascus in Syria), 
a particular kind of plum, now written damson: da- 
mask, n. ddm'-dsk, figured silk or linen ; a red colour : 
v. to form flowers on cloth ; to variegate : damasking, 
imp. -ing: dam'asked, pp. -dskt .- dam'askeen, v. -as- 
ken, to produce Damascus blades having a many- 
coloured watered appearance ; to etch slight orna- 
ments on polished steel wares ; to inlay steel or iron 
with gold and silver : dam'askee'uing, imp. : n. the 
act of beautifying iron or steel by engraving, or by in- 
laying with gold or silver: dam'askeened', pp. -kend': 
dam'askins, n. plu. -dsklnz, Damascus blades : dam'- 
assin, n. -ds-sln, damask cloth interwoven with flowers 
in gold and silver. 

dame, n. ddm iL. domina; It. dama; F. dame, a 
lady), formerly a title of honour for a woman— still 
applied to the wife of a baronet or knight ; a woman 
in general : dame-school, n. a school taught by a 
female of mature age. 

damn, v. ddm (L. damnare, to condemn: It. dan- 
nare: F. damner), to sentence to eternal misery in 
the future world ; to condemn ; to condemn as bad or 
displeasing, as by hissing : damn'ing, imp. -ing : 
damned, pp. ddmd : adj. sentenced to eternal punish- 
ment; condemned; hateful: dam'nable, a. -nd-tl, de- 
serving damnation, or leading to it ; odious : dam'- 
nably, ad. -Ml .- dam'nableness, n. -nd-bl-nes: damna- 
tion, n. -nd'shiin, sentence to everlasting punishment : 
dam'natory, a. -nd-ter-l, tending to condemn ; con- 
taining a sentence of condemnation : damnific, a. 
-nlf'ik, (L. fio, I become), causing loss; injurious: 
dam'nify, v. -ni-fl, to inflict damage on any one ; to 
injure ; to impair. 

damp, a. ddmp (Ger. damp/, vapour, steam ; 
damp/en, to suffocate : Dut. dempen ; Sw. dampa, to 
extinguish a light, to repress), in a state between dry 
and wet ; moist ; humid : n. moist air ; moisture ; 
fog ; vapour ; depression of spirits ; dejection : v. to 



dally, v. ddl'-ll (Ger. dallen, to chatter, to trifle : 
Swiss dalen or talen, to speak imperfectly : Westph. 

cow, toy, foot; pure, tud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



damps or checks ; in Australia, &c, a kind of u 
leavened bread ; in a lo kind of iron 

Venetian blind fixed to the smoke-box end of the boiler, 
which is shut down when the engine is standing, and 
opened when it is running: damps, n. plu. noxious 
vapours issuing from the earth, as from old wells or 
pits : dampness, n. moisture ; humidity : choke-damp, 
n. chok-, the carbonic acid gas, fatal to animal life, 
which is generated in close and confined places, as 
coal-pits, cellars, wells, &c. : fire-damp, n. the in- 
flammable gas generated in coal-pits : damp'en, v. 
-en, to make damp or moist : dampening, imp. 
dampening : damp'ened, pp. -Ind : dampish, a. -ish, 
moderately damp or moist : damp'ishly, ad. -U : damp - 
ishness, n. 

damsel, n. d&m'-zil (F. demoiselle, a gentlewoman : 
It. damigella, dim. of dama, a lady— from L. domina, 
a lady), a young unmarried woman ; a maiden ; a girl. 

damson, n. ddm'zn (from damascene, the Damas- 
cus plum), a small dark plum. 



DANC 



132 



DATI 



dance, v. ddns (F. danser ; Ger. tanzen ; Dan. 
dandse, to frisk, to dance : Sw. dunsa, to fall heavily), 
to move nimbly ; to leap and frisk about ; to move 
with measured steps : dan'cing, imp. : danced, pp. 
ddnst : dan'cer, n. -ser, one who : to dance attend- 
ance, to strive to gain favour and patronage by as- 
siduous civilities and officious endeavours to please : 
dance or dan'cing, n. a leaping and frisking about ; 
a measured stepping and jumping, nearly always to 
music ; a graceful movement of the figure. 

dandelion, n. ddn'dl-ll'-on (F. dent, tooth; de, of; 
lion, lion— the lion's tooth), a well-known plant having 
a yellow flower on a naked stem, and deeply-notched 
leaves. 

dander, v. ddn'der (Scot.), to walk without think- 
ing whither; to saunter: dan'dering, imp. : dandered, 
pp. ddn'dSrd. 

dandle, v. dda'-dl (It. dondolo, a foolish toy or 
bauble ; dondola, a child's playing baby : Ger. tandeln, 
to toy, to trifle), to move up and down, as an infant on 
the knee ; to amuse ; to fondle : dan'dling, imp. : 
dan'dled.bp. ddn'dld: dan'dler, n. one who. 
' an'driff, n. -drlf (F. 



dandy, n. ddn'-dl (It. dondola, a toy : Ger. tandeln, 
to trifle, to toy: but probably Dan. dannede, accom- 
plished—from danne, to educate), one who dresses to 
excess, like a doll ; a fop ; a coxcomb : dan'dyish, a. 
-ish, like a dandy : dan'dyism, n. -izm, the manners 
and dress of a dandy. 

Dane, n. dan, a native of Denmark: dane'gelt, 
■gi.lt, a tax formerly paid by the English for maintain- 
ing forces to oppose the Danes, or to procure peace 
from them by giving tribute : Danish, a. dd'nlsh, of or 
belonging to the Danes : n. the language. 

danger, n. ddn'jer (mid. L. damnum, a fine imposed 
by legal authority: F. damager, to distrain or seize 
cattle found in trespass: mid. L. domigerium, the 
power of exacting a damnum or fine for trespass), 
peril ; hazard ; risk ; exposure to any injury or evil : 
dan'gerous, a. -us, unsafe ; perilous ; full of danger : 
dan'gerously, ad. -II: dan'gerousness, n. 

dangle, v. ddng'gl (Icel. dengia, to knock: Dan. 
dingle ; Sw. dangla, to dangle, to swing to and fro), 
to hang loose aud swinging; to hang on any one; to 
be a humble, oiflcious follower : dangling, imp. : 
dan'gled, pp. -gld ; dan'gler, n. -gler, one who dangles, 
particularly one who hangs about women. 

dank, a. d&nk (synonymous with damp : Dut. don- 
ker; AS. duncor ; Ger. dunkel, dark, obscure), close 
and damp ; very humid : n. humidity ; moisture : 
dank'ish, a. -Ish, somewhat damp : dank'ishness, n. 

Danubian, a. ddn-u'bl-dn, pert, to the river 
Danube. 

dap, v. ddp (from dip), in angling, to drop the bait 
gently into the water, or to raise it : dap'ping, imp. : 
dapped, pp. ddpt. 

dapedius, n. dd-pe'dl-us (Gr. dapedon, a pavement), 
in geol., a genus of ganoid fishes, so named from the 
arrangement of the scales resembling a tesselated 
pavement. 

Daphne, n. ddf'nS (Gr. and L. the daughter of the 
river-god Peneus, changed into a laurel-tree), the 
spurge-laurel tree. 

Daphnis, n. ddf-nls <L, and Gr.), a son of Mercury ; 
a young shepherd, the inventor of pastoral songs. 

dapper, a. ddp'per (Dut. dapper, active, smart: 
low Ger. dobbers, sound, good), little and active; 
nimble ; neat ; clean made. 

dapple, a. ddp'l, also dap'pled, a. -Id (from dab, a 
lump of something soft, a blotch or spot : Icel. depill, 

aspotongroundofadifferentcoloiK ),spo1 ted oi '::r 

colours ; marked with spots : v. to mark or variegate 
with spots : dap'pling, imp. -ling: dap'pled, pp. -Id. 

dare, v. ddr (AS. dearran, to dare: Icel. diarfr, 
bold : L. durus, hard : W. deivr, strong, bold), to have 
courage, strength of mind, or hardihood to undertake 
anything ; not to be afraid ; to venture ; to provoke ; 
to defy : da'ring, imp. : adj. bold ; fearless ; auda- 
cious: n. boldness, or a bold act: dared, pp. ddrd: 
dared, pt. defied : durst, pt. derst, ventured : da'ring- 
ly, ad. -II: da'ringness, n. boldness; courage. 

dare, v. ddr (Scot, dauer, to stun, to be stupefied : 
Sw. dare, a fool: AS. Thor, the god of thunder), to 
daunt ; to terrify ; to daze : da'ring, imp. : dared, pp. 
ddrd. 



dark, a. ddrJc (AS. deorc; Gael, dorch, dark), with- 
out light; obscure; gloomy; disheartening; igno- 
rant ; secret ; concealed : n. also dark'ness, n. absence 
of light; obscurity; ignorance, or state of ignorance ; 
secrecy : darkly, ad. -II, in a dark manner ; obscurely : 
dark'ish, a. somewhat dark : dark-browed, a. stern of 
aspect ; frowning : dark-coloured, a. having a dark 
hue : dark'some, a. -sum, rather dark ; obscure : 
darken, v. darken, to deprive of light ; to obscure ; 
to render gloomy; to render ignorant or stupid; to 
render less white ; to tan ; to grow dark : darkening, 
imp. ddrk'-nlng: dark'ened, pp. -ind: darkling, a. 
-ling, in the dark ; without light. 

darling, n. ddr'llng (AS. deorling, dim. of dear, 
dear), a much-loved one; a favourite: adj. dear; 
dearly beloved ; favourite. 

darn, v. darn (originally signified a patch ; old F. 
dame, a slice: W. dyrnaid, a handful), to mend a 
rent or hole by interlacing it with stitches; to sew 
together in imitation of the texture of the stuff: 
dar'ning, imp. : darned, pp. ddrnd : dar'ner, n. one 
who : darning-needle, n. a long strong needle for 
mending holes or rents. 

darnel, n. ddr'nel (Lith. dumas, foolish, crazy: 
Sw. dare; Ger. thor, a fool), a weed among corn, sup- 
posed to induce i n i o ■■; i.-a i.kui 

dart, n. dart (F. dard, a dart : Bret, tarz, a clap : 
W. tarddu, to spring forth or appear, as the dawn), a 
short lance ; a sharp-pointed weapon to be thrown by 
the hand : v. to throw a pointed weapon with a sud- 
den thrust ; to shoot ; to send rapidly ; to spring or 
run with celerity ; to start suddenly and run : dart - 
ing, imp. : dart'ed, pp. : dart'er, n. one who ; a 
Brazilian bird of the pelican family : dart'ingly, ad. 
■II. 

dash, v. ddsh (imitation of the sound of a blow, the 
beating of the waves upon the shore, &c. : Bav. dos- 
sen, to sound as heavy rain, rushing brooks, &c. : 
Dan. daske, to slap: Sw. daska, to drub), to strike 
with suddenness or violence ; to throw water sudden- 
ly ; to mix or adulterate ; to blot out ; to scatter ; to 
rush or strike with suddenness; to break through 
with violence : n. a striking together of two bodies ; 
collision ; a slight addition ; a rushing or onset ; a 
sudden stroke, flourish, or parade ; in writing or 
printing, a mark thus (— ) ; in music, thus ('), over a 
note : dashing, imp. : adj. bold ; showy ; spirited : 
dashed, pp. ddsht-. dash-board, a board on the fore part 
of a vehicle to prevent water, mud, or snow being 
thrown upon the persons in it by the heels of the horses. 

dastard, n. dds'terd (ard is the Dut. aerd, inborn or 
native quality ; also Ger. art, nature, quality, and dast, 
—the radical part, may be the figurative application 
of dash or daze, to stun, to confound ; AS. adastrigan, 
to discourage, to dismay), a coward ; a poltroon ; one 
who meanly shrinks from danger: adj. cowardly: 
das'tardly, a. -li, cowardly ; mean ; timorous : das'- 
tardise, v. -dlz, to make cowardly: das'tardi'sing, 
imp. : das'tardised', pp. -dlzd': das'tardUness, n. : 
das'tardness, n. mean fear; cowardliness. 

dasypus, n. dds'l-pus (Gr. dasus, rough, hairy, 
and pous, a foot), the zoological term for the arma- 
dilioes, in allusion to the soles of their feet being 
covered witli strong ha>.:; 

dasyure, n. dds'l-ur (Gr. dasus, hairy, and oura, a 
tail), a quadruped of Australia allied to the opossum. 

data, n. plu. dd'-td (L. data, things given— from 
datum, a thing given), tilings given, admitted, or 
known, by which to find things unknown ; known or 
admitted facts or truths : da'tum, n. sing, -turn, some- 
thing given as a standard : datum-line, the base-line 
from which surface levels are reckoned : dataria, n. 
dd-td'rl-d, the Papal chancery at Rome from which 
all bulls are dated and issued : date, n. ddt, the day, 
month, and year in which anything was given or ex- 
ecuted ; the time of any event or transaction ; period ; 
age ; era ; epoch : v. to write, fix, or note the time of 
any event, &c. ; to reckon ; to begin : da'ting, imp. :. 
da'ted, pp. : dateless, a. without a date. 

date, n. dut (F. datte, the date: L. dactylus, a finger 
—from the form of the fruit), the fruit of the date- 
palm tree. 

datholite, n. ddth'-6-llt (fir. dnihvs, turbid, in allu- 
sion to its want of transparency) ; also datolite, n. 
ddt'o-lit (Gr. dateomai, I divide— because of its divi- 
sion into granular portions), a glossy crystal, colour- 
less, or inclining to grey, or to a yellowish grey. 

dative, a. dd'tiv (L. datum, given), in Latin, the 
case of nouns that usually follows verbs expressing giv- 
mate, mdt, far, law; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, mOve; 









DAUB 



133 



DEAN 



ing, or an act directed to an object ; this relation in 
Eng. is expressed by to or for. 

daub, n. dawb (from dab, an imitation of the sound 
made by throwing down a lump of something moist), 
a coarse painting : v. to smear or cover with any soft 
matter ; to plaster ; to paint coarsely ; to lay or put 
on without taste : daub ing, imp. : daubed, pp. 
dawbd : dauber, n. one who : daub'y, a. -I, slimy ; 
adhesive. 

daughter, n. daw'ter (Ger. tochter; Gr.thugatcr; 
Sans, duhitri; Lap. daktar ; AS. dohter), a female 
child ; female offspring ; a term of affection for a fe- 
male : daughter-in-law, n. a son's wife : daughterly, 
a. -ll, dutiful : daugh terliness, n. 

dauk, n.— see dawk. 

daunt, v. daTcnt (F. dompter, to tame: Scot, dant, 
to subdue: L. domare, to tame), to dishearten; to 
discourage ; to check by fear ; to dismay : daunting, 
imp. : daunt'ed, pp. : daunt less, a. bold ; fearless ; not 
timid: dauntlessly, ad. -ll: dauntlessness, n. fearless- 
ness; intrepidity. 

Dauphin, n. diw'-fln (L. dclphin, a dolphin, a star 
—originally the title of the lord of Dauphine), a title 
of the elde'st son of the king of France prior to the 
revolution in 18.0 ; his wife was called Dauphiness. 

davite, n. dd'vlt (after Sir H. Davy), a native sul- 
phate of alumina of a yellow or greenish-yellow 
colour. 

davits, n. plu. da'vlts (F. clavier, a davit), the pro- 
jecting iron beams on the side or stern of a vessel 
from which a boat is suspended for immediate use in 
case of need : davit, n. a spar on board a ship, used as 
a crane for hoisting the anchor and keeping it clear 
of the ship. 

Davy-lamp, n. dd'vl-Mmp, a form of lamp whose 
light is surrounded by fine wire gauze, invented by 
Sir Humphrey Davy, used in workings subject to ex- 
plosions of fire-damp. 

daw, n. daw (Swiss, ddhi: Bav. dahel), a bird of the 
crow kind ; the jackdaw : daw'ish, a. like a daw. 

dawdle, v. daiv'-dl (F. dada, a hobby-horse : Scot. 
daidle, to wal a child), to do a thing in 

a purposeless manner like a child, and slowly ; to trifle 
and waste time: dawdling, imp.: daw" died, pp. -did: 
daw'dler, n. -dle-r, a trifler ; one who lingers. 

dawk, n. dawk (Hind.), the mail post in the E. I. 

dawn, n. dawn (Icel. dagan, dawn ; dagur, day : AS. 
dagian, to become day), the break of day; the first 
appearance of light in the morning ; first opening or 
expansion ; rise ; beginning ; first appearance : v. to 
begin to grow light ; to begin to open or expand ; to 
glimmer obscurely: dawn'ing, imp.: n. first appear- 
ance of anything, as the day, reason, intellectual 
powers: dawned, pp. daXind. 

day, n. da (in the middle ages the word day was 
applied to the day appointed for hearing a cause, or 
for the meeting of an assembly: Dut. daghen, to 
appoint a day for a certain purpose: old Sw. dag, 
the time appointed for a convention: AS. dceg ; L. 
dies, a day), one complete revolution of the earth 
on its axis; the time from midnight to midnight; 
a period of twenty-four hours ; in common language, 
the time from sunrise to sunset, as opposed to the 
darkness or night; publicity; light; any specified 
time ; age, as in these days ; time : dai'ly, a. -ll, every 
day : daysman, n. ddz'-mdn, the judge appointed to 
decide between parties at a judicial hearing: day- 
book, n. a book containing entries of transactions just 
as they occur every day : daybreak, n. dawn : day- 
dream, n. a vision while awake : daylight, n. the light 
of the sun, as opposed to that of the moon : day-star, 
n. morning star ; the Divine revelation ; the light of 
the gospel : day by day, every day : day of grace, the 
time that mercy is offered : days of grace, the three 
days allowed for the payment of a bill of exchange after 
its date has expired : dayspring, n. the dawn of light : 
day-ticket, in a railicay or steamboat, a ticket to 
enable a passenger to return on the same day : day- 
labour, labour performed or hired by the day : day- 
labourer, one who works by the day : day's journey, 
in the East, a mode of computing the distance that 
can easily be travelled over in a day: daytime, the 
time during which the sun gives light to the earth: 
from day to day, without certainty or continuance : 
to-day, on this day : astronomical day, the day which 
begins at noon and ends at noon : civil day, the mean 



sidereal day, the day measured by the stars, being 
the interval between two successive transits of the 
first point of Aries over the same meridian: solar 
day, the day measured by the sun, being the interval 
between two successive transits of the sun's centre 
over the same meridian : mean solar day, the mean 
or average of all the apparent solar days in the year : 
to win the day, to gain the victory ; to be successful. 

daze, v. ddz (Dut. daesen, to lose one's wits in fright : 
Icel. das, a faint exhaustion : Bav. dosen, to keep still), 
to stun; to stupefy with a blow, or with excess of 
light, fear, cold, &c. : n. among miners, a glittering 
stone : da 'zing, imp. : dazed, pp. dazd : dazzle, v. 
ddz'l, to overpower with light; to strike or surprise 
with brilliancy or splendour; to be overpowered with 
light : daz'zling, imp. : dazzled, pp. -Id : daz'zlingly, 
ad. -Ung-ll: daz zlement, n. -l-mint. 

de, pref. (L.), a moving down or from; separation 
or taking away : de often expresses a negative, and 
sometimes only augments the sense : de has the force 
of dis, asunder, as in derange, depart. 

deacon, n. de'-kn (L. diaconus; Gr. diakonos, a min- 
ister or servant), in the Eng. Ch. and in the Ch. of 
R., a person in the lowest order of the clergy— origin- 
ally an overseer of the poor, but deacons do not now 
fulfil their original purpose; in Scot., the chairman 
of an incorporated trade; in certain denominations, 
one who attends to the secular affairs of the congre- 
gation: deaconsbip, n. de'kn-shlp, or dea'conry, n. 
-rl, the office of: dea'coness, n. formerly a female 
deacon in Christian churches. 

dead, a. ded (Goth, dauths; Icel. daud; Sw. dod; 
Ger. todt, dead), deprived of life ; deceased ; without 
life; that never had life; senseless; inactive; per- 
fectly still; tasteless; vapid; perfect or complete, as a 
dead shot ; wholly under the power of sin : deadly, a. 
-ll, that may occasion death ; fatal ; destructive : ad. 
in a manner resembling death ; mortally : dead'ness, 
n. state of being destitute of life, vigour, or activity: 
dead-lift, or dead-weight, n. a heavy weight or bur- 
den : dead-light, a shutter for the window of a ship's 
cabin : dead - reckoning, n. a ship's place ascer- 
tained from the log-book : dead level, a term applied 
to a flat country which offers facilities for railway or 
road making : dead-colouring, the first layers of col- 
ours in a picture, bringing out its parts: dead drunk, 
rendered perfectly helpless through strong drink: 
dead-letter, at a post-office, a letter whose owner can- 
not be found : deadly nightshade, a poisonous plant 
of the genus atropa : dead-march, a solemn piece of 
music played on instruments at the interment of the 
dead, principally of military men: dead-water, the 
water that closes in after a ship's stem when sailing : 
deads, n. plu. dids, in mining, any vein-stone or mine 
stuff that does not contain enough of ore to make it 
worth removing from the mine ; mine waste or rub- 
bish : dead top, a disease of young trees : dead nettle, 
a common plant like the nettle, but having no sting- 
ing property : the dead, n. plu. human beings without 
life: dead language, one no longer spoken: deaden, 
v. did'-n, to lessen force, vigour, or sensation ; to 
blunt; to retard; to render spiritless ; to smother, as 
sound; to cloud or obscure: dead'ening, imp. -nlng: 
dead'ened, pp. -nd: dead'liness, n. -li-nes. 

deaf, a. def (founded on the notion of stoppings an 
orifice ; dead and deaf have the same primary origin : 
Goth, daubs ; Icel. daufr, deaf, dull of hearing), with- 
out the sense of hearing j L feet hearing; in- 



Sans. dala, a part, a lot, a portion), an indefinite 
quantity ; a great part : v. to distribute, as cards ; to 
divide into portions ; to give gradually ; to transact 
business; to traffic; to act: dealing, imp. : n. conduct 



distributed ; gii on : dealer, n. one who ': 

to deal in, to trade in ; to practise : to deal with, to 
trade with ; to be a customer to : to deal by, to treat 
well or ill. 

deal, n. del (Sw. tall, pine-tree : Icel. taiga, to hew : 
Ger. diele, a board), a board or plank of wood, gene- 
rally of the pine or fir. 

dean, n. den (F. doyen; Dut. deken, the head of a 

collegiate body,— from L. decanus, the chief often— 

from decern, ten), the second dignitary of a diocese ; 

an officer in the universities of Oxford and Cam- 

colv, boy, foot; pare, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



DEAR 1 

bridge (one of the fellows) appointed to see to the 
discipline of the college, especially as to attendance 
at chapel and hall ; the chief or head of a faculty : 
dean'ery, n. -er-l, the office or revenue of a dean; 
the residence of a dean: dean'ship n. the office: 
dean and chapter, the title of the governing body of 
a cathedral: rural deans, clergy appointed by the 
bishop to inspect a certain number of parishes, and 
preside at the ruri-decanal chapters : dean of guild, 
in Scot, the head or president of a merchant com- 
pany or guildry : dean of faculty, in Scot., the head of 
the faculty of advocates or barristers : dean of guild 
court, in Scot, a court that has the care of buildings 
within a royal burgh. 

dear, a. der (AS. deor, dear: Gael, daor, bound, 
precious, dear in price: Manx, deyrey, condemning, 
clear), high priced ; not plentiful ; more costly than 
usual; highly esteemed; beloved; precious: n. a 
darling; a word of endearment or affection: dearly, 
ad. -II: dear'ness, n. the state or condition of being 
dear : dear-bought, a. purchased at too high a price : 
dear'yi n. -I, a familiar term for a dear. 

dearth, n. derth (from dear, as length from long), 
scarcity ; want ; famine ; barrenness or want of. 

death, n. deth (Goth, dauthus; Icel. daudhi, death; 
low Ger. dode, a dead body : Icel. deya, to die), a total 
and permanent cessation of all the vital functions ; 
cause of death; decease; mortality; alienation or 
separation of the soul from God ; state of being under 
the dominion of sin : deathless, a. immortal : death- 
like, a. resembling death ; very still : death-bed, the 
bed on which a person dies ; the closing hours of life 
on a bed : death-watch, n. a small insect that makes 
a ticking noise : death's door, n. a near approach to 
death: death-rattle, n. a rattle in the throat of a 
dying person : death's-head moth, the largest moth 
in Europe, so named from a figure resembling a 
human skull on its thorax : death-stroke, the stroke 
of death : death-token, that which is supposed to in- 
dicate approaching death: death-warrant, an order 
signed by the sovereign for the execution of a criminal. 

cleave, v. dev (Scot. : Norm, dyvja, to buzz, to sound 
hollow), to stupefy with noise : deavlng, imp.: deaved, 
pp. devd. 

debacle, n. d§-bdk'l (P. breaking of a frozen river), 
in geol. , any sudden flood or rush of water which breaks 
down opposing barriers, and hurls forward and dis- 
perses blocks of stone and other debris. 

debar, v. de-bar' (de, from, and bar), to cut off; to 
exclude; to hinder from approach, enjoyment, &c. : 
debarring, imp.: debarred', pp. -bdrd'. 

debark, v. dS-bdrk' (F. de, from, and barque, a boat 
or vessel), to disembark ; to land from a ship or boat : 
debarking, imp.: debarked', pp. -b&rkt'-. debarka- 
tion, n. de'-bdr-ka'shun, the act of landing from a 
ship. 

debase, v. dS-bds' or -bdzf {de, down, and base, low, 
which see), to reduce from a higher to a lower state ; to 
reduce or lower in quality, purity, or value ; to adul- 
terate ; to degrade : deba'sing, imp. : debased', pp. 
-basd': deba'ser, n. -ser, one who: debasement, n.: 
deba'singly, ad. -It. 

debate, n. di-bdf (F. ddbat, strife; cUbattre, to con- 
tend, to fight a thing out), contention in words ; dis- 
cussion between two or more persons avowedly for 
the discovery of truth : v. to contend for in words or 
arguments ; to dispute ; to deliberate : deba'ting, imp.: 
deba'ted, pp. : deba'ter, n. one who : deba'table, a. 
-bd'-td-bl, subject to dispute ; that can be controverted : 
deba'tingly, ad. -II: debating society, an association, 
generally of young men, for discussing general and 
special subjects, to improve themselves in extempora- 
neous speaking: debates in Parliament, the discus- 
sion, in all its bearings, of any measure or question 
brought before the House, as to its merits, and as to 
how it may affect the welfare of the nation. 

debauch, n. dS-baujch' (F. debaucher, to corrupt— 
from de, and bauche, a row or course of bricks in a 
building: Icel. balkr, a heap), excess in eating or 
drinking ; intemperance ; lewdness : v. to corrupt ; to 
vitiate: debauching, imp.: debauched', pp. -bawcht' : 
debauch'edly,ad.-JS.- debauch'edness, n.: debaucher, 
n. -er, one who debauches or corrupts others : debauch'- 
ery, n. -er-'l, gluttony ; e ccess; sensuality: debauchee, 
n. deb'0-she, a man given to intemperance or excesses : 
debauch'ment, n. 

debenture, n. dS-b&n'tur (F. debenture, receipt, de- 
benture: L. debentur, there are owing— from debeo, I 
owe), a written or printed acknowledgment of a debt 
mate, mdt,/dr, law; mete, m&t, 



i DECA 

or borrowed money, on which a certain amount of in- 
terest is agreed to be paid yearly or half-yearly, as a 
railway debenture ; a certificate of drawback on goods 
exported : deben'tured, a. -turd, pert, to goods on which 
acertificate of drav ba< I • been granted. 

debilitate, v. di I U I tai : ; dibiliter, to enfeeble— 
from L. debilis, weak), to enfeeble; to weaken; to 
impair the strength o1 debillta'ting, imp.: debil- 
ita'ted, pp. : debil'ita'tion, n. -td'shun, a weakening 
relaxation : debility, n. -ti, weakness ; languor ; feeble- 
ness. 

debit, n. dSb'-it (L. debitum, to owe, that which is 
owing— from debeo, I owe : It. debito ; F. debit, a debt), 
an entry on the debtor (Dr.) side of an account : v. to 
charge with debt ; to enter on the debtor (Dr.) side of 
an account: debiting, imp.: debited, pp. 

deblai.n. dii-UO'{V. ;n/t oi inking away or clearing), 
in fort., the mass of earth taken from a ditch, a trench, 
or a mound. 

debonair, a. deb'5-ndr' (It. bonario, upright, honest : 
F. dibonnaire, courteous, affable— from de bon air, of 
good air or mien), good-humoured ; gentle ; complais- 
ant; elegant; well-bred: deb'onair'ness, n. good- 
humour ; gentleness : deb'onairly, ad. -11, elegantly. 

debouch, v. de-bosh' (F. d&joucher, to open, to 
escape — from de, and bouche, mouth), to march out of 
a narrow place, a wood or a defile, as troops: de- 
bouching, imp.: debouched', pp. -b6sht': debou'- 
chure, n. -M'-shor, the opening or mouth of a river 

debris, n. dSV-re (F. dibris, rubbish— from de, and 
oris, wreck), rubbish ; ruins ; fragments of rocks, &c. 

debt, n. det (L. debitum, to owe— see debit), any- 
thing due from one person to another; what one i3 
bound or obliged to pay ; obligation ; liability ; sin ; 
trespass : debt of nature, death : debtor, n. det'-er, 
the person who owes another money, goods, or ser- 
vices; the side of an account in which debts are 
marked. 

debut, n. de-bb" (F.), entrance; first appearance; 
first step or attempt: debutant, n. deb'6-tang, a be- 
ginner; a novice: debutante, n. -tdngt, a woman who 
makes her first appearance before the public. 

deca, pref. dek'd, (Gr. deka ; Sans, dacan), ten; a 
prefix signifying ten. 



decade, n. dek'dd (F. ddcade— from Gr. dekas, the 
number ten— gen. dekados), the sum or number of ten : 
dec'adal, a. -d-dal, pert, to or consisting of ten. 

decadence, n. de-ka'-dens, or deca'dency, n. -dSn-sl 
(F. decadence— from L. de, and cadens, falling), state 
of decay: deca'dent, a. -dent, decaying. 

decagon, n. dSk'-d-gon (Gr. deka, ten, and gonia, z. 
corner), in geom., a plane figure having ten sides, 
regular when the sides are equal. 

decagynian, a. dek'd-gln In (G: deka, ten, and 
gune, a female), pert, to the order of plants decagynia, 
having ten pistils, or whose pistils have ten free 
styles. 

decahedron, n. dek'-a-he'dron (Gr. deka, ten, and 
hedra, a base, a seat), a solid figure with ten sides : 
decahedral, a. having ten sides. 

decalitre, n. dek-d-le'-tr (Gr. deka, ten, and F. litre, 
a quart), a French measure of capacity of ten litres. 

decalogue, n. dek'-d-log (Gr. deka, ten, and logos, 
speech), the ten commandments, originally written on 
two tables of stone. 

decametre, n. dSk'-d-ma'-tr (Gr. deka, ten, and F. 
metre), a French measure of length, nearly eleven 
English yards. 

decamp, v. de-kdmp' (F. decamper, to march off— from. 
L. de, down ; It. and Sp. campo -, L. campus, a plain), to 
remove from a camp ; to walk or move off; to depart 
hastily : decamping, imp. : decamped', pp. -kdmpt' .- 
decamp'ment, n. departure from a camp. 

decanal, a. dek'Ci-ndl (see dean), pert, to a deanery. 

decandrian, a. de-kdn'-dH-dn (Gr. deka, ten, and 
aner, a man— gen: andros), pert, to the order of plants 
decandria, having ten stamens. 

decangular, a. dik-dng'-u-ler (Gr. deka, ten, and L. 
angulus, a corner), having ten angles. 

decant, v. dS-kdnt' (F. dicanter, to pour off gently : 
Icel. kantr, a side : Dan. kant, the edge : Eng. cant, to 
tilt up on one side, so as to rest on the other edge), 
to pour off a liquid from a vessel by tilting it on edge, 
so as not to disturb the grounds; to pour from one 
vessel into another: decanting, imp.: decant'ed, pp. : 
Mr; pine, pin; note, not, mCve; 






DECA 



135 



DECL 



decan'ter, n. -ter, a glass bottle used for holding 
liquors, from which they may be poured into drinking- 
glasses: decantation, n. de'-kan-td'shun, the act of 
pouring from one vessel into another. 

decapitate, v. de-kdp'-i-tat (L. de, and caput, the 
head— gen. capitis), to behead; to cut off the head: 
decaplta ting, imp. : decapitated, pp. : decaplta'- 
tion, n. -td'-shun, the act of beheading. 

decapoda, n. plu. de-kdp'-O-dd (Gr. deka, ten, and 
pous, a foot — gen. podos), the highest order of Crus- 
tacea ; animals that have ten legs united to a common 
crust, as the common crab, the crayfish, the lobster, 
the prawn, &c. : decapod, n. dek'-d-pod, an animal 
having ten feet : adj. having ten feet: decapodal, a. 
dekdp-6-ddl, ten-footed. 

decarbonise, v. de-kdr'-bo-niz' (L. de, down, and 
carbo, coal), to deprive of carbon: decar'boni'sing, 
imp. : decarbonised', pp. -nizd'. 

decastich, n. dek'-d-stik (Gr. deka, ten, and stichos, 
an order, a row, a line), a poem consisting often lines. 

decastyle, n. dek'-d-stil (Gr. deka, ten, and stidos, a 
column), a portico having ten pillars or columns in 
front. 

decay, v. dS-kd' (Prov. decaier; F. dechoir, to fall 
away, to go to ruin— from L. de, and cado, I fall), to 
become less perfect; to fail; to decline; to waste 
away: n. a gradual failure; decline of fortune; cor- 
ruption: decaying, imp.: decayed', pp. -had': decay'- 
edness, n. -ka'-ed-nes. 

decease, n. dS-ses' (L. decessus, departed— from de, 
and cessum, to go: It. decesso: F. dices), departure 
from this life : death : v. to die : deceasing, imp. : de- 
ceased', pp. -sest'. 

deceit, n. de-set' (L. decepfum, to catch, to ensnare 
— from de, and capturn, to take), the misleading any 
person; the leading of a person to believe what is 
false, or not to believe what is true; deception; 
fraud; trick; device: deceit'ful, a. -fool, tending to 
deceive or mislead; fraudulent; insincere: deceit- 
fully, ad. -Zl: deceit'fulness, n. : deceive, v. dH-sev' (F. 
decevoir, to deceive), to mislead the mind ; to cause to 
believe what is false, or not to believe what is true ; 
to impose on; to cheat; to disappoint: deceiving, 
imp.: deceived', pp. -sevd' : deceiv'er, n. one who: 
deceiv'able, a. -a-U, capable of being misled: de- 
ceiv'ably, ad.,-Wl: deceiv'ableness, n. -bl-nSs. 

December, n. de-sem'-ber (L. december— from L. 
decern, ten, and Sans, vara; Pers., bar, time or period), 
the last month of the year— formerly the tenth month. 

decempeda, n. dc-sem'pe-dd{L. decern, ten, and pes 
a foot— gen. pedis), a ten-foot rod employed by archi- 
tects and surveyors for taking measurements: de- 
cem pedal, a. -ddl, ten feet long. 

decemvir, n. de-sim'ver (L. decern, ten, and vir, a 
man), one of the magistrates of anc. Rome, who pos- 
sessed absolute power: decem'viri, n. plu. -vl-ri: de- 
cem'viral, a. -vl-rdl, pert, to: decem'virate, n. -rat, 
the office, or duration of the office, of a decemvir. 

decency, n.— see decent. 

decennary, n. dl-sdn'-ner-l (L. decern, ten, and annus, 
a year), a period of ten years : decen'nial, a. -ni-dl, 
lasting for ten years ; happening every ten years : de- 
cen'nially, ad. -II. 

decennoval, a. dS-sSn'-no-vdl, also decen'novar'y, 
a. -ver'i (L. decern, ten, and novem, nine), pert, to the 
number nineteen ; designating a period or circle of 
nineteen years. 

decent, a. de'-sent (F. decent— from L. decens, becom- 
ing : It. decente), becoming in speech, behaviour, dress, 
&c. ; fit ; comely ; not gaudy ; moderate ; not large ; 
respectable: de'cently, ad. -II: de'cency, n. -sen-si, 
state or quality of being suitable or becoming in 
words or behaviour ; propriety : de'centness, n. 

deceptible, a. de-sgp'ti-bl (L. deceptum, to ensnare, 
to beguile— from de, and capturn, to take, to seize), 
that may be deceived : decep'tibillty, n. -bil'-l-tl: de- 
ception, n. -sep'-shun, the act of misleading ; a cheat : 
decep'tive, a. -tiv, tending to mislead, or impress with 
false opinions : decep'tively, ad. -li: decep'tiveness, n. 

decern, v. dS-sern' (L. decernere, to decide— from de, 
and cernere, to judge : It. decernere : F. decerner), in 
Scots law, to determine; to pass a decree; to judge: 
decerning, imp. : decerned', pp. -sernd'. 

dechristianise, v. de-krist'-ydn-iz (L. de, and Chris- 
tian), to turn from Christian belief and practice: 
dechrist'iani'sing, imp.: dechrist'ianised', pp. -izd'. 

decide, v. de-sid' (L. decidere, to cut off, to determine : 

— from de, and ccedo, I cut or strike: It. decidere: F. 

decider), to terminate or settle ; to determine ; to end ; 

cdtv, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, 



to fix the event of ; to come to a conclusion ; to form 
a definite opinion : deci'ding, imp. : deci'ded, pp. : 
adj. clear ; that puts an end to doubt ; unequivocal ; 
resolute ; determined : deci'dedly, ad. -li, in a deter- 
mined manner ; clearly ; indisputably : deci'dable, a. 
-dd-bl, that may be decided: deci'der, n. one who. 

decidence, n. dSs'-i-dens (L. decidens, falling off), 
the act of falling off ; downfall. 

deciduous, a. de-sld'-u-us (L. deciduus, that falls 
down or off— from de, and cado, I fall), liable to fall ; 
not perennial or permanent; that falls in autumn: 
decid'uousness, n. the quality of falling once a-year. 

decillion, n. de-sll'-yun (L. decern, ten, and million), 
in British computation, a number consisting of 1 fol- 
lowed by 60 ciphers ; in French and Italian, 1 followed 
by 33 ciphers. 

decimal, a. dSs'-l-mdl (L. dccimus, tenth: It. decima: 
F. decime, or dime, the tenth part), numbered by tens ; 
increasing or diminishing by ten times : n. a tenth : 
decimal fraction, n. a fraction having 10, or some 
power often, for a denominator, as 10, 100, 1000, 10,000, 
&c. : dec'imally, ad. -li. 

decimate, v. des'-l-mat (L. decimare, to select by 
lot every tenth man for punishment — from decern, ten: 
It. decimare: F. decimer), to destroy a tenth part, as 
by disease ; to punish with death every tenth man ; 
to take a tenth part ; to destroy any large portion : 
decimating, imp.: dec'ima'ted, pp. : dec ima'tion, n. 
-md'-shun, a selection of every tenth by lot; destruction 
of any large portion : dec'ima'tor, n. -ter, one who. 

decimo-sexto, n. des'-i-mo-sdks'-td (L. decern, ten, and 
sex, six), a book made up of sixteen leaves to each 
sheet. 

decipher, v. dS-si'fer (F. ddchiffrer, to decipher— from 
de, and chiffre, a figure), to read ciphers ; to explain ; 
to unfold ; to unravel ; to ascertain the meaning of any- 
thing obscure or difficult to be understood : decipher- 
ing, imp.: deciphered, pp. -ferd: decipherer, n. 
-fer-er, one who : decipherable, a. -fer-d-bl, that may 
have its meaning ascertained. 

decision, n. de-slzh'-un (L. decisum, to cut off, to de- 
termine — see decide), determination ; final judgment 
or opinion ; the end of a struggle ; firmness and 
strength in character: deci'sive, a. -sl'-siv, final; con- 
clusive ; having the power to settle a contest or an 
event: deci'sively, ad. -li: deci'siveness, n. 

deck, n. dSk (old H. Ger. dekjan; Icel. thekja, to 
cover, to roof: Ger. dach, roof: L. tectum, to cover), 
the planked flooring of a ship— large ships having 
several decks; a pack of cards piled regularly on 
each other: v. to adorn ; to clothe or dress with great 
care ; to furnish with a deck : decking, imp. : decked, 
pp. dekt: quarter-deck, that which is above the upper 
deck, and which reaches from the stern to the gang- 
way : decker, n. a ship having decks ; one who adorns. 

declaim, v. dg-kldm' (L. declamare, to declaim— 
from de, and clamo, I cry out: F. d&clamer), to har- 
angue ; to speak loudly or earnestly, with a view to 
convince, or to move the passions ; to speak with force 
and zeal ; to inveigh ; to speak pompously or noisily : 
declaim 'ing, imp. : declaimed', pp. -klamd -. declaim'er, 
n., and declaim'ant, n. one who : declamation, n. dik- 
ld-md'-shun, a set or prepared speech ; a harangue ; in 
schools and colleges, a speech prepared and uttered by 
a student ; a noisy address without solid sense or ar- 
gument: declamatory, a. de-kldm'-d-ter'-i, appealing 
to the passions ; applied to noisy address ; bombastic. 

declare, v. de-klar' (F. declarer; L. declarare, to 
make evident— from de, and claro, I make clear), to 
make known ; to tell explicitly and plainly ; to assert 
or affirm ; to decide in favour of or against : decla'- 
ring, imp. : declarable, a. -rd-bl, capable of being de- 
clared : declared', pp. -klard' : decla'rer, n. -rer, one 
who : decla'redly, ad. -red-li: declaration, n. dek'-ld-rd- 
shiin, an open expression of facts, opinions, &c. ; a 
statement given verbally, or reduced to writing ; pro- 
clamation: declarative, a. de-klar'- d-tiv, explanatory: 
declarator, n. dS-kldr'-d-ter, in Scots law, a form of 
action to assert some right or interest : declaratory, 
\ kUti -a-ter-i, making clear or manifest: declar'- 
ator'ily, ad. -If. 

declension, n. dS-klen'-shun (L. declinatio, aturning 
aside, a departure : F. declinaison—see decline), a 
falling or declining toward a worse state ; decay ; in 
gram., the variation or change in the termination of a 
noun, an adjective, or a pronoun. 

decline, v. d i imare, to turn aside, to 

inflect— from de, and clino, I lean : It. declinare : F. 
decliner), to refuse ; to shun ; to avoid ; not to com- 
game, jog, shun, thing, (here, zeal. 



DECL 



136 



DEDI 



ply ; to lean from a right line ; to decay ; to droop ; to 
tend to a less perfect state ; to sink ; to diminish ; to 
fall in value ; to vary or change the termination of a 
noun, an adjective, or a pronoun : n. tendency to a 
worse state ; decay ; a falling off ; consumption : decli- 
ning, imp.: declined', pp. -klind': decli'nable, a. -nd-bl, 
in gram., capable of being declined: declin'atory, a. 
•klin'-d-ter-i, in law, claiming exemption from punish- 
ment : declinature, n. -d-tur, the act of declining or 
refusing: declination, n. dSk'li-na'shun, deviation; 
falling to a worse state or condition; in astron., a 
variation from a fixed line or point : dec'lina'tor, n. 
an instrument used in a nny and dialling : decli- 
nometer, n. dek'li-ndm'6-ter (Gr. metron, a measure), 
an instrument for measuring the declination of the 
magnetic needle: dec'linate, a. -not, in bot., directed 
downwards from its base : declination of the needle 
of a compass, the variation of the needle from the 
true meridian of a place : declination of a heavenly 
body, the angular distance of a celestial body from 
the equinoctial. 

declivity, n. dS-kliv'4-ti (L. declivitas, a sloping 
place— from de, and clivus, a slope : F. declivite), in- 
clination downward; a slope; gradual descent— op- 
posite of acclivity. 

decoct, v. dS-kokf (L. decoctus, a boiling down— from 
de, and coctus, boiled or baked : It. decotto; F. dicocte, 
a decoction), to prepare by boiling ; to extract by boil- 
ing: decocting, imp.: decocted, pp.: decoc'tible, a. 
-ti-bl: decoc'tion, n. -sh ■ h ion of the vir- 

tues of any substance by boiling it in water : decoc'tive, 
a. -tiv, that may be decocted: decoc'ture, n. -tur, an 
extract obtained from a body by boiling it in water. 

decollate, v. dS-kdl'iat (L. decollatum, to behead— 
from de, and collum, the neck), to sever the neck ; to 
behead: decollating, imp. -la-tlng: decollated, — 



decolour, v. dS-kiil'er (L. de, down or from, and 
colour), to deprive of colour ; to bleach: decolouring, 
imp. : decoloured, pp. -erd: decol'orant, n. -er-dnt, a 
substance which removes colour: decol'ora'tion, n. 
■a'shun, the loss or absence of colour : decol'ourise, v. 
-er-lz, to deprive of colour: decol'ouri'sing, imp. : de- 
col'ourised', pp. -izd'. 

decompose, v. de'kom-pOz' (L. de, from, and com- 
pose : F. decomposer), to separate the constituent parts 
of a body ; to rot or decay ; to resolve into original 
elements : de'compo'sing, imp. : decomposed', pp. 
-pozd': de'compo'sable, a. -zd-bl, capable of being re- 
solved into original elements: decom'positi'on, n. 
-pd-zlsh'un, the act of reducing a body into its ori- 
ginal elements ; putrescence ; decay ; analysis : de- 
com'posite, a. -poz-it, compounded a second time ; 
having a compound base or radical : n. anything de- 
compounded. 

decompound, v. de'kom-pdivnd' (L. de, and com- 
pound), to compound a second time ; to compose of 
things already compounded : adj. in hot., applied to a 
leaf cut into numerous compound divisions : de'com- 
poun'dable, a. -dd-bl. 

decorate, v. dSk'6-rdt (L. decoratum, to adorn : It. 
decorare: F. dicorer), to beautify; to adorn; to em- 
bellish : dec'ora'ting, imp. : dec'ora'ted, pp. : dec'ora'- 
tor, n. one who : decoration, n. dek'6-ra'shun, orna- 
ment ; embellishment ; anything added which pleases : 
dec'ora'tive, a. -tiv, adorning. 

decorous, a. dS-ko'rus (L. decorus, fitting, seemly: 
It. decoro; F. ddcorum, decency), decent; becoming; 
suitable, as in speech or behaviour: deco'rously, 
ad. -li: deco'rum, n. -rum, propriety of speech or be- 
haviour ; decency : deco'rousness, n. 

decorticate, v. di-kor'ti-kat (L. decorticatum, to de- 
prive of the bark— from de, and cortex, bark: F. di- 
cortiquer), to strip off bark from ; to peel ; to husk : 
decor'tica'ting, imp. : decor'tica'ted, pp. : de'corti- 
ca'tion, n. -ka'shun. 

decoy, v. dS-koy' (properly duck-coy: Dut. koye, a 
place in which a flock is penned ; kooi, a cabin, a cage), 

to entrap by :n\y mr win. i. .n;i, deceive; to lure 

into a net or snare ; to entice : n. anything intended to 
lead into a snare ; anything that may lead into evil, 
danger, or the power of an enemy ; a place for catch- 
ing wild fowls : decoying, imp. : decoyed', pp. 
-cdyd': decoy-duck, a duck employed to lure wild 
ducks into a decoy ; any person employed to lure into 
danger or the power of an enemy. 

decrease, v. de-kres' (L. decrescere, to grow less— 



from de, and crescere, to grow : It. decrescere), to grow 
3; to diminish gradualrj : "> becomeless; to lower; 
to abate : n. a becoming less ; decay ; gradual diminu- 
tion : decreasing, imp. : decreased', pp. -krest': de- 
creas'ingly, ad. -II: decrescent, a. de-kr6s'se~nt, be- 
coming gradually less. 

decree, n. de-kre (F. dicret; L. decretum, a decree 
—from de, and cretum, to judge : It. decreto), an order 
or law of an absolute sov reign >>< di at or law made 
by a superior authority ; in the Calvinistic system of 
theology, the pre-determined purpose of God ; in Scot, 
dek're, a decision or final judgment of a court of law : 
v. to determine judicially ; to fix or appoint ; to con- 
stitute by edict: decreeing, imp.: decreed', pp. -kred': 
decre'er, n. -kre'-er, one who: decre'tal, a. -kre'tdl, 
containing a decree ; pert, to a decree : n. a decree or 
edict ; a book containing decrees of the Pope : decre'- 
tist, n. -tist, one skilled in the knowledge of the decre- 
tals : decre'tive, a. -tiv, having the force of a decree : 
decretory, a. dSk'-rS-ter-i, judicial ; established by a 
decree. 

decrement, n. dSk'-rS-mSnt (L. decrementum, decrease 
—from de, and cresco, I grow), decrease ; waste. 

decrepit, a. dH-krCp'-U (L. decrepitus, very old— from 
de, and crepitum, to rattle, to creak : It. decrepito : F. 
ddcrdpit), broken down by the infirmities of age ; crip- 
pled and enfeebled by age: decrepitude, n. -i-tud, 
also decrepltness, n. the feeble state of the body pro- 
duced by the infirmities of age. 

decrepitate, v. dS-krep'i-tat (L. de, and crepitare, 
to rattle much, to crackle: It. decrepitare, to roast 
salt or other matter till it has ceased to crackle), to 
roast or calcine in the fire so as to cause a bursting or 
crackling noise, as salt ; to crackle : decreplta'ting, 
imp.: decrepitated, pp.: decrep'ita'tion, n. -td'shun, 
the act of roasting with a continuous crackling noise. 

decrescent, a.— see decrease. 

decretal, decretive, decretory, &c— see decree. 

decrial and decrier— see decry. 

decry, v. de-kri' (F. dicrier, to cry down— from L. 
de, and F. crier, to cry— see cry), to censure ; to cry 
down; to clamour against: decry'ing, imp. : decried', 
pp. -krid'-. decri'al, a. -kri'-dl, a clamorous censure: 
decri'er, n. one who. 

decumbent, a. d6-kum'b&nt (L. decumbens, lying 
down— from de, and cw&o, I lie), declined or bending 
down: decum'bence, n. -Mns, also decum'bency, n. 
-si, the act or posture of lying down : decum'bently, 
ad. -II: decum'biture, n. -bl-tur, confinement to a sick- 
bed ; a term used by astrologers to indicate the state 
of the heavens, by which they pretend to foretell the 
death or recovery of a sick person. 

decuple, n. dek'-u-pl (L. decuplus, ten times as much 
—from decern, ten, and plico, I fold : Gr. dekaplous), a 
number ten times repeated : adj. tenfold : v. to make 
tenfold : dec'upling, imp. -pllng : dec'upled, pp. -pld. 

decurion, n. de-ku'-ri-dn (L. decurio), in the anc. 
Roman army, an officer who commanded a curia, or 
ten soldiers. 

decurrent, a. dS-kur'rSnt (L. decurrens, running 
down from a higher point— from de, and currens, run- 
ning), running or extending downwards; in bot, 
attached along the side of a stem below the point of 
insertion, as certain leaves : decur'rently, ad -li. 

decussate, a. de-kus'sat (L. decussatum, to divide 
crosswise, as in the form of an X— from decussis, the 
intersection of two lines in the form of a cross : It. 
decusse, the letter X), in bot, crossing each other in 
pairs at right angles, as opposite leaves : v. to inter- 
sect ; to cause to cross, as lines, rays, &c: decus'sating, 
imp.: decus'sated, pp.: decussation, n. dSk'us-sd'shun, 
the act of crossing in the form of an X : decus'sative, 
a. -sd-tiv, formed as a cross : decus'satively, ad. -li. 

dedalous, a. dM'd-lus (L. dcedalus, artificial), in bot., 
having a variegated or winding border; irregularly 
jagged, applied to leaves ; also dsedalous, a. 

dedentition, n. deklen-ttsh'un (L. de, and dentition), 
the shedding of teeth. 

dedicate, v. dtid'-i-kat (L. dedicatum, to dedicate, to 
dispose— from de, and dicatum, to make known, to 
devote : It. dedicare : F. didier), to set apart solemnly 
for any particular purpose, as for the service of God ; 
to devote to a sacred use ; to inscribe or address to, as 
a book: dedicating, imp. : ded'ica'ted, pp. : ded'ica'- 
tor, n. one who : ded'ica'tion, n. -ka'shun, the act of 
setting aside for any particular purpose ; an address 
to a "patron prefixed to a book : ded'ica'tory, a. -ter-i, 
composing or constituting a dedication ; compli- 






mate, mdt,fdr, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, nSt, move; 



DEDU 



137 



DEFI 



deduce, v. dS-ch'is' (L. deducere, to lead or bring 
away— from de, and ducere, to lead or bring: It. de- 
ducere), to draw from in reasoning ; to gather a truth 
or opinion from statements called premises ; to infer 
something from what precedes : dedu'cing, imp. : de- 
duced', pp. -dusf: dedu'cible, a. -sl-bl, that may be 
deduced: dedu'cibleness, n. : deduce'ment, n. -dils- 
mint, the thing deduced ; inference : deduct, v. de- 
drikf (L. ductus, led), to subtract or take from : de- 
ducting, imp. : deduc'ted, pp. : deduction, n. -dv.k'- 
shun, the act of deducting ; that which is deducted : 
subtraction; abatement ; "that which is drawn from 
principles or from a supposed cause by a process of 
reasoning; inference; consequence or conclusion : de- 
duc'tive, a. -tic. that is or may be deduced from pre- 
mises: deductively, ad. -ll. 

deed, n. did (AS. deed; Goth, ded; Ger. that, a thing 
done), anything done ; an action ; an exploit ; a writ- 
ing containing some contract or agreement, especially 
regarding the sale of real property: in very deed, in 
fact ; in reality : deed'less, a. without action or ex- 
ploits. 

deem, v. dim (AS. dmn, judgment — from deman, to 
form a judgment : Lith. dunia, mind, thought), to be 
of opinion; to think; to judge; to conclude: deem'- 
ing, imp. : deemed, pp. dimd: deemster, n. -stir, a 
judge in the Isle of Man, and in Jersey. 

deep, a. dip (Goth, diups; Icel. diupr; Dut. diep, 
deep : Dut. doynpen, to plunge under water), being far 
below the surface ; extending far downwards ; low in 
situation, as a valley ; not shallow ; hidden ; secret ; 
penetrating; artful; insidious; grave in sound ; low; 
solemn; profound; abstruse; thick; dark-coloured; 
profoundly quiet ; depressed ; sunk low ; heart- 
felt; affecting: n. the sea; the ocean; that which is 



tressing or sad ; to increase ; to become deeper : deep- 
ening, imp. -nlng: deepened, pp. dep'-nd: deepness, 
n. remoteness from the surface downwards : deep- 
mouthed, a, having a loud hollow voice: deep-read, 
a. not superficial; profoundly versed : deep-toned, a. 
having a very low tone. 

deer, n. sing, or plu. dir (Goth, diurs ; Icel. dyr .- 
Ger. thier, a beast, an animal), a quadruped with large 
branching horns, of several species, as the stag, the 
fallow-deer, the roebuck, the rein-deer, the moose- 
deer, the elk, &c— theirflesh is called venison : deer- 
stalking, the hunting of deer on foot by hiding and 
stealing upon them unawares : deer-hound, a hound 
for hunting deer. 

deface, v. de-fas' (L. de, and fades, the face: F. de- 
faire, to undo), to destroy or injure the face or surface 
of anything ; to disfigure ; to obliterate or erase : de- 
fa'cing, imp.: defaced', pp. -fast': defa'cer, n. -sir, one 
who : deface'ment, n. -mint, injury to the surface of 
anything : defa'cingly, ad. -II. 

defalcate, v. di-fal'-kat (F. defalquer, to defalcate— 
from L. de, and falx, a pruning-hook— gen. falcis), to 
take away ; to deduct ; to abstract a part, used chiefly 
of money and accounts : defalcating, imp. : defal- 
cated, pp. : defalcation, n. de-fdl-ka'shun, diminu- 
tion; fraudulent deficiency in money matters; breach 
of trust, applied to money. 

defame, v. di-fam' (L. diffamare, to spread abroad an 
evil report — from dif, asunder, and farna, fame, re- 
pute : It. diffamare: F. diffamer), to speak evil of; to 
slander ; to calumniate : defa'ming, imp. : defamed', 
pp. -fo.md' : defa'mer, n. one who: defamation, n. 
dif-d-m&'-shun, the uttering of slanderous words in 
order to injure another's reputation : defamatory, a. 
di-fdm'-d-ter-l, false and injurious to reputation: 
slanderous: defamingly, ad. di-fa-mlng-ll. 

default, n. de-faTclt' (old F. defaulte, now defaut, 
defect— from L. de, and It. falta ; F. faulte or faute, 
defect, want), neglect to do what duty or law re- 
quires ; a failure ; an omission : defaulter, n. -er, 
one who fails to account for money intrusted to his 
care, particularly public money; a peculator: de- 
fault'ed, a. having defect ; called out of court as a 
defendant. 

defeasible, a. de-fe'zl-bl CN T orm. defesance-. F. defaire, 
to undo— from L. de, and facio, I make or do), that 
maybe annulled: defea'sibleness, n. : defea'r 



■zanst. 

defeat, v. defef (F. defaite, defeat, check— from 
defaire, to undo), to vanquish or overcome ; to frus- 

cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



trate; to disappoint ; to resist with success; to baffle: 
n. an overthrow ; loss of battle ; prevention of success ; 
frustration : defeating, imp. : defeated, pp. 

defecate, v. def'-e-kdt (L. defeccare, to cleanse from 
the dregs— from de, and fcex, dregs or refuse matter : 
It. defecare), to purify; to refine; to clear from dregs ; 
to clarify: def eca ting, imp.: def ecated, pp. : def'e- 
ca'tion, n. -kd'shi'm, purification from dregs. 

defect, n. de-fikf(L. defectus, afailure, alack— from 
de, and foetus, made or done), deficiency; want of 
something necessary ; fault ; an imperfection ; blem- 
ish; deformity: defec'tion, n. -fik'-shun, a failure of 
duty ; the act of abandoning a person or cause from 
choice or necessity ; revolt ; apostasy : defec'tive, a. 
-tlv, imperfect; faulty; wanting in something: de- 
fectively, ad. -ll: defectiveness, n. : defec'tible, a. 
•tl-bl, deficient; wanting: defec'tibil'ity, n. -bU'-l-tl, 
state of failing ; deficiency. 

defence, n. di-fins' (L. defensus, warded off or re- 
pelled: F. defense, defence), anything that protects 
from danger, injury, or attack; protection ; justifica- 
tion ; resistance ; opposition ; reply to demands or 
charges : defenceless, a. without means of warding 
oft* danger, injury, or assault: defencelessly, ad. -«.- 
defence'lessness.n.: defene'es, n. plu. -fens'-iz, in Scots 
laiv, all the pleas or replies offered for the defender 
in an action. 

defend, v. difind' (L. defendere, to ward off or re- 
pel: It. difendere: F. defendre), to maintain or vin- 
dicate by force or argument ; to secure against at- 
tack; to shelter; to cover; to guard; to resist or 
repel : defend ing, imp. : defended, pp. : defen'der, n. 
one who : defen'dable, a. -dd-bl, that may be defended : 
defen'dant, n. the person summoned into a court to 
reply to certain charges. 

defensible, a. difin'-sl-bl (L. defensus, warded off or 
repelled— see defence), that may be defended: de- 
fen'sibly, ad. -bll -. def en'sibil 'ity, n. -b ll'-l-tl: defen- 
sive, n. -slv, that which defends ; posture of defence : 
adj. serving to defend; in a posture of defence: de- 
fen'sively, ad. -II. 

defer, v. de-fir' (L. differre, to carry different ways 
—from dis, asunder, and ferre, to bear or carry: F. 
diffcrer: It. differire), to put off ; todelay: defer'ring, 
imp. : deferred', pp. -ferd'. 

defer, v. defer' (L. deferre, to bear or bring down— 
from de, and ferre, to bear or bring: F. deferer: It. 
deferire), to yield or lean to another's opinion ; to sub- 
mit in opinion: defer'ring, imp. : deferred', pp. -fird': 
deference, n. def'cr-ins, a yielding in opinion to an- 
other; regard; respect: def eren'tial, a. -in'shdl. ex- 
pressing deference : deferentially, ad. -ll: defer'rer, 
n. one who. 

defiance, n. dS-fl'-tins (see defy), a challenge, as to 
fight ; a calling upon one to make good any assertion 
or charge ; a setting at nought. 

deficient, a. de-fish'ent (L. deficiens, wanting, fail- 
ing—from de, and facio, I make), wanting; imperfect ; 
defective: deficiently, ad. -ll: deficiency, n. -en-sl, 
imperfection; a falling short: deficit, n. dif'-l-slt, 
want ; deficiency, as in taxes or revenue. 

defied, defier— see defy. 

defilading, n. def'-l-la'dlng(L. de,a.ndF.fil; ~L.fi.lum, 
a thread), in fort., the act of raising or arranging the 
exposed sides of a fortress, in order to shelter the in- 
terior works. 

defile, v. di-fll' (L. de, for AS. be, to make, and AS. 
fylan; Dut. vuylen, to make foul or filthy: AS. gefy- 
lan, to pollute), to render unclean or dirty; to make 
impure ; to pollute or corrupt ; to violate chastity : 
defiling, imp.: defiled', pp. -fild'-. defiler, n. one who : 
defile'ment, n. foulness; uncleanness; corruption; 
impurity. 

defile, n. dS-fll' or de'- (L. de, and F. fil; L.filum, a 
thread : F. defiler, to go in a string), a long narrow pass 
or gorge between hills tin ough . I mops can only 

march with a narrow front, or one by one : v. di-fil', 
to march off in a line or row, as soldiers : defi'ling, 
imp. : defiled', pp. fild'. 

define, v. de-, lefinire, to limit— from de, and 

finis, an end : It. definire : F. definir), to ascertain or 
fix the limits ; to explain the exact meaning of a word 
or term ; to explain the distinctive properties, &c, of a 
thing: defining, imp.: defined', pp. -find': defi'ner, 
n. one who : defi'nable, a. -na-bl, that may be limited 
or explained : defi'nably, ad. -bll: definition, n. dcf'-l' 
nish'-un, a description or explanation: definite, a. 
-nit, settled with precision ict clear; precise: 

definitely, ad. -ll: definiteness, n. : definitive, a. 



DEFL 



133 



DELE 



dS-fln'ttlv, determinate; final: definitively, ad. -II: 
defin'itiveness, n. 

deflagrate, v. dif'M-grdt (L. deflagrare, to be burned 
completely— from de, emdflagro, I burn), to set fire to ; 
to burn rapidly: deflagrating, imp.: deflagra'ted, 
pp.: deflagrable, a. -grd-bl, having the quality of 
burning with a sudden combustion : def'lagrabil'ity, 
n. -bll'l-tl: def'lagra'tion, n. -grd, fcun, tb< " : > 
combustion of a substance with the view of producing 
some change in its composition : def lagra'tor, n. 
-grd'tor, a galvanic instrument for producing com- 
bustion in bodies. 

deflect, v. dSflSkt' (L. deflectere, to bend or turn 
aside— from de, and flecto, I bend or turn), to bend 
from a straight line ; to turn aside ; to swerve : de- 
flec'ting, imp. : deflec'ted, pp. : deflec'tion, n. -flik' 
shun, the act of turning down or aside : deflexed', a. 
-fldkst', in bot., bent downwards in a continuous curve. 

deflorate, a. dSflo'rdt (L. deflorare, to despoil of— 
from de, and flos, a flower— gen. floris.- It. deflorare: 
F. deflorer), having lost its blossoms, as a plant; 
having shed its pollen : defloration, n. de'flo-rd-shun, 
the act of taking away a woman's virginity : deflour 
or deflower, dS-fldw'r, to take away a woman's vir- 
ginity; to ravish: deflow'ering, imp.: deflow'ered, 
pp. -flow'rd: deflowerer, n. -floio'rer, one who. 

defluxion, n. dS-fluk'shun (L. defluxus, flowed down 
—from de, and fluxus, flowed), a discharge or running 
off of humours, as from the nose in a cold. 

defoliation, n. dS-fo'll-d'shun (L. de, and folium, a 
leaf), the fall of the leaves of plants. 

deforce, v. di-fors' (old P. deforcer— from de, and 
forcer, to force: L. de, and fortis, strong), to keep pos- 
session of an estate unlawfully : defor'cing, imp. : 
deforced', pp. -forst': deforce'ment, n. -fors'mSnt, the 
holding of lands, &c, unlawfully; in Scot., the re- 
sisting of an officer of justice in enforcing the law: 
defor ciant, n. -for'shl-dnt, one who. 

deform, v. dS-fawrm' (L. deformare, to disfigure— 
from de, and forma, a shape : It. deformare : F. di- 
■ former), to make ill-shaped and displeasing to the 
eye ; to mar or injure the shape of ; to make ugly ; to 
disfigure: deform'ing, imp.: deformed', pp. -fawrmd': 
adj. disfigured; misshapen; ugly; base: deform'er, 
n. one who: deformation, n. dSf'dr-md'shun, act of 
disfiguring or defacing : deformedly, ad. dS-for'm8d- 
11 : defor'mity, n. -ml-tl, any unnatural shape or form ; 
defect; distortion. 

defraud, v. de-frawd' (L. defraudare, to defraud— 
from de, and fraudo, I cheat : It. defraudare .- F. de- 
frauder), to deprive of a right by deceit or artifice ; to 
cheat : defrau'ding, imp. : defrau'ded, pp. : defrau'- 
der, n. a cheat. 

defray, v. dS-frd' (F. defrayer, to settle the expense 
of a house, &c. — from de, and frais, charges, ex- 
penses), to pay or settle, as expenses or charges : de- 
fray'ing, imp.: defrayed', pp. -frdd": defray'er, n. 
one who : defrayment, n. payment. 



defunct, a. de-fungkt' (L. defunctus, ended, finished 
—from de, and functus, performed: It. def unto; F. 
defunt, deceased), having ended life; dead: ~ ~ 
person. 



a dead 



. . '. d6-fl' (F. defler; It. disfidare, to challenge : 
L. diffldare, to mistrust — from dis, and fido, I trust), 
to dare ; to brave ; to treat with contempt ; to chal- 
lenge ; to invite one to a contest: defying, imp.: de- 
fied', pp. -fid'-, defi'er, n. -er, one who: defi'ance, n. 
-fl'dns, a challenge ; a daring. 

degenerate, v. dS-jSn'er-dt (L. degenerare, to depart 
from its race or kind— from de, and genus, race, kind : 
It. degenerare: F. diginirer), to become worse; to 
decay in good qualities; to decline in virtue: adj. 
that has fallen from a good to a worse state or condi- 
tion; base; mean; fallen: degen'era'ting, imp.: de- 
gen'era'ted, pp.: degen'era'tion, n. -d'shun: degen'- 
eracy, n. -d-sl, a growing worse; decline in good 
qualities ; vice ; meanness: degen'erately, ad. -II : de- 
gen'erateness, n. 

deglutition, n. dSg'lo-tlsh'un (F. deglutition— from 
L. de, and glutio, I swallow), the act of power of swal- 
lowing food. 

degrade, v. dS-grOd' (F. digrader, to degrade— from 
L. de, and gradus, a step or degree), to reduce from a 
higher to a lower rank or degree ; to deprive of rank 
or office; to lower; to disgrace: degra'ding, imp.: 
degra'ded, pp.: degradation, n. dSg'rd-dd'shun, a re- 
ducing in rank ; a depriving of office or situation ; 



degree, n. di-gre' (F. degri, a step— from L. de, and 
gradus, a step), a portion of space taken as a unit of 
measure, as a degree of latitude ; the 360th part of the 
circumference of a circle ; a division on a mathema- 
tical or other instrument; a stage in progression; 
rank or station in society; relationship in blood; 
u)i';<.-;ui-iM)i;extent; an interval of sound ; rankortitle 
conferred by a university : by degrees, step by step ; 
gradually. 

dehisce, v. dS-hls' (L. dehisco, I split open, I part 
asunder— from de, and hiscere, to gape), to open or 
part asunder, as the seed-pods of plants : dehis'cing, 
imp. : dehisced', pp. -hist' : dehis'cent, a. -sint, open- 
ing like the pod of a plant : dehiscence, n. -sdns, a 
gaping or opening, as of a fruit containing seed. 

deified, deification, &c— see deify. 

deify, v. de'l-fl lit. deifian-e; F. diifler, to place 
among the gods— from L. deus, a god, and facio, I 
make), to exalt to the rank of a god ; to reverence or 
praise excessively ; to treat as an object of the highest 
regard: deifying, imp.: deified, pp. -fid: deification, 
n. de'ifi-ka'shihi, i in- .-i.H, ol '<■■ ;i]thi'j; to the rank of a 
god : deiflc, a. -if 'Ik, also deif leal, a. -l-kdl, divine : 

delcide, n. -sld (It deicidio), the slaughtei ■ -<i<'i 

of a god— applied to the crucifixion of Christ: del- 
form, a. -fawrm (L. forma, shape), like a god. 

deign, v. dan (F. claigner, to condescend: L. dignus, 
worthy), to think worthy ; to condescend : deign'ing, 
imp. : deigned, pp. ddnd. 

deinornis, also dinornis, n. dl-n6r'nls (Gr. deinos, 
terrible, and ornis, a bird), a gigantic bird found in a 
sub-fossil state in New Zealand, having been a wing- 
less bird of great size andstrengtli LledtheMoaby 
the natives: dei'nosau'rians, n. -no-saw'rl-dnz (Gr. 
sauros, a lizard), an order of fossil reptiles found in 
the Upper Secondary Formations, of great size, and 
fitted for terrestrial life : dei'nothe'rium, n. -the'-rl-um 
(Gr. therion, a wild beast), a gigantic fossil mammal 
furnished with a short proboscis, and armed with 
two enormous tusks, turned downwards, and slightly 
curved inwards. 

deiparous, a. de-lp'd-rus (L. deus, a god, and pario, 
I bring forth), bringing forth a god, applied to the 
Virgin Mary. 

deism, n. de'lzm (F. diisme, deism— from L. deus, a 
god), the belief of those who admit the existence of 
one God, but deny revelation ; the belief in natural 
religion only: de'ist, n. -1st, one who believes in one 
God, but not in revelation : deis'tic, a. -tlk, pert, to 
deism; also deis'tical, a. -tl-kdl: deis'tically, ad. -II: 
Deity, n. de'-l-tl, the Supreme Being; God ; a heathen 
god ; an idol. 

deject, v. dS-jSkt' (L. dejectus, thrown or cast down 
—from de, and jactus, thrown), to cast down ; to de- 
press the spirits ; to dishearten ; to cause to look sad : 
dejecting, imp.: dejected, pp.: adj. cast down ; low- 
spirited: dejectedly, ad. -II: dejec'te.dness, n.: dejec'- 
tion, n. -jek'-shun, a casting down ; melancholy ; de- 
pression of mind ; lowness of spirits caused by mis- 
fortune, &c. : dejec'tory, a. -ter-l, having power or 
tendency to cast down ; tending to promote evacua- 
tion by stool. 

dejeune, n. dd-zh6n', also de'jeuner', n. -zh6-nd' (F.), 
a breakfast or lunch, generally of a public or ostenta- 
tious character. 

delation, n. dS-ld'shun (L. delatio, an accusation), 
act of charging with a crime ; accusation by an in- 
former. 

delay, v. de-Id' (F. dilai, delay— from L. dilatum, to 
defer, to put off), to put off; to defer; to hinder for 
a time ; to postpone ; to protract ; to linger: n. a put- 
ting off; the time lost ; hindrance of motion : delay'- 
ing, imp.: delayed', pp. -Idd'. 

delectable, a. de-lek'-td-U (L. delectdbilis, delightful, 
agreeable : F. delectable), highly pleasing ; delightful : 
delec'tably, ad. -td-bll: delec'tableness, n.: delec'ta- 
billty, n. -td-btt'4-tl: delectation, n. de'lSk-td'shun, 
great pleasure or delight. 

delegate, n. del'6-gdt (L. delegare, to send away, to 
intrust— from de, and legare, to send as ambassador: 
It. delegare t F. dileguer), one sent as a representative ; 
a deputy ; a commissioner : v. to send with power to 
transact business ; to intrust ; to commit to another's 
care : del'ega'ting, imp. : del'ega'ted, pp. : del'ega'- 
tion, n. -gd'shun, one or more delegates appointed to 
discharge some particular duty ; the act of investing 
with authority to act for another. 






mate, mdttf&r, law; mete, rnit, her; pine, pin; note, not, m&ve; 



DELE 



139 



DEM A 



delete, v. dilef (L. deletion, to blot out), to blot out ; 
to efface; to expunge: dele 'ting, imp.: deleted, pp.: 
dele'tion, n. -le'-shiin, the act of blotting out or erasing. 

deleterious, a. dil'e-te-rhns (Gr. d J'turios, hurtful, 
destructive), having the quality of injuring or destroy- 
ing ; destructive ; injurious ; pernicious : del'ete'rious- 
ly, ad. -II: del'ete nousness, n. 

delf, n. dilf, a kind of earthenware, originally made 
at Delft, in Holland— now restricted to the coarser 

deliberate, v. dd-ltb'er-at (L. deliberatum, to weigh 
well in one's mind— from de, and libro, I weigh or 
cause to swing: It. deliberare: F. deliberer), to con- 
aider or examine ; to balance in the mind ; to weigh 
reasons for and against: adj. slow in determining; 
slow in action; well advised or considered; cool; 
wary : deliberating, imp. : deliberated, pp. : delib- 
erately, ad. -II, with careful consideration : delib'er- 
a'tion, n. -a' shun, the act of weighing and examining 
with care ; discussion and particular examination of 
reasons for and against a measure : delib'erateness, 
n.: delib'era'tive, a. -Hv, having a right or power to 
deliberate or discuss : delib'era'tively, ad. -II. 

delicacy, n. dcl'-l-ka-sl (L. delicto:, pleasure, delight; 
delicatus, charming, giving pleasure: It. delicato: 
F. delicat, delicate, delicious), fineness of texture; 
a thing dainty and pleasant to the taste; elegance 
of feminine beauty in form or dress ; a nice propriety 
in civility or politeness, proceeding from a desire 
to please; tenderness or consideration; tenderness 
of constitution ; weakness : del'icate, a. -kdt, soft ; 
6mooth; of a fine texture; nice or pleasing to the 
taste; nice and discriminating in the perception of 
beauty or deformity; fine; slender; that must be 
tended or handled with care ; effeminate ; not able to 
endure hardship ; feeble ; scrupulously polite and 
considerate in attending to the wishes and feelings of 
others : delicately, ad. -II .• del'icateness, n. : delici- 
ous, a. dS-lish'-iis, highly pleasing to the taste or 
other sense; very grateful; exquisitely delightful: 
delici'ously, ad. -U -. delici'ousness.n. : delight', v. -lit', 
to please highly ; to give or afford high satisfaction ; 
to have great pleasure in : n. a high degree of pleasure 
or satisfaction ; that which gives great pleasure : de- 
light ing, imp. : delighted, pp.: delight'ingly, ad. -II: 
delight less, a. without delight: denght'ful, a. -fool, 

fiving delight ; highly pleasing : delightfully, ad. -II : 
elight'fulness, n. the state or quality of being de- 
lightful: delight 'some, a. -siim, very pleasing: de- 
light'somely, ad. -ll: delight'someness, n. 

delineate, v. dS-lln'l-dt{L. delineation, to sketch or 
mark out— from de, and linea, a line : It. delineure), 
to mark out with lines ; to sketch or design ; to draw 
a likeness of in words ; to describe in words, as char- 
acter: delin'ea'ting, imp.: delin'ea'ted, pp.: delin'- 
ea'tor, n. one who : delin'ea'tion, n. -a'-shun, drawing 
an outline ; a description in words. 

delinquent, n. di-llng'kieSnt (L. delinquens, commit- 
ting a fault— from de, and linquo, I quit or forsake : 
It. delinquente; F. delinquant, an offender), one who 
fails in performing his duty, particularly public duty ; 
an offender; one who commits a fault or crime: adj. 
failing in duty: delin'quently, ad. -It: delinquency, 
n. -kwen-si, failure in duty; a fault; a misdeed; a 
crime. 

deliquate, v. dSl'1-kiuut (L. deliquare, to clarify), to 
melt ; to be dissolved : del'iqua'ting, imp. : dellqua'- 
ted, pp.: adj. melted; dissolved: del'iqua'tion, n. 
■kiva'shiln, the act or state of melting. 

deliquesce, v. del'l-kiuSs' (L. deliquescere, to dissolve 
—from de, and liquere, to be fluid), to melt or become 
liquid by attracting moisture from the air : deliques'- 
cing.imp.: deliquesced', pp. -kwesf: del'iques'cent, a. 
-kwes'-Snt, liquefying by contact with the air: del'- 
iques'cence, n. -ens, melting by absorbing moisture 
from the air. 

deliquium, n. dS-llk'-wl-um (L. deliquium, want or 
defect: It. deliquio, a swoon), in chem., a melting in 
the air or in a moist place; a failure of power; a 
fainting. 

delirious, a. dS-llr'-l-us (L. delirium, madness— from 
de, and lira, the ridge between two furrows : It. delirio : 
F. delire), disordered in mind; raving: deliriously, 
ad. -U: delir'iousness, n. state of being delirious: 
delirium, -urn (L.), a wandering of the mind; a dis- 
order of the intellect ; temporary insanity caused by 
a diseased state of the body, as in fever : delirium 
tre'mens, -tre'-mSnz (L. the shaking madness), a tem- 
porary insanity or madness accompanied with a trem- 



ulous condition of the body or limbs, generally caused 
. rmess. 

delitescent, a. dil'i-tSi ns, lying hid 

—from de, and latescens, hiding one's self), lying hid ; 
concealed: del'ites'cence, n. -6ns, in rned., period 
during which morbid poisons, as aall-po <.,<■ - 
in the system; concealment; sudden disappearance 
of inflammatory symptoms. 

deliver, v. de-liv'-er (F. delivrer, to release: L. de, 
and libera, I free — from liber, free), to set at liberty ; to 
free ; to save ; to rescue ; to give or transfer, as from 
one person to another ; to utter ; to pronounce ; to sur- 
render; to disburden or relieve of a child in child- 
birth: deliv'ering, imp.: deliv'ered, pp. -erd: deliv- 
erer, n. -err-er, one who : deliverable, a. -d-bl, thatmay 
be delivered : to deliver up, to surrender : to deliver 
over, to transfer; to pass into the hands of another: 
deliverance, n. -dns, release from any kind of re- 
straint ; rescue from danger : deliv'ery, n. -I, release 
from restraint or danger; a passing from one to an- 
other, as goods; manner of speaking in public ; child- 
birth. 

dell, n. dSl (from dale: W. hull, a hole, a pit : Goth, 
and Dan. dal, a valley), a small but deep narrow 
valley. 

delphian, a. dil'-fl-dn, also del'pbic, a. -flk (Delphi, 
a town in Greece), pert, to Delphi, or rather to the 
celebrated oracle of that place. 

delphine or delphin, a. dei'fln (L. delphinus, a dol- 
phin, a constellation of stars), pert, to the genus of 
fishes, the dolphin, called the delphinldae, -l-de ; ap- 
plied to an edition of the best Latin authors prepared 
for the use of the Dauphin of France, whose crest was 
probably a dolphin. 

delta, n. del'-td (the name of the Gr. letter A or §, 
Eng. D), a name applied by the Greeks to the alluvial 
deposit at the mouth of the Nile, from its shape re- 
sembling A ; any alluvial tract of land between the 
diverging mouths of a river : del'tic, a. -tlk, of orpert. 
to a delta : del'toid, a. -tdyd (Gr. eidos, shape), in the 
form of A ; resembling a delta ; triangular. 

delude, v. di-lvd' (L. deludere, to deceive— from de, 
and ludo, I play or mock : It. deludere), to deceive ; 
to impose on ; to mislead the mind or judgment ; to 
lead astray in belief : delu'ding, imp. ; delu'ded, pp. : 
delu'der, n. onewho : delu'dable, a. -da-bl, liable to be 
deluded or deceived: delu'sion, n. -lo'-zhun (L. delu- 
sum, to mock), the act of misleading the mind ; the 
state of being deluded ; error in belief ; deception : 
delu'sive, a. -zlv, tending to deceive ; apt to mislead : 
delu'sively, ad. -II: delu'siveness, n. -nes, tendency 
to deceive : delu'sory, a. -zer-i, apt to deceive ; de- 
ceptive. 

deluge, n. del'vj (F. deluge— -from L. diluvium, a 
great flood : It. diluvio), a great flood ; an inunda- 
tion; an overwhelming calamity; the great flood of 
Noah : v. to overflow with water ; to inundate ; to 
overwhelm : deluging, imp. : del'uged, pp. -ujd. 

delusion, delusive, &c— see delude. 

delve, v. delv (AS. delf an ; Dut. delven, to dig— from 
Dut. delle, a valley), to open the ground with a spade ; 
to dig : delving, imp. : delved, pp. delvd : delv'er, 
n. one who. 

demagnetise, v. dS-rndg-nS-tlzf (L. de, and magnet- 
ise), to deprive of magnetic power or influence : de- 
magnetising, imp.: demagnetised', pp. -tizd'. 

demagogue, n. cUm'-a-gog (F. demagogue; Gr. dema- 
gogos— from demos, the people or populace, and agogos, 
a leader: It. demagogo), an orator who addresses him- 
self to the people in order to attach them to himself 
for factious purposes; a party epithet : dem'agoglsm, 
n. -fern, the principles, acts, or conduct of a dema- 
gogue : dem'agogV, n. -gog'l, the qualities of a dema- 
gogue. 

demain, n. dS-mdn', also demesne, n. de-men' (d\d F. 
demaine, estate, possessions— from L. dominium, lord- 
ship, estate, possession), estate in lands ; a house, and 
land adjoining, kept for the proprietor's own use : 
often used in the plu. demesnes, di-menzf. 

demand, v. de-mdnd' (F. demander, to demand— 
from L. de, and mandare, to commit to one's care), to 
claim or seek from, as by authority or right ; to re- 
quire or ask, as a price ; to question as by virtue of a 
right ; in law, to prosecute in a real action : n. an 
asking with authority ; a challenging as due ; the re- 



cow, boy, /dot; pure, I 



quiring of a price for goods; the desire to ± .„„_ 
demanding, imp. : demand'ed, pp. : deman'dable, 
-da-bl, that may be claimed : deman'dant, n. one 
who : deman'der, n. one who : demand and supply, 
; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



DEMA 



140 



DEND 



ce, tenns used to express the relations be- 
tween consumption and production. 

demarcation, n., or demarkation, n. de'-mdr-ka- 
shun (F. demarcation : L. de, and AS. mearc, a mark, 
a boundary : Sp. dernarcar, to mark out limits), aline, 
real or imaginary, that bounds or limits ; separation 
of territory ; common expression is line of demarka- 
tion. 

demean, v. de-men' (F. ddmener, to move to and fro : 
L. de, and F. mener, to lead— from L. manus, F. main, 
the hand), to behave ; to conduct ; to lessen : demean- 
ing, imp. : demeaned', pp. -mend'.- demean'our, n. 
■er, behaviour ; carriage; deport) m-ni-. 

demented, a. dS-mSn'tSd (L. dementia, madness— 
from de, and mens, the mind), crazy ; infatuated ; mad : 
demen'tedness, n.: demen'tate, v. -tat, to make mad: 
demen'tia, n. -sJil-d, a form of insanity liuman-. 
ised by a rapid succession of imperfect and discon- 
nected ideas, with loss of reflection and attention. 

demerit, n. de-m&r'it (F. demerite, demerit— from 
L. de, and meritum, to deserve), that which deserves 
punishment ; opposite of merit. 

demesne, n. de-men' (see demain) : demesnial a. 
-l-al, pert, to demesnes. 

demi, dSm'-l (L. dimidium, the half: Gr. hemi; L. 
semi ; F. demi, half ), a very common prefix, signifying 
a half, or part of that of which it forms the prefix 
—generally separated by a hyphen. 

demi-bastion, n. dim I d, and bastion), 

that part of a bastion cut off by the capital, consisting 
of one face and one front: demi-cadence, n. -ka'dens, 
in music, an imperfect cadence, or one falling on any 
other than the key-note : demi-god, n. d6m'i-g6d, an 
inferior deity ; a fabulous hero. 



demi-lune,n. dSm'-i-Uu. [demi L /»na,themoon, 

from the semicornl.u ;-. i i : < ( s « U,<n i.".iu:ii)yhad),in/ori., 
a work consisting of two faces, meeting at a salient 
angle towards the country, and situated between 
the covered way and the curtain. 

demirep, n. dSm'i-rdp (L. demi, and reputation), 
a woman of doubtful character, or of suspicious 
chastity. 

demi -semiquaver, n. dSm'-l-sSm'-l-kwa'-vir (demi, 
and semiquaver), half of a semiquaver; the shortest 
musical note. 

demise, n. de-mis' (F. demise, laid down, put away— 

>* : 'in i\ ./. ,i i.i i,ii'::Mi,ii. hi sniii) death ; decease, 
formerly applied to a sovereign only ; the conveyance 
of an estate by lease or will : v. to bequeath ; to grant 
by will ; to convey or lease: demi'sing, imp. : demised', 
pp. -mlzd': demi'sable, a. -mt'-zd-bl. 

demit, v. de-mW (L. demit tere. to let down, to lower : 
F. demettre, to resign— from L. de, and mitto, I send), 
in Scot., to resign or give up an office: demit'ting, 
imp. : demit'ted, pp. : demissi'on, n. -mtsh'-un (L. 
missum, to send— see demise), a lowering ; in Scot., 
the laying down or resigning an office. 

demiurge, n. d&m'-t-erj (Gr. demiourgos; L. demi- 
urgus, one working for the people— from Gr. demios, 
of or belonging to the people, and ergon, a work), 
according to the doctrine of the anc. Eastern phil- 
osophers, an agent or seon employed by God in the 
creation of the world: dem'iur'gic, a. -jik, pert, to 
creative power. 

democracy, n. dH-mok'-rd-sl (Gr. demokratia, demo- 
cracy—from demos, the people, and krateo, I am strong, 
I reign as a sovereign), government by the people ; a 
form of govern mi hi in iviueli Hi. supreme power is 
exercised by the people collectively : democrat, n. 
dUm'-d-krdt, a friend to popular government : demo- 
cratic, a. -krdt'-lk, also dem'ocrat'ical, a. -krdt'i-kdl, 
popular ; pert, to government by the people : demo- 
cratically, ad. -li: democratise, v. de-mok'rii-tiz, 
to render democratic: demoe'rati'sing, imp.: democ'- 
ratised', pp. -tizd'. 

demolish, v. dS-mol'-tsh (L. demoliri, to demolish 
—from de, and molior, I build or heap up : F. demolir, 
to demolish; demolissant, demolishing: It. demoli- 
zione, an overturning), to throw or pull down; to 
destroy ; to raze ; to ruin : demolishing, imp. : de- 
molished, pp. -isht: demollsher, n. -er, one who: 
demolition, n. d&m'o-ltsh'-un, the act of overthrow- 
ing; destruction. 

demon, n. de'-mon (L. dcemon; Gr. daimon, the 
tutelary genius of a city or a man, the divinity), an 



evil spirit; a bad genius: de'monship, n. office of: 
de'monism, n. -Izm, belief in demons: de'monol'atry, 
i). -ol'O-tri (Gr. Iiiirrto, worship), worship of demons: 
demoniac, a. di-mO'-ni-dk, also demoniacal, a. dim' 
o-nl'-d-kdl, pert, to demons or evil spirits; produced 
by evil spirits: demoniac, n. de-mo'-nl-dk, one pos- 
sessed by a demon : demoniacally, ad. -It: demonol- 
ogy, n. de'-mon-dl'-d-jl (Gr. logos, a discourse), a treat- 
ise on evil spirits. 

demonstrate, v. d8-mon'strat (L. demonstratum, to 
point out— from de, and monstro, I point out: F. de- 
montrer), to show or prove to be certain ; to prove 
beyond the possibility of doubt ; to show the dissected 
parts of a body for the purposes of instruction : de- 
monstrating, imp. : demonstrated, pp. : demon- 
strator, also -ter, n. dem'on-sira'ter, one who ; in 
anat., one who exhibits and explains the parts of a 
body when dissected: dem'onstra'tion, n. -strd'-shun, 
the highest degree of evidence ; certain proof to estab- 
lish a fact or proposition beyond the possibility of 
doubt ; an exhibition of the dissected parts of a body ; 
a real or feigned movement of troops against the 
enemy: demonstrable, a. cU-mon'-strd-bl, that may be 
proved beyond doubt or question : demon' strably, ad. 
-bll: demon'strableness, n. : demon'strative, a. -strd- 
tlv, proving by certain evidence : demonstratively, 
ad. -It: demon'strative'ness, n. 

demoralise, v. di-mor'-al-lz (F. ddmoraliser, to cor- 
rupt the morals— from de, and morale, morals: L. 
de, and mores, usages, customs), to corrupt; to de- 
stroy or lessen moral qualities : demor'ali'sing, imp. : 
demoralised, pp. -al-izd: demoralisation, n. -l-za- 
shnn, corruption of morals. 

demotic, a. db-mot'-lk (Gr. demos, the people), pert, 
to the people ; applied to designate a variety of writ- 
ing in common use among the Egyptians ; a simplified 
form of the anc. Egyptian hieroglyphic writing. 

dempster, n. de~m'-ster, also demster or deemster 
(AS. deman, to deem, to form a judgment), in the Chan- 
nel Isles, and in the Island lam ■ me given to a 
judge ; in Scot., formerly an officer who had to repeat 
the sentence pronounced by the court. 

demulcent, a. de-mul'sent (L. demulcens, stroking 
down— from de, and mulceo, I soothe gently), soften- 
ing ; mollifying : n. any medicine to lessen irritation ; 
that which softens. 

demur, v. de-mer' (L. demorari, to delay: F. <M- 
meurer, to stay— from L. de, and mora, delay : It. 
dimorare), to hesitate ; to delay ; to pause ; to scruple : 
n. a pause ; a scruple ; hesitation as to the propriety 
of proceeding : demur'ring, imp. : demurred', pp. 
-merd': demurrer, n. one who ; in law, an issue, raised 
on a question of law, between plaintiff and defendant, 
by which the progress of the suit is delayed: demur'- 
rable, a. -rd-bl, that may be demurred to : demurrage, 
n. dd-mur'rdj, an allowance made to the owners of a 
ship by the freighters for delay or detention in port 
beyond the time agreed upon ; in the railway clear- 
ing-house, fixed charges for the detention of carriages, 
trucks, &c, belonging to another company. 

demure, a. de-mur' (F. des, and mceurs, having 
manners or behaviour), grave ; affectedly modest ; 
bashful: demurely, ad. -It: demure'ness, n. sober- 
ness; affected modesty. 

demy, n. de-ml', plu. demies, dSm'-tz (F. demi; L. 
dimidium, half), a particular size of paper between 
royal and crown ; the title of certain persons on the 
foundation of Magdalen College, Oxford. 

den, n. den (AS. dene, a valley), a cave or hollow- 
place in the earth ; a cave ; the lair of a wild beast ; a 
place of concealment ; a wretched dwelling-place. 

denarius, n. de-na'-rt-us (L.— from deni, ten each, 
ten at a time), an anc. Roman silver coin = 7|d. English: 
denary, a. d&n'-er-l, containing ten : n. the number 
ten. 

denationalise, v. dS-ndsh'undl-lz' (L. de, and na- 
tionalise), to deprive of national character or rights: 
denati'onali'sing, imp. : denationalised', pp. -tzd'. 

dendriform, a. den'-drl-fawrm (Gr. dendron, a tree, 
and L. forma, shape), in structure resembling a tree 
or shrub : dendritic, a. -drit'-lk, also dendritlcal, a. 
-i-Ml, resembling a tree or shrub : den'drachate, n. 
-drd-kdt (Gr. achates, an agate), an agate exhibiting 
in its sections the forms or figures of vegetable 
growths : dendrer'peton, n. -drer'-pS-ton (Gr. erpeton, 
a reptile), a small lizard-like fossil animal, found in 
the interior of a fossil trunk of a tree : den'drodonts, 
n. plu. -dro-donts (Gr. odous, a tooth— gen. odontos), 
a fossil family of fishes whose teeth, when cut, pre- 



mate, milt, far, law; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; nOie, not, mCve; 



DEXI 



141 



DEPL 



sent numerous fissures spreading like the branches of 
a tree: dendroid, a. -drmd (Gr. eidos, form), resem- 
bling a tree or shrub: dendrolite, n. -dro-llt (Gr. 
lithos, a stone), in geol , a general term for any fossil 
stem, branch, or other fragment of a tree : dendrol- 
ogy, n. -drol'-ojl (Gr. logos, a discourse), the natural 
history of trees, or a discourse on them : dendrol'o- 
gist, n. one who: dendrom'eter, n. -drom'e-ter (Gr. 
metron, a measure), an instrument for measuring 
trees -without climbing them. 

denial, n. de-nl'al Isee deny), a refusal; a saying 
no: deni'able, a. -d-bl, that may be refused: deni- 
ably, ad. -bli: denier, n. one who. 

denier, n. den'la' (F.— from L. denarius, a copper 
coin), a French farthing, being half an English farth- 



, n. din'l-zin (in olden times, one who re- 
ceived the privileges of a native by the king's charter, 
ex donatione regis : old F. donaison, a gift: old Eng. 
deinzein, a trader within, as opposed to forein, a 
trader without, the privileges of the city), a citizen ; 
one not a native, but made a citizen ; a dweller ; an 
inhabitant: v. to admit to residence and certain 
rights : den'izening, imp. : den'izened, pp. -zind •. 
den'iza'tion, n. -za'shun, the act of making one a 
denizen: den'izenahip, n. state of being a denizen. 

denominate, v. di-nom'l-nat (L. denominatum, to 
designate— from de, and nomino, I name: It. deno- 
minare: F. denominer), to give a name to; to desig- 
nate : denominating, imp. : denominated, pp. : de- 
nominator, n. -nd'-ter, in a vulgar fraction, the 
number placed below the line, denoting the number of 
parts into which a unit or one is supposed to be di- 
vided: denom'ina'tion, n. -Hd : sft<<rt,ananieorappeUa- 
tion; a title; a society or class of individuals called by 
the same name; a sect: denominational, a. -l-nd' 
shun-M, pert, to a number of individuals called by the 
same name ; sectarian : denominationally, ad. -H : 
denom'ina'tive, a. -nd'tlv, that which gives or confers 
a name. 

denote, v . di-nOt' (L. denotare, to point out—from de, 
and nota, a mark: It. denotare: F. dcnoter), to mark ; 
to indicate ; to signify by some visible token : deno- 
ting, imp. : deno'ted, pp. : deno'tative, a. -nO'td-tlv, 
havingpower to denote: deno table, a. -td-bl. capable 
of being denoted: denotation, n. dihtO-ta'shiln, the 
marking off or separation of anything. 

denouement, n. de-nO'-mong (F. unravelling— from 
de, and nosud; L. nodus, a knot), the winding-up of 
an affair ; the final scene in a play, or in the plot of a 
novel ; the development. 

denounce, v. de-nolcns' (L. denuntiare, to intimate, 
to declare— from de, and nuntio, I declare: F. de- 
noncer: It. denunziare), to accuse in a threatening 
manner ; to threaten solemnly ; to inform against : 
denouncing, imp. : denounced', pp. -ndivnsf: de- 
nounce'ment, n. : denoun'cer, n. -sir, one who. 

dense, a. dins (L. densus, thick : It. denso : F. dense), 
close ; compact ; thick ; approaching to a solid : 
densely, ad. -ll: dense'ness, n., also density, n. 
dc>i : si-ti, closeness of parts ; thickness. 

dent, n. dint (L. dens, a tooth— gen. dentis: Sans. 
dantas, a tooth— from Sans, ad ; L. and Gr. edo, to eat : 
It. dente; F.dent, a tooth), a gap or notch; a small hol- 
low in a solid body : v. to mark as with a tooth ; to in- 
dent; to make a small hollow: denting, imp.: dent'ed, 
pp.: dental, a. den'tdl, pert, to the teeth; pronounced 
by the teeth : n. a letter pronounced chiefly by the 
teeth: den'tist, n. -tlst, one whose profession is to 
extract, repair, and supply teeth decayed or lost by 
disease : den'tistry, n. -tis-trl, the profession of a den- 
tist: dentiti'on, n. -tish'un, the cutting or breeding 
of teeth: den'tate, a. -tat, also den'tated, in bot., 
toothed ; having short r o ions of the mar- 

gin: den'tately,ad.-Zi: den tide, n. -114:1. a small tooth 
or projecting point : dentic'ulate, a. -tik'-u4at, in bot., 
finely toothed; having small tooth-like projections 
along the margin: dentic'ulately, ad. -li ■. dentic'ula'- 
tion, n. -Wshun, the state of being set with small 
teeth : den'tifrice, n. -tl-frls (F.— from L. dens, a tooth, 
and frico, I rub), a powder used in cleaning the teeth : 
dentig'erous, a. -tij'ir-us (L. gero, I carry), bearing, 
supporting, or supplied with teeth : den 'tine, n. -tin, 
the tissue which forms the body of a tooth : den'tils, 
n. plu. -tllz, in arch., square projections in the bed- 
mouldings of cornices, bearing some resemblance to 
teeth : dental formula, a notation generally used by 
zoologists to denote the number and kind of teeth of 
a mammiferous animal. 

coiv, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, 



denude, v. de-nud" (L. denudare, to make naked— 
from de, and midus, naked : F. denuder), to strip ; to 
divest of all covering ; to uncover : denu'ding, imp. : 
denu'ded, pp.: denudation, n. den'-u-da-shun, the 
laying bare by removal; in geol., the laying bare of 
underlying strata by the removal or washing away of 
superficial matter. 

denunciation, n. dS-nun'si-a'-shiin, or -slil-a'sliur 
(see denounce), a declaration of intended evil ; a public 
menace: denun'cia'tor, n. -sl-d'ter, one who: de- 
nunciatory, a. -a-ter'l, containing a denunciation. 

deny, v. dini (L. denegare, to deny thoroughly— 
from de, and nego, I deny : F. denier: It, denegare), to 
declare untrue ; to contradict ; to disown ; to refuse ; 
to reject; not to afford: denying, imp. : denied, pp. 
de-nld': deni'er, n. -er, one who: deni'able, a. -d-bl, 
capable of being denied or disowned : denial, n. -dl, a 
refusal. 

deobstruent, n. di-ob'-stroo-Snt (L. de, and obstruens, 
building anything for the purpose of stopping the 
way), a medicine whii b d lassagesfor 

the fluids of the body: adj. having the power to re- 
move obstructions. 

deodand, n. de'd-ddnd (L. deo, to God, and dandus, 
to be given), in laiv, a thing which has caused the 
death of a person, and for that reason is forfeited to 
the king, and applied by him to pious uses. 

deodorise, v. de-6'dir-W (L. de, and odor, a smell, 
good or bad), to disinfect ; to deprive of a fetid or bad 
smeil, as cesspools : deo'dori'sing, imp. : deo'dorised', 
pp. -izd': deo'dori'ser, n. -I'zer, a disinfectant : deo- 
dorisa'tion, n. -Izd'shiin, the art or act of depriving 
of odour or smell. 



which relates to duty or moral obligations : de'onto- 
loglcal, a. -Wj'-ikal, pert, to : de'ontol'ogist, n. -jlst, 
one who. 

deoxidate, v. dioks'l-ddt (L. de, and oxydate), to 
deprive of oxygen: deoxlda'ting.imp. : deox'ida'ted, 
pp. : deoxlda tion, n. -da'shun: deoxidise', v. -dlz', 
to deprive of oxygen ; also deoxlgenate', v. -jen-at'. 

depart, v. depart (F. departir, to depart, to dis- 
tribute—from L. de, and partiri, to part, to share), to 
quit; 1 to go from; to leave; to forsake; to die or de- 
cease: departing, imp. : depar'ted, pp. : departure, 
n. -tur, the act of departing ; a moving from ; death 
or decease; a forsaking: depart'ment, n. a separate 
room or office for business ; a branch of business ; a 
division of territory : departmental, a -min'tdl, pert, 
to a department or division. 

depasture, v. dipds'tur (L. de, andpastus, feeding 
or eating— see pasture), to feed ; to graze ; to eat up : 



depasturing, imp. : depastured, pp. -turd. 

depauperate, v. di-paiv'-per-at (L. de, and pauper, 
poor), to impoverish ; to make poor: depau'pera'ting, 



op.: depau'pera'ted, pp. 

depend, v. de-pend' (L. dependere, to hang down— 
from de, and pendeo, I hang: It. dependere: F. de- 
pendre), to hang from ; to be connected with a thing 
as a cause of existence, &c; to be subservient ; to rely 
on ; to trust ; to confide : depend'ing, imp. : depend'ed, 
pp.: depen'dent or depen'dant, a. hanging from; 
relying on ; subject to the power of: n. one who is at 
the disposal of another ; one relying on another for 
support or favour; a servant or retainer: depen- 
dence, n. -dins, reliance ; trust ; connection ; state of 
being at the disposal of another; that which is at- 
tached to something else as subordinate: depen'- 
dently, ad. -dint-li: depen'dency, n. -den-sl, same as 
dependence, but generally restricted to a territory or 
colony distant from the state to which it is subject. 

dephlogisticate, v. de'fto-jis'ti-kat (L. de, and Gr. 
phlogistos, burnt), to deprive of phlogiston, the sup- 
posed principle of inflammability: de'phlogis'tica- 
ting, imp.: de'phlogis'tica'ted, pp.: de phlogis'tica'- 
tion, n. -ka'shun, the operation by which bodies are 
deprived of phlogiston. 

depict, v. de- wm, to depict— from de, 

and picturn, to paint), to paint ; to describe or repre- 
sent in words : depic'ting, imp. : depic'ted, pp. 

depilate, v. di to pull out the 

hair— from de, and pilus, a hair), to strip off hair: 
dep'ila'ting, imp. : dep'ila'ted, pp. : dep'ila'tion, n. 
-la'shiin: depilatory, a. d i ving the qua- 

lity or power of removing hair : n. any ointment or 
lotion employed to take off hair without injuring the 

deplete, v, di-plet' (L. depletum, to empty out— from 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



DEPL 



diminish fulness of habit ; also deple'tive, a. -tlv. 

deplore, v. dS-plor' (L. deplorare, to weep bitterly— 
from de, and ploro, I wail or howl : It. deplorare : F. 
diplorer), to lament ; to mourn ; to bewail ; to ex- 
press or feel deep grief for : deplo'ring, imp. : de- 
plored', pp. -plord': deplo'rer, n. one who: deplo'- 
rable, a. -rd-bl, lamentable; sad; grievous; miser- 
able : deplo'rably, ad. -Ml: deplo'rableness, n. -M-nSs, 
wretchedness ; miserable state : deplo'rabil'ity, n. -rd- 
Ul'-l-ti, state of being deplored : deplo'ringly, ad. -II. 

deploy, v. deploy' (F. diployer, to unfold— from L. 
de, and plico, I fold), to open ; to extend ; to form a 
more extended front, as soldiers : deploying, imp. : 
deployed' pp. -pldyd' : deployment, n. the opening 
up of a body of men in order to extend their front, as 
a column of troops. 

depolarise, v. dS-po'ler-lz (L. de, and polarise), to 
deprive of polarity: depo'larisa'tion, n. -l-z&'-shun, 
the act of depriving of polarity. 

depone, v. dH-pon' (L. deponere, to lay or place down 
—from de, and pono, I place), to testify on oath in a 
court : depo'ning, imp. : deponed', pp. -pond' : depo'- 
nent, a. -po'-nent, applied to Latin verbs having a 
passive termination with an active signification : n. 
one who testifies on oath ; a witness. 

depopulate, v. depop'-u-lat (L. depopulatum, to lay 
waste— from de, and populus, the people), to deprive 
of inhabitants ; to unpeople ; to lay waste : depop'u- 
la'ting, imp.: depop'ula'ted, pp.: depop'ula'tion, n. 
-la-shun : depop'ula'tor, n. one who. 

deport, v. de-port' (F. diporter, to banish : L. de- 
portare, to carry off— from de, and porto, I carry : It. 
deportare, to exile), to behave or demean, followed by 
self; to carry from one country to another : deport- 
ing, imp. : deport'ed, pp. : deportation, n. de'-por-ta- 
shun, the removal from one country to another ; exile ; 
banishment : deport'ment, n. -rnSnt (F. deportement, 
demeanour), conduct ; demeanour ; carriage ; manner 
of acting in relation to the duties of life. 

depose, v. dS-poz' (L. depositum, to lay or set down 
—from de, and positum, to put or place : F. diposer -. 
It. depositare\ to degrade ; to divest of office ; to de- 
throne ; to bear witness on oath : depo'sing, imp. -zing : 
deposed', pp. -pozd'-. depo'ser, n. one who : depos'it, n. 
-poz'-lt, that which is intrusted to another, as money in 
a bank; a pledge or pawn; anything laid down or 
lodged : v. to lay, throw down, or lodge ; to lay up ; 
to commit to, as a pledge ; to lodge money in a bank: 
depositing, imp.: deposited, pp.: depositary, n. -I- 
ter'l, one with whom anything is lodged or intrusted 
for safe keeping : deposition, n. de'-po-zlsh'-un, the act 
of laying or throwing down ; that which is laid down ; 
the giving testimony under oath ; a written copy of 
the same attested by the signature of the witness ; the 
depriving of office or dignity : depository, n. dS-poz' 
l-tir'-l, a place where anything is laid for safe keeping : 
depositor, n. -ter, one who makes a deposit. 

depot, n. dS-po', or dSp-6 (F. d4p6t— from L. deposi- 
tum, to lay or put down), a place where stores are kept ; 
a place for the reception of recruits ; a warehouse ; an 
open place or covered shed where goods are laid up. 

deprave, v. dS-prdv' (L. depravare, to pervert— from 
de, and pravus, crooked, wicked: It. depravare. ■■ F. 
depraver), to make bad or worse ; to vitiate ; to cor- 
rupt: depraving, imp.: depraved', pp. -prdvd': adj. 
corrupt ; abandoned ; vicious: depra'vedly, ad. -vSd-ll: 
depravation, n. dSp'-rd-vd'-shun, the act of corrupting 
anything or making it bad : depravity, n. -prdv'-l-tl, 
corruption ; wickedness ; destitution of moral princi- 
ples: depra'vedness, n. : depra'ver, n. -ver, one who. 

deprecate, v. di,p'-rhkdt (L. deprecatus, averted by 
praying— from de, and precor, I pray, I beg), to pray 
or wish that a present evil may be removed, or an 
expected one averted ; to pray against : dep'reca'ting, 
imp.: dep'reca'ted.pp.: dep'reca'tor,n.onewho: dep'- 
reca'tion, n. -ka'-shun, a praying against ; an entreaty : 
depreca'tingly, ad. -II: dep'reca'tive, a. -tlv, also 
dep'reca'tory, a. -ka'-ter-l, tending to avert evil ; hav- 
ing the form of a prayer : dep'reca'tively, ad. -II. 

depreciate, v. d6-j>n I I i I icier, to under- 

value—from L. de, and pretium, a price), to lessen the 
price or value of a thing ; to decry ; to underrate ; to 
become of less worth : depre'cia'ting, imp. : depre'- 
cia'ted, pp.: depre'cia'tion, n. -a'shun, the act of les- 
sening the value of anything ; a falling in value : de- 
mote, m&t,fdr, law; mite, mSt, 



2 DERM 

pre'cia'tive, a. -a'tlv, also depre'cia'tory, a. -a'-ter-l, 
tending to depreciate ; undervaluing ; depre'cia'tor, 
n. one who. 

depredate, v. dSp'-re-ddt (L. de, and prcedatus, plun- 
dered : It. depredare, to pillage, to plunder), to rob ; 
to plunder ; to pillage ; to take the property of an 
enemy ; to spoil : dep'reda'ting, imp. : dep'reda'ted, 
pp.: dep'reda'tor, n. a robber; a plunderer: dep're- 
da'tion, n. -dd-shun, the act of spoiling or pillaging : 
dep'reda'tory, a. -ter-l, plundering ; spoiling. 

depress, v. dS-pres' (L. depressurn, to press or weigh 
down— from de, and pressum, to press), to push down 
to a lower state or position ; to lower ; to render lan- 
guid or dull ; to deject or make sad ; to lower in value : 
depressing, imp.: depressed, pp. dS-prSst': depres'- 
singly, ad. -II: depression, n. -presh'-un, a hollow; 
the sinking in of a part of a surface ; a sinking of the 
spirits ; a low state of trade or business : depres'sive, 
a. -prds'-slv, tending to depress : depres'sor, n. one 
who or that which: angle of depression, in aslron., 
the angle through which a celestial object appears de- 
pressed below the horizontal plane, drawn through 
the eye of a spectator looking down upon the object. 

deprive, v. de-prlv' (L. de, and privo, I take away, I 
bereave), to take away from ; to hinder from possess- 
ing or enjoying ; to divest of a dignity or office : de- 
priving, imp. : deprived', pp. -prlvd'.- depri'ver, n. 
one who : depri'vable, a. -vd-bl, that may be deprived : 
deprivation, n. ddp-rl-vd'-shun, a taking away ; loss 
of friends or goods; the taking away his living or 
office from a minister or clergyman. 

depth, n. dipth (from deep, which see), the measure 
of a thing from the surface to the bottom; a deep 
place ; the sea or ocean ; the middle or stillest part ; 
obscurity; unsearchable ' i laga citj or penetration; 
profoundness, as applied to writings or discourses: 
depth/less, a. wanting depth. 

depurate, v. dSp'-u-rdt (L. de, and purus, pure : F. 
depurer, to purify), to free from impurities : dep'ura'- 
ting.imp.: dep'ura'ted, pp. : dep'ura'tion, n. -ra'-shun, 
the freeing from impurities ; the cleansing of a wound. 

depute, v. di-puf (L. deputo, I prund| I destine or 
allot to : F. diputer, to depute), to appoint ; to ap- 
point as an agent or substitute to act for another: 
depu'ting, imp.: depu'ted, pp.: deputation, n. dep'-u- 
ta'-shun, persons authorised to act for others ; a special 
commission or delegation appointed by a public body: 
dep'uty, n. -tl, a person appointed to act for another ; 
a lieutenant; a viceroy. 

derange, v. dH-rdnf (F. ddranger— from de, and 
ranger, to set in order), to disorder ; to confuse ; to 
disturb ; to embarrass : deranging, imp. : deranged', 
pp. -rdnjd': derange'ment, n. a putting out of order; 
disorder of the intellect ; insanity. 

dercetis, n. der'sS-tls (L. dercetis, a Syrian sea-god- 
dess), in geol., a ganoid eel-like fish of the chalk for- 
mation. 

derelict, a. dSr'-S-llkt (L. derelictum, to forsake en- 
tirely—from de, and relictum, to leave behind), left ; 
abandoned : n. in law, goods thrown away or aban- 
doned by the owner ; a tract of land left dry by the 
sea, and fit for cultivation or use ; a ship abandoned 
at sea : der'elic'tion, n. -Ilk-shun, the act of leaving 
or forsaking ; state of being abandoned ; desertion. 

deride, v. di-rld' (L. deridere, to laugh to scorn— 
from de, and ridere, to laugh : It deridere : F. dirider), 
to mock; to laugh at in contempt: deri'ding, imp.: 
deri'ded, pp.: deri'der, n. one who: deri'dingly, ad. 
-II: derisi'on, n. -rlzh'-un (L. derisus, mockery, scorn: 
It. deriso), mockery ; contempt ; ridicule ; scorn : 
deri'sive, a. -n'-slv, mocking ; ridiculing : deri'sively, 
ad. -II -. deri'siveness, n. 

derive, v. d&-rlv' (L. derivare, to draw off, to divert 
—from de, and rivus, a stream : It. derivare : F. di- 
river), to draw from, as from a regular course or chan- 
nel ; to receive, as from a source or origin ; to deduce, 
as from a root or primitive word ; to trace : deri'ving, 
imp.: derived', pp. -rlvd': derivable, a. -rl'-vd-bl, that 
may be derived: deri'vably, ad. -vd-bll: derivation, 
n. dgr'-l-va'-shun, the act of drawing or receiving from 
a source; the tracing of a word from its root: de- 
rivative, a. dS-rlv'-d-tlv, taken or formed from an- 
other; secondary: n. a word formed from another 
word, or which takes its origin from a root ; not fun- 
damental : deriv'atively, ad. -ll .- deriv'ativeness, n. 

derm, n. derm, also derma, n. der'-md (Gr. derma, 
a skin— gen. dermatos: F. derme), the true skin; the 
integument which covers animal bodies : der'mal, a. 
-mdl, pert, to the skin : der'matol'ogy, n. •md-t6l'-6-jl 
her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 






BERN 



143 



DESO 



(Gr. logos, discourse), a treatise on the skin : der'- 
matologist, n. one who : dermoid, a. der'moyd, also 
der'matoid, a. -md-tdyd (Gr. eidos, likeness), resem- 
bling the skin : dermo-skeleton, the hard integument 
which covers many animals, and affords protection 
to them, making its appearance as a leathery mem- 
brane, or as shell, crust, scales, or scutes. 

dernier, a. dsr'nber(F.), last; final: dernier resort, 
n. -rezort', the last resource or expedient. 

derogate, v. der'-o ■ g&t (I •■takeaway, to 

detract from— from de, and rogatum, to ask: It. 
derogate : F. denser), to lessen by taking away a part; 
to detract ; to disparage : derogating, imp. : der'o- 
ga'ted, pp. : der'oga tion, n. -ga'shun, the act of de- 
stroying or taking away the value or effect of any- 
thing, or of limiting its extent ; disparagement : de- 
rogatory, a. di-rog'd-ter-l, that lessens the extent, 
effect, or value ; detracting : derog'atorlly, ad. -II : 
derog'ator'iness, n. 

derrick, n. der'rlk (an abbreviation of Theodoric, a 
celebrated executioner of the seventeenth century), a 
mast or spar supported at the top by stays, with suit- 
able tackle for raising heavy weights; an improved 
iron crane. 

dervish, dervis, or dervise, dir'vls (Persian, der- 
wesch, poor), a Mohammedan priest or monk of great 
austerity, and professing poverty. 

descant, n. dis'-kdnt (It. discantare, to disenchant 
—from L. dis, apart, and canto, I sing: Sp. discantar, 
to chant, to quaver upon a note), a song or tune 
composed in parts ; a discussion ; a discourse ; a series 
of comments : v. dS-skdnt', to sing in parts ; to dis- 
course; to remark or comment on freely: descanting, 
imp. : descan'ted, pp. : descan'ter, n, one who. 

descend, v. de-send' (L. descendere, to descend— from 
de, and scando, I climb : It. discendere: F. descendre), 
to move from a higher to a lower place ; to go down- 
wards, as a hill ; to fall or come down ; to invade ; to 
come suddenly ; to proceed or pass from ; to stoop, as 
to wrong : descending, imp. : descen'ded, pp. : de- 
scendant, n. any one proceeding from an ancestor ; 
offspring: descen'dent, a, sinking; proceeding from 
an ancestor; descending or falling: descen'dible, a. 
-dl-bl, that may be descended; that may descend from 
an ancestor to an heir : descendibility, n. -bll'l-tl, 
the capability of being transmitted : descen'sion, n. 
•sen'shiln, the act of going downwards ; a falling ; de- 
clension ; degradation : descen'sional, a. pert, to : 
descen'sive, a. -slv, tending to descend : descent, n. 
de-sSnf, progress downwards ; slope ; declivity ; a 
hostile invasion from sea; birth; lineage; passing 
from an ancestor to an heir. 

describe, v. de-skrlb' (L. describere, to represent by 
drawing— from de, and scribo, I write : It. descrivere), 
to draw ; to delineate ; to represent in words or by 
signs ; to show by marks or figures : descri"bing, imp. : 
described', pp. -skrlbd': descri'bable, a. -bdbl, that 
may be described : descriter, n. one who : descrip'- 
tion, n. -skrip'shun (L. de, and scriptus, written), a 
representation in words ; a delineation by marks or 
signs ; a sort or class to which certain particulars are 
applicable : descrip'tive, a. -tlv, tending to describe or 
represent : descriptively, ad. -II : descrip'tiveness, n. 

descry, v. di-skri' (old F. descrier, now decrier, to 
cry down— from de, and crier, to cry), to detect at a 
distance; to espy; to discover anything concealed: 
descrying, imp. : descried', pp. -skrld': descri'er, n. 
one who. 

desecrate, v. des'S-krdt (L. desecrare, to consecrate 
—from de, and sacer, sacred), to profane anything sa- 
cred ; to divert from a sacred purpose ; to divest of a 
sacred office : des'ecra'ting, imp. : des'ecra'ted, pp. : 
des'ecra'ter, n. one who : des'ecra'tion, n. -krd'shun, 
the profaning of anything sacred. 

desert, n. dSz'ert (L. desertus, solitary, waste— from 
de, and sertum, to join, to connect: It. diserto; F. 
desert, solitary), a wilderness ; a solitude ; a vast 
sandyplain; an uninhabited place: adj. wild; waste; 
solitary: v. de-zert', to leave entirely; to forsake; to 
abandon ; to quit with the view of not returning ; to run 
away : deserting, imp. •. desert'ed, pp. : desert'er, n. 
a soldier or sailor who runs away : deser'tion, n. -shun, 
the act of leaving with the intention of not return- 
ing, as a soldier or sailor ; state of being forsaken. 

desert, n. di-zerf (old F. deserte, merit— from Eng. 
deserve, which see), that which entitles to reward or 
renders liable to punishment ; merit or demerit ; re- 
ward or punishment justly due ; worth ; excellence. 



from de, and servio, I serve : Norm. F. diservir, to 
earn by service), to be worthy of; to merit; to be 
worthy of in a bad sense ; to merit reward : deser'- 
ving, imp. : deserved', pp. -zervd': deservedly, ad. 
eser'vingly, ad. -II. 

deshabille, a. dez'-a-bel (F.), dressed loosely: n. an 
undress ; a loose morning dress ; a careless untidy 
state as to dress. 

desiccate, v. dSs'lk-kdt (L. desiccare, to dry up— from 
de, and siccus, dry: It. diseccare: F. dessecher), to 
dry ; to deprive or exhaust of moisture ; to become 
dry: des'icca'ting, imp. : desiccated, pp. : des'ic- 
cant, a. -kdnt, drying: n. a medicine that dries a 
sore: deslcca'tion, n. -; t of making 

dry ; the state of being dried : desic'cative, a. -kd-tiv, 
tending to dry : desiccation cracks, in geol., rents in 
sedimentary strata, caused by shrinkage through dry- 
ing. 

desiderate, v. de-sld'er-dt (L. desideratum, to ear- 
nestly, wish for: It. desiderare: F. desirer), to want; 
to miss: desiderating, imp.: desid'era'ted, pp.: de- 
sid'era tive, a. -u'-tiv, expressing or denoting desire : 
desideratum, n. -a'tiim, desiderata, plu. -a'td (L.), 
anything desired or wanted; any desirable improve- 
ment. 

design, v. d6-sln' or -zln' (L. designare, to mark out — 
fom de, and signo, I mark or seal : It. designare; F. de- 
signer), to project; to form in the mind; to intend; 
to purpose ; to form or plan by drawing the outline ; 
to plan; to invent: n. a project; a scheme; purpose; 
intention ; a plan or representation of a thing by an 
outline ; an idea or plan in the mind meant to be ex- 
pressed in a visible form; figures or drawings for 
cloth, &c; the plan of a building in all its parts : de- 
signing, imp.: adj. forming a design; insidiously 
contriving schemes of mischief; deceitful : n. the act 
of delineating the appearance of natural objects : de- 
signed', pp. -slnd' .- design'er, n. one who: design'- 
able, a. -d-bl, that may be designed or marked out : 
designedly, ad. -ed-li, intentionally: designless, a. 
without design or intention: design'lessly, ad. -lis- 
ll .- a school of design, an institution in which are 
taught the principles of drawing as they are con- 
nected with the industrial arts : designate, v. dis'-ig- 
ndt, to mark out or show; to distinguish by marks 
or description ; to name ; to point out : designating, 
imp. : designated, pp. : designation, n. -na'shun, a 
showing or pointing ; a distinguishing name or mark ; 
appointment : deslgna tive, a. -nu'tlv, serving to in- 
dicate : designment, n. di-sin'-mint, sketch ; delinea- 
tion; purpose. 

desire, v. di-zlr 7 (F. desirer; L. desiderare, to long 
for, to desire), to wish for; to ask; to entreat; to re- 
quest : n. a wish to obtain ; some degree of eagerness 
togainand possess; a coveting for some object of plea- 
sure or delight ; request ; prayer ; that which is de- 
sired: desiring, imp. : desired', pp. -zird': desi'rable, 
a. -zl'rd-bl, pleasing; agreeable: desirably, ad. -rd- 
bll: desi'rableness, n. -bl-nes: desirer, n. one who: 
desire'less, a. free from desire : desi'rous, a. -rus, 
wishing to obtain ; anxious to possess ; coveting : de- 
si rously, ad. -It. 

desist, v. di-slsf (L. desistere, to leave off— from de, 
and sisto, I stand: It. desistere: F. desister), to for- 
bear ; to stop ; to cease to act ; to discontinue : de- 
sisting, imp. : desisted, pp.: desistance, n. di-slsf- 
dns, a ceasing to act ; a stopping. 

desk, n. desk (AS. disc; Dut. disch; Ger. tisch, a 
table, a board : L. discus, a flat circle of stone), a slop- 
ing table for writing on ; a portable writing-table in 
the form of a box when shut ; the part of a pulpit on 
which the Bible lies : v. to shut up in a desk : desk'- 
ing, imp.: desked, pp. diskt. 

desmography, n. diz-mog'-rd-fl (Gr. desmos, a liga- 
ment, and grapho, I write), a description of the liga- 
ments of the body : desmol'ogy, n. -mol'-o-jl {logos, dis- 
course), the anatomy of the tendons and ligaments, 
or a description of them. 

desolate, a. dis'6-ldt (L. desolatum, to lay waste, to 
abandon— from de, and solus, alone: It. desolare: F. 
desoler), uninhabited; desert; solitary; in a ruinous 
condition; without a companion; comfortless: v. to 
deprive of inhabitants ; to lay waste ; to ruin : des'- 
ola 'ting, imp.: des'ola'ted, pp.: des'ola'tion, n. -6-ld- 
shun, a solitary waste; ruin; destruction; a place 
deprived of inhabitants; gloom: des'olate'ly, ad. 
-II: des'olate'ness, n. : des'ola'ter, also des'ola'tor, 



deserve, v. de-zero' (L. deservio, I serve zealously— 

cow, boy, /dot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



DESP 



144 



DETE 



despair, n. de-spar' (L. desperatus, given up, irre- 
mediable—from de, and spero, I hope ; F. desespoir, 
despair), utter hopelessness ; complete despondency ; 
desperation; loss of hope in God's mercy: v. to be 
without hope ; to give up all expectation ; to despond : 
despair'ing, imp.: despaired', pp. -spard': despair'er, 
n. one who: despairingly, ad. -II. 

despatch, v, de-spdch' (old F. despescher, to send 
away quickly, to hasten : Sp. despachar, to expedite 
—from L. spatior, I proceed), to send away ; to send on 
special business implying haste ; to put to death ; to 
execute speedily; to finish: n. speedy performance; 
haste; an express message: despatches, n. plu, -ez, 
written documents or messages regarding some affair 
of state sent to or from a country ; naval or military 
reports sent to headquarters : despatching, imp.: de- 
spatched', pp. -spdchf. 

desperate, a. dSs'per-at (L. desperaturn, to have no 
hope of— from de, and spero, I hope: It. disperare: 
F. disesperer), fearless of danger ; without hope; reck- 
less ; beyond hope of recovery ; irretrievable ; with- 
out care of safety ; furious : des'perately, ad. -It: des'- 
pera'do, n. -a'do (Sp.), a reckless furious man ; one 
regardless of consequences; a madman— applied to 
the reckless criminal classes: des'pera'tion, n. 
-u'shun, a giving up of hope; despair; disregard of 
danger : des'perateness, n. 
despicable, a.— see under despise, 
despise, v. -de-splz' (old F. despire— from L. despi- 
cere, to look down upon— from de, and specio, I look : 
old F. despit, contempt, despite), to have a very low 
opinion of; to look down upon with scorn ; to disdain: 
despi'sing, imp.: despised', pp. -splzd': despi'ser, n. 
-zer, one who: despi'sable, a. -zd-bl, contemptible: 
despi' singly, ad. -zlng-li: despi'sedness, n. -zed-nSs : 
despicable, a. dSs'pl-kd-bl, that should be despised ; 
vile; contemptible: des'picably, ad. -kd-bli: de3'pi- 
cableness, n. -kd-bl-n6s. 

despite, n. di-splt' (old F. despit, contempt, de- 
spite: F. depii ger: L. despectus, a look- 
ing down upon), violent hatred ; extreme malice ; de- 
fiance of opposition or difficulties, or in contempt of 
them: v. to tease; to offend; to vex: despi'ting, 
imp.: despi'ted.pp.: despite'ful, a. -fool, full of spite; 
malicious : despite'fully, ad. -II : despite'fulness, n. 

despoil, v. Se-spdyl' (L. despoliare, to despoil— from 
de, and spolio, i deprive of, I plunder : It. despogliare), 
to take from by force ; to rob ; to plunder ; to divest : 
despoil 'ing, imp.: despoiled', pp. -spdyld': despoil'er, 
n. one who : despoliation, n. di-spd'-ll-a'-shun, the act 
of plundering ; a stripping or robbing. 

despond, v. di-spond' (L. despondere, to promise, to 
lose courage— from de, and spondeo, I promise), to be 
cast down ; to lose all courage ; to lose hope ;— despair 
implies a total loss of hope, despond does not: de- 
spon'ding, imp. : despon'ded, pp. : despon'dingly, 
ad. -It : despon'der, n. one who : despon'dent, a. low- 
spirited; losing courage with the loss of hope: de- 
spon'dency, n. -dSn-sl, also despon'dence, n. -dens, 
cessation of effort with the loss of hope ; dejection of 
the mind ; melancholy : despon'dently, ad. -II. 

despot, n. des'pot (Gr. despotes, a master : It. des- 
pota ; F. despote, a despot), one ruling or governing 
without control ; an absolute prince ; a tyrant : des- 
potic, a. -pot'lk, also despotlcal, a. -l-kdl, exercising 
absolute or uncontrolled power ; unlimited ; unre- 
strained : despotically, ad. -II : despotism, n. des'po- 
tlzm, a government with authority unlimited or un- 
controlled; the government of an absolute prince; 
tyranny. 

despumate, v. dSs'p-u-mat (L. despumatum, to re- 
move the froth or scum— from de, and spurno, I foam : 
It. despumare), to froth ; to throw off in foam : des'- 
puma ting, imp. : des'puma'ted, pp. : des'puma'- 
tion, n. -md'shun, the act of throwing up froth or 
scum on the surface of a liquid ; the separation of the 
scum or impurities from a liquid. 

desquamate, v. des'kwd-mat (L. desquamatum, to 
scale or peel off— from de, and squama, a scale), to 
peel off as scales: desquamating, imp. : des'quama'- 
ted, pp. : des'quama'tion, n. -ma'-shun, the act of 
throwing off in scales, as from the skin. 

dessert, n. d6z-zert' (F. dessert— from desservir, to 
clear the table), a service of fruit, &c, at the close of 
a feast or entertainment. 

destine, v. d&s'-tln (L. destinare, to make firm, to 
destine : It. destinare .• F. destiner), to ordain or ap- 
point to a certain use, state, or place ; to doom ; to ap- 
point or fix unalterably : destining, imp. : des'tined, 
,-•"'"' mate, mCLtff&r, laXv; mete, m8t, 



the ultimate design : destiny, n. -nl, unavoidable 
i':'p ii't ini ..:■ ■mriiiH., :..... . i,y the Divine 

will, or that appointed by human will : des'tinies, n. 
plu. -nlz, in anc. myth., the three Fates, supposed to 
preside over human life; the predetermined future 
state or condition, as of nations. 

destitute, a. des'ti-tut (L. destitutum, to forsake— 
from de, and statuo, I set or place), not possessing ; 
in want of ; needy ; friendless : destitution, n. 
//<:. '/!<<<< 1:1 !■. i ■■. i.t ; poverty. 
destroy, v. destroy' (L. destruere, to destroy— from 
de, and struo, I pile up, I build), to pull down ; to de- 
molish ; to ruin ; to lay waste ; to kill ; to put an 
end to : destroy'ing, imp. : destroyed', pp. -stroyd' ; 
destroy'er, n. one who. 

destructible, a. de-struk'tl-bl (L. de, and structum, 
to pile up or build), that may be destroyed : destruc'- 
tibleness, n. : destruc'tibillty, n. -bil'l-tl, the being 
capable of destruction : destruction, n. -shun, the 

act of destroy in ruin molil ighter; death; 

eternal death : destructive, a. -tlv, deadly ; fatal ; 
causing destruction ; mischievous ; wasteful : de- 
structively, ad. -II: destructiveness, n. the quality 
of destroying ; propensity to destroy. 

desudation, n. d&s'-u-da'shun (L. desudo, I sweat 
greatly— from de, and sudo, I sweat : F. denudation), 
a profuse sweating, followed by an eruption of pus- 
tules, called heat pimples. 

desuetude, n. des'-wC-tud (L. desuetudo, disuse : F. 
desuetude), disuse ; the cessation of use ; discontinu- 
ance of a custom or practice. 

desultory, a. des'ul-ter'-i (L. desultorius, leaping, in- 
constant — from de, and salio, I leap), unconnected ; 
rambling; hasty; loose; without method : des'ultor'- 
ily, ad. -II: des'ultorlness, n. a passing from one thing 
to another without order or method ; unconnectedness. 

desynonymise, v. de'slnon'i-mlz (L. de, and synony- 
mous), to deprive a word of its synonymous character 
by attaching to it a specific meaning : de'synon'imis- 
ing, imp. : de'synonlmised, pp. -mlzd. 

detach, v. de-tach' (F. detacher; It. distaccare, to 
detach, to untie), to separate ; to disunite ; to part 
from : detach'ing, imp. : detached', pp. -tdcht': de- 
tach'ment, n. -ment, troops or ships sent from the 
main body. 

detail, v. dS-t&l > to divide, to piecemeal 

—from tailler, to cut), to give particulars ; to relate 
minutely or distinctly : n. de'tal, a minute or particu- 
lar account ; a narration of particulars : detail'ing, 
imp.: detailed', pp. -told': details, n. plu. -talz, tin; 
parts of a thing treated separately and minutely : de- 
tail'er, n. one who. 

detain, v. dS-tan' (L. detineo, I keep back— from de, 
and teneo, I hold or keep: It. detenere: F. detenir), to 
keep from ; to withhold ; to stop, stay, or delay ; to 
hold in custody : detaining, imp. : detained , pp. 
-tand': detention, n. -ten'shun, act of detaining; a 
keeping back ; confinement or restraint ; delay from 
necessity : detain'er, n. one who ; in law, the keeping 
possession of what belongs to another ; a writ autho- 
rising the keeper of a prison to continue to keep a 
person in custody. 

detect, v. d64ekt' (L. detectus, laid bare— from de, 
and tectus, covered), to find out; to discover: detec- 
ting, imp. : detected, pp. : detecter or detector, n. 
one who or that which : detective, n. -tSk'tiv, a 
police officer not dressed in uniform, whose duty it is 
to act secretly: adj. that detects or discovers: detec- 
tion, n. -shun, the act of discovering ; discovery of a 
person or thing attempted to be concealed: detec- 
table, a. -td-bl, that may be found out. 

detent, n. di \4 itum, to keep back, to de- 

tain— from de, and tentum, to hold), a stop in a clock- 
detention, n.— see detain. 

deter, v. dS-teY (L. deterrere, to frighten from any- 
thing—from de, and terreo, I frighten), to hinder by 
fear ; to discourage by considerations of danger, diffi- 
culty, or great inconvenience : deter'ring, imp. : de- 
terred, pp. -terd': determent, n. -ment, the act or 
cause of deterring ; that which deters : deter'rent, a. 
having the power or tendency to deter : n. that which 
deters. 

deterge, v. dS-ferf (L. deter gere, to wipe off— from 
de, and tergeo, I wipe clean : It. detergere : F. deter ger), 
to cleanse a sore : deterging, imp. : deterged', pp. 
-terjd': deter'gent, a. -ter'jent, cleansing : n. that 
which cleanses : deter'sive, a. -slv (L. detersus, wiped 
Mr; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 









DETE 



145 



DEVO 



off), having power to cleanse, as a sore from matter : 
n. a medicine which has the power of cleansing sores : 
deter'sion, n. -slum, the act of cleansing, as a sore. 

deteriorate, v. de-te'rl-6-rdt' (L. deterior, worse: F. 
dete'riorer, to waste), to grow worse ; to reduce in 
quality ; to make worse ; to degenerate : dete'riora'- 
ting, imp. : deteriorated, pp. : dete'rioration, n. 
•ra--hun, a becoming or making worse. 

determine, v. de-tir'-min (L. determinatum, to border 
off, to bound— from de, and terminus, a boundary or 
limit : It. determinare .- F. determiner), to end ; to fix ; 
to decide ; to influence the choice ; to resolve ; to 
come to a decision : determining, imp.: determined, 
pp. -mind: adj. having a settled or fixed purpose; 
firm; resolute; definite: determinable, a. -mtn-a-bl, 
that may be decided with certainty : deter'minator, 
n. one who ; also determiner, n. one who : deter- 
minedly, ad. -II: determinate, a. -at, limited; fixed; 
settled; resolute: determinate ly, ad. -II: deter'- 
minate'ness, n. : deter'mination, n. -na'-shiin, firm 
resolution ; fixed purpose; judicial decision; a put- 
ting to an end ; a too rapid or copious flow of blood 
to a particular part of the body : deter minative, a, 
-nd'-tic, that limits or bounds; having the power of 
directing, limiting, or fixing. 

deterred, deterring— see deter. 

detersive, detersion— see deterge. 

detest, v. de-tesf (L. detestari, to call upon as a wit- 
ness, to abominate— from de, and testor, I bear wit- 
ness : It. detestare : F. detester), to abhor ; to hate 
extremely; to abominate : detesting, imp.: detes'ted, 
pp.: detes'ter, n. one who: detes'table, a. -td-bl, 
abominable ; extremely hateful : detestably, ad. -Ml: 
detes tableness, n. : detestation, n. de'tes-ta'shiin, 
abhorrence ; extreme hatred. 

dethrone, v. di-thron' (L. de, and thronus, a royal 
seat : F. detroner, to dethrone), to drive from a throne ; 
to divest of supreme power: dethroning, imp. : de- 
throned', pp. -thrond' : dethroner, n. one who: de- 
thronement, n. -mint, the removal from a throne ; 
deposition from regal power. 

detinue, n. def-l-nu (F. detenu, held back— from 
detenir, to hold back, to withhold : L. detineo, I keep 
back), in laic, a writ lyiru' against a person who wrong- 
full} 7 detains goods in his possession. 

detonate, v. det'-0-ndt{L. detonare, to thunder down 
—from de, and tono, I thunder: F. detoner), to cause 
to explode with a sudden report ; to burn with a loud 
noise: detonating, imp.: det'ona'ted, pp.: det'ona- 
tion, n. -na-shaa, a sudden report caused by the burn- 
ing of certain bodies. 

detorsion, n. de-tor'shiin (L. detorsum, to turn or 
bend aside— from de, and torsum, to twist), a turning 
or wresting ; perversion from the true meaning. 

detour, n. de-t6r' (¥.), a roundabout; a circuitous 
way. 

detract, v. d&trdkf (L. detraction, to take away— 
from de, and tractum, to draw), to take away; to 
lessen reputation by calumny; to damage characte - 



ter, n. one who : detraction, n. -trak'sh un, the depreci- 
ating of the reputation of another from envy or malice ; 
a lessening of worth ; censure ; slander : detrac'tive, 
a. -tlv, having the tendency to lessen worth or estima- 
tion: detraetingly, ad. -II. 

detriment, n. dit'-rl-ment (L. detrimentum, loss— 
from de, and tritinn, to wear or rub: It. detrimento: 
F. detriment), damage ; loss; injury; disadvantage; 
diminution : det'rimen'tal, a. -tdl, injurious ; hurtful. 

detritus, n. de-trl'tiis (L. detritus, worn), any accum- 
ulation of earth, sand, gravel, and fragments of rock, 
formed by the wearing away of rocks ; debris consists 
of masses of rock, gravel, sand, trees, animal re- 
mains, &c, having the same meaning with the word 
rubbish .- detri'tal, a. -trl'tal, composed of detritus 
detriti'on, n. -trlsh'un, the act of wearing away. 

detrude, v. de-tr6d' (L. detrudere, to thrust or push 
down— from de, and trudo, I thrust : It. detrudere), to 
thrust down ; to push down with force : detru'ding, 
imp. : detru'ded, pp. : detru'sion, n. -zhun, a thrust- 

(ing or forcing down, 
detruncate, v. de-trung'-kdt (L. detruncatum, to lop 
or cut off— from de, and trunco, I cut or lop off: It. de- 
troncare),to\op; to shorten by cutting: detrun'cating, 
imp.: detrun'cated, pp.: detruncation, n. de'trung- 
kd-shun, the act of cutting or lopping off abruptly. 

deuce, n. dus (Ger. daus, deuce, ace: F. deux; L. 

duo, two), in gaming, two ; a card or die with two spots. 

cow, boy, /Sot; pure, bud; chair, 



deuce or dense, n. diis (Dusius, the name of a 
Gallic demon : low Ger. duks or duus, the deuce, same 
sense as in English), a euphemism for the devil; a 
demon ; an evil spirit : deuced, a. du'sSd, excessive ; ex- 
treme : ad. excessively ; extremely : deucedly, ad. -ll. 
deutero, dii'ter-6, or deuto, du'to (Gr. deutcros, 
second), a prefix which indicates the second degree of 
the word with which it is joined: deuterogamy, n. 
du'-Ur-og'd-ml (Gr. gamos, marriage), a second mar- 
riage after the death of the first husband or wife: 
deuterog'amist, n. one who : Deuteronomy, n. du- 
tir-on-o-mi (Gr. ytomos, a law), the second giving of 
the law by Moses ; the fifth book of the Bible : deutox- 
ide, du-toks'td (Gr. deuteros, second, and oxide), in 
chem., a substance oxidised in the second degree— now 
more generally binoxide. 

devastate, v. dev'-ds-tdt (L. devasiatum, to lay 
waste— from de, and vasto, I lay waste : It. devastare ; 
F. dt vaster), to lay waste; to ravage; to destroy: 
devastating, imp. : dev'asta'ted, pp. : devastation, 
n.-tei'-shiin. the act of laying waste ; state of being laid 
waste; destruction, as by armies, floods, &c. 

develop, v. de-vel'op (F. developper, to unfold), to 
unfold ; to lay open ; to disclose ; to unravel : develop- 
ing, imp.: developed, pp. -opt: devel'opment, n. -op- 
mint, an unfolding; an unravelling; disclosure: de- 
velopmental, a. connected with or formed by devel- 
opment. 

deviate, v. de'vl-dt (L. deviation, to go aside— from 
de, and via, a way or path: It. deviare: F. devier), 
to turn aside from the common way or method ; to 
wander from the right path or course; to err; to go 
astray: de'via'ting, imp.: deviated, pp.: de'via- 
tion, n. -shim, a turning aside ; a departure, as from 
a right course, way, or line ; a wandering, as from the 
path of duty; sin; error: devious, a. dc-vl-us (L. de- 
vius, that lies out of the highway), out of the com- 
mon track; wandering; roving; going astray: de'- 
viously, ad. -ll : de viousness, n. state of being astray. 

device, n. de-vis' (F. devise, emblem, conceit— see 
devise), a contrivance ; anything formed by design ; a 
scheme or stratagem ; a project ; an emblematical re- 
presentation. 

devil, n. div'l (AS. deoful; L. diabolus; Gr. diabolos, 
the devil), an evil spirit ; Satan : devilish, a. of or 
like the devil; wicked: devilishly, ad. -ll: dev'il- 
ishness, n. : dev'ilism, n. -Izm, state of the devil : 
devilment, n. wicked mischief: devilry, n. -ri, mis- 
chief and tricks suitable to a devil: devil, v. to grill 
with Cayenne pepper, as kidneys: deviling, imp.: 
deviled, pp. dSv'ld. 

devious— see deviate. 

devise, v. de-vlzf (It. divisare, to think, to imagine : 
F. deviser, to commune, to dispose of— from L. 
visum, that which is seen), to form in the mind ; to 
plan ; to scheme ; to give or bequeath by will ; to 
contrive; to project: n. a will; a bequeathing by 
will; that which is bequeathed by will: devi'sing, 
imp.: devised, pp. dc-elzd': deviser, n. one who : de- 
visable, a. -zcl-bl, that maybe given by will: devisee, 
n. cUv'-i-ze, the person to whom real estate is be- 
queathed. : devisor, n. one who gives by will. 

devoid, a. de-vdyd' (L. de, and viduus, left alone: 
F. vide, empty), empty; vacant; free from; desti- 
tute. 

devoir, n. dSv-icawr' (¥.), an act of civility or re- 
spect; service. 

devolve, v. di-volv' (L. devolvere, to roll or tumble 
down— from dc, and volvo, I roll), to pass over from 
one person to another, as by succession ; to deliver 
over to a successor ; to fall upon or come to as by 
right : devolving, imp. : devolved', pp. -volvd': dev- 
olution, n. dev'o-lo'shun, removal from one person to 
another : devolvlnent, n. the act of devolving. 

Devonian, a. de-vd'nl-dn, in geol, a name applied 
to the Old Red Sandstone, as extensively developed 
in Devonshire : devonite, n. dev'6n-it, a phosphate of 
alumina found in Devonshire. 

devote, v. de-vof (L. devotus, attached, faithful— 
from de, and votum, to vow, to wish for : It. devoto : 
F. devot), to set apart ; to dedicate or consecrate ; to 
doom ; to execrate ; to give up wholly ; to apply closely 
to; to addict one's self to chiefly: devoting, imp.: 
devo'ted, pp.: adj. ardently attached; faithful; 
doomed ; addicted : devotion, n. -shun, acts of reli- 
gious worship ; careful performance of religious 
duties; ardent love and affection ; ardour; eagerness: 
devotional, a. -dl, suited to devotion ; pert, to devo- 
tion : devotionally, ad. -U; devotedness, n. : devo'- 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



I 



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146 



DIAM 



tedly, ad. -11: devotee, n. d6v'6-ti, one wholly or 
superstitiously given to religion and religious exer- 
cises ; a bigot : devo'tionalist, n., also devo'tionist, n. 
one who — same as devotee. 

devour, v. de-vdwr' (L. devorare, to gulp down, to 
devour— from de, and voro, I eat greedily : It. divorare : 
F. devorer), to eat up ; to eat with greediness ; to con- 
sume ; to destroy ; to waste : devouring, imp. : de- 
voured', pp. -vowrd' : devour'er, n. one who : devour- 
ingly, ad. -11. 

devout, a. de-vow? (from devote, which see), earn- 
estly attentive to religious duties; pious; sincere: 
devoutly, ad. -11: devout'ness, n. 

dew, n. du (Dut. dauw, Ger. than; Sw. dagg, dew: 
low Ger. dauen, to dew, to thaw), the moisture depo- 
sited on the surface of the ground from the air in the 
evening, due to the more rapid cooling of the earth's 
surface: v. to wet as with dew; to moisten: dew'- 
ing, imp.: dewed, pp. dud: dew'y, a. -1, like dew; 
moist with dew : dew'iness, n. : deWless, a. having 
no dew: dew-berry, n. fruit of the grey bramble: dew- 
drop, n. a drop or spangle of dew : dew-fall, n. the time 
at evening when the dew begins to fall : dew-lap n. 
(Dan. dog-lap), the loose skin which hangs down from 
the neck of an ox: dew-point, the temperature at 
which dew begins to form : dew-stone, a kind of lime- 
stone which gathers a large quantity of dew. 

dexter, a. dek'ster (L. on the right side), inker., the 
right side of a shield or coat of arms : dextral, a. 
dSk'-slrdl, right as opposed to left. 

dexterity, i as, dexterity— 

from dexter, right, not left : F. dexUrite), expertness ; 
skill ; adroitness : dex'terous, a. -ter-us, expert ; ready ; 
skilful in manual acts ; ready in the use of the men- 
tal faculties: dex'terously, ad. -II— sometimes spelt 
dextrous and dex'trously : dex'terousness, n. 

dextrine, n. dik'strln (L. dexter, on the right hand), 
a gummy matter into which the interior substance 
of starch globules is convertible by diastase, and by 
certain acids— so called from turning the plane in 
polarised light to the right hand. 

dextrorsal, a. dek-stror'sdl (L. dexter, to the right, 
and versus, turned), rising spirally from right to 
left. 

dey, n. da (Turk, ddi, a friendly title, formerly 
given to middle-aged or to old persons), the name of 
the governor of Algiers before its occupation by the 
French. 

dhurra, also dhoora, n. ddbr'rd (Ar. durah), a kind 
of millet cultivated throughout Asia and in Northern 
Africa ; an eastern measure of capacity. 

di, di (Gr. dis, twice), a Greek prefix signifying 
twice. Note.— In chemical terms, di denotes two equi- 
valents of the substance indicated by the noun follow- 
ing that of which the prefix forms a part, as a oisul- 
phate contains two of the " substance named "—sul- 
phuric acid ; but a disulphate two, not of the acid, 
but of the base. 

dia, a Greek prefix signifying through or asunder. 

diabetes, n. di'd-be'tez (Gr. diabetes, a siphon— 
from dia, through, and baino, I go), a disease causing 
an immoderate flow of saccharine urine : di'abet'ic, a. 
-bet '4k, pert. to. 

diablery, n. di-db'ler-i (F. diablerie— from diable, 
the devil), devilry ; sorcery or incantation. 

diabolic, a. di'd-bol'ik, also di'abol'ical, a. -1-kdl (L. 
diabolus; Gr. diabolos, the devil), devilish ; extremely 
malicious ; atrocious : di'abol'ically, ad. -II : di'abol'- 
icalness, n. : diab'olism, n. -ttzm, the actions of the 
devil ; possession by the devil. 

diacaustic, a. dl'-d-kdwz'tik (Gr. dia, through, and 
kaiein, to burn), in geom., pert, to curves formed by 
refraction. 

diachylon, n. di-dk'1-lon (Gr. dia, through, or by 
means of, and chulos, juice), an adhesive plaster for- 
merly made from expressed juices, now made of an 
oxide of lead and oil. 

diachyma, n. di'd-kl'md (Gr. dia, through, and 
chumos, a fluid, juice), the cellular tissue of leaves 
occupying the space between their two surfaces. 

diaconal, a. dl-dk'6-ndl (F.— from L. diaconus— see 
deacon), pert, to a deacon : diaconate, n. di-dk'6-ndt, 
the office of a deacon. 

diacoustics, n. plu. di'd-kows'tlks (Gr. dia, and 
akouo, I hf 1 1 / i bhat treats of the properties 

of soun d passing through different mediums. 

diacritic, a. di'-d-krii'lk, also di'acrit'ical, a. -kdl 
(Gr. diakritikos, having the power of discerning or 
distinguishing— from dia, and krino, I judge), that 



separates or distinguishes— applied to points or marks 
used to distinguish letters of nearly similar form. 

diadelphian, a. di'd-del'fl-dn (Gr. dis, two, and 
adelphos, a brother), in bot., having the stamens 
united by their filaments into two distinct bundles, 
as in the di'adel'phia, n. -fid. 

diadem, n. di'-d-dem (Gr. diadema, a band or fillet 
for encircling the heads of kings— from dia, and deo, 
I tie or bind), a badge or mark of royalty ; a crown ; 
empire ; sovereignty : di'ademed, a. -demd, crowned ; 
ornamented. 

diadrom, n. dl'd-drom (Gr. diadromos, a running 
across— from dia, and dromos, a course, a running), a 
course or passing; time in which a pendulum per- 
forms, its vibration. 

diaeresis, n. di-e'r6-sis (Gr. diairesis— from diaireo, 
I divide), separation, as of one syllable into two ; the 
mark ( " ) placed over the latter of two vowels to shew 
they are to be pronounced separately, as mosaic, 
aerial. 

diagnosis, n. di'dg-no'sls (Gr. diagnosis, judging 
faculty, a distinguishing — from dia, through, and 
gignosko, I know: F. diagnose), in med., the art of 
distinguishing one disease from another : di'agnos'tic, 
a. -nos'tik, distinguishing the nature of a disease : n. 
the sign or symptom by which one disease is distin- 
guished from others : di'agnos'tics, n. plu. -tiks, the 
study of symptoms by which one disease is distin- 
guished from others; di'agnos'ticate, v. -tl-kdt, to 
distinguish or determine a disease by its symptoms : 
di'agnos'tica'ting, imp. : di'agnos'tica'ted, pp. 

diagonal, n. di-dg'6-ndl (Gr. dia, and gonia, a cor- 
ner: F. diagonal), a straight line drawn from one 
angle to another opposite angle, and dividing the 
figure into two parts, as in a square : adj. drawn from 
one corner or angle to another : diag'onally, ad. -II : 
diagonal scale, n. a scale consisting of a set of parallel 
lines with other lines crossing them obliquely. 

diagram, n. dl'-d-grdm (Gr. dia, and gramma, a 
mark, a sketch— from grapho, I write), a figure re- 
presented by lines, as a triangle, a square, &c. ; a 
figure ; a plan : di'agraph, n. -grdf, an instr. used in 
perspective drawing : di'agraphlcs, n. plu. -Iks, the art 
of designing or drawing : di'agraph'ic, a. -Ik, also di'- 
agraph'ical, a. -1-kdl, descriptive. 

dial, n. di'-dl (mid. L. dialis, daily— from L. dies, a 
day), an instr. for measuring time by the sun's sha- 
dow: di'aling, n. the art of constructing dials: 
dial-plate, the face of a watch or clock : dralist, n. 
a constructor of dials. 

dialect, n. dl'-d-Ukt (Gr. dialektos; L. dialectus, 
speech, manner of speaking — from Gr. dia, and lego, I 
speak), the peculiar manner in which a language is 
spoken in a province or district of a country ; style 
or manner of speaking : di'alec'tic, a. -lek'-tlk, also 
di'alec'tical, a. -ti-kdl, pert, to a dialect; logical: 
dialectics, n. plu. -tiks, the art of reasoning; the 
branch of logic del I the rules and modes of 
reasoning: di'alec'tically, ad. -11: di'alectici'an, n. 
-tlsh'-dn, a reasoner ; a logician. 

dialing, n.— see dial. 

diallage, n. dl'dl-laj (Gr. diallage, interchange— 
from dia, and allasso, I make other than it is), a 
mineral having a laminated or bladed cleavage— so 
called from its changeable colour ; a figure of speech 
in which arguments are placed in various points of 
view and then turned to one point : diallogite, n. 
-git, a mineral having a rose-red or flesh-red colour, 
and glassy pearly lustre. 

dialogue, n. dl'-d-l6g(F. dialogue— from Gr. dia, and 
logos, a word ; lego, I speak), a conversation between 
two or more persons ; formal conversation ; written 
compositions in which persons are represented speak- 
ing: dialogism, n. dl-dl'6-jlzm, a feigned conversa- 
tion or discussion between two or more persons : dial'- 
ogist, n. one who writes or speaks in a dialogue : dial- 
ogis'tic, a. -jls'-tik, also dial'ogis'tical, a. -jls'-tl-kdl, 
having the form of a dialogue : dial'ogise', v. -6-jizf, to 
discourse in dialogue. 

dialysis, n. di-dl'-l-sis (Gr. dialusis, a dissolving or 
dissolution— from dia, and luo, I loose), a mark in 
writing or printing placed over one of the two vowels 
of a diphthong to show that the vowels are to be pro- 
nounced separately ; in chem.,a, process of analysis by 
diffusion through a septum ; the separation of crystal- 
lisable from uncrystallisable substances: di'aly'ser, 
n. -ll'-zer, the instr. employed: di'alytlc, a. -lit'lk, 
pert. to. 

diamagnetic, a. dl'-d-mdg-nW-1k (Gr. dia, and mag- 



mate, mdt,fdr, law ; mete, met, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, mCve; 



DIAM 



147 



DICT 



netic), a term applied to many bodies which under the 
influence of magnetism, and freely suspended, take a 
position at right angles to the magnetic meridian : 
di'amag'netism, n. -nidg'ne-tlzm, the peculiar pro- 
perty of these bodies. 

diameter, n. di-dm'S-ter (Gr. dia, and metron, a 
measure), the measure of a body through from side 
to side ; a straight line passing through the centre of 
a circle, having both ends terminated by the circum- 
ference : di'amet'rical, a. di'-d-mit-rl-kdl, straight ; 
direct : diametrically, ad. -ll. 

diamond, n. di'dmund (Fr. diamant — from L. 
adamas, a diamond : Gr. adamas, the hardest steel, 
a diamond), the most precious of all stones, clear and 
transparent, and of remarkable hardness ; a cutter for 
glass ; a four-cornered figure, having two acute and 
two obtuse angles, as the pane in a church or cottage 
window: adj. resembling a diamond; in printing, 
noting a small type. 

Diana, n. dl-dnd, in anc. myth., the goddess of 
hunting. 

diandrian, a. di-dn'drt-dn (Gr. dis, double, aner, a 
man— gen. andros), in hot., pert, to the class of plants, 
dian'dria, -dri-a. having two stamens. 

diapason, n. di'd-pd'zon (Gr. diiqxison, through all 
—from dia, and pasa, all), in music, an octave; an 
organ pipe or stop ; a scale or rule by which the pipes 
of organs, &c, are adjusted. 

diaper, n. dl'dpir{V. diapri, diapered: It. diaspro, 
a jasper-stone, much used in ornamenting jewellery— 
from L.jaspis, jasper), figured linen cloth ; a napkin : 
v. to variegate or figure cloth: di'apering, imp.: 
di'apered, pp. -p&rd, flowered; variegated. 

diaphanous, a. dl-af'-d-nus (Gr. dia, and phaino, I 
show), allowing light to pass through ; translucent ; 
less than transparent. 

diaphonics, n. plu. dl'dfon'lks (Gr. dia, and phone, 
a sound), the doctrine of refracted sound : adj. pert. 
to. 

diaphoresis, n. di'd-f6-re"sls (Gr. diaphoresis, a 
carrying through, perspiration— from dia, and phoreo, 
I cany), an increase of perspiration : diaphoretic, 
a. -rSt'ik, that promotes perspiration: n. a medicine 
which increases perspiration. 

diaphragm, n. dl'dfrdm (Gr. diaphragma, a parti- 
tion wall— from dia, and phrasso, I hedge or fence in), 
the midriff; a muscle or membrane separating the 
chest or thorax from the abdomen or belly ; any sub- 
stance that intercepts or divides : di'aphragmat ic, a. 
-frdg-mdt'lk, pert, to the diaphragm : di aphrag'ma- 
ti'tis, n. -mi'-: tion of the diaphragm, 

dia rian and diarist— see diary. 

diarrhoea, n. di'-dr-re'd (Gr. cliarrhoia, a violent 
purging— from dia, and rheo, I flow), a looseness of 
the bowels ; an excessive purging or flux : diarrhoet- 
ic, a. -r6t'-ik, pert, to ; purgative : n. that which pro- 
duces a diarrhoea, or a purging. 

diarthrosis, n. dl'dr-thro-sls (Gr. dia, and arthron, 
a joint), in anat, a connection of two joints admitting 
of motion between them, as those of the limbs or 
lower jaw. 

diary, n. dl'd-ri (L. diarium, a daily allowance — 
from dies, a day : It. diario), a register of daily events 
or transactions; a journal : diarian, a. di-d'rl-dn, 
pert, to a diary ; daily : diarist, n. di'd-rist, one who 
keeps a diary. 

diastase, n. di'd-stds (Gr. diastasis, a standing apart, 
separation), a peculiar azotised principle having the 
property of convertings! ; a white amor- 

phous substance produced in germinating seeds, and 
in buds during their development. 

diastole, n. di-ds'to-le (Gr. diastole, separation— 
from dia, and stello, I set or place), the dilatation or 
opening of the heart after contraction; in gram., the 
lengthening of a syllable naturally short: diastolic, 
a. -tol'-lk, pert. to. 

diathermal, a. dl'd-ther'mdl (Gr. dia, and therme, 
heat), allowing rays of heat to pass through : di'ather'- 
mancy, n. -mdn-si, the property which certain sub- 
stances possess of allowing rays of heat to pass through 
them, as rays of light pass through glass : di'ather'- 
manous, a. -mdn-iis, having the property of trans- 
mitting radiant heat. 

diathesis, n. di-dth'5-sls (Gr. diathesis, a disposing 
or putting in order— from dia, and tithemi, I put or 
place), in med., a particular state or disposition of 
body, predisposing to certain diseases. 

diatoms, n. plu. dl'd-tomz, also di'atoma'cese, _. 
•md'-shi-e (Gr, diatomos, cut in two — from dia, and 



temno, I cut), a group of very minute organisms with 
silicious epidermis. 

diatonic, a. di'd-ton'ik (Gr. diatonos, extended 
through— from dia, and tonos, a stretching of the 
voice, a sound), in music, in the ordinary scale; by 
tones and semitones. 

diatribe, n. dl'-d-trlb (Gr. diatribe, a wasting of 
time— from dia, and tribo, I rub or grind small), a 
continued disputation ; in discourse, an undue enlarg- 
ing on some one point ; a strain of abusive or railing 
language: diat'ribist, n. -dt'rl-bist, one who. 

dibble, n. dlb'-l, also dibber, n. dib'-ber (the syllable 
dib, expressing the act of striking with a pointed in- 
strument: Scot, dab; Norm, diguer, to prick), a little 
instr. of wood, pointed at the bottom, for making 
small holes in the earth in order to plant seed or seed- 
lings: v. to plant with a dibble; to make holes; to 
dip: dibbling, imp. -ling: dib'bled, pp. -Id: dib'bler, 
n. one who. 

dice, n. plu. dts, die, sing, dl (see die), small cubes 
used in play : dice-box, the box from which dice are 
thrown in gaming : dicin:: aying at dice. 

dicephalous, a. dlse/'dliis (Gr. dis, twice, and 
kephale, the head), having two heads on one body. 

diceras, n. dls'er-ds (Gr. dis, twice, and keras, a 
horn), in geol., a bivalve belonging to the family 
Chamidce or Clam-shells, so called from its prominent 
beaks : diceras-limestone, a division of the Oolite in 
the Alps, so called from its containing abundantly 
the shells of the diceras. 

dichlamydeous, a. dtk'ld-mld'l-iis (Gr. dis, twice, 
and chlamus, a garment), having. two coverings; in 
bot., having a calyx and corolla. 

dichobune, n. dlk'6-bun (Gr. dicha, In two parts, 
and bounos, a ridge), a genus of fossil quadrupeds 
having deeply-cleft ridges in the upper molar teeth. 

dichodon, n. dlk'-o-don (Gr. dicha, in two parts, and 
odous, a tooth— gen. odontos), a fossil animal, so called 
from the double crescent-shaped lines of enamel on 
the upper surface of its molar teeth. 

dichotomous, n. dl-kot-6-mus (Gr. dichotomos, di- 
vided into halves— from dicha, in two parts, and temno, 
I cut), in bot., having the divisions always in pairs : 
dichot'omist, n. one who dichotomises : dichotomise, 
v. -mlz, to cut or divide into two parts: dichot- 
omising, imp. : dichotomised', pp. -mizd' : dichot- 
omy, n. -ml, division or distribution by pairs. 

dichroism, n. dik'ro-lzm (Gr. dis, twice, and chroa, 
colour), the property observed in some crystals of 
exhibiting two or more colours when viewed in differ- 
ent directions : dich'roite, n. -It, another name for the 
crystal iolite, so called from its exhibition of different 
colours when viewed in different directions : dich'ro- 
mat'ic, a. -mdt'lk, exhibiting two or more colours. 

dicker, n. dik'er (Gr. deka, ten: Icel. dekur), the 
number or quantity of ten, applied to such articles as 
skins or hides. 

dicky or dickey, n. dlk'4, a seat behind a coach ; a 
movable shirt front. 

diclinous, a. di-kli'niis (Gr. dis, twice, and Mine, a 
couch), in bot., having the male and female organs in 
separate flowers ; unisexual. 

dicotyledonous, a. di'kot-l-lSd'6-nus (Gr. dis, twice, 
and cotyledonous), having two lobes : di'cotyle'don, 
n. -le'don, a plant whose seeds consist of two lobes. 

dictate, v. dli ictatum, to say often: F. 

dieter), to tell or order wi i to utter words 

that are to be committed to writing by another; to 
suggest; to direct: n. an order delivered; a rule or 
maxim ; a suggestion to the mind, as a rule or direc- 
tion : dic'tatmg, imp. ■ dic'tated, pp. : dicta'tor, n. 
-td'-tor, one invested for a time with absolute power: 
dicta'trix, n. fem. -triks, a woman who : dicta'tion, 
n. -shun, the act of uttering words to be written by 
another ; the speaking to, or the giving orders to, in 
an overbearing manner: dicta'torship, n. the office 
of a dictator: dic'tato'rial, a. -td-to'ri-dl, absolute; 
unlimited ; imperious ; overbearing ; dogmatical : dic'- 
tato'rially, ad. -II: diction, n. dlk'shun, style or man- 
ner of expressing ideas in words : dictionary, n. -er-i, 
a book containing the words of a language, arranged 
in alphabetical order, with their meanings ; a lexicon ; 
adj. as found or given in a dictionary: dic'tum, n. 
■tiim (L. a saying), a positive or authoritative state- 
ment ; a dogmatic saying : plu. dic'ta, -td. 

dictyopteris, n. dik'ti-op'ter-is (Gr. diktuon, a net, 
and pteris, a fern), in geol., a genus of carboniferous 
ferns : dic'tyophyl'lum, n. -6-fil'lum (Gr. phullon, a 
leaf), a general name applied to all unknown fossil 



coiv, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



DID 



148 



dicotyledonous leaves having a net-like structure: 
dic'tyop'yge, n. -op'-i-je (Gr. j>uge, the posteriors, the 
anus), a genus of fossil ganoid fishes having smooth 
rhomboidal scales, and whose large anal fin presents 
a net-like appearance. 

did, v. did, past tense of do, which see. 

didactic, a. dl-dak'-tlk, also didac'tical, a. -ti-kdl 
(Gr. didaktikos, taught, apt to teach— from didasko, I 
teach), adapted or intended to teach ; preceptive ; con- 
taining precepts or rules : didactically, ad. -kal-li. 

didactylous, a. di-d&k'-ti-lus (Gr. dis, twice, and 
dalttulos, a finger), having two fingers or toes : di- 
dac'tyl, a. -til, having two toes : n. an animal having 
two toes. 

diddle, v. did'-l (Icel. dadra, to wag the tail : Scot. 
diddle, to shake, to jog), to move as a child in walk- 
ing ; to totter ; to cheat : did'dling, imp. : diddled, 
pp. -Id. 

didelphys, n. plu. ell-dSl'-fis, also didel'phidse, n. plu. 
-fi-de (Gr. dis, twice, and < ' >h • romb), the opos- 
sum family : didelphoid, a. di-del'-foyd (Gr. eidos, ap- 
pearance), having two wombs. 

didymium, n. di-dim'-l-um (Gr. didumos, twin), a 
rare metal discovered in intimate association with 
lantanium: didymous, a. dld'l-mus, in bot., growing in 
pairs or twins : didynamous, a. di-din'-d-mus, in bot., 
having two long and two short stamens, as in the 
didynamia, did'-i-na'-mi-d. 

die.v. dijfrom dead: AS. deadian; Icel. deya; Dan. 
doe, to die), to cease to live ; to expire ; to perish ; to 
lose life; to languish, as from weakness, discourage- 
ment, or love ; to cease or become less distinct, as 
sound ; to vanish : dy'ing, imp. : died, pp. did. 

die, n. di (At. daddon, game of dice : It. dado : F. 
di), a small cube with marks from 1 to 6 on the faces, 
used in gaming, by being shaken in a box and then 
thrown from it; chance; hazard: plu. dice, dis: the 
die is cast, everything is hazarded ; the last chance 
is taken or offered : die, n. di, a stamp of metal used 
in striking coins, medals, &c: plu. dies, diz. 

dielectric, n. di'-S-lek-trik (Gr. diet, through, and 
Eng. electric), a body which admits of the force of 
electricity acting through it. 

diet, n. di'-U (L. diceta; Gr. diaita, mode or place of 
life, means of life : It. dieta: F. diete), food or victuals ; 
allowance of piovision : v. to furnish food ; to eat ac- 
cording to prescribed rules: dieting, imp. di'St-ing: 
n. the act of eating according to prescribed rules: 
di'eted, pp.: di'eter, n. one who prescribes rules for 
eating: di'etar'y, n. -6-ter-i, course or order of diet; 
allowance of food in a workhouse, a prison, &c: adj. 
relating to diet : dl'etet'ic, a. -tet'-ik, also di'etet'ical, 
a. -i-kdl, pert, to rules for the proper use of food : di'- 
etet'ics, n. plu. -Iks, rules for diet, treating on the 
quantity and quality of particular kinds of food suited 
to the digestive organs ; the science or philosophy of 
diets : di'etet'ically, ad. -II. 

diet, n. di'-et (L. dies, a day : old Eng. day or diet, 
an appointed day for hearing a cause or for the meet- 
ing of an assembly : F. diete, an assembly), a delib- 
erative assembly formerly held in Germany and 
Poland, and now in the Austrian empire and Switzer- 
land; a parliament; in Scot., a, meeting in a church 
for divine worship : di'etine, n. -tin, a subordinate or 
local diet. 

dif, dif, another form of the prefix dis, which see. 

differ, v. differ (L. differre, to carry different ways 
—from dis, asunder, and fero, I bear or carry : It. dif- 
ferire : F. differer), to disagree ; to be at variance ; to 
be unlike ; to quarrel : differing, imp. : differed, 
pp. -ferd: difference, n. -8ns, want of similarity ; dis- 
tinction ; that which distinguishes one from another ; 
contention; quarrel; the point in dispute; the re- 
mainder after subtraction : different, a. -tint, unlike ; 
dissimilar: differently, ad. -II: differencial, a. -e~n- 
shdl, relating to or indicating difference ; pert, to an 
infinitely small variable quantity or difference, which 
is called a differential quantity -. n. the infinitely small 
variation of a quantity ; in commerce, creating a dif- 
ference; special, as differential duties; in mech. , dif- 
fering in amount, or in the producing force ; intended 
to produce or indicate difference of motion or effect : 
differentially, ad. -li: differential calculus, that part 
of mathematics which treats of infinitely small vari- 
able quantities or differences : dif feren'tiate, v. -shl- 
at, to find the differential of: to effect a difference 
as a point ol I Ifi ion dif'feren'tia'ting, imp. : 
dif feren'tia'ted, pp. : dif feren'tia'tion, n. -a'shun, 
determination by means of a change producing a dif- 



from dis, and facilis, easy to be made or done : It. 
and F. difficile), not easy to be done ; hard of accom- 
plishment; attended with labour; arduous; labori- 
ous: difficulty, n. -kul-tl, that which is hard to be 
done ; an obstacle ; perplexity ; distress : n. plu. dif- 
ficulties, -tiz, embarrassment of affairs, chiefly in 
money affairs. 

diffidence, n. dif-fi-dens (L. diffidentia, want of 
confidence, mistrust— from dis, and Jido, I trust : It. 
diffidenza), want of confidence ; distrust of one's self; 
modest reserve: diffident, a.-dent, distrustful of one's 
own power or ability; modest; timid: diffidently, 
ad. -li. 

diffini 
ited, bounded), final"; conclusive. 

diffract, v. dlf-frakt' (L. dis, apart, and fractus, 
broken), to break or separate into parts, as light: 
diffrac'ting, imp.: diffracted, pp.: diffrac'tion, n. 
-frdk'-shun, in u !; ;,r. ;,< | uming asideof rays of light 
which pass very near the boundaries of an opaque 
body. 

diffuse, v. diffuz' (L. diffusus, spread abroad— from 
dis, and fusus, poured or spread : It. diffuso : F. dif- 
fus), to cause to flow and spread ; to send out in all 
directions; to circulate: diffu'sing, imp. -fu'zlng: 
diffused', pp. -fuzd': adj. < ! ;; seal < red: diffuse, 

a. dif -fus', using too many words ; not concise ; widely 
spread: diffusely, ad. -fus'-ll: diffuse'ness, n. the 
quality of being diffuse ; the use of a great number of 
words to express the meaning: diffu'ser, n. -fu'-zer, 
one who or that which: diffu'sible, a. -zi-bl, that may 
be spread out or scattered: diffu'sibil'ity, n. -bil'-i-ti, 
the capability of being spread : diffusion, n. -fu'zhun, 
a spreading or < m> mm li^persion; propagation: 
diffu'sedly, ad. -zid-li; diffu'sedness, n.: diffu'sive, a. 
-stv, having .the quality of spreading abroad; spread 
widely: diffu'sively, ad. -li: diffu'siveness, n. -slv-nes. 

dig, v. dig (Norm, diguer, to prick: Lith. dygus, 
sharp, pointed: Turk, dikmet, to sew, to stitch), to 
open or turn up the earth with a spade ; to excavate ; 
to work with a spade ; to search : n. a thrust ; a poke : 
dig'ging, imp. : digged, pp. digd, also dug, pt. or pp. 
ig'ger, n. one who. 

digamma, n. di-gdm'md (Gr. dis, twice, and gamma, 
a letter of the Gr. alphabet), the name of a letter of 
the anc. Gr. alphabet, so called from its form, having 
very nearly the sound of the English letter F. 

digastric, a - di I ii e, and gaster, 

the belly), having a double belly— applied to a muscle 
of the lower jaw. 

digest, v. di-jest' (L. digestus, disposed, set in order 
—from dis, and gestus, carried on, performed: It. 
digesto; F. digeste, a digest), to distribute under suit- 
able heads or titles ; to arrange in convenient order, 
or with due method ; to think over and arrange in the 
mind ; to dissolve or reduce the food in the stomach ; 
to bear with patience ; in chem., to prepare by heat ; 
digest, n. dl-jest, any compilation, abridgment, or 
summary of laws arranged under proper heads or 
titles: digesting, imp. dl-jes'-tlng : diges'ted, pp. : di- 
ges'ter, n. one who; that which aids digestion; a 
chemical vessel for preparing substances by means of 
a high degree of heat ; a cooking vessel : digestion, n. 
di-jest'-yun (L. digestio, a dissolving of food, arrange- 
ment: It. digestione: F. digestion), the changing of 
the food in the stomach into a substance called chyme, 
preparatory to its being fitted for circulation and 
nourishment: diges'tible, a. -ti-bl, easy of digestion: 
diges'tibil'ity, n. -bil'-i-ti.- diges'tive, a. -Vim, having 
the power to cause or promote digestion. 



Ger. dichtcn, to meditate, to contrive), to dress; to 
adorn ; to prepare : dight'ing, imp. : dight'ed, pp. 

digit, n. dlj'-it (L. digitus, a finger, akin to Sans. 
die, to show, to point out: It. digito, a finger), an 
arithmetical figure— the digits are from 1 to 9; a fin- 
ger's breadth, or § of an inch ; one-twelfth part of the 
diameter of the sun or moon: digital, a. -l-tdl, pert, 
to the fingers: digitalis, n. -ta'-lis (L. digitalis, pert, 
to the finger), the plant foxglove : digitate, a. -tat, also 
dig'ita'ted, a. in bot, branched like fingers— applied 
to a compound leaf, composed of several leaflets at- 
tached to one point : diglta'tion, n. -ta'shun, a division 
into finger-like ]u in ( i ' <i -fat-It: dig- 






itigrade, a. dij'4-tl-grad (L. gradior, I walk), walking 
* mate, mdt, far, laiv; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, mQ\ 



DIGL 



149 



DIN 



on the toes, as the cat, the weasel, the lion, &c. — op- 
posed to plantigrade. 

diglyph, n. dl'-gllf (Gr. dightphos, hating double 
sculptures — from dis, twice, and glupho, I hollow out), 
in arch., a projecting face, like the triglyph, but hav- 
ing only two grooves on its surface. 

dignify, v. dbj : ».i-j1 i.L. dignus, worthy, and facio, I 
make: old F. dignijier; It. diguifi<:arc, to dignify), to 
invest with honour ; to exalt in rank ; to promote : 
dig'nifying, imp.: dig'nined, pp. -fid: adj. marked 
with dignity; noble; lofty: dignity, n. -nl-tl, noble- 
ness or elevation of mind ; true honour ; grandeur of 
mien; an office giving high rank with jurisdiction or 
power ; the rank or title of a nobleman : dignitary, 
n. -ter-l, a clergyman who holds an office in the church 
superior to a parochial clergyman. 

digraph, n. dl'graf (Gr. dis. twice, and grapho, I 
write), two vowels in one syllable, of which only one is 
heard in the pronunciation ; an improper diphthong. 

digress, v. di-gres' (L. digressus, a going away, a 
departure — from dis, anH gressus, a step : It. digresso), 
to step or go out of the way ; to depart from the main 
subject or design ; to introduce unnecessary matter: 
digres'sing, imp. : digressed', pp. -grist: digression, 
n. -gresh'iin, a departure from the main subject or 
design: digressi'onal, a. pert, to : digressive, a. -;// •■'.?'■ 
slv, departing from the main subject: digres sively, 
ad. -U. 

digynian, a. di-gin'l-dn, also digynous, a, dlj'l-niis 
(Gr. dis, twice, and gum, a woman), in but., having 
two styles or pistils, as in the digynia, dlgln'l-d. 

dihedral, a. dhhe-drdl (Gr. dis, twice, and /<• dm, a 
side or face), hating two sides or surfaces : dihe'dron, 
n. a figure with two sides or surfaces. 

dike, n. dik, also spelt dyke (AS. die, a mound, a 
ditch : F. digue, a bank : Dut. dijek, a mound, a ditch : 
Hung, dwjni, to stick in, to stop: dike and ditch are 
-really the same word, and from the same root,— the 
ditch and the bank or dike being constructed by the 
same act), a mound of earth or stones to prevent low 
lands from being inundated by the sea or a river; a 
ditch; rock or stony matter running into a seam of 
coal, or breaking the course of a lode or vein of metal, 
so as to interrupt its further working in that direc- 
tion ; igneous rock found penetrating stratified rocks ; 
a wall : v. to surround with a barrier : diking, imp. : 
diked, pp. -dikt. 

dilacerate, v. di-lds'-£r-at iL. dis, and lacerate), to 
tear or rend; to force in two: dilac'era'tion.n.-a-'sMH, 
a tearing or rending. 

dilapidate, v. di'ldp'-hdo.t (L. dilapidare, to squan- 
der, to waste— from dis, and lapis, a stone: It. dilapi- 
dare: F. dilapider), to fall into decay; to go to ruin; 
to waste or destroy, applied to buildings: dilapida- 
"ting, imp.: dilapidated, pp.: adj. wasted; suffered 
to go to ruin: dilapida tor, n. one who: dilapida- 
tion, n. -dd'shun, destruction; demolition; decay; 
ruin— especially applied to ecclesiastical buildings. 

dilate, v. dl-laf (L. dilatare, to spread out — from 
dis, andlatus, wide: F. dilater: It. dilatare), to spread 
•out ; to expand in all directions ; to enlarge ; to dwell 
on in narration : dilating, imp.: dilated, pp. : dila- 
ter, n. one who : dila'table, a. -td-bl. elastic ; capable of 
expansion: dilatation, n. dll'-d-td'-shun, also dil'ata- 
til'ity, n. -bil'ldi, the act of expanding; a spreading 
or extending in all directions ; expansion : dilatory, a. 
dU'd-ter-l, slow ; tardy ; sluggish ; not proceeding with 
diligence; t_: ill ator'ily, ad. -II: dila- 

tor iness, n. : dilator, n. dl-ld-ter, that which widens 
or expands — applied to a muscle. 

dilemma, n. dUem'ma (Gr. dilemma — from dis, 
twice, and lemma, anything received, an assumption), 
any difficult or doubtful choice ; a state of perplexity 
low to decide ; in logic, an argument equally conclu- 
sive by contrary suppositions. 

dilettante, n. dil'e-tan'te, plu. dil'ettan'ti, -t% (It.), 
an admirer or lover of the fine arts ; an amateur ; a 
dabbler: dil'ettan'teism, n. -Urn, the quality of being 
a dilettante ; affectation of a knowledge of art. 

diligence, n. dil'i-zhangs (F.), a French stage-coach. 

diligence, n. dil'-l-jens (L. diligentia, carefulness— 
from dis, and lego, I choose : It. diligenza: F. diligence), 
steady application; industry: assiduity: in Scot., a 
process of law : diligent, a. -jent, steady effort to ac- 
complish what is undertaken ; attentive ; not idle ; 
industrious : diligently, ad. -li. 

dill, n. dil (AS. dile, anise : Swed. dill ; prov. Dan. 



cdiv, ley, f dot; pure, bud; chair, 



a soothing medicine for children : v. to become dull 
or inactive : to dill down, to subside ; to become still : 
dil'ling, n. -ling, a darling or favourite ; the youngest 
child ; the youngest of a brood : dilly-dally, v. to 
delay ; to trifle ; to loiter. 

dilute, v. didot' (L. dilutum, to wash away, to 
weaken— from dis, and lutum, to wash: It. dil'ui>v .- 
F. diluer), to weaken or make thinner ; to reduce the 
strength of, as with water: diluting, imp.: dilu'ted, 
pp. : dilu'ter, n. that which, or he who : diluent, n. 
dd'-u-ent, that which thins or weakens the strength 
of: adj. weakening the strength of by mixing with 
water ; attenuating : dil'uents, n. plu. weak drinks, 
usually of water, whey, and suchlike: dilution, n. dl- 
16- shim, the act of making thin or more liquid. 

diluvial, a. dld6'vl-al, also dilu'vian, a. -dn (L. 
d Hut: ium, a deluge— from dis, asunder, and luo, I 
wash : It. diluvio), pert, to the flood or deluge in the 
days of Noah ; effected or produced by a deluge : 
dilu'vium, n. -dm, a great accumulation or deposit of 
earth, sand, &c, brought together by the action of 
great bodies of water ; accumulation of matter by the 
ordinary operation of water is termed alluvium, 
which see: dilu'vialist, n. -aldst, one who ascribes to 
a universal deluge the boulder-clay, the abraded and 
polished rock-surfaces, ossiferous gravels, and similar 
phenomena on the earth's surface. 

dim, a. dim (from dam in the sense of stop, ob- 
struct : Bav. dawn, a stopper : Icel. dimmr, dark, 
thick : Sw. dimba, a fog, a haze), obscure ; imperfectly 
seen or discovered ; somewhat dark ; tarnished ; faint ; 
vague : v. to cloud or obscure ; to make less bright ; 
to sully or tarnish : dim'ming, imp. : dimmed, pp. 
dlmd, obscured : dimly, ad. -II : diminish, a. -ish, 
somewhat dim: dim'neV ightness; ob- 

scurity of vision : dim-sighted, a. having weak vision. 

dime, n. clem (F. : contracted from dixieme, a tenth 
part— from L. decimus, the tenth), in U.S., a silver coin 
equal to one-tenth of a dollar, or ten cents. 

dimension, n. dl-mSn'shun (L. dimensio, a measur- 
ing—from dis, and metior, I measure : It. dinn nsione: 
F. dimension), the measured extent or size of a body; 
capacity or bulk ; extent : dimensioned, a. -shiind, 
having dimensions. 

dimerous, a. dlm'er-iis (Gr. dis, twice, and meros, a 
part), in bot., composed of two pieces ; having parts 
arranged in twos. 

dimeter, a. dlm'-hter (Gr. dis, twice, and metron, a 
measure), having two poetical measures, each of two 
feet. 

dimidiate, a. dl-mld'ldt (L. dimidium, half), in 
bot. , split into two on one side, as the calyptra of some 
mosses ; seemingly imperfect, as a stamen whose an- 
ther has only one lobe, or a leaf whose limb is fully 
developed on one side of the mid-rib, and scarcely at 
all on the other ; half. 

diminish, v. dl-min'ish (L. diminuere, to break into 
small pieces— from dis, and minuo, I lessen : F. dimi- 
nuer), to lessen ; to make or become less or smaller ; 
to impair ; to appear less ; to abate ; to subside : 
diminishing, imp.: diminished, pp.-isht: diminish- 
able, a. -d-bl, capable of being reduced in size : dimin- 
isher, n. one who : dimin'ishingly, ad. -II: dimin'uen'- 
do, n. -u-6n'do (It.) in music, the gradual lessening 
of the sound from loud to soft : dim'inu'tion, n. 
-l-nu'shun, the act of lessening or making smaller ; 
decrease: diminutive, a. -min'udiv, small; little; 
contracted; narrow: n. a word expressing a little 
thing of the kind: (iimin'utively, ad. -li: dimin'utive- 
ness, n. 

dimissory, a. dlm'ls-ser'l (L. dimissio, a sending 
forth: It. dimissorio), granting leave to depart; by 
which a man is dismissed to another jurisdiction. 

dimity, n. dlm'idi (Gr. dis, twice, and rnitos, a 
thread — originally a stuff woven with two threads), a 
sort of white cotton cloth, ribbed or figured. 

dimorphism, n. di-mor'flzm (Gr. dis, twice, and 
morphe, a form), the property of certain salts to as- 
sume two different form sation: dimor'- 
phous, a. -fus, also dimorphic, a -fik, hating the 
quality of dimorphism ; assuming two forms. 

dimple, n. di ibu, to be hollow: Fris. 

dobbe, a ditch, a hole), a small natural cavity in the 
cheek, chin, or other part of the face : v. to mark with 
small cavities : dim'pling.imp.: dimpled, pp. dim'pld: 
dim'ply, a. -pli, full of dimples or small depressions. 

din, n. din (imitative of continued sound : Icel. 
dynia, to resound : L. tinnire, to sound as a bell), a 
confused continued noise ; a continuous loud rattling 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



DINE 



150 



DIRG 



or rumbling sound : v. to stun or confuse with noise ; 
to annoy or harass with noisy or discordant sounds : 
dinning, imp. : dinned, pp. dlnd. 

dine, v. din (F. diner, to dine : AS. dynan, to feed : 
It. desinare, to dine : L. desinere, to leave off, as 
signifying the cessation of labour), to take the princi- 
pal meal of the day ; to give a dinner to : dining, 
imp.: dined, pp. dlnd, having eaten a dinner : dinner, 
n. dln'ner, the principal meal ; an entertainment ; a 
feast : din'nerless, a. having no dinner : dinner-table, 
table at which the dinner is taken : dinner-time, the 
hour at which dinner is taken. 

ding, v. ding (an imitative word : Icel. dengia, to 
hammer), to strike ; to knock ; to dash with some de- 
gree of violence : dinging, imp. : dinged, pp. dlngd -. 
ding-dong, an imitation of the sound of repeated 
blows on a metallic body, as a bell. 

dingle, v. dlng'gl (a variety of dimple : Lith. dum- 
tu, to be hollow), a narrow valley ; a glen : dingle- 
dangle, ad., hanging loosely ; in a careless pendant 
manner. 
dingo, n. dlng'gd, the wild dog of Australia. 
dingy, a. dln'jl (Ger. dumpfig, dead in sound, 
musty: Dut. dompig, dark, close), dusky; brown; 
soiled ; of a dark colour : din'giness, n. -jl-n6s, a dusky 
or dark hue. 
dinornis, n.— see deinornis. 
dinotherium, n.— see deinotherium. 
dint, n. dint (imitative of the sound of a blow: Icel. 
dyntr, shaking up and down : Sw. dunka, to beat 
heavily), power exerted ; effort ; force ; mark or 
cavity made by a blow: by dint of, by the force or 
power of. 

diocesan, n. dl-os'S-sdn (Gr. dioikesis, management 
of a household, a jurisdiction— from dia, and oikos, a 
house), a bishop ; one who holds a diocese : adj. of or 
belonging to a diocese : diocese, n. dl'o-ses, the extent 
of country over which a bishop or archbishop rules in 
spiritual things ; the extent or circuit of a bishop's 
jurisdiction. 

dicecian, a. dl-esh'4-dn, also dioecious, a. -us (Gr. 
dis, twice, and oikos, a house), pert, to the dioec'ia, -l-d, 
—a class of plants having male flowers on one plant 
and female on another. 

diopside, n. dl-dp'-sld (Gr. dia, through, and opsis, 
appearance — alluding to its occasional transparency), 
a mineral, a foliated variety of augite, occurring in 
various shades of greyish green. 

dioptase, n. dl-op'tds (Gr. dioptes, seeing through 
— from dia, ant' optomai, I see), a rare ore of copper 
occurring in fine emerald-green crystals. 

dioptric, a. dl-6p'trlk, also diop'trical, a. -trl-kdl 
(Gr. dioptron, something that can be seen through— 
from dia, and optomai, I see), assisting the sight in 
the view of distant objects ; pert, to the science of 
refracted light : diop'trics, n. plu. -trlks, that part of 
optics which treats of the refraction of light in pass- 
ing through glass lenses, or through bodies such as 
air, water. 

diorama, n. dl'd-r&'ma' (Gr. dia, and horama, what 
is seen), am exhibition of pictures on movable screens 
raised on a platform or stage, seen by the spectators 
sitting in a darkened room through a large opening : 
di'oram'ic, a. -rdm'lk, pert. to. 

diorite, n. dl'6-rlt (Gr. dioros, a boundary between), 
a variety of greenstone, so named from its being un- 
mistakable in contradistinction to dolorite, 

dip, v. dip (AS. dippan; Sw. doppa, to dip, to 
soak: Dut. doppen, to dip ; duypen, to duck the head), 
to put into water for a brief time and then to with- 
draw ; to plunge into a liquid for a moment ; to take 
out, as with a ladle ; to sink ; to look slightly into, 
or here and there, as into a book; to incline down- 
wards : n. inclination downwards ; depression ; in 
geol., the inclination or angle at which strata slope 
downwards into the earth— the word rise is used as 
the opposite of dip ; in magnetism, downward incli- 
nation of the magnetic needle; a candle made by 
dipping the wick in tallow: dlp'ping, imp.: dipped, 
or dipt, pp. dipt: dipper, n. dlp'per, the water-ousel, 
dipetalous, a. dl-p&t'-d-lus (Gr. dis, twice, and 
petalun, a petal), in hot., having two petals. 

diphtheria, n. dlf-the'rl-d or dip- (Gr. diphthera, 
skin, leather), a disease characterised by the forming 
of a leathery membrane in the throat and fauces: 
diph'therit'ic, a. -ther-lt'lk, relating to, or connected 
with, diphtheria ; tough ; like leather. 

diphthong, n. dlp'thdng (Gr. dis, twice, and 
phthonggos, a sound : L. diphthongus, a diphthong), 



two vowels sounded together in one syllable ; the 
union of two vowels in one sound : diphthon'gal, a. 
-thong'gdl, pert, to a diphthong : diphthon'gally, 
ad. -II. 

diphyllous, a. dl-fll'lus (Gr. dis, twice, and phullon, 
a leaf), having two leaves. 

diploe, n. dlp'lo-e (Gr. diploos, double, twofold), iu 
anat., the network of bone-tissue which fills up the 
interval between the two compact plates in the bonea 
of the skull ; in hot., the cellular substance of a leaf. 

diplograptolites, n. plu. dlp'-lo-grdp'-to-llts (Gr. dip- 
loos, double, and Eng. graptolite), in geol., that sec- 
tion of graptolites in which the cells are arranged in 
two rows like the feathers of a quill. 

diploma, n. dl-pl6'-m& (Gr. and L. diploma, a letter 
folded double, a state letter of recommendation: F. 
diplome— from Gr. diploos, double), a parchment or 
formal writing, under seal, and signed by officials, 
conferring some privilege, honour, or power: diplo'- 
macy, n. -md-sl, the art and practice of negotiat- 
ing state matters with foreign nations, and the forms 



diplo'mate, v. -mat, to invest with a privilege, &c, 
by a diploma : diplo'mating, imp. : diploinated, pp. : 
diplo'matist, n. -md-tlst, one skilled in diplomacy: 
diplomatic, a. dlp'-lC-molt'lk, also dip'lomat'ical, a. 
-l-kdl, pert, to diplomacy; authorised by credentials 
or letters to transact business for a sovereign at a 
foreign court ; pert, to the foreign ministers at a 
court, who are called the diplomatic body : diplo- 
matic, n. an envoy or official agent: diplomatics, n. 
plu. -mdt'lks, the science of ancient writings, and the 
art of deciphering them, and determining their ago 
and authenticity, &c. : diplomatically, ad. -II. 

-dip'per, dip'ping, &c— see dip. 

diprotodon, n. dlp-rot'6-don (Gr. dis, twice, protos, 
irst, and odous, a tooth— gen. odontos), a gigantic 
fossil animal, nearly related to the kangaroo, found in 
the Upper Tertiary beds of Australia. 

dipteral, a. dlp'ter-dl, also dip'terous, a. -us (Gr. 
dis, twice, and pteron, a wing), having two wings 
only ; pert, to the order of insects having two wings, 
called dip'tera, or dip'terans. 

diptych, n. dlp'tlk (Gr. diptuchos, folded double), 
in the anc Church, a book or tablet consisting of two 
boards or leaves ; a register of bishops, saints, and 
martyrs. 

dipyre, n. dl-plr' (Gr. dis, twice, and pur, fire), a 
mineral, so called from the double effect of fire upon it, 
by fusing it and rendering it slightly phosphorescent. 

dire, a. dlr (L. diru's, terrible, dreadful : It. diro), 
dreadful ; dismal ; evil in a great degree ; terrible ; 
very calamitous: dire'ful.a. -fool, dreadful; terrible: 
dire'fully, ad. -II: dire'fulness, n. : dire'ness, n. 

direct, a. dl-rekt' (L. directus, made straight— from 
dis, and recti/, braighl I iliretto: F. direct), not 
crooked or winding; straight; right; not circuitous; 
plain ; open : n. a mark in music to guide the per- 
former from the last note of one stave to the first of 
another : v. to show the right road or course ; to aim 
or point in a straight line ; to regulate ; to guide or 
lead ; to order or instruct ; to address as a letter : 
direc'ting, imp.: direc'ted, pp.: directly, ad. -II, in a 
straight course ; without delay ; immediately ; openly ; 
expressly: direct'ness, n. straightness : direc'tion, n. 
-rek'shiin, aim at a certain point ; the line in which 
a body moves by force ; a particular line or course ; 
superintendence or management ; guidance ; order ; 
instruction ; the name, address, &c, on the back of a 
letter; the managers of a public company : directive, 
a. -tlv, that can direct : director, n. a manager of a 
public company or institution : direc'tress, -trSs, or 
directrix, n. fern, -trlks, a woman who : directorship, 
n. the office : directorate, n. -ter-at, the office or body 
of directors : directorial, a. -to'rl-dl, pert, to direction 
or command : directory, a. -ter-l, guiding ; instruc- 
ting : n. a rule to direct ; a guide ; a book containing 
directions for public worship— generally applied to 
that drawn up by the Westminster Assembly of Di- 
vines, 1644 ; a book containing the names, addresses, 
&c, of the inhabitants of a place (as a city), arranged 
in alphabetical order ; in French hist. , the name given 
in 1795 to the executive body of the French Republic. 

direful, direfully, direfulness— see dire. 

dirge, n. derj (contraction of L. dirige, direct, be- 
ing the first word of a Latin funeral hymn), a song 
expressive of grief, sorrow, or mourning; a funeral 
hymn. 



mate, mdt.fdr, law; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, ndt, mtve; 



DIRK 



151 



DISC 



dirk, n. dirk (Scot, durk; Ger. dolch; Sw. dolk, a 
dagger), a short sword ; a dagger. 

dirt, n. dirt (AS. dnjt : Icel. drit, excrement: Ger. 
and Dut. dreck, filth, mud), any foul or filthy thing ; 
mud or earth : v. to make foul or unclean : dirt'ing, 
imp. : dirt'ed, pp. : dirty, a. dir'-ti, foul ; nasty; not 
clean ; base ; mean : v. to make foul or filthy ; to soil : 
dirtying, imp. -thing: dirtied, pp. -tid: dirtily, ad. 
-ti-ll: dirtiness, n. -7ies, foulness; nastiness: dirt- 
beds, certain dark-coloured loam-like beds that occur 
between the oolitic limestones and sandstones of 
Portland : dirt-pie, clay moulded by children in imi- 
tation of pastry. 

dis, dls (L. dis ; Gr. dis, twee, in two parts ; akin to 
Sans, dwis, twice), a common prefix which, with its 
forms di and dif, denotes, not ; the opposite of; con- 
trary state; asunder or apart; a parting from,— some- 
times dis simply acts as an intensive particle: dis 
signifies two, as in dis-syllable. 

disable, v. dls-d'bl (L. dis, not, and able), to de- 
prive of power ; to render unable ; to impair or de- 
stroy the strength of; to disqualify: disabling, imp.: 
disabled, pp. -bid: disability, n. -bll-iti, want of 
strength or ability; weakness; incapacity: dis'abil'- 
ities, n. plu. -Hz, want of legal qualifications : disa'- 
blement, n. -bl-mint. 

disabuse, v. dis'-d-buz' (L. dis, not, and abuse : F. des- 
abuser, to undeceive), to set right ; to free from mis- 
take; to undeceive: dis'abu'sing, imp.: disabused', 
pp. -buzd'. 

disacknowledge, v. dls'-dk-nol'Sj (L. dis, not, and 
acknowledge), to deny; to disown. 

disadvantage, n. dis'-dd-vdn'-taj (L. dis, not, and 
advantage), state not prepared for defence ; un- 
favourable condition or circumstances; that which 
hinders or retards success; loss: injury; hurt: v. to 
injure in interest; to prejudice: disadvantaged, a. 
-tdjd, injured in interest: disadvantageous, a. -td' 
jws.unfavourable to success or prosperity ; not adapted 
to promote interest or good : dis'advanta'geously, ad. 
-II: dis'advanta'geousness, n. 

disaffect, v. dls'af-fCkt' (L. dis, not, and affect), to 
make less faithful or friendly to; to alienate affec- 
tion ; to fill with discontent : dis'affec'ting, imp. : 
disaffected, pp. : adj. not disposed to favour or sup- 
port; unfriendly: dis'affec'tedly, ad. -II: dis'affec'- 
tedness, n. : dis'affec'tion, n. -fSk'shun, want of at- 
tachment or goodwill ; unfriendliness ; enmity. 

disaffirm, v. dls'df-ferm' (L. dis, not, and affirm), 
to contradict; to deny ; to annul, as a judicial decis- 
ion: dis'affirm'ance, n. -ferm'-dns, denial; negation; 
confutation. 

disagree, v. dls'd-gre' (L. dis, not, and agree), not to 
agree ; to differ ; to be not the same ; to be unsuit- 
able : dis'agree'ing, imp. : dis'agreed', pp. -gred' : 
disagree ment, n. difference of opinion or sentiment ; 
unsuitableness : dis agreeable, a. -d-bl, not pleasant; 
offensive: dis'agree'ably, ad. -bll: dis'agree'able- 
ness, n. the state of unpleasantness. 

disallow, v. dls'-dl-ldiv' (L. dis, not, and alloiv), not 



low'able, a. I ;to be suffered; 

disallowance, n. -dns, refusal to admit or permit ; 
rejection. 

disarm ex, v. dis'dn-nSks' (L. dis, not, and annex), 
to separate or disunite. 

disannul, v. dls'dn-nul' (L. dis, intensive, and 
annul), to render null or void ; to deprive of autho- 
rity or force : dis annulling, imp. : disannulled', pp. 
-nuld': dis'annul'ment, n. act of making void. 

disappear, v. dls'dp-per' (L. dis, and appear), to 
vanish from view ; to hide ; to abscond ; to cease \ to 
withdraw from sight : disappearing, imp. : disap- 
peared', pp. -perd': disappearance, n. -dns, a re- 
moval from sight. 

disappoint, v. dls'dp-pdynf (L. dis, and appoint), 
to defeat expectation ; to frustrate; to foil; to balk; 
to hinder from possession or enjoyment : dis'appoinf- 
ment, n. defeat or failure of expectation. 

disapprobation— see disapprove. 

disapprove, v. dls'dp-prov' (L. dis, and approve), 
to condemn; to censure; to reject: disap'pro'ving, 
imp.: disapproved', pp. -provd' : disapproval, n. 
-val, dislike: dis'appro'vingly, ad. -II: disap'proba'- 
tion, n. -prC-ba'shun, the act of the mind which con- 
demns what is supposed to be wrong ; dislike. 

disarm, v. dls-arm' (L. dis, and arm), to strip or de- 
prive of arms; to render harmless; to divest of any- 



order; confusion. 

disarray, v. dls'dr-rd' (L. dis, and array), to un- 
dress ; to overthrow : n. undress ; confusion ; dis- 
order. 

disassociate, v. dls'ds-so'shl-dt (L. dis, and associ- 
ate), to disunite. 

disaster, n. diz-ds'tir (F. desastre; It. disastro, an 
evil chance, something brought about by an evil influ- 
ence of the stars : mid. L. astrosus, fortunate— from 
L. astrum ; Gr. astron, a star), misfortune ; any un- 
fortunate event ; calamity ; a sudden mishap : disas'- 
trous, a. -trus, occasioning loss or injury; unfortu- 
nate; unlucky; calamitous: disastrously, ad. -li: 
disastrousness, n. 

disavow, v. dls'd-vdiv' (L. dis, and avow), to deny ; 
to disown ; to reject; the opposite of own or acknow- 
ledge : dis' avowing, imp. : dis'avowed', pp. -voivd' : 
disavowal, n. -al, a disowning ; a denial: dis'a- 
vow'er, n. -ir, one who : dis'avow'ment, n. denial. 

disband, v. dls-bdnd' (L. dis, and band), to dismiss, 
as from military service ; to scatter or disperse : dis- 
band'ing, imp. : disband'ed, pp. : disband'ment, n. 
the act of breaking up or dismissing, as from military 
service. 

disbar, v. dls-bdr' (L. dis, separation or parting 
from, and Eng. bar), to deprive a hamster of his right 
to plead: disbarring, imp.: disbarred', pp. -bdrd': 
disbar'ring, n. the expelling of a barrister from the 
bar, a power vested in the benchers of the four inns 
of court, subject to an appeal to the fifteen judges. 

disbelieve, v. dis'be-lev' (L. dis, and believe), not to 
believe ; to refuse to credit : disbelief , n. -lef, denial 
of belief ; distrust ; scepticism. 

disbud, v. dls-bud' (L. dis, asunder, and bud), to 
of buds or shoots. 

disburden, v. dls-bur'dn, sometimes disburthen, 
(L. dis, asunder, and burden), to throw off a burden ; 
to unload ; to clear of anything weighty or trouble- 
some ; to ease the mind : disburdening, imp. -burd'- 
nlng: disburdened, pp. -dnd, relieved; eased of a 
burden. 

disburse, v. dls-bers' (F. debourser, to disburse — 
from L. dis, asunder, and L. bursa; F. bourse, a purse), 
to pay out money, as from a public fund or treasury ; 
to spend or lay out money : disbursing, imp. : dis- 
bursed', pp. -berst'-. disburse 'ment, n. -birs'm£nt (F. 
deboursement), the act of paying out money ; the 
money paid out— used in plu., disbursements : dis- 
buTser, n. one who. 

disc, n. disk, also spelt disk (L. discus, a circular 
plate of stone or metal, a quoit : Gr. diskos, a quoit, 
a tray), a circidar piece of anything flat ; the face of 
the sun, moon, &c, as they appear to the eye; the 
whole surface of a leaf: dis'cous, a. -kus, broad ; flat ; 
wide: disciform, a. dis'l-fawrm (L. forma, a shape), 
in the form of a disc or flattened sphere ; also discoid, 
a. dts'kdyd (Gr. eidos, form) : discoid pith, in bot., that 
which is divided into cavities by discs. 

discard, v. dis-kdrd' (Sp. descartar, to throw cards 
out of one's hands : L. dis, asunder, and Eng. card), to 
dismiss from service, employment, or society ; to cast 
off; to reject: discarding, imp. : discarded, pp. 

discern, v. dlz-zern' (L. discerno, I set apart— from 
dis, asunder, and cerno, I see, judge, or separate), to 
see ; to separate by the eye or the understanding ; to 
judge ; to distinguish ; to discriminate : discerning, 
imp.: adj. acute ; judicious ; sharp-sighted : discerned', 
pp. -zernd': discerner, n. -ner, one who : discern'- 
ment, n. the power of distinguishing one thing from 
another, as truth from falsehood ; power of perceiv- 
ing differences in things or ideas : discernible, a. -l-bl, 
visible ; perceptible ; manifest ; that may be seen : 
discernlbly, ad. -bit : discernlbleness, n. : discern- 
ingly, ad. -li. 

discharge, v. dis-ch&rf (L. dis, and Eng. charge: F. 
decharger, to unload), to unload, as a ship ; to free from 
any obligation or penalty by written evidence, &c; to 
throw off or out ; to let fly ; to explode, as powder ; to 
fire or let off, as a gun ; to absolve or acquit ; to free 
from claim or demand of money by a written acknow- 
ledgment of payment ; to perform trust or duty ; to 
deprive of office ; to dismiss ; to emit or send out ; to 
set at liberty : n. a flowing or issuing out ; dismission 



cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, (here, zeal. 



DISC 



152 



DISC 



from office or employment ; the written evidence of 
release from debt or obligation ; liberation, as from 
imprisonment: discharging, imp.: discharged', pp. 
-chdrjd': discharger, n. one who ; an instr. for dis- 
charging the electricity in the Leyden jar. 

disciform, &c.— see disc. 

disciple, n. dls-si'-pl (L. discipulus, a learner— from 
disco, I learn), one who receives instruction from an- 
other ; a scholar ; a follower ; an adherent in doctrine, 
&c. : disci'pleship, n. the state of a disciple : dis'ci- 
plina'rian, n. -slplln-a'-rl-an (L. disciplina, instruc- 
tion, teaching), one who conducts a school with strict- 
ness and precision ; one who instructs in naval and 
military tactics; one who allows no deviation from 
stated rules : dis'ciplinar'y, a. -plln-er-1, pert, to dis- 
cipline: discipline, n. -plin, training, physical or 
mental ; cultivation and improvement ; subordination 
or subjection to laws, &c. ; bodily punishment ; chas- 
tisement : v. to train and educate the body ; to form 
the mind in habits of thought and action ; to chastise ; 
to punish: disciplining, imp.: disciplined, pp. -pllnd: 
dis'cipliner, n. one who: dis'ciplin'able, a. -a-U, that 
may be subjected to discipline ; capable of instruc- 
tion: dis'ciplin'ableness, n. -binds: dis'ciplinant, n. 
-tint, one of a religious order, so called from exercis- 
ing a strict discipline, or from scourging themselves. 

disclaim, v. dls-klam' (L. dis, and claim), to disown ; 
to reject as not belonging to one's self; to deny the 
possession or knowledge of: disclaiming, imp.: dis- 
claimed', pp. -klamd': disclaim'ant, n. -Mam-ant, 
or disclaimer, n. one who. 

disclose, v. dis-kloz' (L. dis, and close), to open ; to 
uncover; to reveal; to bring to light; to tell; to 
utter ; to make known : disclo'sing, imp.: disclosed', 
pp. -klozd'.- disclo'ser, n. one who: disclo'sure, n. 
-klo'-zhdbr, an uncovering; an opening to view; the 
act of making k vv bhat trich i i made known. 

discoid, a. dls'kdyd, also discoi'dal, a. koy'-ddl (Gr. 
diskos, a round plate, and eidos, like— see disc), hav- 
ing the form of a disc : n. something in the form of a 
disc or quoit. 

discolour, v. dls-kiil'&r (L. dis, the opposite of, and 
colour), to stain ; to tinge ; to alter the natural hue or 
colour of; to alter the complexion: dis'colora'tion, 
n. -a- shun, the act of altering the colour ; a staining ; 
alteration of colour. 

discomfit, v. dls-kum'-flt (L.' dis, asunder, con, to- 
gether, &nd figo, I fasten : F. deconfire, to discomfit), 
to defeat; to scatter in battle ; to vanquish; to disap- 
point ; to frustrate : discom'fiting, imp. : discom'fited, 
pp.: discom'fiture, n. -ur, defeat in battle; over- 
throw; disappointment. 

discomfort, n. dis-kiim'-fert (L. dis, the opposite of, 
and comfort), uneasiness, mental or physical; pain; 
grief: v. to make uneasy; to pain or grieve. 

discommode, v. dls'-kom-mod' (L. dis, and Eng. ac- 
commodate: F. commode, commodious, convenient), 
to put to inconvenience ; to trouble ; to molest. 

discompose, v. dls'-kdm-poz' (L. dis, the opposite of, 
and compose), to disorder ; to unsettle ; to confuse ; to 
agitate or ruffle, as the mind: dis'compo'sing, imp.: 
dis'composed', pp. -pozd': dis'compo'sure, n. -po'-zhdbr, 
disorder; agitation. 

disconcert, v. dls'-kon-sert' (L. dis, and concert), to 
defeat ; to frustrate ; to defeat or interrupt any order, 
plan, or scheme ; to discompose or unsettle the mind ; 
to confuse: dis'concert'ing, imp.: disconcerted, pp. 

disconformable, a. dls'-kon-fawrm'-a-bl (L. dis, and 
conformable), wanting agreement: dis'conformlty, 
n. -i-ti, want of agreement ; inconsistency. 

disconnect, v. dls'-kon-nSkf (L. dis, the opposite of, 
and connect), to separate; to break the ties of any- 
thing: dis'connec'ting, imp.: dis'connec'ted, pp.: 
dis'connec'tion, n. -nSk'-shun, separation; want of 
union. 

disconsolate, a. dls-kdn'-so-ldt (L. dis, not, and con- 
solatum, to comfort greatly, to animate— see console), 
without comfort ; destitute of consolation; sorrowful; 
dejeeted; hopeless; cheerless: discon'solate'ly, ad. 
-II: discon'solate'ness, n. : discon'sola'tion, n. -la- 
shun, want of comfort. 

discontent, a. dls'-kon-tSnf, also dis'content'ed (L. 
dis, not, and content), uneasy in mind ; unquiet ; dis- 
satisfied: n. dissatisfaction ; uneasiness; want of con- 
tent: dis'content'edly, ad. -11 : disContent'edness, n.: 
discontenting, a. giving no satisfaction ; giving un- 
easiness : dis'ccntent'ment, n. the state of being un- 
easy in mind. 

discontinue, v. dls'-kon-tln'-u (L. dis, not, and con- 



tinue), to leave off ; to cause to cease ; to abandon ; to 
break off ; to cease : dis'contin'uing, imp. : dis'con- 
tin'ued, pp. -ud: discontinuance, n. -u-dns, cessa- 
tion; interruption: discontinuity, n. -tl-nu'-i-tl, dis- 
union of parts ; want of cohesion. 

discord, n. dls'-kawrd (L. discordia, disunion— from 
dis, asunder, and cor, the hearts- gen. cordis), disa- 
greement among persons ; variance ; strife ; conten- 
tion; want of harmony in music; disagreement of 
sounds: discordant, a. -kor-ddnt, at variance with 
itself; disagreeing; noi, harmonious ; harsh; jarring: 
discordantly, ad. -ll: discor'dance, n. -dans, also 
discor'dancy, n. -ddn-si, disagreement; opposition 
discor'ding, a. disagreeing; in harmonious. 

discount, n. dls'kownt (L. dis, asunder, and count . 
old F. descompte; mod. F. decornpte, abatement, off 
reckoning), something taken off or deducted ; an allow- 
ance or deduction on the payment of money ; the de- 
duction of the interest on a sum lent at the time of 
lending; the sum so deducted: discount', v., some- 
times dis'-, to lend the amount named on a bill or 
note of exchange, less the interest for the time it has 
to run, at a certain rate per £100 : discounting, imp.: 
discounted, pp. : discounter, n. one who : discount'- 
able, a. -a-U, that may be discounted. 

discountenance, v. dls-koivn'-ti-nans (L. dis, not, 
and countenance), to discourage ; to restrain by cold 
treatment, frowns, or arguments : n. cold treatment ; 
unfriendly regard; disapprobation: discoun'tenan'- 
cing, imp. : discoun'tenanced, pp. -ndnst: discoun'- 
tenan'cer, n. -n&n'-ser, one who. 

discourage, v. dis-kur'-aj (L. dis, not, and courage), 
to depress the spirits: to dishearten; to dissuade; to 
deter from : discouraging, imp. : discour'aged, pp. 
■ajd: discouragement, n. -aj-rnint, the act of depriv- 
ing of confidence; that whirl) destroys or depresses 
courage ; anything which deters from : discouTaging- 
ly, ad. -11. 

discourse, n. dis-kors' (F. discours; It. discorso, 
speech— from L. dis, asunder, and cursus, a running), 
conversation ; communication of thoughts by words ; 
a treatise ; a dissertation ; a sermon : v. to talk or 
converse ; to reason ; to converse formally : discour- 
sing, imp.: discoursed', pp. -korst' -. discourse" ~ 
one who: discouTsive, a. -kOr'-siv, reasoning; 

tniniri- dialogue 

discourteous, a. dls-kort'-yus (L. dis, not, and cour- 



; incivility; ill manners: discourt'eous- 
ness, n. -JcOrt'-yus-nSs. 

discous, a.— see disc. 

discover, v. dis-kuv'-er (L. dis, and cover), to lay 
open to view ; to reveal or make known ; to bring to 
light ; to find out, as by labour or research ; to have 
the first sight of; to detect: discovering, imp. : dis- 
covered, pp. -erd: discov'erer, n. one who: discov- 
erable, a. -er-a-bl, that may be found out or made 
known : discov'ery, n. -er-i, a bringing to light or 
making known; the thing made known; the act of 
finding out; the thing found out or revealed. 

discredit, n. dis-kred'-lt (F. discredit, disrepute— 
from L. dis, not, and credo, I believe), disgrace ; re- 
proach ; dishonour ; want of good reputation or credit : 
v. not to believe or credit ; to esteem of no importance ; 
to disgrace : discrediting, imp. : discredited, pp. : 
discreditable, a. -d-U, disgraceful; disreputable; in- 
jurious to good name : discreditably, ad. -bli. 

discreet, a. dis-kret' (F. discret, prudent : L. discre- 
tus, separated, distinguished— from dis, and cretus, 
distinguished), prudent ; not rash ; wise in avoiding 
errors or evil ; modest ; circumspect : discreetly, ad. 
-11: discreet'ness, n.: discretion, n. dU-krish'-un, pru- 
dence ; wise conduct and management ; liberty or 
power of acting without control ; unconditional power 
over, as at discretion: discreti'onary, a. -er-i, unre- 
strained ; left in certain circumstances to act accord- 
ing to one's own judgment, as an ambassador with 
discretionary powers. 

discrepance, n. dls-krSp'-dns, also discrepancy, n. 
-dn-si (L. discrepantia, discrepancy— from dis, inten- 
sive, and crepans, creaking, jarring : It. discrepanza), 
disagreement ; difference ; contrariety : discrep'ant, 
a. -dnt, disagreeing ; contrary. 

discrete, a. dis-kret' (L. discretus, separated— from 
dis, asunder, and cretus, separated), distinct ; dis- 
joined ; not continuous : discre'tive, a. -kre'-tiv, dis- 
junctive ; noting separation or opposition : discre'- 
tively, ad. -11. 



mdte, mdt, fdr, laTo; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, ndt, m6ve; 



DISC 



153 



DISG 



discretion, n.— see discreet. 

discriminate, v. dls-krlni'-l-nat (L. discrimen, that 
•which separates or divides two things— from dis, 
asunder, and cerno, I separate), to observe and mark 
the difference between; to distinguish, as by some 
note or mark ; to make a difference or distinction : 
discrim'ina'ting.imp.: discrim'ina'ted, pp.: discrim'- 
ina'tor, n. -na-ter, one who : discrim'ina'tingly, ad. 
-II: discrim'ina'tive, a. -nd'tiv, that makes or ob- 
serves the mark of distinction or difference : dis- 
crim'ina'tively, ad. -U : discrim'ina'tion, n. -slum, 
the act of distinguishing ; the faculty of distinguish- 
ing ; acuteness ; discernment : discrim'ina'tory, a. 
-ter-l, that makes the mark of distinction. 

discursive, a. dls-ker'slv (F. discursif; It. discur- 
sivo, argumentative — from L. dis, asunder, and cur- 
sum, to run), irregular ; moving about ; desultory : 
discursively, ad. -U .- discursiveness, n. 

discus, n. dis'kus (L. discus; Gr. diskos, a round plate 
of metal or stone— see disc), a piece of metal or stone 
to be thrown in play ; a quoit. 

discuss, v. dls-kils'(L. discussum, to strike asunder, 
to disperse — tiomdis, asunder, and quasswn, to shake : 
F. discussif, discussive : It. discussare, to examine, to 
sift), to debate ; to argue a question with the view of 
clearing it of doubts and difficulties ; to divide and 
consume an article of food or drink, as to discuss a 
Jowl, a bottle of wine, &c. : discussing, imp. : dis- 
cussed', pp. -fcust' : discussi'on, n. -kush'un, a debate ; 
the arguing of a point with the view to elicit truth: 
discussive, a. -kus'-slv, having the power to resolve ; 
having the power to dissolve or disperse, as a tumour : 
n. a medicine that disperses a tumour : discus'ser, n. 
one who, or that which: discutient, a. dls-ku'-shi-int 
(L. discutio, I strike asunder), dispersing morbid mat- 
ter : n. a medicine or application which disperses a 
tumour. 

disdain, v. dls-ddn' (It. disdegnare; F. didaigner, to 
despise, to treat with disdain— from L. dis, not, and 
dignus, worthy), to deem worthless ; to consider to be 
unworthy of notice, &c. ; to scorn ; to contemn : n. 
contempt; scom ; detestation of what is mean and 
dishonourable : disdain'ing, imp. : disdained', pp. 
-ddnd': disdain'ful, a. -fool, expressing disdain : dis- 
dainfully, ad. -li: disdain'fulness, n. haughty scorn. 

disease, n. dlz-ez' (L. dis, not, and F. aise; It. asio, 
ease, convenience — see ease), any deviation from 
health ; sickness ; illness ; disorder in any part of the 
body : v. to afflict with disease ; to impair any part of 
the body; to make morbid: diseas'ing,imp.: diseased', 
pp. -ezd': diseas'edness, n. -ez'-e'd-ne's. 

disembark, v. dls'Sm-bdrk' (L. dis, the opposite of, 
and embark), to land ; to put on shore from a ship ; 
to go on shore : disembarking, imp. : dis'embarked', 
pp. -barktf: disem'barka'tion, n. -kd'shun, the act of 
disembarking ; also dis'embark'ment, n. 

disembarrass, v. dls'-6m-bdr'rds (L. dis, not, and em- 
barrass), to free from difficulty or perplexity : dis'- 
embar'rassment, n. the act of extricating from diffi- 



embellish), to deprive of decorations. 

disembody, v. dis'Sm-bod'i (L. dis, asunder, and em- 
body), to free from the body ; to discharge from mili- 
tary service, as soldiers or militia. 

disembogue, v. dls'-em-bof (Sp. desembocar; Norm. 
F. desemboucher, to flow into the sea— from L. dis, 
asunder, in, in, and F. bouche, mouth ; L. bucca, the 
cheek when inflated), to pour out at the mouth, as a 
river into a sea or lake ; to vent ; to flow out : dis'- 
embogu'ing, imp.: dis'embogued', pp. -bogd' '.- dis'- 
embogne'ment, n. -bog'meyit, discharge of waters into 
the ocean or a lake : disembouchure, n. dis-dng'b6- 
shOr", the mouth of a river; the discharge of the 
waters of a river. 

disembowel, v. dis-gm-bdio'Sl (L. dis, intensive, and 
embowel), to take out the bowels ; to deprive of the 
bowels: dis'embow'elling,imp.: dis'embow'elled, pp. 
-bdio'-ild : adj. having the bowels taken or drawn out; 
taken from out the bowels : dis'embow'elment, n. the 
state of the person who has had his bowels drawn out. 

disembroil, v. dis'em-brdyl' (L. dis, not, and em- 
broil), to free from confusion ; to disentangle. 

disenchant, v. dls'-tn-chantf (L. dis, asunder, and 
enchant), to deliver from the power of charms or 
spells ; to free from fascination or delusion : dis'- 
enchant'er, n. one who, or that which : dis'enchant'- 
ment, n. act of disenchanting ; state of being dis- 
enchanted. . 



disencumber, v. dis'Sn-kfnn'ber (L. dis, the opposite 
of, and encumber), to free from any obstruction or en- 
cumbrance : dis encum'brance, n. -brd?is. 

disengage, v. dls'en-gdf (L. dis, asunder, and en- 
gage), to free ; to loose ; to separate ; to disunite ; to 
clear from impediments ; to liberate from a promise 
or obligation ; to withdraw the affections : dis'enga'- 
ging, imp.: dis'engaged', pp. -gujd' '.- adj. being at 
leisure; not particularly occupied : dis'enga'geduess, 
n. -jed-nes: dis'engage'ment, n. a setting free; stats 
of being disengaged or set free. 

disennoble, v. dls'en-no'-bl (L. dis, asunder, and 
ennoble), to deprive of thai i > h nn.iiii. 

disenroll, v. dls'en-rol' (L. dis, asunder, and enroll), 
to mark off or erase from a list or roll. 

disentail, v. dls'-Hn-tai' (L. dis, asunder, and entail), 
to free land, &c, from the law of entail by a legal 
process. 

disentangle, v. dls'Sn-tdng'-gl (L. dis, the opposite 
of, and cut angle), to unfold; to unravel; to set free 
from difficulties or impediments ; to extricate : dis'- 
entangling, imp.: dis'entan'gled, pp. -gld: dis'en- 
tan'glement, n. 

disenthral, v. dls'&n-thraTvl' ', also disinthral (L. 
dis, the opposite of, and enthral), to free from slavery 
or servitude ; to rescue from oppression : dis'enthral'- 
ling.imp.: dis'enthralled', pp. -thrawld': dis'enthral'- 
ment, n. liberation from bondage. 

disenthrone, v. dls'en-thron' (L. dis, asunder, and 

■,,.!.:, ,.,„,...., 

disentitle, v. dis'-en-ti'-tl (L. dis, and entitle), to de- 
prive of title or claim. 

disentomb, v. dis'en-t6m' (L. dis, and entomb), to 
take out of a tomb ; to disinter. 

disestablish, v. dis'es-tdb'-Ush (L. dis, asunder, and 
establish), to remove from being established ; to un- 
settle ; to overthrow. 

disesteem, n. dls'Ss-tem' (L. dis, and esteem), slight 
dislike ; want of esteem : v. to consider with disregard 
or slight contempt. 

disfavour, n. dls-fa'ver (L. dis, and favour), dislike ; 
displeasure in a slight derive; :i disobliging orill act; 
want of beauty : v. to withhold countenance or sup- 
port ; to show disapprobation. 

disfigure, v. dis-flg'ur (L. dis, asunder, and. figure), 
to mar or injure the external appearance of a person 
or thing; to impair shape, beauty, or excellence: 
disfig'uring, imp. : disfigured, pp. a. -urd, changed 
to a worse form or appearance ; impaired: disfig'ure- 
ment, n.: disfig'ura'tion, n. -u-rd'shun, the act of mar- 
ring or injuring external form ; state of being dis- 
figured. 

disforest, v. dls-for'Sst (L. dis, asunder, and forest), 
to reduce from the privileges of a forest to the state of 
common ground ; to throw open to common purposes ; 
also dis'affor'est. 

disfranchise, v. dls-frdn'chlz (L. dis, asunder, and 
franchise), to deprive of the right of voting in tho 
election of a member of Parliament, &c. ; to deprive 
of the rights of a free citizen : disfranchising, imp. 
-chlz-ing : disfranchised, pp. -chizd, deprived of cer- 
tain rights and privileges : disfranchisement, n. -chiz- 
ment, the act of depriving of certain rights and pri- 
vileges. 

disgorge, v. dls-gorf (L. dis, asunder, and gorge), to 
eject from the stomach, &c. ; to vomit; to yield up 
unwillingly what has been improperly or unjustly 
taken possession of: disgorge'ment, n. the act of yield- 
ing up unwillingly ; the thing so yielded. 

disgrace, n. dts-gras' (L. dis, asunder, and grace), 
state of being out of favour ; shame ; dishonour ; great 
discredit ; cause of shame : v. to put out of favour; to 
dishonour ; to bring reproach upon ; to bring to shame : 
disgra'cing.imp.: disgraced', pp. -grdst': disgrace'ful, 
a. -fdbl, shameful ; dishonourable : disgrace'f ully, ad. 
-li: disgrace'fulness, n. ignominy; shamefulness. 

disguise, v. dis-giz' (old F. desguiser; F. ddguiser, 
to conceal or dissemble— see guise), to conceal the 
personal appearance by changing the outward attire ; 
to hide by an unusual or assumed appearance ; to alter 
the form of: n. a dress intended to conceal the person ; 
a mask; a false appearance or show : disgui'sing.imp.: 
disguised', pp. -gizd': disgui'ser, n. one who : disgui'- 
sedly, ad. -zM-li: disguise'ment, n. dress of conceal- 

disgust, n. dis-gust' (L. degustare, to taste— from L. 
dis, asunder, and gustus, a taste, a relish : It. degust- 



>, boy, f Sot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



DISH 



154 



DISM 



strong dislike, excited by the conduct or manners of 
others : v. to excite aversion in ; to displease ; to offend 
the mind: disgusting, imp.: disgust'ed, pp.: dis- 
gustingly, ad. -II: disgustful, a. -ffTol, causing dis- 
gust; nauseous; hateful: disgust'fully, ad. -li: dis- 
gust'fulness, n. 

dish, n. dish (L. discus, a flat circle of stone, wood, 
or metal : Gr. diskos, a tray : Ger. tisch, a table), any 
article of domestic use, broad and open, used for serv- 
ing up food ; also the contents of any such vessel : v. 
to put into a dish; in slang, to render useless; to 
damage: dish'ing, imp.: dished, pp. dlsht: dish-cloth 
or dish-clout, n. -kldiut, a cloth used for washing or 
wiping dishes: dish-cover, n. a cover of metal or 
earthenware for retaining the heat: dish-water, n. 
warm water in which dishes are washed : dish'ful, a. 
-fool, as much as a dish can hold. 

dishabille, n. dls'd-bel' (F. deshabille— -from F. des, 
L. dis, and habiller, to dress), a loose negligent dress. 

dishearten, v. dls-hdrt'n(L. dis, asunder, and heart), 
to discourage ; to depress ; to impress with dread or 
fear : disheartening, imp. -hdrt'ning : disheartened, 
pp. -hdrt'nd. 

dishevel, v. dl-sMv'Sl (old F. descheveler ; F. dichev- 
eler, to spread the hair in disorder— from F. chiveu, 
L. capillus, the hair), to spread the hair loosely, or to 
suffer it to hang so ; to disorder the hair: dishev'el- 
ling, imp. : dishevelled, pp. -&d, spread or flowing in 
disorder. 

dishing, v.— see dish. 

dishonest, a. dls-on'gst (L. dis, not, and honest), 
not trustworthy ; faithless; fraudulent: having a dis- 
position to cheat or defraud: dishonestly, ad. -II; 
dishon'esty, n. -tl, a disposition to defraud or cheat ; 
deceit ; betrayal of trust ; faithlessness ; want of in- 
tegrity. 

dishonour,;' ■• lis, asunder, and honour), 

disgrace; any stain or blemish on the reputation; 
shame ; ignominy : v. to disgrace ; to bring reproach 
or shame upon ; to lessen reputation ; to degrade ; to 
seduce; to refuse or decline to meet an acceptance 
or bill of exchange, generally from inability to pay 
it: dishon'ouring, imp.: dishonoured, pp. -erd: dis- 
hon'ourer, n. -er-er, one who : dishon'ourable, a. -er-d- 
bl, shameful ; disgraceful ; base ; approaching to vile- 
ness : dishonourably, ad. -bli : dishon'ourableness, 
n. -bl-nes. 

disincline, v. dls'in-klin (L. dis, not, and incline), 
to dislike; to excite a slight aversion to; to make 
disaffected: disinclining, imp.: disinclined', pp. 
-klind': disinclination, n. dls'ln-kll-na'shun, dislike 
or slight aversion to ; want of desire or affection for. 

disincorporate, v. dls'in-kor'po-rat (L. dis, asunder, 
and incorporate), to deprive of corporate powers : dis'- 
incor'pora'tion, n. -rd'shun, deprivation of the rights 
and privileges enjoyed by a corporate body. 

disinfect, v. dis'-ln-f&kt' (L. dis, asunder, and infect), 
to purify from contagious matter; to cleanse ; to free 
from infection : dis'infec'ting, imp.: disinfected, pp. : 
disinfection, n. -fek'shun, purification from contagi- 
ous matter: dislnfec'tant, n. -ttint, any substance 
that destroys infection or infectious matter. 

disingenuous, a. dls'in-jen'il-us (L. dis, not, and in- 
genuous), not open or candid; not frank; unfair; 
meanly artful : dislngen'uously, ad. -II: dis'ingen'u- 
ousness, n., also disin'genulty, n. -jS-nu'l-tl, insincer- 
ity ; want of candour. 

disinherit, v. dls'in-her'lt (L. dis, asunder, and in- 
herit), to cut off from an inheritance ; to deprive of 
hereditary right: dis'inherlting, imp. : disinherited, 
pp. : disinherison, n. -her'l-sun, the act of cutting 
off from hereditary succession ; the act of disinherit- 
ing; also dis'inherltance, n. -l-tdns. 

disintegrate, v. dls-ln'tS-grdt (L. dis, asunder, and 
integer, whole, entire), to separate a whole body or 
substance by a gradual breaking into parts, as by the 
action of the atmosphere : disin'tegra'ting, imp. : 
disin'tegra'ted, pp.: disin'tegra'tion, n. -grd'shun, 
the wearing down of rocks by the action of air or 
moisture, or other atmospheric influences: disin'te- 
grable, a. -te-grd-bl, that may be separated into small 
portions. 

disinter, v. dls'in-teY (L. dis, the opposite of, and 
inter), to unbury ; to take out of the earth or grave ; to 
bring to light; to disclose what was formerly in ob- 
scurity: dis'inter'ring, imp. : disinterred', pp. -terd': 



personal advantage ; unbiassed : disin'terest'edly, ad. 
-II: disinterestedness, n. the state of having no per- 
sonal interest or advantage in a matter ; freedom from 
bias or prejudice. 

disinthral, v.— see disenthral. 

disjoin, v. dis-jdyn' (L. dis, asunder, and jungo, I 
join— see join), to part; to separate; to detach or 
sever: disjoining, imp.: disjoined', pp. -jdynd' : dis- 
joint, v. -jdynf, to separate parts united by joints ; to 
put out of joint ; to break the natural order of a thing ; 
to render incoherent : disjointing, imp.: disjointed, 
pp. unconnected; incoherent: disjoint edness, n. : 
disjoinfly, ad. -II: disjunct, a. -jungkt' (L.junctus, 
joined), separated: disjunction, n. -jungk'-shun, sepa- 
ration ; a parting ; disunion : disjunctive, a. -tiv, sepa- 
rating; in gram., that unites sentences, but disjoins 
the sense ; in logic, having its parts set in opposition : 
n. in gram., a word which disjoins: disjunctively, 
ad. -li. 

disk, n. disk (L. discus, a quoit— see dish, disc), the 
face of a heavenly body as it appears to us— as the 
sun, moon, &c. ; a piece of stone or metal inclining to 
an oval figure ; in bot., a fleshy expansion between the 
stamens and pistil which occurs in some flowers ; that 
part of the limb of a leaf which is included within the 
margin. 

dislike, n. dis-llkf (L. dis, not, and like), displeasure ; 
aversion ; a slight degree of hatred ; antipathy ; dis- 
relish or distaste: v. to regard with displeasure or 
aversion; to regard with slight disgust; to disrelish: 
disliking, imp.: disliked, pp. disdikf. 

dislimb, v. dls-lim' (L. dis, asunder, and limb), to 
tear limb from limb. 

dislocate, v. dls'lo-kat (L. dis, asunder, and locatus, 
put or laid), to put out of joint ; to move a bone from 
its socket or cavity: dislocating, imp.: dis'loca'ted, 
pp. put out of joint : dis'loca'tion, n. -ka'shiln, state of 
being put out of joint ; the act of forcing a bone out of 
its socket, particularly as the result of accident; in 
geol., displacement of stratified rocks from their origi- 
nal or sedimentary position. 

dislodge, v. dls-lof (L. dis, asunder, and lodge), to 
remove or drive from a place of rest ; to drive from 
any place of rest or retirement, or from a station: 
dislodging, imp.: dislodged', pp. -lojd': dislodg'ment, 
n. act of dislodging or removing to another place. 

disloyal, a. dis-loy'al (L. dis, not, and loyal), false 
to a sovereign ; faithless ; false ; treacherous : disloy- 
ally, ad. -li: disloy'alty, n. -tl, want of fidelity to a 
sovereign. 

dismal, a. diz'mdl (Swiss, dusem, dark, down- 
hearted : Bav. dusam, dull : prov. Dan. dussem, slum- 
ber), dreary ; dark ; gloomy ; sorrowful ; frightful : 
dis'mally, ad. -II: dis'malness, n. 

dismantle, v. dls-mdn'tl (L. dis, asunder, and 
mantle), to strip or divest, as a house of furniture, or a 
castle of its defences: dismantling, imp. -mdnt'Ung: 



break down or carry away the masts from a ship : dis- 
masting, imp.: dismasted, pp. 

dismay, n. dls-md' (Sp. desmayo, a fainting fit, dis- 
may : Norm. F. s'esmayer, to be sad : It. smagare, to 
dispirit), a loss of courage or firmness ; a sinking of 
the spirits ; depression ; fear, with discouragement and 
confusion: v. to terrify and confuse ; to dishearten; 
to discourage or depress: dismaying, imp.: dis- 
mayed', pp. -rndd'. 

disme, also dime, n. dim (F.), tenth; a tenth part; 
tithe. 

dismember, v. dis-mSm'ber (L. dis, asunder, and 
member), to separate limb from limb ; to tear or cut 
in pieces; to maim; to divide; to sever: dismem'bei*- 
ing, imp.: dismem'bered, pp. -bird: dismem'bermsnt, 
n. the act of severing a limb or limbs from the body; 
division. 

dismiss, v. dis-mis' (L. dis, asunder, and missus, 
sent), to send away ; to permit to depart, used of a 
person in high authority to an inferior— as, the king 
dismisses the ambassador ; to discharge from employ- 
ment or office : dismis'sing, imp. : dismissed', pp. 
•mist : dismis'sal, n. -mls'sdl, also dismissi'on, n. 
-mish'un, the act of discharging or sending away; 
removal from office, &c. 

dismortgage, v. dis-m6r'gaj (L. dis, asunder, and 
mortgage), to redeem from mortgage. 

dismount, v. dls-mownf (L. dis, asunder, and 
mount), to alight or get off from a horse ; to descend 
from an elevation ; to throw from a horse ; to unhorse ; 



and interested), free from selfish motives; without 

mate, mdt./dr, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, nUt, m6ve; 



DISO 



155 



DISP 



to remove cannon, &c, from their carriages: dis- 
mounting, imp.: dismount ed, pp. 

disobedient, a. dls-o-be'-di-ent (L. dis, not, and obe- 
tiirhtK refusing to obey; not doing what is command- 
ed; doing v ■; refractory: dis'obe'- 
diently, ad. -ll: dis'obe'dience, n. -di-Sns, neglect or 
refusal to obey; violation of a prohibition or com- 

disobey, v. dis'6-bd' (L. dis, not, and obey), not to 
obey; to neglect to do what is commanded; to do 
what is prohibited ; to violate the order or injunction 
of a superior: dis obeying, imp. : disobeyed', pp. -bad'. 

disoblige, V. dls'6-blif (L. dis, the opposite of, and 
oblige), to offend by an act of unkindness or incivility ; 
to injure in a slight degree ; to contravene the will of 
another: disobliging, imp.: adj. not disposed to 
gratify the wishes of another, or to please ; unkind : 
disobliged', pp. -blijd' : dis'oblige'ment, n. -mint: 



order), want of order; confusion; irregularity; 
breach of the peace or laws ; a slight disease either of 
body or mind: v. to throw into confusion; to dis- 
arrange ; to produce sickness ; to disturb the mind ; 
to ruffle ; to disturb the regular and natural functions 
of either body or mind : disordering, imp. : disor- 
dered, pp. -derd, put out of order; sick: disorderly, 
a. -II, without proper order ; confused ; irregular ; un- 
ruly; lawless: ad. confusedly; irregularly: disor'- 
derliness, n. 

disorganise, v. dls-or'gdn-lz' (L. dis, asunder, and 
organic ), to throw a regular system or union of parts 
into confusion, as a government, a church, or a society ; 
to destroy order or system : disor ganisa tion, n. -za- 
shiin, the act of destroying a structure or connected 
system ; state of being disorganised. 

disown, v. dls-6n' (L. dis, not, and oicn), to refuse 
to acknowledge as belonging to one's self; to deny; to 
renounce; not to allow: disowning, imp.: disowned', 
pp. -dnd'. 

disparage, v. dXs-pdr'-dj (L. disparare, to part, to 
separate: Norm. F. de'parager— from L. dis, not, and 
par, equal; F. parage, equality in birth or in blood, 
descent: disparage originally meant, to match one 
with another of inferior birth and condition), to under- 
value; to injure by comparison with something in- 
ferior; to speak slightingly of one; to dishonour or 
debase by words or actions: disparaging, imp.: dis- 
par'aged, pp. -ajd .- disparagement, n. injury by com- 
parison with something inferior ; a lessening of value 
or excellence ; reproach; detraction; dishonour: dis- 
parager, n. -d-jer, one who : disparagingly, ad. -II. 

disparate, a. dls'pdr-dt (L. dis, not, andpar, equal), 
unlike ; dissimilar: disparates, n. plu. -ats, things so 
unequal or unlike that they cannot be compared:" dis- 
parity, n. dlspdr'l-ti (F. disparite), marked difference 
in degree, age, rank, condition, or excellence; un- 
likeness; inequality. 

dispart, v. dis-parf (L. dis, asunder, and part: F. 
dipartir, to share, to divide), to separate; to part 
asunder; to divide— used in poetry: n. dis'pdrt, the 
difference between the thickness of the metal of a gun 
at the mouth and at the breech: disparting, imp.: 
disparted, pp. 

dispassionate, a. dls-pdsh'un-dt (L. dis, asunder, 
and passionate), free from passion or personal feeling ; 
cool or collected ; not proceeding from temper or bias ; 
impartial : dispassionately, ad. -U. 

dispatch, v. dis-pdch' (the proper spelling is de- 
spatch, which see): dispatch'ful, a, -fool, bent on 
haste. 

dispel, v. dXs-pSV (L. dis, asunder, aui peUo, I drive), 
to scatter by driving or force ; to dissipate ; to dis- 
perse : dispelling, imp. : dispelled', pp. -veld'. 

dispense, v. dis-pens' (F. dispenser, to distribute: L. 
and It. dispensare, to weigh out, to distribute — from 
L. dis, asunder, and penso, I weigh), to deal out in parts 
or portions ; to distribute ; to administer, as laws ; to 
make up for immediate use, as medicines : to dispense 
with, to give leave not to do ; to do without : dispen- 
sing, imp. : dispensed', pp. -pSnsf : dispenser, n. that 
which, or one who : dispen'sable, a. -sd-bl, that may 
be dispensed with: dispen'sableness,n.: dispen'sary, 
n. -ser-l, a place where medicines are given to the 
poor, generally gratis, with medical advice ; the place 
where medicines are prepared: dis'pensa'tion, n. 
-sd'-shun, exemption from any rule, law, or canon; 
the liberty granted to a particular person to do what 
is forbidden ; divine government ; a particular system 
cow. boy, f 6~bt; pure, bud; chair, 



of principles and rules, as the 3Tosaic dispensation; 
God's dealings with His creatures : dispen'sative, a. 
-sa-tiv, granting dispensation : dispen sative'ly, ad. 
-II: dispen sator'y, n. -ter'-i, a book containing the 
history and composition of medicinal substances, with 
information ft on as medicines: adj. 

having the power of granting dispensation. 

dispeople, v. dls-pe-pl (L. dis, asunder, and people), 
to depopulate; to empty of inhabitants. 

dispermous, a. dls-per'-mits (Gr. dis, twice, and 
sperma, seed), in bot., having two seeds. 

disperse, v. dls-pers' (L. dispersus, scattered on all 
sides— from dis, asunder, and sparsus, scattered), to 
scatter; to cause to separate into different parts ; to 
dispel, diffuse, or distribute ; to be scattered ; to sepa- 



or state of scattering; in optics, the separation of light 
into its different coloured rays in passing through a 
prism: disper'sedly, ad. -II: dispersive, a, -stv, tend- 
ing to separate or scatter: disperisedness, state of 
being dispersed or scattered. 

dispirit, v. dls-pXr'-it (L. dis, asunder, and spirit), 
to discourage ; to depress or dishearten : dispiriting, 
imp. : dispirited, pp. : dispiritedly, ad. -II: dispir - 
itedness, n. want of courage ; depression of spirits. 

displace, v. dlsplds' (L. dis, asunder, and place), to 
put out of the usual order or place ; to remove from 
any state, condition, or office : displacing, imp. : dis- 
placed', pp. -plast': displacement, n. -plus'-ment, the 
act of removing from the usual state or condition : 
displace able, a. -d-bl, that may be displaced. 

displant, v. dls-plant' (L. dis, asunder, and plant), 
to pluck up or remove a plant ; to root out ; to re- 
move ; to drive out, as the inhabitants of a place. 

display, v. dls-pld' (old P, desployer; It. dispiegare, 
to extend itself, to explain — from L. dis, asunder, and 
plico, I fold), to spread wide ; to open ; to expand ; to 
show; to spread before the eyes or mind; to make 
manifest : n. show ; exhibition of anything to the 
view: displaying, imp.: displayed', pp. -pldd' .- dis- 
play'er, n. one who. 

displease, v. dls-plez' (L. dis, asunder, and please), 
to offend ; to make angry in a slight degree ; to be 
disagreeable to ; to raise aversion : displeasing, imp.: 
displeased', pp. -plezd' : displeas'ure, n. -plezh'-dor, 
some degree of irritation or uneasiness of the mind 
caused by something opposed to our desires or com- 
mands, or contrary to our sense of justice or pro- 
priety ; a slight degree of anger ; offence ; dislike. 

dispone, v. elision' (L. disponere, to arrange, to 
dispose — from dis, and pono, I place), in Scots law, to 
convey or make over to another in a legal form : dis- 
po'ning, imp.: disponed', pp. -pond': disponee, n. 
dls'po-ne', one to whom anything is made over in a 
legal form : dispo'ner, n. -ner, a person who legally 
transfers property from himself to another. 

disport, v. dls-port' (L. dis, intensive, and sport), 
to sport ; to play-, to divert or amuse one's self ; to move 
lightly and without restraint : n. play ; diversion ; 
amusement : disporting, imp. : disport'ed, pp. 

dispose, v. dls-poz'(F. disposer, to set in order— from 
L. dis, asunder, and positus, placed), to set; to ar- 
range; to place in order; to regulate; to give or 
apply to a particular purpose; to incline, as the 
mind : to dispose of, to part with ; to sell ; to use or 
employ: disposing, imp. : disposed', pp. -pozd'-. dis- 
po'sedness, n. -zed-lie's, inclination: dispo'ser, n. -zer, 
one who : disposal, n. dis-po'-zal, a setting or arrang- 
ing ; order ; arrangement of things ; power or right 
of bestowing: dispo sable, a. -zd-bl, free to be used or 
employed as occasion may require : disposition, n. 
dts'po-zlsh'un, order or manner of arrangement ; 
manner in which things or parts are placed or ar- 
ranged ; order ; method ; arrangement ; temper ; 
natural constitution of the mind ; inclination: dis'- 
positi'onal, a, -un-dl, pert, to disposition. 

dispossess, v. dls'po-zes' (L. dis, asunder, and pos- 
sess), to deprive of; to put out of possession by any 
means: dispossessing, imp. : dispossessed', pp. 
-es? : dis'possessi on, n. -zesh'un, act of putting out 
of possession. 

dispraise, v. dls-prazf (L. dis, not, and praise), to 
mention with some degree of reproach ; to censure : 
n. blame ; censure : dispraising, imp. : dispraised', 
pp. -prdzd': disprais'er, n. one who : disprais'ingly, 

disproof, n. dis-pr6f (L. dis, the opposite of, and 
proof), a proving to be false or erroneous ; confutation. 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



DISP 



156 



disproportion, n. dls'-pro-por'shun (L. dis, the op- 
posite of, and proportion), a want of due relation of 
parts of one thing to another, or between the parts of 
a thing ; want of symmetry ; want of proper quantity ; 
unsuitableness of things or parts to each other; in- 
equality; disparity: disproportionate, a. -d-bl, not 
in proportion; unsuitable in form, size, or quantity 
to something else : dis'propor'tionableness, n. -bl-nes : 
dis'propor tionably, ad. -bit: dis proportional, a. -dl, 
not having a due relation or proportion to something 
else: dis'propor'tionally, ad. -dl-ll: disproportion- 
ate, a. -at, not proportioned ; unsuitable to something 
else in bulk, form, or value : disproportionately, ad. 
-It-, dis'proportionateness, n. -nes. 

disprove, v. dis-prov' (L. dis, the opposite of, and 
prove), to prove to be false or erroneous; to con- 
fute: disproving, imp. : disproved', pp. -provd' : dis- 
i i .1 disproved: dis- 

pro'val, n. -vdl, act of disproving : dispro'ver, n. one 

dispute, v. dls-put' (L. disputare, to cast up a sum, 
to examine and discuss a subject — from dis, asunder, 
and puto, I think: It. disputare: F. disputer), to de- 
bate ; to contend for by words or actions ; to reason 
or argue in opposition to ; to altercate ; to doubt or 
question : n. a debate ; a contest by words ; a contro- 
versy ; an altercation : disputing, imp. : dispu'ted, 
pp.: disputable, a. dl bl, liabli to be called in 

question or controverted : dis'putably, ad. -Ml : dis- 
putableness, n. -bl-n&s: disputer, n. one who: dis- 
putant, n. dls'-pu-tdnt, one who argues or disputes : 
dis'puta'tion, n. -ta'-shun, a controversy ; a contest in 
words : dis'puta'tious,a. -ta'-shus, inclined to dispute ; 
prone to controversy : dispu'tative, a. -td-tlv, disposed 
to argue or dispute. 

disqualify, v. dls-kwol'-l-fl (L. dis, asunder, and 
qualify), to render unfit; to deprive of natural power, 
properties, or qualities: disqualifying, imp.: disqual- 
ified, pp. -fid, rendered unfit: disqual'ification, n. 
-fl-kd'-shun, that which renders unfit or incapable of 
further enjoyment or possession. 

disquiet, v. dls-kwl'-et (L. dis, not, and quiet), to 
disturb ; to make uneasy or restless : n. uneasiness ; 
restlessness ; anxiety: disqui'etness, n., also disqui'- 
etude, n. -e-tud, uneasiness ; want of peace or tranquil- 
lity: disqui'eting, imp.: disqui'eted.pp.: disqui'eter, 
n. one who: disqui'etly, ad. -6t-ll. 

disquisition, n. dls-kivl-zlsh'-un (L. disquisitio, a 
judicial inquiry —from dis, asunder, and qucesitus, 
sought: It. disquisizione : F. disquisition,), a formal 
inquiry into any subject by argument or discussion ; 
a treatise written in order to elucidate the truth re- 
garding any subject : dis'quisiti'onal, a. pert. to. 

disregard, v. dls'-rS-gard' (L. dis, not, and regard), 
to neglect to take notice of ; to omit to observe ; to 
slight: n. neglect implying indifference or some de- 
gree of contempt: dis'regard'ing, imp.: disregard '- 
ed, pp. : disregard'er, n. one who : dis'regard'ful, a. 
■fool, neglectful ; heedless. 

disrelish, 11 i I dis, not, and relish), dis- 

taste or dislike ; a slight degree of disgust : v. to dis- 
like the taste of. 

disrepair, n. dts'-rS-pdr' (L. dis, not, and repair), 
state of being not in repair or good condition. 

disrepute, n. dls'-re-puV (L. dis, asunder, and re- 
pide), loss or want of repute ; ill character ; discredit ; 
dishonour : disreputable, a. dls-r&p'-u-td-U, low ; 
mean ; dishonourable ; disgraceful : disrep'utably, 
ad. -Ml. 

disrespect, n. dls'-re-spSkf (L. dis, not, and respect), 
incivility; want of respect ; disesteem: v. to show or 
feel disrespect to : dis'respect'ful, a. -fool, uncivil ; 
wanting in respect : dis'respect'fully, ad. -II. 

disrobe, v. dls-rob' (L. dis, the opposite of, and 
robe), to undress ; to strip ; to divest of covering : dis- 
robing, imp.: disrobed', pp. -rObd': disro'ber, n. -ber, 
one who. 

disrupt, v. dls-rupt' (L. dis, asunder, and ruptus, 
broken), to burst or rend in pieces ; to separate : dis- 
rupting, imp.: disrupted, pp.: adj. in geol., applied 
to the igneous matter which has forced its way through 
stratified rocks, and filled up the rents and fissures so 
made : disruption, n. -rup'-shun, the act of rending 
asunder; breach; rent. 

dissatisfy, v. dls-sdt'-ls-fl (L. dis, the opposite of, 
and satisfy), to fail to please ; to give discontent to ; 
to cause uneasiness to : dissatisfying, imp. : dis- 
satisfied, pp. -fid: adj. discontented; not pleased: 
dissatisfaction, n. -fdk'-shun, discontent; want of 
mate, mdt,fdr, lav); mete, met, 



dissatlsfac'toriness, n. inability to give content. 

dissect, v. dls-sekt' (L. dissectum, to cut asunder— 
from dis, asunder, and secturn, to cut), to cut or divide 
a body in order to examine minutely its structure ; to 
cut in pieces ; to anatomise : dissecting, imp. : dis- 
sected, pp. : dissector, n. one who dissects ; an ana- 
tomist : dissectible, a. -sek'-tl-bl, that can bear dissec- 
tion: dissection, n. -shun, the act of cutting or sep- 
arating the parts of a body for examination of its 
structure. 

disseise v. dls-sez" (L. dis, asunder, and seize : Norm. 
F, dissaiser), in law, to dispossess wrongfully; to 
deprive of seizin or possession : disseising, imp. : 
disseised', pp.-sezd': disseisin, n. -sez'-ln, an unlawful 
dispossessing of a person of his lands or tenements : 
disseis'or, n. one who puts another out of posses- 
sion wrongfully : disseisee, n. dis'-sSz-e', a person put 
out of possession unlawfully : the preceding also spelt 
with z for s— thus, disseize. 

dissemble, v. dis-sSm'-bl, (F. dissembler, not to he 
alike : L. dissimulare, to disguise, to hide— from dis, 
not, and similis, like), to act the hypocrite; to hide 
under a false appearance ; to disguise under the ap- 
pearance of truth ; to simulate : dissem'bling, imp. : 
dissem'bled, pp. -bid .- dissem'bler, n. one who : dis- 
sem'blingly, ad. -11. 

disseminate, v. dls-sem'-l-ndt (L. disseminatum, to 
scatter seed— from dis, asunder, and semen, seed : It. 
disseminare : F. dissiminer), to spread or scatter like 
seed ; to propagate ; to circulate ; to diffuse : dis- 
seminating, imp. : disseminated, pp. : dissemlna,'- 
tor, n. one who : dissemination, n. -na'-shun, the act 
of spreading or propagating : dissem'inative, a. -nd- 
tiv, tending to disseminate. 

dissent, n.dls Bnt Mssentire, to disagree— from 
dis, asunder, and sentio, I think, sensus, thought : It. 
dissentire), difference of opinion ; disagreement ; dif- 
ference in opinion from the Established Church in 
matters of government or doctrine : v. to disagree in 
opinion ; to think differently ; to differ in opinion 
from the Established Church in matters of doctrine or 
government : dissenting, imp. : dissented, pp. : dis- 
senter, n. one who differs from the Established 
Church in doctrine or government ; a nonconformist ; 
one who separates from the communion of an Estab- 
lished Church : dissentient, a. -sSn'-shl-ent, disagree- 
ing : n. one who disagrees and declares his dissent : 
dissen'sion, n. -shun, disagreement in opinion ; strife ; 
contention in words ; discord : dissentious, a. -shus, 
also dissen'sious, a. -shus, disposed to discord ; quar- 
relsome. 

dissepiment, n. dls.s&p'-l-mSnt (L. dissepire, to sepa- 
rate—from dis, asunder, and sepes, a hedge, a fence), 
in bot., a partition in an ovary or fruit, dividing it 
wholly or partially into two or more cells. 

dissertation, n. dis' sir -ta'-shun (L. dissertatio, a 
dissertation or discourse— from disserto, I argue or 
debate a thing : F. dissertation), a treatise ; a formal 
discourse written on any subject; a disquisition : dis- 
sertator, n. one who writes a dissertation : dis'serta'- 
tional, a. -shun-dl, pert. to. 

disserve, v. dls-sirv' (L. dis, asunder, and serve), to 
injure ; to hurt or harm : disservice, n. dls-ser'-vis, 
injury ; harm : disser'viceable, a. -d-bl, injurious ; 
hurtful: disser'viceableness, n. injury; mischief. 

dissever, v. dls-sSv'-er (L. dis, intensive, and sever), 
to part in two ; to divide or tear asunder ; to separate : 
dissev'ering, imp. : dissev'ered, pp. -erd : dissev'er- 
ance, n. -er-dns, separation ; the act of dissevering ; 
also dissev'eration, n. -d'-shun. 

dissident, a. dls'sl-dent (L. dissidens, being at vari- 
ance—from dis, asunder, and sedeo, I sit), not agree- 
ing ; discordant : n. a dissenter ; one who votes or 
gives his opinions about any point in opposition to 
others: dis'sidently, ad. -11: dis'sidence, n. -dins, 
discord ; disagreement : dis'sidents, n. plu. a name 
applied to adherents of the Lutheran, the Calvinistic, 
and the Greek Churches on the Continent. 
u dissilient, a. dls-sll'-l-ent (L. dissiliens, leaping 
asunder, flying apart— from dis, asunder, and saliens, 
leaping), starting asunder ; in bot. , bursting and open- 
ing with an elastic force : dissil'lence, n. -8ns, act of 
leaping or starting asunder. 

dissimilar, a. dls-slm'-l-lcr (L, di^nimilis, unlike— 
from dis, not, a i , ' i 

not similar : dissimilarity, n. -Mr'-l-tl, unliken«^s ; 
want of resemblance : dissimilarly, ad. -ler-ll : ais'- 
her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



DISS 



157 



DIST 



similitude, n. -sl-mll'-i-tud, want of resemblance ; a 
comparison by contrast. 

dissimulation, n. dissimulatio, 

a dissembling, a concealing— from dis, intensive, and 
Simula, I feign: F. dissimulation), ialse pretension; 
a concealing of something ; a hiding under a false ap- 
pearance ; a feigning ; hypocrisy. 

dissipate, v. dis'sl-pdt (L. dissipatum, to scatter, to 
disperse* It. dissipare: F. dissiper), to scatter com- 
pletely ; to dissolve and disappear ; to vanish ; to ex- 
pend ;" to squander ; to consume : dis sipa'ting, imp. : 
dis'sipa ted, pp. a. dissolute : dis'sipa tion, n. -pa- 
shun, the act of scattering completely ; the insensible 
diminution of a body; an irregular, extravagant 
course of life ; dissoluteness. 

dissociate, v. dls-so'-shldt (L. dissociatum, to sepa- 
rate from fellowship; — from L. dis, asunder, and socio, 
I unite), to separate ; to disunite ; to part : disso'ci- 
a'ting, imp. : disso'cia ted, pp. : disso'cia'tion, n. 
-d'-shun, the act of disuniting or separating: disso'- 
ciable, a. -a-bl, not well united or assorted; that can- 
not be brought to fellowship : disso ciability, n. 
-bil'hti. 

dissolute, a. dls'-so-l6t (L. dissolutus loose, reckless 
— from dis, asunder, and solutus, loosed, unbound : It. 
dissoluto: F. dissolu), given to vice and dissipation; 
loose in behaviour ; profligate : dis'solutely, ad. -ll : 
dis soluteness, n. : dissolution, n. -16-shiin, the act 
of dissolving or liquefying ; the separation of the parts 
of a body by putrefaction, &c; separation of the soid 
from the bodv ; death ; the breaking up of an assembly 
or partnership : dis'soluble, a. -sol-u-bl, that may have 
its parts separated by heat or moisture ; that may be 
disunited: dissolubility, n. -u-bll'-l-tl, capacity of 
being dissolved by heat or moisture. 

dissolve, v. dlz-zolv' (L. dissolvere, to separate, to 
dissolve— from dis, asunder, and solvo, I loose: It. 
dissolvere), to melt or liquefy; to break up; to sepa- 
rate ; to destroy ; to consume or waste away ; to be 
changed from a solid to a liquid; to be broken; to 
come to an end : dissolving, imp. : dissolved', pp. 
•zolvd': dissolvent, a. -vSnt, having power to melt or 
dissolve: n. any substance which lias the power of 
melting a solid body : dissol'ver, n. that which dis- 
solves : dissolvable, a. -vd-bl, capable of being melted ; 
that may be converted into a fluid : dissolvableness, 
n. the quality of being dissolvable. 

dissonant, a. dls'-so-ndnt (L. dissonaris, disagreeingin 
sound— from dis, asunder, and sona?is, sounding : It. 
dissonante:F. dissonant), discordant; inharmonious ; 
unpleasant to the ear; harsh: dis'sonance, n. -nuns, 
a discord ; any sound harsh or unpleasant to the ear. 

dissuade, v. dls-swdd' (L. dissuadere, to oppose by 
argument— from dis, asunder, and suadeo, I advise or 
incite: It. dissuadere: F. dissuader), to advise or ex- 
hort against ; to attempt to draw from by reasoning 
or motives, as from a measure or purpose : dissua- 
ding, imp.: dissuaded, pp. advised against; induced 
not to do something : dissua'der, one who : dissua- 
sion, n. -sivd'-zhiln, advice against something: dis- 
suasive, a. -sto, tending to dissuade: n. argument or 
counsel employed to deter from a measure or purpose : 
dissua'sively, ad. -II. 

dissyllable, n.dls-sti ice, and sw&aoe, 

a syllable), a word of two syllables: dissyllabic, a. 
-ldb'-ik, consisting of two syllables: dis'syllab'inca'- 
tion, n. -lab'i-fl-ka'-shun, act of forming into two syl- 
lables. 

distaff, n. dis W/ (low Ger. diesse, the bunch of flax 
on the distaff: Bav. doschen, a bush, a tuft: Sw. 
dissa, to suck,— the stream of milk from the teat ap- 

§ earing like the thread drawn from the flax on the 
istatf : AS. distccf), the staff on which a bunch of 
flax or tow is tied, and from which the thread is 
drawn. 

distain, v. dls-tan' (old F. desteindre, to discolour : 
L. dis, asunder, and tingo, I dye), to stain; to dis- 
colour; to blot; to defile: distain'ing, imp. : distained', 
pp. -tand'. 

distance, n. dls'-tdns (L. distantia, remoteness— 
from dis, asunder, and stans, standing : It. distanzia: 
F. distance), the interval or space between two ob- 
jects, events, or periods ; remoteness ; length of time ; 
reserve; coldness; an interval in music: v. to place 
remotely ; to leave behind in a race : dis'tancing, 
imp.: dis'tanced, pip. -tanst, left behind : dis'tant, a. 
-tdnt, separate; standing apart; remote in time, 
place, connection, &c. ; remote in view; reserved; 
cold; somewhat haughty: dis'tantly, ad. -II. 

colv, bdy,fo~bt; pure, Md; chair, 



distaste, n. dis-tdst' (L. dis, asunder, and taste), dis- 
like of food or drink ; a slight degree of disgust ; dis- 
relish : v. to dislike: distaste'ful, a. -fool, offensive ; 
nauseous ; unpleasant to the taste : distaste'fully, 
ad. -ll: distaste 'fulness, n. 

distemper, n. dls-tgm'-per (L. dis, not, and temper), 
disease; malady; any morbid or diseased state of an 
animal body ; a morbid state of mind ; a disease in 
dogs beginning with a running from the nos<_ and 
eyes : v. to disorder ; to derange body or mind : dis- 
tem'pering, imp. : distempered, pp. -perd, diseased 
or disordered. 

distemper, n. dls-tim'per (It. distemperare, to dis- 
solve any liquor or fluid ; tempera, water-colours), in 
painting, the preparation of colours with size and 
water, or gum-water: v. to mix up colours with size 
~md water, &c— see tempera. 

di&tem$era.tvae,n. dls-teni'-per-u-t Ctr (L. d is, n^m<\er. 
Hid temperature), excess of heat or cold, or of other 
qualities ; perturbation of mind ; confusion ; indispo- 
sition. 

distend, v. dls-tSnd' (L. distendere, to stretch asun- 
der—from dis, asunder, and tendo, I stretch : It. dis- 
tendere : F. distendre), to stretch or spread in all direc- 
tions ; to enlarge or expand ; to swell : distending, 
imp. : distend'ed, pp. : distention or distention, 
n. -tSn'shiin, the !■ t ot swelling or enlarging: disten'- 
sible, a. -sl-bl, capable of being distended or dilated. 

distich, n. dls'tlk (Gr. dis, twice, and stichos, a row, 
a verse), two poetic lines making complete sense ; a 
couplet: dis'tichous, a. -iis, in bot., disposed in two 
rows on the opposite sides of a stem, as the grains in 
an ear of barley. 

distil, v. dls-tll' (F. distiller, to distil: L. destillare. 
to drip or trickle down— from de, down, and stillo, I 
drop), to extract by heat ; to separate spirit or essen- 
tial oil from any substance by heat ; to drop ; to let 
fall in drops ; to flow gently : distil'ling, imp. : n. the 
act or process of extracting spirit by heat : distilled', 
pp. -tlld': adj. extracted by heat or by dropping: dis- 
-■ . .. I 'i -lil, eanable 

of being distilled : dis'tilla'tion.n. -la-sh i~tn, the manu- 
facture of ardent spirits or alcoholic liquors from grain, 
&c. ; the operation of extracting a spirit from any sub- 
stance by evaporation andcondensation : distil'latory, 
a. -ter-l, pert, to distillation : distillery, n. -ler-l, the 
buildings and works where distilling is carried on. 

distinct, a. dls-tlngkf (L. distinctus, separated, 
marked off: It. distinto: F. distinct), not the same in 
number or kind; separate; clear; different; plain; 
obvious; not confused: distinctly, ad. -ll: distinct- 
ness, n. clearness ; precision : distinction, n. -tlngk- 
shun, difference made by which one thing is known 
from another ; separation into parts ; division ; mark 
of difference or superiority ; elevation of rank or cha- 
racter; eminence: distinctive, a. -tlv, that marks 
distinction or difference: distinc'tively, ad. -ll. 

distinguish, v. dls-tlng'gwish (L. distinguere, to put 
a difference by some mark— from dis, asunder, and 
stinquere, to mark with a pointed instrument: It. 
distinguere.: F. distinguer), to indicate difference by 
some external mark ; to separate or divide by some 
mark or quality ; to perceive a difference by the senses ; 
to make eminent or known ; to signalise; to find the 
difference: distin'guishing, imp.: adj. constitut- 
ing distinction or difference from other things: dis- 
tin'guished, pp. -gwlsht: adj. separated from others 
bysome marked difference ; conspicuous ; celebrated; 
illustrious ; eminent : distinguishable, a. -gwlsh-a-bl, 
that may be known by some mark of difference; 
worthy of special regard: distin'guishableness, n. 
■bl-ne~s: distin'guishably, ad. -d-bll: distin'guisher, 
n. one who, or that which: distin'guishingly, ad. -11; 
distin'guishment, n. distinction ; observation of dif- 
ference. 

distort, v. dis-tort' (L. distortus, distorted, deformed 
—from dis, asunder, and tortus, twisted: It. distoro: 
F. distors), to twist out of a natural or regular shape ; 
to put out of its natural posture ; to wrest from 
the true meaning ; to pervert : distort'ing, imp. : dis- 
tort'ed, pp.: distortion, n. -tor-shun, the act of 
twisting or wresting out of a natural shape; some 
visible deformity, as a curved spine, squinting, &c; 
a perversion of the true meaning of words. 

distract, v. dls-trakf (L. distractus, divided, per- 
plexed—from dis, asunder, and tractus, drawn or 
dragged), to pull the attention or mind in different 
directions; to confuse; to perplex; to confound or 
harass; to turn or draw from any point or object: 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



DIST 



158 



DIVE 



distrac'ting, imp. : distrac'ted, pp. : adj. disordered 
in mind ; furious ; mad : distrac'ter, n. one who : dis- 
trac'tion, n. -trdk'shun (F. distraction), confusion 
from a crowding of objects on the mind; perplexity; 
perturbation ; madness : distrac'tedly, ad. -li : dis- 
trac'tedness, n. : distrac'tive, a. -tiv, causing per- 
plexity : distrac'tile, n. -til, in hot. , a connective 
which divides into two unequal portions, one of which 
supports a cell, while the other does not: adj. separat- 
ing two parts to a distance from each other. 

distrain, v. dis-tran' (mid. L. distringere ; F. dis- 
traindre, to exercise severity upon, to compel or con- 
strain a person to do something by the exaction of a 
pledge or by a fine: L. dis, asunder, and stringo, I 
strain, I draw tight), to seize the person or goods for 
debt or rent: distraining, imp.: distrained, pp. 
-trdnd': distrain'able, a. -d-bl, liable to be distrained: 
distraint', n. -trdnt', a seizing of goods for rent, &c.t 
distrainor, n. -tran'er, he who seizes goods for debt 
or for service. 

distress, n. dis-trSs' (mid. L. districtio, the judicial 
authority of exacting a fine or pledge, the pledge or 
fine exacted, subsequently termed a distress : F. di- 
tresse, misery, affliction : connected with distrain), ex- 
treme pain of body ; anguish of mind ; calamity ; adver- 
sity ; misfortune ; poverty ; destitution ; a state of 
danger ; the act of taking goods for rent, &c. : v. to 



tressed', pp. -trSst': distressful, a. -fool, bringing or 
inflicting distress ; calamitous ; proceeding from pain 
or anguish : distress'fully, ad. -li. 

distribute, v. dis-trib-ut (L. distributum, to distrib- 
ute—from dis, asunder, and tribuo, I give or divide : 
It. distribuire: F. distribuer), to divide among two or 
more; to deal; to dispense or administer; to separate 
into classes or orders : distributing, imp. : distrib- 
uted, pp. divided among a number; bestowed: dis- 
trib'uter, n. one who: distrib'utable, a. -u-Ui-bl, that 
maybe distributed: distribution, n. dis'tri-bu'shun, 
the act of dividing among a number ; a giving in parts 
or portions; a separation or division into parts or 
classes: distributive, a. -trib'u-tiv, that divides or 
assigns in portions: n. in gram., a word which divides 
or distributes : distrib'utively, ad. -u-tiv-li. 

district, n. dis'trikt (old F. destroict ; mid. L. distric- 
tus, the right of exercising judicial authority, or the 
territory over which it was exercised— from dis, asun- 
der, and strictus, drawn together), a limited extent of 
country; a part of a country or city defined by law or 
by agreement. 

distrust, n. dis-trust' (L. dis, not, and trust), doubt 
or suspicion ; want of confidence, faith, or reliance : 
v. to doubt or suspect ; not to confide in or rely on : 
distrusting, imp. : distrust'ed, pp. : distrus'ter, n. 
one who : distrustful, a. -fool, suspicious ; apt to dis- 
trust : distrustfully, ad. -li .- distrust'fulness, n. : 
distrustlngly, ad. -IX -. distrust'less, a. free from dis- 
trust or suspicion. 

disturb, v. dis-terb' (L. disturbare, to throw into 
disorder— from dis, asunder, and turbo, I trouble, I 
disorder: It. disturbare), to stir; to discompose; to 
ruffle ; to agitate ; to move from a state of rest ; to 
interrupt : disturbing, imp. : disturbed', pp. -Urbd': 
distur'ber, n. one who: disturbance, n. -ter'bans, 
confusion; disorder; a stirring up or excitement; 
tumult ; a disquieting or hindering from the peace- 
able enjoyment of, as of a right. 

disunion, n. dis-u'-ni-un or -un'yiin (L. dis, asunder, 
and union), want of concord or agreement ; state of 
not being united ; separation; contention: disun'ion- 
ist, n. -ist, one who. 

disunite, v. dis'u-nit' (L. dis, asunder, and unite), 
to separate ; to disjoin ; to part ; to fall asunder ; to 
become separate: dis'uni'ting, imp.: dis'uni'ted, pp. 
disu'nity, n. -u'ni-ti, a state of separation. 

disuse, n. dis-us' (L. dis, not, and use), want or ne 
gleet of use ; cessation of practice or exercise : v 
dis-uz', to cease to use ; to neglect to practise : disu' 
sing, imp.: disused', pp. -uzd'.- disusage, n. dis-u'zaj, 
gradual cessation of use or custom ; neglect of use or 
practice. 

disvalue, v. dis-v&l'u (L. dis, and value), to under- 
value ; to set a low price upon. 

ditch, n. dich (Dan. dige, a ditch, a bank: F. digue, 
a jetty, a bank— see dike), a trench dug in the ground ; 
a moat; any long marshy channel for water: v. to 
trench ; to dig a drain ; to form ditches : ditching, 
imp.: ditched, pp. dicht: ditch'er, n. one who. 

mate, m&Uf&r, IvKv; mite, mSt, 



ditheism, n. di'the-izm (Gr. dis, twice, theos, a god), 
the doctrine of those who maintain the existence of 
two gods, one good, the other evil: di'theist, n. -ist, one 
who : di'theis'tic, a. -is'-tik, also di'theis'tical, a. -ti-kdl, 
pert. to. 

dithyrambic, n. dith'l-r&m'bik, also dith'yram, n. 
(L. dithyrambus; Gr. dithurambos, a surname of 
Bacchus), song in honour of Bacchus, imitating the 
wildness of intoxication; a poem written in a wild 
irregular strain : adj. wild; enthusiastic. 

ditone, n. di'-ton (Gr. dis, twice, and tonos, a tone), 
in music, an interval of two tones. 

dittany, n. dU'ld-ni (L. ilirfumnum: Gr. diktamnos), 
an aromatic plant whose leaves in smell resemble 
lemon-thyme. 

dittied, pp.— see ditty. 

ditto, ad. dit'to (It. detto, word, anything said : L. 
dictus, said — usually contracted do.), the same as 
above ; what has been said before ; the same. 

ditty, n. dlt'-tl (old F. dicte" or ditti, recitation of an 
adventure, a story, or a poem : L. dictum, to say), a 
song ; a little poem intended to be sung : dittied, a. 
dit'tid, sung ; adapted to music. 

diuresis, n. dl'u-re'-sis (Gr. diouresis— from dia, 
through, and ouron, urine ; diouretikos, having the 
power of provoking urine), an increased or excessive 
flow of urine : di'uret'ic, a. -rSt'ik, having the power 
to promote the flow of urine : n. a medicine that in- 
creases the discharge of urine. 

diurnal, a. di-er'ndl (L. diurnus, daily— from dies, 
a day: It. diurno: F. diurne), pert, to a day; daily; 
performed in 24 hours: n. a journal; a day-book: diur- 
nally, ad. -li. 

divan, n. di-v&n' (Pers. diwan, a collection of writ- 
ings, a council: It. divano: F. divan), in Turkey, the 
council of state or privy council of the Sultan ; a pro- 
vincial council; a court of justice; a hall or court, 
with cushioned seats around it ; a coffee and smoking 
saloon. 

divaricate, v. di-v&r'i-kdt(L. divaricatum, to spread 
asunder— from dis, asunder, and varicatum, to spread 
the legs apart), to fork; to part into two branches: 
divarlca'ting, imp.: adj. in bot., coming off from the 
stem at a very wide or obtuse angle : divar ica'ted, 
pp.: divarication, n. -ka'-shun, a forking; a separa- 
tion into two branches. 

dive, v. div (Dut. duypen, to duck the head: AS. 
dufian, to plunge in water : Dan. duve, to pitch, as a 
ship), to sink ; to plunge into water head foremost ; 
to thrust the body into water; to go deep into any 
subject: di'ving, imp.: dived, pp. divd: di'ver, n. 
one who dives into water : diving-bell, a machine in 
which men can remain under water for a length of 
time, originally in the form of a bell. 

diverge, v. dl-verj' (L. dis, asunder, and vergo, I in- 
cline: It. divergere, to diverge), to spread out from 
one point ; to tend from one point and recede from 
each other, as straight lines from the centre of a cir- 
cle, or rays of light from a luminous body ; opposite 
of converge: diver 'ging, imp. : diverged', pp. -verjd' : 
diver'gent, a. -ver'-jent, departing or receding from 
each other: divergence, n. -j6ns, a receding from 
each other: divei^gingly, ad. -li. 

divers, a. di'verz (F. divers; L. diversus, apart 
from, different— from L. dis, asunder, and versus, 
turned), various; sundry: diverse, a. di-vers', also 
di'- (L.), different; various; unlike; more than one: 
diversely, ad. -li, in different ways: diversity, n. 
dl-ver'-si-ti, difference; unlikeness; variety; distinct 
being ; not identity : diversify, v. di-ver'-si-fi (L. facio, 
I make), to make different or various ; to give variety 
to : diversifying, imp. : diver'sined, pp. -fid -. diver - 
sifier, n. -fi-er, one who, or that which : diver'sifica'- 
tion, n. -ka'-shun, variation ; the act of making vari- 
ous, or of changing forms; change; alteration: diver'- 
sifl'able, a. -fi'-d-bl, that may be diversified or varied. 

divert, v. di-vert (L. divertere, to turn one's self 
away from— from dis, asunder, and verto, I turn : It. 
divertere: F. divertir), to turn aside; to amuse; to 
entertain: diver 'ting, imp.: diver'ted, pp.: diver'ter, 
n. one who: diver'tingly, ad. -li: diver'sion, n. -ver' 
shun (L. diversus, turned to go away from), the act 
of turning aside ; amusement ; that which diverts ; re- 
creation ; sport ; the act of drawing the attention of 
an enemy from the real point of attack. 

divertisement, n. di-ver'-tlz-mdng (F. divertisse- 
ment), diversion; a short entertainment introduced 
between the acts of a play. 

divest, v. dl-vSst' (It. divestire; F. devetir, to un- 
Mr; pine, pin; note, ndt, m6ve; 



DIVI 



159 



DOCK 



dress— from L. dis, asunder, and vestis, a garment), to 
strip, as of clothes, arms, &c. ; to deprive of; to dis- 
possess: divesting, imp. : dives'ted, pp. : dives'ture, 
la. -tur, the act of stripping or depriving. 

divide, v. dl-vld' (L. and It. dividere, to part asun- 
der, to distribute : Sp. dividir, to divide), to sepa- 
rate or part ; to part a thing into two or more pieces ; 
to keep apart; to distribute; to give in shares; to 

Sart or open ; to cleave ; to vote, as in Parliament : 
ivlding, imp. : divi'ded, pp. : divi'der, n. one who : 
dividers, n. plu. compasses: divi'dingly, ad. -II: di- 
vi'dable, a. -vl'da-bl, that may be divided. 

dividend, n. dlv'i-dend (L. dividendum, severing, 
cutting off: F. dividende; It. dividenda, a dividend, 
a share), a part or share of the profits or gains of a 
public company engaged in business of any kind, as a 
bank, or railway ; the interest payable on any portion 
of the national debt or other stock ; the part or share 
due to each creditor from funds realised from the sale 
of a bankrupt's effects, or from the payment of a com- 
position ; in arith., the number to be divided. 

divination, n.— see divine, v. 

divine, a. dl-vln' (L. divinus, of or belonging to a 
deity— from divus, a god: It. divino: F. divin), pert. 
to the true God ; heavenly ; sacred ; excellent in the 
highest degree ; above human : n. a minister of the 
Gospel ; a clergyman ; a priest : v. (L. divino, I fore- 
tell), to foretell or predict ; to use or practise divina- 
tion; to guess or conjecture: divi'ning, imp.: di- 
vined', pp. -vlnd': divination, n. dlv'lna'-shun, fore- 
telling future events; the pretended discovery of 
things secret or future by certain rites, or by attention 
to certain omens or appearances, as the flight of birds, 
entrails of animals, &c: divinatory, a. div'l-nd'ter-l, 
Laving the nature of, or connected with, divination : 
divine'ness, n. divinity; supreme excellence: divinely, 
ad. -ll, in a divine or godlike manner : divi'ner, n. one 
who pretends to predict future events by supernatural 
means: divi'neress, n. a woman who: divining-rod, 
a rod, usually made of hazel, with forked branches, 
used by those who pretend to discover water or metals 
by its means: divinity, n. di-vln'ltl, the divine na- 
ture or essence ; the Deity; the Godhead; God; a false 
god; a celestial being, inferior to a god; the science 
Of divine things ; theology. 

divisible, a. di-viz'l-bl (L. divisii-s, separated, di- 
vided), capable of division; that may be separated 
into parts: divis'ibly, ad. -bll: divisibility, n. -bll'i- 
t%, the property possessed by bodies of being separated 
into parts: divislbleness, n. : division, n. di-vizh'-un, 
the act of dividing or separating into parts ; that which 
divides or separates ; the part separated ; a compart- 
ment; a part or distinct portion, as of an army, a 
fleet, a discourse; variance; difference; a rule in 
arithmetic ; in either House of Parliament, the sepa- 
ration of the members into two parties for the purpose 
of voting on opposite sides of a question : divisional, 
a. -un-dl, pert, to a division; noting a division: di- 
visive, a. -vl'-ziv, creating division or discord : divi- 
sor, n. -zer, in arith., the number by which the divi- 
dend is divided: divisional planes, in geol., a term 
applied to those lines of separation which traverse 
rock-masses, and divide them into blocks or frag- 
ments more or less regular. 

divorce, n. dl-vors' (L. divortium, a separating from 
another— from dis, asunder, and versum, to turn : It. 
divorzio : F. divorce), the dissolution of the marriage- 
bond : a legal separation between man and wife, by 
which each becomes free to marry another ; the sen- 
tence or writing dissolving the marriage ; a separation 
of things closely united : v. to dissolve the marriage- 
bond ; to separate or disunite things closely connected ; 
to force asunder; to put away: divorcing, imp.: di- 
vorced', pp. -vorsf: divorce ment, n. divorce: di- 
vorcer, n. -sir, one who: divorce'able, a. -d-bl: di- 
vorcee', n. -vOr-se', a person divorced: divorceless, a. 
that cannot be divorced. 

divulge, v. dl-vulf (L. divulgare, to spread among 
the people— from dis, asunder, and vulgo, I make 
public: It. divolgare; F. divulguer, to publish), to 
make public; to tell something formerly secret or 
unknown; to disclose; to reveal: divulging, imp.: 
divulged', pp. -vuljd': divul'ger, n. -vul'-jer, one who. 

divulsion, n. di-vul'shun (L. divulsum, to rend 
asunder— from dis, asunder, and vulsum, to pull, to 
tear away: It. divulsione; F. divulsion, a violent 
separation), the act of rending asunder or plucking 
away : divul'sive, a. -slv, that rends or pulls asunder. 

dizzy, a, dUfizl (AS. dysig, foolish: low Ger. diisig, 



giddy, dizzy: Dan. disig, hazy), having a sensation of 
swimming or whirling in the head, with a tendency 
to fall ; giddy ; thoughtless : v. to make giddy ; to 
confuse : diz'zying, imp. -zi-lng: diz'zied, pp. -zld: 
diz'zily, ad. -li: dizziness, n. 

djerrid, n. jer'rid (Ar. jarid, a leafless palm-branch, 
a lance), a Turkish javelin ; also jer'rid. 

do, v. d6 (AS. don; Dut. doen, to do : AS. dugan, to 
profit, to avail), to act ; to practise ; to perform ; to 
achieve ; to succeed ; to fulfil a purpose ; to finish or 
end, as, "I have done with the book ; " to cease to be 
concerned, as, "I have done with him;" in Scrip., to 
make, as, " we do you to wit," that is, " we make you 
to know;" put into the form of, as, "done into verse;" 
to fare : to be in a state in regard to health : doing, 
imp.: did, pt. did: done, pp. dim: doest, dd'est, or 
dost, dust, 2d sing. pres. tense : does, duz, or doth, 
duth, 3d sing. pres. tense : this will do, this will an- 
swer the purpose: how do you do, how are you in 
health ; how do you get on— usually a mere saluta- 



to do up, to envelop ; to pack up :. to do with, to dis- 
pose of ; to employ : to do for, to answer for ; to suit ; 
colloquially, to baffle completely ; to ruin : to do 
without, to be able to dispense with; to get along 
without: do is used along with a verb to render it 
emphatic, as, " I do love." 

Note 1.— do performs pretty much the same office, 
as a verb, which thing does, as a noun ; tiling may be 
put for almost any object, and do may be used instead 
of almost any verb in order to save the repetition of 
the verb, as, " I shall come, but if I do not, go away," 
that is, " if I come not." 

Note 2.— do expresses vehement command, an ear- 
nest request, as, "do help me ;" "make haste, do." 

Note 3.— do, to succeed, to fulfil a purpose, is really 
different from the word do, to act, to perform. As will 
be observed, they are from different roots, but their 
significations are so intermingled that it appears im- 
practicable to group them under their separate heads. 

do, n. do, in music, the Italian name for the first 
or C note in the scale. 

do, v. d6 (a colloquial word), to cheat: n. a cheat; 
an imposture. 

do. , pronounced as if written dit'-to, an abbreviation 
of ditto, which see. 

doab or dooab, n. d6'-db, in the E. I., a tongue 
or tract of land which lies between the confluence of 
two or more rivers, as the dodbs of the Punjaub. 

docile, a. dds'll or do'sil (L. docilis, easily taught, 
apt to learn— from doceo, I teach : It. and F. docile), 
easily instructed ; teachable ; easily managed ; tract- 
able: docility, n. do-sU'-i-tl, readiness to learn; apt- 
ness to be taught. 

docimacy, n. dos'l-md-sl (Gr. dokimasia, proving, 
trial— from dokimazo, I try, I put to the proof), the 
act or practice of assaying ores or metals : doc'imas'- 
tic, a. -mds'tik, relating to the assaying of ores or 
metals; proving by experiments: doc'imology, n. 
•mol'6-jl (Gr. logos, a discourse), a treatise on the art 
of assaying metals, &c. 

dock, v. dok (Ger. docke, a bundle, a bunch of thread : 
It. tocco, a scrap : W. toe, short or abrupt : Icel. dockr, 
a short stumpy tail), to cut or lop off the end of a 
thing ; to curtail ; to shorten : n. the tail of a beast 
cut short ; the solid part of the tail ; a term applied to 
several plants having leaves broad in proportion to 
their length, as sour-dock, burdock: docking, imp.: 
docked, pp. ddkt, clipped ; cut off, as the end of a 
thing. 

dock, n. dok (Flem. docke, , a bird-cage), the inclosure 
or box in which a criminal is placed at his trial. 

dock, n. dok (Ger. docke, the tap to let the water of 
a fish-pond in or out : It. doccia, a mill-dam), an in- 
closed basin for repairing ships ; a large pond at the 
side of a river, or at its mouth, where the water is kept 
out by flood-gates till the ship is built or repaired ; the 
water-way extending between two wharves: v. to 
place in a dock: dockage, n. -aj, money paid for the 
use of a dock: dry dock, that from which the water 
can be run off for the inspection of the bottoms of 
ships : wet dock, one always kept with a sufficient 
depth of water for the floating of ships : dockyard, n. 
spaces and warehouses near the docks for naval stores, 
timber, &c. 

docket, n. dok'et (diminutive, from dock, to curtail : 
W. tocyn, a slip, a ticket), a ticket or label, with 
written direction thereon, tied to goods ; a piece of 



cow, lay, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



DOCT 160 

paper or parchment containing the heads, or a sum- 
mary, of any large writing ; the subscription at the 
foot of any document for attestation; a register of 
cases in a court: v. to mark their contents on the 
back of papers ; to indorse ; to form an abstract ; to 
mark with a ticket: dock'eting, imp.: dock'eted, pp. 

doctor, n. dok'ter (L. doctor; F. docteur, a teacher, 
a doctor— from L. doceo, I teach : Sp. doctor), short- 
ened into Dr ; the highest degree conferred by a uni- 
versity in divinity, law, medicine, music, or science ; 
one who practises medicine ; a physician ; a learned 
man : v. colloquially, to apply medicines for the cure 
of diseases ; to adulterate : doctors' commons, the 
place where the doctors of the civil law used to live 
and eat in common— now, the official residences and 
offices of the judges of various courts, as the Court of 
Arches, the Admiralty, &c. : doc'toral, a. -tor-dl, pert. 
to a doctor: doc'torally, ad. -II: doc'torate, -at, or 
doc'torship, n. degree or rank of a doctor : doc'toring, 
n. in familiar language, the adulteration of liquors 
and articles of domestic consumption ; the giving 
medicines to : doc'torly, ad. -II, like a learned man : 
doc'tress or doc'toress, n. a female who acts as a 
physician. 

doctrinaires, n. plu. ddk'trl-ndrs' (F.— from L. doc- 
trina—see doctrine), a party in France favourable to 
limited monarchy : n. sing, a political theorist. 

doctrine, n. dok'trin (L. doctrina, instruction, learn- 
ing—from doceo, I teach: It. dottrina: F. doctrine), 
whatever is taught ; a principle or position laid down 
by a teacher ; any tenet or dogma ; one of the truths 
of the Gospel : doctrinal, a. dok'tri-ndl, also -trl'-, 
pert, to or containing doctrine: doc'trinally, ad. -U. 

document, n. dok-u-ment (L. documentum, an ex- 
ample, a lesson— from doceo, I teach It durum, ■>,;,. > 
F. document), any paper containing written instruc- 
tions or proofs for information, &c. ; evidence ; record : 
doc'umen'tary, a. -mSn'ter-l, of or relating to written 
instructions or evidence ; also doc'umen'tal, a. 

dodder, n. dod'-der (Ger. dofter), a parasitical plant 
attaching itself to plants such as the flax or clover : 
doddered, a. -derd, overgrown with dodder. 

dodecagon, n. do-dUk'd-gon (Gr. dodeka, twelve, and 
ffonia, a corner or angle), a regular figure having 
twelve equal sides and angles. 

dodecagynian, a. do'dSk-d-gin'i-dn (Gr. dodeka. 
twelve, and gune, a female), pert, to an order of 
plants, the dVdecagynla, n. -t-d, having twelve 
pistils or styles. 

dodecahedron, n. do'dSk-d-he'dron (Gr. dodeka, 
twelve, and (h)edra, a base), a regular solid having 
twelve equal bases or sides : do'decahe'dral, a. -he- 
drdl, consisting of twelve equal sides or bases. 

dodecandrian, a. do d ' ilso do'decan'- 

drous, a. -drus (Gr. dodeka, twelve, and aner, a man 
—gen. andros), pert, to a class of plants, the do'dec- 
an'dria, n. -drl-d, having twelve stamens. 

dodecastyle, n. do-ddk'd-stil (Gr. dodeka, twelve, 
and stulos, a column), in arch., a portico having 
twelve columns in front. 

dodecatemory, n. do'dSk-d-Wm'-er-l (Gr. dodeka, 
twelve, and morion, a part), in astrol., a term applied 
to the twelve houses or parts of the zodiac of the 
primum mobile (prt'-mum mob'l-le), to distinguish 
them from the twelve signs. 

dodge, n. doj (imitative of the sound of a lump of 
a moist, soft substance thrown on the ground, then 
the jerk with which it is thrown: Bav. dotsch, a mass 
of something soft: Scot, dod, to jog), a low trick; a 
quibble ; an evasion : v. to follow in the track of any 
one in his ins and outs; to shift place by a sudden 
start ; to deceive one by change of motion ; to be eva- 
sive; to quibble: dodging, imp.: dodged, pp. dojd: 
dodg'er, n. one who dodges or evades. 

dodo, n. do'-do (Dut. dodaers— from dodoor, a slug- 
gard), an extinct bird. At the discovery of the island 
of Mauritius, in 1598, the dodo was very abundant 
there. 

doe, n. do (L. dama; Ger. dam; AS. da; Dan. daa, 
fallow deer: It. daino, the female of the same kind), 
a female of the fallow deer— male, buck: doe-skin, n. 
leather prepared from the skin of a doe; a stout 
tweeled woollen cloth. 

doer, n. dd'er: does, v. duz— see do. 

doff, v. do/ (contraction of do off— opposite of don, 
do on), to divest; to strip ; to put off; to take off, as 
the hat: doffing, imp.: doffed, pp. dofd: doffer, n. a 
revolving cyliii. i, , m. ;1 , ccnim-.', ■ machine, which doffs, 
or strips off, the cotton from the cards. 



DOLE 

dog, n. ddg (Icel. doggr; Dut. dogghe, a large dog), 
a well-known domestic animal ; a man, in reproach ; 
an iron bar with a sharp fang, used to fasten a log of 
timber; a name applied to various tools, pieces of 
machinery, &c, having a curve like the neck of a 
dog : v. to follow insidiously ; to hunt or follow closely 
for a particular purpose : dog'ging, imp. : dogged, pp. 
dogd: dog'gish, a. -Ish, churlish; like a dog; brutal: 
dog'gishness, n. : dogged, a. ddg'g6d, sour; surly; 
sullen; sullenly obstinate: dog'gedly, ad. -It: dog- 
gedness, n. -nds, sullen determination : dog'gerel, n. 
■gtr-61, a sort of loose or irregular kind of poetry: 
adj. a name applied to irregular burlesque poetry, as 
doggerel verse or rhyme: to throw to the dogs, to 
throw away as useless : to go to the dogs, to go to, 
ruin : dog-berry, n. the berry of the dogwood : dog- 
cart, n. a light one-horse carriage having a box at 
the back for dogs, but extensively used for other pur- 
poses : dog-brier, n. the dog-rose : dog-cheap, a. very 
cheap ; cheap as dog's meat : dog-days, n. plu. the dog- 
days are the part of the summer from about the begin- 
ning of July to the middle of August— originally ap- 
plied to the time during which Sirius or the Dog-star 
was above the horizon with the sun : dog-fish, n. a small 
species of shark : dog-grass, n. a wild plant, about two 
feet high, with straight stem, creeping root, and leaves 



of dog-hip : dog^-ear, n. the corner of the leaf in a 
book turned down : dog's-eared, a. folded down, as the 
corner of a leaf: dog-star, n. the bright star called 
Sirius, whose rising and setting at the same time as 
the sun gave name to the dog-days: dog-watch, n. 
among sailors, a watch of two hours ; the two watches 
between 4 and 8 p.m. : dog-hole, n. a place fit only for 
dogs: dog's-meat, refuse food; offal: dog-teeth, n. 
the sharp-pointed human teeth growing between the 
fore teeth and grinders : dog-wood, n. a name applied 
to various plants— in JEng. and N. Amer., to the 
shrubby species of Cornus. 



of the anc. republics of 

Venice and Genoa. 

dogger, n. ddg'ger (F. dogre ; Dut. dogger, a vessel 
used at Dogger-Bank fishery— the Dut. dogger origin- 
ally signifying a cod-fish), a Dutch fishing -vessel, 
usually one engaged in the herring-fishery. 

doggerel— see under dog. 

dogma, n. dog'md, plu. dog'mas, -mdz, or dog'mata, 
-md-td (Gr. and L. dogma, a received opinion), a set- 
tled opinion ; a doctrine ; a tenet or point of faith in 
religion or philosophy: dogmatic, a. -mdt'lk, also 
dogmatical, a. -i-kdl, positive ; disposed to insist im- 
periously or with high authority ; overbearing ; arro- 
gant: dogmatically, ad. -II: dogmatlcalness, n. : 
dogmatic, n. one of an anc. sect of philosophers ; 
dogmatics, n. plu. doctrinal theology: dogmatise', v. 
-md-tlz', to assert positively without proving; to 
teach with bold confidence; to advance opinions or 
teaching with arrogance : dog'mati'sing, imp. : dog'- 
matisecr, pp. -tizd'-. dog'mati'ser, n. -ti'zer, one who : 
dog'matist, n. a positive or confident asserter; one 
who boldly and arrogantly advances statements and 
principles without proof: dog'matism, n. -tlzm, arro- 
gance in stating opinions or principles; positive as- 
sertion. 

dohl, n. del, a kind of pulse resembling small peas. 

doily, n. doy'-li (probably a modification of Dut. 
dwozle, a towel : Ger. zwahel, a towel : Swiss, dwaheli, 
a napkin), a small napkin, plain or coloured, used at 
tal fter dinner with the wine and dessert. 

doings, n. plu. do'-lngz (see do), actions good or 
bad; behaviour; conduct; feats. 

doit, n. ddyt (Dut. duit ; F. d'huit), a Dutch or French 
coin, value half a farthing ; an anc. Scotch coin, value 
l-12th of a penny sterling— hence the phrase, " I care 
not a doit," changed into, " I care not a farthing ;" a 
trifle. 

dolabriform, a. do-ldb'ri-fawrmiL. dolabra, an axe, 
and forma, shape), in bot., shaped like an axe. 

dolce, ad. dSl-cM [It '.. in musit softly and sweetly. 

doldrums, n. plu. dol'drums, a sailor's term for the 
tropical zones of calms and variable winds. 

dole, n. dol (from deal, which see), that which is 
dealt or distributed ; a part, share, or portion of any- 
thing; money or provisions given in charity: v. to 
distribute grudgingly and in small portions : do'ling, 
imp. : doled, pp. -dold. 

dole, n. dol (low Ger. dole, a dole ; W. hull, a pit : 



mate, mdt,fdr, law; mete, unit, Mr; pine, pin; note, ndt, m6ve. 



DOLE 



161 



DOOR 



Bohe-n. did, a ditch, a mound), slips of pasture left 
between ploughed hinds; a boundary mark. 

doleful, a. dol fool (Scot, dule, grief: L. dolere, to 
grieve: It. duolo, pain: F. deuil, mourning), sorrow- 
ful ; expressing grief; sad; dismal; melancholy; 
querulous: dolefully, ad. -'i .- dole'fulness, n. : dole'- 
some, a. -sum, melancholy; gloomy; dismal: dole- 
Eomeness, n. 

dolerite, n. dol'tr-lt (Gr. dole7-os, deceptive), a vari- 
ety of greenstone, composed of felspar and augite, so 
called from the difficulty of distinguishing between 
these compounds. 

dolichocephalic, a. dol'i-ko-scf-d-Uk, also dollcho- 
ceph'alous, a. -stf-d-lus (Gr. dolichos, long, and kephale, 
the head), long-headed; applied to the long-skulled 
tribes of the human family : doiichoceph'alism, n. -saf- 
ailzm, the state or condition of: dol'ichosau'rus, n. 
•saw'rus (Gr. sauros, a lizard), in geol., a snake-like 
fossil reptile, of about three feet in length, found in 
the chalk formation. 

doll, n. dol (properly a bunch of rags : Fris. do?;, 
little bundle: Ger. docke, a doll), a child's baby or 
puppet; a small figure in the human form for the 
amusement of ehildren. 

dollar, n. ddl'ler (Ger. thaler: Dut. daler), a silver 
coin inU. S. and Canada, of the value of from 4s. 2d. 
to 4s. 4d; a silver coin current in Holland, Germany, 
Spain, &c, varying in value up to five shillings Eng- 
lish. 

dollman, n. dol'mdn (Hung, dolmang; Turk, dola- 
man), a long cassock or robe worn by the Turks. 

dolmen, ii. dol'men, or tolmen, tol'men (Celtic), in 
archceol., a Breton name given to a large excavated 
stone containing human remains ; a variety of crom- 
lech—see tolmen. 

dolomite, n. dol'6-mlt (after the French geologist 
Dolomieu), a crystalline variety of inagnesian lime- 
stone occurring largely in the older stratified forma- 

dolor, n., also dolour, do'-lir (L. dolor, grief: It. 
dolore: F. doideur), pain; grief; lamentation: dolo- 
rous, a. dol'-o-rus, sorrowful; doleful; dismal: dolo- 
rously, ad. -II: dol'orif erous, a. -rlf-er-us (L. fero, I 
produce), producing pain : dol orif ic, a. -rlf-lk, that 
causes or produces pain or grief. 

dolphin, n. dol'fin (Gr. delphin; L. delphinns, a 
dolphin), a cetaceous mammal about ten feet in 
length ; a common name for various species of fish ; a 
spar or buoy fastened to an anchor ; a mooring-post 
at the entrance of a dock or on a quay: dolphinet, n. 
•nit, a female dolphin. 

dolt, n. dolt (Swab, dolde, an awkward clumsy per- 
son: Ger. tolpel, a blockhead : Icel. dalpa, to flounder 
in the mire), a heavy stupid person; a hloekhead: 
doltish, a. stupid ; dull in intellect : doltlshly, ad. 
-Ii: doltlshness, n. 

domain, n. do-mcln' (F. domaine; L. dominium, 
lordship, property— from dominus, a lord), posses- 
sion; estate; empire; dominion; the parks, &c lying 
around the house of a lord, in which sense we also use 
demain and demesne : domanial, a. -md'nl-dl, pert. to. 

dome, n. dom (L. domus, a house: Gr. doma, a roof: 
It. duoma; Ger. dom, a cathedral— a church, being 
called the domus Dei, house of God), the part of a roof 
in the form of an inverted cup or half globe ; a house 
or building; a cupola; the upper part of a furnace 
■when of a hollow circular shape: domed, a. domd, 
having a dome: dome-shaped, a. in the form of a 
dome: domal, a. do'-mdl, relating to the astrological 
use of a house of the heavens,— the whole heaven, 
visible and invisible, having been divided by astrolo- 
gers into 12 equal parts, called the 12 houses of the 
heavens. 

Domesday, n. ddmz'da, or Domes'day-book (L. 
domus Dei, the house of God, so called from the in- 
closure where kept— the second part of the word, viz., 
day, being a mere corruption of Dei: the origin from 
AS. dom, judgment, is less probable), the anc. record 
of the survey of all the lands in the kingdom made in 
the reign of William I., and now in the Exchequer, 
consisting of two volumes, a greater and a less ; in 
anc. times, a name for a register or cartulary of lands. 

domestic, a. do-mes'tik (L. domesticus, belonging to 
the house— from domus, a house: It. domestico: F. 
domestique), pert, to one's home or family ; remaining 
much at home ; private ; tame ; not wild ; not foreign : 
-i. a servant! y; domes'tically, ad. -II: 



domes'ticate, v. -ti-kdt, to make at ease as if at home ; 
to accustom to remain at home ; to tame or reclaim 

cow, bo~y,fdbt; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



from a wild state: domesticating, imp.: domes'tica'- 
ted, pp.: adj. fond of remaining at one's own home: 
domes'tica'tion. n. -kd'-shun. the taming of wild ani- 
mals ; the act of living much at home : domesticity, 
n. do'-mes-tis'-i-tl, domestic character. 

domicile, n. dom'l-sll or -sll (L. domicilium, a habi- 
tation— from domus, a house : It. domicilio: F. domi- 
cile), a house; a residence; the usual place of abode: 
v. to fix for one's self a usual residence : dom'ici'ling, 
imp.: domiciled, pp. -slid: domiciliary, a. -sU'l-er-i, 
pert, to the residence of a family or person : domicil- 
iary visit, a visit paid to a house by authority to 
search for persons or things : domiciliate, v. -sV'-i-dt, 
to domicile : dom'icilia ting, imp. : dom icilla'ted, 
pp.: domiciliation, n. -d'-shun, permanent residence. 

dominant, a. dom'l-ndnt (L. dominans, ruling or 
bearing sway— from dominus, a lord: It. dominante ; 
F. dominant, dominant, rulim;), having the power or 
rule; possessing the ascendancy; prevailing: n. in 
ynusic, the note which is a fifth from the tonic— thus, 
if the key or tonic be C, the dominant is G : dominate, 
v. -ndt, to prevail ; to rule ; to govern : dominating, 
imp. : dominated, pp. : dom'ina tion, n. -nd'shun, 
arbitrary authority ; tyranny ; insolent rule : dom'ina- 
tive, a. -tlv, arbitrary ; governing: dominion, n. -yun, 
supreme power or authority ; territory or district gov- 
erned byaprince ; rule ; control : domineer 7 , v. -ner, to 
tyrannise over; to rule over with insolence; to use 
authority oppressively : domineering, imp. : dom- 
ineered', pp. -nerd': dominical, a, do-mln'-ikal, that 
notes or marks the Lord's day or Sabbath : dominical 
letter, in almanacs, the letter which denotes the Sab- 
bath, the first seven of the alphabet being used for 
that purpose: Dominican, n. -kan, one of a religious 
order in the R. Cath. Ch., founded about 1215 by St 
Dominic, known in England as Black Friars, in France 
as Jacobins. 

domino, n. ddm'l-nd (It.), an outer dress or cloak, 
with a movable hood, used at masquerades : domi- 
noes, n. plu. -noz, a game played with dotted pieces 
of bone of a flat oblong shape. 

don, n. don (Sp.— from L. dominus, a lord), a Span- 
ish title of nobility, now a title of respect, of general 
application : donna, n. fern, of don, title of a lady in 
Spain and Portugal: dons, in familiar language, the 
heads of colleges, and the fellows at the universities. 

don, v. don (contr. for do on), to put on ; to assume ; 
opposite of doff: donning, imp.: donned, pp. ddnd. 

donation, n. do-na'shun (L. donatio, a donation — 
from demo, I give : F. donation), the act of giving ; a 
grant or gift ; that which is given or bestowed : don- 
ative, a. ddn'd-tlv, vested or vesting by donation : n. 
a gift; a gratuity; in laiv, a benefice merely given 
and disposed of by the patron to a man, without either 
presentation to, or institution by, the ordinary, or 
induction by his order: donee, n. do-ne', the person to 
whom a gift is made : donor, n. do'-ner (F. donneur), 
one who gives a gift ; a benefactor. 

done, dun (pp. of do, which see), performed; fin- 
ished; agreed. 

donee, n.— see donation. 

donjon, n. don'-jon (F. a turret, a tower — see 
dungeon), principal tower or keep of an anc. castle, 
forming the central and strongest portion of the build- 
ing, beneath which were the prison vaults, hence called 
dungeons. 

donkey, n. dong'kl (probably dun, from its colour, 
and key, a dim nation), an ass; a well- 

known domestic animal; (Ger. dickkopf, thickhead), 
a stupid person: donkey-engine, in a steam-ship, a 
small engine used for pumping water into the boilers, 
raising weights, &c. 

donna, n.— see don, n. 

donor, n.— see donation. 

doodle, n. dod'l (Scot, dawdle, to be indolent or 
slovenly), atrifler; a simpleton. 

doolee, n., or dooly, n. do' 11, in the E. I., a litter 
suspended from men's shoulders for carrying per- 
sons; a palanquin. 

doom, v. d6m{AS. dom, jmlg-menl , climan, to judge: 
Lith. dumd, mind, thought : Gr. thunios, breath, life), 
to sentence; to condemn; to destine: n. judgment; 
fate ; destiny ; ruin ; destruction : doom'ing, imp. : 
doomed, pp. domd .- dooms-day, n. domz-dd, the day 
of judgment: doom'ful, a. -fool, full of destruction. 

doomsday-book— see domesday. 

door, n. dor (Gr. thura; Goth, daur; Ger. thor; 
Sans, dvdr, a door), an opening into a house or other 
building, or into a room or closet of a house; the 



DOQU l! 

movable frame of wood which closes an entrance : 
within doors, in the house : without doors, out of the 
house : to lie at the door, to be imputable or charge- 
able to one : next door to, bordering on ; near to : 
doorway, n. the entrance into any building; means 
of approach : door-keeper, n. one who guards an en- 
trance; a porter; a janitor. 

doquet, n. dok'-et (see docket), a warrant ; a paper 
granting licence. 

dor or dorr, n. dor (AS. dora, a drone, a locust : Gael. 
diirdan, humming noise: Ir. dordam, to hum like a 
bee), a drone bee ; a beetle — so called from the hum- 
ming sound made by animals of this class in flying. 

doree, n. do-re' or do-rd' (P.), a sea-fish of a golden 
yellow colour, popularly called in Eng. John doree 

gol 

kee, , 

Adriatic, in allusion to St Peter possessing the keys of 

heaven, the fish being called St Peter's fish. 

Dorian, a. do'-rl-dn, pert, to Doris in Greece : Doric, 
a. dor'-lk, pert, to the Dorians, or to Doris, in Greece ; 
an order in architecture ; a dialect of the Greek lan- 
guage : Dor'icism, n. -slzm, a phrase of the Doric 
dialect. 

dormant, a. dor'm&nt (L. dormiens; It. dormente; 
F. dormant,- sleeping— from L. dormio, I sleep), in- 
active ; sluggish ; at rest ; sleeping ; quiescent ; pri- 
vate ; suspended ; not exercised, as a dormant peer- 
age: dormancy, n. -mdu-si, quiesi-cnce ; sleep; abey- 
ance: dor'mer, or dormer-window, -mer-, an up- 
right window placed on a sloping roof giving light 
to the chambers next the roof, formerly allotted for 
sleeping apartments: dor'mitory, n. -ml-ter-l, a sleep- 
ing-room; a series of sleeping-places in a building: 
dor'mouse, n. -mows, plu. dor'mice, -mis (L. dormio, 
and mouse: but probably old F. dormeuse ; Lang. 
dourmeire, a slumberer, a sleepy head), a creature 
allied to the mouse that remains torpid during win- 
ter. 

dorn, n. d5rn (Ger. dorn; Dut. doom, a thorn), the 
fish thornback. 

dorsal, a. dor'-sdl (L. dorsum ; It dorso, the back), 
pert, to the back, as the dorsal .fin of a fish : dorsifer- 
ous, a. -slf-er-us (L. fero, I bear), in hot., applied to 
ferns bearing fructification on the backs of their 
fronds. 

dory— see doree. 

dose, n. dos vGr. dosis, that which is given— from 
didomi, I give : It. and F. dose), the portion or quantity 
of medicine prescribed to be taken at one time ; a por- 
tion ; anything nauseous ; what one is obliged to take : 
v. to give in portions or quantities, as medicine ; to 
give anything nauseous, or to oblige to take : do'sing, 
imp.: dosed, pp. dosd. 

dosser, n. dos'sir (F. dossier, back of a seat — from 
L. dorsum, the back), a pannier or basket to be car- 
ried on the shoulder: adj. noting the hangings placed 
at the back of the altar as a decoration, and to hide 
the bare walls ; noting hangings in a dining-hall be- 
hind the seats of the guests : dorsale, n. dor'-sdl, dosel, 
n. dos'-el, and dos'ser, n. dos'-ser, a rich tapestry hang- 
ins at the back of an altar as an ornament, and to 
hide the wall ; a hanging in a dining-hall ; an orna- 
mental cover for a chair : also dos'sal, n. 

dossil, n. dos'-sU (F. dousil, a peg or tap to draw off 
liquor from a cask— the primary idea being a bunch 
of something to stop an orifice : Ger. docke, a bunch : 
Gael, dos, a tuft, a cluster), a small portion of lint 
made round, or in the form of a date, to be laid on a 

dost, v. dust, 2d pers. sing, of the verb do, which see. 

dot, n. dot < i\ low Ger. dutte, a plug or 

stopper: Scot, dottle, a small particle: other modifi- 
cations of dot are jot, tot, tait), a small point or spot 
made with a pen, &c. ; any small point or mark : v. to 
mark with small points : dot'ting, imp. : dot'ted, pp. 

dotage and dotard— see dote. 

dotation, n. do-td'-shun (L. dotatus, endowed, por- 
tioned—from dos, a dowry, a gift: F. dotation, an en- 
dowment), endowment; establishment of funds for 
support, as of an hospital ; a dowry or portion : do'tal, 
a. -tdl, pert. to. 

dote, v. dot (Dut. doten, to be foolish, to rave : F. 
dotter, to dote, to rave : Icel. dotta, to nod the head 
in slumber), to regard with excessive fondness; to 
show the weakness of age : do'ting, imp. : do 'ted, pp.: 
do'ter, n. one who: do'tingly, ad. -II: dotage, n. 
do'-tdj, the childishness of age ; feebleness of mind in 



2 DOVE 

old age: do'tard, n. -Urd, a man in the childishness 
of age: do'tardly, ad. -U: dottard, n. ddt'-tvrd (Scot. 
dottar, to become stupid), :i Branding tree in a state of 
decay .-dotterel, n. itol'-Ur-el. also dot'trel, a bird pro- 
verbial for stupidity. 

doth, v. duth, 3d pers. sing. pres. of do, which see. 

douanier or douaneer, n. do'-d-nl-d (F. douanier), 
a custom-house officer. 

Douay, n. do'-d, name of a town in France celebrated 
for its English college for Roman Catholics, and where 
a translation of the lible ra made for the Use of the 
adherents of the Rom. Cath. Ch., hence called the 
Douay Bible. 

double, a. dub'-l (F. double, double— from L. duplico, 
I make twice as much), twice as much ; twofold ; being 
in pairs ; deceitful ; acting two parts, that is, two lines 
of conduct, open and secret : v. to fold ; to increase by 
adding an equal sum or quantity : n. twice as much ; 
a fold ; the same quantity or length repeated ; a turn 
in running; a trick: adv. twice over: doubling, imp.: 
n. a fold ; an artifice ; a shift ; act of sailing round a 
cape ; the winding and turning of a hare : doubled, 
pp. -Id: doubleness, n. : doub'ly, ad. -II: double- 
dealing, n. fraud; deceit; cunning: double-entry, 
in book-keeping, an entry on both Dr. and Cr. side 
for each transaction : double-minded, a. unstable ; un- 
settled ; wavering : to double a cape, to sail round it ; 
to turn or wind in running, as a hare : double-barrel- 
led, a. having two barrels— applied to a gun : double- 
base, n. the lowesl sical instr. of the violin 

class : double-charged, a. loaded with a double quan- 
tity of gunpowder: double-dealing, n. the profession 
of one thing and the practice of another; duplicity ; 
dissimulation ; fraud : double-faced, a. showing two 
faces ; deceitful : double-hearted, a. deceitful ; treach- 
erous : double-dyed, a. -did, criminal in the highest 
degree ; steeped in crime, as a double-dyed villain. 
Note.— Double is very much used as the first part of a 
compound word, and denotes two ways; twice the 
number or quantity: doublet, n. dub'-Ut, a man's 
inner garment; a waistcoat; originally a garment 
in folds or doubles for defence ; two ; a pair. 

doubloon, n. dub-Ion' (F. doublon : Sp. doblon—see 
double), a Sp. or Port, gold coin, the double of the 
pistole. 

doubt, n. ddivt (F. douter ; L. dubitare, to waver, to 
fear— from L. dubius, doubtful, what may turn out in 
two ways), uncertainty of mind; suspense; suspicion; 
fear ; apprehension : v. to hesitate ; to waver in opin- 
ion ; to suspect ; to fear ; to hesitate to believe ; to 
be in a state of uncertainty of mind : doubt'ing, imp.: 
doubt'ed, pp. : doubt'er, n. one who : doubtful, a. 
-fool, uncertain ; obscure ; not clear or obvious : 
doubt'fully, ad. -II -. doubt'fulness, n. : doubt'ingly, 
ad. -II: doubtless, ad. -Us, without doubt ; unquestion- 
ably: adj. free from fear: doubtlessly, ad. -II, un- 
questionably. 

douceur, n. doo-ser' (F. douceur, sweetness— from 
F. doux; L. didcis, sweet), a gift for service done or 
to be done ; a lure. 

douche, n. dosh (F. : It. doccia, a mill-dam ; docci- 
are, to let water run with some force on the head to 
clean and wash it), a bath given by a jet or stream of 
water poured from above on some part of the body. 

dough, n. do (AS. dah; Dut. deig, properly damped 
flour: Icel. deigia, to wet; deig, dough: old H. Ger. 
daha, clay), a soft mass composed of flour and yeast 
kneaded ; bread before being baked in an oven : 
dough'y, a. -I, soft like dough : dough-faced, a. 
weakly and sickly looking ; cowardly : dough-nut, n. 
a small cake boiled in lard. 

doughty, a. dow'-ti (AS. dohtig, valiant : Dut. deu- 

C, to be of some value : Ger. taugen, to be good for), 
ve ; valiant ; noble ; commonly used ironically : 
dough'tiness, n. -nis : dough'tily, ad. -II. 

douse, v. dows (a probable corruption of douche— 
which see : Scot, dook, to plunge under water), to 
thrust into water ; to lower or slacken suddenly ; 
dousing, imp. : doused, pp. doust. 

dout, v. dowt (contr. of do out), to put out ; to ex- 
tinguish. 

dove, n. duv (Dut. duyve ; Icel. dufa, a dove— pro- 
bably from its habit of ducking the head— from Dut. 
duypen, to duck the head), a pigeon ; a word of en- 
dearment : dove-cot, a small house for pigeons : dove- 
tail, n. -tdl, a method of fastening thi ads of pieces 
of wood together, by slipping the one, cut in the form 
of a dove's tail, into the correspondent notches of an- 
other ; a strong way of jointing : v. to joint or unite 



;, mdt,fdr, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, n6t, m6ve; 



strongly : dove-tailing, imp. : dove-tailed, pp. -told : 
dove'let, n. a little dove. 

dowager, n. dow'-d-jer (F. douairiere, a dowager— 
from mid. L. dotarium; F. douaire, a dowry), a title 
given to the widow of a prince or person of rank when 
he who succeeded her deceased husband in his titles 
and estates is married, there being thus two ladies 
with the same title ; a widow of rank, with property 
or real estate enjoyed by her during her lifetime : 
dower, n. dow'er, or dowry, n. ddiv'-rl, the property 
which a woman brings to her husband on marriage : 
dow'ered, a. -erd, having a dowry: dowerless, a. 
without a dowry : queen-dowager, u. widow of a king : 
dow'agerism, n. -izm, state, rank, or condition of a 
dowager. 

dowdy, n. dow'dl (Scot, dawdle, a dirty, slovenly 
woman: Dan. dddtln, to be slow : Icel, dodi, languor), 
a woman awkward and untidy in dress : adj. awkward 
and slovenly in dress ; ill dressed, applied only to a 
woman : dow'dyish, a. -tsh, like a dowdy. 

dowel, n. dow'el (F. douelle, a tap or socket: Ger. 
dbbel, a peg, a plug: Dut. douiven, to press into), a 
projection in a stone to fit into a socket, by which it 
may be fastened into the adjoining one ; a peg of wood 
or iron used in the edge of a board for fastening it to 
another : v. to fit with dowels : dow'elling, imp. : n. 
a method of uniting two boards or pieces of wood 
together at their edges by pins or plugs of wood or 
iron: dow'elled.pp. -Sid: dowel-pin, n. a pin inserted 
into a piece of wood in order to unite it to another. 

dower, dowry— see dowager. 

dowlas, n. ddio'lds (Dourlais, in France, where ma- 
nufactured), a kind of coarse linen cloth. 

down, n. down (Ger. daune; Icel. dun, the lightest 
and softest kind of feathers : Ger. dunst, exhalation, 
vapour), the fine soft feathers of fowls ; any fine hairy 
substance light enough to float in the air: down'y, a. 
-i, soft, like down. 

down, ad. or prep. ddTvn (AS. of dune, from the hill 
—see downs), from a higher to a lower place ; on the 
ground; extended or prostrate on any surface; to- 
ward the mouth of a river; below the horizon, as 
the sun ; into a due consistence, as, to boil down. 
Note.— Persons in London say down to Scotland, &c, 
and those in the provinces, up to London : downcast, 
a. -kdst, dejected ; directed to the ground : up and 
down, ad. here and there : downcome, n. a sudden 
fall of anything ; downfall, n. -fdiwl, ruin ; destruction ; 
ruin by violence or decay; sudden fall or depression: 
downfallen, a. -fawln, ruined ; fallen : down-hearted, 
a. cast down ; dejected in spirits : down-hill, n. de- 



right, a. plain; open; undisguised; blunt: adv. 
straight or right down : downrightly, ad. -II : down- 
rightness, n.: down-sitting, n. rest; act of sitting 
down : down-train, n. on a railway, a train proceeding 
on from the terminus or chief station : down-trod, or 
trodden, a. trampled down ; oppressed : downward, 
a. extending from a higher to a lower state or place ; 
tending towards the earth : down'ward or downwards, 
ad. -werdz, in a descending course ; from a higher to 
a lower state or place. 

downs, n. plu. dolvnz (Dut. duyne; F. dunes, sand- 
hills by the sea-side : Fris. dbhne, a hillock of sand or 
snow : AS. dun, a hill), elevations of sand thrown up 
by the wind ; broad ridges of elevated land near the 
sea, covered with close and fine turf; a flattish-topped 
hill: the Downs, a well-known road or anchorage- 
ground for shipping in the English Channel, near 
Deal. 

doxology, n. doks-ol'-d-jl (Gr. doxologia, giving glory 
—from doxa, praise, glory, and logos, a word), a hymn 
in praise of God ; form of giving glory to God : dox- 
ol ogise, v. -jlz, to give glory to God : doxol'ogi'sing, 
imp.: doxologised, pp. -jizd: dox'olog'ical, a. -loj'l- 
Ml, pert, to doxology ; giving praise to God. 

doze, v. doz (Bav. dosen, to keep still : Dan. dose, to 
doze, to mope), to be half asleep ; to be drowsy ; to 
sleep lightly: n. alight sleep: do 'zing, imp. : dozed, 
pp. dozd •. do'zer, n. one who : dozy, a. do'zi, sleepy ; 
drowsy: do'ziness, n. drowsiness. 

dozen, a. dilz'n (F. douzaine— from douze, twelve), 
twelve in number : n. twelve of tilings of a like kind. 

drab, a. drab (F. drap ; It. drappo, cloth), of a pale- 
brownish colour: n. a kind of thick woollen cloth of 
a colour approaching the dry mud of a road: drab- 
coloured, a. having the colour of drab. 

drab, n. drub (Dut. drabbe; Dan. drav; Gael, drubli, 



3 DKAK 

draff, dregs), an untidy, dirty woman ; a prostitute : 
drab'ber, n. one who associates with drabs : drab'bish, 
a. having the character of a drab: drabble, v. drclb-l, 
to cover with filth. 

drabs, n. drubz, in salt-works, a kind of wooden 
box for holding the salt when taken out of the boiling- 
pan. 

drachm, n. drum (Gr. drachme, an anc. coin, about 
9Jd. : L. drachma), the eighth part of an ounce; three 
scruples ; a weight used by apothecaries— usually 
written dram, which see. 

draff, n. drdf (AS. and Dut. drabbe; Dan. drav ; 
Icel. druf, dregs, husks), the refuse malt after the 
liquor has been drawn off, used for the feeding of 
cows and swine ; dregs ; sweepings : draf fy, a. -ft , 
also draf fish, a. -fish, worthless ; dreggy. 

draft, n. draft (corrupted from draught, drag, or 
draiv), a body of men taken from an army or any part 
of it, or from a district ; a detachment of soldiers ; a 
cheque or order on a bank for money ; a bill of ex- 
change ; a sketch ; an outline or plan on paper : v. to 
draw men from a body of soldiers for service else- 
where ; to select or detach ; to draw out or delineate : 
drafting, imp. : drafted, pp. 

drafts, n.— see draught. 

draftsman, n.— same as draughtsman, which see. 

drag, v. drag (AS. dragon ; Icel. draga, to drag or 
draw : Dut. draghen; Ger. tragen, to carry), to draw 
along heavily or slowly ; to p'ull by main force ; to 
pull forcibly or roughly ; to draw a heavy body along 
at the bottom, as of a river or other water ; to hang so 
low as to trail on the ground : n. something to impede ; 
anything to be drawn along the ground ; an apparatus 
for searching among water for drowned persons, &c. ; 
an instrument for retarding the motion of carriage- 
wheels when going down-hill ; anything that retards or 
hinders ; an obstacle to progress ; a kind of cart drawn 
by the hand; a kind of carriage: drag'ging, imp.: 
dragged, pp. drdgd: to drag an anchor, to trail it 
along the bottom when the anchor will not hold the 
ship : drag-net, a net to be drawn along the bottom of 
a river or pond. 

draggle, v. drdg'l (same as drubble : Scot, druglit, 
bedirtied, bespattered : Sw. dragla, to drivel, to let 
spittle fall from the mouth), to wet and dirty by draw- 



ng along wet muddy ground, or^ wet grass : drag- 
untidy. 



being drawn over mud: draggle-tailed, a. slatternly; 



dragoman, n. drdg'o-m&n, plu. drag'omanB (F. and 
sp. dragoman; Arab, tardjumdn, a dragoman : Chald. 
turgem, to explain ; turgum, explanation, interpreta- 
tion), an interpreter— a word much used in the East. 

dragon, n. drdg'dn (Gr. drukon ; L. draco, a serpent 
—from Gr. drakein, to see, to flash— from its supposed 
sharpness of sight), a fabulous winged creature; a 
genus of reptiles of the E. I.; a constellation ; in Scot., 
a paper kite; a serpent; in Scrip., the devil: drag"- 
onish, a. -nish, or dragon-like, a. in the form of a 
dragon; like a dragon: dragon's-blood, n. a red 
colouring matter obtained from various plants : drag- 
onet, n. -6-nSt, a little dragon: dragon's-skin, a fa- 
miliar name among miners and quarrymen for certain 
fossil stems whose leaf-scars somewhat resemble the 
scales of reptiles. 

dragoon, n. drd-gtn' (old Eng. dragon, a species of 
carbine used by soldiers who could serve on horseback 
or on foot: F. dragon), a horse soldier, originally 
trained to act on foot also : v. to force ; to harass ; to 
persecute ; to use violent measures to obtain an object : 
dragooning, imp. : dragooned', pp. -gond' .- dragoon- 
ade, n. drug'db-nud' , the giving up a place to the 
violence of soldiers ; also dragonnade, n. drag'on-nad'. 

drain, v. drun (AS. drehnigean, to strain : old H. 
Ger. drahan, a drop, a tear : Gael, drugh, to soak or 
ooze through), to make dry by drawing off the water ; 
to free from water gradually ; to empty ; to exhaust ; 
to be freed from moisture : n. a channel, trench, or 
ditch for conveying water ; a sink or small sewer ; a 
gutter: draining, imp.: drained, pp. drand: drainer, 
n. he who, or that which : drain'able, a. -d-bl, capable 
of being cleared of water or surplus moisture : drain'- 
age, n. -aj, the act of draining; that which flows out 
of a drain ; the mode of carrying off the surface-water 
of a country, as by rivers, &c: draining-tiles, tiles 
used in the draining of fields. 

drake, n. druk (Sw. and-drake ; Ger. enterick, a 
male duck : Icel. reckr, a male), the male of the duck 
kind ; name of a fly. 



cow, boy, f dot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



DRAM 



164 



DRES 



dram, n. drdm (It. dramma, a very small quantity 
of a thing : Gr. drachme, a weight of 60 grains), one 
eighth part of an ounce apothecaries' weight ; one 
sixteenth of an ounce avoirdupois; a small quantity; 
a small glass of spirits to be drunk at once. 

drama, n. drdm'd (L. and Gr. drama, an act or deed, 
a play, a drama : F. drame), a composition written to 
exhibit a picture of human life, and fitted for repre- 
sentation on the stage ; a play : dramatic, a. drd-mdt- 
Ik, also dramatical, a. -1-kdl, relating to iin • = > ■ . . . . . i 
dramatically, ad. -ll: dramatis persons, drdm'd-tls 
pcr-so'-iic (L. the persons or characters of the drama), 
the actors in a drama or play represented on the stage : 
dram'atist, n. 41st, a writer of plays : dram'atise', v. 
■ttz', to adapt to, or fit for, the stage : dram'ati'sing, 
imp.: dram'atised', pp. -tlzd': dram'aturgy, n. -ter'-ji 
(Gr. ergon, work), the science and art of dramatic com- 
positions and representations. 

drank, v.— see drink. 

drape, v. drop (F. drap, cloth : Sp. trapo, tatters, 
cloth), to cover with folds of cloth or drapery for use 
or ornament : draping, imp. : draped, pp. drdpt : 
adj. having on drapery; clothed: draper, n. drd' 
pir, one who sells cloths: dra'pery, n. -per-l, hang- 
ings ; curtains ; the representation of folds of cloth, 
clothing, or dresses in paintings or sculptures ; cloth 
goods. 

drastic, a. dnls'tlk (Gr. drastikos, active, vigorous 
—from drao, I do, or act : F. drastique), powerful ; 
acting rapidly and violently : n. a strong purgative 
medicine : dras'tics, n. plu. -tlks, powerful purgatives. 

draught, n. draft (from drag or draw, which see), 
that which is dragged or drawn ; the act of drawing, 
or quality of being drawn ; force necessary to draw ; 
act of drinking, or the, quantity drunk at once ; the 
number of fish caught at one drag of the net ; a de- 
tachment or number drawn away, as men from an 
army; the depth to which a ship sinks in water when 
afloat ; a current of air ; a delineation or representa- 
tion of a thing by lines; in Scrip., a sink; a privy- 
see Matt. xv. 17 : draughts, n. plu. drdfts, a game 
played on a checkered board : draught-horse, n. a 
horse that draws loads, opposed to a saddle-horse : 
draught-hooks, n. plu. hooks on each side of a 
cannon-carriage: draughtsman, n. drdfts'mdn, one 
who draws plans or designs. 

draw, v. draw (AS. dragan; Icel. draga, to drag or 
draw: Dut. trtc.ken, to draw, as a sword, to trace out- 
lines : L. trahere, to draw), to haul ; to raise, as water 
from a well; to pull along; to pull out or unsheath ; to 
attract ; to suck or inhale ; to take or let out a liquid ; 
to sketch or delineate ; to have, receive, or take, as 
money; to pull or exert strength in drawing; to 
move, advance, or approach: drew, pt. drd: draw'- 
ing, imp.: drawn, pp. drawn: drawable, a. draw'd-bl, 
that may be drawn : to drawback, to retire ; to move 
back: to draw nigh or near, to approach : to draw 
off, to retire or retreat ; to take from : to draw on, 
to bring on ; to entice ; to seek or obtain payment by 
a written order or bill called a draft: to draw over, 
to cause to come over ; to persuade or induce to leave 
one party or side to join another : to draw out, to 
lengthen or stretch ; to take out of; to extract ; to ar- 
range in battle: to draw together, to collect: to draw 
up, to form in regular order : to draw in, to collect : 
drawback, n. any loss of advantage in enjoyment, 
&c; a certain amount of duties or customs on goods 
paid back: drawbridge, n. a movable bridge over 
water : draw'er, n. -er, one who draws a bill of ex- 
change ; draw'r, a sliding box in a table : chest of 
drawers, draw'rs, a case of sliding boxes for contain- 
ing household articles: drawers, n. plu. draw'rs, 
light underclothing, breeches or trousers: draw'ee, 
n. -e, the person drawn on by a bill of exchange : 
drawing, n. the representation of a thing on a flat 
surface : drawing-master, n. one who teaches the art 
of drawing: drawing-room, n. (an abbreviation of 
withdrawing-room), the room in a house set aside for 
the reception of company— generally the best fitted- 
up room in a house ; the formal reception of company 
at the court of a sovereign : draw-well, a deep well 
from which water is drawn by means of a rope. Note. 
— In all its meanings, the word draw expresses action 
gradual or continuous, and leisurely. 

drawl, v. drawl (Dut. draelen; Fris. draulen; Icel. 
drolla, to delay, to loiter: prov. Dan. drovle, to be slow 
at one's work), to utter words in a disagreeably slow 
tone: n. a long monatonou : fcom in peaking: draw'- 
ling, imp. : drawled, pp. drawld .- draw'lingly, ad. -II. 



drawn, pp. of draw, which see : drawn-battle, n. 
a contest or fight in which neither side is the victor. 

dray, n. drd (Sw. drog, a sledge, what is dragged 
along : L. traho, I draw), a strong low cart on wheels ; 
a sled or sledge: dray-cart, a brewer's cart: dray- 
horse, a heavy and strong horse : drayman, the man 
who attends on a dray. 

dread, n. dred (AS. draid; Sw. rcedas, to fear: Scot. 
rad, afraid : old F. dredre, imitative of the chattering 
of the teeth), great fear ; apprehension of evil or dan- 
ger ; fear united with awe ; the person or thing 
feared: adj. exciting fear; venerable in a veiy high 
degree ; awful ; terrible : v. to fear greatly; to be in 
great fear: dreading, imp.: dread'ed, pp.: dread'er, 
n. one who : dreadful, a. -fool, inspiring dread ; ter- 
rible: dread'fully, ad. -It: dread'fulness, n.: dread'- 
less, a. -Us, fearless; undaunted: dread'lessly, ad. 
-II ■. dreadlessness, n. 

dream, n. drem (Icel. draumr; Ger. traum, to 
slumber, to be slow: AS. drefan; oldEng. dretche, to 
disturb or trouble— in the latter, especially by dreams), 
thoughts or ideas occupying the mind during sleep ; 
a vain fancy : v. to have ideas or thoughts in the 
mind during sleep; to think or imagine; to see in a 
dream : dreaming, imp. : n. the mind engaged. with 
thoughts during sleep : dreamt, pt. and pp. drenit .- 
dream'y, a. -I, indistinct ; full of dreams : dreamless, 
a. without dreams : dream'er, n. one who : dream- 
ingly, ad. -ll: dream'lessly, ad. 41: dream-land, n. 
unreal events, or an imaginary country as pictured 
in dreams ; region of fancies ; fairy-land. 

drear, a. drer, also dreary, a. drer'l (AS. dreorig; 
Ger. traurig, sorrowful), dismal ; gloomy with soli- 
tude : drearily, ad. -ll: drear'iness, n.-l-nes, gloomy 
solitude. 

dredge, n. drej (Dut. dregghe, a drag or grapple for 
sweeping the bottom of rivers, &c. : F. drege, a kind 
of net), a net or drag for being dragged along the bot- 
tom of water for taking oysters, flat-fish, &c. : v. to 
catch, take, or gather with a dredge ; to deepen with 
a machine, as the bed of a river : dredging, imp. : 
dredged, pp. drejd : dredger, n. drej'er, one who, or 
that which : dredging, n. the operation of deepening 
the bed of a river, canal, &c. : dredging-machine, a 
machine employed to deepen rivers, docks, &c, by 
taking up the gravel and mud from the bottom. 

dredge, v. drej (Dan. drysse, to dredge, to sprinkle: 
prov. Dan. drasse, to fall with a pattering noise: Scot. 
drush, atoms, fragments), to scatter flour, &c, on meat 
while roasting: n. a mixture of oats and barley sown 
together : dredging-box, a box used for scattering 
flour over meat— generally called a dredger. 

dreelite, n. dre'-lit (after the Marquis de Dree), one 
of the heavy spars, generally occurring as a whitish 
crystallised vein-stone in lead mines. 

dregs, n. plu. dregz (Icel. dregg, sediment : Ger. and 
Dut. dreck, dung, dirt : old F. drague, draff), the mat- 
ter that settles at the bottom of a liquor ; the sedi- 
ment of liquors ; lees ; refuse matter ; distillers' re- 
fuse used for cattle-feeding ; the most vile and despi- 
cable part: dreggy, a. dreg'gl, muddy; containing 
dregs or lees: dreg'giness, n. foulness; fulness of 
dregs : dreg'gish, a. full of dregs ; foul with lees. 

drench, v. drSnsh (Icel. dreckia, to plunge in water : 
Sw. dranka, to plunge in water, to drown : Dut. 
drencken, to water beasts), to wet thoroughly; to 
soak; to saturate; to purge violently: n. a dose of 
liquid medicine for purging a horse; a draught: 
drenching, imp.: drenched, pp. drensht: drencher, 
n. drdnsh'er, one who, or that which. 

dress, n. dres (F. dresser, to make straight : It. driz- 
zare, to address or turn toward a place : L. dirigere, 
to direct), covering or ornaments for the body; gar- 
ments ; clothes ; a lady's gown : v. to cover the body 
with clothing or ornaments ; to deck, adorn, or em- 
bellish ; to cultivate ; to prepare food for the table ; 
to put into good order, as a wound; to prepare or 
fit for use; in mil., to adjust the front of a company 
to a straight line: dressing, imp. : dressed, pp. drSst: 
dres'ser, n. one who: a large table or bench in a 
kitchen on which things are dressed for use: dres'- 
sing, n. matter, as manure, applied to land; a pre- 
paration to fit for use; an application made to a 
wound; in familiar language, a flogging or beating: 
dres'sy, a. -si, showy in dress : dressing-case, n. a 
box fitted with toilet requisites: dressing-gown, n. a 
light gown used in the morning before or while dress- 



ugni gown usea in tne morning Deiore or wnue dress- 
ing : dressing-room, n. an apartment in which a per- 
son may dress : dressing-table, n. a table at whi ' 
mdte, milt, fur, law; mete, m&t, her; pine, pin; note, not, mOve; 



DRIB 



165 



a person may dress, and on which articles for the 
toilet stand: dressmaker, n. one who makes ladies' 
dresses. 

dribble, v. drlb'-l (Dan. draabe, a drop : prov. Dan. 
drible, to drivel: Pol. drob, a diminutive thing), to 
throw down in drops ; to fall in drops ; to slaver, as a 
child or an idiot: dribbling, imp. -ling: drib "bled, 
pp. -Id: dribbler, n. -Ur, one who: dribblet, n. 
■lit, a small quantity ; a small piece or part ; a small 
sum. 

dried, drier— see dry. 

drift, n. drift (AS. dri/an; Goth, dreiban, to move 
under the influence of an overpowering force : Icel. 
drif, a tempest), that which is driven by wind or 
water and collected in heaps ; overbearing power or 
influence; tendency; aim or scope; in mining, a 
passage cut between shaft and shaft, called the drift- 
way : v. to be driven into heaps, as snow or sand ; to 
be driven along by a current of water, as the ship 
drifts; to drive into heaps: drifting, imp.: drifted, 
pp.: drift-bolts, steel bolts used to drive out other 
bolts: drift-sand, sand blown or driven by the wind : 
drift-wind, a wind that drives all before it: drift- 
wood, wood carried by a current of water. 

drill, n. dril (primary signification, as in thrill, 
trill, thirl, a shivering, a turning round, and hence a 
piercing: Dut. drillen, to shake— also applied to the 
brandishing of weapons: old Dut. drille, a hole: F. 
driller, to glitter), a pointed instr. for boring holes ; 
the act of training in military exercises : v. to pierce 
or bore with a drill ; to train to, as a soldier by mili- 
tary exercises ; to educate by repeated acts : drilling, 
imp.: drilled, pp. drild: drill-bow, n. a small bow for 
rapidly turning a drill : drill-sergeant, a non-com- 
missioned officer who trains soldiers: drill-master, 
one who teaches drill by way of gymnastics. 

drill, v. dril (Gael, drill, a drop : \V. drvll, a frag- 
ment : Sw. dralla, to scatter, to sow : W. rhill, a row 
or trench), to let corn dribble along a furrow or chan- 
nel like a trickling rill of water: n. in agriculture, a 
row of grain or seed sown or planted in a furrow ; the 
trench or channel so sown: drilling, imp.: drilled, 
pp. drild: drill-box, the box containing the seed for 
sowing: drill-grubber, -barrow, and -plough, instrs. 
used in drill husbandry. 

drink, n. drlngk {Goth, driqkan; Icel. drecka; Dan. 
drikke, to drink: Icel. dreckia, to sink under water), 
any liquid taken into the mouth and stomach for 
quenching thirst ; a beverage ; a draught ; a potion : 
v. to swallow a liquid, as water ; to suck in ; to ab- 
sorb ; to take alcoholic liquors ; to be intemperate : 
drink'ing, imp.: adj. pert, to the use of intoxicating 
liquors : n. the act of swallowing or absorbing ; the 
practice of partaking to excess of intoxicating liquors : 
drank, pt. drdngk.- drunk, pp. drungk. intoxicated: 
drunken, a. drungk'en, intemperate: drink'er, n. one 
who ; a tippler: to drink off, to drink the whole at a 
draught : to drink up, to drink the whole : to drink 
to, to salute or wish well to any one by drinking 
liquor: drinkable, a. -d-bl, fit or suitable for drink- 
ing: drink'ableness, n.: drinkless, a. without drink: 
drink-offering, an offering of wine, &c, in the reli- 
gious services of the Jews. 

drip, v. drip (AS. drypan, to drip: Icel. driupa; 
Dut. druppen, to fall in drops : Lith. dribti, to hansr, 
to fall as snow), to fall in drops ; to let fall in drops ; 
to have a liqu it in drops, as a wet gar- 

ment drips: n. that which falls in drops ; the edge of 
a roof; the eaves: dripping, imp.: dript or dripped, 
pp. dript: dripping, n. the fat from meat while roast- 
ing : dripping-pan, a pan for receiving the fat from 
meat roasting : drip-stone, a projecting slab or mould- 
ing to throw off the rain : drips, n. plu. steps made in 
flat roofs or in gutters. 

drive, v. driv (AS. drifan; Goth, dreiban; Ger. 
treiban, to urge forwards, to move under the influence 
of an overpowering force : Icel. dreifa, to scatter), to 
impel or urge forward by force ; to compel ; to guide 
or regulate, as the horses in a carriage; to distress; 
to press; to be forced along; to rush or press with 
violence ; to be moved by any force ; to tend to ; to 
aim at ; drive is the reverse of lead: n. a ride or ex- 
cursion in a carriage ; the road passed over: dri'ving, 
imp.: drove, pt. drov: driven, pp. driv'n: driver, n. 
drj'ver, one who, or that which: driving-wheel or 
driver, the wheel in a machine which communicates 
motion : to drive away, to scatter ; to force to a dis- 
tance : to drive off, to force to remove to a distance ; 
to depart, as in a carriage : to drive out, to expel : to 



drive a bargain, to haggle about the terms: to drive 
a trade, to carry on a trade. 

drivel, n. cMv'l (Gael, drabhas, filth: Icel. draft, 
loose, idle talk: Sw. drafird. nonsense: low. Ger. 
draueln, to speak in a childish, foolish manner), 
slaver ; saliva or spittle from the mouth : v. to let the 
saliva drop from the mouth ; to slaver ; to be weak 
or foolish : driv'elling, imp. drlv'llng: drivelled, pp. 
drlv'ld : driv'eller, n. -Ur, a fool ; a dotard. 

driven, v. and driver, n.— see drive. 

drizzle, v. driz'l (Ger. rieseln, to purl, as a brook; to 
fall in grains, as snow or small rain : Sw. droseln, to 
make arattlin- ■ ■ ■ i ng), to rain in 

small drops or fine rain: drizzling, imp. drlz'-llng: 
drizzled, pp. driz'ld .- driz'zly, a. -It, shedding a fine 
or light rain. 

droll, a, drol (F. dr6le, a wag, a comical fellow : low 
Ger. draueln, to speak in a childish manner), odd; 
laughable; merry; comical: n. a comical fellow; a 
jester; one who raises mirth or laughter: v. to jest; 
to play the Merry-Andrew; to cheat: drolling, imp.: 
drolled, pp. drold: drollery, n. -lcr-i, sportive tricks; 
comical gestures or manners: drol'lingly, ad. -li: 
drol'lish, a. somewhat droll. 

dromatherium, n. drom'd-the'rl-iim (Gr. dromaios, 
swift, and therion, a beast), a name given to a small 
fossil mammal, parts of which have been discovered 
in the New Red Sandstones. 

dromedary, n. drum'6-der-l (F. dromadaire— from 
Gr. dromas, a running, swift), the one-hump camel 
of Arabia, more swift of foot than the camel. 

drone, n. droit (AS. draen, the non-working bee— 
from the buzzing: sound it utters : Icel. drunr, a loud 
hollow noise: Gael, dranndan, humming, buzzing), 
the male of the honey-bee which makes no honey ; an 
idler; a sluggard; a dull humming sound; the larg- 
est pipe of the bagpipe : v. to emit a dull humming 
sound; to live idly: dro'ning, imp.: droned, pp. 
drond: dronish, a. -nish, idle; lazy: dro'nishly, 
ad. -ll: dro'nishness, n. 

droop, v. drop (Icel. dryp, to drip ; driupi, to hang 
the head), to hang down ; to lean forward or down- 
ward; to fail, sink, or decline; to languish from grief 
or other cause ; to faint or grow weak : drooping, 
imp.: drooped, pp. dr&pt: droop'ingly, ad. -II. 

drop, n. drdp (Dut. drop; Ger. tropfen; Icel. dropi, 
a drop: Icel. driupi, to drip), a small portion of a 
fluid; a very small quantity; a globule of a liquid; 
part of a gallows on which the criminal stands ; any- 
thing in the form of a globule of water: v. to pour or 
let fall a liquid, or to drop anything in small portions ; 
to dismiss or lay aside, as to drop a subject ; to utter 
slightly or briefly, as to drop a hint ; to sink or lower ; 
to fall ; to die suddenly ; to come to an end ; to have 
done with, as to drop an acquaintance ; to come un- 
expectedly, as to drop in : drop ping, imp.: n. a distil- 
ling ; a falling ; that which drops or falls : droppings, 
plu. the excrement or dung of animals : dropped, pp. 
dropt: droplet, n. -lit, a little drop: drop pingly, ad. 
-li: drops, n. plu. a medicine, the dose of which is 
measured by drops : to drop astern, in sailors' lan- 
guage, to slacken the speed of a vessel to allow an- 
other to pass her, or to be passed by a vessel sailing 
faster : to drop down, to sail or move down a river : 
drop-scene, in a theatre, a curtain suspended by 
pulleys, and which is made to fall down in front, of 
the stage. 

dropsy, n. drop'si (L. hydrops — from Gr. hudor, 
water— the word having been formerly written hydro- 
pisy), an unnatural collection of water in any part of 
the body: drop'sical, a. -sl-kdl, inclined to dropsy: 
drop'sied, a. -sid, having dropsy. 

drosky, n. dros'kl (Russ. drozhki), a four-wheeled 

open carriage used by the Russians — many kinds of 

ue now so called : dros'kies, plu. -kiz. 

drosometer, n. dro-som'S-ter (Gr. drosos, dew, and 
metron, a measure), an apparatus or instrument for 
determining the amount of dew deposited during a 
single night. 

dross, n. dros (AS. dros; Dut. droes, dregs, filth: F. 
drasche, lees), worthless matter separated from the 
better part ; any waste or refuse ; the scum or refuse 
of metals thrown off in melting ; impurity : dross'less, 
a. pure: dros'sy, a. -si, full of dross; impure; foul: 



dros'siness, n. -nes, foulness ; impurity. 

drought, n. drdiut (AS. druguth; Dut. drooghte; 
Scot, drouth— from. AS. dryg ; Dut. droogh, dry), dry- 
weather ; want of rain ; thirst : droughty, a. drdiu'-tt, 
wanting rain ; thirsty : drough'tiness, n. -nes, state 
coiv, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



DEOV 



166 



DUCT 



of dryness of the weather ; drouth, n. drdivth, dry 
weather ; thirst ; another spelling of drought : drou- 
thy, a. -thl, thirsty : drou'thiness, n. 

drove, v. drov, past tense of drive, which see. 

drove, n. drov (from drive: AS. drifan, to urge for- 
wards), a number of animals, as sheep or cattle, 
moving in a body; a crowd of people in motion: 
drover, n. dro'ver, one who drives cattle and sheep 
to market. 

drown, v. drown (Icel. dreckia, to sink under water : 
Dan. drukne, to drown), to overwhelm in water ; 
to destroy life by submersion in water ; to overflow ; 
to inundate; to perish in water: drowning, imp.: 
adj. perishing in water : n. the act of destroying life 
by immersion in water: drowned, pp. drownd. 

drowsy, a. drow'zl (Dut. droosen, to doze, to slum- 
ber: Dan. drose, to dawdle : low Ger. drbsseken, to 
slumber), inclined to sleep ; sleepy ; dull ; sluggish : 
drow'siness, n. -nSs, hea riness or dispi isition to sleep : 
drow'sily, ad. -II : drow'sy-headed, a. having a slug- 
gish disposition: drowse, v. drowz, to slumber; to 
grow heavy with sleep : drow'sing, imp. : drdwsed, 
pp. drowzd. 

drub, v. drub (Icel. drepa, to strike: Sw. drabba, 
to hit or knock), to thrash; to beat with a stick; to 
beat soundly: drub'bing, imp.: n. a sound beating: 
drubbed, pp. drubd. 

drudge, v. driij (AS. dreorjan, to work : Ir. drugaire, 
a slave or drudge : Manx, drug, a timber waggon), to 
work hard; to labour in mean offices: n. one who 
labours with toil and fat i om ployed in mean 
labour: drudg'ing, imp.: drudged, pp. drujd: drudg- 
ery, n. -er-i, hard and continuous labour ; ignoble toil : 
drudgingly, ad. -li. 

drug, n. drug (P. drogue, a drug : Dut. droog, dry, 
from their hot dry nature as once used: It. treggea; 
Sp. dragea; mod. Gr. tragema, sweetmeats— articles 
of that nature having formerly constituted the princi- 
pal stock of a druggist), any medicinal substance; 
any article slow of sale, or not saleable : v. to dose to 
excess with medicine ; to season or tincture with 
something offensive or injurious: drugging, imp. 
dosing with drugs: drugged, pp. drugd: drug'gist, 
n. -gist, one who deals in drugs. 

drugget, n. drug'gSt (F. droguet, a kind of stuff of 
wool, &c— from drogue, a stuff, trash), a coarse kind 
of woollen stuff, chiefly used for carpeting. 

druid, n. dri < I I ruidh, a sorcerer, a druid: 
L. druides, the priests and wise men of the Britons 
and Gauls), a minister or priest among the anc. Celts, 
Gauls, or Britons, who - - e esteemed the 

oak sacred, and sacrificed under it : dru'idism. n. -fern, 
the doctrines, rites, &c, of the druids: druid'ical, a. 
-i-kdl, pert, to the druids: druidess, n. a female 
druid. 

drum.n. drum (imitative of the sound: Icel. thruma, 
thunder : Dan. drum, a booming sound), a musical in- 
strument, hollow, round, and flat at the two ends, which 
are covered with parchment or vellum ; in machinery, 
a short cylinder moving on an axis ; anything resem- 
bling a drum in form : v. to beat or play on a drum : 
drumming, imp. : drummed, pp. drumd : to drum 
out, to expel ignominiously from the army: to drum 
up, to assemble, as by beat of drum: drum-major, 
first or chief drummer in a regiment : drum'mer, n. 
one who : drum of the ear, the internal membrane of 
the ear which conveys the impression of sound : drum- 
head, the parchment or skin stretched over one end 
of a drum : drumstick, n. a stick with which a drum 
is beaten, or anything resembling it : kettle-drum, n. 
a drum made of copper, shaped like half a globe or 
like a kettle, having thus only one parchment cover. 
drumly, i I >ul ; muddy, as water. 

drunk, a. drilngk (from drink, which see), overcome 
by alcoholic liquor ; intoxicated ; stupefied by the 
action of spirit on the stomach and brain : drunk'en, a. 
-6n, given to over-indulgence in alcoholic liquor ; done 
when intoxicated, as a drunken frolic : drunkard, n. 
■erd, one given to the excessive use of strong drink 
drunk'enness, n. -Sn-ne's, habitual intemperance. 

drupe, n. drdp (L. drupa; Gr. druppa, an over-ripe 
wrinkled olive), in bot., a fleshy or pulpy fruit without 
valves, containing a hard stony kernel, as the plum, 
cherry, or peach; a stone-fruit: dru'pel, n. dro'pel, 
a fleshy or pulpy fruit containing many small stony 
seeds,^ as the raspberry or blackberry : drupa'ceous, 
a. -pd'shiis, having the form of a drupe ; consisting of 
or producing drupes. 
driuo, a. droz (Gr. drosos, dew : Ger. druse), a hollow 
mate, mat, far, law; mete, m$t, 



or cavity in rocks lined or studded with crystals, 
sometimes filled with water : dru'sy, a. -zl, consisting 
of or covered with very minute crystals. 

Druses, n. plu. dro'zes, a remarkable religious 
sect inhabiting the districts of Mount Lebanon, and 
speaking Arabic. 

dry, a. drl (AS. drig; Dut. droog; Ger. trocken; 
Icel. thurr; Dan. tor, dry, arid), free from water or 
moisture ; not rainy not juicy ; arid ; thirsty ; barren ; 
void of interest, as applied to persons ; sarcastic ; 
severe ; humorous : v. to free from water or moisture, 
as by wiping ; to lose moisture: drying, imp.: dried, 
pt. or pp. drld: dry'er or dri'er, n. he who or that 
which dries : drily or dryly, ad. drl'll, without mois- 
ture; coldly; without all'ect.iou ; sarcastically: dry- 
ness, n. : dry-goods, woollen and cotton cloths, &c, 
as distinguished from groceries: dry-rot, li. a rapid 
decay of timber by which its substance is converted 
into a dry powder : dry'sal'ter, n. -sawl'ter, formerly, 
a dealer in dry or salted meats; now, a dealer in 
gums, drugs, dye-stuffs, and in chemical substances 
generally : drysaltery, n. -I, the goods or business of 
a drysalter : dry- wines, wines free from sugary matter : 
dry-nurse, a nurse who brings up children without 
the breast : to dry up, to deprive wholly of moisture : 
dry-shod, a, withoul ettin : the feet. 

dryad, n. drl'-dd (L. dryades, nymphs of the woods— 
from Gr. drus, an oak-tree), a deity or nymph sup- 
posed to watch over woods. 

dual, a. du'-dl (L. duo, two), expressing the number 
two: du'ad.n. -ad, a union of two: du'alism.n. -dl-izm, 
the doctrine of two separate and independent princi- 
ples in man, the spiritual and corporeal; the doctrine 
of two independent principles or deities in nature, the 
good and the evil: du'alist, n. -1st, one who adopts 
dualism : du'alis'tic, a. -is'tlk, consisting of two : 
duality, n. -dl'-i-H, state or quality of being two ; that 
which expresses two. 

dub, n. dub (Fris. dobbe, a puddle, a swamp : Scot. 
dub), a small pool of rain-water ; a puddle ; a gutter. 

dub, v. diib (Prov. adobar, to arrange, to prepare : 
F. douber, to rig or trim a ship : Sp. adobar, to dress 
or make anything up : but probably the root may be 
no other than the old Eng. dup, a contraction for 
do up, to dress, to invest with), to confer the title of 
knighthood by a slight tap with a sword ; to invest 
with any dignity or new character ; to cut down or 
dress with an adze, as a plank of wood: dub'bing, 
imp. : dubbed, pp. dubd: to dub cloth, to dress it 
with teasels : to dub a cock, to prepare it for fighting 
by cutting off its comb and wattles: dub'bing, n. 
(Bohem. dub, oak-bark ; dubiti, to tan), a dressing of 
flour and water used by weavers ; a mixture of taliow, 
&c, for dressing leather. 

dubious, a. du-bl-us (L. dubius, doubtful: It. dubio), 
not settled ; doubtful ; not clear or obvious ; uncertain: 
dubiously, ad. -li : du'biousness, n. : dubi'ety, n. -bl- 
e-ti, doubtfulness: dulritable, a. -bl-td-bl, doubtful; 
uncertain: du'bitably, ad. -bit. 

ducal, a. du'kdl(F. ducal; It. ducale, pert, to a duke 
—from L. duco, I lead ; dux, a leader), pert, to a duke : 
duchess, n. duch'-es, the wife or widow of a duke : 
ducat, n. duk'dt, coin first struck by a duke ; a coin 
of silver or gold much used on the Continent : duc'a- 
toon, n. -ton, a coin varying in value on the Conti- 
nent : duchy, n. duch'i, the possessions of a duke. 

duck, n. duk (Dut. duycken, to bow the head, to 
sink it under water : Bav. ducken, to press down), a 
well-known water-fowl ; a kind of canvas (Ger. tuch, 
cloth); a vulgar term of endearment ; a quick inclina- 
tion of the head, resembling the motion of a duck's 
head in water : v. to plunge or dip among water, and 
then withdraw, as the head ; to stoop ; to bow : duck - 
ing, imp. : n. immersion in water: ducked, pp. dukt: 
duckling, n. a young duck : duck'er, n. one who, or 
that which: to make ducks and drakes, to throw a 
stone obliquely on the water, so as to strike it, and 
rebound repeatedly ; to squander money as heedlessly 
as children throwing stones along the surface of water : 
ducking-stool, n. a mode of punishment for scolding 
women, who were placed on a stool, and then let 
down into the water— should be written cucking-stool 
as the proper term: duck'weed, n. a native water- 

Elant, common in fresh-water lakes and ponds : duck- 
jgged, a. short-legged. 

duct, n. dukt (F. duit, a duct : L. ductus, led— from 
duco, I lead), a tube or pipe for conveying a fluid; a 
canal. 
ductile, a. duk'til (L. ductilis, that may be drawn 



',r; pine, pin; note, not, mOve 



DUDG 



167 



DUPL 



yielding; tractable: ductility, n. -l-tl, the property 
possessed in a greater or less degree by all the metals 
of being beaten or drawn out without fracturing or 



breaking; flexibility; obsequiousness: duc'tilely, 
■Li: due tileness, n. 

dudgeon, n. dtij'un (W. dygen, anger, grudge), in- 
ward anger or resentment ; sullenness ; a dagger (Ger. 
dcjfu, a sword). 

due, a. dil (old F. deuvre; L. debere, to be necessary 
as a duty, to owe: It. dovuto, duty, right: mod. F. dd, 
clue), that ought to be paid or done to another; owing 
to; fit; proper; that ought to arrive at a certain 
time specified, as a ship or train ; exact or exactly, as 
due east ; seasonable ; becoming : n. that which is 
owed or may be justly claimed ; right ; just title ; a toll 
or fee : duly, ad. -li, properly ; fitly ; regularly ; at the 
proper time: over-due, behind in time or payment: 
dues, n. plu. duz, certain taxes, rates, or payments. 

duel, n. dil'Sl (F. — from L. duellum, a battle be- 
tween two — from duo, two), a battle or combat be- 
tween two persons with deadly weapons : du'elling, 
n. the act or practice of righting in single combat : du'- 
ellist or du'eller, n. one who tights in single combat. 

duenna, n. du-in'ncl (Sp. duena— from L. domina, 
the mistress of a family), in Spain, an old woman kept 
to award a younger one ; a governess. 

duet, u. du-et' (It. duetto^-from L. duo, two), a song 
or air in two parts, for two voices or instruments : 
duet'to, n. -to (It.), a duet. 

dug, n. dug (Sw. dagga, to give suck— see dairy), 
the teat or pap of a cow or other, beast : dug, pp. of 
the verb dig, which see. 

dugong, n. du'-gong (Malayan, duyong), a large ceta- 
ceous animal, resembling the seal and walrus, which 
lives wholly on vegetable substances ; the sea-cow. 

duke, n. duk(L.duco, I lead; dux, a leader: F. due: 
It. duca), a title of nobility of the highest order ; a 
chief; a prince: dukedom, n. the territory, title, or 
quality of a duke : duchess, n. duch'-es, the wife of a 
duke : du'eal, &c— see ducal. 

dulcamara, n. diil'ka-md'-nl (L. dulcis, sweet, and 
amarus, bitter), a common British hedge-plant, 
commonly called "bitter-sweet" or "woody night- 
shade," so named from its stalks or root when chewed 
first tasting bitter, and then sweet. 

dulcet, did'- set (L. dulcis, sweet), sweet to the taste 
or ear ; melodious ; harmonious : dulcify, v. did'-sl-fl 
(L. facio, I make), to make sweet; to sweeten: dul'- 
cifying, imp.: dulcified, pp. -fid: dul'cimer, n. -mer 
(Sp. dulcemele— from dulcis, sweet, and L. and Gr. 
vielos, a tune or air), an anc. musical instrument. 

dulia, n. du'll-d (Gr. douleia, service: F. dulie), an 
inferior worship paid to saints— distinguished from 
latria. 

dull, a. dill (Goth, dvals, foolish: Icel. dvali; Sw. 
dicala, giddiness, stupefaction: old H. Ger. dualm, 
torpor, sleep : Gael, dull, blind, obscure), the primary 
idea is a stoppage of the faculties or powers proper to 
the subject; without spirit; not cheerful; stupid; 
slow of understanding ; slow of hearing ; slow to learn ; 
not bright or clear; dim; obscure; blunt; cloudy: 
v. to make dull; to stupefy; to blunt; to tarnish: 
dulling, imp. : dulled, pp. diild: dullard, n. -lerd, a 
blockhead: adj. stupid: dully, ad. -II, stupidly : dul- 
ness, n. 

dulse, n. diils (Scot.), a common sea-plant, of a red- 
dish-brown colour, eaten in some parts of Scotland. 

duly, ad. du'll (see due), properly; fitly; regularly. 

dumb, a. dilm (Icel. dumba, darkness : Dan. dura, 
dim, obscure : Ger. dump/, hollow, dead— applied to 
sound : Dut. dom, blunt, dull), mute ; silent ; unable 
to speak: dumbly, ad. -II: dumbness, n. : dumb- 
bells, n. weights swung in the hands for exercise : 
dumb-show, n. signs and gestures without words : to 
strike dumb, to astonish ; to confound ; to deprive of 
the powers of speech through some sudden emotion : 
dumb-waiter, a framework made to act between the 
kitchen and dining-room, for conveying food ; a piece 
of furniture for the table, consisting of a series of cir- 
cular revolving shelves one above the other, by 
means of which the various articles required may be 
easily reached : dumfound or dumfounder, dum-fown- 
dcr, in familiar language, to strike dumb; to con- 
fuse with sudden astonishment: dum'my, n. -ml, one 
who is dumb ; a representation of a full package or 
case, and meant to deceive ; at whist, the name of the 
open hand when three play. 

coin, boy, foot; pure, I 



dumose, a. da-rags' (L. dumosus, covered with 
bushes— from dumus, a thorn-bush), bushy; full of 
bushes or briers ; having a low, shrubby aspect. 

dumps, n. plu. dilmps (Dut. domp or damp, a 
vapour), sulkiness; pettishness ; gloominess; sullen- 
ness; low spirits; melancholy: dumpish, a. sullen; 
dull: dump'ishly, ad. -II: dump'ishness, n. 

dumpy, a. diim'pl (probably from the sound of a 
blow, from the syllables dab or dub, a blow ; dab, a 
small lump: Dan. dubbet, dumpy), short and thick: 
humpty-dumpty, n. hum'-tl-dum'-tl, a short thick per- 
son : dum'pling, n. -pling, a round pudding, usually 
cooked by boiling. 

dun, n. dun (imitative of a droning sound : Icel. 
duna, to thunder : AS. dunung, a noise), an importu- 
nate creditor or visitor : v. to urge for payment of a 
debt ; to call or ask for frequently : dun'ning, imp. 
importuning: dunned, pp. dftnd. 

dun, a. dun (Gael, duin, to shut close : Manx, doon, 
to darken : Dut. doncker, dark in colour : Ger. dunkel, 
dark), of a dark-brown colour : dun'nish, a. -nlsh, a 
little brown in colour : dun'stone, n. a term applied 
to certain magnesian limestones of a dun or cream 
colour, extremely hard, and rich in lead and calamine. 

dun, dun— see dune. 

dunce, n. duns (from Duns Scotus, the great leader 
of the schoolmen in the dark ages, and opposed to the 
revival of learning, called alter hi m < / mis men or dunce- 
men), one who is dull or weak in intellect ; one slow 
at learning ; a dolt : dune ish, a. -Ish, like a dunce : 
dunce'dom, n. the realm or domain of dunces. 

dunder, n. dun'-dcr, (Sp. ralundar, to overflow), the 
lees or dregs of cane-juice, used in the distillation of 
rum. 

dunderhead, n. dun'der-hid (Sw. dunser, a heavy- 
footed man), a stupid fellow ; a dunce : dunder- 
headed, a. thick-headed ; stupid. 

dune, n. dun (Celtic, dim, a hill, a fortified place: 
F. dune, a sandhill), a low hill of moving sand on the 
coast ; a rude circular building with conical roof. 

dung, n. dung (Dan. dygge, to sprinkle with water : 
prov. Dan. dung, wet through : Sw. dynga, muck : 
Ger. dungen, to manure), the refuse or filth from ani- 
mals ; excrement ; anything filthy or rotten : v. to 
manure with dung : dunging, imp. : dunged, pp. 
dungd : dung'y, a. -I, filthy ; lull of dung : dunghill, 
a heap of dung ; a dirty, vile abode : adj. sprung from 
the dunghill ; base ; mean. 

dungeon, n. dun'jun (F. donjon, the large tower of a 
fortress— from mid. L. dominio, domgio, or dongeo, a 
tower, a work of defence — from domus, a house), 
originally the large and strongest tower of a fortress, 
to which the garrison could retreat in case of neces- 
sity, the lower apartments of such being used as pri- 
sons ; a close dark prison, commonly underground ; 
any deep dark place : dun'geoned, pp. a. -fund, con- 
fined in a dungeon. 

dunnage, n. dun'ndj (probably Gael, dun, a mound, 
a hill ; or Manx, doon, to close, to darken), loose sub- 
stances laid on the bottom of a ship as a bed for heavy 

° dunned, dunning, dunnish— see dun. 

dunning, n. dun'-ning (from dun, of a dark-brown 
colour), in Amer., a particular method of curing cod- 
fish. 

duodecimal, a. du'6-dSs'l-mdl (L. duodecim, twelve 
— from duo, two, and decern, ten), computing by 
twelves : du'odec'imals, n. plu., a rule in arithmetic ; 
a kind of multiplication in which the denominations 
proceed by twelves : duodecimo, n -mo, a book hav- 
ing twelve leaves to a sheet : du'odec'imally, ad. -II. 

duodenum, n. du'6-de'num (L. duodeni, twelve each), 
the first of the small intestines immediately succeed- 
ing the stomach, which in man is about twelve inches 
inlength : du'ode'nal, a. -ndl, connected with, or re- 
lating to, the duodenum. 

dupe, n. dup (F. dupe, one who lets himself be de- 
ceived—from duppe, the bird called the hoopoe), 
one who is deceived ; one easily led astray ; a credu- 
lous person : v. to cheat ; to trick ; to deceive by im- 
posing on one's credulity : du'ping, imp. : duped, pp. 
dupt : du'per, n. one who : du'pery, n. -per-%, the act 
or practice of duping. 

duplicate, a. du'-pli-kat (L. duplicatum, to double— 
from duo, two, and plico, I fold : It. duplicare : F. 
dupliquer), double ; twofold : n. a second thing cor- 
responding to the first ; a copy; a pawnbroker's ticket: 
v. to double ; to fold : duplicating, imp. : du'pli- 
ca'ted, pp. : du'plica'tion, n. -ka'-shun, the act of 
chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



DUPP 



168 



DYSU 



doubling : du'plica'ture, n. -tur, a doubling ; a fold : 
duplicity, n. dii-plls'-i-tl, doubleness of heart or 
speech ; deceit ; deception. 

dupper, dup'per, or dubber, n. dtib'bei (liinfi. <ini, 
dah), a short-necked globular bottle made of buffalo- 
hide, for containing oils, &c, when sent from India. 

durable, a. du'rd-bl (L. durabilis, lasting, durable 
— fromdwrMS, hard : It. dnrubile: F. durable), having 
the quality of lasting long ; not wearing out or decay- 



long without perishing. 

dura-mater, n. du'-rd-ma'-ter (L. durus, hard, and 
mater, a mother), the outer membrane which sur- 
rounds the brain ; the inner membrane is called pia- 
mater. 

duramen, n. du-ra'men (L. duramen, hardness— 
frrina durus, hard), the inner or heart wood of a tree ; 
the harder and more highly coloured portion of trees 
and branches. 

durance, n. du'rdns(L. durans, enduring, lasting: It. 
duranza, duration), imprisonment ; custody ; restraint 
of the person: dura'tion, n. -ra'shun, continuance; 
length in time ; power of continuance ; permanency : 
duress', n. -res' (old F. duresse), constraint, actual 
or threatened , imp* isoui.n ni, <■:...,- i, ( ,i iih<-.; v 

durbar, n. der'-bdr (Hind, darbar— from Pers. dar, 
a gate, and bar, a court, an assembly), an audience- 
hall in India ; the court of a native prince ; the formal 
reception of native princes, as at the court of a sove- 
reign, by the Governor-General of India for political 
purposes. 

durdum, n. der'-dum, a familiar name for a great 
noise or uproar. 

duress— see durance. 

during, prep, du'rlng (L. duro, I last or continue), 
holding on for ; in the course of ; while anything lasts. 

durra, dur'rd, a kind of millet grown in N. Africa. 

durst, v. de.rst— see dare. 

dusk, n. dusk (from I Ing dull: Sw. dusk, dull wea- 
ther: Dan. dulsk, dull, lifeless: Icel. doska, to daw- 
dle, to delay), a tending to darkness; twilight; state 
between light and darkness: adj. moderately dark ; 
tending to darkness: dus'kish, a. moderately dark: 
dus'kishly, ad. -II: dus'kily, ad. -ki-ll, with partial 
darkness : dus'kiness, also dus'kishness, n. approach 
to darkness : dusky, a. -kl, partially dark ; obscure ; 
gloomy; oveivast. 

dust, n. dust (Icel. dust; Gael, dus, dust: Dut. 
donst, vapour, flour: Ger. dunst, vapour), particles of 
matter so fine and dry that they may be raised and 
scattered by the wind; fine powder; earth; mortality; 
death ; a low or mean condition : v. to free from dust ; 
to sprinkle with flour or powder : dust'ing, imp. : 
dust'ed, pp. : dust'er, u. one who or that which : 
dusty, a. dus'-ti, covered with dust ; pert, to dust : dus'- 
tiness, n. -nes, state of being dusty : dust-brush, n. a 
light feather or hair brush for removing dust from fur- 
niture, &c. : dust-cart, a cart employed to take away 
rubbish and refuse from dwelling-houses : dust-hole, 
n. an ashpit : dust-man, a scavenger ; one employed 
to take away dirt and refuse : dust-pan, n. a broad 
flat shovel for taking away dust from an apartment : 
to bite the dust, to fall or be thrown, as in a contest 
or battle: to kick up a dust, in familiar language, to 
make a disturbance : to throw dust in one's eyes, to 
confuse ; to bewilder ; to deceive. 

Dutch, a. duch, pert, to Holland— its language or 
inhabitants : Dutch-clinkers, long narrow bricks from 
Holland, very hard, and appearing as if vitrified: 
Dutch-gold, n. an alloy of copper and zinc : Dutch- 
leaf or foil, an alloy of copper and zinc beaten into 
thin leaves— also called Dutch-mineral or metal. 

duteous, a. du'tl-us (from duty, which see), obedi- 
ent ; fulfilling duty : du'teously, ad. -li: du'teousness, 

duty, n. du'tl (from due; It. dovuto; old F. deuti; 
duty, right: F. du, duty), the obedience which one 
owes to another, as to a parent or superior; that 
which a person is bound to pay, do, or perform ; tax, 
impost, or toll ; service ; business : du'tiable, a. -d-bl, 
in commerce, liable to duty or duties: du'tiful, a. 
-fool, respectfm obedient as to parents or superiors ; 
required by duty: du'tifully, ad. -II: du'tifulness, n. 

duumvir, n. du-um'vir, plu. duum'viri, -vir-l (L. 
duo, two, vir, a man), in anc. Rome, one of two 
united in the same public office: duum'virate, n. 
-vl-rCd, two men united in the same office; the office 
itself: duum'viral, a. -vi-rdl, pert, to a duumvirate. 



dwale, n. dwal (from dull: Sw. dwala, fainting, 
stupefaction : Dan. dvale-drik, a soporific), the deadly 
nightshade; in her., a sable or black colour. 

dwarf, n. dioawrf (AS. dweorg: Icel. dvergr: Sw. 
diverf), any animal or plant much below the usual 
size ; a man or woman much under the ordinary 
height; a page or attendant on a knight in olden 
times : v. to hinder from growing to the natural size : 
dwarfing, imp. making or keeping small : dwarfed, 
pp. dinner ft: dwar'nsh, a. -fish, like a dwarf; very 
small : dwar'fishly, ad. -II : dwar'fishness, n. 

dwell, v. dwel (Dut. dwaelen, to go about, as op- 
posed to going straight: AS. dwelian, to deceive: 
Icel. dvelia, to hinder: Dan. dvcele, to dwell, to lin- 
ger), to live in a place ; to inhabit ; to reside ; to abide 
for a time ; to be in a state or condition ; to continue 
long; to linger on with affection: dwelling, imp.: 
n. a place of residence ; a habitation : dwelt, pt. and 
pp. dwelt: dweller, n. one who: dwelling-house, 
a settled residence: dwelling-place, a residence; 
a place of abode: to dwell on or upon, to occupy 
a long time with ; to continue on, as to dwell on a 
subject. 

dwindle, v. dwtn'dl (AS. divinan ; low Ger. divanen, 
to fade, to vanish : Icel. dvina, to diminish), to leave 
off; to become less; to shrink; to consume or waste 
away ; to degenerate : dwin'dling, imp. : dwin'dled, 

pp. -did: dwine, V. dinn (;•■ [>e-> '/i.n i;; 1 : ■- 1 » • ■ ' I ■ ii-_- >■ 

dwindle), to waste away ; to pine : dwi'ning, imp. : 
dwined, pp. dwlnd. 

dwt., a contraction for penny-weight : d. tor penny; 
wt., the first and last letters of weight. 

dye, v. di (AS. deaa, a dye, a colour: Dan. dygge, to 
sprinkle with water), to colour; to stain; to tinge 
deeply : n. colouring matter ; colour ; stain : dyeing, 
imp. -ing-. n. the art or trade of fixing colours in 
various fabrics : dyed, pp. did : dyer, n. one who 
dyes: dye-house, n. the building in which the opera- 
tion of dyeing is carried on: dye-stuffs, n. plu. a 
general name for the vegetable and mineral sub- 
stances used in dyeing or staining. 

dying, a. di'-ing (from die, which see), perishing ; 
losing life ; wasting away ; mortal : given or uttered 
just before death ; pert, to death : dy'ingly, ad. -II. 

dyke, n. dik (Scot, a wall or fence— see dike), in 
geol., applied to wall-like intrusions of igneous rocks, 
which fill up rents and fissures in 1 he si, ratified rocks. 

dynamics, n. plu. di-ndm'-iks (Gr. dunamis, power), 
the science that treats of the laws regulating the 
force or power of moving bodies: dynamical, a. -i-Ml, 
pert, to dynamics ; also dynamic, a. -Ik : dynami- 
cally, ad. -li: dyn'amom'eter, n. -mom'S-ter (Gr. met- 
ron, a measure), an instr. for measuring the relative 
strength of men and animals, &c. : dyn'amite, n. din' 
d-m.it, a new explosive agent, consisting of porous 
silica, saturated with nitro-glycerine : dynam'eter, n. 
-d-ter (Gr. metron, a measure), an instr. for ascertain- 
ing the magnifying power of telescopes : dyn'amet'ri- 
cal, a. -met'ri-Ml, pert, to a dynameter. 

dynasty, n. din'ds-ti (Gr. dunastes, a lord or chief : 
F. dynastie), a race or succession of kings of the 
same family or line: dynastic, a. di-nds'tik, relating- 
to a dynasty ; also dynas'tical, a. -ti-kdl. 

dys, dis (Gr. dus), a Gr. prefix only used in compo- 
sition, and indicating badness, evil, as opposed to Gr. 
eu, signifying goodness. 

dysaesthesia, n. dis'ez-thez'4-a (Gr. dus, badly, and 
aisthanomai, I feel), in path., impaired power of 
feeling. 

dysentery, n. dls'Sn-ter'i (Gr. dus, badly, and entera, 
the bowels), a flux or looseness of the bowels, accom* 
panied with a discharge of blood and mucus, and grip- 
ing pains: dys'enterlc, a. -ik, pert, to or proceeding 
from dysentery. 

dysodile, n. dis'6-dil (Gr. dusodes, fetid, and this, 
mud), a bituminous shale or Tertiary mud, evidently 
of animal origin, and emitting a highly fetid odour 
when burnt. 

dyspepsia, n. dis-pip'-si-d (Gr. dus, badly, anipepto. 
I digest), bad digestion; difficulty of digestion; also 
dyspep'sy, n. -si: dyspep'tic, a. -tik, afflicted with 
dyspepsia: n. a person amicti d with bad digestion. 

dysphagia, n. <n. ta'-ji-o (Gr. dus, badly, and phago, 
I eat), in med., difficulty of swallowing. 

dyspnoea, ii 1 u s, badly, and pneo, I 

breathe), a difficulty of breathing. 

dysuria, n. dis-u'ri-d (Gr. dus, badly, and oureo, I 
pass urine), difficulty in making urine : a morbid con- 
dition of the urine: dysu'ric, a. -rile, pert. to. 



mate, mdt, far, law; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, move; 



169 



e, in music, the third note of the diatonic scale. 

e, a prefix, meaning out of, from— see ex. 

each, a. cch (AS. ock ; low Ger. elk— from AS. cc, ever, 
and lie, like), one of two; every; every one of any 
number considered separately. 

eager, a. c-gir[F. aigre, sharp, biting— from L. acer, 
severe, sharp : It. agro, sour, severe), ardently desir- 
ous ; vehement ; impetuous ; earnest ; keen : eagerly, 
ad. -II: eagerness, n. earnestness; ardour of inclina- 
tion. 

eagle, n. e'gl (F. aigle: It. and L. aquila), a large 
bird of prey ; from the figure of an eagle. The military 
standard of anc. Rome, novo of France, and of U. S. -of 
Aruer.; in A mer. a gold coin equal to It) dollars: eagle- 
eyed, a. sharp-sighted : eaglet, n. C-ilct, a young eagle : 
eagle-stone, a variety of iron ore having a concentric 
structure, fabled to have been hatched in the nest of 
the eagle. 

eagre or egre, n. e'ger; also spelt hygre or higre, 
n. hVgir (AS. egor, the sea, water: Icel. asger, ter- 
rible—see higre), the English name applied to the 
tidal bore ; a hollow and harsh roar caused in certain 
rivers by the rapid and violent advance of a spring- 
tide asrainst the current of a river— see bore. 

ear, n. er (L. auris; Goth, auso; Icel. eyra; Ger. 
ohr, an ear), the organ of hearing; thepowerorfaculty 
of readily distinguishing musical sounds ; attention ; 
heed; regard: eared, a. erd, having ears : earless, a. 
without ears : ear-piercing, a. very shrill : ear-ache, 
n. -uk, pain in the ear : ear-bones, certain bones con- 
nected with the organs of hearing: ear-drum, n. the 
membrane stretched across the internal ear, like the 
parchment of a drum ; the tympanum : ear-ring, n. 
a drop or pendant on the ear as an ornament : ear- 
trumpet, n. an instr. to enable the somewhat deaf to 
hear more distinctly ; ear- wax, n. the thick brownish 
substance which gathers inside the ear : ear-shot, with- 
in reach of the hearing : earwig, n. (AS. wigga, a creep- 
ing thing), an insect having a forked tail, supposed, 
but ignorantly, to enter the ear : v. to get into a per- 
son's confidence or good graces by telling tales of 
others : earwig'ging, imp.: n. thegaining of confidence 
and good graces by whispered and covert statements 
about others : earwigged', pp. -u-igcl' : ear-witness, n. 
one who can testify from his own hearing; one who 
hears a thing : to set by the ears, to make strife ; to 
cause to quarrel : over head and ears, or up to the 
ears, in an extreme degree. 

ear, n. er (AS. cechir; Ger. ahre; Dut. cere, an ear 
of corn), the head or top part of corn containing seeds : 
v. to form ears, as corn : ear'ing, imp. : eared, pp. 
erd: adj. having ears. 

earing, n. ir'-utg (AS. em-ian: Dut. eren; L. arare, 
to plough), the ploughing of fields— see Gen. xlv. 6 : 
Ex. xxxiv. 21. 

earl, n. erl, (Icel. iarl, a prince, a viceroy: Gael, iar- 
fhlath, pronounced iarrl, a dependent chief — from iar, 
after, and fiat h, lord: AS. eorl, a man of noble birth), 
in Great Britain, a nobleman third in rank, being 
above a viscount and below a marquis : earl'dom, n. 
-dum, the possessions or dignity of an earl: earl- 
marshall, n. in England, one of the great officers of 
state, who regulates ceremonies, takes cognisance of 
all matters relating to honour, arms, and pedigree, 
and superintends the proclamation of peace or war. 

early, a. er'll (AS. azr, before ; cerlice, early : Icel. adr, 
before), prior in season or time ; coming soon ; before 
or in advance of others : ad. soon ; betimes ; ear li- 
ness, n. 

earn, v. em (Dut. arne, harvest ; arnen, to reap : 
Ger. ernte, harvest : Bav. arnen, to receive as a reward 
of labour), to gain or win by labour ; to reap the fruit 
of one's labour ; to merit or deserve : earn'ing, imp. : 
earned, pp. ernd: earnings, n. plu. ern'ingz, that 
which is earned ; wages ; reward. 

earnest, a. ern'Sst (Ger. ernst; Dut. ernsten, to en- 
deavour : AS. georn, desirous), done with a will ; with 
hearty endeavour to attain the end aimed at ; eager 
to obtain ; zealous ; sincere ; serious : earn'estly, ad. 
-II: earn'estness, n. seriousness; serious event; 
not a feigned appearance : in earnest, not in jest ; 
really intent on. 

earnest, n. Crn'esi (oldF. arres or ernes; "W. ernes; 



L. arrha, a deposit, a pledge), money given in hand 
to assure a bargain ; first-fruits ; pledge ; assurance : 
in Scot., axles, n. plu. ar'lz, another form of L. arrha. 

earnings— see under earn. 

earth, n. erth (Goth, airtha ; Icel. jord; Ger. erde ; 
LS. eorth, earth : Gr. craze, to the ground), mould ; 
hole of a fox ; the mass of the globe ; the ground ; 
land; the world; its inhabitants; in chetn., a solid, 
opaque, friable substance, without lustre, and incom- ' 
bustible : v. to hide in the ground ; to cover with 
mould ; to burrow : earthing, imp. : earthed, pp. 
crtht: earthen, a. irth'-n, made of earth: earthen- 
ware, n. household utensils made of clay and hard- 
ened in the fire: earthly, a. -II, pert, to this world; 
gross: earth liness, n. : earth ling, n. -ling, an in- 
habitant of the earth ; a mortal : earth'y, a. -i, con- 
sisting of, resembling, or relating to, earth : earth'i- 
ness, n. -nes, qualify of being earthy ; grossness : 
earth'quake, n. -kicdk, a shaking or trembling of the 
earth : earth-born, a. earthly ; human : earth-nut, a 
kind of tuber growing wild in the earth ; the pignut : 
earth's crust, n. the external rind or shell of our 
planet accessible to human investigation: earth of 
bone, a phosphate of lime existing in bones after cal- 
cination: earth-foam, a fine light scaly variety of 
calcite or calc-spar : earth-work, an embankment, 
cutting, or fortification made of earth : earth-worm, 
a worm that lives in the ground ; a mean, sordid crea- 
ture : earthly-minded, a. having a mind devoted to 
the things of the earth. 

earwig, n.— see ear. 

ease, n. ez (F. aise ; It. asio; Port, azo, conveni- 
ence, leisure: Gael, athais, ease), rest from labour; 
freedom from pain, want, or anxiety ; freedom from 
difficulty; freed, in from constraint or formality: v. 
to give relief or rest to; to free from pain ; to allevi- 
ate ; to pacify: easing, imp. e'zing: eased, pp. ezd: 
easement, n. ez'-ment, that which gives ease ; conveni- 
ence ;• assistance : easy, a. e'-zi, free from pain or an- 
noyance ; free from anxiety or care ; quiet ; not diffi- 
cult or laborious ; not rough or uneven ; complying ; 
satisfied; comfortable ; not stiff or constrained; cred- 
ulous : easily, ad. -21 : ea'siness, n. : at ease, without 
pain or anxiety. 

easel, n. c'zl, (Ger. esel, an ass), the frame on which 
painters place their canvas while painting. 

east.n. est (Ger. ost; Icel. atist, the east: Esthon. ea, 
ice ; east, from the ice, the icy wind), that part of the 
heavens where the sun rises ; the eastern parts of the 
earth: adj. toward the rising sun: east'erly, a. -tr-li, 
situated toward the east ; looking toward the east : 
adv. in the direction of east : east'ern, a. -era, living 
or dwelling in the direction of the east ; oriental : 
east erling, n. the native of a country eastward of 
another: easting, n. among seamen, the distance a 
ship makes good in an east direction : the East, east- 
ernregions; Asiatic countries: eastward, ad. -icaa-rd, 
also eastwards (AS. v-eord, direction), towards the 
east : the eastward, n. the direction towards the east. 

Easter, n.es'ter( AS. E ti hose festival 

was held in April), a festival in Christian countries 
commemorating the resurrection of Christ. 

easy, &c— see ease. 

eat, v. et (Goth, itan; Ger. essen; L. edere, to eatl, 
to consume, as food with the mouth ; to wear away 
or corrode; to gnaw; to take food : eat'ing, imp. : n. 
the act of chewing and swallowing food: ate, pt. et: 
eaten, pp. et'n: eat'able, a. -a-U, that which can be 
eaten, or is fit for food : n. anything used for food, 
usually in the plu. : eat'er, n. one who : eat'age, n. 
-aj (from eat : Fris. etten, to pasture), pasturage, or 
the eatable growth of either grass or corn field— same as 
eddish: eating-house, n. ahouse where ready-dressed 
provisions are sold : to eat one's words, to withdraw 
or retract them. 

eau, n. o (F. water), an essence or perfumed spirit : 
eau-de-Cologne, -de-ko-lon', water of Cologne ; a per- 
fume : eau-de-vie -de-re, water of life ; brandy. 

eaves, n. plu. evz (AS. efese, margin, edge ; efesian, to 
shave: old Dut. ovese; Fris. ose, eaves), the part of the 
roof of a house that overhangs the wall : eavesdrop, 



"-"> "boy, foot; pure, Md; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



EBB 



170 



ECTH 



what is being said within doors : eavesdropping, lis- 
tening at doors or windows to what is said within: 
eavesdropper, n. one who listens at doors or windows 
for curiosity, or for the purpose of tattling ; an insidi- 
ous listener. 

ebb, n. 6b (Ger. and Dut. ebbe, the falling back of the 
tide : Ger. aben, to fall off, to sink— connected with 
evening), the reflux or flowing back of the tide ; de- 
cline ; a falling from, a better to a worse state : v. to 
flow back, as the tide ; to return, as the waters of the 
sea ; to decay or decline : eb'bing, imp. : n. the flow- 
ing back of the tide: ebbed, pp. ebd: ebb-tide, n. the 
retiring tide. 

ebony, n. eb'on-l (L. ebenus ; Gr. ebenos, the ebon- 
tree : It. ebeno; F. ebene), a hard, heavy, black wood ; 
the tree itself: eb'onise, v. -iz, to make black : eb'onis'- 
ing, imp. : eb'onised, pp. -Izd: ebon, a. eb'on, of or 
like ebony ; black. 

ebracteate, a. e-brdk'H-dt (L. e, from, and bractea, 
a thin layer of wood), in bot., without a bract or floral 
leaf. 

ebriety, n. Sbrl'4-tl, for inebriety (L. ebrietas, 
drunkenness), into icatioi irunkenness. 

ebullition, n. 6b'ul-llsh'un, (L. ebullio, I boil or 
bubble up— from e, out, and bulla, a bubble), the boil- 
ing of liquids ; the agitation or bubbling up of a 
liquid, caused by particles of it being changed into 
steam ; effervescence ; an outward display of feeling, 
as of anger: ebbullient, a. e-bul'-yent, boiling over: 
ebul'liency, n. -yen-si, a, boiling over. 

eburnean, a. 6-ber'nl-dn (L. ebur, ivory), made of 
ivory: eburnation, n. e'bur-na'shiin, in med., the ex- 
cessive deposition of osseous matter in certain dis- 
eased states of bones. 

ec, prefix, 6k (see ex), ex becomes ec before c. 

ecarte, n. d-kdr'td (V.), a. game at cards so called. 

eccentric, a. ek-sen'-trlk, also eccentrical, a. -trl-kdl, 
(L. ex, out of, and centrum, centre : Gr. ek, out of, and 
kentron, the centre), odd; singular; departing from 
the usual course ; not having the same centre : n. a 
circle not having the same centre as another ; a wheel 
having its axis out of the centre : eccen'trically, ad. 
-II: eccentricity, n. ek'-sen-trls'-l-tl, the being odd or 
singular ; deviation from a centre ; the distance of 
the centre of a planet's orbit from the centre of the 
sun. 

ecchymosis, , k'\ mS'si [Gr.eh, out of, and chumos, 
juice, sap— from chuo, I pour out), livid spots or 
blotches on the skin, caused by an effusion of blood 
under the skin, as in a black eye. 

Ecclesiates, n. ek-kle'-zl-ds'-tez (Gr. ekklesia, an as- 
sembly, a church : L. ecclesia), one of the books of the 
Old Testament : Eccle'sias'ticus, n. -ds'-tl-kus, a book 
of the Apocrypha: eccle'sias'tic, a. -tlk, also eccle- 
sias'tical, a. -tl-kal, pert, to the Church : eccle'sias'- 
tic, n. a clergyman; a priest: eccle'sias'tically, ad. 
-II: eccle'sias'ticism.n. -as'H-slzm, Church principles: 
eccle'siol'ogy, n. -61-6-jl (Gr. logos, a discourse), the 
science of buiidim- ami .:<■., •< .■;;,,■■ churches: eccle'- 
siolog'ical, a. -loj'l-k&l, pert, to church-building, &c. : 
eccle'siol'ogist, n. -jlst, one who. 

eccroprotic, a. 6k'-ro-prot'-lk (Gr. ek, out of, and 
kopros, dung), in med., promoting the discharge from 
the bowels. 

ecdysis, n. 6k-dl-sls (Gr. ekdusis, a coming out, an 
emerging— from ek, out of, and duo, I enter), the act 
of putting off or moulting ; emerging. 

echelon, n. 6sh'-6-long(¥. a ladder-step— from dchelle, 
a ladder), the position of an army or body of troops in 
the form of steps of a ladder; an army arranged in 
lines or divisions, having the right of the one border- 
ing upon, but slightly behind the left of the other : 
ech'eloned, a. -longd, arranged in lines like steps, or 
as a series of terraces or platforms one above the 
other. 

echinate, a. 6k'-X-ndt, also ech'ina'ted, a. (L. echinus; 
Gr. echinos, a hedgehog: It. echino ; F. echine), set 
with prickles ; prickly ; bristled : echinida, n. 6-kl'nl- 
da, also echinoidea, n. 6k'l-ndy'dl-d (Gr. eidos, like- 
ness), a family of the radiata, comprehending the 
marine creatures known as sea-eggs or sea-urchins : 
ech'inite, n. -nit, a general term for any fossil sea- 
urchin, or part of one : echinus, n. 8-kl'nus, a radiated 
animal ; a sea-hedgehog ; a sea-urchin ; prickly head 
or top of a plant; an ornamental moulding with oval 
spaces : echinoderm, n. 6-kl'-n0-derm, echinoder'- 
mata, -ilrr'-ma-tii, also echi'noderms, -clermz (Gr. der- 
ma, skin), a numerous class of radiata, like the star- 
fish and sea-urchin, all less or more covered with a 



firm crustaceous substance, often densely armed with 
spines: echi'noder'mal, a. -mdl, relating to the echi- 
nodermata: echinosphaerites, n. plu. 6k'-l-nos'-J'e- 
rlts (Gr. sphaira, a ball), in geol., a genus of echino- 
derms characterised by their small size and globular 
form: echinostachys, n. e-kl'nO-std'kls (Gr. stachus, 
a head of flowers), a singular fossil, apparently a 
spike of inflorescence, beset on all sides with a kind 
of fruit. 

echo, n. 6k'0 (L. or Gr. echo, a sound : inane, myth., 
a nymph who pined away into a sound for love of Nar- 
cissus), sound, as of a voice, reverberated or returned 
to the ear from an opposite hill, &c. ; a repeated 
sound : v. to send back a sound ; to be sounded 
back : ech'oing, imp. : adj. sending back sound : 
echoed, pp. ek'-od, returned, as an echo : echometry> 
n. e-kom'-e-trl (Gr. metron, a measure), the art of mea- 
suring the length of sounds : echom'eter, n. -ter, an 
instr. for measuring the duration of sounds, and their 
intervals. 

eclaircissement, n. 6-kldr'sls-mdng' (F.), the clear- 
ing or explaining any thing or affair not before under- 
stood; explanation. 

eclampsy, n. ek-ldmp-sl, or eclamp'sia, n. -sl-d (Gr. 
eklampsis, a shining forth— from ek, forth, from, and 
lampein, to shine), an appearance of flashing of light 
which attends epilepsy ; any form of epilepsy or other 
convulsive disease. 

eclat, n. 6-kld' (F.), sudden splendour or brightness ; 
applause ; sho . iking effect. 

eclectic, a. ek-lek'-tik (Gr. eklektikos, selecting— from 
ek, out of, and lego, I choose or gather : F. dclectique), 
choosing or seh bing.as ona or doctrines : n. any 

philosopher in anc. times who selected his opinions 
and principles from various sources : eclec'tically, ad. 
-II : eclec'tics, n. plu. -tiks, a sect of philosophers ; a 
certain sect of Christians: eclec'ticism, n. -ti-slzm, 
the principles or doctrines of the eclectics. 

eclipse, n. ek-llps' (L. eclipsis; Gr. ekleipsis, a for- 
saking, a being absent, an eclipse: It. eclisse: F. 
eclipse), the phenomenon of a celestial body disap- 
pearing from view in whole or in part, inconsequence 
of another celestial body passing between it and the 
spectator ; darkness : v. to hide or conceal a lumin- 
ous body in whole or in part; to cloud or darken; 
to disgrace : eclip'sing, imp. : eclipsed', pp. -kllpst, 
concealed; darkened; outshone: eclip'tic, n. -tlk, the 
apparent path of the sun in the heavens in a year 
—so called because an eclipse cannot take place un- 
less the moon be in or near the ecliptic. 

eclogue, n. ek'log (L. ecloga; Gr. ekloge, a selection 
—from Gr. ek, out of, and lego, I choose : F. eglogue), 
a select piece ; a pastoral poem : eclogite, n. ek'10- 
git, a mineral, being a fine-grained mixture of green 
smeragdite and red garnet. 

economy, n. 6-kon-o-ml (L. ozconomia; Gr. oikono- 
mia, the management of household affairs— from Gr. 
oikos, a house, and nomos, a law), the frugal and 
prudent management of a family or household ; fru- 
gality ; the judicious management and arrangement 
of the affairs of a nation— the study of the best sys- 
tem for which is called political economy; a system 
of rules or regulations ; the operations of nature in 
regard to animals or plants : economic, a. ek'O-nOin'-tk, 
also ec'onom'ical, a. -l-kdl, pert, to household matters ; 
frugal; careful; thrifty: economically, ad. -II: ec'- 
onom'ics, n. plu. -Iks, the science of household affairs : 
economise, v. 6-kon'-o-miz, to manage money matters, 
or household expenditure, with frugality : econ'omi'- 
sing, imp.: adj. using with frugality: economised', 
pp. -mlzd ': econ'omi'ser, n. -ml'zer, one who: econ- 
omist, n. one who manages household matters fru- 
gally: political economist, one who writes on or 
teaches political economy. 

ecorchee, n. a-kdr'-shd (F.), in paint, and sculp., an 
animal or human subject, or the representation of one, 
deprived of its skin, so that the muscular system is 
exposed for the purposes of study. 

ecstasy, n. ek'-std-si (Gr. ekstasis, change of state— 
from ek, out, and stasis, standing, state), excessive 
joy; extreme delight; a state of the body in which 
the functions of the senses are suspended ; a trance : 
ec'stasied, a. -sld, enraptured; filled with extreme 
delight: ecstatic, a. -stdt'lk, also ecstat'ical, a. -l-kdl. 



ecthlipsis, n. ek-thllp'sls (Gr. ekthlipsis, a pressing: 
or squeezing out— from Gr. ek, from, and thlibo, I 
press or squeeze), in L. gram., a figure of speech in 



mdte, mtlt,/dr, law; mete, m6t, Iter; pine, pin; note, not, mdve; 



ECTR 



171 



EFFI 



■which a final m with the preceding vowel is cut off, 
when the next word begins with a vowel. 

ectropium, n. ek-tro'-pi-um (Gr. ek, out of, and 
trepo, I turn), a disease in which the eyelashes are 
turned outwards. 

ectype, n. ek'tlp (L. ectypus; Gr. ektupos, worked in 
high relief— from Gr. ek, out of, and tupos, stamp, 
figure), a copy from an original ; a cast in relief of an 
ornamental design: ec typal, a. -ti-pdl, taken from 
the original; copied: ec typography, n. -pog'rd-fi 
(Gr. grapho, I write), a method of etching by which 
the lines are raised on the plate instead of sunk in. 

ecumenic, a. ek'ii-men'-ik, also ecumenical, a. -i-kdl 
(Gr. oikoumenikos, pert, to tin- inhabitable earth, uni- 
versal— from oikeo, I inhabit), general; universal — 
usually applied to the councils of the Church; also 
written oecumenical. 

eczema, n. ek'-ze-md (Gr. ekzesis, a boiling out — from 
ek, out, and zeo, I boil), an eruption of the skin in 
small watery pustules, without fever. 

edacious, a. e-da : >hus (L. edax, voracious — gen. 
edacis—Xrom. edo, I eat), eating; greedy; voracious: 
edaciously, ad. -II: edacity, n. -dds'-l-ti, greediness; 
rapacity. 

edaphodon, n. S-ddf-6-don (Gr. edaphos, the pave- 
ment, odous, a tooth), in geol., a genus of fishes, 
founded chiefly on the jaws and dental apparatus. 

eddish, n. ed'dish (a corruption of eatage; Fris. 
etten, to pasture), the pasturage or eatable growth of 
either grass or corn field. 

eddy, n. ed'dl (Icel. yda, a whirlpool— from yda, to 
boil : AS. yth, a wave, a flood), a current of water con- 
trary to the main stream; a circular motion of water; 
a whirlpool: v. to move, as an eddy: eddying, imp.: 
eddied, pp. -did. 

edematous, a. ScWm'd-tus, also edem'atose, a, -tOz 
(Gr. video, I swell; oUUiiut, a swelling), having a 
minor form of dropsy ; full of humour ; dropsical ; 
also spelt cedem'atous. 

Eden, n. e'-den (Heb. eden, delight), the garden given 
by God for the dwelling-place of Adam and Eve ; a 
place of delight. 

edentate, a. S-dSn'tdt, also eden'tated, a. (L. eden- 
tat us, rendered toothless— from e without, and dens, 
a tooth), without teeth; deprived of teeth; without 
front teeth: e'denta'ta, n. -td'-td, an order of quadru- 
peds, so called because they agree in being destitute 
of front or incisive teeth: edentulous, a. -tu-lus, 
toothless. 

edge, n. Sj (AS. ecge; Icel. egg; Gr. ake, a point, an 
edge: Dut. egghe, an angle, an edge: Ger. ecke, a 
comer), the extreme border of anything ; brink ; 
verge ; the thin cutting part of a knife, &c; keenness ; 
sharpness of mind or appetite: v. to sharpen; to 
border or fringe; to incite; to provoke; to move 
gradually: edging, imp. inciting; moving gradually 
or sideways: n. a narrow lace ; trimming added to a 
garment for ornament ; an outside row of plants : 
edged, pp. and a. ejd, furnished with an edge or 
border ; sharp ; keen : edge less, a. not sharp ; blunt : 
to set the teeth on edge, to cause a grating or tingling 
sensation in the teeth : to edge in, to get in ; to slide 
in: edge-tool, a cutting instrument: edgewise, ad. in 
direction of the edge ; sidewise. 

edible, a. ed'i-bl (L. edo, I eat), fit to be eaten as 
food ; eatable : edibles, n. plu. -biz, things fit to be 
eaten as food. 

edict, n. e'-dlkt (L. edictum, to utter or proclaim — 
from e out, and dictum, to say), the written command 
or order of a sovereign ; a decree ; a proclamation 
having the force of law. 

edify, v. ed'ifi (L. ozdifico, I build— from cedes, a 
house, and facio, I make : F. edifier, to build, to in- 
struct), to instruct and improve the mind ; ed'ifying, 
imp.: adj. instructing; improving: edified, pp. -fid, 
instructed; improved: edifier, n. -fler, one who: 
edifylngly, ad. -li: edification, n. -fi-ka-shfra, a 
building up or improvement of the mind in faith and 
holiness; instruction; improvement in any kind of 
knowledge : edifice, n. -fis, a large or splendid build- 
ing ; a large structure : ed'ifici'al, a. -fish'-dl, respect- 
ing the appearance of an edifice. 

edile, n. e'dll (L. cedilis— from cedes, a house or 
building), a magistrate of anc. Rome who had the 
oversight of buildings and streets, &c: e'dileship, n. 
the office. 

edit, v. ed'it (L. editum, to publish, to utter— from 
e, out, and datum, to give), to revise and prepare for 
publication; to publish: editing, imp.: n. act of an 



editor ; the act of making or preparing for the press : 
edited, pp.: editor, n. -ttr, one who superintends the 
publication of a book, magazine, >>r newspaper: edl- 
to'rial, a. -to'-rl-dl, written by an editor: editorship, 
n.: edition, n. S-dish'-un, the whole number of copies 
of a book printed at one time. 

educate, v. ed'-u-kat (L. education, to bring up, to 
rear— from e, out of, and duco, I lead : It. educars ), to 
instruct ; to inform and expand the mind ; to bring 
up as a child: ed'ucating, imp. : ed'uca'ted, pp. in- 
structed; trained; furnished with knowledge: ed- 
uca'tor, n. -kd'-tir, an instructor; a teacher: educa'- 
tion, n. -shiin, instruction; formation of manners; 
the cultivation of the moral, intellectual, and phy- 
sical powers: ed'ucational,a.-«/,pert. to education: 
educe, v. 6-dus', to bring or draw out; to bring to 
light; to elicit; to develop: edu'cing, imp. -sino: 
educed', pp. -diisf: educt, n. e'dilkt, that which is 
brought to light by separation or analysis : educ'tion, 
n. -duk'-shun, the act of educing or bringing into 
view: eductor, n. that which extracts. 

edulcorate, v. H-dul'-ko-rdt (L. e, out of, and dulcis, 
sweet), to free from acids or other foreign substances 
by washings or nitrations: edulcora' ting, imp. : edul'- 
cora'ted, pp. 

eel, n. el (Dut. aal; Fin. ilja, slimy: Esthon. ilia, 
slime, saliva), a well-known long slender-bodied fish, 
species of which occur both in fresh and salt water. 

e'en, e'er, en, dr, contractions for even and ever. 

eerie or eery, a. e'ri (Scot.), serving to inspire fear ; 
wild: affected with fear. 

ef, prefix, ef, another form of ex, which see. 

efface, v. if -fas' (L. ex, out, and fades, the face : F. 
effacer, to blot out), to destroy or render illegible ; to 
wear away ; to strike or rub out ; to destroy any im- 
pression on the mind: effa'cing, imp.: effaced', pp. 
-fast': efface'able, a. M.-U, capable of being rubbed 
out: efface'ment, n. act of effacing. 

effect, n. effekt' (L. effectus, made, finished— from 
ex, out, and facio, I make), result or consequence of a 
cause or agent ; consequence ; result ; impression pro- 
duced by certain combinations, as in a picture : v. to 
produce ; to bring to pass ; to accomplish : effec'ting, 
imp.: effec'ted, pp.: effec'ter, n. one who; also effec- 
tor: effec'tible, a. -tl-bl, that maybe done: effec'tive, 
a. -llv, having power to effect; producing effect; 
active; serviceable; operative: effectively, ad. -If, 
powerfully; with real operation: effectless, a.: ef- 
fectiveness, 11.: effects', n. plu. goods ; movables: in 
effect, really ; virtually : effec'tual, a, -tudl, producing 
the effect intended or desired; efficacious; complete: 
effectually, ad. -II: effec'tuats, v. -at, to bring to 
pass; to accomplish: effectuating, imp.: effec'tua'- 
ted, pp. 

effeminate, a. Sf-fSrn'-X-not (L. eff< minatum.to make 
a woman of— from ex, out, and femina, a woman: It. 
effeminare: F. effeminer), soft and delicate as a wo- 
man; womanish ; unmanly; weak: v. to make woman- 
ish ; to unman ; to soften : effem'inating, imp. : ef- 
feminated, pp. : effem'inately, ad. -II .- effemlnate- 
ness, n.: effeminacy, n. -i-na-si, unmanly delicacy; 
womanish weakness ; voluptuousness. 

effendi, n. effen'di (Turk.), master; lord; a title 
of respect among the Turks, particularly given to 
men learned in the law. 

effervesce, v. ef'fer-ves' (L. effervescere, to boil up or 
over— from ex, out, and fervere, to boil, to be hot), to 
bubble up, as in boiling ; to froth up, as in the fer- 
menting of liquids : ef ferves'cing, imp.: adj. bubbling 
up : effervesced', pp. -vest': ef ferves'cent, a. -sent, 
gently boiling or bubbling : ef'ferves'cence, n. -sens, 
the frothing or bubbling up of liquids from the genera- 
tion and escape of gas : ef'ferves'cible, a. -si-bl, capable 
of producing effervescence. 

effete, a. effef (L. effetus, barren, worn out— from 
ex, out, and faztus, the young of any creature), worn 
barren; exhausted. 

efficacious, a. ef'fl-ka'shus (L. efficax, effectual, 
powerful— gen. efficacis— from ex, out, and facio, I 
make or do : It. and F. efficace), producing the effect 
intended ; effectual : efficaciously, ad. -li: effica'- 
ciousness, n. -nes: efficacy, n. -kd-si, power to pro- 
duce effects ; virtue ; power ; ability : efficient, a. 
-fish'-ent, producing effects ; able ; competent ; ma- 
terial : n. that which produces effects ; he that makes : 
effici'ently, ad. -li: effici'ence, -ens, also efficiency, n. 
-en-si, a causing to be or exist ; effectual agency ; 
power of performing works. 

effigy, n. effi-jl (L. effigies, an image— from ex, out, 
boy, foot; pure, bild; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



EFFL 



172 



EL AT 



and Jingo, I form: It. and F. effigie),the image or like- 
ness of a person, whether a full figure or in part ; a 
portrait: effigial, a. ef-fij'-l-dl, pert, to, or having the 
■ ■i :n:i<r ■■> of, an effigy: to burn or hang in effigy (L. 
in effigie), to burn or hang the image or figure of a 
person. 

effloresce, v. gf -fid-res' (L. efflorescere, to blow, or 
bloom, as a flower— from ex, out, and flos, a flower), 
to become covered with crystals, as the moisture 
frozen on a pane of glass ; to form a mealy powder on 
the surface, as of a liquid ; to become dusty on the 
surface.; in chem., to change from a compact or crys- 
talline state to a powder, generally by losing water of 
crystallisation: ef'nores'cing, imp.: effloresced', pp. 
-rest': efflores'cence, n. -res-ens, the being in flower; 
bloom; a mealy-like substance which covers certain 
minerals when exposed to the action of the atmos- 
phere ; redness of the skin : ef ' flores'cent, a. -ent, 
shooting out in flowers ; forming a white powder on 
the surface ; throwing out minute needle-like crystals. 

effluent, a. cf'fio-ent (L. effluens, flowing or running 
out— from ex, out, and fluens, flowing: F. effluent), 
flowing out : n. a stream which flows out of another 
stream, or out of a lake : effluence, n. -6ns, that 
which flows from any body or substance : effluvium, 
n. ef-fld'-vi-um, plu. efflu'via, -d (L. a flowing out), the 
'in i ih'i" rapoui ii -as arising from putrefying matter 
or from diseased bodies ; a disagreeable smell : efflux, 
n. e/'fluks (L. effluxus, flowed out), that which flows 
out ; a flowing out or issuing in a stream. 

effort, n. effort (F. effort— from L. ex, out, and 
fortis, strong), exertion ; endeavour ; strain : effort- 
less, a. without effort. 

effrontery, n. ef-friin'-ter-l(F. effronterie, impudence 
'-from L. ex, out or forth, and from, the forehead- 
gen, frontis), impudence ; shameless boldness. 

effulge, v. ef-fulf (L. effulgens, a shining or gleam- 
ing forth— from ex, out, and fulgeo, I shine), to shine 
with splendour : efful'ging, imp. : effulged, pp. -filljd' .- 
efful'gent, a. -jent, din'usin or * flr >" H nf Ho** ■ ^Ho-ht. • 
efful'gence, n. -jens, great 1 
dour : effuT gently, ad. -II. 

effuse, v. effuz' (L. effusus, poured out or forth— 
from ex, out, and fusus, poured), to pour out ; to 
spill or shed, as a fluid : effu'sing, imp. : effused', pp. 
-fuzd', poured out ; shed : effusion, n. gf-fu'-zhun, a 
shedding or spil'ing ; act of pouring out ; what is 
poured out : effusive, a. -zlv, flowing abundantly ; 
that pours out largely : effu'sively, ad. -II. 

eft, n. eft (AS. efete, an eft : Sans, apada, a reptile 
—from a, not, and pad, a foot), a small lizard ; a 
newt. 

egg, n. gg (AS. oeg ; old Eng. eye ; Ger. ei, an egg), 
a roundish body produced by the females of birds and 
certain other animals, out of which a creature is pro- 
duced of a like kind ; the spawn of fishes, &c. : egg- 
shaped, a. in the form of an egg. 

egg, v. eg (Icel. egg. an edge ; eggia, to sharpen— see 
edge), to urge on ; to incite : eg'ging, imp. : egged, pp. 
egd. 

eglantine, n. gg'-ldn-tin (F. aiglantin, the dog-rose ; 
Prov. aguilen, a hawthorn), the old Eng. name for the 
sweet-brier. 

ego, n. e'-go (L. ego, meaning I : Ger. ich ; Dan. jeg ; 
Sw. jag; AS. ic, I), the thinking subject, whatever it 
may be— all beyond being non-ego .- egoism, n. e'-go- 
izm, the doctrine of those who believe everything un- 
certain but their own existence: e'goist, n. one who 
believes nothing certain but his own existence : ego- 
tism, n. eg'-o-tlzm, a speaking or writing much of one's 
self : eg'otist, n. one who writes or speaks much of 
himself : eg"oti3e, v. -tiz, to exalt one's self : eg'oti'- 
sing, imp. : eg'otised, pp. -tlzd -. eg'otis'tic, a. -tis'-tik, 
also eg'otis'tical, a. -tl-kcll, self-conceited : eg'otis ti- 
cally, ad. -II. 

egregious, a. - ;; gn'-ii ■■// . ' : ,. ran <n us, singular, notable 

— fromez, out of, and grex, a flock - 

usual; remarkable; distinguished m a bad sense; 
enormous : egre'giously, ad. -II: egre'giousness, n. 

egress,, n. e'-grds (L. egressus, a departure— from ex, 
out of, and gressum, to step or go: It. egresso), a 
going out ; power or act of going out ; departure : 
egressi'on, n. -grGsh'-un, tlie act of going out. 

egret, n. e'-gret (F. aigrette), a small white heron ; a 
fowl of the heron-kiuil, with white feathers, and a 
. crest on its head. 

egriot, n. gg'-rl-ot (F. aigret— from aigre, sour), a 
species of sour cherry ; the wild cherry. 

Egyptian, a. e-jip'shi-dn, pert, to Egypt: n. a native 
mate, milt,/dr, law; mete, met, 



of Egypt; a gipsy: E'gyptol'ogy, n. -tol'-b-jl, study of 
rbe in in Mi/ , "i Egypt, particularly in connection 
with hieroglyphics: Egyptologist, n. one who. 
eh, int. e or a, a word expressing inquiry or slight 

eider, n. I'-der (Sw. ejder : Ger. eider), the down or 
very fine feathers of a species of duck found in large 
numbers in Greenland, Iceland, Sweden, &c. ; the 
duck itself. 

Eifel, n. I'-fel, a district on the lower Rhine cele- 
brated in geology for its recent volcanic rocks, its 
brown coal, and other deposits, and for its fossils. 

eight, n. at (Sans, astan; L. octo; Goth, ahtan; 
Ger. acht; AS. eahta, eight), twice four ; four and four : 
eighteen, n. u'-ten (eight and ten), twice nine; eight 
and ten : eigh'teenth, a. -tenth, after seventeenth : 
eigh'teen'mo, n. (mo contracted for L. decimo, ten), 
a size of a book ; a sheet formed into eighteen 
leaves : eight'fold, a. eight times the number or 
quantity : eighth, a. at'th, next after seventh : n. a 
musical interval of five tones and two semitones: 
eighthly, ad. -ll: eighty, n. or a. d'-tl (AS. eahta, eight, 
and tig, a collection of tens — the termination teen in- 
dicating addition, and ty multiplication), eight times 
ten: eightieth, a. a'-tl-eth, next after seventy-ninth: 
eight'score, n. eight times twenty (see score). 

either, a. e'-fher or i'-Uter (AS. cegther, every one of 
two—the prefix oeg in composition signifying ever, 
always : Esthon. igga; Lap. ikke, ever, all), one of two ; 
one or the other : conj. introductory word or correla- 
tive to or— as, either he will hold to the one or despise 
the other. 

ejaculate, v. e-jdlc'-d-iat (L. ejaculatus, cast or 
thrown out; — from ex, out of, and jaculor, I throw or 
dart ; jaculum, a javelin, a dart), to utter a few words 
suddenly, as a prayer ; to exclaim earnestly but 
briefly : ejac'ula'ting, imp. : ejac'ula'ted, pp. : ejac'u- 
la'tion, n. -Id'-shun, the uttering of a short prayer; a 
short sudden exclamation : ejac'ulator'y, a. -ld-ter'i, 
suddenly spoken or uttered in short sentences. 

eject, v. e-jekt' (L. ejectum, to cast out, to expel— 
from ex, out of, and jacio, I throw), to cast or throw 
out ; to void ; to discharge ; to evacuate ; to turn out ; 
to dismiss from an office; to expel: ejec'ting, imp.: 
ejec'ted, pp.: ejec'tor, n. one who: ejection, n. -jek'- 
shun, the act of throwing or casting out; expulsion : 
eject'ment, n. -jekt'-ment, a dispossession; in law, a 
writ for the recovery of possession of land. 

eke, v. ek (AS. eacan; Goth, auk; Icel. og; Ger. 
auc.h, to eke: L. augere, to increase), to add to ; to en- 
large ; to lengthen; to protract; to spin out: ad. 
likewise ; in addition : e'king, imp. : eked, pp. ekt. 

elaborate, v. e-ldb'-o-rat (L. elaboro.tum, to take pains 
with, to work out— from ex, out, and laboro, I toil: 
It. elaborare: F. elaborer), to improve or highly finish 
by successive operations: adj. highly finished; com- 
plicated : elab'ora'ting, imp. : elab'ora'ted, pp. pro- 
duced with labour or study: elab'orately, ad. -li: 
elaborateness, n., also elab ora'tion, n. -rd'-shun, the 
act of finishing with great care : elab'ora'tor, n. -tir, 
one who. 

elasolite, n. e-W-o-llt (Gr. elaion, oil, and lithos, a 
stone), a mineral of the scapolite family having a fatty 
resinous lustre. 

elaine, n., or elain, n. e-la'-in (Gr. elaion, oil), the 
liquid principle of oils and fats; a fat oil which re- 
mains liquid at ordinary temperatures— sometimes 
spelt oleine, 6-le-ln. 

eland, n. e'-lund (Dut. eland; Ger. elend, the elk), 
the largest species of S. African antelope, much 
prized for its flesh. 

elapse, v. e-ldps' (L. elapsus, slipt or glided away— 
from ex, out of, and lapsus, slipt or glided), to pas3 
away silently ; to slide or slip away, applied to time : 
elap'sing, imp.: elapsed', pp. -Idpst'. 

elastic, a. e-bi < (F tigue ; It. elastico, elastic : 
Gr. elasma, a plate of metal that has been hammered 
out— from elauno, I beat or draw out), springing 
back ; having the power to return to the form from 
which it is bent, drawn, or pressed : elas'tically, ad. 
-a-ka-lt: elasticity, n. gl'-ds-tis'-i-ti, the power possess- 
ed by some bodies of returning to the position from 
which they are bent, drawn, or pressed : elastic bitu- 
men, a mineral occurring in soft fungoid masses, with 
a resinous lustre, flexible and elastic. 

elate, v. c-ldt' (L. elatus, raised, exalted— from ex, 
out of, and latus, carried : It. elato), to puff up ; to 
make proud; to elevate with success; to exalt: adj. 
flushed, as with success ; proud ; exalted : ela'ting, 
Mr; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



ELAT 



173 



ELEM 



imp.: ela'ted, pp.: adj. puffed up, as with honour or 
success: elation, n. e-la'-shun, vanity or pride result- 
ing from success ; joyful elevation of mind : ela'tedly, 
ad. -ll. 

elater, n. il'-d-Ur (Gr. elater, a driver), in hot, an 
elastic spirally - twisted filament for dispersing the 
spores, as in some liverworts ; the click beetle : elater- 
ite, n. eldt'Sr-it, an elastic mineral pitch, also called 
clastic bitumen: elaterium, n. Cl'dte'-rl-um, a sub- 
stance deposited from the juice of the wild cucumber. 

elbow, n. eT-bo (AS. elnboga, the bow or bending of 
the arm: Gr. olene; L. ulna, the forearm), the joint 
or outer curve in the middle of the arm when bent ; a 
sudden turn or bend in a river or road ; the obtuse 
angle of a wall or building: v. to push or drive, as 
with the elbow; to encroach on: el'bowing, imp.: 
adj. pushing; jostling: el'bowed, pp. -bod: elbow- 
chair, arm-chair : elbow-room, ample room for motion : 
at the elbow, men at hand : jog the elbow, to waken 
up ; to remind a person of a thing : out at elbows, the 
sleeve of a coat so torn or old as to show the shirt be- 
neath; having shabby clothes; reduced in circum- 
stances. 

elder, a. Sl'der (AS. eald, old— see old), senior; op- 
posed to younger; older; comp. degree of old: n. one 
advanced in life; an office-bearer in a Presbyterian 
church : el'dest, superl. degree of old; most advanced 
in age, usually applied to persons : el'dership, n. ortice 
of an elder: el'derly, a. -II, somewhat old. 

elder, n. el'der (AS. ellarn ; Ger. hollder, the elder- 
tree— from Ger. kohl, hollow, and der or tar, signify- 
ing tree, so called from its hollow wood), a common 
tree producing and dark-purple berries. 

El Dorado, n. 61 do-rd'do (Sp. the golden region— 
from el, the, and dorado, gilt), a country fabled to be 
very rich in the precious metals; a territory possessed 
of, or supposed to possess, great stores of silver and 
gold. 

elecampane, n. cl'-e'kdm-pan' {¥. rnule-campanc ; Sp. 
and It. enula-campana ,• L. inula ltd. nium— from Gr. 
helenion, a certain plant said to have sprung from 
Helen's tears), a plant, the root of which, from its 
stimulant or aromatic flavour, is used as a medicine 
or condiment. 

elect, v. 6-lckt'CL. electus, chosen or picked out— from 
e-x, out of, and lectus, chosen), to choose or select for 
an office; to pick out or select for a use or purpose; 
to select from two or more that which is preferred— 
as, I elect to go to this or that place ; to choose as an 
object of mercy or favour : adj. chosen ; chosen but 
not invested with office : n. those chosen or selected 
to eternal life : electing, imp. : elec'ted, pp. : eleC- 
tor, n. -ter, one who chooses or elects ; one having 
the right to vote; title formerly belonging to the 
German princes who elected the emperor : elec'tion, 
n. -shun, the choice or selection of a person or per- 
sons to fill some office ; power of choosing ; liberty to 
choose or act— as, he went by his own election ; divine 
choice ; predestination : electioneer', v. -er 1 , to make 
interest for a candidate, usually as M.P. : electioneer - 
ing, n. the acts or practices used at elections in order 
to secure the i ■ ■ • • ;vi dual, usually 

applied to the office of M.P., that is, Member of Parlia- 
ment: elec'tioneer'er, n. one who: elective, a. -tiv, 
depending on choice; regulated by choice; exerting 
the power of choice: elec'tively, ad. -ll: electoral, 
a. pert, to elections or electors: elec'torate, n. -ter-dt, 
the dignity or territory of an elector of the German 
empire. 

electric, a. e-lek'trlk, also electrical, a. -kdl, (Gr. 
electron; L. electrum, amber: F. clectrique, electric), 
capable of exhibiting electricity when excited by fric- 
tion; containing electricity ; communicating a shock 
as produced by electricity: n. any substance capable 
of exhibiting! is amber, glass, 

&c. : elec'trical'ly, ad. -ll : electrician, n. c'lek-trish' 
un, one skilled in electricity : electricity, n. -trls'l-tl, 
a highly subtile force, often called the electric fluid, 
identical with lightning, and apparently pervading 
all bodies : electrify, v. -tri-fl (L. facio, I make), to 
charge or affect with electricity ; to excite suddenly 
and violently : electrifying, imp. : electrified, pp. 
-fid: elec'trifi'able, a. -fl'-d-bl, that may he electri- 
fied: elec'trifica'tion, n. -trl-fl-ka'shun: elec'trine, 
a. -trln, relating to amber : elec'trise, v. -trlz, to in- 
vest with electric force ; to endue with electricity : 
electri'sing, imp.: electrised', pp. -trlzd' : eleC 



way), direction of an electric current : electrol'ysls, 
n. -trdl'-l-sls (Gr. lusis, a loosening, a release), analy- 
sis or decomposition effected by electricity : electro- 
lyte, n. -tro-lit, a substance capable of being analysed 
or decomposed by electricity: electrolytic, a. -lit'-lk, 
relating to electrolysis : electroph'orus, n. -trof'6- 
rits (Gr. phero, I bear), an instr. tor accumulating or 
condensing electric force : electroscope, n. -tro-skop 
(Gr. skopeo, I see, I look out for), an instr. for ascer- 
taining the existence, character, or intensity of the 
electric force: elec'troscoplc, a. -skop'-ik, relating 



by the deposition of a film of metal upon a mould 
by electro-galvanism : electrum, n. -triim (L.), also 
elek'tron, n. -tron (Gr.), amber; an alloy of gold 
and silver ; gold ore of a light brass colour, and con- 
taining more than 20 per cent of silver : electric eel, 
a fish that gives a shock of electricity when touched : 
electric jar, a jar so prepared as to be capable of 
being charged with electricity: electrical battery, 
a number of prepared jars connected with each other 
in order to obtain a powerful discharge of electricity : 
electrical machine, an apparatus for producing elec- 
tricity: electric clock, a clock whose mechanism is 
moved by electricity: electric telegraph, an appa- 
ratus for conveying messages by means of electro- 
magnetism : electric fluid, the supposed matter of 
electricity ; lightning : electro - chemistry, n. that 
branch of chemistry which treats of the agency of 
electricity in effecting chemical changes : electro- 
chemical, a. pert, to: electro-biology, n. (Gr. bios, 
life, and logos, a word), the science that treats of the 
mental phenomena said to be produced by mesmer- 
ism : electro-dynamics, n. plu. the science that treats 
of electricity in motion through conductors, &o. : 
electro-magnetism, n. the science that treats of the 
power of electricity and galvanism to impart magnetic 
properties to bodies ; the magnetism developed by a 
current of electricity: electro-metallurgy, the art of 
depositing a coating of a precious metal, as silver or 
gold, on an article made of an inferior metal, by means 
of electricity; also electro-plating: electrometer, 
n. -trdm'6-ter (Gr. metron, a measure), an instr. for 
ascertaining the quantity or tension of the electric 
fluid : elec'tromet'rical, a. pert. to. 

electuary, n. 6-lek'tu-er'l (mid. L. electuarium— from 
Gr. ek, out of, and leicho, I lick), a medicine made up 
with sugar or honey, as a confection. 

eleemosynary, a. Sl'e-moz'-t-ncr'i (Gr. elecmosune, 
pity, alms), relating to charity; given in charity; 
intended for charitable purposes: n. one living on 
charity. 

elegance, n. el'S-gdns— rarely el'egancy, n. -gdn-sl (L. 
elegantia, neatness, refinement— from ex, out, and 
lego, I choose: F. elegance: It. eleganza), polish of 
manners; propriety; gracefulness; refinement; neat- 
ness ; beauty or symmetry ; that which pleases : ele- 
gancies, plu. -slz: el'egant, a. -gdnt, graceful; re- 
fined; beautiful; symmetrical; pleasing to good taste; 
correct: el'egantly, ad. -It. 

elegy, n. el'-e-ji (L. elegia ; Gr. elegeia, an elegy : It. 
elegia: F. c'h'gie), a song expressing sorrow; a funeral 
song: elegiac, a. el-e'-ji-ak or ei'-e-fl'-ak, plaintive; ex- 
pressing sorrow; also el'egi'acal, a. -ji-d-kal: elegist, 
n. ei'e-jlst, one who writes elegy. 

element, n. el'-e-ment (L. elementum, an element; 
plu. element a, ti < :-.>--■ i • i-s: It. elemen- 

to: F. ilement), a simple substance; the first or con- 
stituent principle of anything ; an ingredient or con- 
stituent part ; the proper sphere or state of anything : 
plu. the first rules or principles of any branch of 
knowledge; rui lata; an outline or sketch ; 

the bread and wine used in the Eucharist or Lord's 
Supper el'emen'tal, a. -men'-tdl, produced by ele- 
ments; arising from first principles: el'emen'tally, 
ad. -ll: el'ementallty, n. -i-ti, com] i . 

tion of ingredients: el'emen'tary, a. -ter-i, simple; 

relating to first principles; rudimentary icur 

bined; uncompounded ; primary: out of one's ele- 
ment, in fa miliar language, out of one's proper habi- 
tation or sphere; dealing rii\ infai dliar matters: 
the elements, in popular language, fire, air, earth, 
and water. 

elemi, n. Sl'e-ml(F., It., and Sp., elemi— probably of 
Oriental or Amer. origin), a resinous substance ob- 
tained from several allied species of trees, brought 



cotv, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



ELEN 



174 



ELUC 



elemi, used to give consistency to {lie varnish which 
forms part of the composition-of lacquer. 

elenchus, n. e-Ungk-us, also elench, n. e-Ungkf (Gr. 
elengchos, proof, demonstration), in log., a vicious or 
fallacious argument ; a sophism ; a syllogism which 
convinces or confutes an antagonist: elen'chial, a. 
-kl-dl, pert. to. 

elephant, n. el'S-fdnt (Gr. and L. elephas, an 
elephant — gen. elephantis : ¥. elephant: It. elephante), 
the name of a well-known animal : el'ephan'tine, a. 
-fdn'tln, pert, to; very large: el'ephanti'asis, n. -tl' 
d-sls, a disease of the skin by which it.»becomes thick, 
livid, and insen bl I i % ■ el'ephan'toid, a. -tdycl, 
also el'ephantoi'dal, a. -toy'ddl, shaped like an ele- 
phant. 

Eleusinian, a. el'u-sln'i-dn, relating to the anc. 
mysteries of Greece ; pert, to the rites in honour of 
Ceres at Eleusis, in Greece. 

elevate, v. 61'6-vdt (L. elevatum, to lift up, to raise— 
from e, out of, and levo, I raise : F. dlever: It. elevare), 
to raise to a higher state or station ; to exalt ; to re- 
fine ; to raise in mind and habits ; to raise in height, 
as the voice : el'eva'ting, imp. : el'eva'ted, pp. raised ; 
exalted; dignified; excited: el'eva'tor, n. one who, 
or that which, raises or exalts ; in anat. , a muscle 
which serves to raise a part of the body ; in surg., an 
instr. for raising the depressed portion of a bone ; also 
el'eva'tory, n. -ter-l, an instr. for raising a depressed 
or a fractured part of the skull : adj. able or tending 
to raise : el'eva'tion, n. -vd'shun, the act of raising 
from a lower to a higher state or condition ; exalta- 
tion of character or style ; raised ground ; a sketch 
plan of the front or principal side of a building : angle 
of elevation, the angle through which a heavenly 
object appears elevated above the horizontal plane 
to a spectator looking upwards : eleve, n. a-ldv' (F. 
bred, a pupil), one reared or protected by another ; a 
pupil; a disciple. 

eleven, n. 6-lev'n{AS. endleofan ; Goth, ainlif, eleven, 
literally, leave one: Gr. leipein; L. lictum, to leave: 
Lith. likti, to remain over ; lekas, what remains over, 
odd— as, pirmas lekas, the first in excess above ten, 
i.e., eleven), ten and one added : elev'enth, a. -ISv'nth, 
next after the tenth: eleventhly, ad. -ll, in the elev- 
enth place. 

elf, n. 6lf, plu. elves, Slvz (AS. celf; Icel. alfr; 
Ger. alp, supernatural beings of the Northern mytho- 
logy), a fairy ; a wandering spirit ; an undersized or 
mischievous demon : elfin, a. elf '-in, of or relating to 
elves : n. playfully applied to a child, as being small 
and mischievous: elfish, a. resembling an elf; in 
secret disguise : elvan, a. Slv'dn, same as elfish : elf- 
lock, n. matted or intricately entangled hair. 

Elgin marbles, n. plu. el'gln mdr'blz, a name given 
to a collection of anc. sculptures in the British Mu- 
seum, collected in Athens by Lord Elgin. 

elicit, v. e-lls'lt (L. elicitum, to draw out, to lure 
forth— from e, out of, and lacio, I allure : It. elicere), 
to draw out ; to extract ; to deduce by reason or argu- 
ment : eliciting, imp. : elicited, pp. : eliclta'tion, n. 
-i-td'shiln, the act of eliciting or drawing out. 

elide, v. 8-lld" j(L. elido, I strike out— from e, out 
of, and laedo, I strike forcibly, I hurt : F. ilider), to 
cut off or suppress a vowel or syllable, usually a final 
one: eli'ding, imp. : eli'ded,pp. : elisi'on, n. -llzh'un, 
the cutting off or suppression of a vowel or syllable 
at the end of a word, as in poetry, in order to make the 
lines of the requisite length. 

eligible, a. 6l'i-ji-bl (L. eligo, I choose or pick out— 
from e, out of, and lego, I choose : F. Eligible), fit to 
be chosen; suitable; proper; legally qualified; de- 
sirable: eligibly, ad. -jl-bll: eligibleness, n. -bl-n8s, 
also eligibility, n. -Ml'i-fl, worthiness or fitness to 
be chosen; that which renders one thing preferable 
to another. 

eliminate, v. S-llm'l-ndt (L. eliminatum, to turn 
another out of doors— from e, out of, and limen, a 
threshold : It. eliminare : F. dliminer), to set at liberty; 
to get rid of anything; to throw out or reject some- 
thing from an argument; in alg., to cause a quan- 
tity to disappear from an equation; to disengage; 
to separate : elimlna'ting, imp. : elimlna'ted, pp. : 
elimlna'tion, n. -nd'shun, the act of expelling or dis- 
charging ; the act of throwing out or rejecting some- 
thing from an argument or process of thought ; in alg., 
the process of causing certain letters to disappear from 
an equation. 

eliquation, n. tl'-l-kwd'-shun (L. elequare, to melt 
out— from e, out, and liquo, I melt), the separation of 



substances that melt at different temperatures by 
raising the heat sufficient to melt the one but not the 
other. 

elision, n. — see elide. 

elite, n. e-let' (F.— fr 
choose), the flower of a 
chosen part. 

elixir, n. 8-Wcs'lr (Ar. el iksir, the philosopher's 



liquor for conferring immortality, sought after by 
the old alchemists. 

Elizabethan, a. e-llz'-d-beth'-dn, after the manner or 
model of the time of Queen Elizabeth. 

elk, n. 81k (AS. elch; Sw. elg, an elk), an animal of 
the deer kind, with broad palm-shaped antlers ; moose- 
deer. 

ell, n. el (Gr. olene; L. ulna, the forearm: Dut. el; 
F. aulne, an ell-measure), the name of a measure 
of length for cloth; an English ell is 45 inches— the 
Flemish, 27— the Scotch, 37 and 2-10ths. 

ellipsis, n. 81-llp'sls, plu. ellip'ses, -sez, also ellipse', 
-lips', plu. ellip ■ '■ II i j,, is; Gr. elleipsis, ;m 

omission or defect— from Gr. leipo, I leave), an oval 
figure ; a figure formed by cutting a cone or sugar- 
loaf in an oblique direction across its length ; in a 
sentence, the omission of a word or words obviously 
understood : ellip'sograph, n. -so-grdf (Gr. grapho, I 
write), an instr. for describing a semi-ellipse : ellip - 
soid, n. -sdyd (Gr. eidos, form), a figure or solid 
formed by the revolution of an ellipse about its axis : 
ellip'soid or el'lipsoi'dal, a. -soy'ddl, pert, to: ellip'- 
tic, a. -tik, also ellip'tical, a. -tl-kdl, having the form 
of an ellipse ; approaching the form of an ellipse ; de- 
fective; having a part understood: ellip' tically, ad. 
-II: el'lipticlty, n. -tlsH-tl, the fraction that indicates 
the deviation of an ellipse from a sphere or circle. 

elm, n. 81m, (L. ulmus; Dut. olm ; F. orme), the 
name of a well-known tree : elmy, a. 8l'-ml, abound- 
ing in elms. 

elocution, n. 81'6-ku'shun (L. elocutio, oratorical 
delivery— from e, out of, and locutus, spoken : F. Elo- 
cution: It. elocuzione), the management and quality 
of the voice in the utterance or delivery of words ; 
fluency of speech ; style or manner of speaking : el'o- 
cu'tionary, a. -er-l, relating to elocution: el'ocu'- 
tionist, n. -1st, one versed in, or who treats of, elocu- 
tion. 

eloge, n. 8-lozh' (F.— from L. elogium, a short saying 
or maxim), eulogy ; a panegyric; an oration in honour 
of a deceased person: elogium, n. 8-lo'jl-um, also 
elogy, n. 81-6-jl, a funeral oration— same as eloge: el'o- 
gist, n. -jist, one who pronounces an elogy. 

elongate, v. 8-long'gdt (mid. L. elongatus, made long 
—from e, out of, and longus, long), to extend; to 
lengthen ; to draw out ; to go farther off : elon'gat- 
ing, imp. : elon'gated, pp.: elongation, n. e'long-gd- 
shun, the act of lengthening; < \i,< usion ; continua- 
tion ; departure ; apparent distance of a planet from 
the sun. 

elope, v. Mop' (Icel. hlaupa; Dut. loopen, to run: 
Norm, laupast, to ran away), to run away privately ; 
to run away from the house of a father, husband, or 
guardian without leave, in company with another per- 
son: elo'ping, imp.: eloped', pp. -lOpt': elope'ment, 
n. -mint, the private departure from a house without 
leave, as of a wife from a husband in order to co- 
habit with another man, or as a young woman from 
her parents or guardians in order to be married with- 
out their consent. 

eloquent, a. 6l'6-kwSnt (L. eloquens, eloquent— from 
e, out of, and loquor, I speak: F. eloquent: It. elo- 
quente), forcible and powerful in the use of appro- 
priate language ; fluent ; persuasive : el'oquently, 
ad. -II: el'oquence, n. -kwens, persuasive speech; the 
fluent use of forcible and elegant language in public 
speaking ; the power of expressing strong emotions in 
striking and beautiful language ; oratory. 

else, ad. 6ls(AS. elles, otherwise: old F. el; Gr. al- 
ios; L. alius, other), other; different; besides: conj. 
otherwise; in the other case : n. other person or thing. 

elsewhere, ad. 8ls'hwdr (else, and where), in any 
other place ; in some other place ; in other places. 

elucidate, v. 8-16'sl-ddt (L. e, out of, and lucidus, 
bright, clear), to make clear ; to throw light upon ; to 



act of throwing light upon anything obscure ; illustra- 
mute, mdt,fdr, law; mete, mSt, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



ELUD 



175 



EMBL 



•tlv, also elu'ci- 



tion ; explanation: elu'cida'tive, 
da'tory, a. -ti-r-l, explanatory. 

elude, v. e-lod' (L. eludo, I mock, I deceive— from e, 
out of, and ludo, I play: It. eluderc: F. Under), to 
escape ; to shun ; to evade ; to avoid by artifice ; to 
escape being seen: eluding, imp.: eluded, pp.: elu'- 
dlble, a. -dl-bl, capable of being eluded : elu'sion, n. 
■l6'-zhun (L. elusum, to mock, to deceive), escape by 
artifice; evasion: elusive, a. -ziv, deceptive; using 
arts to escape: elu'sively, ad. -II: elusory, a. -zer-l, 
tending to elude or deceive ; deceitful ; evasive. 

elutriate, v. 6-l6'-trl-dt (L. elutriatus, washed out, 
decanted— from e, out of, and latum, to wash), to 
purify by decanting or straining off; to cleanse by 
washing: elutriating, imp.: elu'tria'ted, pp.: elu- 
tria'tion, n. -a'shun, the process of washing metallic 
ores, &c, by which the lighter earthy parts are sepa- 
rated from the heavier and metallic. 

elvan, n. ei'-vdn (see elf), pert, to elves: elvan 
courses, a Cornish name for felspathic rock or por- 
phyry occurring in dykes in the mining districts of 
that county. 

elver, n. il'-ver (the young eels in their passage up 
the Thames are called eel-fare, of which it is a pro- 
bable corruption), small eels caught in some parts of 
the kingdom. 

elves, n. eivz, plu. of elf, which see : el'vish, the 
same as elfish. 

elysian, a. C-llzh'-l-dn (L. ehjsium; Gr. elusion, the 
abode of the blessed), pert, to the seat of delight ; de- 
lightful in the highest degree: elysium, n. 6-llzh-l-um, 
in anc. myth., the abode of future happiness; any 
delightful place, 

elytrum, n. CV-l-trum, or elytron, n. -trdn, plu. ely- 
tra, -tr& (Gr. elutron, a covering or sheath), the hard 
coriaceous case or sheath which covers the wings of 
such insects as the beetle; the wing-sheath. 

em, 6m (F. en : L. in: Gr. en), a prefix ; a form of en, 
which becomes em before b, p, or m-. AS. prefix em 
signifies to make, to surround: Gr. prefix em signi- 
fies in or on: em, for L. im, signifies in, on, or into. 

emaciate, v. e-ma'-shl-at (L. e, out of, and maciare, 
to make lean or thin; macies, leanness), to become 
lean ; to deprive of flesh ; to lose flesh gradually ; to 
pine or waste away : ema'cia'ting, imp. : ema'cia'ted, 
pp.: ema'ciation, n. -a'shun, a becoming lean by a 
gradual waste of flesh ; the being reduced to leanness. 

emanate, v. im'a-nat (L. emanatum, to flow out— 
from e, out of, and memo, I flow: It. emanare: F. 
emaner), to issue or flow from something, as a source ; 
to arise or spring from: em'ana'ting, imp.: em'ana'- 
ted, pp.: em'ana'tion, n. -nu'-shun, that which issues 
or proceeds from any object as a source ; a flowing 
from; an efflux: em'ana'tive, a. -tlv, issuing from 
another: em'ana'tively, ad. -ll. 

emancipate, v. e-mdn'-sl-pat (L. emancipatum, to 
declare free and independent— from e, out of? from, and 
inancipium, the legal sale of a thing, a slave— from 
manus, the hand, and capio, I take), to set free from 
bondage or slavery; to restore to liberty; to free from 
any controlling influence : eman'cipa'ting, imp. : 
eman'cipa'ted, pp. set free from bondage or servi- 
tude; liberated: emancipation, n. -pa-shun, deliver- 
ance from bondage or controlling influence ; the act of 
setting free fi (ties: eman'cipa'tionist, 

n., also eman'cipa'tor, n. -ter, an advocate for the abo- 
lition of slavery ; one who liberates from bondage or 
slavery: emancipist, n. in Australia, a convict who 
has been set free, or wh his liberty. 

emarginate, a. e-mdr'-jl-ndt, also emar'gina'ted (L. 
emarginare, to deprive of its edge— from e, out of, 
and margo, the extremity or margin), having the 
margin broken by an obtuse notch oi he i i i r 
a circle ; in hot., slightly notched at the summit, as if 
a piece had been cut out. 

emasculate, v. S-mds'-ku-ldt (L. e, out of, and mas- 
r.ulus, a male: It. mascolo: F. male), to geld or cas- 
trate ; to weaken ; to render effeminate : emas'cula'- 
ting, imp. : emas'cula'ted, pp. : emas'cula'tion, n. 
- 1 a'-shun, the act of depriving of virility; unmanly 



embalm, v. em-bdm' (F. embaumer, to embalm or 
perfume— from em, in, and baume, balsam), to fill 
the internal parts of a dead body with aromatics and 
drugs in order to preserve it from decay ; to preserve 
and treasure with great care ; to preserve with affec- 
tion, as, to embalm in one's memory: embalming, 
imp.: n. a process by which a dead body is preserved 
from putrefaction and decay— a body thus prepared 



was called a mummy: embalmed', pp. -b&md": em- 
balm'er, n. -er, one who. 

embank, v. em-bdngk' (em, in, and bank), to inclose 
or protect by a raised mass of stones or earth ; to de- 
fend or protect by a mound or dyke: embanking, 
imp.: embanked', pp. -bangkf : embank'ment, n. an 
inclosure by a mound of earth or stone : a mound of 
earth, or a raised structure, partly of stone, to prevent 
the encroachments of water ; a raised mound of earth 
spanning a valley for a railway. 

embargo, n. im-bdr'-go (Sp. embargar, to impede, 
to restrain; embargo, impediment), an order by au- 
thority to a ship or ships not to leave a harbour or 
port ; an order to a ship not to trade for a limited 
time : v. to lay an embargo on a ship : embargoing, 
imp. : embargoed, pp. -god, hindered from sailing or 
trading for a time. 

embark, v. em-bark' (F. embarquer, to put on ship- 
board—from em, in or on, and barque, a boat), to go 
on board a ship about to sail ; to cause to go on board 
a ship ; to engage in any undertaking ; to engage an- 
other in any affair : embarking, imp.: embarked', pp. 
-bdrkt': embarkation, n. em'-bdr-ka'shun, the act of 
going or of putting on board a ship ; that which is 
embarked— sometimes spelt embarcation. 

embarrass, v. em-bdr'-rds (Sp. emharazo, confusion, 
perplexity: Port, embaracar, to mix, to embroil: F. 
embarrasser, to perplex— from the root bar or bar, 
used to represent confused sound), to confuse ; to per- 
plex ; to entangle ; to involve : to abash : embar rass- 
ing, imp.: adj. perplexing; confusing: embarrassed, 
pp. -rdst, perplexed; confused: embarrassment, n. 
-mint, perplexity ; confusion ; distress or perplexity 
from inability to discharge debts. 

embassy, n. Sm'-bds-sl, also embassage, -sdj (mid. L. 
ambascia, business of another, message committed to 
another : F. ambassade, an embassy, a love-message— 
see ambassador), a public message to another na- 
tion; the charge of a public minister to a foreign 
court ; the minister himself, his residence and suite ; 
a solemn message. 

embattle, v. Cm-bdt'-l (em, in or on, and battle), to 
array troops for battle ; to indent for ornament or de- 
fence, as a wall : embat'tling, imp. -ling: embat'tled, 
pp. -Id: adj. furnished witli battlements: embat'tle- 
ment, n. -bdt'-l-mint, an indented parapet-wall. 

embay, v. im-ba' (em, in, and bay), to inclose, as a 
ship in a bay, or between points of land : embaying, 
imp.: embayed', pp. -bad'. 

embed, v. Cm-bed' (em, in, and bed), to lay deeply in 
surrounding matter, as in clay, sand, or mortar: em- 
bed'ding, imp.: embed'ded, pp.: embed'ment, n. 
-mCnt— also spelt imbed. 

embellish, v. em-bel'-llsh (F. embellir, to adorn ; em- 
bellissant, adorning, beautifying— from em, in or on, 
and belle, beauty : L. belius, pretty), to decorate ; to 
beautify; to adom : embellishing, imp.: embel'- 
lished, pp. -llsht: adj. decorated; beautified: em- 
bel'lishment, n. anything that adds beauty or ele- 
gance ; ornament ; decoration : embellisher, n. -e'r, 
one who. 

ember-days, n. Sm'-ber- (Ger. quatember, a quarterly 
day— from L. quatuor tempora, the four seasons : low 
Ger. tamper; Sw. ymber-clagar, ember or imber days), 
in the Church calendar, certain fast-days for implor- 
ing a blessing on the fruits of the earth, and on the 
ordinations performed at those times, occurring on 
the Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday after the first 
Sunday of Lent, after the feast of Whitsunday, and 
after the 14th Sept. and 13th Dec. 

embers, n. plu. Sm'berz (AS. aemyrian; Dan. emmer; 
Sw. morja, hot or glowing ashes), cinders and ashes 
still hot ; the expiring residuum of a fire. 

embezzle, v. Sm-bez'-l (em, to make, and old Eng. 
bezzle, to guzzle, to drink hard: old F. besiller, to over- 
turn, to destroy), to conceal ; to apply to one's own 
use money held in trust : embez'zling, imp. -ling, mak- 
ing away by a servant with property intrusted to him 
by his master : embez'zled, pp. -Id : embez'zlement, n. 
-ment, the fraudulent appropriation to one's own use 
of what is intrusted to one's care and management, 
especially money: embez'zler, n. -ler, one who. 

embitter— see imbitter. 

emblazon, v. em-bla'-zn (em, on, and F. blasonner, to 
blazon a coat of arms— see blazon), to adorn with 
figures of heraldry; to adorn with glaring colours; 
to display pompously : embla'zoning, imp. adorning 
with armorial figures : n. the act of adorning with 
armorial figures or ensigns: emblazoned, pp, -znd, 



>> boy, /dot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



176 



EMIN 



adorned with armorial figures or ensigns : emblazon- 
ment, n. -zn-ment, the act of emblazoning : embla- 
zonry, n. -zn-rl, pictures on shields ; display of 

emblem, n. Sm'-blem, (L. and Gr. emblema, inlaid 
work— from Gr. emballo, I cast in or insert— from em, in, 
and hallo, I throw: F. embleme), an object that repre- 
sents one thing to the eye and another to the under- 
standing ; a figure ; a type ; a symbolical representa- 
tion : em'blemat'ic, a. -ble-mdt'-lk, also em'blemat'ical, 
a. -l-kdl, consisting of or containing an emblem ; fig- 
urative; allusive: em'blemat'ically, ad. -It: emblem- 
ise, v. em'-blem-izf ', to repi > • • ;< ■ ■ 1 1, by < • ml >L 'ins : em'blemi'- 
sing, imp.: em'blemised', pp. -Izd". 

emblements, n. plu. em'-ble-ments (em, on, and F. 
bled, corn), in laiv, claim on the part of an outgoing 
tenant for the growing crops on the land. 

embody, v. em-bod'-i {em, in or on, and body), to 
collect into one mass or whole ; to incorporate : em- 
bod'ying, imp.: embodied, pp. -id: embod'iment, n. 
-i-ment, the act of uniting into a whole. 

embolden, v. gm-bold'-en {em, to make, and bold), to 
give boldness or courage to : embold'ening, imp. : 
embold'ened, pp. -hid, encouraged. 

embolus, n. em'-bo-lus (Gr. embolon, a bolt, a piston), 
the movable part of a pump or a syringe, also called 
the piston or sucker ; in mech., a wedge. 

embonpoint, n. dng'-bong-pwong" (F.— from en bon 
point, in good jilumpness. 

emborder, v. 6m-bor'-der (em, on, and border— which 
see), to adorn -with a border. 

embosom, v. Sm-bSbz'-Hm [t m in, and bosom), to hold 
in the bosom; to caress; to inclose in the midst, gen- 
erally said of trees ; to surround : embos'oming, imp.: 
embos'omed, pp. -umd— also spelt im-. 

emboss, v. em-bos' {em, in or on, and boss), to cover 
with raised ornamental work ; to form with bosses or 
protuberances : embos'sing, imp. : n. the forming of 
raised ornaments on any surface : embossed', pp. 
-host': embos'ser, n. one who: emboss'ment, n. raised 
work ; figures in relief. 

embouchure, n. dng'bd-shdr' (F.), the mouth of a 
river ; that part where it discharges itself into a sea 
or lake ; the mouth of a cannon or wind musical in- 
strument. 

embowel, v. <£m-bdw'-el {em, intensive, or with the 
force of L. e, out of, and bowel), to take out the en- 
trails or intestines of an animal ; to take out internal 
parts ; to inclose or bury in another substance : em- 
bow'elling, imp. : embow'elled, pp. -eld, deprived of 
intestines : embow'elment, n. the act of taking out 
the bowels : embow'eller, n. -Sl-er, one who. 

embower, v. em-bow'-r (em, in, and bower), to shelter 
with a bower ; to place or rest among trees : embow'- 
ering, imp. : embow'ered. pp. -bow'-rd. 

embrace, v. em-bras' (F. embrasser; It. imbracci- 
are, to enfold in one's arms— from en, in, and Floras; 
It. braccia; L. brachium, the arm), to take or inclose 
in the arms; to press or clasp to the bosom in token 
of affection ; to seize eagerly ; to include or take in ; 
to comprehend ; to accept ; to admit : n. pressure to 
the bosom with the arms ; a hug ; sexual intercourse : 
embra'cing, imp. : embraced', pp. -brasf: embra'cer, 
n. -ser, one who : embra'cery, n. -ser-l, in law, an at- 
tempt to corrupt a jury to one side by promises of 
money and the like. 

embrasure, n. im-bra'zhobr (F. embraser, the splay- 
ing of the opening of a door or window for gaining 
light ; embrasure, the splayed opening of a window or 
door— from braser, to slope the edge of a stone, as 
masons do in windows), the splayed opening in a 
wall or parapet for a cannon to fire through ; the 
sloping or spreading sides of a wall or window. 

embrocate,- 8m<br6 k/H I ' . : I i mbrocatione, afoment- 
(.!■_■ ill'' hv.ui ivii-.ii ,i. liquid billing ujM.n it in the man- 
ner of rain— from It. broca; F. broc, a jug or pipkin : 

Gr. embroche, a steeping, an embrocal ; in ■*,, .\ si ■,, 

and rub a diseased part with a, liquid medicine: em- 
broca'ting, imp. : em'broca'ted, pp. : em\broca'tion, 
ii. -ka'shun, the act of bathing and rubbing a diseased 
part with a liquid medicine : n. mixture so employed. 

embroider, v. Hm-broli'-der {em, in or on, and F. 
bnrdure, the welt or hem of a garment ; broder, to 
embroider), to adorn with ornamental needle-work: 
embroi'dering, imp. : n. the art of adorning with 
needle-work: embroi'dered, pp. -derd: embroi'dery, 
n. -der-l, ornamental needle-work; the art of embroi- 
dering; the productions of embroidery. 

embroil, v. cm-brdyl' (F. embrouiller, to perplex, to 



entangle— from em, in, and brouilUr, to jumble, to 
mix), to involve in troubles or perplexities; To on- 



embrue, v. em-br6'—see imbrue. 

embryo, n. em'-bri-o, also em'bryon, -on (Gr. em- 
braon, an infant in the womb— fromero, in, and bruo, 
I shoot or bud: F. embryon), the first rudiments of 
an animal or plant; the first state or beginning of 
anything; anything before it assumes a distinct form : 
adj. rudimentary : em'bryon'ic, a. -on'-ik, also em'bry- 
on'ary, a. -er-i, and em'bryon'al, a. -on'-al, relating to 
an embryo ; rudimentary : em'bryog'eny, n. -oj'-e-nl 
(Gr. genos, offspring, race), in bot., the development 
of the embryo in the ovule : em'bryol'ogy, n. -dl'6-ji 
(Gr. logos, a discourse), the study of the formation of 
the embryo : em'bryol'ogist, n. -jlst, one who is versed 
in : em'bryot'omy, n. -6t'6-mi (Gr. tome, a cutting), 
the extraction of the embryo or foetus by incision : 
embryo-buds, nodules in the bark of the birch and 
other trees: embryo -sac or embryonary-sac, the 
cellular bag in which the embryo is found : em bryot- 
ega, ii. -ot'-e-gd (Gr. tege, a covering), a process or callo- 
sity raised from the spermoderm by the embryo of 
some seeds during g'a miii;d ion, as in the bean. 

emendation, n. em'- en- da- shun (L. emendatum, to 
correct— from e, out of, and mendum, a fault: It. 
emendare: F. dmender), the act of altering or chang- 
ing for the better ; correction of an error or fault ; im- 
provement : em'enda'tor, n. one who corrects errors 
in writings, or improves them : emen'datory, a. -da- 
ter-t, contributing to emendation. 

emerald, n. em'-er-dld (Sp. esmeralda; L. smarag- 
dus; Gr. smaragdos; F. emeraude), a precious stone 
of a deep green colour, the less brilliant varieties being 
known as beryls. 

emerge, v. e-merf (L. emergere, to rise up, to come 
forth — from e, out of, and mergo, I plunge or dip), to 
rise up from beneath a surface, as of water ; to issue ; 
to proceed from ; to reappear ; to rise into view ; to 
become a reality : emerging, imp. : emerged', pp. 
-merjd': emer'gent, a. -iner'jent, rising out of ; coming 
suddenly; pressing: emer'gently, ad. -Ii: emergence, 
n. -jSns, also emer'gency, n. -jen-si, that which comes 
suddenly ; a sudden occasion ; anything calling for 
immediate action; pressing necessity: emer'sion, n. 
e-mer'-shun (L. emersus, risen up), the act of appear- 
ingtoview; reappearance o! a beavenly body. 

emeritus, a. e-mer'-i-tus (L. emeritus, a veteran— 
from e, out of, and mereo, I deserve : It. emerito : F. 
emerite), honourably discharged from the performance 
of public duty on account of age or long and faithful 
services— said of aprofessor of a college, or of a school. 

emerods, n. plu. em'-er-bdz (a contraction of hem- 
orrhoids: Gr. (h)aimorrJioides— -from (h)aima, blood, 
and rheo, I flow), painful and bleeding tubercles about 
the anus ; piles. 

emersion, n.— see emerge. 

emery, n. em'-er-i (F. emeri, a black hard mineral : 
Gr. smuris, emery : Sp. esmerar, to polish, to cleanse), 
a very hard mineral substance used for polishing ar- 
ticles made of metals or hard stones : emery paper or 
cloth, paper or cloth on which the powder of emery is 
spread and glued for polishing. 

emetic, n. e-m6t'-ik(F. emetique; Gr. emetikos, that 
causes vomiting— from Gr. emeo, I vomit : L. emetica, 
an emetic), any substance that causes vomiting when 
taken internally: adj. that causes vomiting : emet'i- 
cally, ad. -l-kdl-l. 

emeu, n.— see emu. 

emeute, n. a-mut' (F. uproar), a popular tumult or 
riot. 

emiction, n. e-mlk'-shun (L. e, out of, and mietum, to 
make water), the discharging of urine ; what is voided 
by the urinary passages. 

emigrate, v. Sm'-i-grut (L. emigratum, to remove or 
depart from a place— from e, out of, and migro, I 
wander: It. emigrare: F. emigrer), to leave one's 
native country to reside permanently in another; to 
leave one country to settle in another: em'igra'ting, 
imp.: em'igra'ted, pp.: em'igrant, n. one who emi- 
grates: em'igra'tion, n. -i-gra'-shun, removal to dwell 
or settle in another country. 

eminent, a. em'-i-nent (L. eminens, standing out, 
distinguished— from e, out of, and inineo, I jut or 
project: It. eminente: F. eminent), celebrated or con- 
spicuous; rising above others; high in rank, &c; dig- 
nified: eminence, n. -nens, elevation; height; sum- 
mate, mat, far, law; mete, m6t, Mr; pine, pin; nCte, not, mOve; 



EMIR 



177 



ENAM 



mit ; highest part ; high rank ; distinction ; a hill ; 
title of cardinals in R. Cath. Ch.: eminently, ad. -II, 
in a high degree. 

emir, n. e'mlr(Ax. arnir, a commander: Heb. amar), 
a title of dignity among the Turks ; a title given to 
the descendants of Mahomet. 

emissary, n. em'-ls-sir-l (L. emissarius, an emissary, 
a spy— from e, out of, and missus, sent: It. emissario: 
F. emissaire), a spy ; a secret agent ; one sent on pri- 
vate messages. 

emission, n.— see emit. 

emit, v. e-mlt' (L. emittere, to send out or forth— 
from e, out of, and mitto, I send: F. emettre), to send 
forth ; to throw or give out ; to let fly : emit'ting, 
imp.: emitted, pp.: emission, n. emlsh'-un (L. e, and 
'missus, sent), the act of sending out ; an issuing out. 

emmenagogue, n. 6m-mcn'-a-gog (Gr. emmema, the 
menses, and ago, I lead), a medicine which promotes 
the menstrual discharge. 

emmet, n. Sm'-met (AS. ccmet, an emmet— from 
ccmetta, leisure, rest; Ger. ameise, an emmet— from 
emsig, assiduous, diligent), an ant. 

emolliate, v. c-mol-li-at (L. anollitum,to make soft— 
from e, out of, and mollio, I soften), to soften : emol- 
lia'ting, imp. : emol'lia'ted, pp. : emollient, a. -cut, 
softening ; that which softens or makes supple : n. a 
medicine which relaxes or softens : emollition, n. em- 
6-llsh'-un, the act of softening or relaxing. 

emolument, n. 6-mdl-u-ment (L. emolumentum, a 
working out, labour— from e, out of, and moliri, to 
exert one's self), profit from an office; advantage; 
gain: emol'umen'tal, a. -men'-tul, useful; yielding 
profit. 

emotion, n. e-mO'-shiin (L. emotum, to move out or 
forth— from e, out of, and moveo, I move), disturbance 
or agitation of the mind; vehemence of passion; ex- 
citement : emotional, a. pert, to emotion. 

empale, v. em-pal (L. em, in or on, and palus, a 
pole or stake: F. empaler, to empale), to put to death 
by driving a sharpened stake or pole through the 
body ; to inclose or surround with poles : empa'ling, 
Imp".-, empaled, pp. -^dW: empale'ment, n. puttingto 
death by thrust mi; a'sharpencd stake or pole through 
the body. 

empaiinel, v.— see impannel. 

emperor n. em'per-er (F. empereur, an emperor— 
from L. imperator, acommandiT— from impero, I com- 
mand: It. imperatore), a sovereign ; a title of dignity 
higher than a king : em press, n. -pris, the consort or 
wife of an emperor. 

emphasis, n. em'fd-sls (Gr. emphasis, forcible ex- 
pression—from em, in or on, and phemi, I speak, I 
assert), the stress or force of the voice put upon a par- 
ticular word or syllable to increase its significance; 
impressiveness of expression : em'phasise, v. -slz, to 
pronounce certain words with a particular force of the 
voice : em'phasi'sing, imp. : em'phasised', pp. -slzd': 
emphatic, a. -fdt'-ik, uttered with emphasis; forcible; 
strong; also emphat'ical, a. -l-kal: emphatically, 
ad. -U. 

emphysema, n. gm'fi-se'md (Gr. emphusema, infla- 
tion—from em, in, and phusa?i, to blow), in med., dis- 
tension with air of a tissue, or of the air-cells of the 
lungs: em'physem'atous, a. -sem'-a-tus, characterised 
by the presence of air, or a light puffy humour. 

empire, n. em'-plr (L. imperium, command, power: 
It. imperio: F. empire), the dominions of an emperor, 
usually including several nations or nationalities; do- 
minion ; supreme control ; governing influence or com- 
mand. 

empiric, n. Sm-plr'lk (L. empirici; Gr. empeirikoi, 
physicians who followed a system based on practical 
experience alone— from Gr. em, in, and peira, an 
effort, a trial), one whose knowledge and practice is 
founded on experience ; one who practises medicine 
without being regularly educated; a pretender to 
medical skill; a quack: empir'ic, a., also empirical, 
a. -l-kal, resting only on experience; applied without 
science: empirically, ad. -li, without science ; in the 
manner of a quack : empiricism, n. -stzyn, the practice 
of medicine without a medical education; quackery. 

emplead, v. em-pled' (em, and plead), to prefer a 
charge against ; to indict. 

employ, v. em-ploy' (F. employer; It. impiegare, to 
employ, to make use of— from L. em, in or on, and 
plico, I fold), to keep busy or at work ; to use ; to 
exercise ; to engage the services of any. one ; to apply 
or devote to an object: n. business; occupation: 
employ ing, imp.: employed', pp. -ployd'-. employ'- 

cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, 



ment, n. that which engages the time and attention 
of any one ; occupation : employ'er, n. one who en- 
gages or keeps in service: employ'e, n., also the 
English form, employee, n. -ploy'-d (F.), one who is 
engaged in any occupation. 

emporium, n. em-por'-l-um (L. emporium; Gr. em- 
porion, a place of trade, a market-place : It. emporio), 
a mart or place for sale of goods ; a city or town with 
extensive commerce. 

empower, v. em-pdiu'-r (em, and power), to give 
authority or power to ; to commission or authorise : 
empowering, imp.: empowered, pp. -pdw'-rd. 

empress, n. fem.— see emperor. 

empty, a. gm'-tl (AS. ccmtig, vacant, empty— from 
cemta, leisure, rest), containing nothing except air ; 
void; vacant; unsubstantial; unsatisfactory; sense- 
less; vain; ignorant: v. to make void; to exhaust; 
to pour out the contents : n. a case or package with- 
out its contents : emp'tying, imp.: emp'tied, pp. -tld: 
emp'tiness, n. -nes, state of containing nothing ; void- 
ness ; inability to satisfy desire. 

empyema, n. em'-pi-e'm& (Gr. empuema, a purulent 
discharge from the lungs— from Gr. em, in, and puon, 
pus), a collection of purulent matter in the cavity of 
the chest. 

empyreal, a. em-plr'-l-dl (Gr. empuros, prepared by 
fire— from em, in or on, and pur, fire— gen. puros : 
Sp. empireo: F. empyree), pure ; vital; formed of pure 
fire or light ; pert, to the purest or highest region of 
heaven ; ethereal : empyrean, a. ■pi-re'an, same as 
empyreal-, n. the highest heaven: empyreuma, n. 
etn'-pl-rO'-md, the peculiar smell and taste of an ani- 
mal or vegetable substance when burnt in a close 
vessel: em'pyreumat'ic, a. -r6-mat'-ik, also -mat'- 
ical, a. -mdt'-i-k&l, pert, to or possessing the taste of 
burnt animal or vegetable substances. 

emu, n. e'-mu, the ostrich of Australia, unable to fly, 
but very fleet of foot— also spelt emeu. 

emulate, v. em'-u-ldt (L. ccmulari, to endeavour to 
excel another : It. emulare), to strive to equal or excel ; 
to vie with ; to rival : em'ula ting, imp. : em ula'ted, 
pp. : em'ula'tor, n. one who : em'ula'tion, n. -la'-shun, 
competition ; rivalry ; endeavour to equal or excel : 
em'ulous, a. -liis, eagerly desirous of equalling or ex- 
celling : em'ulously, ad. -It : emulative, a. -la'-tlv, 
rivalling; disposed to competition: em'ula'tively, 
ad. -It. 

emulgent, a. g-mul'jSnt (L.emulgens, draining out— 
from e, out of, and mulgeo, I milk : It. emulgere, 
to drain), milking or draining out: emul'sion, n 
■shun (L. emulsns, milked out), a liquid for soften- 
ing, &c, formed by the mixture of milk and oil, or 
oil and water, by means of a saccharine or gummy 
substance: emul'sive, a. -sic, yielding a milk-like 
substance ; softening. 

emunctory, n. e-mnngk'-Kr-l (L. emunctum, to wipe 
or blow, as the nose), a part of the body where any- 
thing excrementitious is collected or separated in 
readiness for ejectment. 

emydae, n. plu. em'-l-de (Gr. emus, the water-tortoise), 
the fresh-water turtles or mud-tortoises ; also emys, 
em-is. 

en, prefix, in (F. en -. L. in : Gr. en : AS. em), en be- 
comes cm before b, p, or m : Gr. en signifies in or on : 
F. en comes from the L. in, and signifies in or into: 
en is often used as a prefix to augment the force of the 
word, or to intensify its meaning: en, for AS. em, signi- 
fies to make, to surround : some words are written in- 
differently with en or in as the prefix. 

enable, v. gn-a'-bl (en, and able), to make able ; to 
supply with power ; to furnish with sufficient means 
or ability ; to authorise : enabling, imp. -Ming : en- 
a'bled, pp. -bid. 

enact, v. in-QM (en, and act), to make, as a law ; to 
establish by authority ; to decree ; to pass into a law, 
as a bill by Parliament ; to act or do : enac'ting, imp. : 
adj. giving legislative sanction to a bill in order to es- 
tablish it as a law ; giving legislative sanction : enac'- 
ted, pp. : enac'tive, a. -tiv, having power to enact : 
enact'ment, n. -ment, a measure or bill passed into 
a law ; the passing of it : enac'tor, n. one who. 

enaliosauria, n. plu. en-al-i-o-saw'ri-d, or -sau'- 
rians (Gr. enalios, marine, and sauros, a lizard), in 
geol., a group or order of fossil reptilians. 

enallage, n. en-dl'-ld-je (L. and Gr. an exchange), in 
gram., a change of words, or a substitution of one 
gender, case, &c, for another. 

enamel, n. en-clm'el (en, in, and F. esmail, enamel : 
It. smalto ; Ger. schmelz, colour produced by melting 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



ENAM 



178 



END 



glass with a metallic oxide), a kind of fine glass, vari- 
ously coloured, used for covering articles with a fine 
glossy surface ; any hard glossy surface, as of the 
teeth ; that which is enamelled : v. to coat or paint 
with enamel ; to form a glossy surface on : enam'- 
elling, imp. : n. the act of painting with enamel : 
enam'elled, pp. -eld : adj. covered with enamel ; 
adorned with anything resembling enamel: enam'- 
eller, n. one who. 

enamour, v. en-drn'er (F. en, in, and amour, love : 
L. amor; It. amor e, love: Sp. enamorar ; It. innam- 
orare, to inflame with love), to charm ; to captivate ; 
to inflame with love : enam'ouring, imp. : enam'- 
oured, pp. -erd. 

enarthrosis, n. en'dr-thro'sis (Gr. enarthros, jointed 
—from en, in, and arthron, a joint), in anat., a ball- 
and-socket joint ; the insertion of one bone into an- 
other to form a joint. 

encage, v. enkaf {en, and cage), to shut up in a cage 
—also incage. 

encamp, v. en-kdmp' (en, and camp), to pitch tents 
or form huts for the temporary accommodation of an 
army or travelling party ; to rest for a time, as an 
army or a company travelling ; to besiege : encamp'- 
ing, imp.: encamped', pp. -kdmpf: encamp'ment, n. 
a temporary resting-place for an army or travelling 
company. 

encase, v. en-Ms' (en, and case), to enclose or hide, 
as in a case or cover. 

encaustic, n. Sn-kaws'ttk (L. encausticus ; Gr. eng- 
kaustikos, encaustic — from Gr. en, in, and kaustikos, 
caustic— from kaio, I burn), method of painting with 
a wax medium by means of heat : adj. pert, to the 
art of painting on earthenware in which the colours 
are burnt in : encaustic tiles, ornamental tiles for 
floorings, extensively used in the middle ages, chiefly 
for churches, now revived in modern times with great 
success. 

encave, v. en-kdv' (en, and cave), to hide in a cave or 
recess. 

enceinte, a. dng-sdngf (F.), pregnant : n. the forti- 
fied wall or rampart whicl > :anyplace. 

encephalon, n. en-sef'd-lon, also enceph'alos, -16s 
(Gr. engkephalos, what is in the head, the brain— from 
en, in, and kephale, the head), the brain : enceph'ala, 
n. plu. -Id, molluscous animals having a distinct head : 
enceph'alous, a -d-lus, pert, to those molluscous ani- 
mals, as the limpet and periwinkle, which have a 
distinct head : encephalic, a. en'se-fdl'lk, belonging 
to the head or brain : en'cephal'gia, n. -jl-d (Gr. algos, 
pain), a severe or deep-seated pain in the head : en'- 
cephali'tis, n. -sef-d-li'tls, inflammation of the brain : 
enceph'aloid, a. -16yd (Gr. eidos, form), resembling the 
materials of the brain. 

enchain, v. en-chdn' (en, and chain), to bind or hold 
in chains ; to hold fast or restrain : enchain'ing, imp.: 
enchained', pp. -chdnd': enchain'ment, n. 

enchant, v. en-chdnt' (F. enchanter, to charm : L. 
incantare, to sing a magic formula over— from in, on, 
and canto, I sing), to delight in a high degree ; to 
charm; to fascinate ; to subdue by charms or spells: 
enchanting, imp. : enchant'ed, pp. : adj. inhabited 
by spirits, ghosts, or imaginary beings ; subdued by 
charms; delighted in a high degree: enchant'er, n. 
one who : enchant'ment, n. the use of magic arts or 
spells ; an overpowering or irresistible influence which 
fascinates or delights : enchantress, n. fem. a woman 
who charms or fascinates ; a sorceress : enchant'ingly, 
ad. -II. 

enchase, v. Sn-chds' (F. enchasser, to enchase— from 
en, in, and chassis, a frame), to enclose in another 
body partially, as a jewel in gold ; to adorn with em- 
bossed or raised work ; to adorn any work in metal by 
figured work : encha'sing, imp. : n. the art of enrich- 
ing or adorning works in gold, silver, &c. : enchased', 
pp. -chdst'. 

encho'rial, a. en-ko'rl-dl (Gr. engchorios, of the 
same country, domestic— from en, in, and choros, a 
place), native ; popular— applied to the common writ- 
ing of the anc. Egyptians, as distinguished from the 
hieroglyphic. 

encircle, v. en-ser'kl (en, and circle), to enclose with 
a ring ; to embrace ; to go round ; to surround : en- 
cir'cling, imp. -Ming: encir'cled, pp. -kid. 

enclitic, a. en-kllt'ik (Gr. engklitikos, inclined— from 
en, in, and klino, I bend), inclining or leaning upon : 
n. a word or particle joined to the end of another, 
forming one word, as ne in the Latin word nonne ; a 
particle or word which throws the accent back on a 



former syllable : enclit'ical, a. -l-kdl, pert, to : en- 
clit'ically, ad. -II. 

enclose, v. en-klOzf (en, and close), to encircle ; to 
surround ; to shut in between other things ; to cover 
with a wrapper or envelope: enclo'sing, imp.: en- 
closed', pp. -klozd' : enclo'sure, n. -zhoor, that which 
encloses or is enclosed; space enclosed ; common land 
when enclosed and appropriated ; also spelt with in, 
as inclose. 

encomiast, n. en-ko'ml-dst (Gr. engkomion. praise ; 
engkomiastes, a praiser). one who praises another ; a 
panegyrist : enco'mias'tic, a. -ds'-tlk, bestowing praise ; 
laudatory; also enco'mias'tical, a.: enco'mias'tically, 
ad. -ll: enco'mium, n. -mlum, high praise or com- 
mendation ; panegyric : enco'miums, n. plu. 

encompass, v. en-kum'-pds (en, and compass), to 
surround ; to encircle ; to enclose : encompassing, 
imp. : encom'passed, pp. -pdst. 

encore, int. or n. ung-kor 1 (¥.), again ; once more; 
a repetition of the same : v. to call for the repetition of 
a part of a performance: enco'ring, imp.: encored', 
pp. -kord'. 

encounter, n. en-kdivn'-ter (F. encontre, an encoun- 
ter— from en, in, and L. contra, against), a sudden or ac- 
cidental meeting of two or more persons ; a combat ; a 
fight; a battle: v. to meet suddenly or unexpectedly ; 
to meet in opposition or in a hostile manner ; to resist 
and oppose; to fight: encoun'tering, imp.: encoun- 
tered, pp. -terd. 

encourage, v. en-kilr'dj (F. encourager, to animate 
—from en, in, and cazur, the heart), to inspire with 
courage; to make bold; to increase confidence of 
success ; to embolden ; to animate ; to support ; to 
cheer: encour'aging, imp.: adj. exciting courage; 
inspiring with hope ; cheering : encouraged, pp. -djd : 
encouragement, n. -aj-ment, incitement to action or 
to practice ; that which serves to incite to, or promote, 
any undertaking ; favour ; profit ; countenance : en- 
couragingly, ad. -II. 

encrinite, n. en'kri-nit (Gr. en, in, and krinon, a 
lily), an extensive and chiefly fossil group of animals, 
characterised by their long many-jointed stalks, sur- 
mounted by lily-shaped bodies or receptacles; the 
stone-lily: encrinal, a. en-kri'ndl, also encrin'ic, 
-krin'ik, and en'crinit'ic, -kri-nit'ik, relating to or 
containing encrinites. 

encroach, v. en-kroch' (F. accrocher, to hook on to — 
from croc, a hook), to invade rights or possessions of 
another ; to take possession of what belongs to another 
gradually or by stealth ; to pass proper bounds ; to in- 
trude : encroach 'ing, imp.: adj. tending or apt to en- 
croach : encroached , pp. -krochf: encroach'er, n. one 
who: encroach'ingly, ad. -II: encroachment, n. the 
seizing stealthily a part of the rights or possessions of 
another ; unlawful advance upon the rights of another ; 
invasion ; inroad. 

encrust— see incrust. 

encumber, v. en-kum'-ber (F. enrombrer, to hinder, 
to perplex: Dut. kombcr, loss, difficulty: Ger. kum- 
mer, trouble, rubbish), to burden with a load; to clog 
or impede motion with a load ; to perplex or embar- 
rass; to load an bt: encum'bering, imp.: 
encum'bered, pp. -bird, impeded ; loaded with debts, 
as an estate : encumbrance, n. -brdns, anything which 
impedes motion ; a load; hindrance; an impediment ; 
a claim on an estate, as money or service : encum'- 
brancer, n. -brdn-ser, one who holds an encumbrance 
on an estate. 

encyclical, a. en-si'Jdik-dl, also ency'clic, a. -kliklGr. 
engkuklios, circular— from en, in, and kuklos, a circle), 
sent to many persons or places ; intended for many, 
as a letter sent individually to a whole order of men ; 
applied to the letter or circular which, on any impor- 
tant occasion, the Pope addresses to the Bishops of 
the Church ; circular. 

encyclopedia, n.— also se for 6— $n-sl'Mo-pe'dl-(i(GT. 
en, in, kuklos, a circle, and paidein. instruction), a 
circle of instruction; an alphabetical summary of 
every branch of knowledge : ency'clope'dian, a. -pi.'- 
di-dn, embracing the whole circle of learning : ency- 
clopedic, a. -pe'dlk, pert, to ; also ency'clope'dical, a. 
-pe-dl-kdl: ency'clope'dism, n. -pe'-dlzm, the state of 
Immii'j. hi vclopedii in character: ency'clope'dist, n. 
one who compiles, or assists in compiling, an encyclo- 
pedia. 

encyst, v. Sn-sfsf (Gr. en, in, and kustis, the bladder, 
a bag), to enclose in a cyst or vesicle: encyst'ed, a. 
enclosed in a bag, sac, or cyst ; consisting of cysts. 

end, n. 6nd (Goth, ancleis; Sans, anta, end," death: 



mdte, mdt, fur, law ; mete, met, Mr ; pine, pin ; note, not, mCve; 



ENDA 



179 



ENGA 



AS. ende), the extreme point ; the extremity or last 
part ; the conclusion or close ; last or ultimate state ; 
limit ; dose of life ; issue or result ; object aimed at, 
as end in view : v. to finish ; to terminate ; to con- 
clude : to destroy ; to be finished ; to cease : end'ing, 
imp.: n. termination; conclusion: ended, pp. : end- 
less, a, without end : interminable ; unlimited ; per- 
petual: endlessly, ad. -ll: end lessness, n. : the ends 
of the earth, the remotest parts : end all, n. a com- 
plete termination : end'wise, ad. -iciz {end tcays), on 
end ; erectly ; with the end forward : end'most, a. re- 
motest ; at the extreme end. 

endamage, v. en-ddm'dj (en, and damage: F. en- 
doinmager, to damage), to injure ; to do mischief. 

endanger, v. en-da n'jer {en, and danger), to put in 
hazard ; to peril ; to expose to injury or loss : endan- 
gering, imp.: endangered, pp. -jerd. 

endear, v. en-der' (en, to make, and dear), to make 
dear; to make more beloved : endearing, imp.: adj. 
having a tendency to make dear or beloved : en- 
deared', pp. -derd': adj. made beloved or more be- 
loved : endearment, n. state of being beloved ; the 
cause of love : that which endears ; tenderness ; affec- 
tion : n. plu. caresses. 

endeavour, v. en-dev'er (F. en devoir, in duty— from 
en, in, and devoir, to owe, to be bound ; devoire, en- 
deavour), to make it our duty to do a thing; to exert 
strength either of body or mind for the accomplish- 
ment of a purpose ; to attempt ; to try : n. an exertion 
of strength, physical or mental, towards some end ; 
effort; an attempt. I shall do my endeavour, imply- 
ing duty, means, I shall make an effort: endeavour- 
ing, imp.: endeavoured, pp. -erd. 

endecagon, n. en-dek'-d-gon (Gr. hendeka, eleven, 
and gonia, an angle), a plain figure having eleven 
sides and eleven angles. 

endemic, a. cn-dim'-ik, also endem'ical, a. -l-kdl (Gr. 
en, on, and demos, people : F. endemique), peculiar to 
a district or to a certain class of persons— applied to a 
prevalent disease arising from local causes, as bad air 
or water: n. a disease prevailing in a particular lo- 
calitv, or among a particular class of persons: endem- 
ically, ad. -li. 

endermic, a. en-der'-mXk, also en'dermat'ic, -mdt'-lk 
(Gr. en, on, and derma, the skin), in med., consisting 
of something to be applied to the skin and to be 
absorbed by it by way of a remedy for disease : ender- 
mically, ad. -II. 

endive, n. cn'-dlv (F. endive, a salad), a garden salad- 
plant of the succory kind. 

endocardium, n. en'-do-kdr-dl-um(Gr. endon, within, 
and kardia, the heart), the membrane lining the in- 
terior of the heart : endocardial, a. -al, pert to: en- 
docardi'tis, n. -dl'-tls, inflammation of the lining 
membrane of the heart. 

endorse, &c— see indorse, &c. 

endocarp, n. en'do-kdrp (Gr. endon, within, and Car- 
los, fruit), in oot., the membrane which lines the 
cavity containing the seeds, as in the apple ; the stone 
or shell which encloses the embryo, as in the plum. 

endochrome, n. en'-do-krom (Gr. endon, within, and 
chroma, colour), in hot., the colouring matter which 
fills vegetable cells, exclusive of the green. 

endogens, n. plu. Sn'do-jens (Gr, endon, within, and 
gennao, I produce), in hot., that division of the vege- 
table kingdom, as palms, grasses, rushes, and the like, 
•whose growth takes place from within, and not by 
external concentric layers, as in the exogens: endog- 
enous, a. en-doj'-e-nus, increasing by internal growth: 
endog'enites, n. plu. -nits, fossil stems and frag- 
ments exhibitinz the endogenous structure: en'do- 
phlce'um, n. -dd-flc'-um, (Gr. phloios, the bark of trees), 
the inner layer of the bark of trees : endophyllous, a. 
en'do-fU'lus (Gr. phidlon, a leaf), in oot., evolved 
within a leaf or sheath : en'dopleu'ra, n. -do-plo-rd (Gr. 
pleura, a side), the inner covering of the seed imme- 
diately investing the embryo and albumen : en'do- 
rhi'zal, a -ri'-zal (Gr. rhiza, a root), having a root 
within— applied to plants whose rootlets burst first 
through the coverings of the seed before elongating 
downwards : en'dosmose', n. -dos-mos' (Gr. osmos, a 
thrusting, impulsion), in hot., that property of mem- 
branous tissue by which fluids of unequal densities, 
when placed on opposite sides of it, are enabled to 
pass through and intermix : en'dosperm', n. -do-sperm' 
(Gr. sperma, a seed), in hot., albumen formed within 
the embryo-sac : en'dospo'rus, a. -spo'-rus (Gr. spora, 
seed), applied to fungi that have their spores con- 
tained in a case : en'dostome', n. -stom', (Gr. stoma, a 



mouth), the passage through the inner integument of 
an ovule: endothelium, n. -the'-shi-u?n (Gr. theke, a 
box), the inner lining of the anther-cells. 

endow, v. en-dolv'(L. en, in, and dos— gen. dotis; F. 
dot; It. dote, a marriage-gift: F. doner, to give a 
dowry to), to settle on or furnish with in perman- 
ency ; to settle money or property on permanently ; to 
enrich or provide with, as a gift, quality, or faculty: 
endow'ing, imp. : endowed', pp. -doled': endow'er, n. 
one who : endow'ment, n. that which is bestowed or 
settled on ; property set apart and secured in per- 
petuity for the support of a clergyman, college, hos- 
pital, &c. ; any gift of nature ; any faculty or quality of 
mind. 

endue, v.— see indue. 

endure, v. in-dur' (L. indurarc, to make hard— 
from in, in, and dums. hard: It. indurare), to bear; 
to suffer with patience; to submit; to undergo; to 
last; to continue in same state; to remain: endu- 
ring, imp. : adj. capable of sustaining: endured', pp. 
■diird': endurable, a. -rdbl. that can be borne: en- 
du'rably, ad. -Mi: endu'rableness, n. act or state of 
that which endures: endu'ringly, ad. -ll: endu'rer, 
n. one who: endu'rance, n. -rdns, a bearing or suffer- 
ing; continuance; patience; fortitude. 

Eneid, n. or JEneid, e'-nc-ld, a famous Latin epic 
poem by the anc. Latin poet Virgil— so named from 
its chief hero, Eneas, e-ne'-ds. 

enema, n. c-ne'-md or en'-b-md (Gr. eniemi, I cast or 
throw in), a medicine thrown into the lower bowel. 

enemy, n. en'-e-mi (L. inimicus, an enemy— from 
in, not, .and amicus, a friend: It. inimico : F. ennemi), 
one who hates another person ; a foe ; an adversary ; 
an opposing armed force, naval or military. 

energy, n. en'-cr-jl (Gr. energeia, action, energy — 
frome/t, in, and ergon, work), power; force; the power 
ofoperatingordoing; vigorous action ; efficacy; spirit; 
life: en'erget'ic, a, -jet'lk, also en'erget'ical, a. -i-kdl, 
possessing force or vigour; vigorous; forcible; power- 
ful; effective: energetically, ad. -It: energise, v. 
in'-ir-jlz', to operate with vigour ; to give energy or 
strength to : en'ergi'sing, imp.: energised', pp. -jlzd'. 

enervate, v. e-nir-vdt (L. enervatum, to take out 
the nerves or sinews from, to render effeminate— from 
e, out, and nervus, nerve: It. enervare: F. enerver), 
to render feeble ; to weaken ; to enfeeble ; to deprive 
of strength : adj. weak ; without strength or force : 
ener'vating.imp.: adj. weakening; enfeebling: ener'- 
vated, pp.: enervation, n. in'-dr-vd-shiin, the act of 
weakening: enervis, a. e-ner'-xis (L.), in hot., without 
nerves or veins. 

enfeeble, v. (n-fe'-bl {en, and feeble), to weaken ; to 
reduce the strength of: enfeebling, imp. : adj. weak- 
ening ; debilitating : enfee'bled, pp. -bid : adj. weak- 
ened ; deprived of strength : enfee'blement, n. -bl- 
mint, the act of weakening. 

enfeoff, v. en-fef (en, in, and law L. feoffare, to 
confer a fee on one), to invest with a fee or estate ; 
to give a right of property in lands or houses by a 
deed or instrument : enfeoffing, imp. : enfeoffed', 
pp. -feft'-. enfeoffment, n. the act of giving the fee- 
simple of an estate ; the deed or instrument by which 
it is given— see feoff. 

enniade, v. en'-fl-ldd' {en, in, and L. filum ; F. fil, a 
thread: F. enfilade, a range, a row: It. inftlare: Sp. 
enfilar), to scour, rake, or pierce with shot or shell, 
a body of soldiers in the direction of the length of the 
line which they form ; to sweep the deck of a ship or 
a trench, from end to end, with shot or shell : n. a 
line or straight passage ; the situation of a place which 
may be raked with shot in the direction of its length ; 
the fire of artil rench or a line of sol- 

diers : en'fila'ding, imp. : en'fila'ded, pp. 

enforce, v. en-fors' {en, to make, and force), to con- 
strain ; to compel ; to urge with energy ; to give 
strength or force to ; to impress on the mind : en- 
forcing, imp. : enforced', pp. -forsf: enforce'ment, n. 
compulsion ; a putting into execution. 

enfranchise, v. en-frdn'-chlz (en, in or on, and fran- 
chise), to invest with civil and political privileges ; to 
admit to all the rights and privileges of a freeman ; 
to invest with the right of voting for a member of Par- 
liament: enfran'chising, imp.: enfran'chised, pp. 
-chlzd: enfranchisement, n. the admission to civil 
and political rights and privileges. 

engage, v. en-gaf (F. engager, to enlist— from en, in 
and gage, a pledge), to occupy, as one's time ; to under- 
take ; to win, as affection ; to hold, as in attention ; to 
embark in, as in business ; to bespeak, as rooms or a 



', boy, foot; pure, oud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



ENGA 



180 



ENOR 



partner in a dance ; to bind one's self as surety ; to 
enlist for a service ; to unite by contract ; to begin to 
fight: enga'ging, imp.: adj. winning; attractive; 
pleasing: engaged', -gajd', pp. or a. pledged; pro- 
mised ; attached ; earnestly employed : enga'gedly, 
ad. -jed-ll: enga'gedness, n. -jed-nes: engage'ment, 
n. an appointment; employment; a fight; a battle; 
an obligation ; a compact. 

engarrison, v. en-gdr'-l-sun (en, in, and garrison), to 
protect by a garrison ; to furnish with a garrison. 

engender, v. en-jen'-der (F. engendrer, to generate, 
to produce : L. ingenero, I engender— from in, in, and 
genero, I breed, I bring forth : It. inyenerare), to form ; 
to cause to exist; to occasion; to produce: engen- 
dering, imp. : engendered, pp. -derd. 

engine, n. Sn'jm (L i late or natural 

quality : It. ingegno ; F. enjin, contrivance, craft), any 
mechanical contrivance ; a machine composed of 
many or different parts in order to produce a certain 
result ; any combination of the mechanical powers for 
producing an effect : en'gineer', n. -jl-tiMr, one who 
constructs or manages an engine ; one who is skilled 
in forming plans of works for offence or defence for 
an army; a designer of great machines to be employed 
in the arts and manufactures ; one employed in plan- 
ning and superintending the formation of public 
works, such as roads, &c. : engineering, n. the work, 
skill, business, or profession of an engineer ; the prac- 
tice of an engineer: civil engineering, n. the art of 
designing and constructing public works, great ma- 
chines, &c: military engineering, the art of designing 
and constructing fortifications and all works necessary 
for military purposes : mining engineering, the art of 
designing and constructing mines, and conducting 
operations in them : en'gineman, n. one who waits on 
or attends to an engine. 

engird, v. en-gerd' (en, and gird), to encircle; to 
surround : engirding, imp. : engird'ed or engirt', 
pp. -girt'. 

Engis, n. dng'zM, and Engihoul, dng'-zhS-db, the 
names of two places near Liege, the caverns of which 
contain human remains imbedded with those of ani- 
mals now extinct in Europe. 

English, a. ing'-gllsh (AS. englisc— from Angles or 
Ungles, an anc. tribe of Germans who settled in Eng- 
land), of or pert, to England : n. the people of Eng- 
land and its language: v. to translate into the En- 
glish language. En'giished, pp. -gllsht: En'glishry, 
n. -rl, state or privilege of being an Englishman. 

engorge, v. en-gorf (en, and gorge), to swallow with 
greediness ; to swallow in large quantities ; to devour : 
engorging, imp. : engorged , pp. -gorjd' : engorge'- 
ment,n. a swallowing greedily ; in med., applied to an 
overfilled state of the vessels of a part. 

engraft, v.— see ingraft. 

engrail, v. en-gral' (F. engreler— from greler, to 
hail), to spot as with hail; to make ragged at the 
edges: engrailed', pp. a. -grdld', indented along the 
edges: engrail'ment, n. the ring of dots round the 
edge of a medal. 

engrain, v. en-gran' (en, and grain), to cover or 
dye deeply; to dye in the grain: engraining, imp.: 
engrained', pp. -grand'. 

engrave, v. in-grav 1 (en, and grave), to cut figures or 
letters on metals, rare stones, or pebbles, wood, &c; to 
imprint or impress deeply, as on the memory : engra'- 
ving, imp.: n. the art of cutting devices, figures, or 
letters on metals, stones, &c; the print from an en- 
graved plate: engraved', pp. -gravd': adj. marked as 
with a chisel ; imprinted ; deeply impressed ; also en- 
graven, pp. en-grdv'-n : engra'ver, n. one who ; a 
carver: engra'vings, n. plu. impressions on paper 
taken from copper or steel plates— those from wood 
blocks are usually called woo.dcuts. Note.— Engrav- 
ing on wood is called xylography; on stone, litho- 
graphy; and on copper, chalcography. 

engross, v. en-gros' (F. grossoyer, to write in great 
and fair letters— from gros, big, large: F. grosse; 
Dut. gros, a notarial copy), to copy in a fair large 
kind— generally said of legal documents : engros'ser, 
one who engrosses: engros'sing, imp.: n. the copy- 
ing of a writing in fair and legible characters : en- 
grossed', pp. -grOst': engross'ment, n. the copy in a 
large fair hand. 

engross, v. en-grds' (F. engrossir, to make great, to 
increase, to enlarge— the primary signification being 
to buy up a commodity in order to increase the price), 
to occupy the whole, as the thoughts; to take or 
assume in undue quantities or degrees : engros'sing. 



imp.: n. the invidious occupation of anything which 
ought to be shared with others : engrossed', pp. -grOst': 
engros'ser, n. one who : engross'ment, n. the act of 
appropriating things in undue quantities. 

engulf, v. en-gulf, also ingulf' (en, and gulf), to 
swallow up ; to absorb ; to throw into a gulf : engulf- 
ing, imp. : engulfed', pp. -gulft'. 

enhance, v. en-hdns' (Prov. anz, before; enans, for- 
wards; enansar, to put forwards, to exalt— from L. 
ante, before : Norm. F. enhausser), to raise, as in value 
or esteem ; to advance ; to increase ; to ;i irmavate : en- 
hancing, imp.: enhanced', pp. -hanst': enhan'cer, n. 
-sir, one who: enhancement, n. increase; aggrava- 
tion. 

enharmonic, a. Sn'-hdr-rndn'-lk (Gr. enarmonikos, 
conformed to the rules of harmony— from en, in, and 
harmonia, harmony of sound), applied to a scale in 
music proceeding by very small intervals. 

enhydrous, a. en-hl'-drus (Gr. en, in, and hudor, 
water), applied to crystals and minerals containing 

.:■' i 1m. ; i :■ Ulll ll(J I'm 

enigma, n. e-nig'-md (Gr. ainigma; L. oznigma, ob- 
scure speech: F. enigme), a riddle; a dark saying; 
anything obscure or ambiguous : enigmatic, -mat'-ik, 
also enigmatical, a. -i-kdl, darkl y expressed ; obscure : 
enigmatically, ad. -II: enig'matist, n. -md-tist, a 
dealer in enigmas : enig'matise, v. -tlz, to utter or 
form riddles : enig'mati'sing, imp. : enig'matised', 
pp. -tlzd'. 

enjoin, v. Sn-jdyn' (L. injungo, I join or fasten into 
—from in, into, und jungo, I fasten : F. enjoindre; It. 
ingiugnere), to command; to order; to bid; to urge: 
enjoining, imp.: enjoined, pp. en-joynd': enjoin'er, 
n. one who. 

enjoy, v. Sn-joy' (en, and F. jouir, to enjoy— from L. 
gaudeo, I enjoy), to feel or perceive with pleasure ; to 
take pleasure in the possession of; to possess and 
use, as an estate : enjoying, imp.: enjoyed', pp. -joyd': 
enjoy'ment, n. pleasure; satisfaction; possession; 
possession with pleasure : enjoy'able, a. -a-bl, that 
can be possessed with pleasure. 

enkindle, v. en-kln'-dl (en, and kindle), to inflame; 
to excite; to rouse into action: enkindling, imp.: 
enkin'dled, pp. -did. 

enlarge, v. in Idrj ■ nd large), to extend; to ex- 
pand; to amplify; to expatiate; to augment; to set 
free: enlar'ging, imp. : enlarged', pp. -larjcl': enlarge'- 
ment, n. increase of size ; expansion : enlar'ger, n. 
-jer, one who. 

enlighten, v. Sn-llt'n (en, intensive, and Ger. leuch- 
ten, to lighten), to shed light on; to illuminate; to 
instruct: enlight'ening, imp. -lU'-ning-. enlight'ened, 
pp. -end: enlight'ener, n. -ner, one who: enlight'en- 
ment, n. state of being enlightened or instructed. 

enlist, v. en-llst' (en, on, and F. liste, a roll), to re- 
gister; to enrol ; to engage in the public service, as in 
the army ; to enter heartily into a cause : enlisting, 
imp.: n. the act of engaging men to enter into mili- 
tary service ; the act of engaging one's self in a cause : 
enlist'ed, pp.: enlist'ment, n. the act of engaging, as 
a soldier or sailor, or of attaching one's self to a 
cause ; voluntary enrolment. 

enliven, v. en-llv'-n (en, to make, and live),' to ex- 
cite ; to make vigorous or active ; to cheer or gladden : 
enliv'ening, imp. -llv'-ning -. adj. invigorating; mak- 
ing sprightly or cheerful : enliv'ened, pp. -nd : en- 
liv'ener, n. -llv'-ner, one who. 

enmity, n. en'mi-tt (from enemy: F. inimitie; L. 
inimicitia, enmity : It. inimiciziu), ill-will ; un- 
friendly disposition ; hostility. 

enneagon, n. en'-ne-d-gon (Gr. ennea, nine, and 
gonia, an angle), a figure with nine sides and nine 
angles: en'neatlc, a. -dt'-ik, ninth; also enheat'ical, 
a. -i-kdl: en'nean'drian, a. -dn'-dri-dn; also en'nean'- 
drous, a. -drus (Gr. aner, a man— gen. andros), in hot., 
having nine stamens. 

ennoble, v. en-no'-bl (en, and noble), to elevate ; to 
raise to nobility ; to exalt ; to dignify : enno Tiling, 
imp. -bllng: enno'bled, pp. -bid: ennotlement, n. 
•bl-mSnt. 

ennui, n. dng'-we (F. weariness), heaviness; lassi- 
tude; languor or weariness from want of employ- 
ment. 

enode, a. e-nod' (L. ex, out of, and nodus, a knot), in 
bot., without knots or joints. 

enormous, a. 6-ndr-mus (L. enormis, irregular— from 
out of, and norma, a rule: It. and F. enorme). 



mdte, mdt.fdr, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, ndt, move; 



ENOU 



181 



EXTH 



-ml-tX, anything very vicious or sinful ; an atrocious 
crime ; any villany or crime which exceeds the com- 
mon measure. 

enough, a. S-nvf (AS. genoh, sufficient: Goth. 
ganauhan, to suffice: Icel. gnogr, abundant: Ger. 
genug; Dut. genoeg. enough), that gives content; that 
satisfies desire; sufficient : n. a sufficiency ; a quantity 
■which satisfies desire : adv. sufficiently ; fully ; some- 
times it denotes a slight increase or augmentation, as, 
he is ready enough to oblige; sometimes it expresses 
indifference or slight, as the music is well enough, 
that is, not so good as it ought to be; used as an 
exclamation, to denote fulness or satiety, as, enough! 
' w' t sometimes used for enough. 



enrage, v. en-raj' (en, in, and rage: F. enrager), to 
provoke ; to excite to anger ; to exasperate ; to make 
furious : enra'ging, imp. : enraged', pp. -rajd'. 

enrapt, v. en-rapt (en, in, and rapt), thrown into 
an ecstasy; carried away with emotion: enrapture, 
v. -tur (en, and rapture), to transport with pleasure 
or delight : enrap'turing, imp. : enraptured, pp. 
-turd, transported with delight. 

enravish, v. in-rCiv'-lsh (en, and ravish), to trans- 
port with delight ; to fill with the highest degree of 
pleasure ; to enrapture : enrav'ishing, imp. : enrav- 
lshed, pp. -hht, earned awav with pleasure or de- 
light. 

enrich, v. hi -rich' (en, and rich), to make rich; to 
supply or furnish with wealth or property; to fer- 
tilise, as land ; to supply with anything desirable ; to 
store, as the mind ; to adorn, as with carving, paint- 
ing, &c. : enrich'ing, imp. : enriched , pp. -ruhtf: en- 
rich'er, n. one who : enrich'ment, n. that which en- 
riches ; augmentation of wealth. 

enrobe, v. Sn-rob'(en, and robe), to clothe; toinvest; 
to attire : enro'bing, imp. : enrobed', pp. -rdbd'. 

enrol, v. en-rol' (en, and roll), to insert a name in a 
register or list ; to record : enrolling, imp. : enrolled', 
pp. -rold': enroller, n. one who : enrolment, n. the 
act of enrolling or entering into a register ; a regis- 
tering. 

ensample, n. en-sam'pl (old F. ensample— from L. 
exemplum), old form of example, which see. 

ensanguined, a. en-sang'gwlnd (en, and L. sanguis, 
blood), soaked or stained with blood. 

ensconce, v. in-skdns' (en. in, and Dut. schantse, a 
rampart made of trees and branches: Ger. schanzen, 
to make a fence : F. esconser, to hide), to put one's self 
behind a screen of some kind ; to shelter or cover ; to 
protect ; to secure : ensconcing, imp. : ensconced', 
pp. -skonst'. 

ensemble, n. dng-sdng'bl (F. the whole), the whole 
with reference to the parts of which it consists ; details 
of anything viewed with relation to each other; the 
general grouping of characters in dramatic art to 
form a picture on the fall of the curtain : tout ensemble, 
toot- (F.), the whole together. 

enshrine, v. en-shrln' (en. and shrine), to enclose in 
a covering or chest ; to preserve as sacred : enshri'- 
ning, imp. : enshrined', pp. -shrind'. 

enshroud, v. en-shroivd' (en, and shroud), to cover 
or envelop in a shroud: enshrouding, imp.: en- 
shrouded, pp. 

ensiform, a. en'si-fdwrm (L. ensis, a sword, and 
forma, a shape), in bot., in the form of a sword, as the 
leaves of the gladiolus ; in anat., applied to the carti- 
lage in which the breast-bone ends. 

ensign, n. en'-sln (It. insegna; F. eiweigne, a dis- 
tinctive mark : L. in-sign ia. plu. of insigne",Xhs.t has a 
mark upon it — -from L. en. in, and sig- 

num, a mark impressed), the banner or flag of a regi- 
ment ; the infantry officer who carries the flag of a 
regiment ; a mark of rank or office ; the national flag 
of a ship : en'sign-bearer, n. he who carries the flag : 
en'signcy, n. -si, the rank or commission of an ensign. 

enslave, v. en-slav' (en, and slave), to deprive of 
liberty ; to reduce to bondage ; to hold in subjection : 
ensla'ving, imp. : enslaved', pp. -sla-vd': ensla'ver, n. 
one who : enslave'ment, n. state of being enslaved ; 



also insnare. 

ensue, v. en-su' (old F. ensuir, to ensue : mod. F. 
ensuivre, to follow— from L. insequi, to follow upon— 



adj. coming next after ; following as a consequence : 
ensued', pp. -sud': also insue. 

ensure, v. en-shdr'— see insure. 

entablature, n. en-tdb'ld-tur, also entablement, n. 
en-tab'l-ment (oldF. entablature; mod. F. entablement 
— from en, in, and L. tabula, a board or table), the 
whole top parts of a column or pillar. 

entail, v. en-tcil' (F. entailler, to cut, notch, or carve 
—from en, and tailler, to cut), to fix the succession of 
lands or tenements to a certain line of descendants, so 
that the one in possession can neither sell nor bur- 
den them except by legal process under an Act of Par- 
liament, and with the consent of the next two heirs ; 
to fix as an inevitable consequence on persons or 
things: n. lands or tenements limited in descent ; the 
settled rule of descent for an estate : entailing, imp.: 
entailed', pp. -tald': adj. settled on a person and his 
descendants : entailment, n. the act of settling un- 
y an estate on a person and his heirs. 

entangle, v. ea-tang'gl (en, in, and tangle), to twist 
and intermingle so as not to be easily separated ; 
to involve ; to confuse ; to bewilder ; to puzzle ; to 
perplex : entan'gling, imp. : entangled, pp. -gld : 
entan'glement, n. a disordered state. 

entasia, n. en-ta'zhl-a (Gr. entasis, distention, a 
violent straining), in med., a vehement straining or 
stretching— applied as a -mk nil term for constrictive 
spasm, tetanus, &c. : entas'tic, a. -tds'-tlk, relating to 
diseases characterised by tonic spasms: entasis, n. 
en'-ta-sls, in arch., the gradual swelling of a shaft or 
column. 

enter, v. Sn'ter (F. entrer ; L. intrare, to walk into, 
to enter— from F. entre; L. inter, between, among: 
It. enlrare), to go or pass into a place ; to begin orcom- 
mence ; to engage in ; to join or become a member of; 
to set down in writing ; to enrol ; to flow into ; to 
pierce: entering, imp. : n. a passing in ; an entrance: 
en'tered, pp. -terd: adj. enrolled; introduced: en'- 
trance, n. -trans, power or right to enter ; the door ; 
the beginning : adj. that which allows to enter; pre- 
liminary. 

enteric, a. In-ter'lk (Gr. enteron, an intestine), be- 
longing to the intestines: en'teri'tis, n. -%'t'is (itis, 
a postfix denoting inflammation), inflammation of the 
intestines : enter ocele, n. -o-sel (Gr. kele, a tumour), 
a hernial tumour containing intestine : enterolith', 
n. -0-llth' (Gr. lithos, a stone), a concretion resembling 
a stone found in the intestines : en'terol'ogy, n. -61-6- 
jl (Gr. logos, discourse), a treatise or discourse on the 
internarparts of the body: en'terom'phalos, n. -dm- 
fa-Ids (Gr. omphalos, navel), an umbilical hernia 
whose contents are intestine : en'tecot'omy, n. -6t'-6- 
ml (Gr. tome, a cutting), the act or art of dissecting 
the intestines. 

enterprise, n. Sn'ter-prlz (F. entreprise, an under- 
taking—from F. entre, between, and prise, a taking), 
anything attempted to be performed ; an undertak- 
ing; any bold or hazardous undertaking: en'terpri'- 
sing, a. bold ; resolute ; active : en'terpri'singly, ad. 
-ll. 

entertain, v. en'tir-tan' (F. entretenir, to hold in 
talk, to hold together— from F. entre, between, and 
tenir; L. tenere, to hold), to treat with hospitality ; to 
amuse or instruct by conversation ; to cherish or har- 
bour in the mind ; to please or divert : en'tertain'ing, 
imp.: adj. pli ing; diverting: enter- 

tained', pp. -tand' : en'tertain inent, n. a feast; a re- 
past: amusement: entertainingly, ad. -II. 

enthral, v. en-thrawl'—aame as inthral, which 



thro'ning, imp. : enthroned', pp. -thrond' : enthro'- 
nisa'tion, n. -nl-za'-shun, also enthrone ment, n. the 
induction or installation of a bishop. 

enthusiasm, n. en-th6'-zl-azm (Gr enthousiasmos, 
divine transport or inspiration— from en, in, and 
theos, a god: F. enthousiasme), elevation of fancy; 
intense heat of imagination arising from belief in 
revelation ; fanaticism ; violent excitement of mind 
in the pursuit of some object; ardent zeal: enthu'- 
siast, n. -ast, one filled with mental excitement; 
one imagining himself possessed of some special re- 
velation; a zealot; one who is ardent and imagi- 
native : enthu'sias'tic, a. -as'-ilk, ardent ; zealous ; 
visionarv; also enthu'sias'tical, a. -as'-tl-kal: enthu'- 
sias'tically, ad. -II. 

enthymeme, n. hi'thl-mem (Gr. enthumema, a 
thought— from en, and thumos, the soul, mind : F. cn- 



)o~j,fobt; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



ENTI 



182 



EOLI 



thymeme), In logic, an argument consisting of two pro- 
positions, an antecedent and a consequent ; a syllo- 
gism where one premiss is suppressed. 

entice, v. en-tls' (old F. entiser: Bret, atiza, to in- 
stigate, to incite: Dut. hissen; Ger. hetzen, to set on 
dogs— the origin being the hissing sound by which 
dogs are incited to attack other animals), to attract 
by exciting hope or desire ; to allure ; to tempt ; to 
decoy; to lead astray : enti'cing, imp.: adj. alluring: 
enti'cingly, ad. -II: enticed', pp. -tist': enti'cer, n. 
-air, one who: entice'ment, n. that which allures; 
that which seduces or incites to evil. 

entire, a. en-tlr' (P. entier; It. intero, whole, com- 
plete—from L. integer, whole, untouched), undivided ; 
unbroken ; whole ; complete in all its parts ; sincere ; 
honest ; wholly devoted ; unmixed : entire'ly, ad. -II, 
in the whole ; completely : entire'ness, n. -nes, whole- 
ness ; completeness : entire'ty, n. 41, the whole ; com- 
pleteness: the preceding words sometimes spelt with i. 

entitle, v. en-tit'-l (L. in, and titulus, a title: F. in- 
tituler), to name or designate ; to give or prefix a 
name to ; to qualify ; to give a right to demand ; to 
give a claim to : entitling, imp. -tit-ling, designating ; 
giving a claim to : entit led, pp. -tlt'-ld, named ; hav- 
ing a claim to. 

entity, n. in'-tl-tl (L. ens, a being— gen, entis : F. 
entite), being ; existence ; a real being : nonen'tity, n. 
(see the word), a thing 1 1 ,vi ■ ig no real existence. 

ento, en'-to (Gr. entos, within), a prefix in certain 
compound words signifying "to the inner side." 

entomb, v. en-tom' (en, in, and tomb), to hide or con- 
ceal completely ; to put or place in a tomb : entomb'- 
ing, imp.: entombed', pp. -tomd' -. entomb'ment, n. 
-tom'-mSnt, entire seclusion ; burial. 

entomology, n. en'-to-mol'-o-jl (Gr. entoma, insects, 
and logos, discourse: F. entomologie: entoma— from 
Gr. en, and temno, I cut), that branch of natural 
science which treats of the history and habits of in- 
sects: en'tomol'ogist, n. -jist, one who studies the 
habits, &c, of insects: en'tomolog ic, a. -loj'-lk, also 
en'tomolog'ical, a. -l-kul, pert, to: en'tomolog'ically, 
ad. -It: en'tomoid, a. -mdyd (Gr. eidos, form), resem- 
bling an insect: entom'olite, n. -tom'o-llt (Gr. lithos, 
a stone), the general term for a fossil insect : en'to- 
moph'agous, a. -mdf-d-gus {Gr. phago, I devour), insect- 
eating — applied to animals which chiefly subsist on 
insects : en'tonos'traca, n. -mos'-trd-kd (Gr. ostrakon, 
a shell), a sub-ciass of Crustacea covered with a deli- 
cate skin, and usually protected by a bivalve shield : 
ento'mos'tracan, n. -kdn, one of the Crustacea so pro- 
tected: adj. pert, to: en'tomos'tracon, n. -kdn, a 
member of the class of crustaceous animals repre- 
sented in the English fauna by the water-flea : en'to- 
mos'tracous, a. -Ms, pert. to. 

entonic, a. en-ton'lk (see entasis), in med., having 
great tension or exaggerated action. 

entozoon, n. en'-to-zo'-on, plu. en'tozo'a, n. -d (Gr. 
entos, within, and zoon, an animal), an animal which 
lives within the bodies of other animals— properly ap- 
plied to those infesting the intestines : en'tozo'ic, a. 
-Ik, relating to or connected with the entozoa. 

entrails, n. plu. Sn'-trdlz (F. entrailles, bowels: 
Gr. entera, plu. of enteron, a piece of the guts— from 
entos, within), the bowels ; internal parts of animals; 
internal parts : sing, entrail. 

entrance, n. Sn'trdns (L. intrans, an entering in — 
see enter), a door, gateway, or passage ; beginning or 
commencement; the act of taking possession and 
power of. 

entrance, v. Sn-trdns' (en, in, and trance), to make 
insensible to present objects ; to ravish with delight 
or wonder: entrancing, imp. a. enrapturing; ravish- 
ing: entranced', pp. -trdnst', enraptured; carried 
away with delight : entrance'ment, n. a state of ec- 
stasy. 

entrap, v. in-trdp' (en, and trap), to ensnare ; to 
inveigle ; to catch as in a trap ; to entangle : entrap'- 



meddle with, to discourse— from L. tractare, to handle), 
to solicit pressingly ; to ask earnestly ; to beseech ; 
to importune ; to be prevailed on: entreating, imp.: 
entreat'ed, pp.: entreat'ingly, ad. -II: entreat'er, 
n. one who : entreat'y, n. -I, urgent prayer ; earnest 
petition ; pressing solicitation. 

entree, n. dng-trd' (F.), access; entry; course of 

dishes at table: en'tremets, n. -tr-md (F.), side 

dishes ; dishes containing dainties not the principal 

ones: en'trepot, n. -tr-po (F.), a warehouse; a store- 

mdte, mdt,fdr, law; mete, mSt, 



house: en'tresol, n. -sol (¥.), in arch., alow room or 
apartment between two floors. 

entrench, v. same as intrench, which see. 

entrochites, n. plu. en'-tro-kits (Gr. en, in or on, 
and trochos, a wheel), name given to the wheel-like 
joints of the encrinite, also called en'trochi, -kl, and 
trochitse, tro-kl'-te. 

entropium, n. en-tro'-pl-um (Gr. en, in, and trope, a 
turning), in med., the inversion or turning in of the 
eyelashes. 

entrust, same as intrust, which see. 

entry, n. 6n'-trl (F. entrSe, act of coming in— see 
enterTT passage by which persons enter a house or 
building ; ingress ; the exhibition of a ship's papers 
to the custom-house authorities in order to obtain 
permission to land the goods ; the actual taking pos- 
session of lands or tenements ; the act of recording in 
a book. 

entwine, v. in-twin' (en, and twine), to twist round : 
entwining, imp. ; entwined', pp. -twind' : entwine- 
ment, n. a twining or twisting round. 

enumerate, v. 6-nu'me-rdt (L. enumeratum, to count 
out, to relate— from e, out of, and numero, I number : 
It. enumerare : F. enumerer), to reckon up or tell the 
number of singly ; to count or mention a number of 
things one by one : enu'mera'ting, imp. : enu'mera- 
ted, pp. : enu'mera'tion, n. -d'-shun, counting up a 
number of things by naming each particular one : 
enu'mera'tive, a. -tlv, counting singly : enu'mera'tor, 
n. one who. 

enunciate, x. S-nun-sl-at or -sM-dt(L. enunciatum, to 
divulge, to disclose— from e, out of, and nuntio, I tell : 
It. enunciare : F. enoncer), to declare ; to utter ; to 
proclaim : enun'cia'ting, imp. : enun'cia'ted, pp. : 
enun'cia'tion, n. -d'-shun, the act or manner of utter- 
ing ; manner of pronunciation ; declaration ; in 
geom., the words in which a proposition are ex- 
pressed : enun'cia'tive, a. -tlv : enun'cia'tively, ad. 
-II : enun'cia'tor, n. -d'-ter, one who enunciates or de- 
clares : enun'cia'tory, a. -d-ter-l, containing utter- 
ance or sound. 

enure, v. en-ur" (see inure), to habituate ; to accus- 
tom ; in law, to come into use or power. 

envelop, v. gn-vdl'-dp (F. envelopper, to fold up : It. 
inviluppare), to cover by folding ; to enclose by 
wrapping ; to surround entirely ; to hide : envel'op- 
ing, imp. : envel'oped, pp. -6pt : envel'opment, n. a 
covering on all sides : envelope, n. 6n'-velop, an en- 
closing cover ; a wrapper ; any investing integument. 



i, v. en-vin'-om (en, and venom), to taint or 
impregnate with poison or with malice, &c. ; to 
enrage ; to make odious : enven'oming, imp. : enven- 
omed, pp. -6md. 

enviable, envious, &c— see envy. 

environ, v. en-vi'-ron (F. environ, about, around— 
from en, in, and virer, to veer, to turn round ; Gr. 
guros, a circle), to surround or encompass ; to encircle 
or hem in : envi'roning, imp. : environed, pp. -rond: 
environment, n. act of surrounding: environs, n. 
plu. in'-vl-ronz or en-vl'-ronz, the parts lying near to 
or adjacent ; the suburbs of a town or city. 

envoy, n. en'-vdy (F. envoy er, to send— from en, and 
L. via, a way), a public minister at a court, in dignity 
below an ambassador ; a messenger sent by a state or 
government to negotiate a treaty with a foreign gov- 
ernment ; one sent on a special mission : en'voyship, 
n. the office of an envoy. 

envy, v. en'-vl (F. envier, to grudge: L. invideo, I 
envy, I bear ill-will to— from in, in, and video, I look), 
to repine at another's superiority ; to dislike and be 
discontented on account of the superior excellence 
or success of another ; to look upon with malice : n. 
hatred or ill-will excited by the superior success or 
excellence of another ; malice: en'vying, imp. : n. ill- 
will or mortification on account of some supposed 
superiority in others: en'vied, pp. -vld: en'vier, n. 
-er, one who : enviable, a. -d-bl, capable of exciting 
desire to possess ; desirable : en'viably, ad. -bll : en- 
vious, a. -us, feeling uneasiness; at the superiority or 
happiness of another: en'viously, ad. -H: en'vious- 

enwrap, v. Sn-rtip'—see in wrap. 

eocene, a. e'-O-sen (Gr. eos, daybreak, the dawn, and 
kainos, recent, or new), in geol., the Lower Tertiary 
strata, so called because of the very small percentage 
of existing testacea contained in them, indicating the 

'.I I.V> II <:> i.lir :..<■:;; ,,l. .',,u ili.i-.fl ■>,',■,;■;,; i,,-,, 

Eolian, a. e-O'-ll-dn, also ^o'lian (from Molis, in Asia 
Minor), pert, to ^Eolis, in Asia Minor ; pert, to ^olus, 
her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



EOLI 



Sert. to -Eolia, or the Gr. dialect of .ffiolia: Eolian 
arp, a musical stringed instr. on which the wind 
acts to produce the notes. 

eolipile, n. e-ol'-l-pll LEolus, the god of the winds, 
and L. pila, a ball), a hall or sphere. in which water 
is heated, and from which the rarefied air escapes 
through a pipe. 

eon, n. e'-6n, also aeon, which see. 

eozoon, n. e'6-z6'-6n (Gr. eos, dawn, and zoon, an 
animal), a fossil organism occurring in certain lime- 
stones of Canada, so called from its position in the 
oldest stratified rocks yet known to geology : e'ozo'ic, 
a. -Ik (Gr. zoe, life), a term applied to the oldest fossil- 
iferous rocks of Canada, from their containing the 
earliest traces of life yet discovered. 

ep, prefix, 6p — see epi. 

epact, n. e'-pdkt (Gr. epaktos, brought on or in, added 
—from epi, on, and ago, I bring or lead to : F. epacte), 
the excess of the solar over the lunar month, the 
annual epact being nearly eleven days. 

epaulet, n. ep-aw-let' (F. epaulette— from epaule, the 
shoulder: It. spalla, the shoulder: L. scapula, the 
shoulder-blades), an ornament worn on the shoulder 
by naval and military men : ep'aulet'ted, a. furnished 
with epaulets : epaulment, n. e-pawl'ment, in mil., a 
sidework to cover troops in flank, made of gabions, 
fascines, or bags of earth. 

epenthesis, n. e-pen'thS-sls (Gr.— from epi, on or 
upon, and entithemi, I put or set in), in gram., the 
insertion of an additional letter or syllable in the 
middle of a word : epenthetic, a. -thet'-lk, inserted 
in. 

epergne, n. 8-pern' (F. e'pargne, economy), an orna- 
mental stand with dish and branches for the centre of 
a table. 

epha, n., also ephah, e'-fd (Heb.), a Hebrew measure 
of about 3 pecks A pints. 

ephemera, n. e-fem'-e-rd (Gr. ephemeros, lasting but 
a day— from epi, on, and \!> )< mcro, a day), that which 
lasts but a day, as a fever ; a fly that lives a day, or 
for a short period : ephem'eral, a. -dl, continuing or 
existing one day only ; short-lived : ephem'eris, n. 
-Is, a daily account ; an almanac containing the daily 
positions of the sun, moon, and planets, with useful 
information respecting the other heavenly bodies, and 
of such phenomena as depend upon them ; a table of 
the positions of a heavenly body, as the ephemeris of 
the sun: plu. ephemerides, ef-i-mer'-i-dez: ephem- 
erist, n. one who studies the daily motions of the plan- 
ets by means of an ephemeris. 

Ephesian, a. ef-e'zhl-dn, pert, to Ephesus: n. a 
native of Ephesus. in Asia Minor. 

ephod, n. ef-od (Heb.), a short upper garment worn 
by the Jewish priesthood. 

epi, prefix, ep'i (Gr), on ; upon ; during; on the out- 
side or above : epi has the forms ep and eph ; ep is 
used before a vowel, eph with an aspirate, and epi 
before a consonant. 

epic, a. ep'lk (L. epicus ; Gr. epikos, epic— from Gr. 
epos, a song : It. epico .- F. epique), narrative : epic 
poem, a poem that contains a narrative or story ; 
heroic. 

epicarp, n. ep'l-kdrp (Gr. epi, upon, and karpos, 
fruit), the outer skin of fruits— the fleshy or edible 
portion being called the sarcocarp, and the stone the 
endocarp: epicalyx, n. ep'l-ku'-liks (Gr. epi, on, and 
calyx), in hot., a calyx formed either of sepals or 
bracts. 

epicene, n. ep'l-sen (L. epiaznus, of both genders— 
from Gr. koinos, common), in gram., common to both 

epichilium, n. Sp'i-kil'-l-um (Gr. epi, upon, and 
cheilos, a lip), in tot., the upper portion of the lip of 
any orchidaceous plant when this organ is divided 
into two part- similar in appearance. 

epicure, n. ep'-i-kur (L. Epicurus; Gr. Epikouros, 
Epicurus, a famous Greek philosopher, to whom is 
ascribed, but erroneously, the teaching, that " pleasure 
is the highest good"), a man who indulges in the 
luxuries of the table ; a dainty eater : epicurean, a. 
-ku-re'dn, luxurious : n. a disciple of Epicurus: ep'- 
icu'rism, n. -rlzm, luxury ; habits of gross indulgence : 
epicureanism, n. -re'dn-izm, the doctrines of Epi- 
curus : ep'icurise', v. -riz', to become an epicure ; to 
play the epicure : ep'icuri'sing, imp.: adj. tending to- 
wards the doctrines of Epicurus. 

epicycle, n. ep'i-si'kl (Gr. epi, upon, and kuklos, a 
cow, boy, f dot; pure, bud; chair, 



i EPIM 

circle), a little circle whose centre is on the circum- 
ference of a greater circle : ep'icy'cloid, n. -kloyd (Gr. 
eidos, form), a curve described by the movement of 
the circumference of one circle on the convex or con- 
cave part of the circumference of another : eplcy- 
cloid'al, a. pert, to : epicycloidal wheel, a wheel for 
converting circular into alternate motion, or the 
reverse. 

epidemic, a. ep'-l-dSm'lk, also ep'idem'ical, a. -l-kdl 
(Gr. epi, upon, and demos, the people : F. epidemique), 
attacking many persons ; prevailing generally ; affect- 
inggreat numbers : ep'idem'ically, ad. -II: epidemic, 
n. an infectious or contagious disease, attacking many 
persons at the same time, but of a temporary charac- 
ter : epidemiology, n. ep'i-dem'-l-6l'-6-ji (Gr. logos, dis- 
course), doctrine of epidemic diseases ; method of in- 
vestigating such diseases : epidemiological, a. -6-ldj- 
l-kdl, connected with, or relating to, epidemic dis- 
eases. Note.— Epidemic diseases are not of a perma- 
nent character, are due to contagion, or are carried by 
the atmosphere, and follow a track more or less wide ; 
whereas endemic diseases are connected with certain 
local conditions, and are more or less permanent in 
a district. 

epidermic, a. Sp'-i-der'-mlk (Gr. epi, upon, and 
derma, skin), pert, to the outer skin or cuticle ; also 
ep'ider'mal, a. -dir'-mdl: epidermis, n. -mis, the 
scarf or outer skin of the body ; the cuticle ; the outer 
coating of a plant or tree ; also ep'iderm. 

epidote, n. ep'-l-dot (Gr. epi, upon, and didomai, I 
give or add to), a mineral, a member of the garnet 
family, generally of a green or greyish colour. 

epigaeus, a. ep'-l-je'us (Gr. epi, upon, and ge, the 
earth), in bot., growing on land in contradistinction 
to growing in the water ; growing close to the earth : 
e'pige'al, a. -je'-al, above ground. 

epigastric, a. Sp'i-gds'trik (Gr. epi, upon, and gaster, 
the belly), pert, to the upper part of the abdomen, or 
the part over the belly: epigastrium, n. -tri-iim, the 
upper and middle part of the abdomen, nearly coin- 
ciding with the pit of the stomach. 

epigee, n. ip'-l-je (Gr. epi, upon, and ge, the earth), 
the point of a planet's or satellite's orbit nearest to 
its primary— same as perigee. 

epigenesis, n. ep'-i-jcri-e-sls (Gr. epi, upon, and 
genesis, generation), the doctrine which holds that 
the germ is actually formed as well as expanded by 
virtue of the procreative powers of the parent— op- 
posed to the doctrine of evolution, which holds that 
the germ pre-exists in the parent. 

epiglottis, n. ep'-i-glot'-tls (Gr. epi, upon, and glottis, 
the mouth of the windpipe— from glotta, the tongue), 
the valve or cartilage that covers the upper part of 
the windpipe when food or drink is passing into the 
stomach: epiglottic, a. -glot'-tlk, pert. to. 

epigone, n. e-plg'6-ne (Gr. epi, upon, gone, the seed, 
offspring), in bot., the cellular layer which covers the 
young seed-case in mosses, &c. 

epigram, n. ep'i-grdm (Gr. cp ^pon, and gramma, 
a writing : F. epigramme), a shore poem on one sub- 
ject ending with a witty or ingenious turn of thought : 
epigrammatic, a. -mdt'-ik, also eplgrammat ical, a. 
-i-kdl, like an epigram ; concise ; pointed : eplgram'- 
matist, n. -grdm'-md-tlst, a writer of epigrams : epl- 
grammatlcally, ad. -II. 

epigraph, n. ep'-i-grdf (Gt. epi, upon, and grapho, I 
write), an inscription on a building ; a citation from 
some author, or a sentence constructed for the pur- 
pose, placed as a motto at the commencement of a 
book, or at the beginning of each chapter or part. 

epigynous, a. 6-pij'l-nus (Gr. epi, upon, and gune, a 
woman), in bot., having the outer whorls of the flower 
adhering to the ovary so that their upper portions alone 
are free, thus appearing to be seated on it. 

epilepsy, n. ep'-i-lep'-sl (Gr. epilepsia, a seizure, the 
falling sickness— from epi, upon, and lambanein, to 
take ; F. epUepsie : L. epilt epilepsia), the fall- 

ing sickness ; a kind of sudden fit, with convulsions : 
epileptic, a. -tlk, affected with falling sickness : n. 
one affected with epilepsy: ep'ilep'tical, a. -tt-kdl, 
pert, to epilepsy. 

epilogue, n. Hp'K-log (L. epilogus; Gr. epilogos, a 
close or conclusion : F. epilogue), the conclusion of a 
speech, discourse, &c. ; a short speech or poem at the 
end of a play : epilogistic, a. e-pU'-O-jls-tlk, of or like 
epilogue. 

epimeral, n. gp'-i-me'-rdl (Gr. epi, upon, and meros, 
the upper part of the thigh), that part of the segment 
of an articulate animal which lies immediately abovo 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



EPIO 



184 



EQUA 



the joint of the limb : ep'ime'ra, n. plu. -me'-rd, the 
parts lying immediately above the joint of the limb, 
as the epimera or side segments of the lobster. 

epiornis, n. e'pi-or'-nls (see sepiornis), a gigantic 
extinct bird of Madagascar. 

epipetalous, a. Hp-l-pW-d-lus (Gr. epi, and petalon, 
a petal), inserted upon the petals. 

epiphany, n. e-pif-a-v (I ■ epvphaneia, appearance 
—from epi, upon, and phaino, I bring to light, I ap- 
pear), a church festival held on 6th January in com- 
memoration of the visit of the Magians or Eastern 
Sages to Bethlehem to see and worship the child Jesus ; 
generally the manifestation of Christ to the world. 

epiphora, n. e-plf-o-rd (Gr. epi, upon, and pherein, 
to bring), watery eye, a disease in which the tears 
flow over the cheek from an obstruction in the canal 
which should carry them off. 



epiphysis, n. e-plf-i-sls (Gr. epi, and phuo, I grow ; 
phuton, a plant), that which grows on something else ; 
the end of a long bone, formed at first separately from 
the shaft, and afterwards united to it: epiphyte, n. 
ep'4-flt, a plant which grows on another ; a plant at- 
tached to another plant, and growing suspended in 
air: epiphytic, a. -fit'lk, pert, to ; also epiphytical, 
a. 4-kdl. 

epiploon, n. S-plp'10-on (Gr. epiploos, the caul— from 
epi, upon, and plein, to sail, to swim), the caul— a por- 
tion of the peritoneum or lining membrane of the 
abdomen, which covers in front, and as it were floats 
on, the intestines : epiploic, a. ep'4-pW-ik, pert, to the 
epiploon or caul. 

epirrheology, n. S-plr'4-ol'o-jl (Gr. epirrhoe, a flow- 
ing on, and logo aiscoin ■ ; that branch of natural 
science which treats of the effects of external agents 
on living plants. 

episcopacy, n. 8-pls'ko-pd-sl (Gr. episkopeo, I over- 
see : mid. L. episcopus, an overseer— from Gr. epi, 
upon, and skopeo, I see), church government by 
bishops ; the order of bishops in the English and other 
Churches: epis'copal, a. -pal, pert, to episcopacy: epis'- 
copa'lian, n. -pd'll-dn, an adherent or member of the 
Ch. of Eng., or of a church governed by bishops : adj. 
pert, to : epis'copally, ad. -II : epis' copa'lianism, n. 
-ll-dn-lzm, the system of episcopal church govern- 
ment : epis'copate, n. -pdt, the order of bishops ; office 
and dignity of a i ishoji 

episode, n. ip'4-sod (Gr. epeisodos, a coming in be- 
sides—from epi, and eisodos, a coming in : F. Epi- 
sode), an incidental narrative or digression introduced 
for the purposi o iving i i ter variety to the events 
related : episodic, a. -sdd'ik, also episodical, a. -I- 
kdl : episodically, ad. -II. 

epispastic, a. epH-spds'tlk (Gr. epi, upon, and spao, 
I draw), in med., drawing ; blistering : n. that which 
acts as a blister. 

episperm, n. 8p4- sperm (Gr. epi, upon, and sperma, 
the seed), in hot., the external covering of the seed: 
eplspore, n. -spor, the outer covering of some spores. 

epistaxis, n. ep'i-stak'sls (Gr. epi, upon, and stazein, 
to drop), the act or state of bleeding from the nose. 

episternal, 1 1 rr. epi, and sternon, the 

breast-bone), situated on or above the sternum or 
breast-bone. 

episthotonos, n. cp'Xs-thdt'o-nos (Gr. episthen, for- 
ward, and teinein, to bend or stretch), in med., a spas- 
modic affection in which the body is bent forward. 

epistilbite, n. gp'l-stll'bit (Gr. epi, upon, and stilbe, 
lustre), a crystal of a white, bluish, or yellowish-white 
colour— see stilbite. 

epistle, n. S-pls'l (L. epistola; Gr. epistole, anything 
sent by a messenger— from epi, upon, and stello, I 
send : Sp. and It. epistola), a letter ; a writing or com- 
munication to be sent: epis'tolar'y, a. -to-ler'4, pert. 

tO letters Or COMrsiiuilili'lirr r .li i-lfc-j.-, 

epistolic, a. Sp'ls-tol'lk, also ep'istol'ical, a. -l-kdl, pert, 
to letters or epistles : epis'tler, n. -ler, the priest who 
reads the epistle. 

epistomium, n. ep'ls-to'ml-um (Gr. epistomion, a 
muzzle), the cock or spout of a water-pipe, or of any 
vessel containing liquids to be drawn off in small 
■' i ' ' ; ' > ' i ■ i >■ i < 's when req uired : eplsto'meus, a. -us, spigot- 
shaped. 

epistrophe, n. e-pls'tro-fS (Gr. epistrophe, a turning 
toward— from epi, upon, and strephein, to turn), in 
rhet., a figure in which each member of a sentence 
concludes with the same affirmation. 

epitaph, n. ep'-l-taf (Gr. epi, upon, and taphos, a 

mate, mdt,fdr, laiv; mete, mSt, 



tomb, a sepulchre : F. e'pitaphe), an inscription on a 
monument or tombstone in memory or honour of the 
dead: ep'itaphlc, a. -Ik, also epitaph ian, a. -l-dn: 
ep'itaphlst, n. a writer of epitaphs. 

epithalamium, n. ep'4-thd-ld-ml-um (L.— from Gr. 
epithalamion, that which appertains to the bridal 
chamber, the bridal song: F. ipithalame), a nuptial 
song in honour of the bride and bridegroom. 

epithelium, n. ep'4-the'll-um (Gr. epi, upon, and 
thele, the nipple), a covering membrane in animals 
and vegetables, of the same structure as epidermis, 
but thinner and finer; the superficial, insensible, and 
bloodless layer of the mucous membrane : epithelial, 
a. -dl, pert, to or formed of. 

epithem, n. gp'4-them (Gr. epithema, that which 
is laid upon a thing— from epi, upon, and tithemi, 
I place), in med., a liquid in which cloths may be dipt 
to be laid on any part of the body ; a poultice. 
' epithet, n. ep'4-thet (Gr. epithetos, added or put to, 
annexed— from epi, upon, and tithemi, I place), a word 
which expresses some real quality of the thing to 
which it is applied : eplthetlc, a. -Ik, pert, to ; 

i.JxHmiljiCj ., n [i "in lief.,: 

epitome, n. 6-pit'o-me (Gr. epi, upon, and temno, I 
cut ; tome, a cutting), a brief summary or abridgment 
of any book or writing ; an abstract or compendium : 
epit'omise, v. -miz, to reduce a work to a small com- 
pass ; to shorten or abridge by giving the principal 
matter: epit'omi'sing, imp.: epit'omised, pp. -mlzd: 
epit'omist, n. -mist, one who ; also epit'omi'ser, n. 

epizoon, n. gp'l-zo'on (Gr. epi, upon, and zoon, an 
animal), a parasitic animal which fastens itself on the 
exterior of other animals and lives upon them— op- 
posed to entozoon: epizootic, a. -ot'-lk, applied to 
diseases prevailing among animals, corresponding to 
epidemic diseases among men. 

epoch, n. e'pdk, also epocha, n. e'pOkd (Gr. epoche, 
a check, a pause in the reckoning of time— from epi, 
and echo, I hold or have : F. ipoque), a fixed point of 
time from which succeeding years are numbered; a 
period in the progress of events when some important 
occurrence takes place ; a fixed and important period 
of novelty or change ; in geol., age or era. 

epode, n. ip'-od (Gr. epode, a song— from epi, upon, 
and aido, I sing), the third or last part of an ode: 
epodic, a. g-pod'ik, pert, to: epopee, n. ip'-o-pe' (F.j, 
the history or fable which makes the subject of an 
epic poem. 

eponym, n. ip'o-nim (Gr. eponumia, a surname— 
from epi, upon, and onuma, a name), the individual 
who is assumed as the person from whom any race 
or tribe took its name. 

eprouvette, n. a'prd-vgf (F.), a gun, machine, or 
contrivance of any kind for determining the strength 
of gunpowder. 

Epsomite, n. ep'sum-it, also Epsom salt (after 
Epsom, in England, from whose waters it was origi- 
nally obtained), sulphate of magnesia— now usually 
manufactured from the magnesian limestone of York- 
shire, or from sea-water. 

equable, a. ek'ivd-bl (L. ccquabilis, that may be 
made equal— from cequus, equal : It. equabile), smooth 
and uniform ; even ; steady ; unruffled : eq'uably, ad. 
-Ml: equability, n. -bU'i-ti, continued equality; 
equality in motion ; uniformity ; evenness ; also 
eq'uableness, n. -bhn8s: equal, a. e'kiv6l, being of the 
same magnitude or extent; having the same value; 
possessed of the same qualities or condition ; in just 
proportion; adequate to: n. one not inferior or su- 
perior to another ; one of the same age, rank, fortune, 
&c: v. to make or to be of the same kind, rank, 
quality, &c, as another; to answer in full proportion : 
e'qualling, imp.: equalled, pp. -kwOld: e'qually, ad. 
-II : equality, n. e-kwol'4-tl, similarity or likeness in 
regard to two things compared ; the same condition ; 
uniformity; evenness : e'qualise, v. -%z, to make equal : 
e'quali'sing, imp.: e'qualised', pp. -izcl': e'quali'ser, 
n. -zer, one who : e'qualisa'tion, n. -l-za'shiin, the act 
of making equal : e'qualness, n. -nils, state of being 
equal ; evenness. 

equanimity, n. e'kwd-nim'l-tl (L. ccquanimitas, 
calmness— from ccquvs, equal, and animus, mind : It. 
equanimita), evenness of mind; uniformity and 
steadiness of temper. 

equation, n. e-kicd'shun (L. cequatio, equal distri- 
bution—from cequus, equal— akin to Sans, ekas, one : 
F. equation), a making equal; in alg., a proposition 
asserting the equality of two quantities, having tho 
sign = (equal to) placed between them : equate', v, 
Mr; pine, pin; note, not, mdve; 



EQUE 



1S5 



ERAS 



■kwdt', to reduce to an equation ; to reduce to mean 
time or motion: equated, a. reduced or corrected, 
as an astronomical observation: equa'tor, n. -kwd' 
ter, the great circle which passes round the middle 
of the earth at an equal distance from both poles, 
and which divides the earth into two hemispheres: 
equatorial, a. e'-kwa-to-ri-dl, pert, to the equator 
or regions about it : n. an astronomical instrument : 
e'quato rially, ad. -II: equation of time, the differ- 
ence between apparent and mean time: equatorial 
current, the great ocean current which manifests 
itself within the equatorial regions of the Atlantic, 
Pacific, and Indian oceans, having a decided western 
flow, and warmer by several degrees than the ad- 
jacent waters. 

equerry, u. ek'-u-gr-l, also spelt eq'uery (F. ecurie, a 
stable— from escuyer, a squire who attended on a 
knight, part of whose duties was to look after his 
master's horse : F. escuyrie, a squire's place), an offi- 
cer in a prince's household who has the care of the 
horses. 

equestrian, a. d-kwHs'-trl-dn (L. equester, belonging 
to horsemen— from eques, a horseman: F. equestre), 
pert, to horses or horsemanship ; being on hoiseback; 
noting an order of anc. Roman knights. 

equi, ekivl (L. aquus, equal), a prefix meaning 
equal, alike — as, equilateral, equal-sided: equi- 
valved, having both valves alike. Note.— T he words 
of which equi forms the prefix are mostly self- 
explanatory. 

equiangular, a. e'-kul-dwi'-guKr (I. aquus, equal, 
and angulus, a corner or am.de). having equal amnios. 

equidiflerent, a. i'-kwl-dif'/er-Snt (L. aquus, and 
iliff<.rtnt), arithmetically proportional. 

equidistant, a. e'-kui-dis-tant (L. aquus, equal, and 
distorts, far asunder), at an equal distance from some 
point or place: e'quidis'tance, n.: e quidis'tantly, 
ad. -If. 

equilateral, a. e'kicl-ldt'er-dl (L. aquus, equal, and 
latus, a side), having all the sides equal. 

equilibrate, v. C-ku-i-lVbrdt (L. aquus, equal, and 
libratus, weighed, balanced), to balance equally two 
scales, sides, or ends. 

equilibrium, n. e'kwl-llb'rl-um (L. aquus, equal, 
and libra, a balance), equality of weight, power, or 
force, &c; a state of rest resulting from the action of 
two opposite and equal forces. 

equimultiple, n. e-kuhtnid'tl-pl (L. aqmis, equal, 
and multiple), a number which has been multiplied by 
the same number or quantity as another : adj. multi- 
plied by the same number or quantity. 

equine, a. e'-kicin, also equina!, a. -dl (L. equinus, 
pert, to horses— from equus, a horse : It, equina), peit. 
to horses : e'quidae, n. plu. -kwl-de, the horse tribe, 
or the horse kind. 

equinox, n. e'-kicl-noks (L. aquus, equal, and nox, 
night ; nodes, nights), the time when the sun enters on 
the equinoctial line— the sun rising higher in the 
heavens every day at noon till the point is reached 
when the days and nights are of equal length all over 
the world, makes what is called the vernal or spring 
equinox, about 21st March ; when the same point is 
reached in descending, the sun makes what is called 
the autumnal equinox, about 23d September: e'qui- 
noc'tial, a. - _■ an equal length of day 

and night ; occurring at the time of the equinoxes, 
as the equinoctial gales: n. the great circle of the celes- 
tial concave which divides the heavens into the north- 
ern and southern hen hich derives its 
name from the phenomenon that at all places on the 
earth's surface beneath this circle, the nights are equal 
all the year round, being of the constant length of 12 
hours, the sun setting at 6 p.m., and rising at 6 a.m. ; 
the circle in the heavens which the sun appears to 
describe when the days and nights are of equal length: 
e'quinoc'tially, ad. -It, 

equip, v. e-kulp' (F. equiper, to accoutre : Icel. skipa, 
to arrange: AS. sceapan, to form: Ger. schaffen, to 
create, to provide), to fit out ; to furnish with what- 
ever is necessary : equip'ping, imp. : equipped', pp. 
-kiclpf: equip'ment, n. all necessary articles or fur- 
nishings as for an expedition or voyage : equipage, n. 
ck'wi-paj (F. equipage), the carriages', horses, liveried 
servants, &c, of a gentleman, nobleman, or prince; 
the furniture and necessaries of an army or ship of 
war, &c. : eq'uipaged, a. -pujd, furnished with an 
equipage. 

equipoise, n. e'kicl-poyz (L. aquus, equal, and F. 
poids, weight), equality of weight ; eauilibrium. 



equipollent, a. S'kwi-pol'-lint (L. aquus, equal, and 
pollens, being able: F. equipollent), having equal 
power, strength, or force ; equivalent : e'quipol'lence, 
'" t, also e'quipollency, n. -len-si, ability, power, 



equal, and ponclus, weight— gen. ponderis), being of 
the same weight : e'quipon'derance, n. -dns, equality 
of weight; equipoise. 

equisetaces, n. plu. e'-kicl-se-td'-shi-e, also equise- 
tums.n. plu. ek'icl-se'tihns(L. equisetis, the plant In >rse- 
tail— from equus, a horse, and sin, a thick stiff hair 
on an animal), an extensive order of marsh or boggy 
cryptogamie plants, represented by the common horse- 
tail of bogs and ditches : eq'uisetites', n. plu. -si-tltzf, 
in geol., fossil plants resembling the equisetum of our 
pools and marshes. 

equitable, a. ek'-icl-td-bl (L. aquifas, justice — from 
aquus, equal: F. equitable), fair; just; giving equal 
justice; doing justice ; impartial: equitably, ad. -bli: 
equitableness, n. -bl-7i6s, the quality of bem- jusi ; 
"""" of doing justice: equity, n. -ti, impartial dis- 



justice: court of equity, a tribunal, 
distinct from the common law courts of the country, 
in which justice is administered by a separate body of 
laws created and sustained on the strength of prece- 
dents or usage, or in which cases are decided accord- 
ing to reason and justice, when they appear to be 
excepted from the general provisions of the law. 

equitant, a, ek'-ul-tdnt (L. equitans, riding), in bot., 
applied to a form of vernation, in which the leaves are 
folded forwards longitudinally on the mid-rib, so that 
their edges meet, and each embraces the one which 
is placed next within it. 

equivalent, a. e-kiviv'd-lent (L. aquus, equal, and 
valens, being strong or vigorous— gen. valeniis: F. 
equivalent), equal in value or worth ; equal in power, 
force, or effect; of the same import or meaning: n. 
that which is equal in value, weight, &c, to something 
else; offset; compensation; in geol., strata or a series 
of strata that have been formed contemporaneously 
in distant regions, or which are characterised by simi- 
lar suites of fossils: equiv'alently, ad. -It: equiv'- 
alence, n. -lens, equal value or worth ; also equiv'- 
alency, n. -si. 

equivocal, a, e-kiclv'-o-kdl (L. aquus, equal, and vocal- 
is, sounding, speaking — from vox, a voice : It. equivo- 
cale), of doubtful signification; uncertain; that may 
be understood in different senses ; doubtful : equivo- 
cally, ad. -II: equiv'ocalness, n. : equivocate, v. -kat, 
to use words of doubtful meaning ; to quibble ; to pre- 
varicate ; to evade : equiv oca'ting, imp. : adj. using 
ambiguous words or phrases : equivocated, pp. : 
eqtuVoca'tor, n. one who : equiv'oca'tion, n. -ka'-shun, 
the use of words that have a double or doubtful mean- 
ing : equivOca'tory, a. -ter-l , containing, or savouring 
of an equivocation : equivoque, n. a'-kl-vok? or e'-kwi- 
voK (F.), an expression in which a word has at once 
different meanings ; a quibble. 

era, n. e'-rd, also sera (L. ara, the particulars of an 
account, period of service: F. ere; Sp. and It. era, 
age, era : akin to AS. gear, a year), a fixed point of 
time from which a nation or people reckon their 
years, as Christian era; a succession of years from a 
fixed point; in geol., the commencement of a new 
system or formation, or the entire duration of that 
system or formation : an epoch is a point of time 
fixed by historians, or a certain memorable period of 
years— see epoch. 

eradicate, v. e-rdd'i-J;.' :. to pluckup 

by the roots— from e, out of, and radix, a root : It. era- 
dicare), to pull up by the roots ; to destroy thoroughly ; 
to extirpate : erad'ica ting, imp. : erad'ica ted, pp. < 
erad'ica'tor, n. one who : erad'icable, a. -kd-bl, that 
can be rooted up or completely destroyed : erad'ica'- 
tion, n. -ka'-shun, complete destruction; the state of 
being plucked up by the roots : erad'ica'tive, a. -tiv, 
that cures or destroys thoroughly. 

erase, e-rds 1 (L. erasus, scraped out— from e, out of, 
and rasus, scraped : F. raser, to shave), to scrape or 
rub out ; to obliterate ; to expunge ; to blot out or 
deface : era'sing, imp. : erased', pp. -rdsd': era'ser, n. 
one who or that which: era'sable, a. -sd-bl, that can 
be scraped out or obliterated : erase'ment, n. -ment, 
a rubbing out; obliteration: era'sure, n. -zhdbr, the 
act of scratching out; the place where a letter or 
word has been rubbed out. 



'. boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



ERAS 



186 



ESCA 



Erastian, a. 6-rds'tl-dn, pert, to Erastus or his doc- 
trines: Eras'tians, n. plu., those professing the doc- 
trines of Erastus, a German divine and physician of 
the 16th century, who taught that the Church ought 
to be wholly dependent on the State for its government 
and discipline : Eras'tianism, n. -torn, the principles 
of the Erastians. 

erbium, n. er'-bl-um — erbium and terbium, names 
given by Mossander to two new metals, the oxides of 
which accompany yttria. 

ere, conj. ar (Goth, air, early; AS. cer, early, be- 
fore : Dut. eer, sooner : Ger. eher, before ; erste, first), 
before ; sooner than : erst, ad. erst, at first ; in early 
times ; once ; long ago : ere long, ad. dr'long (ere and 
long), a contraction for "before long time," or "be- 
fore a long time shall elapse": ere now, ad. before 
this time. 

Erebus, n. er'S-bus (L. in anc. myth., the god of dark- 
ness, son of Chaos, and brother of Nox), darkness ; the 
region of the dead ; hell. 

erect, v. e-rekt' (L. erectus, raised or set up— from e, 
out of, and rectus, straight or upright), to raise ; to set 
up ; to build ; to found or establish : adj. in a perpen- 
dicular position; upright; firm, unshaken, or bold: 
erec'ting, imp. : erec'ted, pp. : erectly, ad. -It, in an 
upright position : erect'ness, n. the being perpendicu- 
lar in position or form: erec'table, a. -td-bl, that can 
be erected: erec'tile, a. -til, that which may be erec- 
ted; having the property of raising itself: erec'tive, 
a. -tlv, able or tending to erect : erec'ter, n. one who : 
erec'tor, n. a muscle that erects ; he or that which 
erects : erec'tion, n. -shun, the act of raising or build- 
ing ; settlement or formation ; a building of any kind. 

eremacausis, n. er'6-md-kaw'sls (Gr. erema, silently, 
gently, and kausis, a burning), the slow chemical 
change or combustion without sensible heat, caused 
by the action of the oxygen of the atmosphere on 
moist animal or vegetable bodies, as in the slow de- 
cay of wood. 

eremite, n. £r'S-mlt, another spelling of hermit, 
which see. 

erethism, n. gr'S-thlzm (Gr. erethismos, irritation), 
in med., a state of irritation or excitement of a part, 
different from, or short of, the inflammatory condi- 
tion, although often passing into it ; unnatural energy 
of action. 

ergo, conj. ?r'-go (L.), therefore; consequently; often 
used in a joeuiar way. 

ergot, n. er'got (P. ergot, cock's spur), a vegetable 
disease consisting in the growth of a black horn-like 
fungus, commonest on the rye or secale : er'gotism, 
n. -go-tlzm, in med., a diseased state of body caused 
by eating diseased or unripe grain, especially the 
poisonous effects resulting from eating bread made 
from spurred rye: er'gotised, a. -tlzd, diseased by 
ergot, as rye : er'gotin, n. -tin, the acrid, bitter, active 
principle of ergot. 

Eridanus, n. e-rld'd-nus (Gr. Eridanos, the river 
Po), a winding constellation in the southern hemi- 
sphere. 

Erin, n. e'rln (L. Jerne, Ireland, the L. name being 
itself a probable corruption of an old Celtic term), 
contr. for Ireland, or its ancient name : erinite, n. 
6r'l-nlt, a beautiful green arseniate of copper found in 
Limerick, Ireland. 

ermine, n. er'mln (F. hermine), an animal of the 
weasel kind, of a white colour, the fur of which, as 
being used for the robes of judges, is often employed 
to denote the office or dignity of a judge ; an emblem 
of purity and of honour without stain : er'mined, a. 
-mind, adorned or clothed with ermine. 

erode, v. 6-rod' (L. erodo, I consume or eat away— 
from e, out of, and rodo, I gnaw), to eat in or away ; 
to corrode: ero'ding, imp. : ero'ded, pp. : ero'sive, a. 
-zlv (L. erosum, to consume), that eats away : ero'- 
sion, n. -zhun, the act of gradually wearing away ; 
the state of being gradually worn away : erose, a. 
6-roz', in bot., irregularly toothed as if gnawed: 
erose'ly, ad. -II. 

erotic, a. grot'lk (Gr. erotikos, relating to love— 
from eruo, I love passionately), relating to the pas- 
sion of love ; also erot'ical, a. -t-kdl. 

erpetology.n.er^e/V jl(i • (/i \i rp ton. .. .-. <'<■>> in- 
thing, a reptile, and logos, discourse), that branch of 
natural science which treats of the structure, habits, 
and history of reptiles ; also spelt herpetology. 

err, v. er (L. errare; Ger. irren, to wander, to go 
astray: Fin. eri, separate, apart; ero, departure: 



from the right way ; to deviate from the line or path 
of duty ; to miss the right way ; to commit error : 
erring, imp. : adj. uncertain ; wandering from the 
truth or the right way : er ringly, ad. -II : erred, pp. 
erd: er'rand, n. -rdnd (AS. azrend, an errand), a mes- 
sage ; something to be told or done by a messenger : er- 
rant, a. ir'rdnt (L. errans, wandering— gen. errantis), 
wandering ; rambling: er'rantry, n. -trl, the employ- 
ment of a knight who wandered about seeking adven- 
tures ; a wandering : knights-errant, knights wander- 
ing about in search of adventure : erratic, a. -rdt'lk, 
having no fixed course ; irregular ; strange ; queer ; 
also errat'ical, a. -l-kal-. erratically, ad. -It: erratics, 
n. plu. Sr-rdt'-lks, orerratic blocks, in geol., those large 
water-worn blocks of stone, commonly called boulders, 
which are scattered so plentifully over the higher and 
middle latitudes of the northern hemisphere : erra- 
tum, n. -rd'tum, plu. erra'ta (L.), an error or mis- 
take in writing or printing: erro'neous, a. -r6'-ne-us, 
not conformable to truth ; wrong ; false ; mistaken : 
erro'neously, ad. -It: erro'neousness, n. : error, n. 
er'er, a deviation from truth ; a sin or transgression ; 
a blunder: er'rorist, n. -er-lst, one who encourages 
and propagates error. 

errhine, a. er'rln (Gr. errhinon, a medicine for in- 
citing sneezing— from en, in, and rhis, the nose— gen. 
rhinos), in med., affecting the nose; producing dis- 
charge from the nose : n. what is snuffed up the nose 
to cause sneezing. 

Erse, n. ers (contr. from Irish), the branch of the 
Celtic spoken by the Highlanders of Scotland, called 
by themselves Gaelic; Irish. 

erst, ad. erst— see under ere : erst'-while, till then ; 
till now. 

erubescent, a. $r'db-b$s'ent (L. erubescens, growing 
red— from e, out of, and ruber, red), reddish ; flush- 
ing: er'ubes'cence, n. -ens, redness of the skin or sur- 
face of anything : er'ubes'cite, n. -bSs'lt, purple cop- 
per. 

eructate, v. e-ruk'tat (L. eructatum, to belch out— 
from e, out of, and ructatum, to belch : It. eruttare : 
F. eructer), to throw up foul air from the stomach ; to 
belch : eruc'tating, imp. : eruc'tated, pp. : e'ructa'- 
tion, n. -ta-shun, the act of belching wind or foul air 
from the stomach ; a violent bursting forth of gaseous 
and liquid matter from any orifice or opening, as from 
the crater of a volcano or geyser. 

erudite, a. er'u-dU (L. eruditus, free from rudeness, 
cultivated— from e, out of, and rudis, rough : It. 
erudito: F. erudit), instructed; conversant with 
books ; learned : er'uditi'on, n. -dlsh'un, knowledge 
gained by study of books; learning in literature; 
scholarship : eruditely, ad. -It. 

eruginous,a.e-TOi ; f-m"(s (see aeruginous), resembling 
the rust of copper or brass. 

erumpent, a. e'-rum'pent (L. e, out of, and rumpo, 
I break), in bot., prominent, as if bursting through the 
epidermis, as seen in some tetraspores. 

erupted, a. e-rup'ted (L. eruptus, broken out or 
burst forth— from e, out of, and ruptus, rent asunder), 
forcibly thrown out, as from a volcano: erup'tion, 
n. -shun, a bursting out from confinement ; a violent 
throwing out of anything, as flames or lava from a 
volcano ; a sudden and overwhelming hostile rush of 
armed men from one country into another ; a breaking 
out of pustules or pocks on the skin, as in measles, 
small-pox, &c. : erup'tive, a. -tlv, bursting forth ; 
attended with eruptions or producing them ; in geol., 
applied to igneous rocks, which have evidently buibt 
through the sedimentary strata. 

erysipelas, n. er'l-slp'e-lds (Gr. erusipelas, a red 
eruption on the skin— from eruthros, red, and pella, 
skin), an eruption of a fiery inflammatory nature on 
some part of the body ; the disease called St Anthony's 
fire: erysipelatous, a. -l-pel'd-tus, eruptive; of or 



erythema, n. dr'l-the'md (Gr. eruthema, redness— 
from eruthaino, I make red), in med., a superficial red- 
ness of the skin : er'ythem'atous, a. -them'd-tus, pert, 
to: er'ythrine, n. -thrln (Gr. eruthros, red), a mineral 
of a carmine and peach-blossom red colour ; cobalt- 
bloom, used for the manufacture of smalt: er'y- 
thrite, n. -thrlt, a mineral, a flesh-coloured variety 
of felspar. 

escalade, n. Ss'-kd-ldd' (F.— from L. scala; old F. 
scalle, a ladder : It. scalata), the entering by troops 
into a fortified place by means of ladders : v. to enter 
a place by ladders: es'cala'ding, imp.: es'cala'ded, 
pp. 



Lap. erit, away, to another place), to wander or stray 

mate, mdt.fdr, law; mete, m&t, her; pine, pin; note, not, mdve; 



ESCA 1 

escallop, n. Ss-kdl'-op (see scallop), a bivalve shell ; 
inequality of margin. 

escape, v. es-kdp' (F. eschapper, to shift away, to 
slip out of: It. scappare, to run away: Icel. skreppa, 
to slip away), to flee from and avoid ; to get out of 
the way without injury ; to shun or evade ; to avoid an 
evil, as punishment; to shun danger or injury: n. a 
getting away from danger; flight; excuse; evasion; 
subterfuge : escaping, imp. : n. avoidance of danger : 
escaped', pp. -kupt' ■. esca'per, n. one who: escape'- 
ment, n. a mechanical contrivance to regulate and 
change the direction of the moving force in clocks 
and watches : escapade, n. es'kd-pdd' {¥.), a mischiev- 
ous freak ; an impropriety of speech or slip of the 
tongue ; the gambols of a horse. 

escarp, v. es-kdrp' (F. escarper, to cut to a slope), 
to form a slope: n. that side of the ditch next the 
rampart and in front of a fortified work forming a 
steep slope : escarp ing, imp. : escarped', pp. -skdrpf, 
cut or formed to a sudden slope: escarp'ment, n. 
-mint, the steep face of a ridge of high land ; ground 
about a fortified position cut away nearly perpendicu- 
larly to prevent the approach of an enemy. 

eschalot, n. esh'd-lot (F. ichalotte), an edible bulb 
related to the onion ; the shalot. 

eschar, n. Ss'kdr (Gr. eschara, a hearth, a scab : F. 
escarre), in rued., a crust or scab produced by burning 
or caustics : es'charot ic, a. -kdrot'-lk, having the 
power to sear or burn the flesh. 

escheat, n. cs-rhet' (old F. escheir, to fall, to happen : 
escheate, the falling in of a property— from L. cadere, 
to fall), lands or tenements which fall or revert to the 
lord or superior through failure of heirs, or by for- 
feiture; lands, ic„ tailing to the state through want 
of heirs, or toil cited by rebellion: v. to revert or fall 
to a superior, or to the state : escheating, imp. : 
escheated, pp. : escheat able, a. -d-bl, liable to escheat : 
escheat'or, n. an officer who looks after escheats: 
escheat age, n. -uj, the right to succeed to an escheat. 

eschew, v. cs-chO' (F. eschever, to avoid : It. schivare, 
to avoid, to parry a blow: Sw. skef; Dan. skieve, 
oblique), to avoid ; to flee from; to shun: eschewing, 
imp.: eschewed', pp. &s-ch6d'. 

escort, n. 6s'-kort (F. escorte; It. scoria, a convoy, a 
guide— from L. cohors, a company of soldiers), a body 
of armed men to attend or protect any person of dis- 
tinction on a journey ; a guard for the safety of bag- 
gage, &c: v. es-korr, to attend as a guard on a jour- 
ney ; to accompany ; to attend and guard anything 
conveyed by land: escorting, imp.: escorted, pp. 
guarded on a journey or excursion ; attended. 

escritoire, n. es'-krl-twcuvr' (F.), a box or case with 
conveniences and materials for writing. 

escuage, n. es'-kiidj (F. escusson, diminutive of 
escu, a shield : It. scudo; L. scutum, a shield), literally, 
service of the shield; a commutation for the personal 
service of military tenants in war: escutcheon, n. 
-kuch'-un, the shield on which a coat of arms is repre- 
sented; a hatchment; picture of the ensigns armo- 
rial: escutcheoned, n. -und, having an escutcheon or 
hatchment. 

Esculapian, a. es'ku-ld'pidn (L. JEsculapius ; Gr. 
Asklepios, the god of the healing art in anc. mytho- 
logy), pert, to the healing art; medical; also spelt 
Esculapian. 

esculent, a. es'ku-lent (L. esculentus, fit for eating, 
edible— from esca, food), good for food; eatable: n. 
something that is eatable. 

Escurial, n. esku'-ri-dl (Sp. Escorial), in Spain, a 
vast and wonderful structure about 22 miles from 
Madrid, comprising a magnificent monastery, a col- 
lege, a seminary, and a royal palace. 

escutcheon— see under escuage. 

eskirs or escars, n. plu. es'kirz, the name given in 
Ireland to the mounds of post-glacial gravel which 
occur in the river- valleys of that country — called 
kaims in Scotland, and osars in Sweden. 

esocidae, n. plu. e-sos'i-de (L. esox—gen. esocis; Gr. 
isox, a species of pike), the pike family, represented 
by the well-known fresh-water fish of that name. 

esophagus, n. e-sof'd-giis (Gr. oisophagos, the gullet 
—from oio, I bear or carry for another, and phago, I 
eat), the canal through which food and drink pass to 
the stomach; the gullet: esoph'agot'omy, n. -got'6-mi 
(Gr. temno, I cut), the operation of making an opening 
into the esophagus or gullet ; also spelt oesophagus. 

Esopian, a. e-so'pl-dn (from JEsop, an anc. Greek 
who wrote fables), composed by .rEsop ; after the 
manner of iEsop. 



vate; secret; pert, to doctrines taught in private; 
opposed to exoteric, noting the form of such doctrines 
taught to the public: es'oter'ical, a. -l-kdl: es'oter- 
ically, ad. -li .• es'oter'ics, n. plu. -Iks, mysterious or 
hidden doctrine. 

espadon, n. es'pd-don (It. spadone, a two-handed 
sword— from spada, a sword), a long heavy sword 
wielded by a powerful foot-soldier, or used in decapi- 
tating by an executioner. 

espaliers, n. plu. es-pdl'-yerz (Sp. espaldera, wall- 
trees— from espalda, a shoulder : F. espalier, fruit- 
trees trained against a wall), rows of trees trained to 
a frame or lattice in order to form an enclosure; 
fruit-trees trained upon stakes or a paling. 

esparto, n. es-pdr'to (Sp.— from L. sparfum; Gr. 
sparton, Spanish broom), a species of grass imported 
from Spain, and now extensively used for making 
paper. 

especial, a. Ss-pesh'dl (old F. especial— from L. spe- 
cialis, not general: It. speciale: F. special), chief; 
principal; particular: especially, ad. -It, principally; 
particularly ; in an uncommon degree above any 
other : especi'alness, n. 

espied, espial, and espier— see espy. 

espionage, n. 6s'pe-o-ndj' or -ndzh' (F. espionnage, act 
of spying— from espion, a spy), the practice of watching 
the words and conduct of others, generally from un- 
worthy motives ; the practice of employing others as 
spies or secret agents. 

esplanade, n. es'pld-ndd' (F.— from L. planum, level 
ground, a plain), level ground within a fortified place 
or adjoining it, used for exercise, &c; the slope of a 
parapet towards the country ; properly, the space be- 
tween the fortifications of the town and those of the 
citadel. 

espouse, v. Ss-polcz' (F. e'pouser; old F. espouser, to 
wed : L. sponsus, promised solemnly), to promise or 
engage in marriage by a written contract ; to betroth ; 
to marry ; to embrace or adopt, as a cause or opinion : 
espou'sing, imp.: espoused', pp. -powzd': espou'sal, 
a. -zdl, relating to the act of espousing: n. act of 
espousing or betrothing ; adoption : espousals, n. plu. 
-zalz, the act of contracting a man and a woman to 
each other in marriage : espou'ser, n. -zer, one who : 
espouse ment, n. ■vowz'me'nt. 

esprit, n. es-pre' (F.), spirit ; soul : esprit de corps, 
-de-kof (F. esprit, spirit, de, of, corps, body), the pre- 
vailing spirit or disposition which binds men as mem- 
bers of the same society or profession. 

espy, v. es-pV (F. epier; old F. espier, to watch : It. 
spiare, to spy), to see a thing at a distance ; to dis- 
cover something meant to be concealed or not very 
visible : espy'ing, imp. : espied', pp. -pid'.- espi'er, n. 
one who : espial, n. the act of spying: es'pionage, n. 
which see. 

Esquimaux, n. sing, or plu. Ss'kl-mo, tribes of 
diminutive stature inhabiting the northern seaboard 
of America and Asia, and the Arctic Islands : Esqui- 
mau, as a sing, form, is rarely used. 

esquire, n. e's-kwlr' or es'kwir (It. scudiero; F. 
icuyer, one who attended on a knight and bore his 
lance and shield— from scutum, a shield), a title of 
respect put after a name, usually given to any one 
occupying a respectable position in life; formerly 
an attendant on a knight; a name properly pert, to 
younger sons of noblemen, &c. 

essay, n. es'-sd (F. essayer, to try— from L. exigere, 
to prove by examination : F. essai, an essay, a sketch), 
an attempt ; an endeavour ; an effort ; a trial or ex- 
periment ; a written composition on a practical sub- 
ject, less formal or extended than a treatise : es'sayist, 
n. -1st, writer of an essay : v. 6s-sd', to attempt ; to 
try; to endeavour: essaying, imp.: essayed', pp. 
-sad': essay^er, n. one who. 

essence, n. es'-sens (L. essentia, the being of any- 
thing—from esse, to be: It. essenzia: F. essence), the 
concentrated preparation of any substance; a per- 
fume ; the virtues or qualities of a thing separated 
from its grosser matter; that which constitutes the 
particular nature of a being or substance ; existence ; 
being : es'senced, a. -enst, perfumed : essential, a. 
-sen'-shdl, indispensably necessary ; important in the 
highest degree ; pure : essen'tially, ad. -li : essen'tial- 
ness.n.: essen'tial'ity, n. -shi-dl'-i-ti, essential nature 
or character. 

Essenes, n. plu. Ss-senz', a sect among the anc. Jews, 
remarkable for their strict and abstemious life : es- 



Vifobt; pure, biid; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



ESTA 



188 



ETHO 



eenism, n. es'e-nlzm, the doctrines or the practices 
of the Essenes. 

establish, v. es-tdb'llsh (F. e'tablir, to establish ; itab- 
lissant, establishing : old F. establir— from L. stabilis, 
that stands fast, firm), to settle or fix firmly ; to found 
permanently ; to make firm ; to constitute ; to decree ; 
to ratify: establishing, imp. : established, pp. -llsht: 
establisher, n. one who : establishment, n. a house- 
hold ; a place of trade ; that which is fixed or set up 
permanently; a form of religion supported by, and 
in connection with, the State : establishment of the 
port, a term employed to denote the interval between 
the time of high water at any given port, and the 
time of the moon's transit immediately preceding the 
time of high water, when the moon is at the new or 
fullrr-- 



>, n. Ss'td-fet' (F.), one of a series of 
in relay ; an express. 

estate, n. Hs-tdtf (F. dtat; old F. estat— from L. 
status, fixed, certain), condition of a person or thing; 
rank; landed property; property in general; orders 
or classes of men in a country ; dominions or posses- 
sions: estates', plu. in Scrip., persons of high rank; 
in Scot, hist., Houses of Parliament : estate-real, lands 
and tenements : -personal, movable property. 

esteem, v. es-tem' (F. estimer, to esteem— from L. 
cestimo, I set a price upon : It. estimare), to set a high 
value upon; to prize; to regard with respect or 
friendship ; to think ; to hold in repute : esteeming, 
imp. : esteemed', pp. -temd' : estimable, a. es'tl-md-bl, 
worthy of esteem or honour; deserving regard ; valu- 
able: es'timably, ad. -bit: es'timab'leness, n. : esti- 
mate, v. -mat, to form an opinion of the value of, or 
expense of; to fix the value by comparison and from 
experience; to calculate: n. the computed cost of 
anything ; a valuing or rating by the mind ; a valua- 
tion : es'tima'ting, imp. : es'tima'ted, pp. : es'tima'tor, 
n. one who : es'tima'tion, n. -ma'shiln, an opinion or 
judgment of the value or worth of; esteem ; regard ; 
favourable opinion: es'tima'tive, a. -md'tlv, able to 
estimate or judge. 

esthetics, n. plu. ez-thSt'lks, also aesthetics, which 
see (Gr. aisthetikos— from aistliesis, perception), the 
doctrine of taste, or the perception of beauty in art and 
nature. 

estivation, n. Hs'-il-vd'shun (L. cestiva, summer 
;:i:Mi..| - fro n castas, summer), in bot., the disposi- 
tion of the parts of the perianth in the flower-bud ; 
the arrangement of the unexpanded leaves of the 
flower-bud, which burst in summer, as opposed to ver- 
nation, the arrangement of the leaves of the bud on a 
branch, which burst in spring; in zool., the sleep or 
dormancy of animals during the hot or dry season in 
warm climates ; the analogue of hybernation in cold 
regions : es'tival, a. -veil, pert, to summer. 

estoppel, n. es-top'el (old F. estouper, to stop), in 
laiu, a legal impediment: estop, v. es-tdp' , to bar ; to 
place under estoppel : estop'ping, imp.: estopped', pp. 
es-topt'. 

estovers, n. plu. Ss-tO'ven (old F <^foveir, to be 
needful), in law, supply of needful wood for repairs, 
fuel, Ac. 

estrade, n. es-trdd' (F.), a level place; the raised 
part of the floor of a room. 

estrange, v. es-trdnf (F. etranger, a foreigner: 
old F. estrange; It. esiraneo, not native, foreign: L. 
extraneus, that is without, a stranger), to divert from 
its original use; to alienate; to turn from kindness 
to indifference or enmity ; to withdraw the heart or 
affections from : estran'ging, imp. : estranged', pp. 
-strdnjd': estrange'ment, n. -merit, the withdrawal of 
the heart or affections from ; alienation. 

estrapad* 3 , . i I species of torture), the 

violent yerking of the hind legs which a horse makes 
when desirous of getting rid of his rider. 

estreat, n. es-tref (L. extractum, to draw out, the 
copy of any origin <• ■ riting Norm, estraite), the copy 
..■,,. ■> , niN'i ,. ,■ { iv. ini'i • in'. i;:)iv of fines set down 
in the rolls of a court to be levied of any man for his 
offences : v. to copy : estreating, imp. : estreat'ed, 
pn. applied to the recognisances when the officer is 
directed to take out such a copy for the purpose of 
levying the amount. 

estuary, n. es'-tu-d-rl (L. cestuarium, an arm of the 
sea— from cestuo, I rage or boil, as the sea: It. estu- 
ario), the mouth of a tidal river; an arm of the sea; 

" ctaerio, n. S-te'rl-d (Gr. etairia, fellowship, society), 
in bot., a fruit composed of several distinct one-F" J - ' 



pericarps, arranged upon an elevated receptacle or 
torus, which may he either dry or fleshy. 

et-cetera or -caetera, et-set'-e-rd (L. et, and, ccetera, 
other tilings), commonly contracted into &c. or etc.— 
put at the end of a sentence, title, or announcement, 
to point out the fact that other things could be men- 
tioned, or are to be understood as following ; and so on. 

etch, v. Sell (Ger. atzen, to cause to eat : Dut. etsen, 
to etch), to engrave a metal plate by the eating or 
corroding power of an acid : etching, imp. : n. the 
art of producing a picture on a metal plate by the 
eating power of an acid; the impression from the 
plate: etched, pp. Scht: etch'er, n. one who: etch- 
ing-ground, the substance, usually a mixture of wax 
and resins, used to protect the surface of the metal, 
&c, from the action of the acid: etchings, n. plu. 
impressions upon paper of designs etched on a plate 
of copper, steel, &c. : see hatch, note. 

eternal, a. e-ter'ndl (L. ceternus, perpetual— from 
cevum, lifetime: akin to ! Ian dju - It. eternak: 
F. eternel, eternal, perpetual), without beginning or 
end of existence; without an end; everlasting; ex- 
isting always without change: n, a title of Deity: 
eter'nalist, n. -ndl-lst, one who holds the existence 
of the world to be eternal: eter'nally, ad. -II: eter'- 
nity, n. -nl-tl, duration without beginning or end; 
endless future existence: eter'nise, v. -nlz, to make 
endless; to immortalise: e'terni'sing, imp. ; eter- 
nised', pp. -nlzd'. Note.— In porno u ag< /<,/../ 
and everlasting are very much used as if they were 
synonymous. In the true Biblical use of the terms, 
however, the first has no primary reference to dura- 
tion at all. Its primary significance may be defined 
as " raised above all conditions of time." 

etesian, a. S4e'zM tesios; L. etesius, annual 

—from Gr. etos, a year : F. itesien), periodical ; noting 
a northerly or north-easterly wind that prevails all 
over Europe in early spring; in Gr. and Rom. authors, 
applied to the periodical winds in the Mediterranean, 
from whatever quarter they blow. 

ether, n. e'ther (L. cether; Gr. aither, the upper or 
pure air: It. etere: F. e'ther), an extremely fine fluid, 
supposed to fill all space beyond the limits of our 
atmosphere ; a very light volatile and inflammable 
liquid, obtained from alcohol and an acid by distilla- 
tion : ethe'real, a. -the'rl-dl, heavenly ; spiritual ; celes- 
tial ; resembling ether: ethe'really, ad. -II: ethe'real'- 
ity, n. -dl'i-tl: ethe'realise', v. -dl-iz', also etherise, 
v. e'-ther-lz, to convert into ether; to stupefy with 
ether ; to make spiritual : ethe'reali'sing, imp. : ethe'- 
realised', pp. -izd': etheriform, n. e-ther'-l-Jawrm (L. 
forma, shape), having the form of ether. 



ethics), the science which treats of morality; that 
which relates to human actions, their motives and 
tendencies : ethic, a. -Ik, also ethical, a. -i-kdl, treat- 
ing of manners or morals ; moral : ethically, ad. -II. 

Ethiopian, n. e'-thi-o-pi-dn, also Ethiop, n. e'thi-6p 
(Gr. aithiops, fiery -looking— from aithein, to light up, 
to burn), a native of Ethiopia, and as such supposed to 
be black ; a country of Africa, which included the 
modern Abyssinia and several adjacent states: adj. 
pert, to : E'thiop'ic, a. -op'lk, pert.to Ethiopia or its lan- 
guage ; applied to the negro race as inhabiting Africa. 

ethiops— see aethiops. 

ethmoid, a. eth'-moyd (Gr. ethmos, a sieve, and eidos, 
form), perforated with holes like a sieve— applied to 
the bone of the nose, which is perforated like a sieve 
for the passage of the olfactory nerves. 

ethnical, a. eth'-nl-kdl, also ethnic, a. cth'-nik (Gr. 
ethnikos, pagan, heathen— from ethnos, a tribe, a na- 
tion), relating to the different races or nations of man- 
kind ; heathen ; gentile : eth'nicaliy, ad. -li : eth'ni- 
cism, n. -sizrn, heathenism: ethnography, n. eth-nog- 
rd-fl (Gr. ethnos, a race, a nation, and grapho, I write), 
an account or description of the origin, dispersion, 
connection, and characteristics of the various races of 
mankind: eth'nographle, a. -no-grdf-lk, pert, to the 
origin, dispersion, &c, of mankind ; also eth'nograph- 
ical, a. -i-kdl : ethnology, n. -ndl'-o-ji (Gr. logos, dis- 
course), the science of races, in all that relates to 
physical features, language, manners, religion, and 
other characteristics: eth'nologlcal, a. -no-loj'-l-kdl, 
pert, to ethnology: ethnol'ogist, n. -nol'-o-jlst, also 
ethnographer, n. -nog'-rd-fer, one who. 

ethology, n. eth-6l'6-ji (Gr. ethos, use, disposition 
or character formed by habit, and lego-:, discourse), 
the science which determines the kind of character 



t, far, law; mete, m&t, Mr; pine, pin; note, nSt, mOve; 



ETIO . II 

produced in conformity to certain general laws, or by 
any set of circumstances, physical and moral ; the 
theory of the causes which determine the type of 
character belonging to a people, or to an age : etio- 
logical, a. eth'-o-loj'-l-kai, connected with or relating 
to ethology. 

etiolate, v. e'tl-6-Ult' (F. etioler, in gardening, to 
grow up long-shanked and colourless), to whiten by 
excluding the light of the sun ; to blanch ; to become 
white: e'tiola'ting, imp.: etiola'ted, pp.: adj. ap- 
plied to the whitening of the leaves and the lengthen- 
ing of the stem of a plant by its being suffered to grow 
in a shady or dark situation : e'tiola'tion, n. -la-shun, 
the act of becoming white by the absence of light ; 
absence of green colour; the process of blanching 
plants by excluding the action of light. 

etiology, n. e-tl-oi-6-jl (Gr. aitia, a cause, and logos, a 
discourse: F. e'tiologie), the doctrine of causes, particu- 
larly with reference to diseases : etiological, a. -loj'-i- 
Ml, connected with or relating to etiology. 

etiquette, n. et'-l-ket' (F. a ticket on which the forms 
to be observed on particular occasions were inscribed), 
forms of civility, manners, or good - breeding ; the 
ceremonial code of polite society. 

etymology, n. et'l-mol'6-jl (Gr. etumos, true, and 
logos, a word: L. etymon; Gr. etumon, the true source 
of a word), that department of the study of language 
which traces words to their elements, their original 
forms, and primary significations : et'ymol'ogist, n. 
one who: etymological, a. -molOj'l-kal, pert, to ety- 
mology: et'ymolog'ically, ad. -II: etymologise, v. 
-moi-d-jlz. to search into the origin and primary mean- 
ings of words: etymologi'sing, imp. : etymologised', 
pp. -jlzd' : etymon, n. StH-mCn, an original or primi- 
tive word ; a root. 

eucharist, n. u'kd-rlst (Gr. eucharistia, a giving of 
thanks— from eu, well, and charis, favour), the sacra- 
ment of the Lord's Supper ; a giving of thanks : eu- 
charis'tic, a. -ka-ris'tik, also eu'eharis'tical, a. -tl-kal, 
pert, to the Lord's Supper. 

euclase, n. u'-klds (F. evclase— from Gr. eu, well, and 
klaein, to break), prismatic emerald, a fine green min- 
eral found in Brazil and Peru. 

eudiometer, n. ii'dl-6m'e-tcr (Gr. eudia, fair or fine 
weather, and metron, a measure), an instr. for ascer- 
taining the quantity of oxygen contained in the air, or 
its purity: eu'diom'etry, n. -e-trl, the act or practice 
of measuring the quantity of oxygen in the air or in 
a gaseous mixture : eu'diomet He, a. -met'rik, also 
eu diomet'rical, a. -rl-kdl, pert. to. 

eulogy, n. u-lO-jl (Gr. eulogia, good language, praise 
—from eu, well, and logos, a discourse), the praise of 
any one, written or spoken ; encomium ; praise : eu- 
logic, a. u-loj'-lk, also eulog'ical, a. -Ikal, containing 
praise : eulog ically, ad. -ll .- eulogistic, a. u'lo-jls'tlk, 
also eulogis'tical, a. -ti-kal, containing praise ; com- 
mendatory: eulogis tically, ad. -II: eulogium, n. 
ii-lO'-jium, praise ; commendation ; panegyric ; eu- 
logy : eulogise, v. u'lo-jlz' , to praise highly ; to extol : 
eu'logi'sing, imp. : eulogised', pp. -jlzd', praised. 

eunuch, n. u'-nuk (Gr. eunouchos, one who is cas- 
trated—from eune, a bed, and echo, I have or keep : 
L. eunuchus ; It. eunuco ; F. eunuque, a eunuch), a 
castrated man ; in the East, a man who has the charge 
of the women's apartments ; a chamberlain : eu'nuch- 
ate, v. -at, to make a eunuch : eu'nucha'ting, imp. : 
eu'nucha'ted, pp. : eu'nuchism, n. -Izm, the state of 
a eunuch. 

euomphalus, n. u-om'fa-liis (Gr. eu, well, and om- 
phalos, the navel, the boss of a shield), in geol., a 
whorled discoidal shell, having the whorls angular or 
coronated. 

euosmite, n. uos'mlt (Gr. eu, well, and osme, 
odour-), a fossil resin, so called from its strong, pe- 
culiar, and pleasant odour. 

eupepsy, n. u-pep'sl (Gr. eu, well, and pepto, I cook, 
I digest), good digestion : eupeptic, a. -tik, pert. to. 

euphemism, n. u'fem-lzm (Gr. eu, well, and phemi, 
I speak : F. euphemisme), the substitution of a deli- 
cate or indirect expression in order to avoid some- 
thing offensive to good manners, or indelicate ; a 
mild name for something offensive: eu'phemis'tic, a. 
■u-tik. rendering less offensive or more delicate. 

euphony, n. z^/o-?u(Gr. ew, well, andphorie, a voice : 
F. euphon ie), an agreeable sound of words ; a pronunci- 
ation of words or syllables pleasing to the ear: eu- 



phonic, a. -fon'-lk, also euphonical, a. -%-kdl, agree- 
able in sound: eupho'nious, a. -fo'ni-us, pleasing to 
the ear : eupho'niously, ad. -II .- euphonise, v. u'/o-mz', 



9 EVAN 

to render agreeable in sound: eu'phoni'sing, imp.: 
euphonised', pp. -nizd': euphonicon, n. u-fon'l-kon, 
an improved pianoforte. 

euphorbia, n. u-Jor'-bi-d (Gr. euphorbion, a certain 
gum-resin— from Euphorbos, an anc. Greek physician), 
a genus of plants of many species, yielding an acrid 
milky juice: euphor'bium, n. -bi-iim, an " inodorous 
gum produced by several species of euphorbia or 
spurge, and used in the composition of some plasters. 

euphrasy, n. u-frd-sl (Gr. tuphrasio, delight), the 
plant eye-bright, formerly supposed to be beneficial 
in diseases of the eyes. 

euphuism, n. u'fa-izm (Gr. euphues, growing or in- 
creasing well — from eu, well, and phue, growth), an 
expression affectedly refined ; high-flown diction : 
euphuist, n. -1st, one who: eu'phuis tic, a. -is'tlk, 
pert. to. 

Eurasian, n. u-ra-zl-dn (contr. from Europe and 
Asia), a cross-breed between a European and an 
Asiatic : adj. pert, to both continents. 

eureka, n. u-ri'-kd (Gr. eureka, I have found), a dis- 
covery made after long and difficult research— so 
called in allusion to the story of Archimedes, who is 
said to have repeatedly uttered this word upon sud- 
denly discovering a method of estimating the adul- 
teration in the gold of which king Hiero's crown was 
made. 

eurite, n. u'-rlt (F. eurite .- Gr. eurutos, well or wide 
flowing), a fine-grained white variety of felspathic 
granite ; whitest one : BUrit'i i -. . : i- 

Euroclydon, n. u-rok'-li-don (Gr. euros, a south-east 
wind, and kludon, a wave), a tempestuous wind which 
prevails in the Mediterranean. 

European, n. u'ropedn, a native of Europe: adj. 
pert, to : Europe, n. u'-rop, one of the great divisions 
of the world. 

eurynotus, n. u'rl-no'tus (Gr. eurus, broad, ample, 
and notos, the back), in geol., a genus of lepidoid 
fishes occurring in the carboniferous formation, having 
a high bream-like back: eurypterus, n. u-rip'tir-iis, 
also eu'rypter idse, n. plu. -tir'-i-de (Gr. pteron, a wing 
or fin), in geol., a genus and family of extinct crus- 
taceans, so termed in allusion to their broad, oar- 
like, swimming feet : euryp'terite, n. -ter-it, any one 
of the eurypterus family, or any undetermined portion 
or specimen. 

eurythmy, n. u'-rlth-ml (Gr. euruthmia, complete 
harmony— from eu, well, and rhuthmos, rhyme, mea- 
sure), in arch., the exact proportion between all parts 
of a building. 

Eustachian, a. u-std'kl-dn (after Eustachius, a cele- 
brated Italian anatomist, A.D. 1574), in anat., applied 
to a tube or canal extending from behind the soft 
palate to the tympanum of the ear, to which it con- 
veys the air : eustachian valve, a fold of the lining 
membrane of the heart. 

Euterpe, n. u-ter'-pa (Gr. eu, well, and terpein, to 
delight), in anc. myth., the muse who presided over 
wind instruments, and music generally : Euter'pean, 
a. -phdn, pert, to music. 

euthanasia, n. u'thdn-d'shld (Gr. eu, well, and 
thanatos, death), an easy, happy death. 

evacuate, v. e-vdk'u-dt (L. evacuatum, to empty out 
—from e, out of, and vacuus, empty: It. evacuare: F. 
evacuer), to make empty; to quit; to eject or void; 
to empty; to withdraw from, as troops from a fort- 
ress : evacuating, imp.: evac'ua'ted, pp.: evac- 
ua'tor, n. one who or that which: evacua'tion, n. 
-a'shun, an emptying ; a retiring from ; voidance ; 
discharge : evac'ua'tive, a. -d'tiv, that evacuates : 
evac'uant, a. emptying : n. a medicine used for pro- 
ducing evacuation. 

evade, v. e-vdd' (L. evado, I go forth or out— from e, 
out of, and vado, I go : It. evadere .- F. evader), to 
avoid or escape by artifice; cleverly to escape from; 
to elude ; to slip away ; to equivocate : eva'ding, imp.: 
evaded, pp. 

evaluation, n. 6-vdVu-a'shun (L. e, out of, and val- 
uation), exhaustive valuation. 

evanescent, a. ev'd-nes'-ent (L. evanescens, vanishing 
or passing away— from e, out of, and vanesco, I van- 
ish: F. evanouir, to vanish), vanishing; fleeting; 
momentary ; passing away : ev'anes'cence, n. -ens, a 
vanishing ; the act of passing away : ev anes'cently, 
ad. -1%. 

evangelic, a so e'vangellcal, a. -i-k&l 

well, go. ,',;, I bring tidinss, I 



announce: F. em ,<i lm ) ,, ordins to the doctrines 
and precepts of the Gospel ; orthodox : e'vangollcaily, 
com;, b'jy,JJot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



EVAP li 

ad. -11: evangelise, v. e-vdn'jel-lz', to convert to Chris- 
tianity; to instruct, in the ( lospel : evan'geli'sing, imp.; 
evangelised', pp. -izd': evangelisation, n. -j6l-t-zd- 
shun, the act of converting to Christianity: evan'- 
gelist, n. one who brings good tidings ; a preacher of 
the Gospel ; one of the four Gospel writers : evan'- 
gelism, n. -izm, the spreading of the knowledge of the 
Gospel: evangel, n. e-vdn'-j6l, good news, especially 
that of the Gospel— used in poetry. 

evaporate, v. 6-vdp'o-rdt (L. evaporatum, to dis- 
perse in vapour— from e, out of, and vapor, vapour : 
It. evaporate. : F. evaporer, to evaporate), to pass off 
as vapour or fumes ; to dissipate in fumes ; to give 
vent to; to pour out in words or sounds, not in 
action: evap'ora ting, imp.: evap'ora'ted.pp.: evap- 
oration, n. -rd'-shun, the changing of a fluid into va- 
pour or steam ; the state of flying off in fumes ; vent : 
evap'orable, a. -rd-bl, that may be converted into a 
vapour: evap'ora'tive, a. -rd'-tlv, causing evapora- 
tion: evap'orom'eter, n. -rom'e-ter (Gr. metron, a 
measure), an instr. for measuring the quantity of fluid 
evaporated in a given time. 

evasion, n. i-vd'-zhun (L. evasum, to go out or forth 
—from e, out of, and vasum, to go or enter— see evade), 
the act of avoiding or eluding ; a shift ; a subterfuge : 
evasive, a. -slv, using artifice to escape or avoid; 
shuffling: eva'sively, ad. -II: eva'siveness, n. -nes. 

Eve, n. ev (Heb. chavah, Eve, literally meaning, 
life), wife of Adam, the first man ; the mother of all 
living. 

eve, n. ev, also even, n. e'vn (contr. for evening, 
which see : AS. ce/en), the close of the day ; the night 
before aholy-day, as Christmas eve; time immediately 
preceding any important action : even-tide, n. (even, 
and AS. tid, time), evening. 

evection, n. e-vek'-shun (L. evectio, a carrying out), 
in astron., an inequality of the moon's motion in its 
orbit, due to the attraction of the sun ; the libration 
of the moon. 

even, a. e'-vn (Ger. eben ; Dut. even ; Icel. jafn, equal, 
plain : L. aequus, even), having a flat or smooth sur- 
face; level ; not rough ; equal ; calm ; not easily dis- 
turbed ; balanced or settled ; not odd, as a number : 
adv. or conj. in like manner or degree ; precisely the 
same ; at the very time ; so much as ; noting an in- 
crease, addition, or slight exaggeration : v. to level ; 
to lay smooth ; to place in an equal state : e'vening, 
imp.: evened, pp. e'vnd: evenly, ad. e'vn-ll: e'ven- 
ness, n. state of being level or smooth : even-handed, 
a. impartial; just 

evening, n. e'vn-lng (Dut. avend; Ger. abend, the 
sinking of the day: Swiss, aben, to fall off— from Ger. 
ab, off, away), the close of the day ; the beginning of 
the night or darkness ; the decline or latter part of 
life : adj. relating to or at the close of the day. 

event, n. e-venf (L. eventum, to come to pass, to 
happen— from e, out of, and venio, I come), that which 
happens or comes to pass ; any incident, good or bad ; 
the conclusion; the result: event'ful, a. -fool, pro- 
ducing great changes; full of events: event'ual, a. 
u-dl (F. eventuel), happening as a consequence ; com- 
ing as a result; final: event'uallty, n. -dl'-l-tl, the 
coming or happening as a consequence ; contingency ; 
dependence upon an uncertain event; an organ in 
phrenology, said to enable one to note and compare 
all the active occurrences of life: event'ually, ad. -11 : 
eventuate, v. e-vent'u-dt, to come out as a result: 
event'ua'ting, imp.: event'ua'ted, pp. 

ever, ad. bv'-er (Goth, aivs, long time: Dut. eeuw; 
L. cevum ; Gr. aion, an age : AS. mfre, ever), at any 
time; always; in any degree: contr. into e'er, dr : 
ever and anon, frequently repeated : for ever, unend- 
ingly: for ever and ever, duration without end. 
Note.— Ever, as part of a word, denotes without inter- 
mission: everlasting, a. -Idst'-lng, lasting for ever; 
perpetual : n. never-ending duration : ev'erlast'ingly, 
ad. -II: everlast'ingness, n.: ev'ergreen, n. a plant 
or tree that retains its greenness throughout the 
year : ev'ermore', ad. -mor 1 , unendingly ; always : 
everlasting flowers, n. flowers which when plucked 
and dried retain their colour for a long time. 

evert, v. e-vert' (L. e, and verto, I turn), to destroy; 
to overthrow. 

every, a. Sv'er-l (AS. aefre, ever, and ode, each : old 
Eng. everazlc, every), the whole, taken one at a time ; 
each one of a whole : everyday, a. common; usual: 
everywhere, ad. in every place. 

evesdropper, n. evz'-drop'-ptr (AS. e/ese)— see eaves- 
dropper. 

mate, mdt,fdr, laXv; mete, met, 



evict, v. -e-vlkt' (L. evictum, to conquer completely 
—from e, out of, and vinco, I conquer), to dispossess 
of lands or tenements by legal proceedings, as a ten- 
ant by a landlord ; to recover lands, &c, by legal pro- 
cess: evic'ting, imp.: evicted, pp.: evic'tion, n. -ilk'- 
shun, the recovery of lands or tenements from an- 
other's possession by legal proceedings. 

evidence, n. 6v'l-d£ns (L. evidens, plain, distinct — 
from e, out* of, and video, I see : F. evidence), a wit- 
ness ; that which enables the mind to see truth; proof; 
testimony ; certainty : v. to prove ; to show ; to make 
clear to the mind : evidencing, imp. : evidenced, 
pp. -densd : evident, a, -dent, plain ; clear ; obvious ; 
open to be seen: evidently, ad. -II, plainly; notori- 
ously: evidential, n.-den'-shdl, clearly proving. 

evil, a. e'-vl (Ger. ubel; Goth, ubils; Dut. evel), ill; 
wicked; vicious; having bad qualities of any kind; 
injurious ; unfortunate ; unkind : n. wickedness ; 
misfortune ; calamity ; the reverse of good ; suffer- 
ing: that which produces pain ; any transgression of 
the moral law; sin: e'vilness, n. badness of whatever 
kind : evil-minded, a. possessed of bad dispositions: 
evil-doer, n. a wicked person : evil-eye, n. influence 
for injury, formerly supposed to be possessed by cer- 
tain persons who cast an envious or hostile look 
on any other person or object : evil-eyed, a. -Id .- evil- 
speaking, n. slander; calumny: Evil One, n. Satan. 

evince, v. 6-vlns' (L. evinco, I conquer completely— 
from e, out of, and vinco, I conquer or vanquish: It. 
evincere: F. ivincer), to make evident ; to prove be- 
yond doubt; to show in a clear manner: evin'cing, 
imp.: evinced', pp. -vlnst'-. evin'cible, a. -sl-bl, capa Vihj 
of proof; demonstrable: evincibly, ad. -bit: evince - 
ment,n. act of evincing : evin'cive, a. -slv, tending to 
prove. 

eviscerate, v. S-vls'ser-dt (L. evisceratum, to take 
the bowels out from one— from e, out of, and viscera, 
the bowels), to take out the bowels or entrails of; to 
disembowel: evis'cera'ting, imp.: eviscerated, pp.: 
evis'cera'tion, n. -a'shun. 

evoke, v. e-vokf (L. evoco, I draw forth— from e, and 
voco, I call : F. evoquer), to call forth : evo'king, imp.; 
evoked', pp. -vokf : evocation, n. ev'o-kd'sliun, the act 
of calling out. 

evolve, v. e-v 

e, out of, and i 

disentangle; to develop: evolving, imp.: evolved', 
pp. -volvd'.- evolution, n. 8v'-6-l6'shun, the act of un- 
folding or unrolling; a series of things unfolded, aris- 
ing the one from the other; development; the ex- 
traction of roots in arith. or alg.; a change in the 
arrangement and disposition of a body of soldiers in 
the field, or at a review: ev'olu'tionary, a. -er-i, pert, 
to evolution. 

evulsion, n. c-vul'shun (L. evulsio, a pulling out — 
from e, out of, and vulsus, plucked), the act of pluck- 
ing out. 

ewe, n. u (AS. eowu; Dut. ouwe, a female sheep: 
Ger. ois; L. ovis, a sheep), a female sheep. 

ewer, n. u'er (F. aiguiere, a water-vessel— from L. 
aqua; old F. aigue, water: old F. eauier, a gutter), 
■. \u : i ;j i •_■ > jug belonging to a b.-l md basin; a 

water-jug; a pitcher: ewery, n. u'rl, an officer of the 
royal household who takes care of the table linen, and 
serves up water in ewers after dinner. 

ex, prefix, eks or 6qz (L. and Gr. ex; Gr. ek), out of; 
out; off; from; without; denoting merely inn-ease 
of the power of the simple word : ex assumes the 
forms e, ec, ef, according to the letter commencing 
the word of which it forms the prefix : ex prefixed 
to the name of an office denotes that the person for- 
merly held the office named, or does not now hold it, 
as ex-mayor, ex-minister: ex officio, eks of-fish'l-6 
(L. ex, from, officio, office), by virtue of office: ex 
parte, eks pdr'te (L. ex, from, parte, a part or side), 
partial. 

exacerbate, v. Sks-ds'-er-bat (L. exacerbatum, to 
provoke— from ex, out of, and acerbus, bitter, harsh), 
to exasperate; to inflame angry passions; to irritate 
highly: exae'erba'ting, imp.: exacerbated, pp.: 
exae'erba'tion, n. -ba'shun, the act of irritating 
highly; increase of violence in a disease; also exac'- 
erbes'cence, n. -bes'ens. 

exact, a. egz-dkf (L. exactum, to demand, to require 
—from ex, out of, and actum, to do or drive), very cor- 
rector regular ; accurate ; precise ; punctual ; method- 
ical: v. to force to payor yield; to demand or re- 
quire authoritatively; to extort: exacting, imp.: 
adj. harsh; severe; unyielding: exac'ted, pp.: 
her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve: 



EXAG 



191 



EXCI 



exac'ter or exac'tor, n. one who : exac'tion, n. -dk- 
shiin, the act of demanding with authority; extor- 
tion: exact ness, n. -akt'-nes, accuracy; regularity: 
exactly, ad. -II : exactitude, n. egz-dk'-ti-tud, exact- 
ness; accuracy. 

exaggerate, v. (gz-aj'er-at (L. exaggeratum, to in- 
crease by heaping up— from ex, out of, and agger, a 
heap: It. esag>:rare.- F. catyrer), to enlarge beyond 
the truth ; to colour highly ; to tell more than the 
truth : exag'gera ting, imp. : exag'gera ted, pp. : 
exaggeration, n. -d'-shun, telling more than the 
truth; hyperbolical representation: exag'gera'tory, 
a. -ter-l, containing exaggeration. 

exalbuminous, a. eks-al-bu'-ml-nus (L. ex, out of, 
and albumen), in hot., applied to a seed which ha.s no 
distinct albumen, or none but what is contained 
within the cotyledons themselves. 

exalt, v. egz-aivlt' IL. exaltare, to raise, to elevate 
—from ex, out of, and altus, high: It. esaltare: F. 
exalter), to raise high; to elevate in power, wealth, 
dignity, or fame ; to elevate the tone of, as the voice; 
to magnify; to extol: exalting, imp.: exalted, pp.: 
exaltation, n. egz'-awltd'-shun, elevated state; state 
of greatness or dignity : exal'tedness, n. 

examine, v. egz-dm'ln (L. examino, I try, I try by 
weight: It. esaminare: F. examiner), to inspect care- 
fully with a view to discover the real state of ; to 
search or inquire into ; to try by experiment, rule, or 
law; to scrutinise: examining, imp.: exam'ined, pp. 
-Ind: examinable, a. -a-bl. that may be inquired 
into : exam iner, n. one who : exam'ina'tor, n. one 
who: examination, n. -a'-shun, careful observation 
or inspection ; investigation ; scrutiny by study or 
experiment ; research : examen, u. egz-d'-men (L. that 
which examines, the tongue of a balance), examina- 
tion ; the tongue on the beam of a balance, rising per- 
pendicularly from it : cross-examination, in law, the 
examination of a witness by the opposite party, with 
the view of shaking his evidence formerly given. 

example, n. egz-dm'-pl (L. exemplum, a model or 
copy, a sample: It. esemplo: F. eaa mple), a pattern, 
copy, or model; a specimen; one as an illustration 
of the whole ; a former instance ; that which, or the 
person who, is proper for imitation ; one uunished for 
the warning of others; an illustration 6f a rule or 
precept. 

exanthema, n. iks-dri-thl-md (Gr. exanthema, a 
blossom— from ex, out of, and anthos, a flower), in 
med., an eruption— applied to contagious diseases 
attended by fever and an eruption on the skin ; 
plu. exanthemata, -them-a-ta : ex anthem'atous, a. 
■them'a-tus, pert. ro. 

exarch, n. eks'-drk (Gr. exarchos: L. exarchus: F. 
exarque— from Gr. arche, source, authority), a vice- 
roy: exarchate, n. -dr'-kdt, dignity of an exarch; 
department governed by him. 

exasperate, v. cgz-ds'-per-dt (L. exasperatum, to 
roughen, to stir up— from ex, out of, and asper, rough : 
It. esasperare : F. exasptrer), to irritate to a high de- 
gree ; to excite to great anger ; to enrage or provoke 
greatly : exasperating, imp. : exas'pera'ted, pp. : 
exas pera'tion, n. -d'-shun, the act of exciting to vio- 
lent anger ; an extreme degree of anger. 

excamb, n. eks'-kam (mid. L. excambiare, to ex- 
change), in Scots law, an exchange of one piece of 
land for another ; also excam'bion, n. -bi-on, and ex- 
cam bium, n. -bium: excamb', v., and excam'bie, v. 
-kdm'-bi, to exchange one piece of land for another. 

excarnate, v. eks-kar'-ndt (L. ex, out of, andean?, flesh 
—gen. camis), to deprive or clear of flesh: excar'na- 
ting, imp. : excar'nated, pp. : excar'niflca'tion, n. 
-ni-fi-kd'-shun {L.facio, I make), the act of depriving 
of flesh. 

ex cathedra, a. or ad. eks'-kd-the'-drd (L. ex, from, 
and cathedra ; Gr. kathedra, a chair), with authority 
or dogmatism, in allusion to a professor or teacher; 
with an air of official authority. 

excavate, v. eks'-kd-vdt (L. excavatum, to hollow 
out — from ex, out of, and cavus, hollow), to scoop 
or dig out; to hollow: ex'cava'ting, imp.: ex'cava'- 
ted, pp. : ex'cava'tor, n. -rd'-ter, one who; a machine 
for cutting into rocks : excavation, n. -shun, a hol- 
low cavity or pit formed by digging out earth ; the 
act of digging out earth. 

exceed, v. ek-sed' (L. excedo, I go out, I withdraw 
—from ex, out of, and cedo, I go : It. eccedere : F. ex- 
cider), to pass or go beyond ; to excel ; to surpass ; to 
go too far; to go beyond any given limit: exceed- 
ing, imp. : adj. great in extent or duration ; very 



large : adv. in a very great degree : exceed'ed, pp. : 
exceedingly, ad. -II, very; unusually ; to a very great 
degree. 

excel, v. ek-sel' (L. excello, I am high, I am eminent 
—from L. ex, and cello, I impel or urge on : It. eccel- 
lere : F. exceller), to surpass ; to possess good qual- 
ities in a great degree ; to do anything in a superior 
manner: excel'ling, imp.: excelled', pp. -seld'.- ex- 
cellency, n. -len-si, a title of honour given to viceroys, 
ambassadors, and others : ex'cellent, a. -I6nt, of great 
virtue, worth, or quality ; highly useful ; prime ; se- 
lect ; highly desirable: ex'cellently, ad. -II: excel- 
lence, n. -lens, any valuable quality ; also excellen- 
cy, n. -si. 

excelsior, a. Sk-seT-si-or (L.), more lofty; more ele- 
vated. 

excentric, n. ik-sSn'-trlk (see eccentric), a wheel 
having the axis removed from the centre: adj. devi- 
ating from the centre ; removed from the centre or 
axis. 

except, v. Ik-sept' (L. excepturn, to withdraw— from 
ex, out of, and capio, I take : F. exciper), to pass over ; 
to take or leave out of any specified number; to ob- 
ject ; to exclude : excep ting, imp. : excep'ted, pp. : 
except, conj. unless; without: prep, exclusive of; 
11. t including: exception, n. -sep'shun, the act of ex- 
cluding or leaving out of a certain number; that 
which is excluded or separated from others ; the per- 
son or thing not included; an objection; dislike; 
slight offence taken ; a saving clause in a formal 
writing: exceptionable, a. -a-bl, liable to objection : 
exceptional, a. -al, forming an exception : excep- 
tive, a. -tlv, including an exception : excep'tor, n. 
one who. 

excernent, a. ek-scr'-ngnt{L. ex, outof, and cernere, to 
separate, to sift), in med., connected with excretion. 

excerpt, v. ik-sirpt' (L. excerptum, to pick or take 
out— from ex, out of, and carpo, I pluck or take), to 
select parts of any writings: n. an extract or selection 
from a writing : excerpting, imp. : excerp'ted, pp. 

excess, n. ek-ses' (L. excessum, to retire, to with- 
draw—from ex, out of, and cessum, to go or depart : 
F. exces), a passing or going beyond a certain measure 
or limit ; more than enough ; intemperance ; differ- 
ence between things unequal: exces'sive, a. -sty, 
being in excess ; beyond any given measure or limit : 
unreasonable ; extreme : exces'sively, ad. -II : exces- 
siveness, n. 

exchange, v. {ks-rhdnf (F. irhanger, to exchange, to 
barter— from L. ex, out of, and F. changer, to change), to 
give one thing for another ; to barter ; to resign or lay 
aside one state or condition and take another instead 
of it ; to give and receive the like thing : n. the act of 
giving one thing or commodity for another; barter; 
the act of giving up one condition or state for an other; 
the difference in value of money in different countries ; 
a place where merchants meet — in this sense often 
written 'change ; a rule in arithmetic : exchanging, 
imp. : exchanged', pp. -chclnjd' : exchan'ger, n. one 
who deals in money in the way of giving the money 
of one country for that of another : exchangeable, a. 
-a-bl, fit or proper to be exchanged ; that may be ex- 
changed: exchange'abil'ity, n. -bil'-l-tl, the state or 
quality of being exchangeable: bill of exchange, a 
written promise on stamped paper to pay money for 
value received— issued in the country where payable 
it is called an inland bill, if payable in another coun- 
try it is called a foreign bill. 

exchequer, n. eks-ehek'-er(F. echiquier, achessboard, 
checker-work— said to have been so called from the 
large patterned checked cloth which covered the table 
of that place), a treasury; in familiar language, cash 
or funds in hand ; a court of law having exclusive 
jurisdiction in all cases affecting the public revenue ; 
a court of common law: v. to institute proceedings 
in the Court of Exchequer: exchequ'ering, imp.: ex- 
chequ'ered, pp. -erd: exchequer chamber, n. a court 
of error from which appeal lies only to the House 
of Lords : exchequer bill s totes for sums 

varying in amount from £100 to £1000, issued by the 
Treasury under the authority of Parliament ] i < i < u . . 
amount usually forming a large portion of the float- 
ing or unfund >ebt. 

excipulus, n. ek-sip'-u-lus, also excip'ula (L. excipio, 
I catch, alluding to the roughness of the surface), in 
bot, areceptai i •■ u n m li< hei^ ; 

a minute species of black fungus found in autumn 
upon dead raspberry-stems. 

excise, n. ek-sxz' (L. excisum, to cut out or off—from 



cow, toy, foot: pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



EXCI 



192 



EXEM 



ex, out of, and ccedo, I cut : F. excise, tax on merchan- 
dise), a tax or duty levied on articles produced and 
consumed in a country, as on spirits, malt, &c; a tax 
levied on licences to pursue certain trades, and deal 
in certain commodities : adj. pert, to the duties levied 
on certain articles produced and consumed at home : 
v. to levy a tax on : excising, imp. : excised', pp. 
-slzdf: excis'able, a. -slz'-d-bl, liable to be taxed : ex- 
cise'man, n., also excise-officer, n. one who inspects 
ni' 1 'i articles liable to excise duty : excisi'on, n. 
-slzh'-un, a cutting out or off; amputation ; destruction. 

excite, v. Sk-sit' (L. excito, I rouse up— from ex, out 
of, and cito, I call or summon : It. eccitare : F. exciter), 
to call into action ; to rouse ; to animate ; to stimu- 
late ; to inflame ; to raise or stir up : exci'ting, imp. : 
adj. calling or rousing into action: exci'ted, pp. : adj. 
roused; awakened; animated: exci'ter, n. one who : 
excitable, a. -td-bl, easily provoked or called into 
action: exci'tabil'ity, n. -bll'-l-tl, the being easily 
provoked or called into action : excite'ment, n. -sit- 
ment, agitation ; that which excites : ex'citant, a. -si- 
tdnt, that which produces or is capable of producing 
increased action: exci'tative, a. -sl'-td-tlv, tending to 
excite : ex'cita'tion, n. -sl-td'-shun, the act of exciting : 
exci'tatory, a. -ter-l, tending to excite : exci'tingly, 
ad. -li. 

exclaim, v. Sks-lddm' (L. exclamo, I ciy aloud— from 
ex, out of, and clamo, I cry : It. esclamare), to cry out 
loudly; to speak or utter emphatically; to make a 
loud outcry in words : exclaim'ing, imp. : exclaimed', 
pp. -khlnui' : exclaim'er, n. one who: ex'clama'tion, n. 
-kld-md'shun, outcry; a loud noise in words; vehe- 
ment utterance ; the point or mark (!) put after the 
words expressing emphatic speech : exclam'ative, a. 
-kldm'-d-tlv, containing an exclamation: exclamatory, 
a. -ter-l, expressing an exclamation. 

exclude, v. gks-klod' (L. excludo, I remove or sepa- 
rate—from ex, out of, and clando, I shut : It. escludere : 
F. exclure), to hinder from entering ; to shut out ; to 
debar to prohibit ; to except : exclu'ding, imp. : ex- 
clu'ded, pp.: exclu'sion, n. -klo'zhun (L. dausum, to 
close, to shut), the act of shutting out ; the act of de- 
barring; rejection; exception: exclu'sionary, n. -er-l, 
tending to exclude or debar: exclu'sionist, n. one who 
would debar another from any right or privilege : ex- 
clusive, a. -kld'-slv, tending to excludo ; having the 
power to exclude ; not admitting to social inter- 
course ; illiberal ; not taking into the account ; not 
including : an exclusive, n. one whose real or affected 
liiMiiliousness makes his circle of acquaintance more 
than ordinarily select: exclusively, ad. -II: exclu'- 
siveness, n. 

excogitate, v. Sks-lcoj'-l-tdt (L. excogitatum, to find 
out by thinking, to devise— from ex, out of, and cogito, 
I think), to invent or contrive ; to strike out by think- 
ing: excogitating, imp.: excogitated, pp.: excog'- 
ita'tion, n. -td'-shun, invention or contrivance by 
thinking. 

excommunicate, v. 8) i at (L. ex, out of, 

and communicatum, to have anything in common 
with one: It. communicare ; F. communiquer, to im- 
part), to expel or exclude from the communion of the 
church; to deprive of church privileges: n. one who 
is excluded from the fellowship of the church: ex'- 
commu'nica'ting, imp. : ex'communica'ted, pp. : adj. 
expelled or separated from communion with a church 
ex commu'nica'tion, n. «■*-■■'■ 
or expelling from the c 
vation of church privik._ 

excoriate, i (L ex, out of, and corium; 

Gr. chorion, skin, hide: F. excorier), to wear or strip 
off the skin ; to break the skin by rubbing ; to gall or 
abrade: exco'ria'ting, imp. : exco'ria'ted, pp.: exco'- 
ria'tion, n. -d'-shun, the act of wearing or rubbing off 
the skin; an abrasion. 

excortication, n. ck (L. ex, out of, 

and cortex, bark— gen. corticis), the act of stripping off 
bark : excor'tica'ted, a. stripped of the bark. 

excrement, n. eks-kre-ment (L. excrementum, that 
which passes from the body— from ex, out of, and cre- 
tnx, separate! ;! '• ■ sncmrnio: V ■: orrment), matter 

<' ' _"l I'. "I 111 III I" '■' I' ' ! '-' I"" . ' ■ ' ■ • ■-.■ -. 

filth: ex'cremen'tal, a. -tdl, discharged or voided as 
excrements: ex'crementiti'ous, a. -men-tish'-us, pert. 
to or consisting of matter voided from the animal 
body. 

excrescence, n. Sks-krSs'gns (L. excrescentia, morbid 

excrescences on the body— from ex, out of, and cres- 

cens, growing : It. escrescenza : F. excroissance), a pro- 

mate, mdt, fur, leuv; mete, mZt, 



tuberance or growth on any body; a superfluity: ex- 
cres'cent, a. -ent, growing out of, as a superfluity. 

excrete, v. eks-kref (see excrement), to separate 
and throw off; to discharge from the body; to strain 
out: excreting, imp. : excreted, pp. : excre'tion, n. 
-kre'-shun, a throwing off or voiding matter from an 
animal body ; any matter excreted ; a discharge from 
the bowels: excre'tive, a. -tlv, having power to eject 
certain matter from the body: excre'tory, a. -ter-l, 
having the power to excrete : n. a duct or vessel which 
conveys secreted fluid from a gland. 

excruciate, v. eks-kr6'shl-dt (L. excruciatum, to tor- 
ture greatly— from ex, out of, and cruciatum, to tor- 
ture—from crux, a cross), to torment ; to torture ; to 
inflict severe pain on: excru'eia'ting, imp.: adj. ex- 
tremely painful ; agonising : excru'eia'ted, pp. : ex- 
cru'eia'tion, n. -a'-shrin, extreme pain ; torture. 

exculpate, v. eks-kul'pdt (L. ex, out of, and culpa- 
turn, to blame : It. colpare, to blame, to censure), to 
clear by an explanation from the charge of a fault or 
of guilt; to excuse; to clear from blame; to justify: 
exculpating, imp. : excul'pated, pp. : ex'culpa'tion, 
n. -pa- shun, the act of vindicating from the charge of 
a fault or crime : excul'patory, a. -pd-ter-l, clearing 
from the charge of a fault. 

excurrent, a. eks-kur'-rSnt (L. ex, out of, and cur- 
reus, running), in hot., running out beyond the edge 
or point. 

excursion, n. eks-ker'-shun (L. excursio, a running 
out or forth — from ex, out of, and cursus, a running: 
It. escursione: F. excursion), a pleasure-trip; a short 
tour ; a ramble ; a digression ; a wandering from the 
subject or main design: excursionist, n. one travel- 
ling to a place for pleasure : excursive, a. -slv, ram- 
bling; wandering: excur'sively, ad. -II: excur'sive- 
ness, n. the act of wandering. 

excuse, n. eks-kus' (L. excuso, I free from blame— 
from ex, out of, and causa, a cause, a suit : It. escu- 
sare; F. excuser), a plea offered in extenuation of a 
fault ; an apology ; a pretext : v. eks-kuz', to pardon ; 
to overlook on giving an explanation or apology ; to 
disengage or free from an obligation; to justify: ex- 
cusing, imp. : excused', pp. -kuzd': excu'ser, n. -ku'-zer* 
one who: excusable, a. -zd-bl, pardonable; admitting 
of excuse: excusably, ad. -bli : excu'sableness, n. the 
state of being excusable : excusatory, a. -ter-l, con- 
taining an excuse or apology: excuse'less, a. -kusHCs, 
that for which no excuse or apology can be offered. 

execrate, v. eks'e-krdt (L. exsecratus, accursed— from 
ex, out of, and sacro, I devote or doom to destruction : 
It. esecrare : F. execrer, to execrate), to detest utterly ; 
to abominate; to denounce evil against; to curse: 
ex'ecra'ting, imp. : ex'ecra'ted, pp. cursed ; de- 
nounced : ex'ecrable, a. -krd-bl, very hateful ; detest- 
able : ex'ecrably, ad. -bll: ex'ecra'tion, n. -krd'-shun, 
the expression of utter detestation; imprecation of 

execute, v. Sks'-S-kiit (L. exsecutus, followed to the 
end— from ex, out of, and secutus, followed : F. execu- 
ter, to accomplish), to carry into complete effect ; to 
perform ; to inflict ; to put to death by form of law ; 
to complete: ex'ecu'ting, imp.: ex'ecu'ted, pp.: ex- 
ecu'tion, n. -kO- hun nee ; mode of perform- 

ing or carrying into effect ; a legal warrant or order ; 
capital punishment : exScu'tioner, n. he who puts to 
death by legal warrant ; a hangman : executive, n. 
cij-.-ek'tl-tiv, he or those who administer the govern- 
ment; the governing person or body: adj. pert, to 
the governing body : executively, ad. -U-. executor,^ 
n. -tir, a person appointed by a testator to carry out 
his will: exec'utnx, n. -triks, a woman so appointed: 
executorship, n. the office of an executor : exec'uto- 
rial, a. -to'-rl-dl, pert, to an executor : exec'utory, a. 
-ter-l, performing official duties ; having authority to 
put the laws in force. 

exegesis, n. eks'-e-je-sls (Gr. exegesis, a leading out, 
an exposition— from ex, out of, and egeomai, I lead : F. 



text or portion of Scripture : ex'egefical, a. -jet'-l-kal, 
expository ; tending to illustrate or explain ; also ex- 
eget'ic, a. -Ik: ex'eget'ically, ad. -li. 

exemplar, n. egz-em'-pler (L. exemplar, a pattern: 
It. esemplare: F. exemplaire), anything to be copied 
or imitated; a model: exemplary, a. eqz-cm-pV-r'-l, 
serving for a pattern or model for imitation ; such as 
may serve as a warning to others : n. copy of a book 
or writing: exSmplar ily, ad. -li: ex emplar'iness, n. 
the state of being a pattern for imitation : exemplify, 
Mr; pine, pin; note, not, move; 



EXEM 



193 



EXOR 



v. iqz-cm'ilhfl (L. facia, Imake),to show or illustrate 
by example : exemplifying, imp.: exemplified, pp. 
-fid: exemplifi'er, n. one who : exemplification, n. 
-fl-kd'-shan. an illustration bv example ; an attested 
copy: exempli gratia, egz-em'pll gra'-shl-a (L. for the 
sake of example), for instance ; contracted into ex. 
gr. , or more usually into e. g. 

exempt, a. egz-emf (L. exemptum, to take out, to free 
—from ex, out of, and emptum, to take to one's self in 
exchange for money: F. exempter), not liable to ; free 
from any service, tax, evil, &c; not included: v. to 
free from any charge, burden, evil, &c. ; to privilege : 
exemp ting, imp. : exempted, pp. : exemption, n. 
-em-shun, freedom from any service, charge, evil, &c, 
to which others are subject ; privilege. 

exequatur, n. Sks'-e-kwa'ter (L. exequatur, let him 
perform), a written authority whereby a consul or 
commercial . _ - , ognised. 

exequies, n. plu. eks'e-kiciz (L. exsequice, the follow- 
ing a corpse, a funeral procession or rites— from ex, 
out of, and sequor, I follow : It. esequie), the ceremonies 
or rites at a funeral— obsequies commoner: exe'quial, 
a. -e'kicl-dl, pert, to funeral rites. 

exercise, n. eks'ir-siz (L. exerceo. I drive on or keep 
busy— from ex, out of, and arceo, I shut up: It. eser- 
cere: F. exercer), any labour or exertion of the body 
to promote health or for amusement ; any exertion, 
as in a profession, business, or employment ; practice ; 
application of the mind ; a lesson or example for prac- 
tice : v. to exert ; to cause to act in any manner ; to 
train by use ; to discipline ; to use exertion for amuse- 
ment, health, or proficiency ; to keep employed: ex- 
ercising, imp.: exercised, pp. -slzd: exerciser, n. 
one who: exercitation, n. eks-er'-sl-td'-shun, practice 
—same as exeixise. 

exergue, n. eks-errf (F.— from Gr. ex, out of, and 
ergon, work), the small space on the face of a medal 
or coin left for a date, name, &c— usually beneath the 
base-line of the subject engraved. 

exert, v. egz-ert' (L. exsertum, to thrust out, to put 
forth— from ex, out of, and sero, I join or bind together), 
to put into action, as strength; to use with effort; to 
bring into active operation; to strive: exer'ting, 
imp. : exerted, pp. : exertion, n. -er-shun, effort ; 
the act of striving or straining. 

exfoliate, v. eks-fo'-ll-at (L. ex, out of, and folium, a 
leaf: F. exfolier), to come off in scales; to scale off: 
exfoliating, imp. : exfo'lia'ted, pp. : exfo'lia'tion, 
n. -a'-shun, the process of separation in scales or splin- 
ters : exfoliative, a. -d'tlv, having the power of caus- 
ing exfoliation. 

exhale, v. eks-hdl' (L. exhalare, to breathe out — from 
ex, out of, and halo, I breathe : It. esalare: F.exhaler), 
to send out, as vapour or fume ; to breathe out ; to 
evaporate: exhaling, imp.: exhaled', pp. -MM: ex'- 
hala'tion, n. -hd-ld'-shun, the act or process of send- 
ing forth in fume or vapour— generally applied to 
what rises in the form of vapour from the earth; 
that which is emitted; effluvia: exha'lable, a, -M,' 
ld-bl, capable of being evaporated : exhalant, a. 
eks-hd'ldnt, having the quality of evaporating or 
breathing out. 

exhaust, v. Sks-hawst' (L. exhaustum, to empty by 
drawing— from ex, out of, and haustum, to drain 



the whole ; to fatigue very much : exhaust'ing, imp. . 
exhaust'ed, pp. : exhauster, n. one who : exhaus'- 
tible, a. -tl-bl, that may be exhausted: exhaustion, 
n. -hawst'yun, state of being emptied; state of being 
deprived of strength or spirits : exhaustive, a. -haws' 
tiv, tending to exhaust: exhaustless, a. that cannot 
be exhausted. 

exhibit, v. Sks-Mb'lt (L. exhibitum, to show or dis- 
play—from ex, out of, and habeo, I have or hold: F. 
exhiber), to present to view ; to offer for inspection ; 
to display ; to show ; to administer as a medicine : 
n. any paper formally exhibited in a court of law ; 
exhibiting, imp.: exhibited, pp.: exhibitor, n. one 
who exhibits; also exhib'iter, n.: exhibition, n. eks- 
Itl-bish'un, a showing or presenting for inspection; 
any public show ; display ; that part of the income of 
a school applied for the maintenance of scholars at 
English universities— in Scot., called a bursary: ex'- 
hibiti'oner, n. a student who enjoys an exhibition : 
exhibltive, a. -hib'-l-tiv, representative : exhibltively, 
ad. -II: exhib'itory, a. -l-tir-l, showing; displaying. 

exhilarate, v. eks-hil'-er-dt (L. exhilaratum, to glad- 
den greatly— from ex, out of, and hilaratum, to cheer), 
to cheer ; to gladden ; to make cheerful ; to enliven ; 
cow, toy, foot; pure, X 



to become joyous : exhil'ara'ting, imp.: adj. having 
the power or tendency to exhilarate : exhirara'ted, 
pp.: exhil'ara'tion, n. -d'shiin, joyousness; gaiety; 
the act of making glad or cheerful: exhil'ara'tingly, 
ad. -II : exhil'arant, a. exciting joy, mirth, or pleasure : 
n. that which exhilarates. 

exhort, v. ekz-hort' (L. exhortor, I encourage— from 
ex, out of, and hortor, I advise, I instigate : F. ex- 
horter), to advise; to warn or caution; to animate or 
incite by words: exhorting, imp.: exhort'ed, pp.: 
ex'horta'tion, n. -hor-td'shiui, incitement to laudable 
deeds ; formal advice ; counsel : exhor'tative, a. -hor- 
td-tiv, containing exhortation : exhor'tatory, a. -ter-i, 
tending to exhort : exhor'ter, n. one who. 

exhume, v. Sks-hilm' (F. exhumer, to unbury — from 
L. ex, out of, and humus, the ground), to dig up what 
has been buried ; to disinter ; exhu'ming, imp. : ex- 
humed', pp. -hCiiiaV: exhumation, n. -hu-md'-shun, 
the act of disinterring ; the digging up of anything 
buried. 

exigent, a. Sks'-l-jSnt (L. exigens, driving or thrust- 
ing out— gen. exigentis— from ex, out of, and agens, 
doing or driving), pressing ; urgent ; requiring im- 
mediate aid or action : exigence, n. -jens, also ex'- 
igency, n. -jen-sl, urgent need or want; pressing 
necessity : exigible, a. -jl-bl, capable of being de- 
manded. 

exile, n. egz'll, (F. exil, banishment; exile, the per- 
son banished: L. exsilium, banishment— from exsul, 
an exile), the state of being expelled from one's native 
country ; banishment, sometimes voluntary ; the per- 
son expelled from his native country; one who leaves 
his own to reside in another country ; one separated 
from friends or country by necessity: v. to drive away 
or banish from one's native country by misfortune 
or necessity: exiling, imp.: exiled, pp. egz'-ild or 
ig-zMd'. 

exility, n. iks-il'-l-tl (L. exilis, thin, slender), slen- 
derness; smallness. 

exintine, n. ekz-ln'tln (L. ex, from, and inttts, with- 
in), in bot., one of the inner coverings of the pollen 
grain— see extine. 

exist, v. igz-lst' (F. exister, to exist: L. existens, 
being visible, existing : It. existere), to be ; to have an 
essence or real being ; to live ; to endure : exis'ting, 
imp.: adj. having being or life ; actual : exis'ted, pp.: 
exis'tence, n. -Is'tens, real being or essence; life; ani- 
mation : exis'tent, a. having being. 

exit, n. 6ks'-it (L. exeo, I go out; exit, he goes out), 
the departure of a player from the stage; a word 
placed on the margin of a play to indicate the same ; 
the act of quitting the stage of life ; death ; a depar- 
ture ; a passage out of any place ; a way : ex'eunt, plu. 
-e-unt (L.), they go out: ex'eunt omnes, om'-nez, (L.), 
they all go out. 

exo, eks'o or egz'o (Gr.), a Greek prefix, signifying 
on the outside. 

ex officio— see ex. 

Exodus, n. cks'6-diis (Gr. ex, out of, and (h)c 



way), the second book of the Old Testament ; depar- 
ture of the Isr. ; , mture from a 
place. 

exogens, n. plu. Sks'o-jSns (Gr. exo, without, and 
gennao, I produce), that division of the vegetable 
kingdom in which the plants grow by additions to the 
outside of the wood in the form of annual concentric 
layers, as in the oak, ash, elm, &c.—tlieendogens, those 
whose growth is from within outward : exog'enous, a. 
-e-nus, growing or increasing in size by annual addi- 
tions to the outside, as in the oak, ash, &c; in anat., 
growing out from a bone already formed : exog'enites, 
n. -nits, in geol., any fragment of fossil wood exhibit- 
ing the exogenous structure. 

exonerate, v. egz-on'-er-at (L. exoneratum, to free 
from a burden— from ex, out of, and oneratum, to 
load ; onus, a load : It. esonerare: F. exonerer), to free 
from ; to clear from blame ; to cast off, as an obliga- 
tion or charge on any one ; to exculpate ; to absolve : 
exon'era' ting, imp.: exon'era'ted,pp.: exoneration, 
n. -d'shun, the act of freeing from a charge or from 
blame : exon'era'tive, a. -tiv, freeing from an obliga- 
tion or from blame. 

exorbitant, a. egz-or'bX-tant (L. ex, out of, and or- 
bita, the track of a wheel, the impression of anything ; 
orbis, an orb or sphere), deviating from the usual 
course ; unreasonable ; enormous ; excessive : exor- 
bitance, n. -tans, also exorbitancy, n. -t&n-si, a 
going beyond due limits ; enormity ; excessive extra- 
vagance : exorbitantly, ad. -II. 

; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 
2* 



EXOR 



194 



EXPE 



exorcise, v. eks'or-siz (Gr. exorkizein, to cause to 
swear, to conjure— from ex, intensive, and orkizein, 
■ to bind by oath : F. exorciser), to expel evil spirits by 
prayers and ceremonies, or by conjurations ; to deliver 
from evil spirits ; to adjure by a holy name : ex'orci'- 
sing, imp.: ex'orcised, pp. -sizd: ex'orci'ser, n. -si' 
zer, one who pretends to be able to cast out evil spirits : 
ex'orcist, n. -sist, one who : ex'orcism, n. sizm, the 
act of exorcising. 

exordium, n. egz-or'dl-um (L. exordium, the begin- 
ning, the warp of a web — from ex, and ordior, I begin 
a web : It. esordio : F. exorde), the introductory part 
of a discourse, or of a written composition ; the open- 
ing part of an oration or speech : exor'dial, a. -dl, in- 
troductory. 

exorhizal, a. eks'6-ri'zdl (Gr. exo, outside, and 
rhiza, a root), in hot., applied to those plants whose 
roots in germination proceed at once from the radi- 
cular extremity of the embryo, and do not burst 
through an outer coat. 

exoskeleton, n. eks'6-skel'e-ton (Gr. exo, outside, and 
skeleton, a dry body or skeleton), in anat., the har- 
dened superficial tissues of external protection, as the 
crusts of crabs, the plates of reptiles, and the scales of 
fishes. 

exosmose, n. iks'os-mos' (Gr. exo, outside, and osmos, 
a thrusting, an impulsion : F. exosmose), the passing 
outwards of a fluid through a membrane— the passing 
inwards from the outside is called endosmose : ex'os- 
mot'ic, a. -mot'lk, pert, to: ex'ostome', n. -torn' (Gr. 
stoma, a mouth), in hot., the outer opening of the fora- 
men of the ovule. 

exostosis, n. eks'os-to'sls (Gr. a bony excrescence— 
from ex, out of, and osteon, a bone : F. exostose), in 
anat., an unnatural projection or growth from a bone ; 
in hot., a wart-like excrescence. 

exoteric, a. eks'o-ter'-ik, also ex'oter'ical, a. -i-kdl 
(Gr. exoteros, exterior— from exo, outside : L. exoteri- 
cus: It. esoterico: F. exoterique), public; external; 
opposed to esoteric or secret ; professed or taught 
openly : ex'oter'icism, n. -sizm, exoteric doctrines or 
principles. 

exothecium, n. iks'othe'sM-um (Gr. exo, without, 
and theke, a case or sheath), in bot., the outer coat of 
the anther. 

exotic, n. Sgz-ot'ik (Gr. exotikos, foreign, strange— 
from exo, outside : L. exoticus .- F. exotique), a plant, 
shrub, or tre°. introduced from a foreign country ; 
something foreign : adj. foreign ; not native ; also 
exot'ical, a. -i-kdl -. exot'icism, n. -sizm, state of being 
exotic. Note. — Indigenous, the opposite of exotic, 
means naturally belonging to a region. 

expand, v. eks-pund'jL. expando, I spread out— from 
ex, out of, and pando, I open or spread: It. espandere), 
to open ; to spread out or enlarge a surface ; to ex- 
tend ; to dilate : expand'ing, imp. : expand ed, pp.: ex- 
panse', n. -pans' (L. ex, and pansum, to spread), a wide 
extent of space or body; extent; a spreading: ex- 
pansible, a. -pdn'-si-bl, capable of being extended: 
expan'sibly, ad. -bit: expan'sibil'ity, n. -bil'-i-ti, ca- 
pacity of extension in surface or bulk: expan'sion, n. 
■shun, act of expanding ; state of being expanded ; 
the enlargement of the surface or size of a body; 
extension: expan'sive, a. -siv, widely extended; 
having the power to dilate or spread out ; having the 
capacity of being expanded: expan'sively, ad. -siv-ll: 
expan'siveness, n. 

ex parte, a. iks'pdr'-te (see ex), in law, executed by 
one side only ; in common conversation, that which is 
related on one side only of the matter, as, an ex parte 
statement; one-sided. 

expatiate, v. eks-pd'-s7ii-at (L. exspatiatum, to ex- 
tend, to spread out— from ex, out of, and spatior, I 
wander or walk about), to enlarge on a subject in 
speech or writing ; to be copious in discussion : ex- 
pa'tia'ting, imp. : expa'tia'ted, pp. : expa'tia'tion, 
n. -d'-shun: expa'tia'tor, n. one who: expa'tiatory, a. 
-d-ttr-i. 

expatriate, v. eks-pa'-trl-at (L. ex, out of, &n&patria, 
one's country: F. expatrier, to banish), to banish from 
one's native land: expa'tria'ting.imp.: expa'tria'ted, 
pp.: expa'tria'tion, n. -a'shun, banishment from one's 
native country, voluntary or otherwise. 

expect, v. eks-pSkt' (L. expecto, I await, I expect— 
from ex, out of, and specto, I look at : It. espettare), to 
look out for; to wait for; to have an apprehension of 
something future; to entertain a belief that some- 



pp. : adj. looked for; apprehended: expec'tant, n. 
-pek'-tdnt, one possessed of the belief or hope that he 
will at some future time receive something good: 
adj. waiting; looking for: ex'pecta'tion, n. -td'shun, 
the act of looking forward to ; the state of expecting ; 
the prospect of good to come ; mean duration of life ; 
value of a contingency : expectancy, n. -tdn-si, some- 
thing expected ; a looking for with pleasure ; also ex- 
pectance, n. -tdns: expec'tingly, ad. -II: expec'ta- 
tive, a. -td-tiv, constituting an object of expectation: 
expec'ter, n. one who. 

expectorate, v. eks-pek'-to-rdt (L. expectoratum, to 
drive from the breast— from ex, out of, and pectus, the 
breast: F. expectorer), to eject matter from the air- 
passages or lungs by coughing and spitting ; to cough 
up : expec'tora'ting, imp. : expec'tora'ted, pp. : ex- 
pec'tora'tion, n. -ru'-shun, the act of discharging mat- 
ter from the air-passages or lungs; the phlegm or 
mucus ejected by coughing: expec'torant, n. a me- 
dicine that promotes discharges from the lungs: adj. 
that promotes the secretion of mucus in the lungs or 
air -passages: expec'tora'tive, a. -tiv, having the 
quality of pi - tin - r oration. 

expedient, a. eks-pe'-di-ent (L. expedient, letting 
loose, extricating: It. espediente: F. expedient), fit or 
suitable for the purpose ; tending to promote some 
end ; proper or necessary under the circumstances : n. 
a contrivance or shift ; that which serves to promote 
or help forward any end or purpose: expe'dience, n. 
-ens, or expe'diency, n. -6n-sl, suitableness for the end 
or purpose intended ; propriety under the particular 
circumstances of a case ; advantage ; self-interest. 

expedite, v. eks'pe-dit (L. expeditum, to loose, to set 
free— from ex, out of, and pedes, the feet), to quicken ; 
to hasten; to facilitate the doing of anything: adj. 
easy ; nimble ; active : ex'pedi'ting, imp. : ex'pedi'- 
ted, pp. : ex'peditely, ad. -II, readily ; hastily : ex'- 
pediti'on, n. -dlsh'un, speed; quickness; march of an 
army for a hostile purpose ; voyage of a ship or ships 
for any particular purpose ; an enterprise or under- 
taking by a number of persons ; the persons who form 
the undertaking : ex'pediti'onary, a. -er-l, consisting 
in an expedition : ex'pediti'ous, a. -us, speedy ; hasty ; 
active ; nimble : ex'pediti'ously, ad. -li. 

expel, v. eks-pel' (L. expello, I thrust out or away— 
from ex, out of, and pello, I drive: It. espellere), to 
drive out; to force to leave; to eject; to throw out; 
to exclude ; to banish : expel'ling, imp. : expelled', 
pp. -peld'-. expellable, a. -ld-bl, that can be driven 
out. 

expend, v. eks-pend' (L. expendo, I weigh out, I 
expend— from ex, out of, and pendo, I weigh), to lay 
out ; to spend ; to employ ; to use : expend'ing, imp. : 
expend'ed, pp.: expenditure, n. -pen'-dl-tur, a laying 
out, as of money, time, or trouble ; disbursement : ex- 
pense', n. -pens' (L. expensum, to weigh out), cost ; 
charges; a laying out, as of money ; a consuming, as of 
labour or time : expenseless, a. without cost: expen- 
sive, a. -siv, costly; extravagant; given to expense: 
expen'sively, ad. -li: expen'siveness, n. costliness. 

experience, n. eks-pe'ri-ens (L. experiens, expe- 
rienced, enterprising— from experior, I try, I put to 
the test : F. experience), knowledge gained by frequent 
trial or by experiment ; practice ; knowledge from ob- 
servation : v. to be taught by practice or experiment ; 
to know by trial : expe riencing, imp. : expe'rienced, 
pp. -enst : adj. taught by practice or by repeated obser- 
vations ; skilful by means of trial and use : expe'rien'- 
tial, a. -en'-shdl, derived from experience. 

experiment, n. -eks-per'-i-ment (L. experimentum, a 
proof, a trial— from experior, I try), a trial or operation 
for the purpose of discovering something unknown ; 
a trial to confirm or disprove something doubtful : ex- 
periment', v. -ment', to search by trial : experlment'- 
mg, imp. making trials : exper'iment'ed, pp. searched 
out by trial or experiment : exper'imen'tist, n. one 
who : experimental, a. -tdl, known by trial or experi- 
ment: experimentally, ad. -li: exper'imen'talist, 
n. one who makes experiments: experimentation, 
n. -td'shun, exercise or practice in experiment : ex- 
per'imen'tative, a. -men'-td-tiv, experimental: exper'- 
unen'ter, n. one who: experimentum cru'cis, n. 
-men'-tum krd'-sis (L. crucis, of a cross— from crux, a 
cross), a decisive or crucial experiment. 

expert, a. eks-pert' (F. expert, skilful : L. expertus, 
tried, proved), ready; dexterous; skilful by practice : 
n. eks-pert, one skilled in a science, an art, or in a 
profession; a scientific or professional witness: ex- 
pertly, ad. -li: expert'ness, n. skill; readiness. 



:, mdt,fdr, laiv; mete, met, her; vine, pin; note, not, mCve; 



EXPI 



195 



EXPU 



expiate, v. eks'-pi-dt (L. expiatum, to make com- 
plete satisfaction— from ex, out of, and piatum, to 
seek to appease : It. espiare : F. expier), to make re- 
paration or satisfaction for ; to atone for : ex'pia ting, 
imp.: ex'pia'ted, pp. : ex'piable, a. -ci-bl, that may be 
atoned for: ex'pia'tion, n. -d'-shun, the act of making 
satisfaction for a crime by which the guilt is done 
away; atonement; satisfaction: ex pia'tor, n. one 
who: ex'pia'tory, a. -a'-ter-l, having power to make 
atonement. 

expire, v. gks-pir' (L. expire*, I breathe or blow out 
— froin ex, out of, and spiro, I breathe: F. expirer, to 
breathe out, to expire), to breathe out ; to exhale ; to 
breathe the last; to die; to fail or be destroyed: ex- 
piring, imp. breathing out : adj. dying; ending; pert, 
to, or uttered at, the time of dying: expired', pp. 
-plrd': expi'rable, a. -rd-bl, that may come to an end: 
expiration, n. -pl-rd'-shun, the act of forcing the air 
from the lungs ; exhalation; conclusion; termination 
of a limited time : expiratory, a. -pl'-rd-tir'-i, pert, to 
the emission of air from the lungs : expi'ry, n. -rl, the 
termination or end. 

expiscate,v. Sks-pis'-l J. I ?. searched out 

—from ex, out of, and piscis, a fish), to search out by 
artful means ; to discover ; to investigate : expis'cat- 
ing.imp.: expis'cated, pp.: ex'pisca'tion, n. -ka'-shun, 
a thorough ligation. 

explain, v. eks-pldn' (L. explano, I make plain or 
clear— from ex, out of, andplanus, smooth, plain, evi- 
dent), to ma I r ; to clear of obscurity ; 
to expound: explaining, imp. : explained', pp. -pldnd': 
explainable, a. -dbl, capable of being made plain to 
the understanding: explanation, n. -pld-nd'-shun, 
act of explaining; an exposition; an interpretation; 
sense explained; a mutual cleavm? up of a misunder- 
standing: explanatory, a. -plan'-d-Ur-l, serving to 
explain ; containing an explanation : explain'er, n. 
one who. 

expletive, a. eks'-ple-tiv (L. expletum, to fill up — 
from ex, out of, and pleo, I fill : F. expletif), filling up 
or out ; added for supply or ornament ; not necessary 
to the sense : n. a word or syllable inserted for orna- 
ment ; something only used to take up room ; collo- 
quially, a coarse or profane word: ex'pletory, a. -ter-i, 
serving to»fill up. 

explicate, v. eks'-pli-kat (L. explication, to unfold or 
spread out — from ex, out of, and plico, I fold: It. espli- 
care: F. expliquer), to interpret; to explain; to clear 
of difficulties: ex'plica'ting, imp.: ex'plica'ted, pp.: 
ex'plica'tor, n. one who : explicable, a. -kd-bl, that 
may be explained or interpreted : explication, n. 
-kd'shun, interpretation; explanation: ex plica' tive, 
a. -ka'tlv, also ex plica'tory, a. -ter-i, serving to ex- 
plain or interpret. 

explicit, a. cks-plis'-it (L. explicitus, disentangled, 
free from obstacles : F. explicite—see explicate), clear ; 
plain ; not ambiguous or obscure : explicitly, ad. -U : 
explic'itness, n. clearness or plainness in language. 

explode, v. eks-pldd' (L. explodo, I drive out or off 
by clapping— from ex, out of, and plaudo, I clap the 
hands in token of approbation), to burst forth with 
sudden violence and noise ; to cause to burst, as gun- 
powder; to drive from notice; to cry down, as a 
fashion or an opinion : explo ding, imp. : adj. having 
the property of bursting forth with violence and 
noise: explb'ded, pp.: adj. rejected; condemned; 
burst violently: exploder, n. one who: explo'sion, 
n. -plo'-zhun (L. explosion, to drive off by clapping the 
hands : F. explosion), a bursting forth with violence 
and noise ; a sudden expansion with noise by exces- 
sive internal pressure; the noise itself: explosive, a. 
-slv, having a tendency to explode ; having the pro- 
perty of exploding : explo 'sively, ad. -li : explo 'sive- 
ness, n. liability to explode. 

exploit, n. eks-ployf (F. exploit— from L. explication, 
to unfold), an act cr a deed, especially a heroic one ; 
an achievement ; a deed of renown. 

explore, v. eks-plor' (L. exploro, I search out, I seek 
to discover— from ex, out of, and ploro, I cry out : It. 
esplorare-. F. explorer), to search into or examine 
closely with the eye in order to discover ; to exam- 
ine thoroughly, as to explore new countries ; to 
search by any means ; to try to find out : explo'ring, 
imp.: explored', pp. -plord': explo'rer, n. one who 
penetrates a new country for the purpose of thorough 
Hon; also ex'plora'tor, n. -rd'-ter, one who: 
ex'plora'tion, n. -shun, close search ; strict examina- 
tion : explo'ratory, a. -rd-ter-i, serving to explore ; 
searching out. 



explosion, n.— see explode. 

exponent, n. eks-po'-nent (L. exponens, putting or 
setting out— from ex, out of, and pono, I put or set), 
in arith. or alg. , the number or figure placed at the 
upper part on the right of a figure or letter to in- 
dicate the power to which it is to be raised, thus, 
o 2 , 32 — or the root of a quantity, thus, bi, 3% ; the re- 
presentative of a party ; one who expounds the views 
of another: exponential, a. -nin'-shdl, pert, to ex- 
ponents or certain curves or equations, &c. 

export, v. eks-port' (L. exporto, I carry out, I convey 
away— from ex, out of, and porta, I carry: It. espor- 
tare: F. exporter), to carry produce or goods out of a 
country, either by land or by water : exporting, imp. : 
export'ed, pp.: adj. carried out of a country in the 
regular course of traffic : expor'ter, n. one who : ex- 
portable, a. -td-bl, that may be exported : ex'porta'- 
tion, n. -por-ta'-shun, the act of conveying goods from 
one country to another, as by a merchant or trader: 
export, n. eks'-port, an article or commodity carried 
out of one country to another in the regular course 
of trafllc. 

expose, v. iks-poz' (L. exposition, to put or set out; — 
from ex, out of, and positum, to' put or place : F. ex- 
poser), to set out to public view ; to exhibit ; to dis- 
close ; to lay open ; to make bare ; to put in danger ; 
to offer for sale : expo 'sing, imp.: exposed', pp. -pozd'.- 
adj. laid bare ; unsheltered ; uncovered ; made public ; 
offered for sale : expo'ser, n. one who : expo'sure, n. 
-po'-zhoor, the state of being laid open to danger or in- 
convenience; situation of a place in regard to the 
points of the compass, or to sun and air ; the laying 
open the character or conduct of any one ; the act of 
exposing anything: ex'positi'on, n. -zlsh'-un, a set- 
ting forth to public view ; a laying open ; an exhi- 
bition ; an explanation or interpretation : expositive, 
a. -poz'-i-tlv, also expository, a. -ter-i, explanatory ; 
serving to explain : expositor, n. -i-ter, one who ex- 
plains, interprets, or expounds. 

expose, n. eks-po-zd' (F.), a formal recital of facts ; 
reasons for explanation. 

expostulate, v. eks-pos'-tu-lat (L. expostulatuin, to 
demand urgently, to find fault— from ex, out of, and 
postulatum, to require or demand), to reason earnestly 
with, as on some impropriety of conduct ; to remon- 
strate in a friendly manner: expos'tula'ting, imp.: 
expos'tula'ted, pp.: expos'tula tor, n. one who : ex- 
pos'tnla'tion, n. ■la'-shiin, the act of reasoning with a 
person with reference to his conduct : expos'tula'tory, 
a. -ld'-ter-l, containing expostulation. 

exposure, n.— see expose. 

expound, v. eks-po~ivnd' (L. expono, I put or set out 
—from ex, out of, and pono, I set or place), to make 
clear ; to explain ; to lay open ; to interpret : ex- 
pounding, imp. : expound'ed, pp. : expounder, n. 
one who. 

express, a. eks-pr5s' (F. expres, plain, clear, on pur- 
pose : L. expressum, to squeeze out, to represent— from 
ex, out of, and pressum, to press or sink down), plain ; 
clear; given in direct terms; sent on a particular 
errand ; intended for a particular purpose ; copied, or 
resembling— applied to painting, sculpture, &c. ; em- 
ployed as a direct and speedy conveyance ; used ad- 
verbially, on purpose ; for a particular end : n. any 
direct and fast conveyance ; a messenger or vehicle 
sent on purpose ; a special message : v. to press or 
squeeze out ; to declare in words ; to utter ; to repre- 
sent ; to denote : expressing, imp. : expressed', pp. 
-prestf: adj. squeezed out, as juice; uttered; set down 
in writing: expressly, ad. -li, indirect terms; plainly: 



form of a face or figure while under the influence of 
various emotions ; the modulation of the voice suited 
to the subject in music ; the appearance of the 
countenance ; the representation of an algebraic 
quantity by its proper symbols : expressionless, a. 
wanting in expression : expres'sible, a. -pres'-si-bl, 
that may be squeezed out ; that may be uttered : ex- 
pres'sibly, ad. -bll: expres'sive, a. -siv, serving to 
utter or represent; representing emphatically or 
clearly; significant: expres'sively, ad. -li: expres'- 
siveness, n. the quality of being expressive : express'- 



expulsion, n. Sks-piil- ' L -io, a driving 

out— from ex, out of, and pulsus, driven : It. espul- 
sione: F. expulsion), the act of expelling by authority, 
foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



EXPU 11 

force, or violence ; state of being driven out or away : 
expul'sive, a. -slv, having the power of driving out. 

expunge, v. ; a pUnj (L expungo, I blot out— from 
ex, out of, and pungo, I prick or puncture : It. es- 
pungere), to blot or wipe out ; to efface ; to obliterate : 
expunging, imp.: adj. blotting out; erasing: ex- 
punged', pp -punjd'. 

expurgate, v. dks-per'gdt (L. expurgatum, to purge 
quite, to purify— from ex, out of, and purgatum, to 
cleanse: It. espurgare), to cleanse; to purify; to 
purge : expur'gating, imp. : expur'gated, pp. : adj. 
cleansed; purified: expur'gator, n. -gd-ter, one who 
expurgates or purifies : ex'purga'tion, n. -gd'-sh //■/;., the 
act of cleansing or purifying : expur'gatory, a. -gd-ter -1, 
serving to purify or cleanse : index expurgatorius, 
in'deks 6lcs-per'-gd-t6'-rl-us, a list of works condemned 
by the R. Cath. Ch. as either heretical or dangerous 
to the Roman Catholic faith. 

exquisite, a. eks'-kwl-zlt (L. exquisitus, carefully 
sought out, excellent— from ex, out of, and qucesitum, 
to seek or search for : F. exquis, exquisite, excellent), 
perfect; complete; highly finished; capable of nice 
or delicate perception ; very sensibly felt ; nice ; de- 
licate; exact; extreme, as pain or pleasure: n. one 
nice or refined in dress ; a fop ; a dandy : ex'quisitely, 
ad. -ll: ex'quisiteness, n. state of being exquisite; 
nicety; keenness. 

exsanguious, a. Sk-sdng'-gwl-us, also exsan'guinous, 
a. -gwl-nus (L. exsanguis, bloodless— from ex, out of, 
and sanguis, blood— gen. sanguinis), without blood : 
ex'sanguinlty, n. -gwln'-l-tl, state of being without 
blood. 

exserted, a. Sk-ser'-tSd (L. exsertus, thrust forth), in 
hot., projecting beyond something else, as stamens 
beyond the corolla. 

exsiccate, v. ek-slk'-kdt (L. exsiccatum, to make quite 
dry— from ex, out of, and siccus, dried up), to deprive 
of moisture: exsic'cating, imp.: exsic'cated, pp. 
dried up : exsic'cant, a. -k&nt, having power to dry 
up : ex'sicca'tion, n. -kd'shun, the drying up of solid 
bodies ; the expulsion of moisture from solid bodies 
by heat, pressure, or by any other means. 

exstipulate, a. eks-stip'u-ldt (L. ex, without, and 

stipula, a stalk or stem), in hot., destitute of stipules. 

extant, a. eks'-tdnt (L. exstans, projecting— from ex, 

out of, andstows, standing), in existence ; notdestroyed 

or lost. 

extemporaneous, a. Sks-tem'-po-rd'-nl-us (Sp. extem- 
poraneo, extemporaneous— from L. ex, out of, and 
ternpus, time— gen. temporis), done or uttered with- 
out preparation; unpremeditated: extem'pora'ne- 
ously, ad. -ll: extem'pora'neousness, n. : extem'po- 
rary, a. -rer-l, unpremeditated ; without preparation ; 
sudden: extem'porar'ily, ad. -II: extem'pore, ad. -po- 
rt} (L. ex, tempore), on the spur of the moment ; without 
preparation; at the moment: extem'porise.v. -riz,.to 
speak without preparation : extem'pori'sing, imp. : 
extem'porised', pp. -rlzd": extem'pori ser, n. -zer, one 
who. 

extend, v. Sks-tSnd' (L. extendo, I spread out — from 
ex, out of, and tendo, I pull or stretch : It. estendere : 
F. entendre), to stretch in any direction, to any dis- 
tance ; to enlarge or increase ; to diffuse ; to reach : 
extending, imp. : extend'ed, pp. : adj. spread ; 
expanded: extend'edly, ad. -ll: extend'er, n. he or 
that which extends: exten'dible, a. -ten'-dl-bl, cap- 
able of being stretched out or enlarged : extensible, 
a. eks-tSn'-sl-bl (L. extensus, stretched out), that may 
be extended : extensibility, n. -bU'-l-tl, the capacity 
of being extended: exten'sile, a. -11, capable of being 
extended: exten'sion, n. -ten-shun, the act of en- 
larging or stretching out ; enlargement ; an essential 
property of bodies, because they must occupy a part 
of space however small: exten'sive, a. -slv, large; 
wide: extensively, ad. -ll: exten'siveness, n. : ex- 
ten'sor, n. -ser, in anat., a muscle of the body which 
serves to extend or straighten : extent, n. eks-tinf (L. 
extentum, to stretch out), the space or degree to which 
a thing is extended ; compass ; size. 

extenuate, v. 6ks-t6n'-u-dt (L. extenuatum, to make 
very thin— from ex, out of, and tenuatum, to make 
thin : It. estenuare : F. extenuer), to lessen ; to dimin- 
ish ; to palliate, as a fault or crime ; to mitigate : ex- 
ten'ua'ting, imp.: adj. lessening; diminishing: ex- 
ten'ua'ted, pp.: exten'ua'tingly, ad. -ll: exten'ua- 
tor, n. one who : exten'ua'tion, n. -d'-shun, the act of 
representing any fault or crime less than it is; pallia- 
tion : exten'ua'tory, a -ter-l, that extenuates or pal- 
liates. 



exterior, a. Sks-te'-rl-er (L. exterior, outer— from ex- 
tents, on the outside, strange), outward; external; 
relating to the outside or outer surface : n. the out- 
ward surface; that which is external: exteriority, 



n. plu. -erz, outward parts of a thing; external de- 
portment or forms. 

exterminate, v. iks-ter'-mX-ndt (L. exterrninatum, 
to drive out or away— from ex, out of, and terminus, 
a limit : F. exterminer, to put an end to), to destroy 
utterly; to root out; to eradicate: exterminating, 



exter'mina'tor, n. he or that which exterminates: 
exter'mina'tion, n.-na'slnhi, total oVsl ruction; erad- 
ication: exter'mina'tive, n. -nd'-tlv, that exterminates 
or utterly destroys: exter'mina'tory, a. tending or 
serving to desl roj tota.n , 

external, a. eks-ter'-ndl (L. externus, outward: It. 
esterno : F. externe), outward ; not within ; visible ; 
foreign : exter'nals, n. plu. -ndlz, the outward parts; 
outward forms or rites: externally, ad. -ll: exter- 
nality, n. -rial') n, state ol being external. 

extinct, a. eks-tlngkf (L. extinctus, put out, 
quenched), quenched ; put out ; being at an end ; 
no longer existing: extinction, n. -tingk'-shun, the 
act of putting out; the state of being quenched or 
suppressed. 

extine, n. eks'-tln (L. exter. on the outside), in bot., 
the outer covering of the pollen-grain. 



to put out ; to destroy ; to suppress ; to put an end to : 
extinguishing, imp.: extinguished, pp. -gwlsht, put 
out; quenched; suppressed: extin'guisher, n. he or 
that which extinguishes ; that which puts out a can- 
extin'guishable, a. -d-bl, that may be quenched 



extirpate, v. &ks-ter'-pdt (L. extirpatum, to pluck up 
by the stem or root— from ex, out of, and stirps, a 
root : It. estirpare : F. extirper), to root out ; to de- 
stroy wholly ; to remove completely ; to exterminate : 
extirpating, imp.: extir'pated, pp.: adj. rooted out; 
totally destroyed: extir'pator, n. one who, or the 
thing which: extir'pable, a. -pd-bl, that may be 
rooted out: ex'tirpa'tion, n. -pa-shun, total destruc- 
tion ; the act of rooting out : extir'patory, a. -ter-l, 
that roots out or destroys. 

extol, v. eks-tdl' (L. extollo, I raise up or elevate— 
from ex, out of, and tollo, I raise: It. estollere), to 
praise highly ; to laud ; to celebrate in words : extor- 
ting, imp.: extolled', pp. -tdld': extol'ler, n. one who. 

extort, v. eks-tdrt' (L. extortum, to twist or wrench, 
out— from ex, out of, and tortum, to turn about, to 
twist : F. extorquer), to wrest or wring from ; to draw 
from by force ; to gain from by violence or injustice : 
extort'ing, imp. : extorted, pp. drawn from by com- 
pulsion: extor'sive, a. -slv, tending to draw from by 
compulsion : extort'er, n. one who : extortioner, n. 
-tor'-shun-ir, one who : extortion, n. -shun, the act or 
practice of wresting from ; oppressive exaction : ex- 
tortionary, a. -ir-l, practising extortion: extor- 
tionate, a. oppressive: extortionist, n. one who. 

extra, iks'-trd (L. on the outside, without), a com- 
mon prefix, denoting above or beyond usual ; in ex- 
cess; additional; out of: extra-parochial, a. beyond 
the limits of a parish: extra-judicial, a. out of ordi- 
nary court procedure : extra, a. beyond what is usual, 
or has been agreed upon ; additional, as extra work, 
extra hours, extra quantity : ex'tras, n. plu. -trds, some 
things in addition to what is due or expected : extra- 
axillary, n. -dk'-sll-er-l, in bot., removed from the axil 
of the leaf, as in the case of some buds : ex'tracri'- 
nus, n. -krl-nus (Gr. krinon, a lily), in geol, a sub- 
genus of pentacrinus, so called from the more fre- 
quent subdivision of its tentacular arms : extra-mun- 
dane, a. -mun'-ddn (li. mundus, the world), beyond the 
limits of the material world : extra-mural, a. -mu'-rdl 
(L. murus, a wall), without or beyond the walls, as of 
a fortified city: extra-professi'onal, not within the 
usual limits of professional business or habits. Note. 
— When extra is employed as a prefix, a hyphen is 
usually placed between it and the word. 

extract, v. 6ks-trdkt' (L. extractum, to draw out or 
forth— from ex, out of, and tractum, to draw or drag), 
to draw out ; to take out or from ; to select : n. 6ks' 
trdkt, that which is drawn out or from something 
else ; a selection, as from a book ; a tincture ; a decoc- 



mClte, vid(,fdr, law; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, mCve; 



EXTR 



197 



FABL 



tion : extracting, imp. -tr&k'ting • extracted, pp. : 
adj. drawn or taken out: extrac tible, a. -ti-bl, that 
iaay be extracted : extractor, n. -ter, that which ex- 
tracts : extraction, n. -shiin, the act of drawing out 
or from ; birth ; lineage ; descent : extractive, a. -tiv, 
that may be extracted : n. a peculiar substance sup- 
posed to form the basis of all vegetable extracts. 

extradition, n. eks'trd-dlsh'-iln {L. ex, out of, and 
traditio, a delivering up, a surrender: F. extradition), 
the delivering up by one government to another of 
any subject who has fled from justice. 

extrados, n. eks-tru-dd~s (F. e xtrados— from L. extra, 
on the outside, and F. dos; L. dorsum, the back), the 
exterior curve of an arch. 

extraneous, a. eks-trd'-nl-us (L. extraneus, external, 
outward— from extra, without), foreign ; not belonging 
to a thing ; without or beyond a thing : extra neous- 
ly, ad. -II. 

extraordinary, a. (ks-trdr'dl-ner-i, also iks'trd-dr- 
dl-ner-l (L. extraordinarily, out of the common order 
— from extra, beyond, and ordo, arrangement, order: 
It. extr aor dinar io : F. extraordinaire), beyond ordi- 
nary or usual ; uncommon ; remarkable ; special : ad. 
in an uncommon degree : extraordinarily, ad. -ner- 
l-ll: extraor dinar'ies, n. plu. -Iz, unusual things. 

extravagant, a. eks-trdv'd-gdnt (F. extravagant— 
from L. extra, without or beyond, and vagans, wander- 
ing), excessive; wasteful; unreasonable; vainly ex- 
pensive ; not within ordinary limits of truth or pro- 
bability: extravagantly, ad. -II: extrav'agance, n. 
-gdns, excess in anything ; a going beyond the limits 
of strict truth or probability ; also extravagancy, n. 
-si: extrav'agants, n. plu. certain decretal epistles or 
constitutions of the popes : extravaganza, n. -gdn'zA 
(It.), an unusual or irregular piece of music, &c. 

extravasate, v. 6kstrdv'-d-sdt (F. extravaser— from 
L. extra, without, and vas, any kind of vessel), to let 
or force out of the proper vessels, as blood out of 
veins : extraVasa ting, imp. : extraVasated, pp. : 
adj. forced out of the arteries, veins, &c, as the blood 
by which the skin is discoloured in bruises : extrav- 
asation, n. -sd'shiin, the act of forcing or letting out 
of its proper ducts or vessels, as blood into the sur- 
rounding tissues; the effusion of the blood after the 
rupture of a vessel. 

extreme, a, iks-trem' (L. extremus, the outermost, 
last: It. estremo: F. extranc), furthest; outermost; 
most violent ; highest in degree ; most pressing ; 
rigorous ; strict : n. that part which terminates ; ut- 
most point : n. plu. what are furthest distant from 
each other : extreme'ly, ad. -II: extremity, n. -trem- 
i-tl, the utmost point ; the verge ; the greatest rigour 
or violence ; necessity ; the utmost distress : extrem'- 
ities, n. plu. -tlz, the parts most remote from the 
middle ; limbs as opposed to the trunk or head. 

extricate, v. eks'trl-kdt (L. extricaturn, to disen- 
tangle — from ex, out of, and tricce, trifles, hindrances), 
to free from difficulties or perplexities ; to disen- 
tangle; to set free: extricating, imp.: extricated, 
pp. : extricable, a. -kdbl, that may be extricated : 
extricably, ad. -ill : extrication, n. -kd'-shun, afree- 
. anglement. 

extrinsic, a. eks-trln'sik, also extrin'sical, a. -sl-kdl, 
(L. extrinsecus, from without, on the outside— from 
exter, outward, and secus, = side, when a postfix : F. 
extrinseque), external ; outward ; not contained in or 
belonging to a body : extrin'sically, ad. -It. 

extrorse,a. eks-tr6rs', also extror'sal, a. -trdr's&l (L. 
extra, on the outside, and orsus. beginning, commenc- 
ing), in bot., applied to anthers in which the slit 
through which the pollen escapes is towards the out- 
side of the flower, and not, as usual, towards the pistil. 

extrude, v. eks-trod" (L. extrudo, I thrust out or forth 
—from ex, out of, and trudo, I thrust : It. estrudere), 
to thrust out ; to expel ; to force or press out : ex- 
tru'ding, imp.: extru'ded, pp.: extru'sion, n. -tro- 
zhi'm, the act of thrusting or driving out ; expulsion. 

exuberant, a. eks-u'-ber-dnt (L. exuberans, being in 
great abundance— from ex, out of, and uber, fruitful, 



fertile: It. esuberante: F. exubdrant), plenteous in a 
high degree ; luxuriant ; over-abundant : exu ber- 
antly, ad. -It: exuberance, n. -«?is, also exuber- 
ancy, n. -dn-sl, an overflowing quantity; superfluous 
nee; richness; luxuriance. 

exude, v. Sks-ud' (L. exsudo, I sweat out— from ex, 
out of, and sudo, I sweat), to discharge the moisture 
or juices of an animal era plant through its skin ui sur- 
face ; to flow from a living body through an opening 
or incision : exuding, imp. : exu'ded, pp. : ex'uda- 
tion, n. -d&'-shun, a discharge of moisture from animal 
bodies or from plants ; that which has been exuded. 

exult, igz-idt' (L. exidto, I leap and frisk about— 
from ex, out of, and saitare, to leap or dance : It. esul- 
tare), to rejoice exceedingly; to be glad above mea- 
sure; to triumph: exult'ing, imp.: adj. rejoicing 
greatly: exult'ed, pp.: ex'ultation, n. -uhta'-shtin, 
the act or state of rejoicing greatly ; great gladness ; 
triumph: exultant, a. -taut, rejoicing triumphantly; 
exultingly, ad. -li. 

exustion, n. eks-ust'-yiin (L. exustio, a consuming by 
fire— from ex, out of, and ustus, burnt), the act of 
burning or consuming by fire. 

exuviae, n. plu. eks-u'-vl-e (L. exuviae, things laid 
aside or taken off from the body), things of any kind 
cast off and left ; cast-off skins, shells, &c, of animals ; 
in geol., all fossil animal matter or fragments of ani- 
mals of any description : ex'uviable, a. -d-bl, that may 
be cast or thrown off: exuviation, n. -d'shun, in 
tool., the process by which animals, such as the crus- 
taceans, serpents, &c, throw off their old coverings 
and assume new ones: exutive, a. eks'-ii-tiv, in hot., 
applied to seeds wanting the usual integumentary 
coverings. 

eyas, n. i'ds— see eyrie. 

eye, n. i (AS. eage ; Goth, augo; Ger. auge; L. oc- 
ulus, the eye), the organ of sight or vision ; sight ; 
view ; notice ; observation ; unusual power or deli- 
cacy of vision ; a small loop or ring ; a bud : v. to 
watch or keep in view ; to watch narrowly : eyeing, 
imp. I'lng: eyed, pp. id : adj. having eyes : eyer, n. 
l'-er, one who : eyeless, a. without eyes : eye-glass, a 
single spectacle to assist the sight : eye-servant, n. 
one who works only when watched : eye-service, n. 
service only under the eye of a master: eye-stone, n. 
a name given to those varieties of circle agate which 
show, in the centre, a spot or spots more highly co- 
loured than the concentric layers : eye-tooth, one of 
the two pointed teeth of the upper jaw, one under 
each eye : eye-witness, n. one who sees the thing 
done ; one who has seen : eyeball, n. the ball or apple 
of the eye : eye-bright, n. a plant of a bitter taste ; 
the euphrasy, formerly used for diseased eyes : eye- 
brow, n. the brow or hairy arch above the eye : eye- 
lash, n. the line of hair that edges the eyelid : eyelet, 
n. I'lit, or eyelet-hole (F. ozillet, a little eye), a small 
hole or perforation to receive a lace or cord, also to 
admit light: eyelid, n. the movable cover which 
opens or closes the eyeball: eye-piece, n. in a tele- 
scope or microscope, the lens or lenses with which the 
image is viewed and magnified : eye-salve, ointment 
for the eyes : eye-shot, a sudden glance of the eye ; 
view : eyesight, n. view ; observation ; the sense of 
seeing: eyesore, n. something offensive to the sight: 
in the eye of the wind, in the position of direct op- 
position to it : to have an eye to, to be on the look- 
out in a certain direction : to keep an eye on, to ob- 
serve closely ; to watch strictly : under the eye, under 
close inspection or observation. 

eyot, n. i'ot (AS. ey or ig, an island), a little island 
in a river or lake ; usually written ait. 

eyre, n. ar (old F. eirre, a journey— from L. iter, a 
journey— gen. itineris), in law, a journey in circuit of 
certain judges. 

eyrie or eyry, e'rl or i'rl (old F. aire, an eyry or 
nest of hawks : or a probable corruption of eggery), 
the nest of a bird, especially of a bird of prey ; spelt 
also eerie: eyas, n. i'-ds, a young hawk just taken 
from the nest, and not able to prey for itself. 



fa, fd. in music, the fourth sound in the scale of the | 
sol-fa notation — F. 

fabaceous,a./#-6a's7n an), bean-like ; 

pert, to a bean : faba'ceas, n. plu. -se-e, the bean tribe. 



fable, n.fd'bl (L.fabula, a story: F. fable), a short 
tale or story intended to instruct or amuse, the in- 
cidents of which are improbable ; an idle story ; a 
falsehood : v. to write fiction ; to tell falsehoods ; to 



cdlv, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



FABR 



198 



FAIN 



feign: fa'bling, imp.: adj. dealing in fables: fa/bled, 
pp. -bid: adj. feigned ; celebrated in fables: fa'bler, 
n. one wbo : fabulist, n. fdb'u-llst, a writer of fables : 
fab'ulous, a. -lus, full of fables, pretended or feigned ; 
fictitious : fab'ulise, v. -llz, to compose fables ; to write 
or speak in fable : fab'uli'sing, imp. : fab'ulised', pp. 
-llzd' : fab'ulously, ad. -II : fab'ulousness, n. 

fabric, n. fdb'rlk (L. fabrica, the art or trade of an 
artisan, a workshop— from facio, I make: F. fab- 
rique), a building ; the structure of anything ; texture ; 
fabricate, v. fab'ri-kat, to invent ; to devise falsely ; 
to frame ; to construct: fab'rica'ting, imp. : fab'rica'- 
ted, pp.: fab'rica'tor, n. one who : fab rica'tion, n. 
-ka'shun, the act of framing or constructing ; a false- 
hood ; that which is framed or invented. 

facade, n. fa-sad' (F. facade, the front), the front 
view of a building. 

face, n. fas (F. face— from L. fades, a face, a visage), 
the countenance ; the front or surface of anything ; 
appearance ; look ; visible state of affairs ; boldness : 
v. to meet in front ; to meet and oppose with firm- 
ness ; to cover with an additional surface ; to make 
a false appearance : fa'cing, imp. fronting or opposite : 
n. a thin covering placed in front for improvement or 
strength ; a thin covering for ornament : fa'cings, n. 
plu. the movements of soldiers to make a front, to the 
right, to the left, &c; the collars, lappets, cuffs, &c, 
of a regimental uniform, which are of various colours : 
faced, pp. fast .- f ace'less, a. without a face : fa'cingly, 
ad. -It : to set one's face against, to oppose : to make 
faces, fd'sSz, to distort the face : face to face, in im- 
mediate presence : to face the enemy, to meet him 



tal or a cut gem : fac'eted, a. having numerous small 
surfaces or faces, as cut gems : facial, a. fd'shl-ai (L. 
fades, the face), of or pert, to the face ; in anal., op- 
posed to the cranial parts of the head : facial angle, 
the angle formed by two lines, one drawn horizon- 
tally from the nostrils to the ear, and the other per- 
pendicularly from the nostrils to the most prominent 
part of the forehead: fa'cies, n. -ez (L.), in nat. hist., 
any common resemblance or aspect among the rocks, 
plants, animals, or fossils of any area or epoch. 

facetious, a. fd-se'shus (L. facetus, courteous, 
witty : It. faceto), sprightly with witand good-humour 



asy: It. and F. fadle), 
Ielding ; not difficult : 
, . , ladiness in performing ; 

dexterity ; pliancy ; readiness in compliance, in a bad 
sense: facileness, n. fds'll-nSs, easiness to be per- 
suaded or overcome : facilitate, v. fd-sU'-l-tdt, to make 
easy or less difficult ; to lessen the labour of : facil'- 
ita'ting, imp. : facil'ita'ted, pp.: facilitation, n. 
-t&'shun: facilities, n. plu. -tlz, the means by which 
the doing is rendered easier ; convenient advantages. 

facings, n. fa' sings— see face. 

fac-simile, n. fdk-slm'i-ll (L. factum, made, and 
similis, like), an exact copy or likeness ; an accurate 
imitation of an original. 

fact, n. fdkt (L. factum, to make or do : F. fait), any- 
thing which is done; an event; a deed; a reality; 
truth : in fact, in reality, as opposed to supposition : 
matter-of-fact, a. prosaic or material, as opposed to 
fanciful or poetical. 

faction, n. fdk'shun (L. factio, a making, a siding 
with any one— from facere, to make or do : F. faction), 
a party in turbulent or disloyal opposition ; a cabal ; 
dissension: fac'tionist, n. one who acts unscrupu- 
lously in opposition : fac'tious, a. -shus, turbulent ; 
pert, to or given to faction : fac'tiously, ad. -It : fac'- 
tiousness, n. disposition to raise opposition on frivol- 
ous grounds. 

factitious, a. fdk-tlsh'-us (L. factitius, made by art, 
artificial— from facere, to make : F. factice : Sp. fac- 
ticio), artificial ; made by art ; not natural : factiti- 
ously, ad. -II: factiti'ousness, n. 

factor, n. fak'ter (L. factor, a maker or doer— facere, 
to make : F. facteur), an agent employed bymerchants 
or proprietors to do business for them, or to sell 
their goods on commission ; in Scot., a land-steward; 
in arith., a multiplier or multiplicand: fac'torage, n. 
-Oj, the allowance or commission given to a factor : 
factorship, n. the business of a factor : factory, n. 



fdk'ter-i, a place where goods are manufactured ; the 
place where factors reside or keep their goods— ap- 
plied to commercial stations abroad: factorial, a. 
fdk-to'rl-dl, pert, to a factory. 

factotum, n. fdk-to'-tum (L. fac, do, and totum, the 
whole), one who does all kinds of work ; a humble 
friend or confidential servant who is ready to do any 
kind of thing. 

faculse, n. plu. fdk'u-ie (L. facula, a little torch : It. 
facola), spots on the sun which appear brighter than 
the rest of its surface. 

faculty, n. fak'ul-tt (L. facultas, capability, power 
—from facilis, easy : F. faculte : It. facolta), the power 
of doing anything ; a power or capacity of the mind; 
ability ; skill derived from practice ; the professors of 
a department in a university ; an ecclesiastical dis- 
pensation : the faculty, the medical profession : fa- 
culty of advocates, in Scot., the members of the bar, 
taken collectively : fac'ulties, n. plu. -Hz, the powers 
of the mind. 

faddle, fdd'l (imitative of rapid movements), to 
trifle ; to toy : fid'dle-f addle, idle or purposeless action 
or talk. 

fade, v. fdd (Dut. vadden, to wither — from Sw. 
ftadra, to flutter), to decay >> ivither; to droop; to 



: fa'dingly, ad. -It: fa'dingness, n. 

faeces, n. plu. fe'sez (L. fcex, dregs or sediment— gen. 
feeds), excrement ; sediment or settlings : fa'cal, a. 
-kdl, relating to excrement. 

fsecula, n.fek'u-ld, fseculent, &c— see fecula, fecu- 
lent. 

faery— see fairy. 

fag, v. fdg(fromflag, to become flaccid, to be weary), 
to make a drudge of any one ; to become weary ; to 
tire out ; to fail in strength : n. a hard worker under 
another; a schoolboy who is the forced drudge of an 
elder pupil: fag'ging, imp.: n. laborious drudgery: 
fagged, pp. fdgd : fag-end, n. (the lag-end, the end 
which flags or hangs loose), the latter end of cloth ; 
the refuse or inferior part of anything ; the untwisted 
end of a rope : to fag out, to untwist ; to loose. 

fagot, n. fdg'dt (F. fagot; It. fagotto; W. ffagod, a 
fagot^from W. ffasgu, to bind, to tie), a bundle of 
sticks bound together for use, as fuel, &c. : v. to form 
into fagots: adj. nominal; fictitious, as a soldier 
numbered in the muster-roll, but not really existing ; 
applied to the vote of a non-resident elector— now 
usually restricted to a vote on a qualification created 
to promote party purposes : fag'oting, imp. : fag'oted, 
pp. 

fahlore, n. fd'-lor, or fablers, n. fd'lerz (Ger. fahl, 
ash-coloured, and erz, ore), grey copper-ore; the type 
of a family of minerals containing copper. 

Fahrenheit, n. fdr'en-Mt (the name of the inventor), 
the name given to a thermometer in which the freez- 
ing-point of water is marked 32°, and the boiling- 
point 212°. 

faience, n.fd-ydngs' (F.— from Faenza, in Italy, where 
first made), a rich kind of painted earthenware. 

faikes or fakes, n. plu. fdks, a Scotch miner's term 
for fissile sandy shales or shaly sandstones. 

fail, v. fai (F. faillir; W. ffaelu, to fail: Ger. feh- 
ten, to miss : Dut. fcelen, to slip : L. fallo, I deceive), 
to neglect to aid or supply; to disappoint; to fall 
short; to become deficient; to decay or decline; to 
be entirely wanting; to become weaker; to become 
bankrupt: n. omission; non-performance: failing, 
imp. : n. a fault ; a weakness ; an imperfection or de- 
fect: failed, pp. fold: faillngly, ad. -It-, failure, n. 
fal'ur, deficiency ; omission ; total defect ; decay ; in- 
solvency. 

fain, a. fan (old F. fain, for faim, hunger, vehe- 
ment desire), glad to do; obliged or compelled: ad. 
gladly : fain'ness, n. 

faint, a. fant (F. vain; L. vanus, empty, feeble: 
W. and Bret, gwan ; Gael, fann, weak, faint), weak; 
exhausted ; inclined to swoon ; not bright, as a colour ; 
not loud; timorous; cowardly; slight or imperfect, as 
a faint resemblance, a faint smell : v. to swoon ; to 
be weak ; to become weary ; to become senseless and 
motionless ; to sink into dejection ; to lose courage : 
fainting, imp.: adj. lan^Misiiin^; sinking: n. tem- 
porary loss of motion and sensation faint'ed, pp.: 



mate, mdtjfdr, lav:; mete, mU, her; pine, pin; note, not, mCve; 



FAIR 199 

ness : want of strength : faint-hearted, a. -hdrt'-ed, 
yielding to fear ; dejected ; timorous : faint-heart'edly, 
ad. -Zf .•"faint-heart'edness, n. : faints, n. plu. fants, 
the impure spirit which comes over first and last in 
the distillation of whisky ; the weak or impure remains 
of the whisky -still. 

fair, a. far (Icel. fagr, bright : AS. fccger, beautiful), 
beautiful ; free from any dark hue ; white ; spotless ; 
favourable; fine, as weather; prosperous; frank; 
civil ; just ; equitable ; used in a slightly depreciatory 
sense, as a fair copy— that is, one not particularly 
good: n. honesty: ad. openly: fairly, ad. justly; 
good in some degree ; completely : fairness, n. free- 
dom from spots or blemishes ; beauty ; candour ; free- 
dom from disguise: fairish, a. -ish, reasonably or 
moderately fair: fair'ishly, ad. -II : the fair sex, the 
female sex: a fair field, open space for action or 
operation ; freedom from obstructions : fair-spoken, a. 
Wand ; civil ; courteous : to hid fair, to be likely : 
fair-haired, a. having light hair : fairway, the navi- 
gable part of a river : to keep fair, to be on good 
terms: to speak fair, to address with courtesy and 
frankness : fair play, just and impartial treatment. 

fair, n.fCtr (It. feria; F. foire, a market held on a 
holiday — from L. feria:, holidays), a market held at 
stated periods: fairing, n. fdr'-lng, a present bought 
at a fair. 

fairy, n.fa'rl (It. fotare, to charm as witches do: 
Sp. hadar, to divine : F. fi rie, witchery), an imagin- 
ary good or bad being, said to influence the fate of 
men : adj. of or pert, to fairies : fairy-like, a. like a 
fairy : fairy-land, n. the supposed abode of the fair- 
ies : fairy-rings, n. scorched-like circles, or circles of 
greener grass, frequently found in pasture-lands in 
Great Britain: fairy- stones, the flinty fossil sea- 
urchins found in the chalk of the south of England ; 
concretionary nodules of clay found in streams and 

faitn, n. fdth (L. fides, trust : F. foi: It. fede), be- 
lief ; trust ; confidence ; sincerity ; belief in revealed 
religion; trust in God; a system of doctrines or tenets: 
faithful, a. constant; not fickle; true: faith'fully, ad. 
-ll: faith'fulness.n. constancy; fidelity: faithless, a. 
-lis, not true in the performance of duty ; false ; not 
believing: faithlessly, ad. -ll: faithlessness, n. per- 
fidy; unbelief; treachery: the faith, n. the Christian 
religion: the faithful, n. those firm in their adherence 
to the truths of Christianity ; applied to their co- 
religionists by Rom, Catholics and by Mohammedans. 

fake, n. fak (Scot, fa ik, a fold), a single turn or coil 
of a cable. 

fakir, n. fA-key, sometimes faquir' (Ar. a poor 
man), a Mohammedan hermit or monk. 

falcade, n. fal-kad' (F.— from L. fair, a sickle, a 
hook), a falling sharply on the haunches, as a horse. 

falcate, a.fdl'kat, also fal'cated (L.falcatus, scythe- 
shaped— from falx, a reaping-hook— gen. falcis: It. 
falcato), in tot., bent or shaped like a reaping-hook ; 
crescent-shaped: falca'tion, n. -ka'shun, the state of 
being crooked as a sickle ; a bending in the form of a 
sickle : falciform, a, fal'sifdTcrm. (L. forma, shape), 
shaped like a reaping-hook. 

falchion, n. fawl'-shun (F. fauchon, a small scythe : 
mid. L. falso, a short heavy sword), a short crooked 
sword ; a scimitar. 

falcon, n. faw'-kn (F. faucon; It. falcone, a falcon 
— from L. falx, a reaping-hook— gen. falcis), a hawk 
trained for hunting : falconer, n. one who trains or 
sports with falcons: falconry, n. -kn-rl, the art of 
training or hunting with hawks. 

faldstool, n. fau-ld'stdbl (old F. faudesteuil; mid. L. 
faidistorium : AS. fald, afold, and stool), the low desk 
at which the Litany is said in churches ; the chair of 
a bishop within the rails of the altar; also fald'istory, 
n. -ls-ter-l, a kind of stool on which the king may 
kneel at his coronation ; a folding chair. 

Falernian, a. fd-ler'nl-dn (L. Faiernus, an ancient 
district of Italy famous for wine), of or from Faiernus. 

fall, n. fowl (Icel. falla; Dut. vallen, to fall— con- 
nected with Gr. sphallo, I cause to fall), the act of 
dropping or coming down from a higher to a lower ; a 
tumble; ruin; apostasy; decrease of price or value; a 
rush of water down a st rnn:v.todrop 

or come down from a higher to a lower ; to descend ; to 
depart from the faith ; to perish ; to decrease in price 
or value ; to flow into, as a river ; to sink ; to come in 
or upon; to forsake; to happen: falling, imp.: adj. 
descending; dropping; declining: fell,pt./e?: fallen, 
pp. fawl'-n: adj. degraded; ruined; decreased: fal- 
cdiv, lay, foot; pure, bud; chair, 



FAMI 

lible, a. fdl'll-bl, liable to error or mistake : fal'Jibly, 
ad. -bit: fallibility, n. -ot£*.#, liability to err or be 
deceived: falling- sickness, epilepsy: falling-stones, 
a familiar term for meteoric stones : to fall astern, 
among seamen, to be passed or left behind ; to move 
or be driven backward, as by a current : to fall away, 
to lose flesh ; to apostatise ; to fade : to fall down, to 
come to the ground ; to prostrate one's self in wor- 
ship : to fall foul, to attack ; to come into violent 
contact : to fall from, to recede from ; to depart : to 
fall in, to agree with ; to enter among, as a body of 
soldiers arranged; to join : to fall in with, to meet 
with, as a ship ; to discover : to fall off, to withdraw ; 
to forsake ; to depreciate ; to become less : to fall on, 
to begin suddenly and eagerly ; to rush against : to 
fall out, to quarrel ; to happen : to fall short, to be 
deficient: to fall to, to begin ; to apply one's self to : 
to fall under, to come under or within the limits of: 
the fall of the leaf, autumn : the fall, the state of 
sin and misery into which our first parents were 
brought by their eating the forbidden fruit ; the act 
itself. 

fall, n. faTcl (F. faille, a fishing-net), a short veil 
worn over the bonnet by females ; a veil. 

fallacious, a, falla'shus (L. faltaciosus, deceitful— 
from fallo, I deceive: F.fallacieux), deceiving; decep- 
tive ; not well founded ; producing error or mistake : 
fallaciously, ad. -IX: fallaciousness, n.: fallacy, n. -si 
(L. fallacia), that which misleads the eye orthemind ; 
deceptive appearance ; a sophism. 

fallible— see fall. 

Fallopian, a, fdhlo'pl-dn (from Fallopius, the dis- 
eovcTi-i'), in cmat., noting certain ducts or tubes. 

fallow, a. fal'-lo (Ger. falb, pale : AS. fealo, pale- 
reddish, or yellowish: F.fauve, deep yellow), applied 
to one of the deer kind of a brownish bay colour. 

fallow, a. fal'lo (Scot, fail, a sod or turf: Sw. vail, 
sward : prov. Dan. fcelde, to give a first shallow plough- 
ing), applied to land which has lain a year or more 
untilled ; land ploughed but not seeded for the season ; 
neglected : v. to plough up land without seeding it : 
fallowed, pp. a. -loci, ploughed and opened up to the 
air for the season : fallowing, imp.: n. the operation 
of ploughing land not meant to be sown : fallowness, 
n. exemption from bearing fruit : to lie fallow, to lie 
uncropped ; to rest ; to remain unexercised. 

false, a. fdTvls (L. falsus, deceived: Ger. falsch; 
Icel. falskr, false), not true ; not real or genuine ; de- 
ceitful ; treacherous: falsely, ad. -ll: false'ness, n. : 
falseheart'ed, a, treacherous : falsehood, n. a lie ; an 
untruth : falsify, v. fauT-sl-fl (L. facio, I make), to 
make something appear true which is really false ; to 
prove to be false ; to forge ; to violate the truth : fal- 
sifying, imp.: falsified, pp. -fid: falsifier, n. one 
who : fal sifica'tion, n. -fl-ka'shun, quality of being 
false; the act of making a thing appear what it is not : 
fal'sity, n. -sltl, an untruth from ignorance or mis- 
take. 

falsetto, n. fcffclset'to (It.), in singing, a strain on 
the voice above its natural compass ; a feigned or 
false voice. 

falsify, falsification, &c— see false. 

falter, y.feHwl'ter (Norm, haltra, to limp: Sp.faltnr, 
to fail, to falter— connected with fault), to hesitate in 
speaking ; to speak with broken or trembling tones ; 
to be unsteady or feeble ; to hesitate in purpose : fal- 
tering, imp.: adj. hesitating: faltered, pp. -terd: 
fal'teringly, ad. -ter-lng-ll. 

fame, n.fam (L.fama, rumour, fame: Gr. pheme-. 
It. fama), renown ; rumour ; public report, good or 
bad: famed, a. famd, renowned; much talked of: 
fameless, a. without renown : famous, a. fa-mils 
much talked of and praised ; renowned : fa'mously, 
ad. -ll, with great renown ; in a manner highly grati- 
fying, as, he is getting on famously : fa'mousness, n. 
great fame; celebrity. 

familiar,' a. fd-mU'yer (L. familia, a family or 
household: It. famiglia: F. fam ille), well acquainted 
with ; intimate ; affable ; easy and unconstrained ; 
common ; frequent : n. one long acquainted ; a 
spirit or demon supposed to wait on; an officer or. 
servant of the Inquisition employed to arrest and im- 
prison the accused : familiarly, ad. -ll .• familiarity, 
n. -l-dr'l-tl, freedom from ceremony ; affability ; inti- 
macy : familiarise', v. -y&r-iz', to make intimate or 
familiar ; to make easy by practice or by intercourse : 
familiarising, imp. : familiarised', pp. -fed'.- family, 
n. fdm'-i-ll, a household ; descendants from one com- 
mon progenitor; race; lineage; in nat. hist, classifi- 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



FAMI 



200 



FASS 



cations, the group next in comprehensiveness above a 
genus: kind, tribe, or group. 

famine, n. fdm'-ln (L. fames, hunger: F. famine, 
scarcity— from It. fame ; F. faim, hunger), scarcity of 
food ; want ; destitution : fam'ish, v. -ish, to starve ; to 
suffer from want : famishing, imp. : adj. starving ; 
perishing for want of food : fam'ished, pp. -isht : fam- 
lshment, n. state of extreme want. 

famous— see fame. 

fan, n. fdn (Ger. ivanne ; L. vannus, a winnowing 
fan : Gael, fannan, a gentle breeze), an instr. used 
by ladies in warm weather to cool the face by agitating 
the air ; anything in the shape of a fan ; an instr. for 
producing artificial currents of air by the revolving of 
two or more broad blades : v. to cool and refresh by 
moving the air ; to winnow, as grain ; to increase the 
heat or flame of, as by fanners : fan'ning, imp. : fan- 
ned, pp. fdnd : fan'ner, n. he or that which fans : fan'- 
ners, n. plu. the blowers of a winnowing machine or 
furnace: fan-light, a fan-shaped window .-■> ■■< <•> >Ji.v 
over a door ; fan-tracery, -tra'ser-l, carved work in 
Gothic architecture diverging like the folds of a fan : 
fan-tail, n. tail of a bird capable of being spread out 
like a fan. 

fanatic, a. fd-ndt'lk, also fanat'ical, a. -l-kdl (L.fan- 
aticus, inspired by a divinity, frantic— from fanum, a 
temple : It. fanatico : F. fanatique), extravagant and 
excessive in opinions, generally religious opinions : 

n. aperson possessed of wild iionon:-: or opinion:-; mi 

enthusiast: fanatically, ad. -II: fanaticism, n. -l-slzm, 
wild and extravagant notions in religious subjects. 

fancy, n. fdn'-si (Gr. phantasia ; F. fantaisie, imagi- 
nation, fancy— from Gr. phaino, I appear), an image 
or representation formed in the mind at pleasure, but 
not always connected with reason or practicability ; 
a false notion ; a liking ; a conceit or whim : adj. ele- 
gant ; ornamental : v. to figure to one's self ; to imagine ; 
to like ; to be pleased with : fan'cying, imp. : fan'- 
cied, pp. -sid : adj. imagined ; imaginary ; liked : fan'- 
cier, n. -sl-er, one who : fan'ciful, a. -fool, guided by 
the imagination rather than by reason or experience ; 
full of wild images ; visionary ; whimsical : fan'ci- 
fully, ad. -II : fan'cifulness, n. : the fancy (a slang 
term), the whole body of sporting characters, gene- 
rally of the prize-ring : fancy-ball, one at which fancy 
dresses, in various characters, are worn. 
fandango, n. fdn-ddng'go (Sp.), a Spanish dance. 
fane, n. fan (L. fanum, a temple— from fari, to 
speak, to utter in prophecy), a church ; a temple. 

fanfare, n. fdn'fdr (F. fanfare, the sound of a 
trumpet), a flourish of trumpets ; a short cheerful tune. 
fanfaron, n. fdn'fdr-ron (F.), a bully ; a swaggerer: 
f anf ar'onade', n. -ndd', blustering talk ; a swaggering. 
1 i i tasp: Ger. fan- 

gen, to catch), a pointed tooth; a tusk; a claw or 
talon : fanged, a. fdngd, having fangs : fangless, 
a. having no fangs. 

fangled, a.fdng'gld (AS.ficol, fickle : Ger. ficken, to 

move lightly to and fro), begun ; newly made : new- 

fan'gled, a. inconstant ; changeable; given to novelty. 

fanion, n. fdn'yun (¥.), asmall flag carried with the 

baggage of an army. 

fanners— see fan. 

fantasia, n. fdn-td'zl-d (It.), a musical composition 
full of fancy ; various wild movements. 

fantastic, a. fdn-tds'tlk, also fantas'tical, a. -tl-kdl 
(Qr. phantasia, vision, fancy: V.fantasque— seefancy), 
imaginary ; fanciful ; unreal ; full of absurd fancies ; 
capricious: fantastically, ad. -II: fan'tasy, n. -td-si, 
the original spelling of fancy, which see. 

far, a. fdr (AS. feor ; Goth, fairra, far), distant ; re- 
mote ; more distant ; remoter of the two : ad. re- 
motely ; very much ; in a great part, as, "the night is 
far spent" : far-famed,- a. widely celebrated : far'- 
ness, n. remoteness : far-fetched, a. strained ; forced ; 
unnatural : by far, very much : far other, very dif- 
ferent : far off, at a great distance : far about, going 
much out of the way : from far, from a great distance. 
farce, n. fdrs (F. farce, the stuffing in meat: L. 
farcire, to stuff), a dramatic piece full of exaggera- 
tion and drollery ; anything absurdly exaggerated : 
farcical, a. fdr'sl-kdl, of or relating to a farce ; droll : 
far'cically, ad. -II. 

farcy, n. fdr'sl (It farcina: F. farcin), adiseasein 
horses allied to the glanders. 

fare, n. fdr (Icel. fair, pervious, passable ; feria, a 
passage-boat: Ger. fahr; Dut. vaer, a ferry: con- 
nected with succeeding fare), the price or sum paid 
for conveyance by land or water ; a passenger. 



fare, v. fdr (Goth, faran; Icel. fara; Ger. fahren, 
to go, to get on ), to be in any state, good or bad ; to feed ; 
to be entertained ; to happen : n. prepared food ; en- 
tertainment : fa'ring, imp. : fared, pp. fdrd :' to fare 
well or ill, to be prosperous or the contrary. 

farewell, n. fdr'wel (fare, and well), a kind wish o~ 



. i supper, hosp 
'„ to supply with food : F. ferme, a farm), a 
portion of land employed to raise corn, &c. : v. to let 
or lease at a certain rent, as a portion of land, taxes, 
&c. ; to cultivate land : farming, imp. : n. the busi- 
ness of a farmer: fanned, pp. fdrmd: farmer, n. 
fdr'mer, one who cultivates land; one who leases 
taxes at a fixed rent. 

faro, n. fd'-ro (It.), a common game at cards. 

farolite, n. fd'ro-llt (from the Faroe Isles), a mineral 
of a pearly lustre, and a whitish or bluish colour. 

farrago, n. fdr-rd'go (L. farrago, mixed food for 
cattle— from far, meal or flour), a confused mixture ; 
a medley. 

farrier, n. fdr'rl-er (It. ferraria, a smithy : F. fer- 
rer, to shoe a horse: L. ferrarius, pert, to iron), 
a shoer of horses; a horse-doctor: far'riery, n. -I, 
the place of business of a farrier ; the trade or pro- 
fession. 

farrow, n. fdr'rO (AS. fearh, a little pig : Sw. farre, 
a boar: Dan. fare, to farrow), a litter of pigs: v. to 
bring forth pigs : far'rowing, imp. : far'rowed, pp. 
-rOd. 

farther or further, a. fdr'ther, fdr'ther (from far- 
see further), comp. of far ; more distant or remote : 
ad. more remotely; at or to a greater distance: 
conj. moreover; more than that: superl. farthest or 
furthest. 

farthing, n. fdr- thing (AS. feor tiding, the fourth 
part of a coin), a small copper coin, the fourth part 
of a penny. 

fasces, n. plu. fds'sez (L. fasces, a bundle of rods : 
It. fascio : F. fascine), in anc. Rome, a bundle of rods 
tied together with an axe in the centre, carried before 
Roman magistrates as a badge of authority : fas'cial, 
a. -si-dl, pert, to the fasces. 

fascia, n. fds'si-d, plu. fas'cise, -e (L. fascia, a ban- 
dage, a swathe ; fasciculus, a small bundle : It. fasci- 
colo; F. fascicule), in arch., a band-like structure; a 
fillet; in anat., a surgical bandage; a membranous ex- 
pansion : fas'cia'ted, a. -d'-tSd, bound with a bandage : 
fas'cia'tion, -d'shiin, in hot., the union of branches or 
stems, presenting a flattened ribbon-like form; in 
anat., act or manner of binding diseased parts: fas'- 
cicle, n. -sl-kl, a little bunch; a cluster; in anat, a 
bundle of muscular fibres : fascicled, a. fds'-sl-kld, also 
fasciculate, a. fd-slk'u-ldt, in hot., collected, as it 
were, into a little bundle : fascic'ular, a. -u-ler, 
united or growing together in bundles or tufts : fas- 
ciolaria, n. fds'sl-6-la'rl-d, in geol., a genus of gaster- 
opods, distinguished by the smooth band-like surfaces 
of their windings. 

fascinate, v. fds'si-ndt (L. fascino, I bewitch : It. 



cina'ting, imp. : adj. charming ; enchanting : fas'- 
cina'ted, pp. : fas'cma'tion, n. -na'shun, the act of 
captivating ; a powerful influence over the affections 
or passions ; an unseen and inexplicable influence. 

fascine, n. fas-sen' (see fasces), a fagot ; a bundle 
of wood used in warfare for filling up ditches, &c. 

fashion, n. fdsh'un (F. facon, the form or make of 
a thing— from L. facio, I make), the make or form of 
anything ; the prevailing mode or form of dress ; the 
mode or style usual among persons of good breeding ; 
custom ; general practice : v. to mould ; to shape ; 
to make ; to form: fashi'oning, imp. : fashi'oned, pp. 
■find: fashi'oner, n. one who: fashionable, a. -tin- 
d-bl, according to the established mode ; prevailing at 
a particular time ; dressing or behaving according to 
the usages of good society ; well-bred: fashi'onable- 
ness, n. : fashi'onably, ad. -d-bll: fashionables, n. 
plu. -d-blz, persons of fashion. 

fassaite, n. fds'sd-it (from Fassathal, in the Tyrol), 
a mineral— a variety of augite. 



mate, mdt,fdr, law; mete, m§t, Mr; pine, pin; note, n$t, mOve; 



FAST 2 

fast, a. fast (AS. faest; Icel. fast, firm, unbroken, 
rapid in succession), close ; immovable ; firmly fixed ; 
without leaving an interval, as, to follow fast; rapid 
in motion ; extravagant ; dissipated ; wild : ad. 
with quick steps; rapidly: fast'ly, ad. -II, firmly; 
surely : fast'ness, n. -nes, a stronghold ; a place of un- 
broken defence: fasten, v. fds'-n, to fix firmly, to 
bolt or bar; to seize and hold on: fast'ening, imp. 
-ning: n. anything that binds or makes fast: fast- 
ened, pp. fas'ncl : fas'tener, n. -ner, he or that which : 
fast and loose, changeable; inconstant: fast by, close 
or near to. 

fast, v. fdst (Goth, fastan, to hold, to keep : Ger. 
fassen; Dut. vatten, to hold— connected with preced- 
ing), to abstain from food beyond the usual time : n. 
the abstaining from food for a certain time, or from 
particular kinds of food, as flesh ; a religious mortifi- 
cation or humiliation by abstaining from food ; the 
time of abstaining from food : fasting, imp. : n. act 
of abstaining from food : fasted, pp. : fast'er, n. one 
who abstains from food : fast day, a day set apart for 
special religious worship and humiliation. 

fasten— see fast. 

fastidious, a. fas-tld'-i-ds (L. fastidiosus, disdainful, 
fastidious— from fastidium, aversion: It. fustidioso: 
F. fastidieux), difficult to please; over-nice: fastid- 
iously, ad. -1%: fastidiousness, n. squeamishness of 
mind or taste. 

fastigiate, a. fds-tfj'l-at : , also fastigla'ted, a. -a'tSd 
(L. fastigium, that which is made pointed, the highest 
point : It. fastigio), in hot., having a pyramidal form, 
from the branches being parallel and erect. 

fastness, n.— see fast. 

fat, a. fat (Ger. fett: Icel. feitr), stout; opposite of 
lean ; plump ; rich ; fertile : n. a solid oily substance of 
a white or yellow colour, found in animals ; in Scrip., 
for vat: fatly, ad. -li: fatness, n. quality of being 
fat or plump: fat'tish, a. -tlsh, somewhat fat: fat'ty, 
a. -tl, containing fat; having the qualities of fat; 
greasy: fattiness, n. -nSs: fat'ling, n. a lamb or kid, 
or suchlike, fattened for slaughter : fat'ted, a. made 
fat : fatten, v. fat'n, to make fat ; to make stout or 
plump ; to enrich ; to grow plump or fleshy : fatten- 
ing, imp. -ning: n. the process of making fat; the 
state of becoming fat : fat'tened, pp. -nd: adj. made 
fat or plump : fat tener, n. -ner. 

fatal, a. fa'-tai (L. fatalis, of or pert, to fate, decreed 
— from fatum, a prediction: It. fatale: F. fatal), 
deadly ; mortal ; causing death or destruction ; inev- 
itable; necessary: fatally, ad. -li: fatality, n.fd-tdl- 
i-tl, tendency to danger or disaster ; inevitable neces- 
sity; mortality : fatalism, n. fa'tdl-izm, the doctrine 
of an inevitable necessity overruling all things: 
fa'talist, n. one who maintains that all things hap- 
pen by inevitable necessity. 

fata morgana, fa'ta mor-ga'nd (It. the fairy Mor- 
gana—from It. fata, a fairy ; Bret, mor, sea, and gana, 
fine lady), a name for the phenomenon of the mirage 
at sea— especially applied to that seen in the Straits 
of Messina. 

fate, n.fdt (L. fatum, destiny: It. fafo), inevitable 
necessity; lot; destiny: fated, a.fa'-ted, doomed; de- 
creed by fate: fates, n. plu. in anc. myth., the three 
goddesses or destinies supposed to preside over the 
life and death of every individual — named respec- 
tively Clotho. Lachesis, and Atropos: fatalistic, a. 
fd'-tal-'K : til:. implying fatalism. 

father, n.fdth'-er (AS. faeder: Icel. fadir: Gr. and 
L. pater : Ger. rater), a male parent ; the first ances- 
tor ; a common title, applied to a protector, deliverer, 
or supporter; God the Creator; a name given to Rom. 
Cath. priests : v. to ascribe or charge to one as his 
offspring or production; to adopt anything as one's 
own: fathering, imp. adopting as one's own; ascrib- 
ing to any one as the father: fath'ered, pp. -erd: 
fath'erland, n. one's native land: father-in-law, n. 
the father of one's husband or wife: fatherless, a. 
without a father: fath'erhood, n. the character or 
authority of a father : fath'erly, a. -II, paternal ; like 
a father: ad. in the manner of a father: fath'erli- 
ness, n. parental kindness and care: the Father, 
the first person of the Holy Trinity: the Fathers, 
the early Chrisl i sup to the 12th century. 

fathom, n. fath'um (AS. fcethm, a bosom, an em- 
brace: Icel. fadma; Dan. fadme, to embrace: Icel. 
fadmr, a bosom), the length between the extremities 
of both arms extended ; a measure of length of six 
feet : V. to reach ; to master ; to comprehend ; to try 
the depth: fath'oming, imp.: fath'omed, pp. -urnd: 



FEAR 

fath'omable, a. •iim-d-'bl, able to be measured in depth, 
Sue.: fathomless, a. bottomless; that cannot be pene- 
trated or comprehended. 

fatigue, n. fa-teg' (L.fatigo, I weary or tire: F. fa- 
tigue}-), weariness; exhaustion oi strengthfrom men- 
tal or bodily labour ; toil ; labour : v. to tire or weary ; 
to exhaust with labour: fatigu'ing, imp.: adj. in- 
ducing weariness : fatigued', pp. -tegd': adj. wearied; 
harassed: fatigue-duty, the labours in which soldiers 
are often engaged distinct from the use of arms. 

fatling, fatten, &c— see fat. 

fatuous, a. fdt'-il-us (L. fatuus, silly, doltish : <i.t. fa- 
tuo), feeble in mind ; silly ; very defective in intellect : 
fatuity, n. fd-tu-l-tl, weakness or feebleness in mind. 

faubourg, n.fo'bobrg (F.) a suburb. 

fauces, n. faw'sez (L. the upper part of the throat, a 
narrow inlet: It. fauci), the upper part of the throat 
from the root of the tongue to the entrance of the 
gullet ; in hot., the gaping part of certain flowers. 

faucet, n. faw'-set (F. fausset, a short pipe— from 
fausser, to make a breach in anything), a short pipe 
for inserting into a cask to draw off the liquor. 

fault, n. fawlt (It. falta, a defect: Sp. falta; F. 
faidte, a defect, an omission— from L. fallo, I deceive), 
an offence ; a slight crime ; an error or mistake ; a 
defect ; among miners, a fissure or break accompanied 
by a displacement of the strata on each side : fauTted, 
a. applied to strata fissured and displaced : faultless, 
a. free from defect or blemish : faultlessly, ad. -ll : 
faultlessness, n. : to find fault, to express blame or 
dissatisfaction : to find fault with, to blame : faulty, 
a. foi'i'-ti, imperfect; containing defects: faultily, ad. 
-ll: faul'tiness, n.: at fault, puzzled; in a difficulty: 
fault-finding, n. the habit of censuring or blaming 
frequently on grounds trivial or unjust. 

faun, n. fawn (L. Faunus, one of the gods of the 
fields or woods), a woodland deity ; a satyr : fauna, n. 
fdivn'a, all the animals peculiar to a country, area, or 
period, us flora denotes all the plants. 

fausse braie, f 6s' -bra (F. fausse, false, braie, 
breeches), a mound of earth thrown up about a ram- 
part. 

favella, n. fd-vSl'ld (L. favus, a honeycomb), in bot., 

a kind of conceptacle among the algae : favose', a. 

-rns', in bot., honeycombed; cellular: favus, n. fa' 

t, a disease of the skin, commonly known as scald- 



pore-cells: fav'ula'ria, n. -ula'ria, in geol., a genus 
of coal-measure stems whose leaf-scars resemble the 
arrangement of a honeycomb. 

favour, n.fd'-ver (L. favor, goodwill— from faveo, I 
befriend : It. favore : F. faveur), kind regard ; good- 
will ; grace ; support ; patronage ; a kind act or office ; 
a gift; bunch of ribbons, as a wedding-favour: v. to 
assist ; to befriend ; to afford advantages for success : 
fa'vouring, imp.: adj. countenancing; facilitating: 
fa'voured, pp. -verd, treated with favour; featured 
(well or ill) : fa'vourable, a. -ver-d-bl, friendly ; kind; 
propitious: fa'vourably, ad. -a-bli: favourableness, 
n.: fa'vouringly, ad. -II: fa'vourer, n. one who: fa'- 
vourite, n. -ver-it, one preferred before others: adj. 
esteemed ; beloved ; preferred : fa'vouritism, n. -fern, 
the disposition to favour or promote the interest of 
one before another. 

favosites, &c— see favella. 

fa,wa,n. fawn (old F.faon, the young of any animal 
—from L. foetus, offspring, progeny), a young deer : 
fawn or fawn-coloured, a. of a light-brown colour 
like a fawn : fawning, imp. bringing forth a fawn. 

fawn, v. /auw, (Goth, faginon, to rejoice: AS. fozgen, 
joyful: Icel. fagna, to rejoice), to carry to excess the 
appearance of pleasure ; to court favour ; to flatter 
meanly; to cringe: fawning, imp.: adj. flattering by 
cringing and meanness : fawned, pp.fawnd: fawn'er, 
n. one who : fawn'ingly, ad. -li, in a cringing manner. 

fay, n. fa (F. fee), a fairy ; an elf. 

fay, v. fa (Ger. fiigen; Sw. /ogres; AS. fegan, to join 
together), in shipbuilding, to join two pieces of tim- 
ber close together: faying, imp.: fayed, pp./dd. 

fayalite, n. fa'd-lit (from Fayal, one of the Azores, 
and Gr. lithos, a stone), a pure iron chrysolite of a 
greenish or brownish-black colour. 

fealty, n. fe'ai-ti (old F. feelte, fidelity— from L. 
fidelis, faithful, trusty : It. fedele, faithful), loyalty ; 
fidelity of a tenant or vassal to his superior. 

fear, n. fer (AS. fcer: Dut. vaer, fear: Icel. far; 
Sw. fara, danger), apprehension or slight dread of 
evil ; an uneasy or painful emotion excited by im- 
fdbt; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



FEAS 



202 



FELL 



pending danger ; reverence ; due regard : v. to feel an 
uneasy emotion of impending danger ; to be anxious ; 
to reverence: fear'ing, imp.: feared, pp. ferd: fear- 
ful, a. -fool, timorous ; affected with fear ; inspiring 
fear: fear'fully, ad. -U: fear'fulness, n.: fearless, a. 
bold ; courageous : fearlessly, ad. -U : fearlessness, n. 
boldness; intrepidity. 

feasible, a. fe'zl-bl (F. f disable, easy— from F. /aire; 
L.Jacere, to make or do), that may be done ; practi- 
cable : fea'sibly, ad. -bit : fea'sibil'ity, n. -bU'i-ti, being 
capable of execution ; practicability. 

feast, 11. fest (L. festum, a holiday, a feast : It. festa: 
F./eie), a plentiful entertainment to several or many 
guests; a banquet; something delicious to the palate 
or the mind ; a church festival : v. to eat sumptuous- 
ly; to entertain with abundant good things; to de- 
light : feasting, imp. : n. the act of eating luxuriously : 
feast'ed, pp.: feast'er, n. one who. 

feat, n. fet (F. fait, an exploit— from L. factum, a 
thing done), a daring or bold act ; an extraordinary 
act of strength, skill, or cunning ; any exploit. 

feather, n. feth'er (AS. f aether; Icel. fiodur; Dut. 
veder, feathers : Bav. fledern, to flutter), part of the 
natural covering of a bird ; a plume ; the whole feath- 
ers of a bird are called its plumage : v. to dress or 
adorn with feathers : feathering, imp. : n. in Goth, 
arch., an arrangement of small arcs or foils, separated 
by projecting points or cusps ; the turning of an oar 
to enter and leave the water edgewise ; a covering of 
feathers : feathered, pp. fSth'erd : adj. clothed or 
covered with feathers ; furnished with feathers, as an 
arrow: feath'erless, a. having few or no feathers: 
feath'ery, a. -er-l, having the appearance of feathers ; 
light as feathers : a feather in one's cap, an honour ; 
a tropby: to be in full feather, to make a show; to 
be in full dress ; to be up to the mark in any way: to 
be in high feather, to be elated : to show the white 
feather, to show signs of cowardice : to tar and 
feather, to smear with tar, and then cover with feath- 
ers : to feather one's nest, to amass money, especially 
from holding an office or place ; to make a snug, warm, 
comfortable home: feather-edged, a. made thin at 
the edges. 

feature, n.fe'tur or -chobr (It. fattura ; oldF./at'c- 
ture, the making or workmanship of a thing— from L. 
factura, a making: Norm. F.faiture, fashion, make- 
connected wiih feat), the make, form, or cast of any 
part of the fact. ; any single lineament ; outline ; pro- 
minent parts ; outward appearance : fea'tured, a. 
-turd, having features : featureless, a. without fea- 
tures. 

febrile, a. fSb'rll (F. febrile, pert, to a fever— from 
L. febris, a fever), pert, to a fever ; indicating fever ; 
feverish : febricula, n. /" light fever : feb'- 

rifuge, n. -rl-fuj (L. febris, and fugo, I drive away), any 
medicine that mitigates or removes a fever : adj. that 
dispels or mitigates a fever. 

February, n. feb'ro-er'l (L. Februarius, the month 
of expiation— from februum, an expiation), the second 
month of the year. 

feces, fecal, &c— see faeces. 

fecula, n., also faecula, fek'u-ld (L. foecula, salt of 
tartar deposited from wine— from fcex, dregs or sedi- 
ment : F. fecule), a powder obtained from plants and 
their seeds, &c, by crushing and washing them, and 
allowing the matter to settle; starch; farina: fec'- 
ulent, a. -lint, foul; muddy; abounding with sedi- 
ment : fec'ulence or fec'ulency, n. -ISns or -Un-sl. 

fecund, a. fik'-und (L. fecundus, apt to bear young, 
fruitful : It. fecondo : F. fecond), fruitful ; prolific : 
fec'undate, v. -un-dat, to make fruitful : fec'unda'- 
ting, imp.: fec'unda'ted, pp.: fec'unda'tion, n. -da- 
shun, the act of making fruitful or prolific ; state of 
being impregnated: fecundity, n. f6-kun'dl-H, fruit- 
fulness ; the power of producing or bringing forth. 

fed, v. fid, pt. and pp. of feed, which see. 

federal, a. fgd'-er-dl (L. fcedus, a league or treaty : 
F. federal), pert, to a league ; consisting in a compact 
or agreement between nations, or between the several 
states of a nation, as in Switzerland or America: n. in 
Amer., one who advocates the strengthening of the 
central government: federalism, n. -Izm, the prin- 
ciples of the federals : federalist, n. a supporter of 
federalism ; a federal : fed'eralise', v. -lz', to league 
together: federalizing, imp.: fed'eralised', pp. -izd'i 
fed'erate, a. -at, united by compact : fed'era'tion, n. 
-a'-shun, a league ; a union for purposes of govern- 
ment : federative, a. -a'-tlv, joining in a league or 
contract ; forming a confederacy. 

mate, mat, far, law ; mete, met, 



fee, n.fe (AS.feoh; Icel./e, cattle, money— connec- 
ted with fief and feudal), price paid for service— gen- 
erally said of professional men; reward or recom- 
pense ; any land or tenement held of a superior on 
certain conditions : v. to pay a fee to ; to engage in 
one's service ; to hire : fee'ing, imp. retaining by a 
fee; in Scot., hiring for service: feed, pp. fed, retained 
by a fee, as a lawyer : retaining-fee, the fee paid to a 
lawyer to secure his services : fee-farm, land held by 
the payment of rent: fee-simple, an estate in lands or 
tenements of which the owner has the fullest power of 
disposing which the law allows : fee-tail, a limited 
inheritance ; an estate handed down by entail. 

feeble, a. fe'bl (old F. fleble; It. fievole; mod. F. 
faible), weak ; infirm ; faint ; imperfect ; slender : fee'- 
bly, ad. -bli: feebleness, n.: feeble-minded, a. weak 
of mind ; wanting in resolution. 

feed, n. fed (AS. fedan, to feed, to bring up : Sw. 
fceda; Dan. fode, to feed, to give birth to — see food), 
a certain quantity of food eaten at one time ; a cer- 
tain allowance of food given at one time, as to a horse 
or cow : v. to supply with food ; to furnish with a sup- 
ply of anything constantly required ; to nourish ; to 
keep in hope ; to take food ; to pasture or graze : f eed'- 
ing, imp.: n. act of eating or giving food to ; pasture: 
fed, pt. and pp. fed, furnished with food : nourished : 
feed-pipe, a pipe leading from the water- source to 
the bottom of a boiler, generally of a steam-engine : 
feeder, n. he or that which feeds or supplies. 

feel, v. fel (AS. felon ; Ger. fuhlen ; Dut. voelen, to 
feel : Icel. fialla, to touch softly with the palm of the 
hand), to perceive or search after by the touch ; to ex- 
perience ; to try ; to suffer or enjoy ; to be affected by ; 
to have the sensibility excited ; to have the passions 
moved: n. sense of feeling; touch: feeling, imp.: 
adj. expressive of great sensibility; easily affected or 
moved : n. sense of touch ; perception ; emotion ; ten- 
derness or sensibility of mind : felt, pt. and pp. felt, 
perceived : feeler, n. he or that which feels : f eel- 
ings, n. plu. nice sensibilities: feel'ingly, ad. -II, 
tenderly. 

feet, n. plu. of foot, which see. 

feign, v. fan (L. fingere, to form, to contrive : F. 
feindre, to dissemble), to assume or pretend: feign' - 
ing, imp. inventing ; pretending : n. a false appear- 
ance; an artful contrivance: feigned, pp. fund: 
feigner, one who : feignedly, ad. -ed-li, in pretence ; 
not really: feint, n. font (F. feinte, a pretence), a pre- 
tence ; a false appearance ; a mock attack. 

feldspath, n. field-snath, also feldspar, n. fSld'-spdr, 
other spellings of felspar, which see : feldspathic, a. 
i :i'ik, pert, to felspar. 

felicitate, v.; I icitas, happiness— from 

felix, happy: It. felicita: F.felicite), to congratulate; 
to express joy or pleasure to: feliclta'ting, imp.: fe- 
liclta'ted, pp.: felicitation, n. -ta'-shun, congratula- 
tion : felicitous, a. -tus, very happy ; delightful ; very 
appropriate: felicitously, ad. -II: felicity, n. -i-tl, 
great happiness ; bliss ; the joys of heaven. 

feline, a. fe'-lln (L. felinus, belonging to a cat— 
from felis, a cat: It. felino: F.felin), pert, to the cat 
kind ; like a cat : felidae, n. plu. fel'4-de, the cat family, 
including the lion, tiger, and cat. 

fell, v. fel, pt. of fall, which see. 

fell, a. fel (It. fello; F. felle, fierce, cruel: L. fel, 
gall : W. gwal, defect), cruel ; barbarous ; fierce ; 
dreadful : fell'ness, n. cruelty. 

fell, v. fel (Icel. fella ; Dut. velden, to fell or cause 
to fall), to bring to the ground ; to knock down ; to 
hew or cut down: felling, imp.: felled, pp. field: 
feller, n. one who. 

fell, v. fel (Gael, fill, a fold : Sw. fall, a hem), to turn 
down, as a seam. 

fell, n. fel (Goth, filli; Icel. fell; L. pellis, skin), a 
skin or hide : fell'monger, n. a dealer in hides. 

fell, n. fel (Icel. field), a low-browed hill ; a moun- 
tain ; a mountain-side. 

felloe, n. fel'lo— see felly. 

fellow, n. fel'lo (old Eng. felow -. Icel. felagi, a part- 
ner in goods— from fe, goods, and lag, society), a person 
or thing joined or associated with another; a compan- 
ion ; one of a pair ; a name of contempt ; in a learned 
society, one who holds a higher status than that of a 
member ; a member of a college who is on the foun- 
dation and receives an income from its revenues : fel- 
lowship, n. companionship ; society; the position and 
emoluments of a fellow: fellow-creature, a human 
being; one of the same race: fellow-commoner, in 
Uni. Camb., a student who dines and associates with 
Mr; pine, pin; note, ndt, move; 



FELL 



203 



FERV 



the fellows : fellow-countryman, a native of the same 
country: fellow-feeling, sympathy ; joint interest. 

felly, n. fel'll (Ger. felge : Dut. velghe), one of the 
parts of the wooden rim of a cart or carriage wheel, 
usually covered with an outer iron rim ; plu. fellies, 
the whole rim. 

felon, n. fel'on (F. felon, cruel ; mid. L. felo, a felon : 
Bret, fall, bad, wicked— connected with fell, cruel), 
one who has committed a crime punishable with for- 
feiture of goods and other penalty: adj. pert, to a 
felony ; cruel ; inhuman : fel'ony, n. -I, a crime pun- 
ishable with the forfeiture of goods and estate and 
other penalty ; in law, every species of crime which 
occasions the forfeiture of land and goods ; a crime in 
general: felonious, a. felo'-nl-iis, done with inten- 
tion to commit crime ; malignant : f elo'niously, ad. 
-II: felo de se, fe'-lo-di-se (mid. L. a felon upon him- 
self), in law, one who commits a felony by suicide. 

felspar, n.fel'spdr (Ger. feldspath, rock-spar), rock- 
constituent or simple mineral, the representation of a 
family of most important minerals: felspath'ic, a. 
-spdth'lk, of the nature of felspar ; containing felspar : 
fel'stone, n. -st6n, in geol., a name to designate com- 
pact felspar which occurs in amorphous rock-masses. 

felt, felt, pt. and pp. of the verb feel, which see. 



made of hair, wool, or other substance, by rolling and 
pressure, and not by weaving : v. to make cloth of 
hair, wool, fur, or suchlike, by causing the material 
to mat together by means of pressure and rolling : 
felting, imp. : n. the act or process : felt'er, n. one 
who: felt'ed, pp.: adj. worked into felt. 

felucca, n. fe-luk'kd (It. ), a small sailing vessel com- 
mon in the Mediterranean. 

female, n. fe'mdl (Tf.femelle; L.femella, a female 
—from L. femina, a woman), one of that sex which 
conceives and brings forth young: adj. not male; 
pert, to the sex that brings forth young ; delicate : 
female-screw, a spiral-threaded cavity into which an- 
other screw turns ; the nut : feminine, a. fem'l-nln, 
belonging to the female sex ; womanish ; tender ; de- 
licate: femme-couverte, fSm-kdbv'-ert (F. femme, a 
woman, and couvert, covered), in law, a married wo- 
man: femme-sole, -sol (old F. sole; L. solus, alone), 
in laiv, an unmarried woman. 

femoral, a. fem'6-rdl (L. femur, the thigh : It. fe- 
morale; F. femoral, pert, to the thigh), pert, to the 
thigh. 

fen, n.f&7i (Icel. fen, a morass: Goth, fani, mud), 
low, marshy, or boggy ground, covered wholly or par- 



hibition— see defend), a boundary composed of a 
hedge, or line of posts or stakes driven into the 
ground ; guard ; security : v. to enclose with a hedge 
or wall of posts ; to protect or guard ; to defend by 
giving and avoiding blows, as with a foil or sword : 
fencing, imp. : n. fences, or the materials used to 
form them ; the act or art of skilfully using a foil or 
sword in attack or defence: fenced, pp. finsd: fencer, 
n. one who : fencible, a. fSn'sl-bl, capable of defence : 
fenceless, a. unenclosed: fen'cibles, n. plu. -sl-blz, 
soldiers for home service only. 

fend, v. fend (contr. of defend— which see), to ward 
off; to prevent from entering; to parry a charge: 
fending, imp. : fend'ed, pp : fender, n. fend'er that 
which defends ; a metal article placed on the hearth 
before the fire ; a piece of timber or coil of rope hung 
over a ship's side to prevent injury from rubbing 
against another surface. 

fenestella, n. fe~n'8s45l'ld (L. a little window), in 
geol., an extensive genus of polyzoa or bryozoa. 

fenestra, n. fen-es'-trd (L. a window), in anat, two 
small openings in the bones of the ear : fenes'tral, a. 
•trdl, having openings like a window: fenes'trate, a. 
•trat, in bot., pierced with holes of considerable size- 
applied to a leaf with holes in it. 

fennel, n. fen'nel (AS. feonel; L. feniculum), an 
umbelliferous plant of various species, one of which 
is cultivated as a pot-herb, and for its seeds and essen- 
tial oil, which are used in the manufacture of gin, and 
as a carminative in medicine— another species is culti- 
vated as a garnish for fish, &c, and for flavouring 
sauces. 

fenny— see fen. 

feod, fud— see feudal. 

feoff, n. fef (Norm. F. feoffer), another spelling of 
fief, which see ; feof ment, n. act of granting posses- 



sion : feoffee, n. -fe, the person who receives or hold 5 ? 
a feoff : feoffor, n. -fir, the granter of a feoff. 

feretory, n. fer'e-ter'-l (L. feretrum, a bier: It. 
feretro), the bier or shrine containing the relics of 
saints, borne in processions; the place in a church 
where the bier is set. 

ferial, a. fe'-rl-dl (L. feriw, holidays, festivals), pert. 
to holidays. 



ferveo, I boil : It. ferment o : F. ferment), to cause to 
rise or swell by yeast, as dough ; to cause to froth up 
by the addition of yeast ; to effervesce ; to produce a 
boiling or frothy motion in any substance, as in a liq- 
uid: ferment, n. fir-mint, that which possesses the 
power of inducing fermentation ; agitation ; tumult ; 
intestine motion : fennent'ing, imp.: adj. working; 
effervescing: fermented, pp. : adj. having undergone 
the process of fermentation : fermentable, a. -incn- 
td-bl, capable of being fermented: fermen lability, 
n. -bll'l-tl: fermentation, n. -ta'shiin, a working or 
frothing up of any substance under the influence of 
warmth, air, and moisture ; an internal motion caused 
by decomposition ; the process of converting the juice 
of the grape into wine, or the liquid extract of malt 
into an alcoholic liquor, as beer : fermen'tative, a. 
-td-tiv, tending to cause fermentation : fermen'tative- 
ness, n. 

fern, n. fern (AS. fearn, fern : Sw. fara, to go — ap- 
plied to events produced by diabolic art : AS. fcer 
death, sudden death), a family of cryptogamic plants, 
usually with broad feathery leaves or fronds : ferny, 
a. fern'l, abounding in ferns. 

ferocious, a. fe-ro'-shus (L. ferox, fierce, cruel- 
gen, ferocis: It. and F. feroce), savage ; fierce ; wild; 
ravenous: ferociously, ad. -II: fero'ciousness, n., 
also ferocity, n. -r6s'i-tl, savage wildness ; inhuman 
cruelty. 

ferrel, n. fer'rSl, or ferrule, n. fir'rSbl (F. virole, an 
iron ring : lj.ferrum, iron), a ring of metal put about 
the end of a staff, &c, to keep it from splitting. 

ferreous, a. fer'rl-us (L. fcrrunt, iron), pert, to or 
consisting of iron : fer'ric, a. -rift, pert, to or derived 
from iron : ferriferous, a. fir-rlfcr-i'ts (L. fero, I bear), 
containing or yielding iron : ferro, fir'-ro, a prefix 
noting the presence of iron : ferruglna'ted, a. -r6j'-l- 
nd'-tSd (L.ferugo, iron rust), having the colour or pro- 
perties of iron rust : ferruginous, a. -7ius, impregnated 
or coated with oxide of iron ; rusty-looking : ferrug- 
inous quartz, or iron-flint, a variety of quartz form- 
ingthe transitionto jasper, and very hard : ferrugo, n. 
fer-rd'-gO, a disease in plants, commonly called rust. 

ferret, n. fir-ret (It. furetto ; F. furet; Ger. frette, a 
ferret— from Prov. fretar; Bav. fretten, to move to 
and fro over a surface), an animal of the weasel kind 
used to hunt out rabbits from their holes : v. to drive 
out of a lurking-place; to find out or discover as a 
ferret does : fer'reting, imp. : fer reted, pp. 

ferruginous, ferrugo, &c— see ferreous. 

ferrule, n.— see ferrel. 

ferry, v. fSr'ri (Icel. feria, a passage-boat— from 
fara, to go: Ger. fahr, a ferry— from fahren, to go, to 
carry— see fare), to carry or transport over water, as a 
river, a lake, &c. : n. the place or passage where boats 
are employed to carry over passengers: ferlying, 
imp. -Ing: fer'ried, pp. -rid: ferry-boat, the boat 
in which passengers are conveyed over a ferry : ferry- 
man, the boatman who attends a ferry. 

fertile, a. fer'til (L. fertilis, fruitful— from fero, I 
produce : It. and F. fertile), producing fruit in abund- 
ance; productive ; fruitful : fertilely, ad. -II: fer- 
tility, n. fer-til'l-ti, fruitfulness : richness : fertilise, 
v. fer-til-iz, to render productive or fruitful ; to en- 
rich : fer'tili'sing, imp.: adj. enriching; rendering 
fertile : fertilised', pp. -izd' : fertiliser, n. -zer, that 
which enriches; a rich manure: ferlilisa'tion, n. 
-vzd'-shun, the act of making fruitful. 

ferule, n./t? I \ ferule, a rod, a cane), 

a rod or flat stick for inflicting punishment in a 
school. 

fervent, a. fer'vSnt (L. fervens, boiling hot, burn- 



■v&n-si, ardour ; eagerness ; warmth of devotion : fer'- 
vid, a. -vld, very hot ; eager ; zealous ; glowing : fer'- 
vidly, ad. -U: fer'vidness, n. : ferVour, n. -ver, heat of 
mind; zeal; ardour; earnestness. 

cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



FESC 2 

fescue, n. fes'ku (F. fetu ; old F. festu, a straw : L. 
festuca, a young shoot or stalk of a tree), a small 
pointer; in hot., a sharp-pointed kind of grass. 

fesse, n. fes (L. fascia, a band : old F. /esse), in her., 
a broad band of metal or colour which crosses the 
shield horizontally, and upon which other charges are 
occasionally emblazoned. 

festal, a. fes'tal (L. festivus, feast-like— from festum, 
a festival), pert, to a feast; joyous; mirthful: fes'- 
tally, ad. -Ii : fes'tival, n. -tl-val, the time of feasting ; 
an annual rejoicing; a holy day, as church festivals: 
fes'tive, a. -ttv, pert, to a feast; joyous: fes'tively, 
ad. -It: festivity, n. fSs-tlv'i-ti, the mirth at a feast; 
gaiety ; social joy at an entertainment. 

fester, v. fes'ter (Wallon, s'efister, to corrupt: Low 
Gvr. jisirii/, fusty, ill-sinHling), to corrupt ; to rankle; 
to gather matter, as a sore : n. a sore which discharges 
'■on- otter: fes'tering, imp. : adj. rankling ; grow- 
ing more corrupt : fes'tered, -terd. 

festoon, n. fes-tOn' (F. feston; It. festone, a gar- 
land), a chain or string of a number of things hanging 
downwards in a curved form between two points, as 
flowers or fruits ; an ornament in the form of a wreath 
or garland, as of flowers, fruits, and leaves inter- 
twisted : v. to adorn with festoons : festooning, imp.: 
festooned', pp. -tond': adj. made into festoons or 
adorned with them. 

fetal, a. fe'tal—see foetus. 

fetch, v. fSch (AS. fetiget 

Bw.fatta,- Ger. fassen, to se 

home), to go and bring ; to heave, as a sigh ; to bring, 
as its price ; to reach : fetch'ing, imp. : fetched, pp. 
fecht: to fetch up, to carry up; to take forward; to 
make up lost time : to fetch out, to develop : to fetch 
a compass, to make a circuit in order to reach. 

fetch, n. fech, or fetch-candle (in Scand. myth. 
Vcett, a kind of goblin ; Vcett-lys, the Vajtt's candle), 
the apparition of one who is alive ; the nocturnal 
light as of amoving candle ; the ignis-fatuus. 

fete, n. fat (F. fete), festival or holiday ; a gala day ; 
a showy reception of company: feted, a. fd'-tSd, 
honoured with a festive entertainment. 

fetich, n. fe'tlsh (F. fetiche— from Port, feitico, 
magic), among African negroes, the selection of any 
object, as a stone, a tree, a feather, &c, for temporary 
worship: fetichism, n. fe'tlsh-lzm, also fe'ticism, n. 
-l-slzm, the worship of fetiches. 

fetid, a,.fe'tld iL. fcetidus, stinking: It. fetido: F. 
feticle), having a strong offensive smell; stinking: 
fetidness, n. the quality of smelling offensively: 
fe'tor, n. -tor a si rong offensive smell. 

fetlock, n. fet'lok (Swiss, flesloch; Dut. vitlok, the 
pastern of a horse : Swiss, fisel, unravelled threads 
hanging from a garment), in horses, the tuft of hair 
growing a little above the back part of the hoof ; the 
joint on which such hair grows: fet'locked, a. -Idkt, 
having fetlocks ; tied by the fetlocks. 

fetter, n. fet'ter— usually in the plu. fet'ters, -terz 
(AS. footer ; Dut. veter; Icel. fjotr, shackles, bonds— 
from Icel. fet, a footstep), chains for the feet ; anything 
which confines or restrains : v. to put fetters on ; to 
restrain ; to sh h i >er ; to limit ; to confine : 

fettering, imp.: fet'tered, pp. -terd: fet'terless, a. 
without fetters. 

fetus, fetal— see foetus. 

feu, n. fu (Prov. feu, feudal tenure— from Icel./e; 
AS. feoh, cattle, money, price— contr. from feudal, 
which see), in Scot., a conditional allotment of land; 
property in land held of a superior on payment of a 
certain annual sum : v. to grant a perpetual right to a 
portion of land on which tenements may be erected, 
subject to an annual payment called the feu or feu- 
duty: feu'ing, imp.: feued, pp. fud: feu'ar, n. -er, one 
who holds land or houses on a, feu-rent. 

feud, r\. fud (Goth, fiathva, enmity— from Goth, and 
AS. flan, to hate), a contention or quarrel ; an invete- 
t 1 1 iii i i milies, clans, or factions. 

feudal, Ou.fu'd&l (mid. L. feudum, applied to the pro- 
perty in land distributed to his companions in arms 
by the Conqueror— from Prov. feu ; It. feudo, condi- 
tional allotment of land— see fee), pert, to the system 
by which lands were held on the condition of military 
service : feu'dalism, n. -izm, the principles and consti- 
iiiiinii ii; which lands were held by military services: 
feud or feod, n. fud, a conditional allotment of land ; 
a fief ; a fee : feu'dalist, n. or feu'dist, one versed in 
feudal law : feudality, n. fu-ddl'l-tl, state of being 
feudal ; feudal form or constitution : feudalise, v. fu'- 
d&l-lz, to reduce to a feudal tenure: feu'dary, a. 
mate, mCit,fdr, laTv; mete, mSt, 



-dcr-l, holding land of a superior: n. one who holdg 
lands by feudal service : feu'datory, n. -dd-ter-l, a 
tenant or vassal who holds his lands of a superior 
on the condition of military service : adj. holding 

i.'l i»l" /I'liiilir i::hi •iMillMii.i 



guns on any joyfu 

feuilleton, n. fO'l-tdng (F. a small leaf— trorafeuille, 
a leaf), the part of a French newspaper devoted to 
h-hr literature. 

fever, n. fe'-ver (F. fi'evre— from L. febris, a fever— 
from the notion of shivering : Bav. fibern, to tremble 
with anger or desire), a disease marked by aquickened 
pulse, an increase of heat, great thirst, &c. ; agitation ; 
excitement: v. to put into a fever: fevering, imp.: 
fevered, pp. fe'verd: fe'verish, a. having a slight 
fever ; hot : fe'verishly, ad. -II : fe'verishness, n. the 
state of being feverish ; mental restlessness : fever- 
few, n. -fu (L. fugare, to put to flight), a herb good 
against fevers. 

few, a./w (Goth, favs; AS.feaiva; L. paucus, little, 
few), not many; small in number: few'er, comp. : 
fewest, sup.: few'ness, n. smallness of number. 

fiars, n. plu fe'-erz or fl'erz (Icel. fe ; AS. feoh, 
cattle, price— connected with fee, fief, feudal), in Scot., 
the average prices of grain legally fixed for the year, 
in order to regulate the payment of stipend and rent. 

fiat, n.fl'at (h.fiat, let it be done— from^io, I am 
made), a formal or solemn command ; a decree ; an 
order. 

fib, n. flfo (It. flabbare, to sing idle songs, to tell 
flim-flam tales : old Eng. fible-fable, nonsense), a lie; 
a falsehood : v. to tell a lie ; to utter an untruth : fib'- 
bing, imp. : fibbed, pp. fibd: fib'ber, n. one who lies. 

fibre, n. f.l'ber (F. fibre ; L. fibra, a fibre), the fine 
stringy or thread-like substance found in animal bodies 
and in plants : fi'bres, n. plu. -berz, the finer divisions 
of roots ; any fine slender threads, or thread-like sub- 
stances : fibred, a. -berd, having threads : fiT>reless, 
a. without fibres : fi'bril, n. -brll, a small fibre : fibril' - 
lae, n. plu. -bril'-le, in bot., very small and fine roots, as 
in the lichens: fibrinous, a. -liis, pert, to fine fibres ; 
formed of small fibres : fi'brous, a. -brus, containing 
iii. ii., , iincad-like posse Ing a structure separable 
into small threads or strings : fi'brine or fi'brin, n. 
-brln, a peculiar substance, found in animals and 
vegetables, which forms fibres and muscular flesh : 
fi'brinous, a. -brln-iis, of or like fibrin. 

fibula, n. fW-u-ia (L. and It. fibula, a buckle), the 
outer and smaller bone of the leg : fib'ular, a. pert, to 
or situated near the fibula : fib'ula'ted, a. -la'-ted, 
resembling a brooch or buckle. 

fickle, a. fik'l (AS. ficol, vacillating: Ger. ficken, to 
move quickly to and fro), wavering ; unstable ; of a 
changeable mind ; variable: fickleness, n. 

fictile, n.fik'til (L.fictilis, earthen— from flctum, to 
form or shape : It. fittile), moulded into form by the 
potter's art ; pert, to pottery : fic'tor, n. an artist who 

>'i in was 1. 1 ,y, or other plastic material. 

fiction, n. flk'-shun (L. fictio, a making, a feigning— 
from fictus, invented : F. fiction : It. fizione), a false- 
hood ; that which is feigned or invented ; a fable ; 
novel literature : fic'tionist, n. a writer of novels : 
fictiti'ous, a. -tlsh'-us, feigned ; not real ; false : fictiti- 
ously, ad. -II: fictiti'ousness, n. : Active, a. fik'tlv, 
feigned; imaginative. 

fictor, n.— see fictile. 

fiddle, n. fid'l (Ger. fiedel; Dut. vedele, a fiddle: 
L. fides, any stringed instrument), a violin : fid'dler, 
n. -Mr, one who plays on a fiddle : fid'dle-fad'dle, n. 
-f&d'-l (a word directly imitative of the light rapid 
movements of the fiddle-bow), a trifling or fanciful 
matter: adj. trifling ; making a bustle about nothing : 
fiddlestick, n. the bow for playing a fiddle ; a term 
employed for a thing below notice : fid'dling, a. trifl- 
ing : n. the playing on a fiddle. 

fidelity.n. fl-del I H (L fidelitas I a. i in fulness— from 
fides, faith: It. fidelita-. F. fidiliU), faithfulness; in- 
tegrity; veracity; honesty. 

fidget, v./y - \s,fitschen, to flutter to and f±o: 
Dut. ficken, to switch : Ger. fick-facken, to fidget), to 
make light involuntary movements ; to be unable to 
keep still : n. restless agitation ; a fidgety person : 
fidg'eting, imp.: fidg'eted, pp.: fidg'ety, a. -Ml, rest- 
less ; uneasy ; impatient : fldg'ets, n. plu. restlessness ; 
uneasy and irregular motions. 

fiducial, &. f%-du'-shl-al(L.fiducia, confidence— from 
fido, I trust), confident ; unuoubting ; of the nature of 
a trust: fldu'cially, ad. -II: fiduciary, a. -ir-%, un- 
her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



FIE 



205 



FILM 



wavering; held in trust : n. one who holds anything 
in trust ; one who depends on faith without works. 

fie, int. fil (Ger. pfui: W. ffi), an exclamation of dis- 
like or disapprobation. 

fief, n. fief (It. fiio ; F. fief, a tenure— see fee), land 
held of a superior on condition of military service ; 
land held of a superior. 

field, n. /eld (Ger. field: Dut. veld, the open country, 
soil : prov. Dan. fiald, an enclosed portion of culti- 
vated soil), a piece of land enclosed for tillage ; the 
open country; a battle-ground ; room; space; in her., 
the surface of the shield ; the blank space on which 
figures are drawn or projected ; the entire space within 
which objects are seen by a telescope or microscope : 
field-marshal, -mdr'-shdl, the highest military title 
in England: field-officer, a major, a lieut.-col., or a 
colonel : field-piece, a cannon mounted on a wheeled 
carriage for moving about from place to place in the 
field : to keep the field, to continue in active opera- 
tions, as an army: field-book, note-book used in sur- 
veying : field-day, a military review ; a gala day : field- 
sports, diversions in the open country, as in shooting 
and fishing: field-work, fortification raised on the 
field to suit a particular purpose. 

fieldfare, n. field-far (AS. fieulo-fior — from fiealo, 
yellowish), a kind of thrush found in Britain during 
winter. 

fiend, n. fiend (Goth, fiands ; Ger. fieind, an enemy— 
from Goth. Jian, to hate : Icel. fitandi, a hater, an ene- 
my), an infernal enemy ; an implacable or malicious 
foe ; the devil : fiend'ish, a. like a fiend ; also fiend'like, 
a.: fiendishly, ad. -II: fiendlshness, n. quality of a 
fiend ; intense maliciousness. 

fierce, a. fiers (F. and It. fieroce: L. fierox, fierce), 
savage ; furious ; very violent or passionate ; very 
eager; outrageous: fiercely, ad. -II: fierceness, n. 
ferocity; fury; violence. 

fiery, a. filr'l (from fire, which see), passionate ; irri- 
table; easily provoked ; like tire; bright; impetuous: 
fier iness, n. • mper : fier'ily, 

ad. -ll. 

fife, n./l/(Ger. pfieifie: It. piffaro-. F. fifire: imita- 
tive of a shri U Bute with one key : v. to 
play on the fife: fifing, imp.: fifed, pp. fiffit: fi'fer, 
n. one who. 

fifteen, a. fiifi-Un (five and ten— see five), five and 
ten : fifteenth, a. -tenth, the fifth after the tenth ; ordi- 
nal of 15: fifth, a. fifth, ordinal of 5; next after the 
fourth ; one of five equal parts ; in m usic, an interval 
of three tones and a semitone : fifth'ly, ad. -ll, in the 
fifth place: fifty, a. filfi'-ti, five times ten: fiftieth, a. 
-6th, ordinal of 50. 

fig, n. fig (L. fiats, a fig: AS. fie: Ger. fieige: F. 
figue: It. fico), a well-known fruit of a pear-like 
shape. 

fight, n.filt (AS. fieoht: Ger. fiechte, a fight: Swiss, 
fiechten, to struggle), a battle ; a combat : v. to con- 
tend for victory; to combat: fighting, imp.: n. con- 
tention; strife: adj. qualified for war ; fit for battle: 
fought, pt. and pp. fdivt, did fight : fight'er, n. one 



who. 



l invention ; 



image— from „ „ 

something feigned or imagined. 

figure, n.fig'-ur or/ liape, an image 

— from, fiingo, I form: It. figura: F. figure), shape; 
form; appearance; a character or shape denoting a 
number ; a mode of expression ; a type ; an emblem ; 
a diagram; in art, a representation of the human 
body ; in rhet., mode of speaking in which words are 
turned from their ordinary sense— usually termed 
figure of speech; in logic, the arrangement of the 
middle term of a syllogism with the two terms of 
the conclusion ; in familiar language, price or value : 
v. to shape or form ; to represent ; to make a figure : 
fig'uring, imp. : fig'ured, pp. -urd: adj. adorned with 
figures or ornaments ; fig'urable, a. -u-rd-bl, capable of 
being brought into a fixed shape: fig'urabil'ity, n. 
-bU'l-tl: fig'ural, a. -rdl, pert, to figures : figurehead, n. 
the statue or figure on the upper part of a ship's head : 
figurate, a. filg'-u-rat, of a certain and determinate 
form: fig'urately, ad. -ll: fig'urative, a. -ra-tiv, not 
real ; representing something else ; typical : figura- 
tively, ad. -ll, in a sense different from the usual 
sense: fig'urativeness, n.: figurante, n. filg'-u-rdnf, 
a female ballet-dancer: figure-stone, n. a variety of 
talc-mica easily cut or carved into forms or figures ; 
to cut a figure, to make a show ; to attract attention. 

filament, n. fll'a-ment {L. filum, a thread: It. Jilo: 



fil), a thread; a fibre; in lot., the stalk which 
supports the anther : fil'amen'tous, a. -men'-tiis, thread- 
like; bearing filaments : fil'atory, n. -ter-l, a machine 
which spins thread: filiform, a. -l-fawrm (L. forma, 
shape), slender like a thread : fil'amen'tary, a. -ter-l, 
formed by filaments : filature, n. fil-a-td,; spinning, 
especially of silk from the cocoon: filose, a. fil'-los, 
ending in a thread-like process. 

filbert, n.fill'bert (corruption of fill-beard, a kind of 
nut which just fills the cup made by the beards of the 
calyx, the ordinary hazel proi ruing beyond the beard), 
the fruit of the cultivated hazel. 

filch, v. filch (Swiss ,/fofce, to bear away secretly: 
Norm, pilka ; Scot, pilk, to pick), to steal something 
of little value; to pilfer: filching, imp.: filched, pp. 
fillcht : filch er, n. one who : filch'ingly, ad. -ll. 

file, n.fill (V.fil; L.fidum, a thread), a line or wire 
on which papers are strung for preservation and re- 
ference ; the number of papers so strung ; a bundle of 
papers tied and titled ; a row of soldiers ranged one 
behind the other, but, generally speaking, two sol- 
diers, the front and rear-rank men : v. to fasten to- 
gether, as paper on a wire for preservation ; to place 
officially among the records of a court : fi'ling, imp. 
placing on a string or in a bundle, as papers : filed, 
pp. fixld: to march in file, to follow one after an- 
other, and not abreast: rank and file, the body of 
private soldiers composing an army. 

file, n. fill (old H. Ger. figila— from figen, to rub: 
Bohem. pila, asaw— from piliti, to saw), a well-known 
steel tool with a toothed or ridged surface for re- 
ducing, smoothing, or cutting any article made of a 
metal: v. to rub or smooth with a file; to wear off by 
friction : fi'ling, imp. : filed, pp. fiild : filer, n. one 
who : file-cutter, one who makes files : filings, n. plu. 
-llngz, particles rubbed off with a file. ; 

filial, a. fll'-l-Cd (L. filius, a son, filia, a daughter: 
F. filial), pert, to a son or daughter: filially, ad. -ll: 
filiation, n. fll'-l-a'-shun, relation of a child to a 
father ; the act of ascribing a child to a father ; affilia- 
tion : fil'iety, n. -e-l-tl, sonship. 

Alices, n. plu.fll'-l-sez (L.filix, a fern, filices, ferns), 
the lorn-tribe : fil icoid, a. -koyd (Gr. eidos, form), re- 
sembling a fern. 

filiform, a.— see filament. 

filigree, n. fiii-i-gre (formerly written filigrain or 
filigrane : Sp. filigrana, a kind of texture made of gold 
or silver wire— from filo, wire, and grano, the direction 
of fibres of wood: L.filuni. a thread, and granum, a 
grain), very fine ornamental threadlike work with 
gold or silver wire; in sculp., fine threadlike work: 
fil'igreed, a. ornamented with filigree. 

fill, V. fid (AS. fiyllan, to replenish : Ger. fallen, to 
fill: Lith. pillu, to pour into), to put or pour in all 
that can be held; to crowd; to stuff; to content or 
satisfy ; to hold or occupy, as any post or office ; to 
become full : n. as much as satisfies fully : filling, 
imp.: adj. causing fulness or satiety: n. act of that 



pletely; to surfeit: to fill up, to fill to the brim or 
entirely; to complete ; to grow or become quite full. 

fillet, n. fill-let (F. filet, dim. of fil, a thread— from 
L. filum, a thread), a little band, such as may be put 
round the head ; a narrow ornament or moulding : v. 
to bind with a little band ; in arch., to adorn with a 
band or astragal : filleting, imp. : filleted, pp.: fillet, 
n. (F. filet, the band of flesh which lies along under the 
backbone of an animal), a boneless lump of flesh 
bound together by a fillet or bandage ; the fleshy part 
of the thigh in veal. 

fiUibeg or philibeg, n.fll'-l-beg (Gael, filleadh, plait 
or fold, and beg, little), the pouch in front of the kilt ; 
the kilt itself. 

fillibuster, n. fiil-li-bris'-tn- (F. filibustier, a free- 
booter: Sp. filibuster), one who unites with others in 
attacking a foreign country in time of peace for 
plunder or conquest ; a marauder ; a freebooter. 

fillip, n. fill-Up (an imitation of the sound), a stroke 
with the finger-nail suddenly let go from the thumb : 
v. to strike smartly with the finger suddenly thrown 
outwards from its bent position inwards to the thumb : 
filliping, imp. : filliped, pp. -llpt. 

filly, n. f it'll (L. filia; F. fille, a daughter: Bav. 
fiulchen ; Norse, fyllic, a filly), a young mare, as op- 
posed to a colt or young horse. 

film, n. film (AS. film, a skin : Fris. fiimel, the skin 
of the body : W. pilen, rind), a thin skin : v. to cover 
with a thin skin : fil'ming, imp. : filmed, pp. filmd: 



coiv, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



FILO 



206 



FIRK 



filmy, a. / ll'mi, composed of thin skins or membranes : 
fil'miness, n. 

filose, a.— see filament. 

filter, n. fil'ter (from felt : It. feltro, a felt, a filter), 
any open porous substance, as clotb, paper, sand, or 
gravel, througb which a liquid may drain ; a strainer: 
v. to purify; to pass through a filter : fil'tering, imp.: 
n. act of passing through a filter : fil'tered, pp. -terd, 
strained : filtra'tion, n. -trd'shun, the act or process 
of filtering. 

filth, n. filth (AS. filth, filth : Icel. fyla, to stink, to 
putrefy : from foul, which see), dirt ; defilement ; 
foul matter: filthy, a. fil'thi, foul; dirty; unclean; 
morally impure : filthily, ad. -1% : fil'thiness, n. nasti- 
ness ; corruption ; impurity. 

fimbriate, a. fim'brl-at, also flm'bria'ted, a. (L. 
fimbriae, threads, fringe), in bot., fringed at the mar- 
gin ; bordered : fim'briae, n. plu. -e, in anat., a struc- 
ture resembling a fringe. 

fin, n. fin (AS. finna; D&n.ftnne; L. pinna, a fea- 
ther or fin), the projecting bony membrane of a fish 
for support and locomotion : finned, a. find, having 
fins: finny, &.fi».'-i>i, furnished with fins: fin'less, a 



having membranes between the toes. 

finable— see fine. 

final, a..fi'nal (L. finalis; F. and Sp. final— from 
finis, an end), last ; conclusive ; pert, to the end : fi'- 
nally, ad. -II: finality, n. fi-ndl'i-tl, the state of being 
final: finale, n. fl-nd'ld (It.), close; termination; 
the concluding piece in a concert ; the end of a piece 
of music. 

finance, n. fi-ndns' (mid. law L. finis, the ter- 
mination of a suit in law, the money paid as the price 
of settlement : mid. L.finare; old F. finer, to pay an 
exaction or composition: F. finance, formerly used in 
the sense of an exaction or a compulsory payment), 
revenue ; income : finances, n. plu. fi-n&n'sds, income 
or resources ; funds in the public treasury : financial, 
a. fi-ndn'shdl, pert, to public revenue or income: fi- 
nancially, ad. -II: financier, n. fi-ndn'ser, one skilled 
in the principles of banking, or in the management 
and raising of the public revenue. 

finch, n. fin , I i iamily of small singing- 

birds, as goldfinch, bullfinch, &c. 

find, v. find (Icel. finna ; Ger. finden, to find), to 
discover ; to recover ; to regain something lost ; to 
gain or have ; to furnish or supply ; to arrive at ; to 
determine: n. discovery; thing found: find'ing, imp.: 
n. that which is found by the jury ; a verdict : found, 
pt. and pp. fownd, did find : find'er, n. one who : to 
find in one's heart, to be bold enough or hard-hearted 
enough to do a thing : how do yon find yourself 1 how 
do you fare with regard to ease, health, or sickness ? 
to find out, to discover ; to detect : to find fault, to 

fine, n. fin (mid. law L. finis, applied to the money 
paid as the price of settlement— see finance), a sum 
of money paid as a penalty, as a punishment, or as 
the price of exemption ; a sum of money paid for ob- 
taining a benefit or privilege, as for obtaining or re- 
newing a lease : v. to impose a penalty on : fi'ning, 
imp.: fined, pp. find, subjected to the payment of 
a sum of money as a penalty or for a privilege : fina- 



— from W. givyn, white, fair : Icel. fina, to polish, to 
cleanse), not coarse ; very thin ; of small diameter ; 
slender ; clear ; elegant ; beautiful ; very handsome : 
v. to clarify; to free from foreign matter: fi'ning, 
imp. refining ; purifying : n. the process of refining or 
purifying : fined, pp. find : finely, ad. -II .- fine'ness, 
n. thinness ; clearness ; delicacy ; purity : fi'ner, n. one 
who purifies metals : fi'nery, n. -ner-i, show ; splen- 
dour ; showy dress or ornaments ; a furnace at iron- 
works for purifying iron : fining-pot, a pot or crucible 
for refining metals : fine-spoken, a. using a number of 
fine phrases : fine-spun, a. minute ; ingeniously con- 
trived; artfully invented: fine arts — see art: fine- 
drawn, a. over-minute or nice. 

fine, n. fin (L. finis, an end), only used in the ad- 
verbial phrase in fine, to conclude; to sum up all. 

finesse, n. fi-nls 1 (F.), artifice; stratagem: fines'- 
sing, a. practising artifice to accomplish a purpose : 
n. the practice of artifice. 

finger,n./ (Gotb figgrs; Fris. fenger, a fin- 

ger: Ger. fani/en, to seize, to catch), one of the five 
divisions of the hand ; a measure : v. to touch lightly ; 



to handle with the fingers : fin'gering, imp. handling ; 
touching lightly : n. act of touching lightly or hand- 
ling; manner of touching a musical instrument : fin'- 
gered, pp. -gerd, played on ; handled ; touched : adj. 
having fingers : finger-post, a post with a painted 
hand for directing passengers to a road : finger-board, 
board at the neck of a violin ; in a piano or organ, 
part where the fingers are pressed : to have at one's 
finger-ends, to be thoroughly familiar with, or off- 
hand with. 

finial, n. fin'i-dl (L. finire, to finish or complete), 
the knot or bunch of foliage, or a flower ornament, 
that forms a termination to pinnacles, pediments, 
spires, &c. 

finical, a. fin'i-kdl (from fine, a., which see), affec- 
tedly nice or showy ; spruce ; foppish : fin'ically, ad. 
-II : finlcalness, n. 

finis, n. fi'nls (L.), end; conclusion. 

finish, v. fln'ish (L. finire, to put an end to — from 
finis, an end : It. finire : F. finir), to complete ; to 
perfect ; to put an end to ; to come to an end : n. com- 
pletion ; the last touch to a work ; that which gives 
perfection to a work of art ; the last coat of plaster 
on a wall: finishing, imp.: adj. completing; perfect- 
ing: n. completion ; perfection ; last polish: finished, 
pp. -isht: adj. complete; perfect in the highest de- 
gree : finisher, n. one who puts an end to or com- 
pletes: finite, a itum, to bound or limit), 



confinement within certain boundaries. Note.— in- 
definite, without bounds : infinite, above relations to 
space. 

Finn, n. fin, a native of Finland. 

finned, finny — see fin. 

fiord, n. fl-drd', in Sw., a name for a bay or inlet. 

fiorite, n. fi'0-rit (from Flora, in Tuscany), pearl- 
sinter, a silicious incrustation not uncommon in the 
vicinity of hot springs and volcanoes. 

fir, n. fer (Ger. fohre; Icel. fura), a well-known 
kind of tree : fir- wood, the wood of the fir ; common 
deal-board. 

fire, n.fir (Ger. feuer ; Icel. fyr; Gr. pur, fire), the 
result of the combustion or burning of bodies, as coal, 
wood, &c. ; a conflagration ; severe trial or affliction ; 
flame ; lustre ; the burning fuel in a grate ; anything 
which inflames the passions; ardour; rage; anima- 
tion : v. to kindle ; to set on fire ; to take fire ; to be- 
come irritated ; to discharge firearms : firing, imp. : 
n. fuel ; the setting on fire ; discharge of firearms : 
fired, pp.fird .-firearms, n. plu. cannon, rifles, &c: fire- 
ball, a meteor resembling a ball of fire passing rapidly 
through the air: fire-blast, a disease to which the 
hop-plant is much exposed : fire-box, in a locomotive 
engine, the box in which the fire is placed : firebrand, 
a piece of burning wood ; an incendiary ; one who 
provokes quarrels: fire-brick and fire-clay, so called 
from their power of resisting the wasting effects of fire : 
fire-brigade, an organised body of men for extinguish- 
ing conflagrations in towns: fire-damp, the inflam- 
mable gas which gathers in coal-mines : fire-eater, 
one who pretends to eat fire; a fighting character: 
fire-engine, a machine for throwing water to extin- 
guish fire : fire-escape, an apparatus for the escape of 
persons from the upper flats or floors of buildings 
when the lower are on fire : firefly, a name given to 
those insects which have the property of emitting a 
luminous secretion: fire-guard, a wire fencing in 
front of a fireplace : fire-irons, the poker, shovel, and 
tongs : firelock, fir'ldk, a musket with a flint : fire- 
man, one who tends an engine or assists in putting 
out fires: fireplace, the recess in the wall of a room 
fitted with a flue, in which a grate for fire may be 
placed : fire-plug, a street water-plug : fire-proof, a. 
incombustible : fire-ship, a ship full of combustibles 
to set enemies' vessels on fire: fire-shovel, a shovel 
for domestic uses about a fire : fireside, one's own 
home ; the domestic hearth : firestone, any stone 
which stands heat without injury : firewood, fuel : 
fireworks, preparations of gunpowder for displays 
on occasions of rejoicing : fire-worship, the worship 
of fire practised by the Parsees: Greek fire, an in- 
flammable material that could scarcely be ex- 
tinguished—first used by the Greeks in the seventh 
century : St Anthony's fire, the disease called ery- 
sipelas : to set on fire, to inflame. 

firkin, n. fer'kln (a diminutive from four), the 
fourth part of a barrel of thirty-six gallons ; a small 
barrel used for butter, &c. 



mate, mdt,fdr, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, move; 



FIRL 



207 



FLAG 



firlot, n. fer'-lot, a measure used in Scotland con- 
taining the fourth part of a boll of meal. 

firm, a., firm (h-firmus. steadfast, strong: It. fermo: 
F. ferme), closely compressed ; hard ; solid ; constant ; 
steady ; resolute : n. the name or title under which a 
company transacts business; a partnership: firmly, 
ad. -II: firmness, n. stability; steadfastness; con- 
stancy; hardness. 

firmament, n. fer'md-ment (L. firmamenturn, a sup- 
port, a prop : It. firmamento: F. firmament), the hea- 
vens; the sky; an expanse or wide extent: fir'ma- 
men'tal, a. -men'-tdl, pert, to the firmament. 

firman, n. fer'mdn (Turk, firmaun), in Turkey, and 
in several Eastern countries, a decree of the sovereign ; 
a royal licence or passport. 

first, a. ferst (Icel. /;//■/, before ; furstr, in front of 
all: L. primus, first), earliest in time; foremost; 
chief; principal; primary; the ordinal of one: adv. 
before anything else: firstling, n.'the first-born of 
beasts: firstly, ad. -II: first-born, the eldest: first- 
rate, a. of the highest excellence ; of the greatest size, 
as a man-of-war : first floor, that above the ground 
floor: first-fruits, the earliest mature fruits or pro- 
duce of the earth ; the first profits ; first or earliest 
effects or results, used in a good or bad sense : at 
first, at the beginning : first-hand, directly ; immedi- 
ately; new, as opposed to second-hand: first and 
last, throughout ; on an average : first or last, at one 
time or other. 

firth, n. firth, often spelt frith, n. frith (Icel. fjordr ; 
Dan. fjord, an arm of the sea : Gael, frith, small, 
little : L. f return, a narrow sea), the mouth of a river 
widening into an arm of the sea ; any narrow passage 
of the sea ; a strait. 

fiscal, Si.fis'kdl (L.fiscus, a basket, a great money- 
bag: It.fisco: F.fisc), pert, to the public treasury or 
revenue: n. revenue; exchequer; in Scot., a public 
officer who prosecutes in certain criminal cases, usually 
called the procurator-fiscal. 

fish, n. fish (Goth, fisks; L. piscis; TV. pysg, a fish), 
an animal which inhabits the water, and breathes 
through gills ; the flesh of a fish; a machine to hoist 
up the flukes of the anchor: v. to seek to catch fish ; to 
seek to obtain by artifice ; to search by raking ; to 
draw out or up : fishing, imp. : adj. used or employed 
in fishing : n. the art or practice of catching fish : 
fished, pp. fisht: fish'y, a. -I, also fish'like, having 
the qualities of a fish: fish'iness, n. state of being 
fishy: fishmonger, n. -mung'gir, one who deals'in fish: 
iish'er, n. one who fishes : fish'erman, n. one whose 
occupation is to catch fish: fishery, n. flsh'-er-l, a 
fishing-ground ; the trade of fishing : fish-hook, n. a 
hook to catch fishes : fishwoman, also fishwife, n. a 
woman who retails fish : fish-pond, a small enclosed 
piece of water for breeding fish : fish-spear, a spear 
for taking fish : fish-tail, a. shaped like a fish's tail. 

fish, n. fish (F. ficher, to fix ; fiche, a gardener's 
dibble), counter or marker at cards; a piece of wood 
secured to another to strengthen it. 

fissile, n. fls'sll (L. fissilis, that may be split: It. 
fissile), capable of being split — applied to rocks which, 
like clay-slate, can be split or divided in the direction 
of the grain or cleavage : fissil'ity, n. -stl'i-ti, the 
quality of admitting to be split in thin leaves. 

fission, n. fish'iin (L. fissus, cleft or split), a cleav- 
ing or splitting into parts : fissiparous, a. fis-slp'-d-rus 
(L. pario, I bring forth), applied to the multiplying or 
increase of certain animal forms by the self-division 
of the individual into two or more parts, each of 
which becomes a perfect creature similar to the pa- 
rent-original : in hot., dividing spontaneously into 
two parts, by means of a septum. 

fissure, n. fish'dbr (L. fissura, a cleft or slit: F. 
fissure), a crack or cleft; a slit from the parting 
asunder of any substance: v. to open as a fissure: 
fis'sured, pp. -oord, cracked ; full of cracks. 

fist, n. fist (old Eng. fust; Ger.faust, the hand as 
an instrument of striking : Swiss, fausten, to beat : L. 
fustis, a stick), the hand with the fingers doubled into 
the palm ; the closed hand : fisticuffs, n. fis'ti-kufs, 



. -his, of the nature of a fistula ; in hot., hollow, like 
the stems of grasses ; also fis'tular, a. -ler. 

fit, n. fit (It. fiata; old F. fiede, intermittent period, 
turn: Ger. fft, an int. expressive of sudden disap- 
pearance, or of pain), a sudden attack of disease in 
cdiv, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, 



which the body is often convulsed or deprived of 
sense; a temporary affection or attack of pain or ill- 
ness ; a turn : fit'ful, a. -fool, marked by sudden im- 
pulses or starts: fitfully, ad. -II: fit'fulness, n. : by- 
fits and starts, intermittently. 

fit, n. fit (F. faict, wrought or fashioned for a pur- 
pose : Dut. vitten, to square, to fit : L. f actus, made), 
close and easy setting of a dress: adj. suitable; con- 
venient; becoming; qualified; right: v. to suit one 
thing to another; to adapt; to qualify for; to be 
proper or suitable: fit'ting, imp. adapting; quali- 
fying: adj. appropriate ; becomine:; suitable: fitted, 
pp.: fitly, ad. -II: fit'ness, n. qualification; adapta- 
tion ; propriety ; convenience : fittingly, ad. -U : fit'- 
tedne3s, n. suitableness : fitter, n. one who puts parts 
together, as machinery: to fit out, to furnish with 
necessaries : to fit up, to prepare for reception or use. 

fitch, n.flch (It. veccia), the vetch; a chick-pea. 

fitchet, n.flch'et, also fitchew, n. flch'u (F.fissau 
—from L. foctere, to stink), a polecat. 

&tz,fltz (Norm.), a common prefix, meaning son of. 

five, a.n.fiv (Goth, fimf: Ger. funf: Dnt.vyf: L. 
quinque: Gr. pente : Sans, pamhan), four and one: 
five-fold, a. ad. five times repeated. 

fix, v. flks (L. fixus, fixed, fastened: It. fisso: F. 
fixe), to attach firmly ; to fasten ; to make immovable ; 
to settle ; to appoint ; to establish ; to become firm or 
solid : fixing, imp. : fixed, pp. flkst, stable ; firm ; 
intently directed : fix'edly, ad. -ed-ll: flx'edness, n., 
also fixity, n. fiks'l-tl, coherence of parts : in a fix, in 
a difficulty: fixa'tion, n. -a'shiin, stability: fixture, 
n. fiky'-tar, any permanent article of furniture; that 
which is permanently attached. 

fizz, v. f\z (a word imitative of the sound), to make 
a hissing sound : fizzing, imp. : fizzed, pp. fizd. 

flabby, a. fldb'-bl (imitative of the sound produced 
by the flapping: of a loose broad surface, which is re- 
presented by the syllables flab, flap, flag, flack, and 
suchlike: But. flabberen, to flap, to flutter: F.flapjx, 
faded, soft), unnaturally soft; hanging loose by its 
(Wi n \ eight : flab'bily, ad. -II: flabtdness, n. 

flabellate, a. fid-biV-lat, also flabelliform, a. -II- 
fawrm (L. ftabellum, a fan, and forma, shape), in hot., 
shaped, and sometimes plaited, like a fan. 

flaccid, a,.flak'-sld {L.flaccidus ,- It. flaccido, flabby : 
F.flaque; Bret, flak, weak, drooping: Ger. flacken, to 
flicker— see flabby;, not stiff; soft and weak; wanting 
in stiffness: flac cidly, ad. -II: flaccid'ity, n. -sld'-l-ti, 
also flae'eidness, n. want of firmness or stiffness. 

flag, x\.flag(T>a.u.fia: g, a marsh-plant ; flagre, to wave 
to and fro as flame), a plant which grows' in marshy 
places, having large-bladed or sword-shaped leaves ; 
the sedge or iris. 

flag, n. fldg (Dut. flaggeren, to flag, to hang loose : 
F. flaque; Bret, flak, flaggy, drooping — see flabby), 
a piece of cloth on which is wrought some device, 
usually set upon a staff to wave in the wind ; the 
ensign or colours of a regiment, ship, &c. : v. to grow 
spiritless or dejected; to lose vigour; to droop: 
flag'ging, imp.: adj. languishing; having a tendency 
to weariness or faintness: flagged, pp. fldgd: flaggy, 
a. fldg'gl, weak ; not stiff : flag^gingly, ad. -II ; flag'gi- 
ness, n. want of tension: flag-officer, in the navy, 
the admiral or superior officer: flag-ship, the ship 
which carries a superior officer, as the admiral : flag- 
staff, the pole or staff on which the flag is fastened : 
black flag, a flag of a dark colour displayed to inti- 
mate to an enemy that no mercy will be given: 
flag of truce, a white flag displayed to an enemy to 
invite to a conference, or to make some request or 
communication not hostile : red flag, a flag of a red 
colour displayed as a signal of danger, or as a token 
of defiance : national flag, a flag of a particular coun- 
try on which some national emblem or device is em- 
blazoned : to hang the flag half-mast high, to raise a 
flag only half-way up the mast or flag-staff as a token 
or sign of mourning : to strike or lower the flag, to 
lower it from the top in token of respect, or of sur- 
render to an enemy. 

flag, n. fldg (Sw. flaga, a crack or breach ; prov. 
Dan. flag, a turf peeled off from the surface: Icel. 
flaga, to cut turfs ; flis, a splinter), a broad flat stone 
used for pavements : v. to lay with broad flat stones : 
flagging, imp- fldg'gl ng : n. the act of laying with broad 
flat stones; aside walk of large flat stones: flagstone, 
n. a broad flat stone for a foot-pavement : flaggy, a. 
■gl, arranged in thin layers as a stone ; capable of 
being split into flagstones. 

flagellate, v. fidj'ehlat (L. flagellare, to flog: It. 
'ame, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



FLAG 



208 



FLEA. 



ftagellare : F. flageller), to whip ; to scourge : flag'el- 
la'ting, imp. : flag'ella'ted, pp.: flag'ella'tion, n. -la- 
shun, a flogging : flag'ellant, n. one who flogs him- 
self ; one of a religious sect of the 13th and 14th cen- 
turies who flogged themselves as a religious duty : fla- 
gelliform, a. // iei'U (1 lum, a whip, and 

forma, shape), in hot., flexible, narrow, and tapering, 
like the thong of a whip : flagellum, n. -lum, in hot., 
a weak creeping stem, bearing rooting buds at differ- 
ent points, as in the strawberry. 

^-jeolet, -° 

. o pipe), 
end ; a small musical pipe. 

flagitious, a. fld-jlsh '■ A L.flagitv &s, disgraceful— 
from flagito, I demand hotly or fiercely : It. ftagizioso), 
grossly wicked ; heinous ; atrocious ; villanous : fla- 
gitiously, ad. -II ; flagiti'ousness, n. wickedness ; 
villany. 

flagon, n. fldg'on (F. .flacon, a great leathern bottle), 
a large drinking vessel with a narrow mouth. 

flagrant, a,.fla'grdnt (L.flagrans, burning with heat : 
It. flagrante : F. flagrant), glaring ; notorious ; very 
great : fla'grantly, ad. -II : fla'grance, n. -grans, also 
fla'grancy, n. -si, excess ; enormity. 

flail, n. flal (Ger. flegel ; F.flayau, a flail, a scourge 
—see flog), a wooden instrument for beating out corn 
from the ear. 

flake, n. flak (Sw. flaga, a crack : Bohem. flak, a 
good piece : Icel. flak, a plank, a slice), a feathery piece 
of snow as it falls from the clouds ; a feathery plate ; 
any scaly matter in small layers : v. to form into flakes ; 
to peel or scale off : fla'king, imp. : flaked, pp. flakt : 
flaky, a. -kl, consisting of flakes : fla'kiness, n.: flake- 
white, oxide of bismuth ; pure white-lead. 

flambeau, n.flam'bo (F.— from h.flamma, a flame), 
a lighted torch : flam'beaux, n. plu. fldm'boz, or -bo. 

flame, n. flam (L. flamma, a flame : F. flamme, a 
flame, a streamer ; flamber, to blaze), a blaze ; fire in 
general ; combustion of gas or vapour ; heat of pas- 
sion ; warmth of affection ; love ; violence ; one be- 
loved : v. to blaze ; to burn, as a gas ; to break out 
into violence: fla'ming, imp.: adj. blazing; bright ; 
luminous : n. a bursting out into flame : flamed, pp. 
flamd: flame'less, a. destitute of flame: in a flame, 
intensely excited ; thoroughly roused for action : 
flame-coloured, a. of a bright yellow colour : fla'ming- 
ly, ad. -II : fla'my, a. -ml, blazing ; having the nature 
of flames : flamen, n. fla'mSn (akin to Gr. flego, I set 
on fire), the person who lights the sacrificial fires ; a 
priest of anc. Rome : flamingo, n. fld-mlng'go, a long- 
legged, web-footed bird of a crimson or red colour, 
belonging to Africa and the S. of Europe. 

flange, n.flanj (Ger. flantsche, a slice : F. flanchere, 
a flanker, a side piece), a raised or projecting rim of 
anything, as of a railway-wheel, or a pipe : flanged, 
a. fldnjd, having a flange, or connected by a flange. 

flank, n.flangk(F.flanc: Ger.flanke: It. ftanco, the 
flank of a body), the fleshy or muscular part of an ani- 
mal situated between the ribs and the hip ; the side of 
anything, as of an army ; the extreme right or left of 
a military position ; the part of a work placed to de- 
fend another: v. to attack the side or flank of an 
army ; to pass round the side or flank ; to border ; 
to touch; to be posted on the side: flank'ing, imp. 
attacking on the side ; commanding on the flank : 
flanked, pp. fldngkt, covered or commanded on the 
flank: flank'er, n. he or that which flanks: flank 
movement, the posting of troops so as to be able to 
attack the extreme right or left of an enemy : to flank 
or turn the flank, to attack a body of troops on the 
side: to outflank, to extend beyond the extreme right 
or left of an enemy. 

flannel, n.fldn'-nel (F.flanelle, flannel ; W. gwlanen, 
flannel : formerly written flannen), a soft woollen cloth, 
loose in texture : flan'nelled, a. -neld, covered or wrap- 
ped in flannel. 



and easily moved; the motion and noise of it, as sails 
against the mast ; tail of a coat : v. to move, as wings ; 
to move or fall, as something loose ; to beat with a 
flap: flap'ping, imp.: adj. moving something broad 
and loose; beating: flapped, pp. fldpt: adj. struck 
with something broad; let down: flap'per, n. he or 
that which : flap-eared, a. having broad loose ears : 
flap-jack, a sort of broad pancake : flap-mouthed, a. 
having loose hanging lips. 
flare, v.flar{Da,u. flagre; Ger. flackern, to flicker, 



to flutter— see flagrant), to glitter with a splendid but 

; •■■"■ i< >> .lum <■■ ■■■! " ■>■■■ '"'.ht; tospread 

outwards : n. a broad unsteady light, offensive to the 
eye: fla'ring, imp.: adj. burning with a wavering 
light ; showy : flared, pp.fldrd: fla'ringly, ad. -II. 

flash, n.^dsfe(representati m ol >undmadebya 

dash of water, or by a sudden burst of flame : Swiss, 
./'"'' "'' ". '" pla flat i to blaze), a sudden but 
transitory burst of light or flame ; a sudden burst, as 
of wit : v. to burst or open instantly on the sight ; to 
strike or throw as a burst of light : flashing, imp. : 
adj. bursting forth, as a flood of flame : n. act of blaz- 
ing ; a sudden and momentary burst, as of light : 
flashed, pp. fldsht: flashy, a. -I, showy, but empty; 
gay: flashily, ad. -Zt: flashlness.n.: flashings, n. plu. 
pieces of lead or zinc, or other metal, used to cover 
joinings on roofs, also called aprons in Scotland. 

flask, n. flask /Ger. flaschc ; F. flfist/uc, a flask, a 
bottle— see flagon), a kind of bottle for containing 
liquors or powder: flasket, n.fldsk'St, along shallow 
basket. 

flat, a. fldt (imitative of the dashing down of some- 
thing soft : F. flac, a clap by something soft : Dut. 
vlecke, a blot, as of ink : Dut. vlack ; Ger. flach, flat, 
close to the ground), smooth ; even ; level ; tasteless ; 
insipid ; depressed ; unanimated ; positive or down- 
right : n. a level or extended plain ; a shoal or shal- 
low ; an even surface ; a story or floor of a house ; a 
sign in music (n) which lowers the following note 
half a tone : flat'tish, a. somewhat flat : flatly, ad. -II, 
evenly; positively: flat'ness, n. state or quality of 
being flat : flat'ted, a. rendered even on the surface ; 
made flat; wani-in", ,,: < spirit: flatten, v. fldt'n, 
to make flat ; to become flat : flattening, imp. flat' 
nlng : flattened, pp. fldt'nd : flat'wise, ad. with the 
flat downwards ; not on the edge. 

flatter, v.fldt'ter (Ice\. fladra, to wag the tail as a 
dog, to flatter: Ger. flattern, to flutter: Dut. fletteren, 
to flatter : F. flatter, to pat, to caress), to praise falsely ; 
to gratify another's self-love by praise ; to soothe with 
praise ; to raise false hopes in : flat'tering, imp.: adj. 
pleasing to pride or vanity ; gratifying to self-love ; 
encouraging hope: flat'tered, pp. -terd, soothed by 
praise ; pleaseu by commendation : flat'terer, n. one 
who flatters : flat'teringly, ad. -II : flat'tery, n. -ter-t, 
false praise; that which gratifies self-love; obsequi- 
ousness. 

flatulent, a. jldt'u-Unt (mid. L.flatulentus, flatulent 
—from L. flatus, a breath, a breeze), windy ; affected 
with air in the stomach and bowels ; vain ; empty : 
flat'ulently, ad. -1% : flat'ulence, n. -lens, also flat'u- 
lency, n. -Un-sl, fulness of wind : flatus, n. fla'-tus, 
wind collected in the intestines ; disturbance caused 
by it ; a puff of wind ; a breath. 

flaunt, x.flawnt (Ba,v.flandern, to wave to and fro : 
Ger. fladdern, to flutter), to wave to and fro in the 
wind ; to move about in fine clothes to let them be 
seen ; to carry a pert or saucy appearance : n. any- 
thing displayed for show: flaunting, imp.: adj. mak- 
ing an ostentatious display; flaunt'ed, pp.: flaunt'- 
ingly, ad. -II. 

flautist, n. flaw'tlst (It. flauto, a flute), a player on 
the flute. 

flavour, n. fla'ver (F. flairer, to smell, to scent : old 
Eng. flaware, a strong smell), peculiar taste or smell ; 
quality of anything which affects the smell; odour; 
fragrance : v. to impart a smell or taste to : fla'vour- 
less, a. destitute of flavour : fla'vouring, imp. : fla- 
voured, pp. -verd .- adj. having a quality that affects 
the sense of smelling or tasting. 

flaw, a. flaw (Sw. flaga, a crack, a flaw : W.fflaw, a 
splinter : connected with flag and flake), a blemish ; a 
crack ; a defect or blemish : v. to crack : flawing, 
imp.: flawed, pp. flawd: flaw'y, a. -I, having a blemish 
or defect : flawless, a. without a blemish. 

flax, n. fldks (AS. fleax, flax— from feax, the hair: 
Bohem. wlakno, unspun flax, fibres), a plant ; the pre- 
pared fibres or threads of the same which are made 
into linen cloth : flax-dresser, n. one who prepares the 
fibres : flax'en, a. -in, made of or resembling flax ; 



fair, usually with the s 



s of long and flowing: 



to flay), to strip off the skin of an animal : flaying, 
imp.: flayed, pp.flad: flay'er, one who. 
flea, n.flS (Ger. floh; Icel. flo, a flea), a small insect 

of ■'■ I'i'r, <l;n I b''i.ivH ■-: loin |.i i:;i,iv,'y ,n h :m 

very troublesome by its bite : flea-bite, n. the red spot 



mdte, mat, far, laiv; mete, mSt, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



FLEA 



209 



FLOC 



caused by the bite of a flea ; a trifling wound or pain : 
flea-bitten, a. bitten or stung by a flea, 

fleam, n.flem{F. flamme, a lancet: Dut. vlieme, a 
lancet, a sli.i zmm, the sting 

of a bee), an instrument for bleeding cattle. 

fleche, n. flash (F.— from flcche, an arrow), in fort., a 
field-work consisting of merely two faces forming a 
salient angle pointing outward. 

fled, v. fled— see flee. 

fledge, v.flij (Ger. flugge, feathered— fromfliegen, to 
fly), to furnish with feathers and wings, as a bird: 
fledging, imp.: n. a covering of feathers : fledged, pp. 
flcjd, covered with feathers: fledgling, n. a bird 
newly fledged. 

flee, v.Jle (AS. fleon ; Ger. fliehen ; L. fugere, to flee), 
to run with rapidity— to flee, as a man or beast— to fly, 
as a bird ; to run from danger or for shelter ; to 
hasten away; to avoid : fleeing, imp.: fled, pp. fled, 
did flee. Note.— 'When a very great amount of speed 
is wished to be indicated, we apply fly to either man 
or beast. 

fleece, n. fles (AS. flyse ; Dut. vlies, a tuft of wool : 
Ger. fliess, a tuft of wool or hair), the whole wool shorn 
from a sheep at one time : v. to shear or clip wool 
from; to strip or plunder: fleecing, imp. flc'-slng, 
stripping of money or property: fleeced, pp. Jlest: 
adj. furnished with a fleece ; stripped by exactions : 
fleecer, n. one who strips or plunders : flee'cy, a. -si, 
covered with wool ; woolly ; soft : fleece'less, a. 

fleet, v. flet (from the notion of flowing water : Sw. 
flyta; Dan. flyde, to flow: AS. fieotan, to flow), to flow 
'away; to move rapidly: fleet ing, imp.: fleet ed, pp.: 
fleet, a. (It. Jlusso; Icel. fliotr. transitory, swift), swift 
of pace : nimble ; active : fleeting, a, transient ; pass- 
ing rapidly: fleetly, ad. -ll, nimbly; swiftly: fleet - 
I'.litv: fleet, n. (AS. flota, 
a ship : Low Ger. flote, a raft : Icel. floti : F. flotte, a 
fleet), a number of ships in company ; a navy or squad- 
ron ; a creek ; an inlet. 

Fleming, n. flem'-lng, a native of Flanders, in Bel- 
gium : Flemish, a.flem'-lsh, of or from Flanders. 

flesh, n. flesh (Dut. vleesch ; Ger. fleisch ; AS. flccsc, 
flesh: Icel.jfa'cfct, a large piece of meat), that part of 
an animal underlying the skin or covering, as distin- 
guished from the bones and fluids ; the body, as dis- 
tinguished from the soul ; human nature ; carnal state ; 
sensual appetite ; kindred ; family : adj. of or like 
flesh, as flesh-coloured, &c. : fleshed, a. fldsht, fat ; 
having abundance of flesh : flesh'ings, n. plu. cover- 
ings resembling the natural skin worn by actors: 
flesh-wound, a wound affecting the flesh only : flesh- 
tints, colours used in representing the naked body : 
flesh less, a. without flesh : fleshly, a. -li, animal ; car- 
nal ; not spiritual : fleshliness, n. : fleshy, a. -%, full of 
flesh ; plump : fleshiness, n. corpulence ; grossness. 

fleur-de-lis, n. fldr'dd-le' (F. flower of the lily— see 
under flower), a variety of iris ; the royal insignia of 
France. 

flew, v.fl6, did flv— see fly. 

flexible, a./"--" 

— from flexus, 

yielding to pressure; not stiff; obsequious; docile: 
flexibly, ad. -l-bll: flexlbleness, n., also flexibility, 
11. -l-bll'-l-tl, pliancy; the opposite of stiffness: flexile, 
a. fleks'll, easily bent: flexion, n.flek'shun, the act of 
bending ; a double ; a fold : flexor, n. fliks'-dr, a muscle 
which bends or contracts a joint : flex'uous, a. -u-iis, 
also flex'uose, -Oz, winding ; unsteady or wavering ; 
in bot., having alternate eurvations in opposite direc- 
tions; bent in a zigzag manner: flex'ure, n. -ur, a 
joint ; the part bent ; the act of bending. 

flicker, v. fllk'er (imitative of a flapping sound : 
Ger. flackern, to flare, to flutter : Dut. fliggeren, to 
flutter), to twinkle, as a light; to flitter; to waver: 
flickering, imp. : flickered, pp. -erd .- flick'eringly, 
ad. -ing-ll : flick, v.fllk, to whip lightly. 

flier, u.fli'er (see fly), that part of a machine which 
equalises an ■notion of the whole. 

flight, n. flit (Icel. flug ; AS. floe ; Dut. vleuge, the 
act of flying— see fly), a hasty removal ; the act of fly- 
ing or fleeing ; a volley or shower, as of darts or ar- 
rows ; an' excursion, as a flight of the imagination ; a 
mounting; a soaring ; r. a at sally, as of am- 

bition ; space passed, as by flying ; a flock of birds or 
winged creatures ; birds produced in the same season ; 
a series, as stairs : flight'y, a. -*, fickle in disposition 
cf mind ; son. 1 in ind : flight'ily, ad. 

-ft: flightlness, n. state or quality of being flighty or 
volatile ; levity ; giddiness. 



flim-flam, n. fllm-ftclm ., tative of the flap- 

ping of a loose texture in the n i ad), a light insignifi- 
cant thing ; a trifle ; a whim ; a freak. 

flimsy, a.fllm'zl (a probable corruption of the imita- 
tive word flim-flam, idle nil: a trifle. Sp. llamear, to 
shiver, to flutt Is : Icel. jlapra, to blow 

inconstantly), without bc rei _rli. or force; 

thin or loose of texture ; shallow : flim'sily, ad. -li : 
flim'siness, n. thinness and weakness in texture ; want 
of solidity. 

flinch, Y.Mn ck: Ger. flink, 

smart, brisk: Dut. flinkeren, to glitter, to twinkle), to 
shrink or draw back, as from pain, suffering, danger, 
or duty; to fail: flinching, imp.: n. a shrinking or 
drawing back under pain or difficulty: flinched, pp. 
fllnsht: flinch'er, n. one who : flinch'ihgly, ad. -li. 

flingi v. fling (Icel. fleygia, to cast, to fling: Norse, 
flengja, to tear to pieces : Sw. flinga, a fragment), to 
cast or throw from the hand ; to throw or hurl ; to 
flounce : n. a throw ; a cast from the hand ; a sneer or 
sarcasm : flinging, imp.: flung, pt. and -p^. flung, did 
fling: fling'er, n. one who : to fling up, to relinquish 
or give up : to have one's fling, to enjoy one's self to 
the full. 

flint, n. flint (Ger. flins, flint : Dut flise, to split : 
Icel. fleinn; AS. flan, an arrow, a dart), a very hard 
species of stone, generally in nodules and concretions ; 
anything very hard : flint'y, a, -i, like flint ; hard ; 
obdurate : flint'iness, n. : flint-glass, so called from 
having flint in its composition : flint-implements, the 
general term for spear-heads, arrow-heads, &c, formed 
of flint. 

flippant, a. flXp'pdnt (Icel. fleipr, tattle ; fleipinn, 
flippant, pert), talkative ; fluent and rapid in speech : 
pert: flip pantly, ad. -ft: flippancy, n. -pan-si, fluency 
of speech; heedless pertness. 

flirt, v. flert (Bav. flitschen, to flap, to flutter ; flit- 
schen, a young girl : W. ffrit, a sudden start or jerk ; 
ffritten, a flighty female), to run and dart about ; to 
coquet with men ; to act with giddiness ; to toss or 
throw with a jerk : n. a darting motion ; a pert giddy 
girl; acoquette: flirting, imp.: adj. jerking; darting 
about; giddy; coquettish: flirt'ed, pp.: flirtation, n. 
flir-ta'sliun, act of flirting; desire of attracting the no- 
tice and admiration of "men; coquetry: flirt'ingly, 
ad. -li. 

flit, v. flit (Ban. flylte, to remove: low Ger. flitzen, 
to move rapidly: Bav. flet zen, to change one's abode), 
to fly about with rapid motion ; to dart along ; to flut- 
ter on the wing ; to remove ; to migrate : flitting, 
imp. : n. a flying with celerity ; a fluttering ; a re- 
moval from one house to another : flit'ted, pp. : flit- 
tingly, ad. -li. 



the side of a hog salted and cured. 

float, v. flot (AS. fleotan, to float: F. flotter, to 
float : Icel. flot, the act of swimming— see fleet), to 
swim on the surface ; not to sink ; to move lightly 
and irregularly, as through the air; to cover with 
water : n. anything used to buoy up something else ; 
the cork or quill used on a fishing line : float ing, 
imp. : adj. lying on the surface of water, or in air ; 
free or loose to be used as occasion requires, as capi- 
tal : float'ingly, ad. -ll: floated, pp.: float'able, a. 
-a-bl, that may be floated: floater, n. -er, he or that 
which: floatage, n. -Oj. r 1 ats: floatation, 

n. flo-ta'shun, also spelt flota'tion, n. the act of float- 
ing ; the science of floating bodies : float-bridge, a 
bridge of rafts or boats floating on the water : floating- 
light, a ship in a fixed position bearing a light; any 
floating vessel bearing a light : float-board, one of the 
boards of a water-wheel, or of a steamer's paddle- 
wheels : floating battery, a battery erected on a raft, 
or on the hulls of ships : float-stone, a porous silici- 
ous stone which floats on water : floating debt, debt 
not funded: floating capital, capital employed in 
>, but of uncertain amount. 

floatsam— see flotage. 

floccillation, ihun (L.floccus, a lock of 

wool— see flock), a picking of bed-clothes by a sick 
person, an alarming symptom : floccose, a. flok-koz', 
in bot., covered with wool-like tufts: floccosely, ad. 
-ll, in a tufted manner : flocculent, a. flok'ku-lent, co- 
alescing and adhering in flocks or flakes ; having the 
appearance of flocks or flakes: floc'culence, n. -lens, 
the state of being flocculent : floccus, n. flok'kus, plu. 
flocci, flok'-sl, in bot., woolly filaments ; a tuft of hair 
terminating a tail. 



l!,fobt; pure, Md; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



FLOC 2 

flock, n.fldk [L.floccus; It. fiocco; F.floc, a lock or 
flock of wool: Norse, flokk, a heap, a family: AS. 
floe, a flight), a company or collection, as of sheep or 
birds ; a lock or flake of wool ; a Christian congrega- 
tion in relation to their pastor : v. to gather in flocks 
or crowds ; to crowd together : flocking, imp. : flocked, 
pp. flokt : flocky, a. flok'l, abounding with flocks or 
little woolly tufts. 

floe, n. flo (Icel. fiaga, what separates as a splinter : 



to whip ; to lash : flog'ging, imp. : n. a whipping, as 
a punishment: flogged, pp. flogd. 

flood, n. fiud (Goth, flodus ; Icel. flod; Sw. flod, a 
flowing water : Icel. flceda ; Sw. floda, to inundate), a 
great flow of water ; a body of water overflowing land, 
as from a river ; abundance : v. to deluge ; to over- 
flow: flood'ing, imp. overflowing: n. an extraordi- 
nary uterine flow of blood : flood'ed, pp. : flood-tide, 
the rise and flow of the tide : the flood, the great de- 
luge in the time of Noah : flood-gate, a gate to be 
opened for the flow of water, or to be shut to prevent 
its flow: flood-mark, the line to which the tide 
rises. 

flook, n.fldk (Get. fluhen, the flooks of an anchor— 
from Ba.v.flug; Low Ger.flu.nke, a wing: Tmn.flig, a 
flap), that part of an anchor which catches the ground, 
generally spelt fluke: flooken, n., also flukan, n. 
fldk'dn, a miner's term for a soft clayey substance 
occasionally found in cross-courses and slides : flook- 
ing, n. same meaning. 

floor, n. flor (AS. flor ; Dut. vloere, a floor : Ger. flur, 
a tract of flat country : W. llawr, the ground : L. lar, a 
hearth), that part of a house or room on which we 
walk ; a story ; a series of rooms on the same level : 
v. to lay with a floor ; to knock down ; to silence an 
opponent : floor 'ing, imp. : n. a platform ; pavement ; 
material for floors : floored, pp. fiord, colloquially, 
overcome or exhausted, as by trouble or fatigue: 
floor'er, n. -er, a blow which knocks down ; an argu- 
ment or question which stuns or silences : floor'less, 
a. without a floor. 

flora, n. flo'-rd (L. flos, a flower— gen. floris), the 
whole plants peculiar to a country or to a geological 
era—; fauna, the animals peculiar to a district; the 
goddess of flowers in anc. myth.: flo'ral, a. -rdl, pert, 
to flowers ; in hot., seated about the flower-stalk, and 
near the flower : flores'cence, n. -res-ens, the flower- 
ing of plants : floret, n. flo'-ret, a little flower : florid, 
a. flor'ld (L. floridus, flowery), bright in colour; 
showy; brilliant: floridly, ad. -11: flor'idness, n. 
brightness or freshness of colour : florid'ity, n. -l-tl, 
florid character: floriferous, z,. flo-rlf'-er-us (L. fero, I 
hear), producing flowers : floriform, a. flor'-l-fawrm 
(L. forma, shape), flower-shaped : flor ist, n. -1st, 
a cultivator of flowers: florlcul'ture, n. -l-kul-tur 
(L. cultura, cultivation), whatever relates to the cul- 
ture and arrangement of plants grown for their 
flowers, or as objects of taste : florlcuTtural, a. -tu- 
rdl, pert. to. 

Florentine, a. flor'-Sn-tln, of or from Florence, in 
Italy : n. a native of. 

florin, n. flor'-ln (F. florin ; It. florino ; Ger. floren), 
a coin originally made at Florence ; an English coin, 
value two shillings. 

floscular, a. flos'-ku-ler, also, flos'cnlous, a. -Ms (L. 
Uosculus, a little flower— from flos, a flower), in hot., 
applied to the corolla of a floret when tubular : flos'- 
cule, n. -kul, the partial or lesser floret. 

flos-ferri, n. flds-fSr'-rl (L. flower of iron), a mineral, 
a fine radiated variety of arragonite. 

floss, n.fids (It. floscio; Venet. flosso ; Piedm. flos, 
faint, drooping: F. flosche, weak, soft: Lang, flosso, 
soft untwisted silk), the downy or silky substance 
found in the husks of certain plants : flos'sy, a. -si, 
soft and silk-like : floss-silk, n. a kind of loose inferior 
silk. 

flotage, n. flo'-fdj (from float— see float and fleet), 
the act of floating: flotation, ii. ,< , . i s >< <> 
of floating ; the science of floating bodies : flotsom, n. 
Mt'-sum, also float'sam, n. -s&m, goods found floating 
without an owner on a river or sea,— jetsom or jetsam, 
goods thrown ashore without an owner. 

flotilla, n. fio-tll'-ld(Sp. flotilla; F.flottille, a squad- 
ron : dim. of Sp.flota, a fleet), a fleet of small vessels. 

flounce, n. fldwns (F. froncis, a plait, a wrinkle : 
Dut. fronsse, a wrinkle), a loose flap sewed outside 



FLUG 

the skirt of a lady's dress : v. to adorn with flounces : 
flouncing, imp. flown- sing i flounced, pp. flownst. 

flounce, v. fldwns (Norse, flunsa, to do anything 
with noise and bluster: Sw. flunsa, to plunge in 
water: Dut. flansen, to do in a hasty, careless way), 
to be in a toss and fume with anger; to throw the 
limbs and body one way and the other : n. a sudden 
jerking or tossing motion of the body : floun'cing, 
imp. : flounced, pp. flownst. 

flounder, v. fCown'-der (a nasalised form of Dut. 
flodderen, to make a flapping or fluttering motion, as 
loose garments : Ger. flunder, to flounder), to strug- 
gle, roll, or toss, as a horse in the mire : floun'dering, 
imp. rolling, tossing, and tumbling, as in mire: 
floun'dered, pp. -derd. 



swimming near the bottom. 

flour, n. flow'-r (F. fleur, flower, blossom ; fleur de 
farine, blossom of meal, flour), the fine sifted part of 
ground wheat or other grain: flou'ring, n. the busi- 
ness of converting grain into flour : floury, a. fldw'-rt, 
resembling flour. 

flourish, v. fliir'-lsh (L. floresco, I begin to bloom— 
fromflos, a flower: F.fleu bio j.tocomeout 

in blossom ; to thrive ; to prosper ; to adorn with flow- 
ers ; to wave or brandish ; to embellish or adorn : n. 
blossom ; showy splendour ; parade of words ; a 
sounding, as of trumpets; a bold stroke «in writing: 
flourishing, imp.: adj. thriving; prosperous; making 
a show: flourished, pp. -isht: flourishingly, ad. -II. 

tLout.v. fldwt {Dut. fluyten triatle, to flatter : 

Scot, flyte, to scold), to mock ; to treat with contempt ; 
to jeer : n. a mock ; an insult: flouting, imp. : flout '- 
ed, pp. : floutingly, ad. -It. 

flow, v. flo (AS. flowan; Dut. vloeden, to flow: L. 
fluere, to flow— allied to fleet), to move along, a3 
water ; to run, as a liquid ; to issue, as from a source ; 
to glide along smoothly; to hang loose and waving, 
as a mantle : n. rise of water, as opposed to a fall ; a 
stream ; copiousness, as a flow of language ; sudden 
plenty or abundance : flow'ing, imp. : adj. running, 
as water ; fluent orsmooth : n. act of running, as water ; 
great rise or abundance, as of water : flowed, pp. flod: 
flow'ingly, ad. -II: flow'age, n. -aj, act of flowing; 
state of being flowed. 

flower, n. flow'-r (F. fleur ; L. flos, flower, blossom- 
gen, floris), blossom ; the bloom or flourish of a plant ; 
the best or finest part of a thing, as flower of age, 
an army, &c. : v. to blossom or bloom ; to adorn with 
flowers : flowering, imp. fldw'-rlng : adj. blossoming ; 
blooming: n. act of blossoming; the season when 
plants blossom ; act of adorning with flowers : flow- 
erless, a. flow'-r -les, destitute of flowers: flowers, n. 
plu. flow'-rz, a name formerly used in chemistry for 
fine mealy matter, as flowers of sulphur: flower-stalk, 
n. the stem of a flower: flowered, pp. flow'rd: adj. 
embellished with figures or flowers : flower-garden, 
n. ground set apart for the cultivation of flowers : 
flowery, a. fldio'-rl, full of or adorned with flowers ; 
ornate, as applied to language : flow'eriness, n. : 
flow'eret, n. -ret, a little flower: flower-de-luce, n. 
floiv'r-da-los', also -de-lis (F. fleur-de-lis, flower of the 
lily), the iris ; cornflag ; the part of an armorial bear- 
ing representing a lily. 



to move, as a wave ; to move, now in one direction 
then in another ; to be irresolute or wavering ; to rise 
and fall, as prices : fluctuating, imp. : adj. unsteady ; 
wavering ; changeable : fluctuated, pp. : fluctuation, 
n. -d'-shun, a moving in this and that direction ; a ris- 
ing and falling suddenly. 

flue, n.flo (old F. flue, a flowing; finer, to flow— from 
L. fluere, to flow), a small chimney leading into a 
larger ; a passage for conveying smoke and flame from 
a fire ; a tube or shaft for conveying heat, &c. 

flue, n.fld, also fluff, n.fluf{W. pluf, feathers: Bav. 
flawen, light dust that settles on clothes), nap or 
down ; little feathers or flocks that stick to clothes : 
fluffy, a. -fi, pert, to nap ; soft and downy. 

fluent, a. fid'-ent (L. fiuens, flowing — gen. fluentis: 
It.fluente), flowing smoothly; ready in speech; volu- 
ble: flu'ency, n. -Sn-sl, rtu <;.. ace; smooth- 
ness : flu'ently, ad. -II, with ready flow. 

flugelman, n. flo'-gl-mdn (Ger. fiugelmann, file- 
leader— fTomfliigel, awing, and mann, a man), a soldier 



te, mat, far, law; mete, m&t, her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



FLUI 2! 

who stands on the right or in the front of abody of men, 
and whose mot ions in the manual exercises they simul- 
taneously follow— also spelt fugleman, n. fu'gl-mdn. 



FOG 



flows like water: adj. movable or flowing, as water 
or air: fluid'ity, n. -id'l-tl, the state in which bodies 
tend to flow, or are capable of flowing; a liquid state ; 
also flu'idness, n.: elastic fluids, vapours and gases : 
non-elastic fluids, ordinary liquids. 

fluke, n. flok (Ger. pflug, a plough— see flook), the 
broad part of the anchor which fastens in the ground. 

fluke, n.flok (AS. floe), a fish called a flounder. 

flume, n. flora (Norse, flaum, a flood), a stream of 
water in a confined channel to drive a mill. 

flummery, n.Jtum'mer-l (\V. llymry, an acid prepara- 
tion from the husks and fragments of oats ; or Ger. 
jflaumerei— from pflaum, a plum), a kind of food 
made from th steeped in water, called 

in Scotland sou-ens ; a light kind of food ; empty com- 
pliment ; mere flattery. 

flung, pt. and pp. of the verb fling. 

flunkey or flunky, n.flung'-kX (Low Ger. flunkern, to 
be gaudily dressed: Dut. flonkeren, to glitter), a ser- 
vant in livery, generally a term of contempt ; one who 
is obsequious and cringing to people of rank, and a 
servile imitator of their manners ; an upstart ; a low 
mean-spirited fellow: flunkyism, n. the character or 
quality of a flunky: flunkydom, n. the place or 
domain of flunkies. 

fluor, n. flo'or (L.fluo, I flow— so called from being 
used as a flux), a mineral variously coloured, usually 
called fluor-spar, or fluate 0/ lime: fluoric, Sb.flo-6r'ik, 
pert, to fluor, or obtained from it: fluorine, n.fl6'6-rln, 
in chem., an elementary substance first found in fluor- 
spar. 

flurry, n. flur'rl (a corruption of fluster or flutter, 
which see), bustle ; violent agitation ; commotion : 
v. to bustle greatly ; to put in agitation : flurrying, 
imp.: flur'ried, pp. -rid, agitated; alarmed. 

flush, v. flush (Dut. fluysen, to flow with violence, 
to rush: Scot, flusch, a run of water: Norse, flust, 
abundantly ; flus, open-handed : imitative of the sound 
of flowing water), to redden ; to glow ; to blush ; to 
cause redness ; to flow suddenly; to flood or inundate 
with water: n. sudden glow ; redness of the face from 
an afflux of blood ; a sudden flow of water : adj. fresh ; 
full of vigour; abounding; even or level with, as the 
water of a river with its banks in time of flood : ad. 
so as to be even with: flush'ing, imp.: n. a flowing of 
blood into the face ; a glow of red in the face : flushed, 
pp.fliisht; flush ness, n. abundance. 

fluster, v. flus'-ter (Icel. flaustr, over haste : Wal. 
flusturare, to raise a wind : allied to bluster), to agi- 
tate ; to confuse ; to be in a heat or bustle : n. hurry ; 
bustle; confusion; disorder: flus'tering, imp. : flus- 
tered, pp. -t&rd. 

flute, n. flot (F. flute; Ger. flote, a flute: Prov. 
flagos, a pipe), a small wind instrument consisting of 
a pipe with holes and keys : v. to channel or furrow, 
as if with pipes : fluting, imp. : n. channels or fur- 
rows in a column: fluted, pp. channelled or fur- 
rowed: flu'ter, n., also flutist, n. one who plays on 
a flute— see flautist. 

flutter, v.fliit'-ter (Low Ger. fluttem; Ger. flattern, 
to make a flapping or flutter : Dut. fledderen, to flap 
the wings : imitation of a flapping noise), to move or 
flap the wings rapidly in very short irregular flights 
or without flying; to hover; to be in agitation: n. 
vibration ; quick and irregular motion : hurry ; agita- 
tion of the mind; disorder: flut'tering, imp.: n. act of 
hovering or flapping the wings without flying ; agita- 
tion: adj. flnj vithout flight .-flut'tered, 
pp. -terd: flut'teringly, ad. -IX. 

fluvial, a. fld'vi-al, also flu'viatile, a. -d-ttl (L. flu- 
vialis, pert, to a river— from fluvius, a river: It. 
fluviale: F. fluvial), pert, to a river; produced by river 
action ; growing or living in fresh- water rivers : flu'- 
vio-marine', a. -6-ma-ren' (L. mare, the sea), in geol., 
applied to stratified deposits having a mixed river and 
sea origin ; estuarine. 

flux, n. flilks (L. fluxus, a flow— from fluo, I flow: 
It. flusso : F. flux), any flow or issue of matter ; matter 
discharged ; fusion ; a moving or passing in continued 
succession; a substance added in the smelting of 
metals to promote their fusion: adj. inconstant; not 
durable : v. to melt ; to cause a flux or evacuation : 
fluxing, imp.: fluxed, pp.flukst: fluxible, a. fluks- 
l-bl, capable of being melted or fused: fluxlbillty, n. 
coiv, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, 



flux'ions, n. plu. the branch of mathematics which 
treats of the analysis of infinitely small variable 
quantities — called also the differential calculus: flux- 
ional, a., also flux'ionary, a. -er-X, pert, to fluxions. 

fly, n. fix (AS. fleoge; Icel. fluga, a flying insect-see 
next fly), a small well-known insect ; anything light or 
swift ; a light carriage let on hire : fly-blow, v. -bio, to 
taint with the eggs of a fly, which produces maggots, 
or by its droppings : n. the egg of a fly : fly-blown, a. 
tainted with maggots. 

fly. v - flt (Ger. fliegen; Icel. fliuga; Dan. flyve, to 
fly), to move through the air on wings, as a bird or 
insect ; to pass on or away swiftly ; to run or retreat 
rapidly, as an army; to break or part suddenly; to 
rush at or attack suddenly; to shun ; to avoid : flying, 
imp. flx'lng: adj. floating; waving; light, and suited 
for prompt and rapid motion : n. act of moving in the 
air: fli'er, n. one who or that which: flew, pt.fld, did 
fly : flown, pp. flon, moved through the air ; passed 
away: fly-boat, a swift boat used on canals: flying- 
bridge, a temporary contrivance to enable an army 
rapidly to cross a river: flying-buttress, in arch., a 
curved brace or half arch for strengthening the part 
of a building which rises considerably above the rest : 
flying-fish, fish that can fly out of the water for a 
brief time by means of their very long pectoral fins : 
fly-leaf, the blank leaf at the beginning and end of a 
book : fly-wheel, a wheel in a machine that equalises 
its movements : to fly in the face, to act in defiance : 
to let fly, to discharge : to come off with flying colours, 
to be successful or triumphant : to fly open, to open 
suddenly or with violence : to fly out, to rush out ; 
to burst into a passion. 

foal, n. fol (Goth, fula; Ger. fohlen; W. ebol, a 
young horse), the young of the horse kind, or of an 
ass ; a colt or filly : v. to bring forth young, used of 
the horse kind : foaling, imp.: foaled, pp. fold. 

foam, n. fom (AS. Jam; Ger. faum; Dut. broem, 
scum, foam), the white substance formed on the sur- 
face of great bodies of water by agitation, as the foam 
I of the sea, or at a cataract ; the substance formed on 
the surface of liquors by agitation or fermentation— 
froth is strictly applicable to smaller bodies of liquids : 
v. to throw out froth in rage or in a fit ; to be in a 
rage ; to froth : foaming, imp. : adj. frothing ; fum- 
ing: foamed, pp. fomd: foamlngly, ad. -II: foamy, a. 
fom'X, abounding in foam : foam'less, a. 

fob, n. f6b (prov. Ger. fuppe, a pocket), a little 
pocket, as for a watch. 

fob, v. fob (Ger. foppen, to banter), to cheat ; to 
trick; to delude with a trick: fob'bing, imp.: fob- 
bed, pp. fobd. 

focus, n.fo'kus, plu. fo'cuses, -Sz, or foci, fo'sl (L. 
focus, a fire, the hearth : It. foco : F. feu), the point in 
which rays of light or heat meet ; any central point : 
v. to bring to a focus or to a centre : fo'cusing, imp.: 
focused, pp. fo'-kust .- fo'cal, a. -kdl, pert, to a focus. 

fodder, n.fod'der (A&.foder: Dut. voeder, victuals, 
food: mid. L. fodrum, a demand for provisions for 
man and horse, as by an army), food for horses, &c, 
generally dry, as hay or corn : v. to feed with dry 
food: fod'dering, imp.: foddered, pp. -derd. 

fodder, n. fdd'der, also foth'er and fud'der (AS. 
fother, a kind of cart, a load), a weight by which 
metals are sold, varying from 21 to 23 cwt. 
• foe, n./o (AS. fah, an enemy— from flan, to hate- 
see feud), an enemy; an adversary; an ill-wisher: 
foe'man, n. an enemy in war. 

foetus, n. fe'tiis (L. faztus, filled with young, preg- 
nant : It. feto, the embryo), the young of animals in 
the womb or in the egg after assuming a perfect form : 
foe'tal, a. -tdl, pert, to: fceta'tion, n. -td'shun, the 
formation of a fcetus. 

fcetor, n. fe'tor (L.), a strong offensive smell. 

fog, n. fog (Dan. fyge, to drive with the wind : proy. 
Dan. fuge, to rain fine and blow : Icel. fok, flight of 
things driven by the wind), a dense watery vapour 
floating near the surface of the earth ; a thick mist : 
foggy, a. -gX, cloudy; misty; dull: fog'gily, ad. -ll: 
fog'giness, n. state of being foggy ; cloudiness : fog- 
bank, an appearance at sea in hazy weather resem- 
bling land at a distance, caused by fog. 

fog, n. fog (mid. L. fogagium, winter pasture : Swiss, 
fasch, thick tangled grass), after-grass; grass not 
eaten down in the summer that grows in tufts over 
the winter ; in Scot., the mosses found in pasture lands, 
&c: fog'gage, n. -gaj, same as fog. 

game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



FOGY 



, applied to old sol- 
diers when embodied for drill or garrison duty. 

fohn, n. fon, the Swiss name of the hot southerly 
winds of summer. 

foible, n. foy'bl (F. foible, weak), a weak point in 
character ; a moral weakness or infirmity ; a failing. 

foil, v. foyl (F. affoler, to spoil, to befool— from fol, 
a fool), to frustrate ; to defeat ; to baffle ; to render 
unavailing : n. defeat ; frustration : foiling, imp. de- 
feating; frustrating: foiled, pp.foyld: foil'er, n. one 
who. 

foil, n. foyl (F. rifoule, dulled, blunted), the blunted 
weapon used in fencing or in learning the sword exer- 

fo'il, n. foyl (F. feuille ; L. folium, a leaf), a thin leaf 
of metal, as tin-foil, silver-foil, &c. ; a piece of gold or 
silver leaf set behind a gem to give it colour or lustre ; 
anything used for showing another object to advan- 
tage ; in arch., one of the small arcs in the tracery of 
Gothic windows, panels, &c. 

foist, v.foyst (Ger. fist, an ill smell : Dut. veest, wind 
from the bowels : Icel. fysa, to breathe, to break wind 
in a noiseless manner), to introduce something sur- 
reptitiously, the effects of which are only learned by 
disagreeable experience ; to insert by fraud or forgery, 
or without authority : foist'ing, imp.: foist'ed, pp. 

fold, v. fold (Goth, falthan; Ger. fatten; AS. feal- 
dan, to lay together, to fold: W. ffill, a twist), to 
double; to bend one part over on another: n. the 
doubling of any substance; a plait: folding, imp.: 
adj. doubling; that may close over another; consisting 
of leaves that may close one over the other : n. a doub- 
ling: fold'ed, pp.: folder, n. one who. 

fold, n. fold (AS. fold ; Gael, fal, a circle, a pen- 
fold : W. ffald, a sheep-cote), a place to confine sheep 
or other animals ; a flock of sheep : v. to shut up or 
confine, as sheep in a fold: folding, imp.: n. the 
keeping of sheep in enclosures : fold'ed, pp. : foldage, 
n. fold-aj, the right of folding sheep. 

foliaceous, a. fo'H-d'shiis (L. foliaceus, like leaves 
—from folium.; Gr. phullon, a leaf: F.foliace), leafy; 
consisting of leaves ; having the form of a leaf or thin 
plate : foliage, n. fo'li-aj (F. feuillage, leaves of a 
tree), leaves of a tree collectively ; a cluster of leaves : 
fo'liaged, a. -ajd, furnished with foliage : fo'liate, v. 
-at, to beat into a leaf or thin plate ; to cover with a 
coating, as of a metal: adj. leaved or having leaves : 
fo'lia'ting, imp. : fo'lia'ted, pp. : adj. consisting of 
plates or thin layers ; resembling a thin plate or a 
leaf : fo'lia'tion, n. -a'-shun, the leafing of plants ; the 
act of beating metal into thin plates ; leaf or foil ; 
the manner in which the young leaves of plants are 
arranged in the leaf-bud; in geol., the plates into 
which certain crystalline rocks are divided : foliferous,- 
a. fo-lif'er-us (L. fero, I bear), producing leaves : foli- 
ous, a. fo'll-us, leafy : fo'lio, n. -6, in book-keeping, the 
right and left hand pages; any book of the largest 
size formed by once doubling a sheet of paper; in 
law writing, a page containing a certain number of 
words : in folio, when a sheet makes but two leaves 
without further folding : fo'liole, n. -01, a leaflet. 

folk, n. fok (AS. folc ; Icel. fylki, a troop, a district : 
Pol. pulk, a regiment of soldiers), people in general, 
whether young or old : folk-land, land held by a sort 
of prescription : folk-lore or folks-lore, fok'lor (folk, 
and lore : Ger. volkslehre), system of popular legends ; 
popular traditions and superstitions : folk-mote, -mot 
(AS. mot, an assembly), an assembly of the people. 

follicle, n. fol'll-kl (L. folliculus, a small bag or 
sack inflated with air— from follis, a bag or bellows), 
an air-bag ; a little bag ; a cavity ; a seed-vessel open- 
ing along the side, to which the seeds are attached, as 
in the pea : folliculous, a. fol-lik'u-lus, also follicular, 
a. -u-lar, having or producing follicles. 

follow, v.f ol-lO (Ger. folgen; Icel. fylgia; AS. fol- 
gian, to follow), to go after or behind ; to come after ; 
to attend ; to pursue ; to result from or ensue ; to 
adopt: following, imp. being next after; succeed- 
ing : n. body of followers : followed, pp. -lod .- fol'- 
lower, n. a disciple ; an imitator ; a companion. 

folly, n. fol'-H (from fool : F. folie, folly), a weak or 
absurd act ; a weakness of mind ; sin. 

foment, v. fo-m6nt' (F. fomenter, to foment : L. fo- 
mentum, an application to assuage pain— from foveo, 
I warm, I cherish), to bathe with warm liquids ; to 
encourage or promote, as discord or discontent: 
fomenting, imp. : foment'ed, pp. : fomentation, n. 
fo'-men-ta-shun, the act of fomenting ; warm liquors 



FOR 



applied to a diseased part of the body: foment'er, n. 

one who foments. 

fond, a. fond (old Eng. fonne, to be foolish : Icel. 
fani ; Sw. fane, a fool : Gael, faoin, vain, foolish), 
tender and loving; much pleased with; partial to; 
used in the sens<; <,i .ii-hi i iv..>ii. <,-.• ,iii : \- 

-li: fond'ness, n. tender interest ; attachment ; strong 
inclination; strong appetite: fondle, v. J omi'l, to 
caress ; to treat with tenderness : fondling, imp. fond- 
ling : n. a person or thing fondled or caressed : fond- 
led, pp. fdnd'ld. 

font, n. font (L. fons, a font— gen. fontis : It. fonte: 
F. fonts), a baptismal basin. 

font or fount, n. fownt (F. fonte— from fondre, to 
cast : L. fundere, to pour, to melt), a complete assort- 
ment of types of one sort : fontal, a. fon'tdl, pert, to 
a fount or source. 

fontanels, n. fdn'ta-nels (F. fontanelle, meeting of 
the seams of the skull— from fontaine; L. fons, a 
fountain), the spaces left in the head of an infant 
where the frontal and occipital bones join the pari- 
etal : fontic ulus, n. -ttk'u-lus, a small ulcer, artifi- 
cially produced, for the discharge of humors from 
the body. 

food, n. fdd (AS. foda, nourishment : Dut. voeden, 
to feed, to bring up : Goth, fodjan, to nourish), what- 
ever is eaten l.i\ :iiil),i;.l i'i.n n'in.ri I ,<ii «- i i. ■ 

fool, n. fol (F. fol; W.ffol, foolish, vain: old F. 
folier, to err or wander: Dut. doolen, to stray), one 
who acts absurdly ; a person who is void of reason or 
understanding; a person of a weak intellect ; a jester: 
v. to treat with contempt ; to disappoint ; to cheat ; 
to trifle ; to toy : fool'ing, imp. : n. act of playing 
the fool : fooled, pp. f6ld, deceived ; imposed on : 
foolish, a. absurd ; marked with folly ; silly ; indis- 
creet : foolishly, ad. -II : foolishness, n. want of wis- 
dom or judgment : fool'ery, n. -er-i, habitual folly ; at- 
tention to trifles: foolhardy, a. -hdr'di, daring without 
judgment ; madly rash ; headlong : foolhar'diness, n. : 
fool's-cap or foolscap, n. paper of a certain size, so 
called from being formerly marked with a fool's cap 
and head : fool's-errand, the pursuit of what cannot 
be found ; an impossible enterprise : to play the fool, 
to behave like one devoid of understanding : to make 
a fool of, to cause to appear ridiculous ; to disappoint. 

foot, n. fdbt, plu. feet, fet (Dut. voet; Ger. fuss, a 
foot : Gr. pous, a foot— gen. podos : L. pes, a foot — 
gen. pedis), the lower part, base, or bottom of any- 
thing ; that on which any animal or thing stands ; a 
measure of 12 inches ; a step or pace ; the division of a 
line of poetry : v. to kick; to tread ; to dance ; to trip 
to music : footing, imp : n. a hold for the feet ; en- 
trance ; support : foot'ed, pp. : footless, a. without 
feet: foots, the settlings of oil, sugar, &c, at the 
bottom of a barrel : football, a large ball for kick- 
ing : footboy, n. a boy who attends in livery : foot- 
guards, n. plu. foot-soldiers belonging to those regi- 
ments called the guards : footfall, n. a setting down 
of the feet : footman, n. a soldier who fights on foot ; 
a servant in livery: footmark, n. a mark or track 
made by the foot : footnote, a note of reference at 
the foot of a page : foot-pace, a slow step: footpad, 
n. a highwayman on foot : foot-plate, the platform 
on which the engine and fire-man of a locomotive stand 
while attending to their duties : foot-path, a road for 
persons on foot: foot-rot, an ulcer in the feet of 
sheep : foot-rule, a measure of three feet : foot-sol- 
dier, one who fights on foot ; the opposite of horse- 
soldier : footsore, a. sore and worn at the feet ; foot- 
stalk, the stalk of a leaf, or of a flower : footstep, n. 
trace ; impression left by the foot : footstool, n. that 
which supports the feet of one sitting : foot-valve, 
the valve in the passage between the condenser and 
air-pump of an engine : on foot, walking : to set on 
foot, to originate ; to set in motion : on that foot- 
ing, on these grounds ; on that basis. 

fop, n. fop (Ger. foppen, to jeer, to banter: It. 
fiappe, a flap with a fox-tail), a vain conceited fel- 
low ; one over-nice and affected in dress, speech, and 
behaviour; a dandy: foppery, n. -per-l, excessive 
fondness of dress ; idle affectation: fop'pish, a. -pish, 
dressing in the extreme of fashion ; vain ; affected in 
manners: fop'pishly, ad. -1%: foppishness, n. 

for, prep, for (Goth, four ; Icel. fyrir, before : Ger. 
fur, for), in the place of; towards; on account of; 
beneficial to ; with respect or reference to ; for the 
sake of, &c. : as for, prep, phrase : for all that, not- 
withstanding: for all the world, wholly; exactly: 
forasmuch as, in regard that ; in consideration of ; 



mate, mdt,fdr, law; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, ndt, move; 



FOR 



213 



FORE 



conj. a word by which a reason is introduced of some- 
thing before advanced. 

for, for, prefix (Ger. ver; Goth, fair; F.for, away: 
L. /oris, without), not against ; forth ; away— as for- 
bid, to bid a thing away : forget, to a way -get ; to lose 
from memory : forego, to go without : forefend, to 
ward off. 



cattle, as grass, hay, or oats ; provisions in general : 
v. to collect food for cattle or horses ; to supply with 
fodder: f or'aging, imp. : adj. collecting provision for 
horses and cattle ; wandering in search of food : n. an 
incursion for forage or plunder : foraged, pp. -djd : 
for'ager, one who: foraging-cap, n. an easy-fitting 
light cap, fit for soldiers on a foraging-party : foray, 
n. for'a, a sudden incursion into a country in a 
hostile manner, as in border warfare. 

foralites, n. plu. for'-d-llts (L. foro, I bore, and Gr. 
lithos, a stone), in geol., certain tube-like markings 
occurring in sandstones and other strata, 

foramen, rx. for a'- men, plu. foramina, fdr-dm'-i-nd 
(L. foramen : It. forame, an aperture— from L.foro, I 
bore), a small opening; in tot., the opening in the 
coverings of the ovule: foram'ina'ted, a -na'-ted, hav- 
inglittle holes or perforations: foram'inous, a. -l-nus, 
perforated in many places ; porous : foram'inif'era, n. 
■nif-er-d (L. fero, I bear), in zool., many-celled organ- 
isms : foram'inif erous, a. -er-us, having many cham- 
bers or holes. 

forasmuch, conj. fdr'ds-miich' (made up of for, as, 
and much, which see), because that. 

forbade, pt. of forbid, which see ; did forbid. 

forbear, v. fdr-bar* (for, away, and bear), to refrain 
from ; to spare ; to withhold ; to stop or cease ; to 
pause : forbear'ing, imp. : adj. patient ; long-suffer- 
ing : forbore', pt. -bor', did forbear : forborne', pp. 
-bOrn', withheld : forbear'ingly, ad. -li: forbear'ance, 
n. -bar'&ns, lenity : restraint of temper ; exercise of 
patience. 

forbid, v. fdr-bld' (for, and bid: AS. forbeodan), to 
prohibit ; to command not to do ; to obstruct : for- 
bid'ding, imp. prohibiting ; hindering : adj. repel- 
ling approach ; disagreeable ; offensive : forbade', pt. 
-bad', did forbid: forbidden, pp. -bld'-n: adj. pro- 
hibited ; hindered : forbid denly, ad. -II : forbid der, 
n. one who. 

forbore and forborne— see forbear. 

force, n. fors (It. forza; mid. L. forcia— from L. 
fortis, strong : F. force, strength, virtue), active power ; 
vigour ; quantity of power produced by motion ; vio- 
lence ; troops ; a body of land or naval combatants ; 
capacity of exercising an influence or producing an 
effect ; power to persuade or convince : v. to compel ; 
to obtain by force ; to coerce ; to draw or push by 
main strength ; to ravish : for'cing, imp.: adj. impel- 
ling; driving; ravishing: n. the act of one who 
forces ; the act of urging on the growth of plants and 
fruits to maturity; the raising of plants by artificial 
heat: forced, pp. forst: adj. affected; overstrained; 
compulsory: force'ful, a. -fool, driven with force; 
acting with power: force'fully, ad. -ll: forceless, a. 
having little or no force : for'cer, n. one who ; the 
solid piston of a forcing-pump : forcible, a. for'si-bl, 
having force or efficacy; active; powerful; weighty: 
forcibly, ad. -Ml: for'cibleness, n.: forcing-pump, a 
pump for driving water onward, or throwing it to a 
distance: in force or of force, valid; of full virtue ; 
not suspended or reversed. 

force-meat, n.fors'rn' r arcvre, to stuff), 

meat chopped fine, and highly seasoned for stuffing. 

forceps, n. for'seps (L. forceps, a pair of tongs— from 
foris, an opening, and capio, I take: It. forcipe: F. 
forceps), a kind of pliers or small tongs used by sur- 
geons, &c: lorcipaXed, a,, for'sl-pa'ted, formed to open 
like a pair of pincers. 

ford, n. ford (Ger. furt ; Icel. trot ; Pol. brod, a 
ford), a part of a river or other water so shallow that it 
may be passed without swimming : v. to pass over a 
river by wading or walking : ford'ing, imp.: ford'ed, 
pp.: ford'able, a. -d-bl, that may be passed through 
on foot : ford'ableness, n. 

fore, a. for (Ger. vor, before— another form of for, 
which see), in front of ; coming or going first ; pre- 
ceding : fore and aft, among seamen, the whole length 
of the ship from end to end— fore, meaning front or 
first part, and aft, the behind or hinder part : as a pre- 
fix, fore generally means priority in time ; before : 
front part. 



forearm, n. for'-&rm, (fore, and AS. earm, the 
shoulder-joint), the part of the arm between the bend 
and the wrist. 

forearm, v. for-drm' (fore, and L. arma, weapons), 
to prepare for attack or resistance before the time of • 
need: forearm'ing, imp.: forearmed', -drmd'. 

forebode, v.for-bod' (fore, and bode), to foretell ; to 
feel a secret sense of something future— usually ap- 
plied to evil: foreboding, imp.: adj. presaging; 
ominous: n. perception beforehand: forebo'ded, pp.: 
forebo'der, n. one who. 

forecast, v. for-kast' (fore, and cast), to foresee ; to 
plan before execution : forecast'ing.imp.: forecasted, 
pp.: forecast, n. for'-kdst, previous contrivance ; fore- 
sight : forecast'er, n. one who. 

forecastle, n. for'kds'l or fok'sl (fore, and castle), 
forepart of a ship, formerly much raised ; the part 
where the foremast stands. 

fore-chosen, a. for-cho'zn (fore, and chosen), chosen 
beforehand. 

forecited, a. for-sl'ted (fore, undated), quoted before 
or above. 

foreclose, v. for-kloz" (fore, and close), to shut up ; to 
preclude: foreclo'sing, imp. -zing: foreclosed', pp. 



■klo'-zhoor, act of foreclosing ; prevention. 

fore-date, v. jor-daf (j'oi < , and date), to date before 
the true time: fore-deck, n. -dek, the forepart of a 
ship : fore-design, v. -de-sin', to plan beforehand ; to 
intend previously : fore-determine, v. -de-ter'mln, to 
decree beforehand. 

foredoom, v. forddm' (fore, and doom), to doom 
beforehand : fore'-door, n. -d6r, the door in front of a 
house. 

forefather, n. for-faih'er (fore, and father), an an- 
cestor : forefend', v. -fend', to ward off; to keep off ; to 
hinder ; to prevent approach ; to prohibit : f orefend- 
ing.imp.: forefend'ed.pp.: forefinger, n. -Jing'ger, the 
finger next the thumb : forefront, n. the front of any- 
thing : forefoot, n. one of the front feet of an animal. 

forego, v. f6r-g6' (fore, and go), to forbear to possess 
or enjoy ; to give up : foregoing, imp. : adj. going 
before in time or place ; preceding : foregone, pp. for- 
gon', given up : adj. made up or decided beforehand. 

foreground, Yi.for'-grmriid (fore, and ground), that 
part of a picture which appears to lie nearest the eye 
of the observer : forehead, n. for'ed, the part of the 
face extending from the hair of the head to the eyes : 
fore'horse, n. -hors, the horse which goes foremost. 

forehand, a. for'-hdnd (fore, and hand), done sooner 
than is regular: n. the part of a horse before the 
rider : forenand'ed, a. -hdnd'-id, early ; timely. 

foreign, a. for'ln (It. forense ; F. forain, belonging 
to what is without : L. foris, without, out of doors), 
external ; alien ; belonging to another nation or coun- 
try ; not to the purpose ; remote ; not native or nat- 
ural : for'eigner, n. -er, one belonging to another 
country ; not a native : for'eignness, n. remoteness. 

forejudge, v.for-juf (fore, and. judge), to judge be- 



previous knowledge of : foreknowledge, n.for-nol'ej, 
knowledge of a thing before it happens ; prescience : 
foreknown, pp. for-non', known beforehand. 

foreland, n. fOr'ldnd (fore, and land), a cape ; a 
promontory. 

forelock, n. fOr'lok (fore, and lock), the hair that 
grows over the forepart of the head : to take time by 
the forelock, not to let slip an opportunity; to make 
the most of time. 

foreman, n. for'mdn (fore, and man), a man set 
over workmen ; the chief man of a jury : fore'mast, 
n. -mdst, in a ship, the mast nearest the forepart : 
foremen'tioned, a. -men'-shund, said or written before : 
fore'most, a. -most, first in place or rank : fore'named, 
a. -namd, mentioned before. 

forenoon, n. for-ntn' (fore, and noon), from the 
morning to mid-day. 

forensic, a. fo-rin'-slk, also foren'sical, a. -si-kdl (L. 
forensis, belonging to the market or forum— from 
forum, the forum or market-place, where causes were 
tried and pleaded : It. forense), pert, to courts of 
judicature, or to discussions or pleadings in them ; 
used in courts or legal proceedings, as a forensic 
term, & forensic speech. 

foreordain, v. for'or-dan' (fore, and ordain), to or- 
dain or appoint beforehand ; to predestinate : f ore'or- 
dain'ing, imp. appointing beforehand: fore'ordained', 



coiv, lay, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



FORE 



214 



FORM 



pp. -dand', appointed beforehand : foreor'dina'tion, n. 
-or'dl-na'shun, previous ordination or appointment; 
predestination. 

forepart, n. for'pdrt (fore, and part), front or first 
part. 

forerun, v. for-run' (fore, and run), to precede ; to 
come before : forerun'ning, imp.: foreran', pt. -ran': 
forerun'ner, n. -run'-ner, a messenger sent before ; a 
harbinger. 

foresaid, a. for'sed (fore, and said), spoken before. 

foresee, v. for-se! (fore, and see), to see or know an 
event before it happens : foreseeing, imp.: foresaw', 
pt. -saw': foreseen', pp. 

foreshadow, v. for-sh&d'o (fore, and shadoiv), to 
shadow or typify beforehand: foreshad'owing, imp.: 
n. act of shadowing beforehand ; anticipation : fore- 
shad'owed, pp. -od: foreshew' or foreshow', v. -sho', 
to predict ; to foretell. 

foreship, n.for'ship, the forepart of a ship. 

foreshorten, v.for-shdrt'n (fore, and shorten), to re- 
present figures as they appear when viewed obliquely: 
foreshortening, n. -short'nlng, in painting, the art 
of diminishing the entire length of an object when 
viewed obliquely : foreshort'ened, pp. -short'nd. 

foresight, n. for'slt (fore, and sight), foreknowledge ; 
prescience ; provident care of futurity. 

foreskin, n. for'skin, the skin that covers the glans 
penis. 

forest, n. fdr'-Sst (It. foresta ; F. foret, an unculti- 
vated tract of country: W. gorest, waste ground), a 
large tract of land covered with trees; an unculti- 
vated tract of ground interspersed with wood for field- 
sporting: adj. sylvan; rustic: forested, a. covered 
with trees ; wooded : for'ester, n. one appointed to 
watch a forest and protect game : forestry, n. for'ds- 
tri, the art of forming forests : forest-tree, not a 
fruit-tree : forest marble, in geol., shelly limestone 
of the oolitic formation. 

forestall, v. for-stawl' (fore, and stall : AS. foresteal- 
lan, to forestall), to buy goods before they are 
brought to stall or the market where they are to be 
sold ; to anticipate ; to take beforehand : foresta!' 



forestay, n. for'std (fore, and stay), a particular 
rope in a ship reaching from the foremast-head. 

foretaste, n. for'-tast (fore, and taste), a taste be- 
forehand; anticipation: foretaste, v. for-tasf, to 
taste before full possession ; to have previous enjoy- 
ment or experience of something : foretast'ing, imp.: 
foretast'ed, pp. 

foretell, v. fdr-tSl', to tell before an event happens ; 
to predict : foretelling, imp. : foretold', pt.-told', did 
foretell : pp. told before ; predicted. 

forethought, n. for'thawt (fore, and thought), an- 
ticipation ; foresight ; provident care. 

foretoken, y.for-to'kn (fore, and token), to foreshow ; 
to presignify : n. a previous sign or omen : f oreto'ken- 
ing, imp. -to'kn-ing: foretokened, pp. -to'knd, fore- 
shown. 

foretooth, n. for'tdth (fore, and tooth), a tooth in 
the forepart of the mouth. 

foretopmast, n. fdr-tdp'mdst (fore, and topmast), 
the mast erected on the head of the foremast. 

forever, ad. for-ev'er (fore, and ever), always ; cease- 
lessly; endlessly. 

forewarn, v. for-wawrn' (fore, and warn), to ad- 
monish beforehand ; to give previous notice to : fore- 
warning, imp.: forewarned , pp. -wawrnd". 

forewoman, n. for'-wobm-an, the chief woman in a 
workshop. 

forfeit, n. for'fit (F. forfait, a crime— from/or/owYe, 
to misdo, to transgress : mid. L. foris-factus, one 
who has misdone himself— from foris, without, and 
f actus, done), a fine; a penalty; that which is lost 
or alienated for a crime, fault, or neglect : v. to lose 
by neglecting or refusing to fulfil the conditions of a 
contract or bargain ; to lose by some fault, crime, or 
offence: forfeiting, imp.: forfeited, pp.: adj. lost or 
alienated by an offence or crime, or by a breach of 
condition : forfeitable, a. -d-bl, liable to be forfeited : 
forfeiture, n. -ur, the losing of some right, privilege, 
estate, honour, or office, &c, by some offence, crime, 
or neglect tl i1 hichi forfeited. 

forfend, v. fdr-fSnd' (for, and F. defendre, to forbid 
—see for, and under forefather), to hinder ; to avert. 
forgave, pt. of forgive, which see. 
forge, v. forj (F. forge; It. forgia, a smithy— from 



ing and hammering ; to make falsely ; to falsify ; to 
counterfeit : n. a place where iron or any other metal 
is heated and beaten into shape ; a smithy : forging, 
imp.: forged, pp./dr-Jd: for'ger, n. -jer, one who falsi- 



ng o 



ir-i, the crime of niak- 



to make them pass as genuine ; that which is forged : 
to forge on, to make its way slowly and laboriously, 
as a ship. 

forget, v. fdr-get' (AS. forgitan : for, and get), to let 
go from the memory; to slight; to neglect: forget'- 
ting, imp.: forgot', pt. did forget: forgot'ten, pp. 
-gOt'n, escaped the memory ; neglected : forget'ter, n. 
one who : forget-me-not, n. a small flowering plant ; a 



; to 
... 
imp. : adj. inclined to overlook offences; ] 
forgave', pt. -gdv', did forgive : forgiv'en, pp. -giv'n, 
pardoned; remitted: forgive'ness, n. -nSs, pardon; 
remission. 

forgot and forgotten— see forget. 

fork, n. fdrk (L. furca; W. fforch; AS. fore; Icel. 
forkr; F.fourche, a fork), an instrument having two 
or more prongs ; anything like a fork : v. to raise or 
work with a fork ; to shoot or divide into blades or 



without a fork : fork'tail, a salmon in its fourth year : 
fork'edly, ad. -II: fork'edness, n.: forks of a river, 
the branches into which a river divides, or which 
come together to form it. 

forlorn, a. fdr-lawrn' (Goth, verloren, lost: Dut. 
verliesen, to lose : AS. forleoran, to lose, to let go), 
destitute ; forsaken ; solitary : forlornly, ad. -II : 
forlorn'ness, n. : forlorn-hope, a desperate case ; a 
body of soldiers selected to lead in an assault upon a 
fortified place. 

form, n.fawrm (L. forma ; It. forma, shape, figure : 
F. and old F. forme, fashion, a long bench), the shape 
or external appearance of anything; a pattern; a 
mould ; beauty ; stated method ; ceremony ; ritual ; 
something not essential ; a long seat used in a school ; 
name applied to one of the classes of a great public 
school, as first form, sixth form, &c, pronounced 
form; types set up ready for printing: v. to shape; 
to fashion; to mould; to contrive-; to combine; to 
make ; to constitute ; to go to make up : forming, imp. 
J'dr'ming: formed, pp. fawrmd: former, n. for'mer, 
one who: formless, a,.fawrm'4es, without form: for- 
mal, a. fdr'mtll, strictly ceremonious ; done in due 
form ; according to regular method ; having the form 
or appearance without the substance or essence : for'- 
mally, ad. -li: formality;, n. fdr-mal'-i.ti, ceremony; 
strict observance of social customs ; conformity to 
customary modes ; mode or method: formalism, n. 
fdr'ma-lizm, the form without the substance or 
essence; dependence on external forms only, as in 
religion : formalist, n. one who regards appearances 
only ; a stickler for forms ; a hypocrite : formation, 
n.for-ma'shun, the act or manner of forming; genera- 
tion or production; in geol., any assemblage of rocks 
which have some characters in common : for'mative, 
a. -md-tlv, giving form; plastic: n. a word formed 
from another. 

former, a. fdr'mer (AS. forma, early, former ; 
comp. of fore, which see), before another or something 
else in time or order; mentioned before another ; op- 
posed to latter : for'merly, ad. -li, in times past. 

formic, a. fdr'-mik (L. formica, an ant), pert, to ants : 
formicate, a. fdr'mi-kat, ant-like : for'mica'tion, n. 
-ka'shun, a sensation resembling that caused by ants 
creeping on the skin : formic acid, an acid obtained 
origin ally from red ants. 

formidable, a,.for'mi-da-U{L. formidabilis, causing 
fear— from formidare, to fear: It. formidabile : F. for- 
midable), exciting fear or dread ; dreadful : formi- 
dably, ad. -dd-bli: for'midableness, n. -dd-bl-nes, 
quality of exciting dread. 

formula, n. form'-u-la, plu. form'ulae, -le, also form'- 
ulas (L. formula, a fine form— from forma, a shape : 
It. formula: F. formule), the symbol or symbols ex- 
pressing the composition of a body ; a general expres- 
sion for resolving problems ; a confession of faith : 
form'ulary, n. -ler-i, a book containing prescribed 



L. faber, a smith), to shape a piece of metal by heat- 

mdte, mdt,fdr, law; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, mdve; 



FORN 



215 



FOUR 



also form'ulise, v. 4%z .- form'ula'ting, imp. : form'ula'- 
ted, pp.: form'uli'sing, imp.: form ulised', pp. -llzd/. 
fornicate, v. for'-ni-kat (L. fornicatio, an arching 
over— from fornix, an arch or vault, a brothel), to 
commit lewdness, as between unmarried persons : for'- 
nica'tion, n. -ku'shun, commerce between unmarried 

Eersons ; idolatry : for nica tor, n. an unmarried man 
aving commerce with an unmarried woman; an 
idolater: fornicatress, n. an unmarried woman 
guilty of lewdness. 

forray, n. for'-a, another spelling of foray, which 
see, and fodder. 

forsake, v. for-sak' (AS. forsacan, to oppose, to re- 
fuse— from for, away, and old Eng. sake, dispute : AS. 
sacan, to contend), to desert ; to abandon ; to depart 
from; to leave : - forsa1iing, imp.: n. act of deserting: 
forsook', pt. -sook', did forsake: forsaken, pp. -sa-kn: 
adj. deserted ; abandoned ; destitute. 

forsooth, ad. fdr-soth' (AS. for, for, and soth, truth), 
in fact ; certainly— used in contempt or irony. 

forswear, v. fdr-sivar 1 (AS. forswcerian, to forswear 
—from for, away, and swerian, to swear), to swear 
falsely ; to commit perjury ; to deny upon oath : for- 
swearing, imp. : forswore', pt. -swOr' : forsworn', pp. 
-sworn'. 

fort, n.fort (F.fort; It. forte; L. fortis, strong), a 
fortified place ; a castle: forte, v.fdrt, strong point ; 
that in which any one excels : forte, ad. fdr'-ta (it.), in 
music, with force; loudly: fortissimo, ad. fdr-tls'-sl- 
mO, very strongly or loudly: fortalice, n. fdrt'-al-is, a 
small fort; a block-house for defence: fort'let, n. a 



fended by a fortress. 

forth, ad. jOrth (AS. forth, forward: Dut. voord, 
forwards : Ger. fort, on, further), forward in place or 
order ; out ; abroad : forthcoming, a. about or ready 
to appear : forth 'going, n. a going forth ; a proceed- 
ing from : adj. going forth : forth' with, ad. without 
delay; immediately. 

fortieth, a.— see forty. 

fortify, v. f6r-ti-fi (F. fortifier, to strengthen— from 
L. fortis, strong, and facio, I make), to strengthen 
against the attack of an enemy by forts, works, &c. ; 
to render stronger by forts, &c. ; to invigorate ; to con- 
firm: fortifying, imp.: fortified, pp. -fid: adj. made 
strong against attacks: fortification, n. -fl-ka'-shun, 
a fortified place ; the art or science of fortifying places. 

fortitude, n. f6r'-tl-tud (L. fortiludo, firmness, re- 
solution—from fortis, strong: It. fortitudine), that 
power of mind which enables a person to act or suffer 
■with patience, and without flinching or complaining ; 
endurance; resolution. 

fortnight, n.fdrt'nlt (contr. from fourteen nights), 
fourteen days, or two weeks. 

fortress, n.— see fort. 

fortuitous, a. fdr-tu'-l-tus (L. fortuitus, that happens 
by accident— from fors, chance : It. fortuito : F. for- 
tuit), happening by chance ; casual ; accidental : for- 
tuitously, ad. -ft; fortuitousness, n. -nis: fortuity, 
n. -l-tl, accident ; chance. 

fortune, n. for'-tiin or for'chdbn (L. fortuna, luck, 
prosperity— from fors, chance: It. fortuna: F. for- 
tune), the good or evil that befalls man ; chance ; ac- 
cident; wealth; estate; possessions; the portion of 
a man or woman ; destiny; fate : fortunate, a.f&r'-til- 
ndt (L. fortunatus, prosperous, well off), lucky ; suc- 
cessful; happy: fortunately, ad. -II: fortuneless, a. 
without wealth ; poor : fortune-hunter, n. a man who 
seeks to enrich himself by marrying a woman pos- 
sessed of wealth : fortune-hunting, n.: fortune-teller, 
n. a person who pretends to foretell the events of 
one's life : fortune-telling, n. 

forty, n.for'ti (AS. feoicer, four, and tig', ten), four 
times ten : for'tieth, a. -6th, the fourth ten ; the num- 
ber following thirty-nine. 

forum, n. Jo-rum (L. market-place— from foris, out 
of doors), a public place of meeting ; a court ; tribunal ; 
a market-place. 

forward, a. for'-werd (AS. fore, before, and iveard, 
towards, situation), in advance of something else; 
early in season; too ready; quick; hasty; presump- 
tuous or immodest : v. to help onward ; to promote ; 
to quicken or hasten ; to transmit : forwarding, imp.: 
forwarded, pp.: for'warder, n. one who: for'wards, 
ad. -iverdz, towards the front or forepart ; onward: for- 
wardly, ad. -II: forwardness, n. cheerful readiness; 
■want of due reserve or modesty ; boldness. 

fosse, n. sometimes foss, fos (L. fossa, a ditch, a 



trench— from fodio. I dig: It. fossa: F. fosse), a hollow 
place or ditch round a fortified place, commonly filled 
with water ; a kind of cavity in a bone. 

fossil, n. fos'sil (L.fossus, dug), a mineral dug out 
of the earth ; the remains of plants and animals im- 
bedded in the earth's crust and changed into a stony 
consistence : adj. dug out of the earth : fos'silif erous, 
a. -if'-cr-iis (L.fero, I bear), containing fossils: fos'sil- 
ise, v. -Xz, to convert into a t'assi] ; to become petiitied : 
fos'sili sing, imp. : fos'silised', pp. -Izd' .- adj. converted 
into a fossil : fos'silist, n. one versed in iossils: fos- 
silisa'tion, n. -l-za'-shun, the process of converting 
animal or vegetable substances into fossils : fossorial, 
a. fds-so'-rl-dl, digging; burrowing: fossil-paper, fos- 
sil-wool, fossil-cork, &c, familiar terms for certain 
varieties of amianthus. 

foster, v. fos'-ter (AS. fostrian, to foster, to nourish 
— from foder, food), to nourish; to bring up; to cher- 
ish; to forward or promote; to encourage; to indulge, 
as habits: fos'tering, imp.: adj. cherishing; bringing 
up : f os'tered, pp. -terd ; fosterer, n. one who ; a nurse : 
foster-brother or -sister, nursed together, but not of 
the same parent: foster-child, n. a child nursed or 
reared by one not its parent : fos'terling, n. -ling, a 
foster-child : foster-mother, one to whom the child of 
another is made over to nurse and bring up as her own. 

fother, n. foth'-er (Low Ger. foder ; Dut. voeder; Ger. 
fuder, a waggon-load), a weight for lead of 2400 lb. 

fougade, n. fob-gad', also fougasse, n. fo'o-gas' (F. 
from fougue, \>. >,., ,,..,. made under an 

enemy's fortification, and charged with powder. 

fought, fawt— see fight. 

foul, a. fdlvl (Goth, fuls; Icel. fidl, stinking, cor- 
rupt : AS. fulan, to corrupt), not clean ; offensive ; 
dirty ; coarse ; disgraceful ; rainy or tempestuous- 
applied to weather ; entangled ; dangerous : v. to make 
filthy; to defile: fouling, imp.: fouled, pp. folvld: 
foul ly, ad. -II. scandalously ; disgracefully : foul'ness, 
n. filthiness ; defilement : foul-mouthed, a. using scur- 
rilous, obscene, or profane language : foul-spoken, a. 
nasty in language : to fall foul of, to assail ; to run 
against : foul play, unlawful, dishonest means. 

foumart, n. fo'-mdrt (as if from foul and mart, ex- 
pressing the bad smell from the animal, but really 
a corruption of F. fouine, the polecat, and Eng. marte 
or martin), the beech-martin; commonly applied to 
the polecat. 

found, pp. fdivnd—see find. 

found, v. folund (L. fundare, to lay the bottom, to 
found— from fundus, the bottom : It. fondare : F. 
fonder), to lay the basis of anything ; to set up ; to 
raise; to institute; to fix firmly: founding, imp.: 
found'ed, pp. : foun'der, n. one who establishes ; an 
originator: foundation, n. fo~wn-da'-shun, the base of 
an edifice or building; the groundwork or origin of 
anything ; an endowment ; an institution : foun- 
dress, n. a woman who originates or establishes : on 



found, v. foivnd (L. fundere, to pour out: It. fon- 
dere; F. fondre, to melt), to .form by melting a metal, 
and casting it into a mould : f ound'ing, imp. : n. the 
act of casting or forming with melted metal in a 
mould: found'ed, pp.: founder, n. fown'-der, one who 
is skilled in forming articles by casting metal in 
moulds: foundery, n. folvn'-der-l, or foun'dry, n. 
■drl, the place where casting liquid metal into moulds 
to produce articles of various designs is carried on. 

founder, v. fown'-der (L. fundere, to pour out), to 
fill or be filled with water and sink, as a ship in the 
sea ; to disable or lame a horse by causing sores in its 
feet: foun'dering, imp.: foun'dered, pp. -derd: adj. 
sunk in the sea, as a ship ; made lame in the feet by 
inflammation, &c. 

foundling, n. fdivnd'-llng (see find), a child found 
without a parent or owner; one whose parents are 
unknown. 

fount, n. fdivnt, also fountain, n. fdwn'-tan (L. fons, 
a spring of water— gen. font is . F. jontaine), a spring 
or issuing of water from the earth ; a spring ; a well of 
water; a jet or spouting of water ; the source of any- 
thing: foun'tainless, a.: foun'tainhead, n. primary 
source ; first beginning. 

fount, in printing, same as font, which see. 

four, n. for (AS. feower; Goth, fidvor; L. quatuor, 
four), two and two : fourscore, a. for'-skor (four, and 
score), four times twenty : fourfold, a. fold (four, and 
fold), four times told ; quadruple : fourteen, n. -ten 



(four, and ten), four and ten : fourteenth, a. ordinal of 
cow, toy, foot; pure, Md; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



FOUR 



216 



FREE 



fourteen ; the fourth after the tenth : fourth, a. forth, 
next after the third ; ordinal of four : fourthly, ad. 
-It, in the fourth place. 

fourchette, n. for-sMt (F. a table-fork), the bone in 
birds formed by the junction of the clavicles ; the 
wishing-bone in a fowl. 

fourneau, n. ""* ' 
mine in which . , 

foveate, a. fo've-at, also foveolate, a. fo've-6-ldt (L. 
fovea, a pit), in hot., having pits or depressions called 
foveae fo'vS-e, or fo'veolse, -o-le. 

fovilla, n.fo-vU'-ld {L.foveo, I nourish), in hot., the 
matter contained in the grains of pollen, consisting of 
minute granules floating in a liquid. 



poultry: v. to take or catch birds for food, or as 
game: fowling, imp.: n. the act or practice of shoot- 
ing fowls or birds : fowled, pp. fdiuld .- fowl'er, n. one 
who takes or kills birds for food : fowling-piece, n. a 
light gun for shooting birds. 

fox, n. foks (Goth, fauho ; Ger. fuchs, a fox), an ani- 
mal of the dog kind noted for its cunning ; a sly cun- 
ning fellow : foxglove, n. (AS. foxesclife, foxglove : 
more probably a corruption of the old spelling folks- 
glove, fairies' glove), a well-known plant with flowers 
resembling fingers of a glove, of a purple or white 
colour : fox-brush, the tail of a fox— usually called the 
brush : fox-hound, a hound for hunting the fox : fox- 
hunt, the chase or hunting of the fox : fox-hunting, 
the sport: fox'y, a. -I, having the colour of a fox : fox- 
like, a. resembling the cunning of a fox. 

fracas, n. frd-kd' (F. a crash— from L. fr actus, 
broken), a noisy quarrel ; a brawl ; an uproar. 

fraction, n. frdk'shun (F. fraction, a fraction— from 
L. fractum, to break in pieces), a broken part of a 
whole ; a part of a whole or unity ; in arith. , a part of 
a unit, or one, as %,b,i: frac'tional, a. -shun-dl, pert, 
to fractions : frac'tious, a. -shus, apt to break out into 
a passion ; peevish ; apt to exhibit ill-humour ; quar- 
relsome : frac'tiously, ad. -It: frae'tiousness, n.: frac- 
ture, n. frdk'tur, a break in any body; a break 
caused by violence ; a broken bone : v. to break ; to 
crack: frac'turing, imp.: frad'tured, pp. -turd: adj. 



weak ; frail : f rag'ilely, ad. -II : fragility, n. frd-jll- I- ti, 
brittleness ; weatmess ; frailty. 

fragment, n. frOg'mSnt (L. fragmentum, a piece 
broken off : F. fragment: It. frammento), a part broken 
off; a small detached portion; an imperfect part: 
fragmental, a. frdg-mSn'-tdl, consisting of fragments : 
frag'mented, a. broken into fragments : fragmentary, 
a. frdg'mSn-ter-i, composed of fragments. 

fragrant, a. frd'grdnt (L. fragantia, scent, odour— 
from fragrans, smelling sweetly : It. fragrante, fra- 
grant), that smells agreeably ; sweet scented ; odorous: 
fra'grantly, ad. -II: fra'grance, n. -grans, also fra- 
grancy, n. -grdn-st, sweetness of smell ; odour. 

frail, a. frdl (F. frele, frail— from L. fragilis, easily 
broken), weak; infirm; easily injured or destroyed; 
liable to err : frailly, ad. -It : frail'ty, n. -ti, a parti- 
cular fault or sin ; a foible ; an error : plu. frail'ties, 
-tiz, faults or sins of weakness ; errors ; foibles. 

fraise, n./rfls (F.), in mil, a defence consisting of 
pointed iron or wooden spikes in a horizontal or in- 
clined position. 

frame, n. frdm (Bret, framma, to join, to unite : 
Ger. rahrnen ; Dut. raem, a frame), a structure formed 
of united parts ; anything made to enclose or sur- 
round something else ; that on which anything is 
held or stretched; order; particular state, as of the 
mind : v. to form or shape ; to fit one thing to an- 
other ; to compose ; to draw up : fra'ming, imp. : 
n. the skeleton ; the rough timber-work of a house : 
framed, pp. framd, fitted and united in proper form ; 
composed: fra'mer, n. one who: fra'mable, a. -a-bl, 
that may be framed : framework, n. that which sup- 
ports or encloses something else. 

frame, v. fram (AS. fremman, to form, to effect: 
Icel. fremia, to bring to pass— from framm, forwards), 
to contrive ; to effect ; to manage. 

franc, n. frdngk, a silver coin used in France and 
Belgium, value about %d. sterling. 

franchise, n. frdn'-chlz (F. franchise— -from franc, 
open, free: Icel. frackr, freeborn, a Frank: Bret. 
frank, spacious, wide : old Eng. franklin, a freeman), 
the privilege or right of voting for a member of Parlia- 



ment ; privilege ; right granted : v. to enfranchise, 
which see. 

Franciscan, n. frdn-sts'kan (from St Francis), one 
of an order of monks or friars founded 1209 ; also called 
Grey Friars . adj. pert. to. 

frangible, a. fr&n'jl-bl (L. frangere, to break: It. 
frangere : F. franchir), that may be broken ; easily 
broken; brittle: fran'gibillty, n. -bil'i-ti, brittle- 
ness ; in geol., the degree of facility with which a rock 
yields to the hammer. 

frank, a. frdngk (F. franc, open, free— see fran- 
chise), open ; candid ; ingenuous ; generous : frankly, 
ad. -II: frank'ness, n. plainness of speech; candour: 
v. to exempt, as a letter from the charge of postage ; to 
exempt from payment: n. the endorsement which 
exempts a letter from postage: franking, imp.: 
franked, pp. frdngkt. 

Frank, n. frdngk, a name given by the Turks and 
other inhabitants of Eastern countries to the English, 
French, Italians, &c. ; one of the anc. Germans who 
conquered and settled in France ; a Frenchman. 

frankincense, n. frdngk'-ln-s&ns {frank, free, and 
incense), a gum-resin, which when burnt sends forth a 
strong aromatic odour, used in the religious services 
of several churches. 

franklinite, n. frdngk'ltn-lt (after Benjamin Frank- 
lin), a valuable ore of iron, often found in veins of great 
thickness. 

frantic, a. frdn'tlk (L. phreneticus, mad, delirious : 



frap, v. frdp (F. frapper, to strike), in seamen's 
language, to cross and draw together the several parts 
of a tackle to increase the tension ; to strengthen by 
massing arope around ; toundergird: frap'ping, imp. : 



rapped, pp. frdpt. 
fraternal, a. frd-ter'ndl (L. fraternus, brotherly— 
from f rater, a brother: It. fraterno: F. fraternel), 



mate, mdt, far, law; 



?, ?,';■:/, 



pert, to brothers ; brotherly ; becoming brothers : 
frater'nally, ad. -ll: frater'nity, n. -ni-tl, a brother- 
hood ; a society ; men of the same class or profession : 
fraternise or -nize, v. frdt'-er-nlz" ', to associate or hold 
fellowship as brothers : frat'erni'sing, imp. : frat'er- 
nised', pp. -nlzd' : frat'erni'ser, n. -zer, one who : 
frat'ernisa'tion, n. -nl-za'shun, the act of uniting as 
brothers. 

fratricide, n. frdt'rt-sld (L. fratricida, a brother's 
murderer— from frater, a brother, and ccedere, to kill, 
to murder: It. fratricida: F. fratricide), one who 
murders or kills a brother: frat'rici'dal, a. -si'ddl, 
pert, to fratricide. 

fraud, n. frawd (L. fraus, cheating— gen. fraudis : 
It. and F. fraude), deception ; trick ; artifice ; a deceit- 
ful act by which the right or interest of another is in- 
jured : fraud'ful, a. -fool, full of fraud or deceit : fraud'- 
fully, ad. -It : fraudless, a. -les, without fraud : fraud'- 
lessly, ad. -It .* fraudlessness, n. : fraudulent, a. 
frawd'u-lSnt, founded on or obtained by fraud ; un- 
fair; dishonest: fraud'ulently, ad. -It: fraud'ulence, 
n. -ISns, deliberate deceit; the overreaching of an- 
other ; also fraud'ulency, n. 

fraught, a. frawt (Ger. fracht; F.frit, the loading 
of a waggon or ship, the money paid for conveyance 
—see freight), filled; stored; laden; pp. of the v. 
freight. 

fray, n. frd (F. fracas, crash : contr. of affray), a 
broil ; a quarrel ; a contest : v. to terrify ; to frighten. 

fray, v. frd (F. frayer, to rub, to wear: L. fricare, 
to rub), to rub ; to wear away by rubbing : fraying, 
imp.: frayed, pp. frdd. 

freak, n. frek (It. " 
' >rub),a'v 
... capricio 
ishness, n. 

freckle, n. frck'-l (Icel. frekna; Norm, frukne, 
freckles : Ger. fleck, a spot, a stain), ayellowish spot on 
the skin ; any small discoloured spot : v. to produce 
freckles on : freck'ling, imp. : freckled, pp. -Id : adj. . 
having small yellowish spots on the skin or surface: 
freckly, a. -It, covered with freckles. 

free, a. /re (AS. freo; Icel. fri; Goth, frija), being 
at liberty; not under restraint ; licentious ; enjoying 
civil rights ; allowed or permitted ; open ; unre- 
served ; exempt from ; gratuitous : v. to set at lib- 
erty ; to rescue ; to release ; to clear from : freeing, 
imp. : freed, pp. delivered from restraint ; cleared : 
freely, ad. -II, in a free manner; liberally; gener- 
Mr ; ptne, pin ; note, ndt, m6ve; 



, n. frek (It. frega, a longing desire ; fregare, 
..awhim; a sudden fancy ; a prank: freakish, 
k. capricious; whimsical: freakishly, ad. -II: freak'- 



FREE 



217 



FRIG 



ously : free'ness, n. state of being unconstrained ; 
frankness; openness: free-agency, n. the state of acting 
freely or without necessity : free-agent, n. one under 
no constraint of will : freebooter, n. -bOt-er (free, and 
booty, old Eng. freebutter), a robber; one who roves 
about for plunder or booty : free'booting, n. plunder- 
ing; pillaging: free-born, a. free by birth; inheriting 
liberty : freed'man, n. a slave set at liberty by law : 
freedom, n. -diim (AS. freodom), liberty; indepen- 
dence; particular privilege ; ease of doing anything; 
familiarity: free-hearted, a. open; frank; liberal; 
generous : freeliold, n. property which a man holds for 
life or in his own right ; fee-simple : freeholder, n. one 
who possesses a freehold : freeman, n. one who enjoys 
liberty or a particular privilege: freemason, n. -md'- 
sn, one of an ancient fraternity of operative masons ; 
now a member of a secret society professedly founded 
on social and moral virtue, but generally a mere 
convivial and benevolent association : free'ma'son- 
ry, n. the principles of the society of freemasons : 
free-minded, a. free from care : free-school, a school 
free from the payment of fees ; a school open to all : 
free-spoken, a. speaking without reserve or restraint : 
freestone, n. a variety of sandstone easily cut or 
wrought: freethinker, n. a sceptic : free-trade, trade 
or commerce without undue restrictions : freewill, n. 
liberty of choice ; power to direct our actions : adj. 
spontaneous : free and easy, making one's self at 
home; without formality: to make free, to take 
undue liberties. 

freeze, v. frez (F. frisson, a shivering : Dut. vriesen, 
to tremble with cold: Low Ger. vresen, to be cold), to 
congeal ; to harden into ice ; to chill ; to shiver with 
cold ; to become chilled with cold ; to kill with cold : 
freezing, imp. : n. the process or state of congeal- 
ing: froze, pt. froz, did freeze : frozen, pp. a.fro'zen, 
hardened into ice ; congealed by cold : freez'able, a. 
-d-bl, that may be frozen : freezing-point, the degree 
of cold at wbi to turn into ice, being 

32° Fahr. 

freight, n. frdt (Ger. fracht, the loading of a wag- 
gon or ship; ferchen, to despatch: Swiss, ferken, 
to forward goods— see fraught), the cargo or part of 
the cargo of a ship ; the hire of a ship ; the charge or 
price for transporting goods by water : v. to load 



ship : freight'er, n. one who : freightless, a. without a 
freight : freightage, n. frdt'aj, money paid for freight. 

French, a. Jrensh, pert, to France : n. the language 
of France : French chalk, a variety of talc used for 
marking : French horn, a wind musical instrument ; 
French polish, a furniture varnish . French'man, n. a 
native of France: frenchify, v. frSnsh'l-fl, to infect 
with the manners of the French : french'ifying, imp. : 
french ified, pp. -fid, 

frenzy, n. frSn'zl (F. frenisie, frenzy— see frantic), 
any violent agitation of the mind approaching to 
madness ; delirium : v. to drive to frenzy or madness : 
fren'zying, imp.: fren'zied, pp. a. -zld, affected with 
frenzy or madness. 

frequent, a. fre'-kivgnt (L. frcquens, often, repeated : 
It. freguente: F. frequent), often seen; often clone; 
often occurring : frequent, v. fre-kwent', to visit often 
or habitually : frequent'ing, imp. : frequent'ed, pp. : 
adj. often visited : frequent'er, n. one who : fre- 
quently, a,d.fre'kwent-U: fre'quency, n. -si, occurrence 
of a thing often, at short intervals : frequentative, a. 
fre-kioin'td-tiv, denoting the frequent repetition of an 
action— a term used in grammar : fre'quentness, n. 
quality of being frequent or often repeated. 

fresco, n. fres'ko (It. fresco, fresh), duskiness like 
that of the evening or the morning ; coolness ; a 
method of painting on walls freshly plastered : al 
fresco (It.), in the open air. 

fresh, a. frish (AS. ferse ; Dut. versch ; Icel. friskr ; 
It. fresco; F. fraische, recent, new), brisk; moving 
■with celerity; not impaired or faded; not tainted; 
not stale ; healthy in look or feeling ; not salt ; un- 
practised: freshly, ad. -U: fresh'ness, n. newness; 
vigour : freshen, v. fresh'Sn, to make fresh ; to grow 
fresh ; to free from salt ; to grow brisk and strong, 
as the wind : freshening, imp. a. frish'-nlng, mak- 
ing or growing fresh ; refreshing : fresh'ened, pp. a. 
-end, made fresh ; deprived of saltness : fresh water, 
opposed to sea-water : fresh'es; n. plu. -ez, the ming- 
ling of salt and fresh water in rivers or estuaries: 
fresh'et, n. -et, the sudden overflow of a river from 



rain or melted snow: fresh'man, n. in Eng., a uni- 
versity student during his first year; a novice. 

fret, v. frit (L. fricare ; It. j ligare; Bav. fretten, to 
rub: Swiss, fretten, to become sore by rubbing: AS. 
fretan, to gnaw), to wear away by rubbing ; to be 
peevish and irritable ; to be vexed ; to irritate ; to vex : 
to make rough on the surface : n. agitation of mind : 
fret'ting, imp. : adj. wearing away ; vexing ; easing : 
fret'ted, pp.: adj. eaten; rubbed or worn away; 
made rough on the surface ; vexed : fret'ful, a. -fool, 
disposed to fret ; peevish : fret'fully, ad. -II .- fret ful- 
ness, n. ill-humour ; peevishness. 

fret, n. fret (Sp. fres, gold lace : It. fregio; mid. L. 
frisum, lace, ornamenti tmented work 

in embroidery or carving: v. (old F. freter, to inter- 
lace; frettes, an iron grating: It. /errata, the grating 
of a window: Sp. fretcs, the bands forming the body 
of a shield), in her. and arch., to ornament by inter- 
lacing bars or fillets : n. small bands or fillets inter- 
lacing each other at right angles: fret'ting, imp.: 
adj. variegating with bands or fillets : fret ted, pp. a. 
interlaced ; variegated ; ornamented with fretwork : 
fret'ty, a. -tl, adorned with fretwork : fretwork, 
raised work ; work adorned with frets : fretted-roof, 
a roof ornamented by bands or fillets crossing each 
other in different patterns: fret tised, a. -list, formed 
by a collection of frets. 

friable, a. frl'-a-bl(L. friabilis, that can be crumbled 
to pieces : It. f Habile : F. friable), easily crumbled ; 
easily reduced to powder : fri'abil'ity, n. -bll'l-tl, also 
fri'ableness, n. -nes, the quality of being easily 
crumbled to powder. 

friar, n.frl'er (F.frere—from L.frater, a brother), 
one of a religious brotherhood— usually applied to the 
mendicant orders ; a monk : fri'arlike and fri'arly, 
a. -II : friary, a. -I, pert, to friars : n. a monastery 
of friars. 

fribble, a,.frlb'l (F. frivols, trifling— from L. frivo- 
lus, empty), frivolous; trifling: n. a trifler: v. to 
trifle: fribbling, imp. frlb'-llng: fribbled, x>v>. frlb'ld : 
frib bier, n. -lev, a frivolous fellow ; a trifler. 

fricassee, n. frlk'ds-se' (F. fricasser, to fry— from L. 
frigo, I roast, i fry), a dish made by cutting any kind 
of flesh or fowl into small pieces, and stewing or frying 
the same with sauce : v. to dress as a fricassee: fric'- 
assee'ing, imp.: fric'asseed', pp. -sed': fric'andeau' , 
n. -dn-do" (¥.), a certain prepared dish of veal. 

friction, n. frlk'shun (L. frictio, a rubbing— from 
frico, I rub : It. frizione: F. friction), the act of rub- 
bing ; the resistance producing by the rubbing of bodies 
against each other ; attrition: fric'tional, a. -dl, relat- 
ing to friction ; moved or produced by friction : fric- 
tionless, a. -Ics, having no friction: friction-wheels, 
those employed to lessen friction. 

Friday, n. frl'dd (AS. frige-dceg; Ger. frey-tag), the 
sixth day of the week, supposed to have been so 
named from Frigga or Freya, the Saxon Venus : Good 
Friday, the day observed in most Christian churches 
as that of our Lord's crucifixion. 

fried, v. f rid— see fry. 

friend, n.frind (Goth, frijon, to love: AS.freoncl— 
from freon, to free, to love), one attached to another 
by sentiments of affection, esteem, or respect ; one 
not hostile; an associate: friend'like, a.: friendless, 
a. without a friend : friend lessness, n. : friendly, a. 
-II, disposed to, as a friend; amicable; favourable: 
friendliness, n. a disposition to favour or befriend ; 
goodwill : friend'ship, n. intimacy or attachment de- 
pending on mutual respect and esteem ; personal 
kindness; friendly aid: Friends, the religious body 
or society usually called Quakers : friendly society, 
a kind of club or association among operatives for 
affording relief to the members when out of work, or 
in sickness. 

frieze, n. frez (F. f riser, to curl or crisp ; frisons, 
frizzled or raised work : Sp. fres, gold or silver lace : 
mid. L. frisare, to ornament with borders), a kind of 
coarse woollen cloth with a nap on one side : (F. frise), 
the flat part under the corner of a column, usually 
ornamented with figures or other carved work : v. to 
form a nap ; to frizzle ; to curl : friezed, a. frezd, 
napped; shaggy: friezelike, a.: friez'ing, n. the pro- 
cess of forming a nap on woollen cloth. 

frigate, n. frig'at (F. frigate; Sp.fragata, a light 
row-boat), a war-ship, generally carrying from thirty 
to fifty guns. 

fright, n.frlt (Goth, faurhts, timid: AS.forht; Ger. 
furcht ; Sw. frukta, fear), sudden terror, but of short 
duration ; alarm : frightful, a. frlt'fobl, exciting 
foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



FRIG 



218 



FROZ 



alarm or terror; shocking: fright'fully, ad. -II: 
fright'f ulness, n. : fright, v. frit, or frighten, v. frlt'-n, 
to alarm suddenly ; to terrify ; to dismay : frighten- 
ing, imp. frlt'ning: frightened, pp.frlt'nd. 

frigid, a. frlj'ld (L. frigidus, cold : It. frigido : F. 
froid), cold; without warmth ; without affection ; for- 
mal; lifeless: frig'idly, ad. -11 : frigldness.n.: frigid- 
ity, n. frl-jld'l'tt, coldness ; want of warmth ; cold- 
ness of affection : frigid zones, the belts of the earth's 
surface which lie between the polar circles and the 
poles, 23^ from each pole : frigorific, a. frlg'6-rlf-lk 
(L. facio, I make), that produces cold. 

frill, n. frll (W. ffrill, to twitter, to chatter : F. 
f tiller, to shiver for cold), a plaited band to a garment ; 
a ruffle : v. to attach a frill to ; to ruffle with cold, as 
a hawk her feathers: frilling, imp.: n. the ruffles or 
plaited bands of a garment : frilled, pp. frild. 

fringe, n. frinj (¥.f range; It. frangia; Ger. franse, 
a border of hanging threads : F. froncer, to plait, to 
wrinkle), an edging of loose threads or ornamental 
open work ; the edge ; the margin : v. to ornament 
with a loose border ; to adorn with fringe : fringing, 
imp.: fringed, pp. a. frinjd, bordered with a fringe: 
fringeless, a. without a fringe : fringing reefs, coral- 
reefs, so called from their fringing or encircling 
islands at a small distance from shore. 

frippery, n. frlp'er-l (F. /riper, to wear to rags : 
Sw. rifva, to tear), clothes thrown aside after wear- 
ing ; place where old clothes are sold ; useless or 
worthless trifles : adj. trifling; contemptible. 

friseur, n.fre-zer' (F.), a hairdresser. 

frisk, v. frisk (It. frizzare, to quaver, to spirt : Icel. 
friskr, new, in full vigour : F. /risque, lively), to leap 
and skip about ; to gambol in frolic and gaiety : n. a 
frolic; a caper: frisTiing, imp.: frisked, pp. frlskt : 
frislier, n. one who : frisky, a. fris'kl, lively ; frolic- 
some : fris'kily, ad. -II: frisTdness, n. dancing or leap- 
ing in frolic ; liveliness. 

frisket, n. frls'Mt, also fris'quet, -JcSt (F. frisguette, 
frisket, so called from the frequency and briskness of 
its motion : connected with frisk), in printing, the 
light frame which holds the sheet of paper on the 
tympan. 

frit or fritt, n. frit (F. fritte; fritta, frit— from L. 
f rictus, dried, parched), the mixture of which glass is 
made after being calcined or baked in the furnace, 
but before the materials are melted. 

frith, n frlih—see firth. 

fritter, v.frii'ter (L. fritinnire, to twitter: F.frd- 
tiller, to fidget: Gr. phritto, I tremble), to cut or 
break into small pieces ; to waste away by bits or de- 
grees: n. a fragment or shred: frittering, imp. : frit- 
tered, pp. -terd. 

fritter, n. frit'ter (F. friture, a frying : It. frittare, 
to fry in a pan— see fry), a small cake or piece of 
meat fried; a pancake. 

frivolous, a. frlv'o-h'i I frivoli I ri fling : It. fri- 
volo: F. frivole), slight; trifling; of little weight or 
importance: friv'olously, ad. -It: friyolousness, n. 
the quality of being of very little worth or importance : 
frivolity, n. fri-vol'l-tl, acts or habits of trifling. 

frizz, v. friz (F. frizer, to curl: Gr. phriz, origi- 
nally a rustling sound; phrizos, rough, curled), to 
form into small curls; to form into little hard pro- 
minences or burs, as the nap of cloth : friz'zing, imp.: 
frizzed, pp. frlzd: frizzle, v. frlz'-l, to curl or crisp in 
small short curls: frizzling, imp. frlz'Ung: frizzled, 
pp. frlz'ld. 

fro, ad. fro (AS. or Dan. fra: contr. of from, which 
see), from ; back or backwards : to and fro, there and 
back ; backwards and forwards. 

frock, n. frok (mid. L. frocus, a shaggy cloak— from 
L. floccus, a lock of wool : Port, frocco, a tuft of wool : 
F. froc, a monk's habit), a loose upper dress worn by 
children and females ; a loose upper garment worn by 
men: frocked, a. frokt, dressed in a frock: frock'less, 
a. without a frock: frock-coat, a coat with skirts 
meeting in front : monk's frock, a monk's outer gar- 
ment : smock-frock, a loose outer garment worn prin- 
cipally by agricultural labourers in England : to un- 
frock a clergyman, to suspend him for bad conduct. 

frog, n. frdg {AS.frogga ; Ger. frosche ; Dut. vorsch), 
an amphibious four-footed reptile ; a disease affecting 
the foot of the horse : frog-fish, a sea-fish : frog-bit, 
frog-grass, n. species of plants. 

frog, n. frdg (Port, frocco, a tuft of wool or silk), a 
kind of button or tassel on a coat : frogged, a. fr6gd, 
ornamented with frogs. 

frolic, n. sometimes frolick, frol'lk (Ger. frbhlich, in 
mate, mm, far, law; mete, mSt, 



good humour— from froh, gay, and lich, like), a wild 
prank; gaiety and mirth; a gambol: adj. gay; full 
of pranks : v. to play wild pranks ; to gambol : frol'- 
icking, imp. a. playing pranks: frol'icked, pp. -Ikt .- 
frolicsome, a. -Ik-sum, given to pranks and fun ; full 
of mirth: frolicsomely, ad. -II: frollcsomeness, n. 
wild pranks. 

from, prep, frdm (AS. fram; Icel. framm; Dan. 
frem, forth, forwards), away; out of; denoting dis- 
tance in space or time ; generally denoting separation, 
removal, or departure : in the following phrases— from 
above ; from afar ; from beneath ; from behind ; from 
hence, thence, or whence,— the construction may be 
frequently considered as a preposition and its case ■' 
the following phrases — from amidst; from among; 
from beneath; from beyond; from forth; from off; 
from out; from out of; from under; from within,— are 
simply prepositional phrases, and as such followed by 
an objective case. 

frond, n. frond (L. frons, a leaf— gen. frondis : It. 
fronde), the peculiar leafing of palms and ferns; the 
union of a leaf and a branch : frondescence, n. fron- 
des'ens, the time or season of putting forth leaves : 
frondose, a,.fr6n'dos, in hot., having a foliaceous or 
leaf-like expansion. 

front, n. frunt (L. frons, the forehead or forepart- 
gen, frontis: Pol. przod, forepart), the forepart of any- 
thing; the face or whole face; the most conspicuous 
part ; impudence or boldness : v. to have the face to- 
wards ; to stand opposed or opposite ; to stand fore- 
most: adj. relating to the face or front: fronting, 
imp. a. front to front, or opposite: front'ed, pp. a. 
formed with a front: front'less, a. having no front: 
front'age, n. -aj, the front part of a building : front'al, 
a. -CLl, pert, to or connected with the forehead: n. a, 
small pediment over a door or window : front'ingly, 
ad. -II: frontier, n. fron'ter (F. frontiere), the boun- 
dary of a country or state ; the parts adjacent to a 
boundary of a country: adj. bordering; lying on or 
near the boundary : frontispiece, n. frdn'-tis-pes (mid. 
L. frontispicium, the forefront of a house — from L. 
frons, the forepart, and specio, I view), the ornamental 
first page of a book ; the part which first meets the 
eye : frontlet, n. a band worn on the forehead : front- 
view, n. the representation of the front part or eleva- 
tion of a building. 

frost, n. frost (F. frisson, a shudder : from froze, the 
pt. of freeze, which see), the power, act, or state of 
freezing ; frozen vapour or dew, as hoar-frost : v. to 
adorn with the appearance of frost: frosting, imp.: 
n. the sugar composition resembling hoar-frost, used 
to cover cakes, &c: frost'ed, pp. and a. covered with 
anything resembling hoar-frost in colour or form; 
having white or grey hairs: frostily, ad. fros'ti-U: 
fros'tmess, n. : frosty, a. frds'tl, containing frost ; 
very cold; freezing; grey-haired: frost-bite, the 
effects of excessive cold on a part of the surface of a 
body: frost-bitten, a. affected by frost: frost-bound, 
a. bound or confined by frost: frostwork, n. work 
resembling hoar-frost on plants. 

froth, n. frdth {Icel. fraud, scum : Low Ger. frathen, 
steam, vapour: W. ffrydio, to stream, to gush), the 
small bubbles formed on the surface of a liquid by 
fermentation or by agitation ; foam ; a showy pretence 
of knowledge or ability ; anything light or unsub- 
stantial : v. to throw up foam or bubbles : frothing, 
imp.; frothed, pp. frdtht: frothy, a. frdth'l, full of 
froth ; consisting of light bubbles ; light ; empty ; un- 
substantial: frothily, ad. -II: froth/mess, n.: froth- 
less, a. destitute of froth. 

frounce, v. frdions (F. froncer, to plait, to wrinkle : 
Dut. fronssen, to plait), to frizzle ; to form wrinkles 
in or upon : froun'cing, imp.: frounced, pp. frownst. 

frousy, a. frow'zl (probably from old Eng. frow ; 
Ger. frau, a woman), fetid ; musty ; dim ; cloudy. 

frow, n. frow (Ger. frau; Dut. vrouw), a woman ; a 
dirty woman; a slattern. 

froward, a. fro'werd (AS. fram, from, and ward), 
perverse; refractory; unyielding; disobedient: fro'- 
wardly, ad. -II: fro'wardness, n. 

frown, n. frown (F. frogner, to look sourly on: It. 
grignare, to snarl), a contraction of the forehead, ex- 
pressing anger or dislike ; a look expressing displea- 
sure : v. to express displeasure or anger by contract- 
ing the forehead ; to scowl at or on : frown'ing, imp.: 
adj. knitting the brows in anger or displeasure: 
frowned, pp.frownd: frown'lngly, ad. -II. 

froze, pt. froz, frozen, pp. a. fro'-zn (see freeze), 
congealed by cold ; frosty ; chill. 
Mr; pine, pin; note, not, move; 



FRUC 



219 



ectijier), t ml : fruc'tify- 

, imp.: fructified, pp. -fid: fructification, n. 
-flkashun, the act of rendering productive of fruit; 
those parts of a plant which embrace the organs of 
generation— i.e., flowers and fruit: fructiferous, a. 
-tif-erus (L. fero, I bear), bearing fruit : fructescence, 
n. fruk-tSs'-6ns, the time when the fruit of a plant ar- 
rives at maturity. 

frugal, a. fru'jal (L. fmgalis, thrifty: It. frugale: 
F. frugal), t ig; not lavish ; sparing: 

fru'gally, ad. -II: frugality, n. -gal'l-tl, prudent 
economy; a prudent and sparing use of anything; 
thrift. 

frugiferous, a. fr6-j>i~:r-fi$ i'L. frvoifer, fruit-bear- 
ing— from frux, fruits of the earth, and fero, I bear), 
bearing fruit: frugiv'orous, a. -jiv'6-rus (L. two, I 
devour), feeding on fruit. 

fruit, n.fr6t{L.fructus, fruit, produce— from fruor, 
I enjoy : It. frutto: F. fruit), whatever the earth pro- 
duces for food, clothing, or profit ; fruit of a tree ; that 
which is produced ; effect, good or ill ; advantage ; 
profit : v. to produce fruit : fruit ing, imp. : adj. pro- 
ducing fruit ; pert, to fruit : n. the bearing of fruit : 
fruit'age, n. -«,/. the fruit of one season, as the apple or 
vine : fruit'erer, n. -er-er, a dealer in fruits, as apples, 
oranges, grapes, strawberries. &c. : fruit'ery, n. -er-i, 
a place for keeping fruit : fruit'ful, a. -foul, producing 
fruit ; fertile ; abundant: fruit'fully, ad. -II: fruit'ful- 
ness, n. productiveness ; fertility : fruitless, a. bar- 
ren; unprofitable; useless: fruitlessly, ad. -II: fruit - 
lessness, n. barrenness: fruity, a. frut'l, having the 
odour, taste, or appearance of fruit: fruit'iness, n.: 
fruit-bearing, a. having the quality of producing 
fruit: fruit-tree, a tree producing fruit, as opposed 
to a timber-tree. 

fruition, n. frO-lsh'Hn (L. fruor, I enjoy), the plea- 
sure derived from use or possession ; enjoyment. 

frumentaceous, a. frO'-min-ta'shiis (L. frumentum, 
corn or grain: It. frumento : F. froment), made of or 
resembling wheat or grain : fru'menta'tion, n. -shun, 
a largess of grain among the anc. Romans : fru menty, 
n. -tl (Y.frumtntie), a kind of wheat-gruel. 

frustrate, v.friis'trat (L. frustration, to deceive — 
from frustra, without effect, in vain: It. frustrare: 
F. frustrer), to defeat ; to disappoint ; to bring to no- 
thing ; to render of no effect : frus'trating, imp. : 
frustrated, pp.: frustration, n.-tru'-shiin, disappoint- 
ment; defeat. 

frustum, n. frus'tiim (L. frustum, a fragment, a 
broken piece : It. frusto, a little piece : F. fruste, de- 
faced), the part of a solid next the base, formed by 
cutting off the top, as of a cone : frustules, n. plu. 
frus'tulz, in hot., the parts or fragments into which 
certain sea-weeds separate. 

frutescent, a. froUs'-ent (L. f rut ex, a shrub— gen. 
fruticis: It. frutice), growing or becoming shrubby; 
taking the character of a shrub : frutes'cence, n. -6ns, 
state of becoming shrubby: fruticose, a. frot'-l-kos, 
shrubby. 

fry, v. fri (L. frigere ; F. frire, to fry, to parch), 
to heat or roast in a pan over a fire ; to cook in a pan : 
n. a dish of anything fried: frying, imp. : fried, pp. 
frld, cooked by frying : frying-pan, n. a shallow pan 
with a long handle for dressing food by frying : out of 
the frying-pan into the fire, from bad to wor.se. 

fry, n. frl (F.fray, spawn of fish or frogs: Goth. 
fraiv, seed: Icehfriof, seed), the young brood of fish 
lately spawned ; a - mimals. 

fucivorous, a. fu-slv'o-rus (L. fucus, sea-weed, and 
two, I devour), eating or living on sea-weed. 

fuchsia, n. fu-shl-a (named after Furhs, the dis- 
coverer), a flowering shrub of many varieties. 

fucus, n.fu'kus, plu. fuci, fu'sl (L. fucus; Gr. phu- 
kos, rock-lichen, certain sea- weeds used by the ancients 
in dyeing), sea-weed or sea-wrack : fucoid, a. fu'kdyd, 
also fucoid'al (Gr. eidos, likeness), resembling sea- 
weed: fucoid'es, n. plu. -ez, in geol., a general term 
for any fossil fucus : fu'coids, n. plu. fucus-like im- 
pressions. 

fuddle, v. fud'l (Low Ger. fuddig, confused : Ger. 
faseln, to rave or dote), to make tipsy; to stupefy 
one's self with drink : fuddling, mxp.fud'-llng : fuddled, 
pp. fiid'ld. 

fudge, int. fiij (F. fuche), an exclamation of con- 
tempt; nonsense. 

fuel, n.fn'el (mid. L.focale; F. fouaille, supply of 
wood for the fire— from L. focus, a fire-place), any 



matter used to produce heat by burning, as in grates 
or stoves ; anything that serves to increase excitement 
or energy : fuel to fire, making matters worse. 

fugacious, a. fu-gd'-shus (L. fugax, swift— gen. fu- 
gacis— from fugio, I fly: It. and F. fugace), fleeting; 
volatile; unstable; in hot., evanescent; falling off 
early: fuga'ciousness, n. the quality of flying away: 
fugacity, n.fu-gi'i -■/•?(, act of flying away; volatility ; 
uncertainty: fugitive, a. fii'ji-tlv, apt to flee away; 
flying; volatile; escaping readily: n. a runaway; a 
deserter : fu'gitively, ad. -II : fu gitiveness, n. 

fugleman, n. fu'gl-rndn (Ger. fliigelmann — from 
fiilgel, a wing, and mann, a man), a soldier appointed 
to take his place in front of a line of soldiers under 
drill as a guide to the others— spelt also flugelman. 

fugue, n. fug (L. fuga, a fleeing : F. fugue : It. fuga), 
in music, a piece in which the parts follow or chase 
each other with certain repetitions at intervals: 
fuguist or fugist, n. fu'glst, one who composes or 
performs fugues. 

fulcrum, n. ful'krum, plu. fulcra or ful'crums (L. 
fulcrum, a prop— /«Z«'?v>, to keep upright), a prop or 
support ; that by which any lever is sustained ; in 
hot., a general name for several of the appendages 
of the stem or leaves, which serve for support or 
defence. 

fulfil, x. fool-fa' (from full, and jTO), to complete or 
carry into effect ; to perform what is promised, ex- 
pected, or foretold ; to bring to pass ; to answer, as a 
purpose or design: fulfil'lihg, imp.: n. accomplish- 
ment; completion: fulfilled', pp. -flld': fulfil'ment, 
n. completion ; performance. 

fulgent, a. ful'jent(L. fulgens, shining: It. fulgente), 
shining; dazzling; exquisitely bright: ful'gency, n. 
■si, splendour; glitter. 

fulgurate, v. fuV-gurat (L. fulgur, a flash of light- 
ning—from fulgeo, I gleam: It. fulgore), to emit 
flashes of light : ful'gura'ting, imp.: ful'gura'ted.pp.: 
ful'gura'tion, n. -ra'shun, the brightening of melted 
gold or silver : fulgurites, n. plu. ful'-gu-rlts, or fuT- 
gorites, -go-rlts, vitrified sand-tubes supposed to have 
originated from the action of lightning ; any rocky 
substance that has been fused or vitrified by lightning. 

fuliginous, a. fu-lij'l-nils (L. fuligo, soot: It. ful- 
iyinc), sooty: smoky. 

full, a. fool (Ger. fullen, to pour liquids), well sup- 
plied; holding all that can be contained; stored; 
stuffed; sated; complete; clear; distinct; mature: 
n. state of being satiated, as, fed to the full : ad. 
without abatement ; with the whole effect ; complete- 
ly; exactly, as, full in the face; placed before adj., 
ad., and other words, to strengthen their significa- 
tions, as, full many a flower: fully, ad. -li, com- 
pletely; entirely; perfectly: fulness, n. state of being 
filled so as to leave no part vacant ; completeness ; 
plenty; extent; loudness: full -aged, a. of mature 
age : full - blown, a. fully expanded, as a blossom : 
full-bodied, a. having a large body ; having standard 
strength and flavour : full-bottomed, a. having a large 
bottom, as a wig : full dress, the dress which custom 
or etiquette prescribes for any occasion of ceremony, 
social or public : adj. having all the necessary parts of 
attire for the occasion : full-dressed, a. dressed in pro- 
per form or costume, as for a ball or concert : full-drive, 
with full speed : full-faced, a. having a broad fat face ; 
full habit of body, stout and fat : full-length, a. ex- 
tending the whole length ; embracing the whole : fully- 
manned, a. completely furnished with men : full pay, 
the whole pay, without any deduction. 

full, v. fo~bl (L. fullo, a dresser of cloth : It. follare, 
to full cloths : F. fouler, to tread or trample on), to 
scour or cleanse ; to make compact, or to thicken in a 
mill : furling, imp. : n. the art of thickening and scour- 
ing cloth in a mill : fulled, pp. fcfold .- adj. cleansed ; 
thickened : fuller, n. one whose business is fulling : 
fuller's earth, a soft unctuous clay used in scouring 
and cleansing cloth : fuller's thistle, the plant teasel, 
whose burs are used in dressing cloth. 

fulminate, v. ful'mi-nat (L. fulminatum, to hurl 
lightning— from fuhnen, thunder : It. fulminare : F. 
fulminer), to make a loud sudden noise ; to cause to 
explode ; to utter or send out a denunciation or cen- 
sure : n. a substance which explodes by percussion, 
rubbing, or heat: ful'mina'ting, imp.: adj. thunder- 
ing; exploding kand flash : ful'mina'ted, 
pp.: ful'mina tion, n. -na'shun, theutterance ofthreats 
— ■ explosion of certain chemical prepara- 



cdic, boy, foot ; pure, Mid ; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, fh-ere, zeal. 



FULS 



220 



FURR 



certain acid which in combination forms explosive 
compounds. 

fulsome, a. ful'sum (Icel. fullsa, to show disgust— 
from full, foul : perhaps rather Eng. full, and some), 
disgustingly fawning or obsequious ; nauseous ; rank 
and gross, as a fulsome speech : ful'somely, ad. -II: fuT- 
someness, n. offensive grossness. 

fulvous, a. ful'-vus (L. fulvus, of a deep yellow), yel- 
low ; tawny ; of a saffron colour. 

fumble, v. fum'-bl (Low Ger. fummelen, to fumble 



adj. groping man I in fum'bled, pp. 

-bid: fum'bnngly, ad. -II: fum'bler, n. -bier, one who 
gropes or manages awkwardly. 

fume, n. fum (L. fumus, smoke : Sans, dhuma, 
smoke— from dhu, to agitate : It. fumo : F. fumie), 
vapour from combustion ; smoke or vapour ; any 
volatile or gaseous matter emitted in an offensive 
form ; rage ; passion : v. to yield vapour ; to be in a 
rage; to chafe with anger: fu'ming, imp.: adj. send- 
ing forth vapour; raging: fumed, pp. fumd: fu'- 
niingly, ad. -II: fume'less, a. free from fumes : fu'mily, 
ad. -ml-ll: fu'miness, n. : fumy, a. fu'-mt, producing 
smoke or vapour; full of vapour: fumiferous, a. 
fu-mtf'er-us (L. fero, I bear), producing fumes or 

smoke: fumarole, n. fu'-md-rOl I fumai e, i," s lol, 

an opening in a volcanic district from which smoke 
and other gaseous fumes issue forth : fumigate, v. 
fu'ml-gat, to smoke anything ; to perfume ; to expose 
to the action of disinfecting vapours : fu'miga'ting, 
imp.: fu'miga'ted, pp.: fu'miga'tion, n. -gd'shun, the 
employment of fumes or vapours in order to purify or 
disinfect : fu'miga'tory, a. -ga'ter-l, that purines by 
fumes or vapours. 

fumet, n. fu'mSt (L. fimus, dung), the dung of deer. 

fun, n. fun (prov. F. fun, smoke : Sw. fiun, any- 
thing light, as vapour : Icel., AS. fon, a fool), sport ; 
merriment ; drollery : f un'ny, a. -nl, droll ; comical : 
f un'nily, ad. -1%. 

funambulate, v. fu-ndm'bu-ldt (L. funis, a rope, 
and ambulo, I walk), to walk or dance on a rope: 
funam'bulist, n. -list, a rope walker or dancer. 

function, n. fungk'shun (L. functio, a performance, 
an execution : It. funzione : F. fonction), performance ; 
office; employment; duty; the office of any bodily 
organ; power; faculty: func'tional, a. -dl, pert, to 
functions: func'tlonally, ad. -II: functionary, n. -er-l, 
one who holds an office ; an official : functional dis- 
ease, in med., the derangement of an organ arising 
from a cause external to itself, as when indigestion 
causes functional derangement of the heart, brain, 
&c. ; opposed to organic disease, in which the organ 
itself is affected ; a term merely expressing ignorance 
of the cause and nature of the disease. 

fund, n. fund (L. fundus, a farm, an estate: It. 
fondo : F. fond), that out of which supplies are drawn ; 
a stock or bank of money ; ample store ; permanent 
debts due by Government paying interest are called 
the funds or stocks: v. to place money in a fund ; to 
put lent money into the form of permanent bonds or 
stock bean n g i larii rest: fund'ing, imp. a. put- 
ting into the funds; placing in the condition of a 
funded debt : fund'ed, pp. a. placed in the funds or 
public stocks as a permanent investment; put into 
the form of bonds or stock : fund'less, a.: fund -holder, 
n. one having money invested in the funds : sinking 
fund, a sum of money set apart, and increased at fixed 
intervals, with the view of extinguishing a public 
debt. 

fundament, n. fun'-dd-mSnt (L. fundamentum, 
groundwork, basis: It. fondamento: F. fondement), 
the foundation; the seat of the body: fun'damen'tal, 
a. serving for the foundation; essential; primary; 
leading: n. a leading or primary principle or article ; 
essential : fun'damen'tals, n. plu. essential parts, as 
fundamental truths: fun'damen'tally, ad. -t&l-tt : 
fun'damental'ity, n. -tdl'Ul, character of being es- 
sential. 

funeral, n.fu'nSr-dl (F. funirailles; It. funerale, a 
burial— from L. funus, a dead body, a burial— gen. 
funeris), the ceremony of burying a dead human 
body: adj. pert, to or used at a funeral: funereal, a. 
fu-ne'rl-al, suiting a funeral ; dark ; solemn ; mourn- 
ful : fune'really, ad. -It 

fungus, n. fung'gus, plu. fungi, fun'-jl, sometimes 
funguses, fung'gus-es (L. fungus, a mushroom or toad- 
stool : It. fungo : F. fongus), a mushroom or toadstool ; 
any spongy excrescence on a plant or animal : fungi, 



n. plu. fun'-jl, an order of plants : fungous, a. fung'- 
gus, of or resembling a fungus ; soft ; spongy : fun- 
gos'ity, n. -gds't-ti, soft excrescence: fungia, n. fun'- 
jl-d, a mushroom-like genus of corals : fun'gic, a. -jlk, 
denoting, an acid obtained from mushrooms : fun'- 
giform, a. -fawrm (L. forma, shape), headed like a 
mushroom: fun'gite, n. jti, < : . i i'u.ngus or coral: 
fungiv'orous, a. -jiv'6-rus (L. voro, I devour), feeding 
on mushrooms : fungoid, a. fung'goyd (L. fungus, and 
Gj\ ruin.-;, likeness), resembling a mushroom. 

funicle, n. fu'nl-kl (L. funiculus, a slender rope— 
from funis, a cord: It. funicolo: F. funicule), in bot., 
a cord-like appendage by which, in many cases, the 
;'■'•' <.'■' ; "- in i i i ' . < il u-ler, con- 

sisting of a funicle : funif orm, a. fu'-nl-fawrm (L. for- 
ma, shape), resembling a cord or cable. 

funnel, n. ffm-nel (L. infundibulum, that which 
serves for pouring in— from in, smdfundo, I pour: It. 
infundibolo), a trumpet-shaped tube for conveying 
liquids into close vessels ; the hollow or shaft of a 
chimney through which the smoke ascends. 

funny, a. fun'ni—see fun. 

fur, n. fer (a contr. of fodder, used in the double 
sense of food, and a case or lining: Goth, fodr, a 
sheath, lining: Dut. voeder, fodder, a lining : Sp. forro, 
lining), the soft hair of certain animals growing thick 
on the skin ; the skin and hair when prepared ; any 
coating considered as resembling fur, as morbid mat- 
ter on the tongue, the down on a peach, &c: adj. 
made of fur: v. to line or ornament with fur; to 
cover with morbid matter, as the tongue : fur'ring, 
imp.: furred, pp. ferd: fur'rier, n.fer'-l-er, a dealer 
in furs : furry, a. fer'-l, covered with fur ; consisting 
of fur : furriery, n. fer'-l-er-l, furs in general ; the 
trade in furs. 

furbelow, n. f&r'-M-lO (F. falbalas ; Sp. farfala, a 
flounce— from Swiss, fall, a hem ; It. falda, any kind 
of folding or plaiting), padding ; a puckered flounce 
for ornamenting various parts of the female dress. 

furbish, v.fer'bish [F.fourbir; It. forbire, to bur- 
nish), to rub or scour to brightness; to polish: fur- 
bishing, imp.: fur'bished, pp. -Msht: fur'bisher, n. 
one who. 

furcate, a. fer'-kdt, also fur'cated, a. -kd-ted (L. 
furca, a fork: It. forca: F. fourche), forked; branch- 



furfur, n. fer'-fer (L. furfur, bran: It. forfora), 
scales like bran ; dandriff ; scurf : fur'fura'ceous, a. 
-d'-shus, scurfy or scaly; covered with a meal-like 
powder. 

furious, a. fu'rl-us (L. furiosus, mad, raging— from 
furiaz, rage : It. furioso : F. furieux), impetuous ; 
raging; transported by passion beyond reason: fu'ri- 
ously. ad. -II: fu'riousness, n. madness; rage: fury, 
n. fu'rl, rage; madness; impetuosity; a turbulent 
violent woman: fu'ries, plu. -rlz, in heathen myth., 
the three avenging deities : fu'rio'so, ad. -rl-O'-so (It.) 
in music, furiously; vehemently: fu'ror, n. -ror (L.), 
rage; fury. 

furl, v. ferl (F. fardeler, to truss or pack up), to roll 
up in a long bundle, as a sail or flag ; to draw up : 
furling, imp. : furled, pp. ferld. 

furlong, n. fer'46ng (contr. from furrowlong, the 
length of a furrow), a measure of length, being the 
eighth part of a mile. 

furlough, n. fer'lo (D. verlof; Dan. forlov, leave, 
permission), among mil. men, leave of absence from 
duty: v. to grant leave of absence: furloughing, 
imp.: furloughed, pp. -lod, having a furlough. 

furnace, n. fir'nds (F. fournaise, an oven— from L. 
fumus, an oven : It. fornace), an enclosed fireplace for 
obtaining a high degree of heat; grievous afflictions. 

furnish, v. fer'-nlsh (F. fournir, to furnish— from 
enfourner, to set in an oven— from L. fumus, an 
oven : It. fomire, to store with), to supply with any- 
thing wanted or necessary ; to fit up ; to store : fur- 
nishing, imp. : adj. supplying furniture, &c. : fur'- 
nished, pp. -nlsht, supplied: fur'niture, n. -nl-tur or 
-nl-chobr, the necessarymovables of ahouse ; equipage ; 
decoration. 

furor, n.— see furious. 

furred, furrier, &c— see fur. 

furrow, n. fur'-ro (AS. furh; Ger. furche, a furrow 
—from L. porca, a ridge between two furrows), the 
small trench or channel made by a plough ; any nar- 
row groove or channel: v. to form furrows in; to 
groove ; to wrinkle : fur'rowing, imp. : fur'rowed, 
pp. -rod, having channels or ridges lengthwise. 



mate, mdt,fdr, laTu; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, nit, mQve; 



FURT 



221 



GAIE 



farther, a. fer'-ihir (AS. forth, forward : comp. of 
forth, -which see), more distant; beyond this; addi- 
tional ; now used as the comp. of far : adv. to a greater 
distance: v. to help forward; to promote: fur'ther- 
ing, imp. promoting; advancing: furthered, pp. 
-third: furtherance, n. -ther-dns, a helping forward : 
furthermore, ad. moreover; besides: furthermost, 
a. most remote : furthest, a. fer'tMst, most advanced 
in time or place : adv. at the greatest distance. Note, 
—farther is restricted by many in its application to 
distance, and/uW/V. /• to quantity and degree, &c. 

furtive, a. fer'-tlv (L. furtivus, stolen— from fur, a 
thief: It. furtivo: F. furtif), stolen, as furtive 
glances : furtively, ad. -II, by stealth. 

fury— see under furious. 

furze, n. ferz (AS. furs, furze : properly firs, from 
the prickly leaves), a common, Lardy, prickly shrub ; 
the gorse or whin : furzy, a. fer'-zl, full of furze. 

fuscous, a. fus'kus (L. fuscus, dark : It. fosco), dark ; 
dusky; brown. 

fuse, v. fuz (L. fusus, poured or spread out: It. 
fuso), to melt or liquefy by heat ; to dissolve ; to be 
melted: fu'sing, imp.: fused, pp. a.fuzd, melted: fu- 
sion, n.fu'zhiln, the act of melting ; the state of being 
dissolved or melted by heat ; the union or blending 
together as if melted: fusible, a. -zl-bl, that may be 
melted: fu'sibil'ity, n. -b'd'l-tl, the quality of being 
able to be melted : fusible metal, an alloy of bismuth, 
lead, and tin, which melts at the heat of boiling 
water. 

fuse or fuze, n. fuz, also fusee, n. fu-ze' (F. fusde, 
a squib, a firework of sputtering gunpowder: Ger. 
pfuschen, Swiss, pfusen, to fizz, as hot iron in water), 
a tube filled with a combustible composition, used for 
firing shells or for blasting : fusee, n. fu-ze', a match ; 
a cigar-light. 

fusee, n. fu-ze' (F. fuseau, a spindle ; fusde, the 
barrel of a crane: L. fusus, a spindle), the cone or 
conical part of a watch or clock round which the 
chain is wound: fusiform, a. fu'-zl-fawrm (L. forma, 
shape), in bot., spindle-shaped, like the root of a 
carrot. 

fusel, a. fu'zSl (Bav. fusel, bad brandy; fuseln, to 
trifle), a fetid oil arising from potato-spirit. 

fusibility, fusible— see fuse. 

fusiform, a.— see under fusee. 

fusil, n. fu'-zil (F. fusil; It. focile, a fire-steel for a 
tinder-box— from mid. L. focus, fire), a light musket 
or firelock : fusileer or fusilier, n. jil'-zl-ler', a soldier 
originally armed with a fusil: fusilade, n. fu'zll-ad' 
(F. fusillade, a shooting), discharges of firearms in 
military exercises. 



fusion, n.— 



e fuse. 



Sw. fias, stir), a bustle 

about trifles: fus'sy, a. -si, troublesome and bustling 

about a small matter : fussily, ad. -ll, in a bustling 

manner. 

fust, n.fiist (L. fustis, a staff: F. fut), in arch., the 
shaft of a column from the astragal to the capital. 

fusted, a. fus'ted (F. fuste, tasting or smelling of 
the cask: Low Ger. fistrig, ill-smelling), bavins' a oad 
smell ; mouldy : fus ty, a. -tl, ill-smelling ; rank : fus - 
tiness, n. an ill smell from mouldiness, &c. 

fustet— see fustic. 

fustian, n. fust'-l-dn (old Y.fustaine; It. fusfagno, 
fustian— so called as brought from Fostat, near Cairo), 
a thick strong cloth made of cotton ; an inflated swell- 
ing kind of writing or speaking ; bombast : adj. made 
of fustian ; absurdly pompous. 

fustic, n. fus'tlk, or fustet, n. fus'-tlt (F.fustoc or 
fustet), a kind of wood used as a yellow dye-stuff. 

fusty, a,— see fusted. 

fusus, n. f&zus (L. a spindle), an extensive genus 
of shells, of which the spindle-shell and the red whelk 
maybe taken as the type: fusulina, n. fu'-zu-U'-nd, 
in geol., a genus of foraminil'era, forming spindle- 
shaped cell-growths. 

futile, a..fu'tll (L.futilis, that cannot contain, that 
cannot be relied on : It. and F. futile), trifling; of no 
weight or importance ; of no effect : fu'tilely, ad. -II : 
futility, n. fu-tll'-i-tl, want of weight or effect ; worth- 



future, a. fu'-tur or -choor (L. futurus, about to be : 
It. futuro .- F. futur), that is to come ; that which is 
to exist: n. time to come; a tense in grammar: 
futurity, n. fu-tu'-rl-tl, time to come ; event to come : 
fu'turist, n. -1st, one who belb-ves that the Bible pro- 
phecies are to be fulfilled in the future. 

fuzz, v. fuz (Ger. pfuschen; Swiss, pfusen, imita- 
tive of the sound of water flying off a heated surface), 
to fly off with a whizzing noise, as water from a hot 
surface: fuz'zing, imp. : fuzzed, pp. fuzd: fuzzle, v. 
fuz'-l, to confuse the head with drink ; to fuddle : fuz- 
zling, imp. fuz'-ling-. fuzzled, pp. fiiz'ld: fuzzy, a. 
fuz'-zl (Scot, fossy o~ '-- 
spongy mass: fuzz-h 
dust ; the puff-ball. 

fy, int. fl (Ger. pfui), a word expressing blame, dis- 
like, or disapprobation ; lor shame. 



gabardine or gaberdine, n. gdb'-er-den (Sp. gabar- 
dina), a loose outer garment; in the middle ages, a 
long loose coat or cassock rendered obligatory on the 
Jews to wear. 

gabble, v. gdb'-l (Scot, gab, talk : Dan. gab ; Pol. 
geba, mouth), to prate ; to talk idly and rapidly, or 
without meaning : n. loud or rapid talking without 
meaning ; inarticulate sounds : gab'bling, imp. : gab- 
bled, pp. gdb'-ld: gabbler, n. gdb'-lir, one who: gab, 
n. gdb (a coarse word), talkativeness; loquacity: v. 
to talk much; to talk idly: gab'bing, imp.: gabbed, 
pp. gdbd. 

gabion, n. ga'-bl-un (F. gabion: It. gabbia, a cage; 
gabbione, a gabion), in mil., a large cylindrical basket 
of wicker-work, open at both ends and filled with 
earth, used as a shelter for working parties, and in the 
construction of the parapets of trenches, &c. : galiion- 
nade', n -iin-OA'. a parapet formed of gabions. 

gable, n. ga'bl (Goth, gibla, a pinnacle: Ger. giebel, 
the pointed end of a house), the triangular part of the 
end of a house or building between the eaves and the 
summit : ga'blet, n. -blet, the small gable used for the 
summit of niches or Gothic tabernacle-work. 

gad, n. gad (Norm, gadd, a sharp point : prov. Dan. 
gadd, a prickle), in mining, a pointed wedge of a pe- 
culiar form, used to break up the ore under ground ; 
a graver : v. to ramble about without any fixed pur- 
pose, as cattle flying from the attack of the gadfly: 
gadding, imp.: adj. roving: gad'dingly, ad. -II, in a 
gadding manner : gad'ded, pp. : gad-fly, n. the fly 
that goads or stings the cattle, and deposits its eggs 
coiv, bo~y,fuut; pure, Md; chair, 



e who runs much abroad 



of the Highlanders of Scotland ; a dialect of the C 

language : adj. pert, to the Scottish Highlanders or 
their language. 

gaff, n. gdf (Dan. gaffel; Ger. gabel, a fork), a prop 
or sort of boom used in extending the upper corner 
of a fore-and-aft sail. 

gaffer, n. gaffer (a probable contr. of good-father 
or grandfather), a word formerly applied to an aged 
man in humble life; a name given to a foreman or 
oversman. 

gag, n. gdg (imitative of sounds uttered while suffer- 
ing from an impediment or imperfection in the organs 
of speech: Swiss, gaggen, to stutter: Gael, gagach, 
stuttering), something put into the mouth to hinder 
speaking: v. to hinder speaking by thrusting some- 
thing into the mouth, or in any other way: gagging, 
imp. : gagged, pp. gdgd : gag-tooth, a projecting tooth. 

gage, n. guj {'• ■•■), a pledge or security ; 

a glove or cap, &c, thrown to the ground as a chal- 
lenge to combat : v. to pledge ; to wager : ga'ging, 
imp. -jing: gaged, pp. gdjd. 

gage, in weath indwardof aship: gage, 

v. gaj, to measure— see gauge. 

gaggle, v. gdg'-l (Dut. gaggelen ; Ger. gackeln, to 
make a noise, as a goose), to make a noise like a 
goose: gaggling, imp. -gllng -. adj. silly; noisy and 
foolish : gaggled, pp. gdg'-ld. 

gaiety and gaily— see gay. 

game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeah 



GAIN 



222 



GALV 



gain, n. gdn (old F. gaagner; F. gagner, to gain— ap- 
plied primarily to what was obtained from the ground 
by labour: Prov. gaanh, gain, profit), profit; advan- 
tage obtained ; interest : v. to get, as profit or advan- 
tage ; to obtain by effort ; to procure ; to have profit 
or advantage; to reach or arrive at: gaining, imp.: 
gained, pp. gand: gains, n. plu. gam, earnings, &c: 
gain'ful, a. -fool, profitable ; advantageous : gainfully, 
ad. -II: gain'fulness, n: gain'less, a. bringing no ad- 
vantage: to gain ground, to advance in any under- 
taking ; to prevail : to gain over, to draw to another 
party or interest : to gain on or upon, to encroach on, 
as the sea ; to get the better of. 

gainsay, v. gdn'sd(AS. gean; Icel. gegn; Ger. gegen, 
against, and say), to contradict; to oppose in words: 
gain'saying, imp. : gain'said, pp. -sad, contradicted : 
gain'sayer, n. one who ; an opposer. 

'gainst, contraction for against. 

gairish or garish, a. gar'-ish (old Eng. gaure ; Swiss, 
glare, to stare), staring ; glaring ; showy : gair'ishly, 
ad. -II: gair'ishness, n. finery; flaunting gaudiness. 

gait, n. gat (Dan. gade, a street : Icel. gata, street, 
path : Sw. gata, a street, a way), manner and air in 
walking. 

gaiters, n. plu. ga'terz (F. guestre, or guetre), cover- 
ings of cloth for the legs and ankles, coming down 
over part of the shoe. 

gala, n. gd'-ld (It. gala, ornament: old F. gale, good 
cheer: Sp. gala, a court dress), display; splendour: 
gala-day, a day of pomp, splendour, or festivity. 

galactic, a. gd-ldk'-tlk(G,T. gala, milk— gen. galaktos), 
connected with or relating to the galaxy or milky- 
way ; of or pert, to milk : galactometer, n. gdl'dk- 
tom'e-ter (Gr. matron, a measure), an instr. for ascer- 
taining the quality of milk ; a lactometer : galactile, 
n. gd-ldk'til, a mineral, so called from its giving the 
colour of milk when triturated among water : galaxy, 
n. gdl'-dks-l, the milky -way ; the long white luminous 
track which seems to encompass the heavens like a 
girdle ; any assemblage of distinguished persons or 
things. 

Galatians, n. plu. gd-ld'sMdnz, inhabitants of Ga- 
latia, in Asia Minor, descendants of the Gauls, who 
settled there. 

galbanum, n. gdl'bd-num (L.), the resinous sap of 
an umbelliferous plant imported from Turkey. 

galbulus, n. gdl-bu'-lus (med. L.), inbot., a modifi- 
cation of the cone, where the apex of each carpellary 
scale is much enlarged or fleshy, so that collectively 
they form a round compact fruit. 

gale, n. gnl | i i rngry: prov. Dan. galm, a 

strong blast of wind : Dan. gal, mad), a strong wind ; 
a blast. 

galeate, a. gd'U-dt, also ga'lea'ted (L. galeatus, 
wearing a helmet), in hot., shaped in a hollow vaulted 
manner like a helmet ; bearing a flower resembling a 
helmet. 

galena, n. gd-U'nd (Gr. galene, tranquillity), an ore 
of lead of a bluish-grey colour and metallic lustre: 
galenic, a. gd-Un'-ik, pert, to galena. 

Galilee, n. gdl'-l-le, a Roman province of Palestine 
in the time of Christ ; a porch or chapel annexed to 
some anc. churches : Gal'ile'an, n. -le'dn, an inhabitant 
of Galilee. 

galionella, n. gtil'-l-d-nel'-ld (a small helmet — dim. of 
L. galea, a helmet), an abundant genus of diatoms or 
microscopic silicious organisms. 

galiot, n. gdl'-l-ot (F. galiote— dim. of galere, a gal- 
ley), a ship moved by both sails and oars ; a small 
Dutch vessel ; also galliot. 



juice found flowing from fir or pine trees. 

gall, n. gawl (AS. gealla, gall ; gealew, yellow : Ger. 
galle, gall ; gelb, yellow), in an animal, a bitter yel- 
lowish-green fluid secreted by the gall-bladder ; bile ; 
anything extremely bitter ; anger ; rancour ; bitter- 
ness of mind ; a neutral salt skimmed off the surface 
of melted crown glass: gall-bladder, a small sack, 
pear-shaped, which receives the bile from the liver : 
gall-stone, a concretion found in the gall-bladder: 
galless, a. wanting gall or bitterness. 

gall, n. gawl, or gall-nut (It. galla, a bubble, an 
oak-gall: L. galla; F. galle, the oak-apple), a hard 
round excrescence growing round the eggs of an in- 
sect deposited in the tender shoots of the oak-tree, 
&c: gallic, a. -Ilk, pert, to or obtained from galls, as 
gallic acid. 

gall, v. gawl (F. galler, to fret, to itch: It. galla, 

scab : Icel. galli, a fault or imperfection), to hurt or 

mate, mat, Jar, law; mtte, met, 



break the skin by rubbing ; to tease ; to vex much ; 
to chagrin ; to wound the feelings : n. a wound in the 
skin by rubbing: galling, imp.: adj. adapted to fret 
or vex : n. a fretting or wearing of the skin by fric- 
tion : galled, pp. gawld. 

gallant, a. gdl-ULnt (It. galano, quaint and gay in 
clothes ; galante, brave, handsome— from gala, show, 
festivity: F. galant, courteous, gallant), manifesting 
bravery ; magnanimous ; daring ; showy : gallantly, 
ad. -II: gallantry, n. -tri, bravery ; intrepidity ; polite 
attention to women— often used in a bad or equivocal 
sense : gallant, n. gdl-ldnf or gdl', a showy person ; 
one polite and attentive to women ; a lover : v. gdl- 
l&nt', to attend and wait on, as on a woman : gallant'- 
ing, imp.: gallant'ed, pp. 

galleon, n. gt aZeon), a large Spanish 

ship formerly used in trading to America, or as a war- 
vessel. 

gallery, n. gdl'-Ur-l (F. galerie, gallery, lobby : Lang. 
galarie, the rails of a staircase : Sw. galler, lattice), a 
long apartment serving as a communication to others; 
any long passage; the upper seats in a theatre; the 
raised floor round a church or public building ; a col- 
lection of paintings, &c, and the place where they are 
arranged for inspection; in mining, a working drift 
or level from which the mineral has been excavated ; 
in mil., a passage formed under ground. 

galley, n. gdl'll (Icel. galleyda; mid. L. galeida; 
It. gallera, a galley : F. galere, a galley), a one-decked 
vessel navigated with sails and oars, used in the Medi- 
terranean ; a light open boat ; the kitchen of a ship ; 
in printing, the frame which receives the types from 
the composing-stick: the galleys, n. plu. gdl'llz, gal- 
leys used as a place of punishment— galleys being 
generally rowed by slaves and criminals: galley- 
slave, n. a person condemned for a crime to work in a 
galley. 

Gallic, a. gdl'-llk (L. Gallia, Gaul, ancient name of 
France), pert, to Gaul or France; also Gallican, n. 
■l-kdn: gallicise, v. -H-slz, to render French: Gal- 
licism, n. -ll-slzm, a French idiom or form of expres- 
sion : Gallican Church, the distinctive title of the R. 
Cath. Ch. in France. 

galligaskins, n. plu. gdl'll- gds'-klnz (F. Greguesque, 
Greek or Grecian), leather protectors or hose for the 
legs of sportsmen during shooting excursions, &c. 

gallinaceous, a. gal'H n linaceus, pert, 

to domestic fowls— from gallina, a hen : F. gallinace), 
denoting birds like the domestic fowl, pheasant, tur- 
key, &c. 

galliot, n.— see galiot. 

gallipot, n. gal'-ll-pdt (Dut. gley, clay; gley-pot, 
earthen pot), the coloured pots or vessels employed 
by druggists or apothecaries to contain medicines. 

gallon, n. gdl'lun (Sp. and old F. galon, a gallon : 
F. jalle, an earthen jar), a liquid or dry measure con- 
taining four quarts. 

galloon, n. gdl-l6n' (F. and Sp. galon— -from F. and 
It. gala, pomp, show), a narrow kind of lace made of 
silk, cotton, gold, &c. 

gallop, n. gdl'lup (F. galoper; It. galoppare, to gal- 
lop: imitative of the sound of the footfall of a horse 
repeated at regular intervals), the swift forward move- 
ment of a horse or other animal by springs or leaps : 
v. to move forward swiftly, as a horse : gal loping, 
imp.: adj. rapid: n. the act of: galloped, pp. -lupt: 
galloper, n. -er, one who : gallopade, -lo-pad (F. ga- 
lopade), a sidelong kind of gallop; a dance, and the 
music appropriate to it : gallopa'ding, n. the act of 
dancing a gallopade : adj. dancing a gallopade ; mov- 
ing about briskly. 

Galloway, n. gdl-lo-wa, the name for a species of 
horses under 14 hands high, first bred in Galloway, 
in Scotland. 

gallows, n. gdl'loz (Goth, galga; Ger. galgen, gal- 
lows : Fris. gulig, gallows— connected with L. gula, the 
throat), two upright posts, with a crossbeam on top, 
from which criminals are hung. 

galoche or galoshe, n. gdl-lOsh' (¥. galoche, a clog: 
old Eng. galache, a wooden sole fastened by a strap to 
the foot), an overshoe of caoutchouc or leather for 
keeping the feet dry in wet weather ; also golosh. 

galvanism, n. gdl'-vdn-lzm,(irom Galvani, of Bologna, 
the discoverer), electricity developed from the chemi- 
cal action which takes place from certain bodies 
placed in contact, as different metals : gal'vanist, n. 
-1st, one who studies galvanism: gal'vanol'ogy, n. 
■6V-6-JI (Gr. logos, a discourse), a treatise on: gal'- 
vanol'ogist, n. one who writes on : galvanic, a. gat- 
her; pine, pin; note, nCt, m6ve; 



GAMB 



223 



GARB 



vdn'-Xk, of or pert, to galvanism; also galvan'ical, a. 
■l-kdl : galvanise, v. -va n-Vz, to affect with galvanism : 
gal'vam'sing, imp.: galvanised, pp. -izd: gal'van- 
om'eter, n. -dm'-i-Ur (Gr. metron, a measure), an instr. 
for ascertaining the presence of electricity and esti- 
mating its amount : galvan oscope, n. -6-skop (Gr. 
skopeo, I examine or view), an instr. for detecting 
slight currents of electricity: galvanic battery, an 
apparatus for generating and accumulating galvan- 
ism: galvanised iron, iron, generally sheet-iron, 
covered with zinc by a peculiar process : gal'vanog- 
raphy, n. -og'-rd-fl (Gr. graphe, a writing), a modern 
process by means of which objects of wood, stone, 
metal, &c, and coins, plaster-casts, copperplates when 
engraved, &c, maybe exactly copied in copper; also 
called electrog'raphy— see electrotype, under elec- 
tric. 

gambit, n. gdm'blt (F.— from It. gambetto, to trip up 
by the heels), at the game of chess, an .opening made 
by sacrificing a pawn gratuitously at an early sta^e 
of the game in order to gain a particular advantage 
thereby. 

gamble, v. gdm'-bl (Bav. gampen, to jump, to sport : 
Swiss, gammel, merry-making: connected with game 
and gambol), to play at a game extravagantly for 
money: gambling, imp.: n. the act or practice of one 
who gambles: gam'bled, pp. -bid: gambler, n. -blir, 
one who. 

gamboge, n. gdm-bof (from Cambodia, in Asia), a 
yellow gum-resin used as a pigment, and in medicine 
as a drastic and nauseating purge. 

gambol, n. gdm'-bol (F. ganibiller, to wag the leg, to 
dance: Lang, jhimbela, to tumble; ghimba, to jump : 
connected with game), a dance or skip about in or for 
sport or joy; a sportive prank: v. to dance and skip 
about in sport or joy ; to frisk: gamtoling, imp. : adj. 
sportive : gamboled, pp. -bold. 

gambrel, n. gam-Orel (It. gambarella— from gamba, 
a leg), the hind leg of a horse ; a crooked stick used 
by butchers for suspending animals that have been 
slaughtered. 

game, n. gam (AS. gaman, merry-making, sport: 
Sw. gamman, joy), wild animals pursued or taken by 
hunting; sport or diversion of any kind; contest for 
amusement ; a single match at play ; sportive insult 
or mockery : v. to play at any sport ; to gamble : ga- 
ming, imp.: n. practice or habit of gamblers : gamed, 
pp. gamd: game'ster, n. -stir, one wbo is viciously 
addicted to play for money ; a gambler : gamekeeper, 
n. one who has the care of certain wild animals pro- 
tected by law: gamesome, a. -sum, gay: sportive: 
game'somely, ad. -It: game'someness, n.: game-cock, 
n. a cock of a particular species bred for fighting : 
game-laws, laws by which persons are punished by 
fine or imprisonment if convicted of killing certain 
wild animals, as hares, pheasant-;, partridges, &c, of 
trespassing in the pursuit of them, or of having them 
in their possession without a certificate or licence. 

gammer, n. gdm'-mer (AS. gemeder: contr. of god- 
mother or grandmother), a word formerly used in ad- 
dressing old women. 

gammon, n. gam'-miin (It. gambone, any great leg— 
from gamba, a leg: F. jambon, a ham— from jambe, 
a leg), a smoked or cured bam ; the hinder and thick 
part of a flitch oi bacon having part of the leg. 

gammon, int. gdm'mun (Dan. gammen, sport: Fris. 
gammen, int. of contempt), a familiar exclamation, 
signifying nonsense, you are joking : n. an imposition 
or hoax : v. to impose on by hoaxing or humbugging ; 
to defeat at the game backgammon: gammoning, 
imp. : gam'moned, pp. -imd: backgammon, n. a game 
played with a box and dice. 

gamopetalous, a. gam'-o-pct'-d-lUs (Gr. gamos, mar- 
riage, and petalon, a leaf), in bot., having a corolla 
formed by the union or grafting together of several 
petals so as to form a tube ; monopetalous : gam'- 
osep'alous, a. -sep'-a-lus (sepalon, an adopted word 
from Gr. petalon, for a sepal), having a calyx formed 
by the union of several sepals ; monosepalous. 

gamut, n. gdm'-ut (F. gamme, the musical scale— 
from game or gamme, a chime of bells, and ut, used 
formerly to mark or designate the first note of the 
scale), the lines and spaces on which musical notes 
are written. 

gander, n. g&n'der (AS. gandra), the male of the 
goose. 

gang, n. gang (AS. gang, a journey, a step: Ger. 
gang, a walk, a gallery— see go), a number going in 
company, generally persons ; a crew ; a band ; ganger, 



n. -er, the foreman of a gang of labourers on a railway : 
gang or gangue, n. gang, a German term for a vein or 
lode ; the matrix or portion of rock in which an ore 
is imbedded: gang'board, n. a board or plank with 
strips of wood nailed across it for the convenience of 



from one part of a ship to another ; any temporary ac- 
cess to a building formed of planks ; a narrow passage 
of any kind. 

ganglion, n. gdng'-gll-dn, plu. gan'glions or gan'- 
glia, -gild (Gr. gangglion, a little tumour under the 
skin near the sinews), in anat., an enlargement in the 
course of a nerve ; atumour in the sheath of a tendon : 
ganglia ted, a. -d'-ted, having ganglions ; intertwined : 
gan'glion'ic, a. -on'-ik, applied to collections of vesicu- 
lar matter which are centres of nervous power to the 
fibres connected with them: gan'glioneu'ra, n. -o-nu' 
rd (Gr. neuron, a nerve), a name applied to the mol- 
luscous and articulate divisions of the animal king- 
dom, which are characterised by a ganglionic nervous 
system. 

gangrene, n. gdng'-grln (L. gangrozna ; Gr. gang- 
graina, a gangrene— from Gr. graino, I eat or gnaw), 
a condition of some soft part of a living body closely 
approaching to mortification or death: v. to mortify 
or become mortified : gangrening, imp.: gan'grened, 
pp. -grend: adj. affected with gangrene: gangrenous, 
a. ya ng'-gre-n i'is, showing a tendency to gangrene ; hav- 
ing the character of gangrene. 

gangue— see gang. 

gannet, n. gdn'net (AS. ganota, the wild goose), the 
solan gpose. 

ganocephala, n. gdn'-O-sef-d-ld (Gr. ganos, lustre, 
and kiphale, the head), a name applied to one of the 
orders of reptilia. living and extinct, having reference 
to the sculptured and externally polished or ganoid 
bony plates with which the head is defended : gan - 
oceph'alous, a. -lus, pert. to. 

ganoid, a. gdn'o'yd, also ganoi'dean, a. -dy'-de-dn 
(Gr. ganos, splendour, and eidos, appearance), applied 
to an order of fishes, living and extinct, having an- 
gular scales, composed of horny or bony plates covered 
"vith a strong shining enamel. 

gantlet, n. gant'-let, also gauntlet, n. gawnt'let 
(F. gantelet, an iron glove— from F. gant: It. guanto, 
a glove), an iron glove jointed for the movement of 
the fingers, worn by knights, &c, and which formerly 
used to be thrown down in token of a challenge: 
gantleted, a. -let-id, wearing a gantlet : to throw the 
gantlet, to challenge: to take up the gantlet, to ac- 
cept a challenge: to run the gantlet or gantelope, 
gan'-t hop (Sw. gatlopp— from gata, a street, a line of 
soldiers, and lopp, a course), to run through a com- 
pany of soldiers or sailors standing in two rows, 
making a lane, each having a switch or knotted cord 
in his hand to scourge the criminal. Note.— Though 
put under this group, it will be seen that gantlet, in 
the expression to run the gantlet, has really no con- 
nection with gantlet or gauntlet, but is a mere cor- 
ruption of gantelope. 

gaol, n. jdl, often written jail (It. gaiola, a cage : 
Sp. gayola, a cell for mad persons : Gael, gabhar, a 
gaol— from gabh, to take, to seize), a place of confine- 
ment for debtors and criminals ; a prison : v. to con- 
fine in a prison: gaoling, imp.: gaoled, pp. jald: 
gaoler, n. the keeper of a gaol or prisoner: gaol- 
delivery, the clearing of a prison of persons awaiting 
their trial by bringing them to trial. 

gap, n. gap (AS. geap, wide; geapen, to gape, to 
open: Icel. glapa, to stare ; gapa, to gape: Norm, gap, 
a passage), an opening ; a hiatus ; a breach ; a hole ; 
any opening : to stop a gap, to patch up or make a shift 
for a time : to stand in the gap, to stand forward in 
the post of danger, as adefender : gape, v. gap, to open 
the mouth wide, as from drowsiness or dullness ; to 
yawn ; to open, as a crevice : n. a gaping ; a yawn ; 
the opening between the mandibles of birds : ga'ping, 
imp. : gaped, pp. gapt: to gape for or after, to desire 
earnestly; to long for; to stare or gaze: to gape at, 
to stare in a wondering manner : ga'per, n. one who 
stares foolishly. 

garb, n. garb (F. garbe, gracefulness: Sp. garbo, 
grace: It. garbo, comeliness, behaviour), dress; 
clothes ; mode or fashion of dress. 

garbage, n. go garbillare, to separate the 

bad from the good: It. ga'i hello, ragments of seed), 
the refuse of rlesh or vegetables ; the bowels of an 
animal. 



cow, boy, /dot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



GAEB 



224 



garble, v. gdr'-bl (Sp. garbillo, a coarse sieve ; gar- 
billure, to garble, to sift), to pick out and choose such 
parts from a statement, a writing, or an author, as 
may serve a purpose— generally in a bad sense ; to mu- 
tilate: gambling, imp. : gambled, pp. -bid: adj. sepa- 
rated or picked out to serve a purpose : gar'bler, n. 
-bier, one who; a sorter and cleanser, as of spices: 
garbles, n. plu. gur'-blz, the dust, soil, or dross separated 
from good spices or drugs, &c. : gar'belled, a. -beld, in 
com., sorted or picked. 

garden, n. gar'-dn (It. giardino; F. jardin; Ger. 
garten, a garden), an enclosed cultivated space in 
which flowers, fruits, vegetables, &c, are reared: v. 
to cultivate a garden: gar'dening, imp. -dn-lng: n. 
the act or art <>i U. ■.'in'.; "Hi nni -■nii n_ in-- -r<-nn'i :>:■. 
gardens: gardened, pp. -dnd: gar'dener, n. -dn-er, 
one who has charge of a garden, or who cultivates 
one : kitchen-garden, an enclosed space where culi- 
nary herbs and vegetables are reared. 

garfish, n. gar-fish (AS. gar. a spear), a fish known 
under the name of sea-needle. 

gargle, n. gar'-gl (imitative of the sound produced: 
F. gargouiller, to gargle), a liquid medicinal prepara- 
tion used for washing the mouth and throat : v. to wash 
the mouth and throat: gar'gling, imp. -gllng: gar'- 
gled, pp. -gld. 

gargoyle, n. gar'-gdyl (F. gargouille, the throat, a 
spout to void the rain-water of a house), one of the antic 
figures into which the spouts carrying off rain-water 
from a building were worked in Gothic architecture ; 
also gurgoyle, ger'-gdyl. 

garish, a. gd-rish (old Eng. gare or gaure, to stare : 
F. garer, to beware, to take heed of: Swiss, glare, to 
stare), staring; glaring; showy; extravagantly gay: 
ga'rishly, ad. -li, splendidly; gaudily: ga'rishness, 
n. flaunting gaudiness. 

garland, n. gar'-land (mid. L. garlanda; Sp. guir- 
nalda; F. guirlande, a garland— from It. gala, fes- 
tivity), a wreath or chaplet made of branches, flowers, 
&c. : v. to deck with flowers : gar 'landing, imp.: gar- 
landed, pp. 

garlic, n. gar'llk(AS. garleac; Icel. geirlaukr, garlic 
—from AS. gar; Icel. geirr, a spear, and laukr, a 
leek), a plant of the onion kind, having a very strong 
smell and an acrid pungent taste. 

garment, n. gar-mint (It. guarnimento; F. garni- 
ment, decking or trimming— from F. gamir, to deck, 
to adorn), any article of clothing: garments, n. plu. 
dress in general. 

garner, n. gar'-ner (F. grenier, a corn-loft — from 
grsne, grain), a place where grain is stored ; a granary : 
v. to store in a granary : gar'nering, imp.: gar'nered, 
pp. -nerd. 

garnet, n. gar-net (It. granato, fine scarlet ; granata, 
a garnet or precious stone), a precious stone of several 
varieties, the better varieties being of a beautiful red. 

garnish, v. gdr'-nlsh (It. guarnire; F. gamir, to deck, 
to adorn), to adorn ; to decorate : garnishing, imp. : 
n. something added for embellishment, as round a 
dish at table ; that which ornaments : gar'nished, pp. 
-nisht-. garnishment, n. ornament; embellishment: 
gar'niture, n. -nl-tur, ornament ; furniture ; dress. 

garnishee, n. gdr-nish-e (F. garer, beware, look out), 
in laiv, the person in whose hands the property of 
another is attached till the claims of a third party 
be satisfied. 

garote or garrote, n. gd-rdf (Sp. garrote, strang- 
ling a criminal with an iron collar: F. garrotter, to 
tie fast or bind with cords), the capital punishment 
in Spain ; a method sometimes employed by thieves 
and footpads of rendering their victim insensible 
by seizing him round the throat from behind, thus 
causing partial suffocation; strangulation; a bow- 
string: v. to render suddenly insensible by com- 
pressing the throat, &c, and then to rob: garot'- 
ting, imp. : n. the practice or method of garotters : 
garot'ted, pp.: garot'ter, n. -ter, one who attacks by 
garotting. 

garret, n. gar-ret (F. garite, a place of refuge, the 
tower of a ca<tk— from qurir, to take refuge), the 
apartments of a high house immediately under the 
roof: gar'reted, a. -ret-ed, located in a garret; tur- 
reted. 

garrison, n. g&r'-ri-sun (Norm. F. garnison, any gar- 
nishing, munition, or provision of war— from gamir. 



rulously, ad. -li: garrulity, n. -rool'-i-ti, and gar'ru- 
lousness, n. -nes, the practice or habit of talking 
much. 

garter, n. gar'-ter (F. jarretiere; prov. F. gartier, a 
garter— from jarret or garet, the ham or back of the 
leg), a string or band used to hold up the stocking on 
the leg ; the badge of the highest order of knighthood 
in Great Britain ; the order itself: v. to bind or invest 
with the garter: gar'tering.imp.: gar'tered, pp. -terd: 
adj. wearing a garter : garter king-at-arms, the her- 
ald to the order of the garter, being also the principal 
king-at-arms, and the highest officer of the Herald's 
College under the earl marshal. 

garua, n. gd'-ro-d, a local term for the dense sea- 
fogs that occur periodically along certain parts of the 
Pacific coast of S. Amer. 

gas, n. gds (a word coined by Van Helmont to sig- 
nify the most subtle and volatile part of anything), an 
aeriform fluid ; any air ; the air or carburetted hydro- 
gen used to light our houses: gasalier, n. gas'-d-ler, 
a branching apparatus for giving light by gas in 
rooms : gaseous, a. ga'-ze-us, in the form of gas: gas- 
ometer, n. gus-om'-e'-ter (Gr. metron, a measure), the 
large gas-holder of a gaswork : gasom'etry, n. -tri , the 



volume or quantity of gas consumed : gas-holder, n. 
a vessel for containing and distributing gas: gas- 
fittings, the different contrivances for the application 
of gas-lighting : gasfitter, n. one who fits up the pipes, 
&c, for giving light by gas : gasify, v. gds'-l-fl, to turn 
or change into gas : gasifying, imp. : gas'ified, pp. 
-fid: gas'ifica'tion, n. -fika'-shnn (L. facio, I make), 
the process of converting into gas. 

gasconade, n. gds'-kon-ad' (from Gascony, in France, 
the natives of which were great boasters), a boast; 
bluster; bravado: v. to bluster: gas'cona'ding, imp. : 
gas'cona'ded, pp. 

gash, n. gdsh (Low Ger. gatsken, to cut a large hole), 
a deep long cut; a deep irregular wound from a slash: 
v. to cut deeply : gash'ing, imp. : gashed, pp. gdsht. 

gasify, &c— see gas. 

gasket, n. gds'-ket (F. garcette, a gasket), plaited 
hemp used for packing pistons, &c. ; plaited cords or 
small ropes by which the sails when furled are kept 
bound up close to the yards or gaffs. 

gasp, n. gasp (Icel. geispa, to yawn : Dan. gispe, to 
gasp), the short convulsive opening of the mouth for 
breath when not able to breathe freely; the short 
sharp catching of the breath in agony or in dying : 
v. to breathe with difficulty by short inspirations: 
gasp'ing, imp.: adj. opening the mouth to catch 
breath : n. act of opening the mouth to catch breath ; 
the short catch of breath in agony or in dying : gasp- 
ed, pp. gdspt. 

gasteropods, n. plu. gds-ter'-6-p6dz, also gas'ter- 
op'oda, n. plu. -6p'-6-dd (Gr. gaster, the belly, and 
podes, feet), an order of molluscous animals which 
have their feet along the belly, or a ventral muscular 
disc adapted for creeping, like the periwinkle : gas'- 
terop'odous, a. -dp'6-dils, pert, to the gasteropods. 

gastrseum, n. gds-tre-um (Gr. gaster, the belly), the 
whole of the under surface of an animal's body. 

gastric, a. gds'-trik (Gr. gaster, the belly or stomach), 
relating to the belly or stomach in man ; applied to 
certain forms of fever : gastric juice, the fluid in the 
stomach which acts as tin: pvin dpal agent in diges- 
tion : gastri'tis, n. -trl'-ta (His. denoting inflamma- 
tion), inflammation of the stomach : gastro, gds'tro, 
in anat. and med., a prefix in compound words signi- 
fying related to, or connected with, the stomach: 
gas'trodyn'ia, n. -din'-l-d (Gr. odune, pain), a painful 
affection of the stomach: gastronomy, n. gastron'-o- 
mi (Gr. nomos, a law), the art or science of good eat- 
ing; epicurism: gas'tronom'ic, a. -tro-ndm'ik, also 
gas'tronom'ical, a. -i-kal, pert, to the stomach or good 
living: gastronomist, n. -6-mlst, one who likes good 
living; also gastronomer : gastronome, n. gds'tro- 
nom (F.), an adept in gastronomy. 

gastropods, n. plu.— see gasteropods. 

gate, n. gat (Goth, gatvo; Dan. gade, a street : Icel. 
gata, a street, a path— from gat, a hole), an en- 
trance door to a city, castle, &c. ; a large frame of 
wood moving on hinges which opens or closes any 
passage ; a door : gateless, a. without a gate : ga'ted, 
a. having gates : gate way, n. a way through a gate ; 



the gate itself. 
mate, mat, far, law; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, mCxe; 



GATH 



225 



GENE 



gather, v. gdth'ir (Ger. gattern; Dut. gaderen, to 
draw to a heap), to bring together ; to collect ; to ac- 
cumulate ; to assemble ; to infer ; to pick, as fruit : 
n. a fold in sewing ; a pucker : gath ering, imp. : n. 
an accumulation; a collection: gath'ered, pp. -erd: 
gatherer, n. one who: gatherable, a. -d-bl, that may 
be collected. 

gaudy, a. gaXcd'l (L. gaudium, joy: old F. gaudir, 
to be merry), showy ; gay ; ostentatiously fine : 
gaud ily, ad. -II -. gaud'iness, n. -l-nes, showiness ; tin- 
sel appearance. 

gauge, n. gaj (F. jauger, to estimate the number of 
bowls in a vessel— from jale, a bowl), a measure ; a 
standard of measure ; on a railway, the distance be- 
tween the rails, usually 4 feet S? inches ; a workman's 
tool; a mixture of certain stuff and plaster, used in 
finishing the best ceilings, and for mouldings : v. to 
measure or ascertain the contents of a cask or vessel ; 
to measure or ascertain, as the quantity, diameter, 
&c. : gauging, imp. : n. the act of measuring the con- 
tentsorcapacityofavessel: gauged, pp. gi'ijd : gaug'er, 
n. -er, an excise officer : gauge able, a. -d-bl, that may 
be gauged : gauge-cocks, two or three small cocks in 
front of the boiler of a steam-engine for ascertaining 
the height of the water: gauging-rod, an instr. lor 
ascertaining the liquid contents of casks. 

Gaul, n. gau-l (L. Gallia, Gaul), the anc. name of 
France ; a native of. 

gault or golt, n. golt (prov. Eng.), in geol., a term ap- 
plied to that series of dark-blue marls or calcareous 
clays occurring between the upper and lower green- 
sands of the chalk formation, as developed in the 
south of England. 

gaunt, a. gawnt (AS. geu-aned. diminished : W, ge- 
f can, weak), lean; meagre; empty and thin after long 
fasting, or by disease ; pinched and grim : gauntly, 



covered with plates of metal on the back, part of the 
defensive armour of anc. times : gaunt'leted, a. wear- 
ing a gauntlet : gauntlet is a very common spelling, 
but gantlet is the better and original lorm. 

gauze, n. galcz (F. gaze, a thin open canvas : Norm. 
gisen, open in texture), a very thin, light, transparent 
fabric of silk or linen : adj. made of gauze : gauzy, a. 
gaTv'zl, thin as gauze ; like gauze. 

gave, gdv, pt. of give, which see. 

gavial, n. gd'vldl (an Indian name), the Asiatic 
crocodile, having a prolonged and slender snout. 

gawk, n. gawk (AS. geac; Scot, goick, a cuckoo, a 
simpleton), a fool ; a simpleton : gawTiy, a. -Id, awk- 
ward ; clownish ; foolish ; ungainly. 

gay, a. gd (F. gai; It. gajo, merry, jolly: Sp. gayar, 
to variegate), merry ; sportive ; any and cheerful ; 
fine ; showy ; addicted to pleasure and loose in con- 
duct : gai'ly, ad. -II : gaiety, also gayety, n. gd'l-tl, 
merriment ; airiness with cheerfulness : gay/ness, n. 
gaiety; finery: gay'some, a. -sum, full of gaiety. 

gaze, v. gaz (Norm, glosa, to gaze or stare : Russ. 
glaz', eye ; glazyaf, to stare), to fix the eyes on steadily 
and earnestly ; to look with eagerness and curiositv : 



. -fdbl, given to gazing: gazingstock, n. one „__. 
at, genera;: favourable sense. 

gazelle, n. gd-zil' (F. gazelle; Sp. gazela, a kind of 
antelope : Ar. ghazal), rmed species of 

antelope, celebrated for the beauty of its eyes. 

gazette, n. gd-zef (It. gazetta, all manner of idle 
chattings, running reports), the newspaper in which 
official announcements are inserted ; a newspaper : v. 
to insert or publish in the gazette or official paper: 
to be in the gazette, said of a bankrupt whose insol- 
vency is announced in the official paper: to be 
gazetted, applied familiarly to the official announce- 
ments of appointments, promotions. &c, in the army, 
navy, peerage, church, &c: gazetting, imp.: gazet'- 
ted. pp. published in the gazette : gazetteer, n. gdz- 
ct-ter', a book containing a brief description of the 
countries of the whole world, or of any one of them, 
whose information is arranged for reference in alpha- 
betical order. 

gean, n. gen (F. guigne; Sp. guinda), a species of 
cherry, common in England and Scotland, of a deep 
purple or black when ripe. 

gear, n. ger (AS. gearu-a; Icel. gerfi, whatever is 
required to set a thing in action), accoutrements; 
harness ; tackle ; dress ; ornaments ; goods : v. to 
dress ; to harness : gear ing, imp. : n. harness ; a series 



of toothed wheels for effecting and directing motion: 
geared, pp. gerd. 

gecko, n. gek'-ko (imitative of the sound which the 
animal utters), one of a species of lizards able to run 
up walls an. I like flies. 

geese, n. plu. of goose, which see. 

Gehenna, n. ge-hen'nd (Heb. ge, valley of, and Hin- 
nom), the valley where the Jews burnt their children 
in the fire to Moloch ; in Scrip., used as a type of 
hell. 

gelatine, n.jSl'd-tln (F. gelatine; It. and Sp. gela- 
tina— from L. gelatum, to congeal ; gelu, icy coldness), 
the principle of jelly ; animal jelly; glue : gelatinous, 
a. je-ldt'l-nus, resembling or consisting of jelly: gelat- 
inate, v. -l-ndt, or gelatinise, v. -nlz, to convert into 
jelly; to assume the form of jelly: gelat ina'ting, 
imp. : gelatinising, imp. : gelat Ina ted. pp. : gelat- 
inised', pp. -nlzd': gelat ina'tion, n. -nashun, the act 
or process of converting into gelatine. 

geld, v. gild (Icel. gelda; Ger. geilen, to castrate), 
to deprive of generative power ; to deprive of any es- 
sential part : geld'ing, imp. : n. act of depriving of 
generative power ; a castrated animal, chiefly a horse : 
geld'ed, pp. castrated. 

gelid, a. jel'-id (L. aelidus, cold as ice: It. gelido), 
very cold: gel'idly, ad. -H: gel'idness, n., also ge- 
lidity, n.je-ild'-i-tl, great coldness. 

gem, n. jem (AS. gym, a gem; Icel. gim, shining — 
from gima, to shine— see gemma), a precious stone of 
any kind; in bot., a bud; anything exceedingly 
beautiful or attractive: v. to adorn with precious 
stones; to embellish ; to bespangle; to put forth the 
first buds : gem ming, imp. : gemmed, pp. jimd : 
gemmy, a. jim'-ml, resembling or adorned with gems ; 
glittering. 

gemini, n. plu. jlm'-l-nl (L. gemini, twins; gemi- 
natus, doubled), twins ; one of the signs of the zodiac : 
geminous, a. -l-nus, double; in pairs: gem'inate, 
-l-ndt, in bot., growing in pairs. 

gemma, n. jim'ma (L. gemma, a bud), a bud : gem- 
ma ceous, a. -vid-shiis, pert, to leaf-buds or to gems : 
gemma, n. plu. -me, leaf-buds as distinguished from 
flower-buds: gem'mate, a. -mat, in bot., having 
buds: gemmated, a. having buds; adorned with 
gems: gemmation, n. -md'shun, the disposition of 
the buds on plants ; the period of the expansion of 
buds on plants ; in zool., the reproduction of nume- 
rous species of the very lowest types of animals in 
which the process is akin to that of the budding of 
plants: gemmed, pp. jemd, adorned with buds or 
gems: gem'meous, a. -me-iis, connected with or hav- 
ing the nature of a gem : gemmiferous, a. -mlf-ir-us 
(L. fero, I bear), bearing buds : gemmip'arous, a. -mlp'- 
dr-iis (L. pario, I produce), reproducing by buds ; 
multiplying by a process of budding : gemmule, n. 
jem'-mul, the first bud of the embryo ; a little bud or 

gendarme, n. zhang'd&rm (F. gens cVarmes, men-at- 
arms), in France, a sort of military police. 

gender, n. jen'-der (F. genre; L. genus, kind or sort : 
It. genen ), the difference in words expressing the dis- 
tinction between male and female ; sex. 

genealogy, n. je'-ne-dl'-o-jl (Gr. genealogia, genealogy 
— from genos, birth, race, and logos t discourse), his- 
tory of the descent of a person or family from an an- 
cestor; pedigree; lineage: genealogical, a. -loj'-l- 
kdl, pert, to the descent of persons or families : ge'- 
nealog'ically, ad. -II: ge'neal ogist, n. -dl'-o-jist, he who 
traces descents of persons or families : ge'neal'ogise, 
v. -jlz, to investigate the history of descents. 

genera, n. plu. jin'-6r-d— see genus. 

general, a. jen'-er-dl (L. generalis, belonging to a 
kind or species— from genus, kind: It. generate'. 
F. general), relating to a whole class or order ; not 
special or particular ; public ; common ; extensive ; 
usual : n. the whole ; the total ; the chief commander 
of an army ; the commander of a division : gen'erally, 
ad. -It, in the main ; without minute detail : gen'er- 
al'ity, n. -dl'-l-tl, the main body; the bulk ; the great- 
est part : general-ofiicers, the superior officers of an 
army— viz., field-marshal, general, lieutenant-general, 
major-general, brigadier-general : as a prefix, general 
denotes chief or superior : generalship, n. military 
skill : in general, in the main ; for the most part : 
lieutenant-general, n. an officer second in rank to a 
general : brigadier-general, n. the commander of a 
brigade: major-general, rank below lieutenant-gen- 
eral : gen'eralis simo, n. -is'i-md (It.), the chief general 
of two or more armies acting in the same war : gen- 



cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thug, there, zeal. 



GENE 2 

eralise', v. -iz", to extend from particulars to whole 
kinds or classes ; to infer from the nature of one or 
a few, the nature of a number or the whole : gen'- 
erali'sing, imp. : adj. tending to or consisting in gen- 
eralisation : n. the act or process by which we com- 
prehend under a common name several objects agree- 
ing in some point, and which that common name 
serves to indicate: generalised', pp. -Izd': generalisa- 
tion, n. -2$'sMn, the deducinga general pi in<;ip)i iioni 
a series of facts •, act or process of grouping particu- 
lars in a genus; the act of comprehending under a 
common name several objects agreeing in some point. 

generate, v. jen'er-dt (L. generation, to beget, to en- 
gender; generans, begetting— from gen us, race, kind), 
to beget; to bring into life; to cause; to produce: 
gen'era'ting, imp.: adj. producing; forming: gen- 
erated, pp. : generator, n. -ter, one who or that 
which : gen'erable, a. -d-bl, capable of being genera- 
ted : gen'erant, n. -ant, the begetting or productive 
power: gen'era'tion, n. -a'-shun, production; forma- 
tion ; an age ; people of the same period ; a family ; a 
race: generative, a. -tlv, that generates or produces ; 
having the power of producing. 

generic, a. je'-ne'r'lk (L. genus, race, kind— gen. gen- 
eris : F. generique : It. generico), pert, to a genus or 
kind; consisting in the classification of objects under 
genera, as opposed to species ; also gener'ical, a. 
-n&r'l-kdl : gener'ically, ad. -II. 

generous, a. jgn'er-us (L. generosus, of good or noble 
birth, generous— from genus, kind, race : It. generoso : 
F. genereux), liberal ; bountiful ; excellent ; open- 
hearted ; strong or invigorating iu its nature : gen'- 
erously, ad. -II: gen'erousness, n. -nes-. gen'eros'ity, 
n. -ds'l-tl, a disposition to give liberally, or to be- 
stow favours ; a quality of the heart opposed to mean- 
ness or parsimony. 

Genesis, n.jen'e-sls (Gr. genesis, origin, source— from 
gennao, I cause or produce), the first book of the Old 
Testament Scriptures, giving the history of the crea- 
tion of the world and of man, &c. ; a production or 
formation; evolution: genetic, a. je-n6t'lk, pert, to 
origin or mode of production of a thing. 

genet, n. zhSn'et {¥.), a small Spanish horse; an 
animal of the weasel kind. 

Geneva, n. je-ne'vd (F. genievre, the juniper-tree), 
gin ; a spirit distilled from grain or malt and juniper- 
berries, now often flavoured with the oil of turpentine 
—gin is a contr. for Geneva ; the name of a town in 
Switzerland: Genevan, a. of or pert, to Geneva: 
Genevese, n. jSn'e-vez, the people of Geneva. 

genial, a. je'ni-dl (L. genialis, merry, pleasant : It. 
geaiale), cheering; enlivening; contributing to life 
and cheerfulness : ge'nially, ad. -It: ge'nial'ity, n. -l-ti, 
gaiety; cheerfulness. 

geniculate, v. jSn-ik'u-ldt (L. geniculatus, having 
knots, jointed— from genu, the knee), to form joints or 
knots on: adj. in hot., bent like a knee: genic'ula- 
ting, imp.: genic'ulated, pp.: adj. having joints like 
the knee : genic'ula'tion, n. -la'shun, the state of hav- 
ing knots or joints like the knee. 

genii, n. plu. je'ni-l (called by Eastern nations ginn 
or djinn—see genius), a race of imaginary beings in 
Eastern tales, said to have been created from fire, and 
endowed with certain bodily forms which they can 
change at pleasure, and to have possessed superhuman 
powers. 

genital, a. jSn'l-tdl (L. genitalis, serving to beget— 
from gigno, I beget: It. geaitale: F. genital), pert, 
to generation or the act of begetting: genitals, n. 
plu. -tdlz, in animals, the external organs of genera- 
tion. 

genitive, n. jSn'ltlv (L. genitivus, pert, to genera- 
tion or birth, genitive case: It. genitivo: F. genitif, 
the genitive case), in gram., a noun inflected to 
indicate ownership or possession, the sign of which is 
of, in Latin,— thus, ars, art— gen. artis, of art; and 
in Eng. 's and s',— thus, lady's bonnet, ladies' bonnets; 
adj. pert, to source, origin, or possession ; possessive. 

genius, n. je'nl-us (L. genius, the good or evil spirit 
supposed to attend on a man or woman, taste, inclina- 
tion : It. genio : F. genie), the supposed protecting or 
ruling power of men or places ; an imaginary spirit ; 
the natural bent or disposition of mind by which a 
person is qualified for some particular employment ; 
high mental powers or faculties ; a person possessed 
of uncommon intellectual faculties : ge'niuses, .plu. 
■us-Sz, persons possessed of high mental powers or 



6 GEOD 

Genoese, n. gen'6-ez, the inhabitants of Genoa, a 
town of Italy. 

genouillere, n. zlia'-nobl-ydr' (F. top of a boot, knee- 
piece— from F. genou; L. genu, the knee), in fort., 
that part of the parapet reaching from the platform to 
the sill of the embrasure, and covered by the fore part 
of the gun-carriage ; in a barbette battery, the height 
of the parapet above the banquette. 

genre-painting or sculpture, zhung'r-(¥. genre, kind, 
species), in painting and sculp., the representation of 
I he life and manners of everyday life. 

genteel, a. jen-tel' (F. gentil, graceful, genteel : 
L. gentilis, belonging to a nation or family— from 
gens, race, family), polite : refined ; well bred ; easy 
and graceful in manners : genteelly, ad. -ll: genteel- 
ness, n. quality of being genteel : gentil'ity, n. -tll'l-tl, 
good birth ; the manners of well-bred people. 

gentian, n. jSn'shl-dn (L. gentiana, after Gentius, 
king of Illyria, who first experienced the virtues of 
the plant), a plant whose root, which is very bitter, 
is used in medicine. 

gentile, n. j&n'tll (L. gentilis, belonging to the 
same clan or house — from gens, a race, a stock : It. 
gentile; F. gentil, a gentile, a heathen), one belonging 
to the nations of the world in general, as opposed to 
the Jews; a heathen; one not a Jew or a Christian : 
adj. of or pert to pagans or heathens: gen'tilism, n. 
-Izm, heathenism; paganism: gen'tiliti'ous, a. -it-h- 
us, peculiar to a people or nation ; hereditary. 

gentility, n.— see under genteel. 

gentle, a. j6n'tl (F. gentil, genteel, graceful— from 
L. gentilis, belonging to a race, clan, or house: It. 
gentile, of a noble race or family), well born ; mild ; 
amiable; meek; soothing; pacific; not rough or vio- 
lent : gently, ad. -II, softly ; tenderly : gen'tleness, n. 
■nis, softness of manners; mildness of temper : gentle- 
man, n. jen'tl-mdn (from genteel, and man: F. gentil- 
homme), in a general sense, every educated person 
above a labourer, an artisan, or a tradesman ; an in- 
dividual possessed of the conduct, character, habits, 
and outward appearance which belong, or are ex- 
pected to belong, to persons born and educated in a 
high social position ; a man in any station of life who 
is possessed of good breeding and refined manners, 
strict integrity and honour, kindness of heart, and 
suchlike qualities; in a limited sense, a person of 
fortune and good family, whether titled or not ; one 
who bears a coat of arms : a term of complaisance or 
respect, as in the plural— gentlemen, when addressing 
a number of persons : gentlemanly, a. -II, becoming 
a gentleman; also gentlemanlike, a.: gentlemanli- 
ness, n. -U-nSs : gentry, n. jSn'-trl, the persons pos- 
sessed of landed property, holding rank between the 
nobility and common people : gentlewoman, n. j6n' 



-fokz, persons distinguished by their birth or position 
from the common people : gentleman-usher, in Eng- 
land, one who ushers persons into the presence of the 
sovereign: gentleman-usher of the black rod, an 
officer belonging to the Garter whose duty it is to 
attend the House of Lords while Parliament is sitting, 
and to carry messages to the House of Commons : 
gentlemen-at-arms, a corps of forty gentlemen who 
attend the sovereign on state occasions. 

genuflection, n. jen'-u-flek'-shun (F. ginvflexion — 
from L. genu, the knee, and fiecto, I bend or incline), 
the act of bending the knee, particularly in worship. 

genuine, a. jc, / (L jenuimis, peculiar, natural 
—from geno, I beget, I bring forth : It. genuino), real ; 
natural ; not spurious ; not adulterated : gen'uinely, 
ad. -II: gen'uineness, n. -n&s, purity ; reality; freedom 
from adulteration or mixture. 

genus, n. je'nus, plu. genera, jSn'Sr-d (L. genus ; Gr. 
genos, birth, descent), that which has several species 
under it ; a group ; a kind. 

geocentric, a. je'-6-sSn'trVc (Gr. ge, the earth, and 
kentron, the centre), having the centre of the earth for 
its centre— applied to the position of a celestial object 
as viewed from the earth ; also ge'ocen'trical, a. 
-trl-kdl. 

geode, n. je'Od (F. geode, eagle-stone: Gr. gaiodee, 
earthy), a round or roundish lump of a stony sub- 
stance, sometimes hollow and lined with crystals. 

geodesy, n. je-dd'6-sl (Gr. ge, the earth, and daio, I 
divide: F. geodesie), those branches of mathematics 
which are applied to the determination of the magni- 
tude and figure of the whole earth, or of any large por- 
tion of its surface, and to the construction of maps: 



mate, mdt,fdr, law; mSte, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, nOt, m6ve; 



GEOG 



227 



GET 



geodesic, a.je'-d-dei'-ik, and ge'odes'ical, a. -l-kdl, also 
geodetic, A.ji'-o-dct'-ik, and ge'odet ical, a. -l-kdl, pert, 
to the art of in-.-asuring lar^e portions of the earth's 
surface, ascertaining its figure, &c. 

geognosy, n. je-og-no-sl (Gr. ge, the earth, and gnosis, 
knowledge— from gnoo, I know), the knowledge or 
study of the structure of the earth's crust, in contra- 
distinction to geology, which embraces both the facts 
and the reasonings respecting them : ge'ognostic, a. 
-nos'-tlk, pert. to. 

geogony, n. je og'-o-nl (Gr. ge, the earth, and gone, 
generation), the doctrine of the formation of the 
earth: geogonic, a. je-o-gpn'-lk, pert, to geogony. 

geography, n. je-og'-rd-jl (Gr. ge, the earth, and 
yraphe, a writing or description: F. gtographie). a de- 
scription of the surface of the earth, of its artificial 
divisions into countries, states, kingdoms, cities, towns, 
&c., and of its natural divisions into oceans, rivers, 
continents, islands, mountains, &c; a book containing 
such description : geographer, n. -J'er, one versed in 
geography; a writer on the subject: geographic, a. 
-6-grdf-lk, and geographical, a. l-kdl, of or relating 
to geography: geographically, ad. -II. 

geology, n. je-ol'-o-jl (Gr. ge, the earth, and logos, a 
discourse), the science which treats of the structure 
of the earth, and the substances of which it is com- 
posed: geological, a. -o-ldj'-l-kdl, pert, to geology: 
geologist, n. -ol'0-jlst, one versed in the science of 
geology: geologise, v. -jlz, to study or pursue the 
science of geology: geol'ogi'sing, imp.: geol'ogised, 
pp. -jlzd. 

geomancy, n. je'-o-mdn'sl (Gr. ge, the earth, and 
manteia, divination), divination by points or circles 
drawn on the ground, and afterwards on paper: ge'- 
omantic, a. -tlk, pert, to: ge'oman'cer, n. -sir, one 
who. 

geometry, n. jc-dm-S-trl (Gr. ge, the earth, and 
metron, a measure: F. geometrie), that branch of 
mathematics which treats of the measurement of lines, 
surfaces, and solids, with their various properties and 
relations: geom'eter, n. -ter, one who is skilled in 
geometry ; alsoge'ometrici'an, n.-trlsh'dn : geometric, 
a. je'-o-met'-rik, and ge'omet rical, a. -rl-kdl, relating 
to geometry, or according to its rules and principles : 
geometrically, ad. -II: geometric mean, the second 
term of a geometrical progression consisting of three 
terms, or the second of three continued proportionals : 
geometrical progression, a series of numbers, each of 
which is obtained from the preceding one by being 
multiplied by a constant number called the common 
ratio : geometric pen, an ingenious instrument for 
drawing curves. 

geo-navigation, n. je-O-ndv'-lgd'-shiin (Gr. ge, the 
earth, and navigation), a term proposed for that 
branch of the science of navigation in which the place 
of a ship at sea is determined by referring it to some 
other spot on the surface of-the earth. 

geoponics, n. plu. je-O-pdrilks (Gr. ge, the earth, and 
ponos, labour), the art or science of cultivating the 
ground: ge'opon'ical, a. -l-kdl, relating to agricul- 



Georgics, n. j6r'jlks(L. Georgica, the Georgics— from 
Gr. ge, the earth, and ergon, labour), a poem of Virgil, 
the anc. Latin poet, treating on the rules for cultivat- 
ing land ; a poem on rural subjects : geor'gic, a. -jlk, 
relating to agriculture. 

Georgium-sidus, n. jor'-jl-um-sl'-dus (L. for George, 
and sidics, a star), the name of a planet, better known 
as Uranus or Herschel. 

geosaurus, n. je'-O-saw'-rus (Gr. ge, the earth, and 
sauros, a lizard), in geol., a gigantic terrestrial reptile 
of the oolitic epoch. 

geoscopy, TLJe-os'-kO-pl (Gr. ge, the earth, and skopeo, 
I view), a knowledge of the different kinds of earth. 

geoteuthis, n. je'6-tu-this (Gr. ge, the earth in the 
sense of fossil, and teuthis, a squid), a genus of fossil 
squids or cuttle-fishes. 

geo-thermometer, n. je-6-ther-mom'e-ter (Gr. ge, the 
earth, and thermometer), an instr. for measuring the 
earth's heat at different depths, as in wells and mines, 
and for ascertaining its rate of increase. 

gerah, n. ge'-rd, a Hebrew coin, equal to l^d. nearly. 

geranium, n. je-rd'-ni-um (L. geranium; Gr. ger- 
anion), an extensive genus of plants, some of the 
species producing very handsome flowers, while others 
are mere weeds: geraniaceae, n. plu. je-ra'-ni-d'-sl-e, 
the systematic name of the geraniums, so named by 
cow, boy, foot; pure, oiid; chair, 



Linnaeus— from Gr. geranos, a crane, in allusion to the 
crane-like beak termina gera'nial, a. 

-nl-dl, pert, to: geranin, n. gCr'-d-nin, a valuable as- 
tringent obtained from the root of one of the gerani- 
ums called crane's-bill. 

gerfalcon, n. jer'-faYv-kn (Ger. geierfalk), a large 
and fierce species of falcon. 

germ, n. jerm (L. germen, the bud of a tree, a Jconng 
twig: It. genuine -. F. germe), that from which anv- 
thing springs ; origin ; first principle ; a bud or shoot : 
germinal, a. -ml-ndl, pert, to a germ : germ-mass, the 
materials prepared for the future formation of the em- 
bryo : germen, n. jer'-m en, in hot. , a name for the ovary : 
germinate, v. jer'-ml-nat, to bud or sprout; to begin 
to grow; to vegetate; to cause to sprout; ger'mina'- 
ting, imp. : ad), sprouting or vegetating : ger'mina- 
ted, pp.: ger'nunal, a. -mUn&l, pert, to a genu : ger'mi- 
nant, a. -ndnt, sprouting; germinating: germination, 
n. -nd : shun, the act of sprouting; the first beginning 
of vegetation in seed : germinal vesicle, in bot. and 
zool., a cell contained in the embryo-sac, from which 
the embryo is developed; the small vesicular body 
within the ovum or the yolk of the egg. 

german, a. jer'-mdn (L. germanus. sprung from the 
same stock: F. germain, german: It. gerniano, true, 
natural, a brother), of the first degree of relationship ; 
of the same stock ; nearly allied ; natural ; cousins- 
german, the sons or daughters of brothers or sisters. 

German, n. jer'-mdn a native of Germany ; also the 
language : German-silver, an alloy of copper, nickel, 
and zinc : Germanism, n. -izm, an idiom of the Ger- 
man language : German ic, a. -Ik, pert, to Germany. 

germander, n. jeron&n'-der (F. germandre'e), a na- 
tive plant formerly used in medicine and in brewing ; 
germander speedwell, a species of Veronica. 

gerund, b.jI u m— from gero, I bear, 

I carry), in Latin gram., a kind of verbal noun go- 
verning cases like a participle: gerundial, &.j6-run'- 
dl-dl, pert, to or resembling a gerund. 

gervillia, n. jer-vU'-l-d (alter M. Gerville, a French 
naturalist), a genus of the Aviculidre (d-vik'-u-li-dc) 
or wing-shells, found fossil in many species. 

gest, n. jest (old F. geste, thing done, exploit: L. ges- 
turn, to bear, to carry on), a deed ; an act ; a feat. 

gestation, n. jes-td'-shd7i (L. gestatio, a bearing or 
carrying— from gesto, I bear or carry: F. gestation), 
the act of carrying young in the womb from concep- 
tion to delivery ; the state of pregnancy : ges'tatory, 
a -td-ter-l, that may be carried or worn; pert, to 
pregnancy. 

gesticulate, v. jis-tlk'-u-ldt (L. gesticulatio, panto- 
mimic motion— from gesticulor, I represent by strango 
gestures and postures : F. gesticider. to gesticulate), 
to make gestures or motions, as in speaking or at- 
tempting to speak: to play antic tricks: gestic'ula- 
ting, imp. : gestic ulated, pp. : gestic'ulator, n. -Id'- 
ter, one who: gestic'ula tion, n. -Id-shun, the act of 
making gestures to express passion or enforce senti- 
ment ; motions or postures of the body in speaking : 
gestic'ula'tory, a -ld'-ter-l, connected with or having 
the character of gesticulation. 

gesture, n. jes'turov -chdbr (mid. L. aestura, mode of 
acting— from L. gestus, posture, motion: F. geste; It. 
gesto, gesture), motions of the body or limbs used to ex- 
press forcibly ideas or passions, or to enforce an argu- 
ment or opinion ; any significant motion of the body 
or limbs : gestural, a -tu-rdl, belonging to gesture : 
ges'tureless, a. -lis, free from gestures. 

get, v. get (AS. getan, to get: IceL geta, to conceive, to 
acquire), to procure ; to obtain ; to attain ; to realise ; 
to bring into a certain condition ; tobecome; to beget : 
getting, imp. : n. the act of obtaining or acquiring ; 
acquisition: profit : got, pt. got, did get : gotten or 
got, pp. gdtr-n, gdt: getter, n. one who : to get ahead, 
to advance ; to prosper : to get along, to proceed ; to 
advance ; to prosper : to get at, to reach ; to make 
way to : to get away, to leave ; to escape : to get by 
heart, to learn anything, as a lesson, so as to be able 
to repeat it from memory : to get clear, to be released 
or freed, as from confinement or danger : to get drunk, 
to become intoxicated : to get off, to escape : to get on, 
to proceed ; to advance ; to prosper : to get out, to 
extricate one's self; to escape: to get over, to sur- 
mount : to get the day, to win : to get through, to 
traverse ; to finish : to get to, to reach ; to arrive at : 
to get together, to assemble ; to convene : to get up, 
to rise from sleep or repose ; to make ready or pre- 
pare, as a play ; to perfect one's self, or make one's 
self competent in, as in a subject for examination. 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



GET 



228 



GIN 



get, v. gSt, a contraction for beget : getter, n. gW- 
er, one who begets. 

gewgaw, n. gu'gatb (old Eng. gaud, ornament : 
Swiss, gugage, an exclamation of contempt at sense- 
less chatter : F joujou, a plaything), a showy trifle ; a 
toy ; a hauble : adj. showy, but of no value. 

geyser, n. gl'-ztr (Icel. geysa, to be impelled ; geysil- 
egr, vehement), the name given to certain intermit- 
tent boiling springs or spouting fountains found in 
Iceland : gey'serite, n. -zer-it, a loose, porous, hydra- 
ted form of silica, deposited in concretionary cauli- 
flower-like masses around such hot springs as the 
geysers. 

ghastly, a. gclst'll (AS. gast; Ger. geist, a spirit), 
deathlike ; pale ; dismal ; shocking ; dreadful : ghast - 
liness, n. horror of countenance ; a deathlike look. 

ghaut, n. (ji a • (K ghdt),a, difficult pass through 

a mountain ; a range or chain of mountains ; landing 
or ferry stairs. 

ghebers or ghebreg, also guebers, n. plu. ga'bers, 
(Pers. ghebr; Ar. kafir ; Turk, giaour, an infidel), the 
anc. Persian fire-worshippers, so called by the Mo- 
hammedans. 

ghee, n. g8 (Hind, ghi), clarified butter used by the 
natives of India. 

gherkin, n. ger'kln (Ger. gurke ; Bohem. okurka, a 
cucumber), a small cucumber, suitable for pickling. 

Ghibelline, n. gib'&l-lln, one of a faction in Italy in 
the 13th century which favoured the German Em- 
perors, in opposition to the Guelfs, who sided with the 
Pope. 

ghost, n. gOst (AS. gast; Ger. geist, a spirit), an ap- 
parition or spectre ; the soul or spirit of a deceased 
person : ghostly, a. -II, pert, to the soul or spirit ; 
spiritual; not carnal; not secular; relating to appari- 
tions : ghost'liness, n. : ghostlike, a. ghastly ; having 
sunken eyes: ghost'less, a. without spirit or life: 
Holy Ghost, the Comforter; the Third Person of the 
Trinity : to give up the ghost, to die ; to yield up the 
breath or spirit. 

ghoul, n. gdl (Pers. ghul, a mountain demon), a 
supposed demon that feeds on the dead; also spelt 
ghole. 

giant, n. jl'dnt (F. giant, a giant : L. gigas, a giant 
— gen. gigantis; Gr. gigas, a giant— gen. gigantos— 
from Gr. gegenes, earth-born— from ge, the earth, and 
genos, birth, race), a man of very large stature : a per- 
son of great bodily or intellectual power : adj. great 
in size or strtngth: gi'antess, n. a female giant: 
gi'antlike, a. of unusual size : gi'antship, n. quality 
or character of a giant : giants' causeway, a columnar 
basaltic formation on the N. coast of Ireland— the 
columns being arranged like an artificial causeway. 

giaour, n. jdivr (Turk, giaour ; Pers. gawr, an in- 
fidel), a term of reproach or contempt applied by the 
Turks to all unbelievers in Mohammedanism, but more 
especially to Christians. 

gib and key, jib (gib, cat or male cat), in steam 
machinery, the fixed wedge, and the driving wedge, 
for tightening the strap which holds the brasses at 
the end of a connecting-rod. 

gibber, v. glb'ber (imitation of the sound of rapid 
talking without reference to meaning : Icel. gifra, to 
jabber), to speak inarticulately ; to gabble : gib'ber- 
ing, imp.: gibbered, pp. -bird: gibberish, n. -ber-lsh, 
unmeaning words ; unintelligible language : adj. 
canting; unintelligible. 

gibbet, n. jlb'-U (F. gibet, a gibbet : Dut. wippen, to 
jerk up into the air: Sw. gippa, to whip up into the 
air), a gallows on which criminals are hanged, or on 
which they were formerly exposed in chains ; the pro- 
jecting beam of a crane ; any cross beam like a gal- 
lows : v. to hang or expose on a gallows : gib'beting, 
imp. : gibbeted, pp. 

gibbon, n. glb'dn, an ape of the E. India Islands, 
remarkable for the length of its arms. 

gibbose, a. gib-bos' (L. gibbus, humped : It. gibbo, a 
swelling on the back: F. gibbeux, a branching out), 
humped ; a term applied to surfaces having large ele- 
vations : gibbosity, n. -bos'l-tl, a round or swelling 
prominence; in bot., a swelling at the base of an 
organ: gibbous, a. glb'bils, swelling; protuberant; 
in bot., swollen at the base, or having a swelling on 
the surface ; convex, chiefly applied to the moon in 
her second and third quarters: gib'bously, ad. -II 
gib'bousness, n. 

gibe, n. jib (W. gwep, beak, face : Norm, gjeipa ; Sw. 

gipa, to wry the mouth, to make faces), an expression 

of sarcastic scorn; a scoff*; a railing; a sneer: v. to 

mate, mat, fur, laTv; mete, mSt, 



cast reproaches and sneering expressions at; to rail 
at ; to taunt ; to scoff: gi'bing, imp. : gibed, pp. jlbd: 
gi'ber, n. -,ber, one who : gi'bingly, ad. -II. 

giblets, n. plu jtb gobeau, a. bit, a morsel; 

It. gibbo, a hump), the parts of a goose or of poultry, 
as the heart, liver, gizzard, &c, cut off before it is 
dressed: giblet, a. made of giblets: giblet-pie, a pie 
made of giblets. 

giddy, a. gld'dl (Gael, godach, giddy : Norm, gidda, 
to shake, to tremble), having a confused sensation of 

swimming or whirling in fchi deai itabli ; Wm.h^: 

able; thoughtless: gid'dily, ad. -Hi gid'diness, n. 
•nes, swimming of the head ; inconstancy ; levity : 
giddy-headed, a. very thoughtless. 

gift, n. gift (from give, which see), a present; 
anything given or bestowed; an offering; power; 
faculty : v. to endow with any power or faculty : gift'- 
ing, imp. : gift'ed, pp. : adj. endowed by nature with 
any power orfaeulty ; talented ; endowed with gifts : 
gift'edness, n. 

gig, n. gig (F. gigue, a jig or rapid dance ; giguer, to 
run, to leap : It. giga, a jig, an air for dancing), a light 
two-wheeled carriage ; a long light boat ; anything 
light, swift, or whirling; a machine for forming the 
nap of cloth. 

gigantic, a. jlgdn'tlk(L. gigas, agiant— gen. gigan- 
tis— see giant), very large; huge; of extraordinary 
size ; enormous : gigan'tically, ad. -tl-kOl-ll: gi'gantol'- 
ogy, n. -tol'6-jl (Gr. logos, a discourse), an account or 
description of giants. 

giggle, n. glg'gl (an imitative word : Dut. gickelen ; 
Swiss, gigelen, to giggle), a short tittering laugh : v. to 
laugh in a silly manner; to titter: giggling, imp. 
-gllng: adj. laughing in a suppressed way ; tittering: 
n. half-suppressed or simpering laughter ; the act of 
tittering : gig'gler, n. -gler, one who : giglot, n. gig- 
I6t, a girl of light manners. 

gigot, n. jlg'dt or zhe'-go (F. gigot, a leg of mutton— 
from gigue, the thigh), a joint ; a leg of mutton. 

gild, v. gild (AS. gilden, golden, gilt— see gold), to 
overspread with a thin covering of gold ; to overlay 
with gold leaf-metal or powder ; to render bright ; to 
adorn : gild'ing, imp. : n. the art or trade of overlay- 
ing with gold-leaf, &c. ; that which is laid on ; figura- 
tively, superficial coating, as opposed to the solid 
metal ; gild'ed or gilt, pp. or pt. gilt .- gilder, n. glld'er. 
one whose trade is to gild. 

gill, n. jll (old Eng. gylle, a little pot : mid. L. guillo, 
a wine measure), a liquid measure containing the 
fourth part of a pint ; a liquid measure. 

gills, n. gllz (AS. geajtas; F. gifle, the chaps, the 
jaws : Gael, jial ; Sw. gel, a jaw, the gill of a fish), the 
organs of breathing in fishes ; the lungs of a fish, being 
reddish fibrous flaps placed on both sides of the head ; 
the flaps below the beak of a fowl; in bot, the thin 
vertical plates on the under side of the cap of certain 
fungi : gill-bearing, a. producing gills : gill-flap or 
gill-lid, the covering of the gill. 

gillyflower, n. jll'-l-flow'r (F. giroftee, a gillyflower— 
from It. garofalo; L. caryophyllus, a clove), a common 
plant of many species which flowers about July, hav- 
ing a clove-like odour. 

gilt, v. gilt (see gild): adj. overlaid with gold-leaf : n. 
gold laid on the surface of a thing. 

gimbals, n. plu. jlm'-bdlz (L. gimelli; F. jumelles : 
It. gemello, twins), pairs of brass hoops or rings moving 
within one another on diameters at right angles to 
each other, so that anything suspended in their centre 
will always retain a constant position ; the apparatus 
on board a ship to which the mariner's compass is 
attached. 

gimcrack, n. jlm'krdk (old Eng. gimmals or gim- 
mers, the corresponding members of a joint working 
into each other— applied to the mechanism for mov- 
ing idols and puppets : L. gemelli, twins), any trivial 
mechanism ; a device ; a toy. 

gimlet, n., also gimblet, glm'lSt (old F. gimbelet; 
F. gibelet, a gimlet — from prov. F. jhimbla, to twist), 
a small boring-tool with a screw point ; a large one of 
the same kind is called an auger: v. to turn round 
an anchor by the stock, in a ship : gim'leting, imp. : 
gim'leted, pp. 

gimp, n. gimp (Ger. gimf, lace or edging of silk: 
F. guipure, lace— from guiper, to cover or whip about 
with silk), a kind of silk twist or edging interlaced 
with wire. 

gin, n. jln (F. genievre, juniper-berry, gin), a well- 
known distilled spirit flavoured with juniper-berries; 
also called Geneva or Hollands: gin-palace, a large 
Mr; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



GIN 2 

finely fitted up shop where gin is retailed ; a public- 
house. 

gin, n. jin (L. ingenium, natural disposition, inven- 
tion : F. engin, an engine, understanding : Icel. ginna, 
to allure, to deceive), contrivance ; snare ; trap ; a 
machine for driving piles, or for raising and moving 
heavy weights ; a kind of machinery for raising coals 
or ore from mines : v. to catch in a trap ; to separate 
the seeds from the cotton by a machine: ginning, 
imp. : n. the act or process of clearing cotton from 
seeds : ginned, pp. a. jlnd, caught in a trap ; cleared 
from seeds, as cotton. 

ginger, n. jln'jer (F. gingembre; L. zinziber; It. 
zinzibo, ginger), the prepared root of a plant culti- 
vated in the West Indies : ginger-beer, n. an effer- 
vescing drink flavoured with ginger: ginger-bread, 
n. sweet or. ith ginger. 

gingerly, ad. jln'-jer-ll (AS. gyng, young, tender; 
gyngre, younger, more tender), like a younger man ; 
cautiously ; carefully, as from delicacy or timidity. 

gingham, n. glng'dm (F. guingan; Javanese, ging- 
gang), cotton cloth, the : is dyed before 

being woven— thus distinguished from printed cotton 
or prints. 

gingle, n.jln'gl— see jingle. 

ginglymus Jumos, a hinge 

or.ioint), a joint allowing motion in two directions 
only, as the joint of the elbow and lower jaw: gin'- 
glymoid, a. -moyd (Gr. eidos, form), resembling a 
hinge. 

ginseng, n.jln'seng{Chmese, genseng, first of plants), 
a plant whose root, of an aromatic flavour, is highly 
esteemed as a medicine among the Chinese. 

gipsy, n. jlp'sl (a corruption of Egyptian), a wan- 
dering race of people found in almost every European 
country, supposed to have come from India, through 
Egypt— spelt also gypsy and gypsey ; name of slight 
reproach to a young woman : gip'sles, plu. -slz: adj. 
pert, to or resembling the gipsies. 

giraffe, n. jl-raf or zhl-raf (Sp. giro/a— from Ar. 
zir&fah, signifying long neck), a remarkable African 
quadruped having a very long neck and long front 
legs ; the camelopard. 

girandole, n. jlr'an-dol or zMr'dn-dol (It. girandola 
—from L. gyrare, to turn round in a circle), a large 
kind of bran i tick; a candelabrum. 

girasole, n. shlr'd-sdl (It. girasole— from L. gyro, I 
turn round in a circle, and sol, the sun), a plant called 
turnsole; a transparent variety of opal, showing a 
bright hyacinth red when turned towards the sun or a 

: i ' :m.. ■■>...;, 

gird, v. gerd (Icel. gardr, a fence or hedge; girda, 
to enclose or surround with a fence : Goth, gairda, a 
girdle: L. gyrare, to turn), to bind round; to sur- 
round with a flexible substance, as a bandage, twig, 
or cord ; to invest ; to encircle : gird'ing, imp. : gir<f- 
ed, pp., also girt, girt; girder, n. ger'der, that which 
binds, ties, or encircles; in arch., a principal beam in 
a floor for supporting the binding or other joists, used 
also for supporting the main walls of a building, or 
for the supporting of the roadway of a bridge : girdle, 
n. ger'dl, a band or belt for the waist; a zone; in 
Scot., a round iron plate on which bread is baked : 
v. to surround ; to bind ; to enclose : gir'dling, imp. : 
gir'dled, pp. -did. 

gird, v. gerd (Ger. gerte; Dut. gard, a rod, as for 
chastising: Bav. garteh, switches), to lash with sneers 
or reproaches ; to sneer at : n. a sharp retort ; a sar- 
casm : gird'ing, imp. : gird'ed, pp. 

girl, n. gerl (Low Ger. gore, a child : prov. Ger. gorr, 
a girl : Swiss, gurrli, a depreciatory term for a girl), a 
lemale child; a young woman : girrhood, n. the state 
of a girl: girlish, a. -ish, like a young woman or 
child ; youthful : girlishly, ad. -II : girllshness, n. the 
manners of a girl. 

Girondist, n. ji-rdnklisf, in French hist., one of 
the Girondists or Girondins, a celebrated political 
party during the Revolution— so named from the de- 
partment of La Gironde. 

girouette, n. zhir'ob-Sf (F. a weather-cock), a politi- 
cian who turns with ever}- prevailing side. 

girt, girt, pt. or pp. of gird, which see. 

girt, v. gert (from gird), to gird; to surround: 
girting, imp. : girt'ed, pp. 

girth, n. gerth (AS. gyrd; Ger. gurt, a girth— see 
gird), the band or strap by which a saddle is made 
fast on a horse by passing under his belly; the cir- 
cumference or round measurement of timber, or of 
animals. 

cdio, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, 



GLAM 



ler for the night), the main point of a question ; that 
or turns ; point to arrive at. 

giusto, n. jobs'to (It.— from L. Justus, just), in just 
or equal time. 

give, v. glv (AS. gifan; Goth, giban, to give: Gael. 
gabh, to take, to lay hold of), to bestow ; to confer ; 
to pay, as a price ; to grant without price or reward ; 
to impart ; to grow moist ; to soften ; to resign or yield 
up; to render or utter: giving, imp.: gave, pt. gav, 
did give: given, pp. glvh conferred; ad- 

dicted : giv'er, n. -er, one who : to give away, to con- 
fer on without an equivalent: to give back, to re- 
turn; to restore: to give chase, to pursue: to give 
ear to, to listen to : to give forth, to publish ; to tell ; 
to send forth, as light : to give in, to yield : to give 
off, to yield or produce from a surface, as vapour or a 
smell: to give over, to cease; to addict; to attach 
to ; to conclude lost ; to abandon : to give out, to re- 
port; to publish: to give np, to resign; to quit; to 
abandon ; to deliver : to give way, to yield ; to make 
room for : to give in to, to adopt ; to yield ; to em- 
brace. 

gizzard, n. glz'ird (F. ge'sier; Lang, grezie— from 
gres; F. gresil, gravel), the strong muscular stomach 
of a fowl or bird. 

glabrous, a. gld'brus (L. glaber, smooth, without 
hair: It. glabro: F. glabre), in bot., smooth; devoid 
of hair; bald. 

glacial, a. gld'-shldl (L. glacialis: It. glaciale; F. 
glacial, icy— from L. glacies, ice), consisting of ice ; 
frozen ; relating to glaciers : glaciers, n. plu. glas'l- 
erz or gld'-shl-erz, vast fields or accumulations of ice, or 
snow and ice, which collect in the valleys and ravines 
of snow-capt mountains like the Alps— the mounds of 
debris which they often leave in their movements down- 
wards being called moraines: glaciation, n. gla'shl- 
d'-shun, the act of freezing ; the. process of becoming 
covered with glaciers : glacier-tables, the name given 
to large table-like blocks of stone lying on the surface 
of glaciers in Alpine regions : glacial period or epoch, 
in geol., a period so called from the signs of the action 
of glaciers or icebergs in the polished and grooved 
surfaces of the rocks over which they slid with their 
shingle and impacted boulders: glacieres, n. plu. 
glds'sl-drz (F. glacieres, ice-houses), in geol, a name 
given to caves full of ice, found chiefly in the Alpine 
mountains. 

glacis, n. gld'sls (F. glacts— from L. glacies, ice), a 
gentle slope ; a smooth sloping bank ; in fort, a bank 
of earth gently sloping towards the country. 

glad, a. glad (Sw. glad, joyful: Dan. glat, smooth, 
slippery; glad, joyous: Icel. gladr, bright, shining), 
pleased ; elevated with joy ; wearing the appearance 
of joy ; expressing joy, as a glad sound ; moderately 
joyful : gladly, ad. -li, with pleasure : glad'ness, n. 
a moderate degree of joy ; pleasure of mind : glad- 
den, v. gldd'n, to cheer ; to please ; to excite joy in : 
gladdening, imp. -ning: adj. cheering; exhilarating: 
gladdened, pp. -nd: glad'some, a. -siim, pleased; 
joyful ; causing joy : glad'somely, ad. -II : glad'some- 
ness, n. -nis, moderate joy ; pleasure of mind. 

glade, n. glad (Norm, glette, a clear spot among 
clouds : Icel. glita ; Scot, gleit, to shine : Dan. gade, a 
street), an opening or passage in a wood through 
which the light may break in and shine; any long 
opening or space in a wood or plantation, covered as 
a lawn with grass. 

gladiate, a. gldd'i-dt (L. gladius, a sword), in bot., 
shaped like a short straight sword: gladiator, n. 
d'-ter, a prize-fighter with swords; in anc. Rome, a 
man who engaged in mortal combat with another for 
the entertainment of the people : gladlato'rial, a. 
■to'ri-dl, pert, to prize-fights; also gladla'tory, a. 
■ter-l : gladla'torship, n. -ter-ship, the conduct or qua- 
lity of a gladiator. 

gladly, gladness, gladsome— see glad. 

gladiolus, n. gld-dl'o-lus(lj. a small sword— from gla- 
dius, a sword), a genus of beautiful flowering bulbs ; 
the sword-lily; the corn-flag: gladiole, n. gldd'i-ol, a 
lily-like plant of the genus gladiolus ; the court-flag. 

glair, n. glar (Scot, glair or glaur, mud or slime: 
F. glaire, white of an egg), the white of an egg ; any 
viscous transparent substance resembling it : v. to 
smear or varnish with the white of an egg : glair- 
ing, imp. : glaired, pp. gldrd : glair'y, a. -I, hav- 
ing the character of glair ; slimy. 

glamour, n. glam'-er (Scot. : Dan. glimmer, glitter, 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



GLAN 



230 



GLOA 



false lustre), a charm on the eyes making them see 
things different from what they are. 

glance, n. gldns (Ger. glanz: Dut. giants, lustre, 
splendour: Dan. glindse, to glisten), a rapid or moment- 
ary view ; a sudden shoot of light or splendour . 
name applied to minerals possessing a semi-metallic 
lustre : v. to dart aside ; to shoot, as a ray of light or 
splendour ; to fly off obliquely ; to snatch a momentary 
view: glan'cing, imp. -sing, shooting; darting; casting 
suddenly: glanced, pp. gl&nst: glan'cingly, ad. -II: 
glance-coal, anthracite, in allusion to its semi-metallic 
lustre. 

gland, n. gl&nd (L. glans, an acorn— gen. glandis : 
F. gland), one of the soft fleshy organs of the body, 
which either secrete or absorb certain fluids from the 
blood; a similar combination of ducts or vessels in 
plants : glanders, n. gldn'-derz (old F. glandre, a swell- 
ing of the glands), a disease of horses, generally affect- 
ing the mucous membrane of the nostrils, in which 
foul matter runs from the nose : glan'dered, a. -derd, 
affected with glanders: glan'dular, a. -du-ler, con- 
taining glands ; consisting of or pert, to glands ; in 
hot., applied to hairs having glands at their tips: 
glan'dularly, ad. -II : glan'dula'tion, n. -la'shun, the 
situation and structure of the secretory vessels in 
plants: glan'dule, n. -dill, a small gland or secreting 
vessel: glan'dulif'erous, a. -lif'-er-us (L. fero, I carry),' 
bearing acorns, or fruit like acorns : glan'dulons, a. 
-du-lus, consisting of or pert, to glands : glans, n. gl&nz 
(L. glans, any acorn-shaped fruit), in hot., applied to 
the acorn or hazel-nut, and suchlike, which are en- 
closed in bracts. 

glare, n. glar (Norm, glora, to shine : Swiss, glare, 
to stare), a bright dazzling light; a fierce piercing 
look: v. to shine with a dazzling light ; to look with 
fierce piercing eyes : gla'ring, imp. : adj. shining, so 
as to distress the eyes ; clear ; notorious ; barefaced : 
glared, pp. gldrd: gla'ringly, ad. -II, openly; notori- 
ously : gla'ringness, n. 

glareous, a. gld'rl-us (F. glaireux, slimy, mucous- 
see glair), resembling the white of egg. 

glaserite— see under glass. 

glass, n. glds (Dan. glas, glass : Norm, alas, a win- 
dow ; glisa, to shine through : F. glace, polished, 
shining), a hard, brittle, transparent substance, made 
by fusing powdered flint or fine sand with some al- 
kali ; a small drinking-vessel ; the quantity contain- 
ed therein; a mirror; a scientific instrument, as a 
2)rospect-glass, a weather-glass: adj. made of glass: 
glas'sy, a. -si, made of or resembling glass : glas'sily, 
ad. -II: glas'siness, n. -nSs: glass'ful, n. -fool, as much 
as a glass will hold : glassblower, n. one who makes 
glass vessels : glass-furnace, a furnace in which the 
materials for glass are fused: glass-house, a place 
where glass is made ; a house made of glass : glass- 
work, a place where glass is made : glass-wort, a sea- 
plant yielding soda, which is used in making glass : 
hour-glass, an instr. made of glass for measuring an 
hour or other portion of time by the running out of 
dry sand from one compartment into another : green 
or bottle glass, a coarse semi-transparent glass made 
of the silicates of alumina, of the oxides of iron, mag- 
nesia, and potash or soda : flint-glass, a silicate of 
potash and lead : window-glass, a silicate of soda and 
lime: plate -glass, a silicate of potash and lime: 
muscovy-glass, mus'ko-vl, mica: crown-glass, glass 
formed in large circular plates or disks : glaserite, n. 
glds'er-lt, a sulphate of potash, occurring in delicate- 
white or yellowish -white crystallisations sublimed 
around the f ameroles of active volcanoes. 

glauber-salt, n. glaw'ber-sawlt, a salt first dis- 
covered by Glauber ; native sulphate of soda, chiefly 
occurring as an efflorescence in quarries and on old 
walls : glau'berite, n. -It, a rare crystallised salt. 

glaucoma, n. glaw-ko'md (Gr. glaukoma, a certain 
disease of the eye— from glaukos, blue-grey, or sea- 
green : L. glaucus), a disease of the eye, giving to it a 



of a sea-green colour; a greyish blue ; in hot., covered 
or frosted with a pale-green bloom : glau'conite, n. 
-kon-lt, a mineral forming small round grains in 
greensand. 

glaze, v. gldz (from glass), to furnish with panes or 
windows of glass; to cover with a smooth coating of 
glass, as in earthenware ; to give a smooth glassy sur- 
face to : n. the vitreous or glasslike surface given to 
earthenware, &c. : gla'zing, imp. giving a smooth shin- 
ing surface to : n. the act of giving a smooth shining 

mdte, mdt, far, laVj ; mete, mSt, 



surface to ; the vitreous substance with which potters* 
ware is covered ; the act of furnishing or covering with 
glass ; that part of oil-painting which consists in the 
application of an extremely thin layer of colour over 
another to modify its tone : glazed, pp. gldzd : adj. fur- 
nished with glass; incrusted with a glasslike sub- 
stance ; rendered smooth or shining : glazier, u. gla- 
zher, one who sets glass in window-frames. 

gleam, n. glem (Sw. glimma, to glitter : Norm, glima, 
to shine bright: Icel. glampa, to glitter), a shoot 
or stream of light ; a beam ; a ray ; transient lustre : 
v. to shoot out, as a ray of light ; to shine : gleam'- 
ing, imp.: adj. shining with a gleam n. a shoot or 
shooting of light: gleamed, pp. glemd: gleam'y, a. 
-I, darting beams of light ; flashing. 

glean, v. glen (F. glaner, to glean— from glane, a 
handful of ears of corn : prov. Dut. glema, a bunch of 
straw or si'dge), to gather on the field what the reapers 
have left behind; to collect things thinly scattered: 
n. a collection made by gleaning, or by slow degrees : 
glean'ing, imp.: n. the act of gathering what is left 
behind by the reapers; what has been gathered or 
gleaned: gleaned, pp. glend: glean'er, n. one who 
gathers after reapers; one who gathers slowly and 
laboriously. 

glebe, n. gleb (L. gleba, a clod or lump of earth : It. 
gleba: F. glebe), soil ; ground; a tract of land belong- 
ingto a church living or benefice : gle'by, a. -bl, cloddy ; 
turfy. 

glede, n. gled (from glide, in allusion to its gliding 
or hovering motion), a bird of the rapacious kind ; a 
kite. 

glee, n. gle (AS. glig, music, sport; glioivian, to 
sing, to play), joy; merriment; gaiety; a. song sung in 
parts: glee'ful, a. -fool, merry; cheerful: gleefully, 
ad. -It: glee some, a. -sum, merry; joyous: glee'man, 
n. a minstrel. 

gleet, n. glet (F. glette, the froth of an egg: Low Ger. 
glett, slippery), a slimy or glairy discharge from a 
wound; a thin humour running from an ulcer, now 
generally restricted to the result of gonorrhceal disease : 
gleet'y, a. -£, thin ; limpid. 

glen, n. gUn (Cornish, glyn ; Gael, gleann, a valley), 
a hollow space between hills ; a narrow valley. 

glenoid, a. gle'ndyd (Gr. glene, the pupil of the eye, 
a socket for a bone, and eidos, form), in anat., applied 
to a round shallow excavation in a bone to receive 
the head of another bone: glene, n. gle'ne, the hollow 
part of a bone ; a socket. 

glib, a. glib (Low Ger. glippen, to slip: Dut. glib- 
berig, slippery : Dan. glippe, to slip : L. glaber, 
smooth), slippery ; voluble ; easily moved, as the 
tongue: glibly, ad. -U-. glib'ness, n. -nis, smooth- 
ness ; volubility of the tongue. 

glide, v. gild (AS. glidan, to slip down gently : Dan. 
glide; Dut. glijden, to slide), to flow gently, as water; 
to move silently and smoothly ; to pass rapidly and 
easily : n. the act or manner of moving smoothly and 
swiftly: gli'ding, imp.: gli'ded, pp.: gli'der, n. -der. 
one who : gli'dingly, ad. -II. 

glimmer, v. gllm'mer (Low Ger. glimmern, to shine : 
Sw. glimma, to glitter), to send forth feeble or scat- 
tered rays of light ; to shine faintly : n. a feeble light ; 
mica or Muscovy-glass ; applied to several varieties of 
mica : glim'mering, imp. : adj. shining faintly : n. a 
faint beaming of light ; a faint view : glimmered, pp. 
-merd. 

glimpse, n. gllmps (Swiss, glumsen, a spark : Dut. 
glimpen, to glow, to sparkle : Low Ger. gliemken, to 
wink), a short transitory view; a glance; a weak 
faint light: v. to appear by glimpses: glimpsing, 
imp. : glimpsed, pp. gllmpst. 

glisten, v. glls-n (Dut. glisteren, to sparkle: AS. 
glisian, to glisten : Icel. glyssa, to sparkle, to glitter), 
to shine ; to sparkle with light : glistening, imp. 
glls'nlng: glis'tened, pp. -nd: glister, v. glls'-ter, to 
shine; to be bright: ghs'tering, imp.: adj. sparkling 
with light ; shining : glis'tered, pp. -terd. 

glitter, v. gllt'ter (Icel. glitra, to sparkle, to glitter 
—see glisten), to sparkle with light ; to gleam ; to be 
showy or striking : n. lustre; bright show; splendour; 
show of splendour which has no solid foundation: 
glit'tering, imp.: adj. sparkling; brilliant; splendid: 
glit'tered, pp. -terd : glit'teringly, ad. -II. 

gloaming, n. glo'-ming (AS. glomung—see gloom), 
in Scot., twilight ; the fall of the evening. 

gloat, v. glot (Sw. glutta; Norm, glytta, to look out 
from the corner of the eye : Norm, glott, a bitter smile : 
Ger. glotzen, to regard with fixed staring eyes), to gaze 
her; pine, pin; note, not, m&ve; 



GLOB 



231 



GLUT 



upon earnestly or with admiration; to contemplate 
•with exultation, in a had sense: gloat'ing. imp.: 
adj. looking eagerly or greedily : gloated, pp. : 
gloat er, n. -er, one who. 

globe, n. glob (L. globus, a round body, a ball : It. 
globo: F. globe), a round or spherical body ; a ball ; the 
earth ; the round body on which the various regions 
of the earth are depicted, or on which the constella- 
tions of the heavens are laid clown, the former being 
called the terrestrial, and the latter the celestial 
globe: globate or globated, a. glo'bdt or -bd'ted, 
having the form of a globe : globose, a. 'glo-bos' 
(L. globosus, round as a ball), having the form of a 
ball; spherical: globosity, n. -bos'i-tl, the quality of 
being round ; sphericity : globular, a. glab'-u-ler, 
round; spherical: globuiarly, ad. -ler-U: glob'ular- 
ity, n. -Idr'-ltl, state of being globular: globule, n. 
-ill, a little globe ; a very minute particle of matter of 
a round form; in bot., the male organ of the chara 
(chd'rd) tribe, consisting of a small spherical body 
filled with elastic filaments : glob'uline, n. -u-lin, the 
matter which forms the principal part of the blood- 
globules; in bot., the round transparent granules 
formed in the cellular tissue, which constitute fecula: 
glob'ulous, a. -lis, having the form of a small sphere 
or globe. 

glochldate, a. glo'kr-ddt, also glochidiate, a. gl6- 
kld'iat (Gr. glorias, the angular end of anything, as 
of an arrow), in bot., applied to hairs, the divisions of 
which are barbed like a fish-hook. 

glome, n. glOm (L. glomus, a ball), in bot., a roundish 
head of flowers. 

glomerate, a. gl&m'Cr-dt (L. glomeratus, gathered 
into a round heap — from glonucs, a ball or clew of 
thread), gathered into a rouud heap or head: v. to 
gather or wind into a ball : glom'era'ting, imp. : 
glom'era'ted, pp.: glom'era'tion, n. -d'-shun, act of 



of flowers ; the powdering leaf lying on the thallus of 
lichens: glomerulus, n. glom-irulus, in med., small 
red bodies in the kidneys, consisting of tufts of minute 
vessels covered in by the dilate ends of the secreting 
tubes of the organ; in bot., a rounded cymose infior- 

gloom, n. gl6m (Ger. glumm, gloomy: prov. Dan. 
glomme; Swiss, glumsen, to glow in a covert way, as 
coals beneath the ashes), partial darkness ; thick 
shade; obscurity; cloudiness or heaviness of the 
mind; melancholy; sullenness: v. to be sullen; to 
shine dimly: gloom'ing, imp.: gloomed, pp. gldmd: 
gloomy, a. -I, dark; dismal; clouded; heavy of heart : 
gloominess, n. -l-nes, obscurity ; heaviness of mind ; 
sullenness; moroseness: gloomily, ad. -II, darkly; 
dismally. 

glory, n. gU'rl (L. gloria, fame, renown : It. gloria; 
F. gloire, glory: Icel. glora, to glitter), splendour; 
brightness ; magnificence ; praise ascribed in adora- 
tion and honour, as to God; the circle of rays sur- 
rounding the head of a saint; honour; praise; fame: 
v. to exult with joy; to boast: to be proud of: glo'ry- 
ing, imp. -rl-lng, boasting ; exulting with joy : n. ex- 
ultation ; display of pride : gloried, pp. -rid : glo'rify, 
v. -ri-fi (L. facio, I make), to praise in honour or in 
worship ; to exalt to glory ; to extol : glo'rlfying, imp.: 
glorified, pp. -fid: adj. made illustrious; exalted to 
glory: glorifier, n. -er, one who: glo'riflca'tion, n. 
Jca'shun, the act of giving glory or of ascribing hon- 
ours to ; state of being glorified : glorious, a. -us, of 
exalted excellence and splendour ; noble ; illustrious ; 
very successful or renowned, as a battle : glo'riously, 
ad. -II : glo'riousness, n. -n6s. 

gloss, n. glos (Icel. glossi, flame, brightness; glossa, 
to blaze, to sparkle), the lustre of a body proceeding 
from a smooth pressed surface ; specious appearance ; 
external show : v. to give a superficial lustre to : glos'- 
sing, imp.: glossed, pp. gl6st. glos'sy, a. -si, having a 
smooth and shining surface : glos'siness, n. -nSs, the 
lustre and brightness of a smooth polished surface : 
glos'ser, n. -sir, a polisher: glos'sily, ad. -si-ll, in a 
glossy manner. Note.— In the preceding and succeed- 
ing entries it is difficult to group the words and sepa- 
rate the definitions, their origin in most cases being 
ambiguous— for example, gloss, in the sense of spe- 
cious representation, may apply to glosses of both 
kinds. 

gloss, n. glos (Gr. glossa, a tongue— see note below), 
a comment ; a remark intended to illustrate ; interpre- 
tation artfully specious : v. to explain by comment 



glos'sing, imp.: glossed, pp. glost: glossary, n. glos' 
d-rl, a dictionary of uncommon or antiquated words ; 
the peculiar terms of any science or art arranged and 
explained as in a dictionary: glossa'rial, a. -sd'rl-dl, 
relating to or connected with a glossary : glos'sarist, 
n. -drist, one who writes a gloss or commentary ; a 
writer of a glossary : glos'ser, n. -ser, a commentator : 
glossog'rapher, n. -sog'-rd-fer (Gr. grapho, I write), a 
commentator ; one who defines and explains terms : 
glossog'raphy, a. -rd-fl, the definition and explana- 
tion of terms used in a science : glossology, n. -sol'6-ji 
(Gr. logos, a word, discourse), the science which in- 
vestigates the number, connection, relations, and con- 
dition of the languages of the earth ; the explanation 
of the special tenns used in any science. Note.— Gloss 
formerly meant a word from a foreign language, or an 
obsolete or poetical word, or whatever required ex- 
planation. It was afterwards used for the interpreta- 
tion itself, and subsequently extended from a single 
word, interlined or placed in the margin, to an entire 
expository sentence, and in many instances to a sort 
of running commentary on an entire book. 

glosso, glds'so (Gr. glossa, the tongue), in anat., a 
prefix signifying connection with the tongue. 

glottalite, n. glot'td-Ut (L. Glotta, the Clyde, and Gr. 
lithos, a stone), a mineral occurring in small aggrega- 
ted and irregular white or colourless crystals near 
Port Glasgow, on the Clyde. 

glottis, n. glottis \or. 'j!<>ttn, the tongue), the narrow 
opening at the upper part of the windpipe : glot tal, 
a. -tdl, pert, to the glottis. 

glove, n. gliiv (Icel. gloji ; AS. glof, a glove), a cov- 
ering for the hand, or for the hand and arm, usually 
with sheaths for the fingers : v. to cover, as with a 
glove: gloving, imp.: gloved, pp. t/Wrd.-adj. co- 
vered, as with a glove : glov'er, n. -er, one who makes 
or sells gloves. 

glow, n. gl6 (Icel. gloa, to glow; glod, live coal: 
Ger. gUihen, to be red-hot: Dut. gibed, hot coals), 
brightness of colour ; redness ; shining heat ; passion : 
v. to shine with heat ; to be red or flushed, as with 
heat or animation : glow'ing, imp. : adj. burning with 
vehement heat ; ardent; animated; inflamed: n. act 
or condition of that which glows : glowed, pp. glod -. 
glow'ingly, ad. -H : glow'worm, n. -werm, an insect 
which emits a shining green light at certain seasons. 

gloze, v. gloz (AS. glesan, to explain, to flatter : a 
corruption of gloss), to flatter; to wheedle; to talk 
smoothly: n. flattery; insinuation: glo'zing, imp.: 
glozed, pp. glozd : glo'zer, n. -zer, one who. 

glucina, n. gl6-sl'-nd, also glucine, n. gW-sln (Gr. 
glukus, sweet : F. glucine), the oxide of the metal 
glucinum, a wliite powder without taste or odour, and 
insoluble in water : gluci'num, n. -num. the metallic 
base of glucina, of a dark-grey colour : glucose', n. -kOsf 
(Gr. glukus, sweet), the peculiar form of sugar which 
exists in grapes and in other fruits. 

glue, n. gl6 (F. glu, bird-lime : W. glud, tenacious 
paste: L. gluten, giue or paste), a tenacious jelly made 
from the parings of the skins, &c, of animals, and 
used as a cement : v. to join or unite by means of 



like glue : glu'eyness, n. -rtSs. 

glum, a. glum (Ger. glumm, gloomy— see gloom), 
sullen; stubbornly grave : glum'mish, a. -mlsh, some- 
what glum; gloomy: glump, v. gliimp, in familiar 
language, to show sullenness by manner ; to be sullen : 
glum'py, a. -pi, sullen. 

glume, n. gldm (L. gluma, the husk of corn: F. 
glume), the husk of corn or grasses formed of flaps or 
valves embracing the seed : glumous, a, gld'mus, hav- 
ing a glume: gluma'cious, a -md'-shus, resembling 
the dry scale-like glumes of grasses : glumif'erous, 
a. -mlf'er-us (L. fero, I bear), bearing or producing 
glumes : glumelle, n. gtd'mSl, also glumel'lule, n. -mel- 
ill (dim. of glume), the inner husk of the flowers of 
grasses. 

glut, v. glut (a word imitative of the sound, and 
represented by such syllables, as glut, glop, glvp, 
gulp, &c: glut glut, the noise of a liquid escaping 
from a narrow-necked opening : L. glutio, I swallow), 
to swallow greedily ; to gorge ; to fill or to be filled 
beyond sufficiency: n. superabundance; more than 
enough— as, the market is glutted ; anything which 
obstructs a passage : glutting, imp. : glut'ted, pp. 

gluten, n. glo'-ten (L. gluten, paste or glue : It. 
glutine : F. gluten), a tough substance obtained from 
wheat and other grains ; in 10 ax-painting, a compound 



w, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, (here, zeal. 



made of wax and copal, with an essential oil with which 
the pigments are mixed : glu'tinate, v. -tl-ndt, to unite 
with glue ; to cement : glu'tina'ting, imp. : glu'tina- 
ted, pp. : glu'tina'tion, n. -nd'shun, the act of unit- 
ing with glue: glu'tina'tive, a. -nd'tlv, having the 
quality of gluing or cementing : glu'tinous, a. -tl-nus, 
tenacious ; covered with slimy moisture : glu'tineus- 
ness, n., also glu'tinoslty, n. -nos'l-tl, the quality of 
being glutinous ; tenacity. 

gluteus, n. gld-te'us (Gr. gloutos, the buttock or hip), 
the large thick muscles on which we sit : glute'al, a. 
-te'dl, pert, to the buttocks. 

glutton, n. glut'n (F. glout, ravenous : W. gloth, 
gluttonous: Norm, glupa, to swallow: L. glutio, I 
swallow), one who eats to excess ; one who gorges or 
stuffs himself with food ; a carnivorous mammal about 
the size of a large badger: gluttonous, a. glut'n-us, 
given to excessive eating: glut'tonously, ad. -It: 
glut'tony, n. -I, excess in eating ; voracity of appetite : 
glut'tonise, v. -iz, to eat to excess : glut'toni'sing, 
imp. -i'zlng : glut'tonised', pp. -Izdf. 

glycerine, n. glls'-er-ln (Gr. glukus, sweet), the sweet 
principle of oils and fats; a sweet, inodorous, and 
thick syrup, when pure: glyceric acid, glts'er-lk, an 
acid produced by the action of nitric acid on glycerine : 
nitro-glycerine, nl'tro-, a powerful blasting oil, and 
highly dangerous explosive agent, prepared by the 
action of nitric and sulphuric acids on glycerine. 

glyconian, a. gli-ko'ni-dn, also glycon'ic, a. -kon'lk 
(Gr. glukoneios, a kind of verse, said to be so called 
after its inventor, Glukon), denoting a kind of verse 
in Greek or Latin poetry, consisting of three feet, a 
spondee, a choriamb, and a pyrrhic. 

glycyrrhiza, n. glls'er-rl'-zd (Gr. glukus, sweet, and 
rhiza, a root), a genus of herbaceous plants having the 
small flowers in bunches or cones, commonly known 
by the name of liquorice plants : glycyrrhizine, a. 
glls'er-ri'zln, the saccharine matter of liquorice-root. 

glyph, n. glif (Gr. glupho, I hollow out, I carve), in 
sculp. , a notch, channel, or cavity intended as an orna- 
ment: glyphaea, n. gllfe'd, in geol, a genus of small 
lobster-like crustaceans : glyphography, n. gli-fdg'-rd- 
fi (Gr. grapho, I write), a particular kind of raised 
engraved drawing produced by an electrotype process. 

glyptic, a. gllp-tlk, (Gr. glvptos, carved, sculptured), 
of or relating to the art of carving on stone : glyptics, 
n. plu. -ttks, the art of engraving figures, as on precious 
stones : glyptog'raphy, n. -tog'rd-fl (Gr. grapho, I 
write), a treatise on the art of engraving on precious 
stones : glyp'tograph'ic, a. -td-grd/'lk, describing the 
methods of engraving figures on precious stones : 
glyptocrinus, n. gllp-tdk'rl-nus (Gr. krinon, a lily), 
in geol. , a genus of Lower Silurian encrinites, character- 
ised by their highly-ornamented basal plates : glyp'- 
todon, n. -to-ddn (Gr. odous, a tooth— gen. odontos), 
•'■a gigantic fossil animal, allied to the armadilloes, so 
«alled from its deeply -grooved teeth : glyptotheca, n. 
gttp'to-the'kd (Gr. theke, a repository), a building or an 
apartment in which works of sculpture may be pre- 

gnarl, v. ndrl (Dut. knarren, to growl, to snarl : Sw. 
iknarra, to creak : Dan. knurre, to growl), to growl ; 
'to murmur; to snarl: gnarling, imp. ndr'llng : 
gnarled, pp. ndrld: adj. distorted in large woody 
knots : gnar'ly. a -11, knotted or knotty. 

gnash, v. ndsh (Dan. gnaske; Sw. gnissla, to crunch, 
to gnash: Dut. knasschen, to gnash), to strike the 
teeth together as in pain or rage ; to grind the teeth ; 
to growl: gnashing, imp.: n. a striking together or 
grinding of the teeth in rage or pain : gnashed, pp. 
ndsht : gnash ingly, ad. -II. 

gnat, n. ndt (imitative of its humming sound before 
attack: Norm, gnette, to crackle, to rustle), a very 
small stinging fly of the mosquito kind ; anything 
proverbially small. 

gnaw, v. naw (Icel. gnaga; Dan. gnave; Ger. nagen, 
to gnaw : Fin. nakkia, to rap), to eat away or bite off 
by degrees ; to bite in agony or rage ; to corrode ; to 
fret: gnawing, imp.: adj. eating by slow degrees; 
corroding: gnawed, pp. nawd: adj. bit; corroded: 
gnaw'er, n. -er, one who or that which. 

gneiss, n. n£s(Ger. gneisz, a kind of granite), a hard, 
tough, crystalline, and slaty rock, composed mostly of 
quartz, felspar, mica, and hornblende, differing from 
granite in having its crystals broken, indistinct, and 
confusedly aggregate : gneis'sic, a. -slk, also gneis'- 
sose, a. -sOs, having the aspect of gneiss ; exhibiting 
the crystalline texture, and the foliated and flexured 
structure, of gneiss : gneis'soid, a. -sdyd (Gr. eidos, 



andg 

gnome, n. nom (Gr. gnomon, one that knows : F, 
gnome), an imaginary being said to inhabit the inner 
parts of the earth, and to be the guardian of mines, 
quarries, &c. 

gnome, n. nom (Gr. gnome, an opinion), a senten- 
tious saying : gno'mic, a. -mik, having the character of 
a gnome ; sententious ; also gno'mical, a. -ml-kdl. 

gnomon, n. nO'-mdn (L. and Gr. gnomon, one that 
knows, the index of a dial), in a, sun-dial, the pin which 
by its shadow shows the hour of the day ; that which 
remains of a parallelogram after taking away one of 
the two parallelograms formed about the diagonal : 
gnomonlc, a. -Ik, also gnomonlcal, a. -l-kdl, pert, to 
dials or dialling : gnomonlcally, ad. -II -. gnomonlcs, 
n. plu. -Iks, the principles or art of dialling. 

gnostics, n. nds'tlks (Gr. gnostikos, possessing the 
power of knowing, intelligent— from ginosko, I know), 
sects in the first ages of Christianity who taught that 
they alone had a true knowledge of the Christian re- 
ligion, and who attempted to incorporate the tenets of 
the Pagan Philosophy with the doctrines of Christian- 
ity : gnos'tic, a. -tik, pert, to a gnostic : gnos'ticism, 
n. -tl-slzm, the doctrines or tenets of the gnostics. 

gnu, n. nu (Hottentot, gnu or nju), a wild horned 
animal of the ox kind inhabiting S. Africa,— a seeming 
compound of horse, buffalo, and antelope. 

go, v. go (AS. ganga; Ger. gehen; Dut. gaen, to go: 
Norm, ganga, to go on foot), to move from one place 
to another ; to pass ; to proceed ; to depart ; to walk ; to 
be pregnant ; to run ; to take a direction ; to contrib- 
ute, as, the different ingredients which go to make 
up the compound ; to conduce ; to fall out or termi- 
nate ; to reach or be extended ; to fare : went, pt. 
w6nt, did proceed or go, &c. : going, imp. a. moving ; 
travelling ; walking ; rolling ; sailing ; about, as, I was 
going to say, &c. : gone, pp. g6n, declined; departed ; 
ruined ; undone ; past ; deceased : to go about, to 
attempt ; to engage in : to go about your business, 
to depart and mind your own affairs : to go between, 
to interpose; to mediate: a go-between, an inter- 
mediate agent : the go-by, an evasion ; a shifting off ; 
escape by artifice : go to, an exclamation meaning 
— come, come, say the right thing, or take the right 
course ; move ; begin : to go abroad, to go out of the 
country ; to walk outside the house ; to be disclosed 
or published : to go aside, to retire to a private place ; 
to err : to go astray, to wander from the right course : 
to go away, to depart : to go down, to come to nothing ; 
to disappear ; to be swallowed or accepted : to go for 
nothing, to have no meaning or effect : to go forth, to 
issue ; to become public : to go hard with, to have small 
chance of escape ; to cause serious trouble or danger 
to : to go in, to enter : to go in and out, to go freely ; to 
be at liberty : to go off, to depart to a distance ; to die ; 
to explode ; to run away : to go on, to proceed ; to 
make an appearance, as on the stage : to go out, to 
issue forth ; to go upon any expedition ; to be extin- 
guished : to go over, to change sides ; to read ; to ex- 
amine : to go through, to suffer ; to undergo ; to per- 
form thoroughly : to go under, to be known by, as, to 
go under a certain name ; to be ruined : to go ill with, 
not to prosper : to go well with, to prosper : to go into 
or unto, in Scrip., to have sexual intercourse with: 
to let go, to allow to depart ; to release : go-cart, n. a 
framework moving on wheels for training children to 
walk. 

goad, n. g6d (Norm, gadd, a sharp point : prov. Dan. 
gadd, a prickle : old H. Ger. gart, a goad), a pointed 
stick used in driving oxen : v. to drive as with a goad ; 
to urge forward ; to rouse by anything severe or irri- 
tating ; to stimulate : goading, imp. : goad'ed, pp. : 
goads'man, n. a driver with a goad. 

goaf, n. gof, or gob, n. gob (see gobbing), in mining, 
the waste or empty space left by the extraction of a 
seam of coal. 

goal, n. gol (Gael, geal, anything white, a mark to 
shoot at : F. gal, the goal at football ; gaule, a long 
pole set up to mark the bounds of the race), the win- 
ning-post at football or on a racecourse ; final purpose 
or aim. 

goat, n. got (AS. gat, a goat : Icel. geit, a female 
goat), a well-known animal useful for its milk and 
flesh : goatish, a. resembling a goat ; of a rank smell : 
lascivious : goatlshness, n. : goatchafer, n. a kind of 
beetle: goatsucker, n. an insect-eating bird: goat- 
herd, n. one whose occupation is to tend goats. 



mdte, mdt.fdr, Idtv; mite, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



GOBB 



233 



GOOD 



gobbing, n. gob'bXng, also gobbin, n. gob'bhi, and 
goaffin, n. goffln (W. gob. a heap, ainound: F. gobbe, 
a poisoned morsel), The refuse thrown hack into the 
mine, after the removal of the coal, to help to support 
the roof. 

gobble, v. g6b'-bl(a word imitative of the sound : Dut. 
gobiln; Icel. gubba, to vomit: F. gober, to swallow), 
to swallow in large pieces ; to swallow greedily and 
with noise ; to make a noise like a turkey-cock : gob'- 
bling, imp. -bllng: gobbled, pp. gob'bld: gob'bler, n. 
-bUr, one who swallows in haste ; a greedy eater ; a 
turkey-cock— so called from the character of the noise 
which it makes. 

Gobelins, n. plu. gdb'-llnz, the royal manufactory of 
tapestry near Paris : Gobelin, a. pert, to Gobelins tap- 
estry. 

goblet, n. gdb'let (F. gobelet, a wide-mouthed vessel 
to drink from ; gobeloter, to guzzle, to tipple), a cup or 
tlrinking-ves- 

goblin, n. g6b-lln{F. gobelin, hobgoblin : Ger. kobold, 
the goblin or spiritof the mines : W. coblyn, a knocker), 
the familiar name of a supposed supernatural being of 
small size but of great strength d\\ filing underground 
in mines, in mounds, and ill desert places, not gener- 
ally ill-disposed towards men ; an evil spirit ; a fairy : 
hobgoblin, a spirit. 

goby, n. gO'bl (F. gobie; L. gobius), a small sea-fish 
>rform. 

God, n. gdd (AS. God; Ger. gott ; Pers. khoda; Hind. 
khooda), the Supreme Being; the Almighty ; an idol 
or improper object of worship. Note.— In written or 
printed compositions, the word God, designating the 
Supreme Being, begins with a capital letter, thus, 
God ; but when an idol or false god is meant the word 
is wholly in small letters, thus, god : goddess, n. fern 
god'-Ss, a female heathen deity or idol : godfather, n. 
one who becomes sponsor for a child at baptism — 
a woman who does so is called a godmother : god- 



g6d'-lSs, impious ; regardless of God : gbd'Tessly, ad. 
■ll : godlessness, n. state of being godless or irreligi- 
ous: Godlike, a. -Ilk. resembling God; of superior 
excellence ; divine : godly, a. -11, devout ; pious : god- 
liness, n. a religious life ; piety ; the Christian Revela- 
tion, as, "Great is the mystery of godliness" : god'- 
send, n. an unexpected acquisition or piece of good 
fortune: god ship, n. rank or character of a god: 
God-speed, God be with you ; may God prosper you : 
God ward, ad. -tcerd, toward God. 

goer, n.— see under go. 

goetfaite, n. gath'it (i ierman poet), 



brought to a sudden stop), to strain or roll the eyes 
n. a strained or affected rolling of the eyes : adj. hav- 
ing full eyes ; staring with rolling eyes : gog'gling, 
imp. -ling: gog'gled, pp. -Id: goggles, n. plu. gOg'lz, 
spectacles to cure squinting or keep off dust : goggle- 
eyed, a. having large prominent eyes, which are con- 
stantly in motion. 

goitre, n. goy'-tr (F.), a large tumour or swelling on 
the forepart of the neck, prevalent chiefly in Alpine 
districts : goi'tred, a, -trd, affected with goitre ; spelt 
also goi'terd : goi'trons, a. -trils, affected or inclined 
to goitre. 

gold, n. gold (Icel. gull, gold— from gidr, yellow), one 
of the precious metals, of a bright yellow colour; 
money; riches; wealth: adj. made or consisting of 
gold: golden, a, gol'dn, consisting of gold; bright; 
shining ; of a gold colour ; exceDent ; happy or inno- 
cent, as the golden age; pre-eminently favourable: 
goldbeater, n. bet-er, one whose trade it is to make 
gold-leaf: goldfish, n. beautiful fresh-water •fish of 
a bright orange-colour on the upper part : goldfinch, 
n. -finsh, a native song-bird— so called from the colour 
of its plumage : gold-lace, lace wrought with a mix- 
ture of gold threads: gold-leaf, gold beaten ex- 
tremely thin : gold'smith, n. a worker in the precious 
metals: gold-dust, gold as found in fine particles 



golden-haired, a. having yellow hair : golden num- 
ber, number which shows the year of the moon's 
cycle: golden rule, the Christian rule, "that we 
should do as we would be done by " : gold-field, the 

coiv, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal, 



testuie of the ox, used to keep separate leaf-gold in the 
process of goldbeating : golden age, the fabled age of 
primeval simplicity: golden fleece, in anc. myth., a 
fleece made of gold, in search of which Jason under- 
took the Argonautic expedition. 

goldylocks, n. gol'-di /< Kks), a native 

plant, so called from the tufts of yellow flowers which 
terminate the stems. 

golf, n. golf (Ger. kolbe ; Sw. kolf, a club), a favour- 
ite game in Scotland played with clubs and a ball : 
golfing, n. the act of playing at the game of golf. 

golosh, n. go-losh' (F. galoche, a golosh, a clog: L. 
gallica, a Gallic shoe), a shoe worn over another to 
keep the foot dry : golosh'es, n. plu. -Sz: goloshed', a. 
-loshf, applied to half boots in which the parts passing 
round the ankles are of a different material from the 
rest of the upper— generally of a finer quality of lea- 
ther, with elastic gussets at sides, or made to lace or 
button; also galoche, or galoshe. 

gomphosis, n. gom-fO'sls (Gr. goynphos, a nail), in 
anat., a form of joint in which a conical body is fast- 
ened into a socket, as the teeth in the jaw: gom'- 
pholite, n. -fo-lit (Gr. lithos, a stone), in geol., a name 
applied to certain sanely conglomerates which occur 
in vast thickness at the foot of the Alps in the great 
Swiss valley. 

gomuti, n. go-md'tl, a substance resembling black 
horse-hair, obtained from an Indian palm. 

gondola, n. gon'dO-lu (F. gondole; It. gondola), a 
Venetian pleasure-boat or barge : gon'dolier', n. -la-'. 
a man who rows a gondola. 

gone, gon, pp. of go, which see. 

gong, n. g6ng (Chinese : probably imitation of the 
sound), a Chinese musical instr. of a circular shape, 
like the lid of a pot or caldron, and beaten with a 
stick like a drum ; a metal drum. 

gongylus, n. gong'gU-ns (Gr. gonggulos, round), in 
bot., applied to round hard bodies produced on certain 
algce, which become ultimately detached and germi- 
nate: gon'gyli, plu. -gll-l. 

goniaster, n. gO'ml-ds'-tir (Gr. gonia, an angle, and 
aster, a star), in geol., a genus of fossil star -fishes, 
popularly known as cushion-stars : go'niatites, n. -d- 
tits (Gr. gonia), in geol, a genus of the ammonite 
family, so called from the zigzag lines which mark the 
junctions of its chambers. 

gonidia, n. gon-ld'l-d (Gr. gonos, offspring, seed), in 
bot., green germinating cells in the thallus of lichens. 

goniometer, n. go'-ni-oni'e-ter (Gr. gonia, an angle, 
and metron, a measure), an instr. for measuring solid 
angles, particularly the angles of crystals: go'niom- 
etry, n. -tri, the art of: go'niomet'rical, a. -6-met'rt- 
kdl, pert. to. 

goniopholis, n. g6'nl-6f'o-lls (Gr. gonia, a corner, 
and pholis, the scale of a fish or snake), in geol, a 
genus of crocodilians, so called from the angular shape 
of their scutes. 

gonophore, n. g6n'6-f6r (Gr. gonos, generation, and 
phero, I bear), in bot., an elevated or elongated recep- 
tacle, bearing the stamens and carpels in a prominent 
and conspicuous manner. 

gonorrhea, n. gdn'or-re'd (Gr. gonos, semen, and 
rheo, I flow), name of a contagious disease. 

gonus, go'nus (Gr. gonu, the knee), and gonum, go' 
nion (Gr. gonia, a corner), in bot. , words which signify, 
when the latter part of a compound, either "kneed" 
or "angled,"— as polygonum, many-kneed; tetragon- 
urn, four-angled. 

good, a. good (Ger. gut; AS. god; Gr. agathos, good), 
the opposite of bad; pious; sound; undamaged; pro- 
per or fit; considerable; having sufficient; pleasant 
to the taste ; unblemished ; kind ; favourable ; clever ; 
real— as, he is in good earnest ; in the sense of wishing 
well— as, good-day, and good-bye : n. the contrary of 
evil ; virtue ; righteousness ; benefit ; advantage : ad. 
well, as in the phrase as good : int. a word expressing 
approbation or admiration : goods, plu. gobdz, house- 
hold furniture ; wares ; merchandise : goodly, a. -II, 
being of a handsome form ; fine : goodliest, a. most 
good or excellent : goodliness, n. beauty of form ; 
grace: good'ness.n. kindness; benevolence; Christian 
excellence ; mercy : goody, n. gobd'l, a familiar contr. 
for goodwife ; a child's name for a sweetmeat : as good 
as, the same as ; no worse than : a good many, a con- 
siderable number : in good time, early enough: good- 
breeding, polite manners : Good Friday, the anniver- 
sary of the crucifixion: goodman, goodwife, applied 



GOOR 



234 



GOUT 



r _„___gsome 
respect: good woman, a familiar term of 
address: good manners, politeness: good sense, sound 
judgment : goodwill, kind feeling ; favour ; the benefit 
of a business in full operation, for which a price may 
be paid: good fellow, a kind man ; a boon companion: 
good fellowship, merry society; pleasant company: 
good humour, a cheerful temper or state of mind: 
good-humoured, a. being of a cheerful temper : good- 
humouredly, ad. : good nature, mildness and kind- 
ness of disposition : good-natured, a. possessing a 
mild disposition: good-naturedly, ad.: good heed, 
due caution ; great care : to make good, to supply 
deficiency ; to prove or establish ; to fulfil ; to indem- 
nify for : to stand good, to be firm or valid : as good 

ashisword.performiiiu i -■ used: for good 

u i h u i i i i! good-bye, -bi (a probable 

contraction of God be with you), a salutation at leave- 
taking: good-speed, an old form of wishing success— 



a spiritual guide. 

goose, n. gds (AS. gos; Low Ger. goos; Pol. ges, a 
goose: Lith. guz, guz, cry to call geese), a well-known 
web-footed bird ; a silly person ; a tailor's smoothing- 
iron: geese, plu. ges: goos'ery, n. -er-l, a place for 
geese; folly: goose-foot, a native plant, so called 
from the shape of the leaf: goose-quill, quill from 
a goose's wing, used for writing with: to cook one's 
goose, in familiar language, to do for one in the sense 
of cheating or befooling: green-goose, a goose less 
than four months old. 

gooseberry, n. -gobz'Mr-rl (Ger. krausel-beere or 
kraus-beere — from Ger. kraus, crisp; Dut. kroesen, to 
curl— probably from the ip ightb.au i which cover the 
fruit), the well-known fruit of a prickly shrub : goose- 
berry-fool, gooseberries stewed or scalded, and 
pounded with cream, and sweetened. 

gopher, n. go'fer (Heb.), the wood used in building 
the ark ; (F. gaufre, a honeycomb), the popular name 
of a burrowing animal, about the size of a squirrel, of 
various species, found in America ; a species of turtle. 

gorcock, n. gor'kok (from gorse, furze ; or imitative 
of the sound it utters), the moor-cock or grouse. 

gordian, a. gor'dl-dn, intricate; applied to any- 
thing very intricate and not easily unravelled : gor- 
dian knot, -ndt, in anc. times, a knot said to have 
been so skilfully tied by king Gordius that no one 
could untie it, and to the untier of which an oracle 
promised the sovereignty of Asia— Alexander the Great 
cut it through with his sword ; any inextricable diffi- 
culty or problem. 

gore, n. gor (AS. gor, wet filth, blood: Norm, gor, 
wet mud: old H. Ger. horo, mud, ooze), thick or 
clotted blood : gory, a. go'rl, covered with congealed 
or clotted blood. 

gore, v. gor (AS. gar; Norm, geir, a spear, a jave- 
lin), to pierce or wound with anything pointed, as 
with the horns of a bull: goring, imp.: gored, pp. 
-gOrd. 

gore, n. gor (Dut. gheere, the part which makes a 
garment larger: It. gherone, the gusset), a corner- 
shaped piece let into a garment to widen a part : v. 
to furnish with gores. 

gorge, n. gorj (F. gorge, a throat : It. gorgo, a gur- 
gle, a whirlpool: L. gurges, a whirlpool), the throat; 
the gullet ; the entrance into the outwork of a fort ; 
that which is swallowed ; a narrow passage between 
hills or mountains : v. to swallow greedily ; to feed to 
satiety; to glut: gorg'ing, imp.: gorged, pp. gOrjd, 
glutted. 

gorgeous, a. gor'jl-us (Norm. F. gorgias or gourgias, 
gaudy, flaunting, proud), showy; splendid; glitter- 
ing in a variety of colours : gor'geously, ad. -II .- gor'- 
geousness, n. -nes, splendour of raiment; magnifi- 
cence. 

gorget, n. gor'jSt (F. gorgette— from gorge, the 
throat), a piece of armour for the throat; a small 
ornament worn by officers on the breast. 

Gorgon, n. gor'gdn (Gr. and L. gorgon, a Gorgon— 
from Gr. gorgbs, fierce), anything very horrid or ugly; 
in Gr. myth., one of the three sister-deities Stheno, 
Medusa, and Euryale, said to be of such terrible aspect 
as to turn the beholder into stone: Gorgo'nean or 
Gorgo'nian, a. -go'nl-dn, like or pert, to a Gorgon; 
very ugly or terrific : Gorgoneia, n. gor'gd-nl'd, masks 
carved in imitation of the Gorgons' heads, used as 
key-stones in arches : sing. Gor gonei'on, -nl'on: Gor- 
gonia, n. gor-go'ni-d, a genus of corals, so called from 



their branching flexible stems, and popularly known 
as "Venus's fans" and " sea-fans," from their spread- 
ing fanlike forms. 

gorilla, n. g6-rll'la (an African word: said by La- 
tham to be found in a Gr. translation of an anc. Car- 
thaginian work in the plural, gorillai), a large crea- 
ture of the ape kind, most nearly resembling man, and 
as large, remarkable for its strength and ferocity. 

gormand, n. gor'-mdnd, or gourmand, n. g6r-mdnd 
(F. gourmand, a glutton— from prov. F. gourmer, to 
taste wine), a greedy or ravenous eater; a glutton: 
gormandise, v. -dlz, to eat greedily : gor'mandi sing, 
imp.: adj. gluttonous: n. gluttonous habits: gor- 
mandised', pp. -dizd': gor'mandi'ser, n. -zer, one who 
eats much and greedily: gor'mandism, n. -dlzm, 
gluttony. 

gorse, n. gdrs (W. gores or gorest, waste, open), a 
prickly shrub bearing yellow flowers; whin or furze: 
gorsy, a. gOr'sl, abounding in or resembling gorse. 

gory, a.— see gore, clotted blood. 

goshawk, n. gos'-hawk (AS. gos-hafoc), a bird of the 
hawk kind. 

gosling, n. gds'llng (AS. gos, a goose, and ling, dim. 
termination), a young goose ; a cation on nut-trees 
and pines. 

Gospel, n. gds'pel (AS. god-spell; Icel. guds-spial, the 
word of God— from AS. spell ; Icel. spiall, discourse, 
tidings: Goth, spillon, to tell), literally, good tidings; 
one of the four historic of Christ handed down to us 
by the inspired writers, Matthew, Mark, Luke, and 
John ; the whole system of the Christian faith : God's 
word ; general doctrines of the New Test. : gos'peller, 
n. -ler, one who reads the Gospel at the altar: Gospel 
truth, the doctrines or truths of the New Test. ; cer- 
tain truth. 

gossamer, n. gds'sd-mer (properly God's-summer, so 
called from the legend that the gossamer is formed 
from the parts of the Virgin Mary's winding-sheet, 
which fell away in fragments when she was taken up 
to heaven), the fine long filaments formed by a small 
spider, found floating in the air in calm clear weather 
in autumn ; anything unsubstantial or flimsy : gos'sa- 
mery, a. -mer-l, flimsy ; unsubstantial. 

gossan, n. gdz'zdn, among Cornish miners, the 
peculiar ferruginous condition of the top of a vein 
near its outcrop, considered to be very strongly in- 
dicative of tne lode below ; ferruginous quartz. 

gossip, n. gos'slp (AS. Godsibb, related in God as a 
sponsor in baptism, a gossip— from god, God, and sib, 
place, relationship), originally a sponsor, a neighbour, 
or friend; an idle tattler ; a busy teller of news : v. 
to run about among neighbours and engage in idle 
talk ; to engage in much small-talk ; to tattle : gos'- 
siping, imp. : gos'siped, pp. -slpt: gos'sipry, n. -ri, 
special intimacy; idle talk: gos'sipy, a. ■*, full of 
gossip; chatty. 

got, pt., and gotten, pp. of get, which see. 

Goth, n. gOth, one of an anc. tribe or nation which 
took an important part in the overthrow of the 
Roman empire; any one rude and uncivilised; an 
enemy to the fine arts, or one destitute of a taste for 
them — Vandal is also employed in the latter sense : 
Gothic, a. -Ik, of or belonging to the Goths or their 
language ; designating the architecture of the middle 
ages: Goth'icise, v. -i-siz, to reduce to barbarism: 
Goth ici'sing, imp.: Goth'icised, pp. -sizd: Goth'icism, 
n. -slzm, rudeness of manners ; a Gothic idiom ; con- 
formity to Gothic architecture. 

Gothamite, n. g6th'-dm-it, or Goth'amist, -mist, a 
man of Gotham, a village in Nottinghamshire, whose 
habits were noted for their real or supposed sim- 
plicity; a simpleton. 

gouge, n. g6j (F. gouge; Sp. gubia, a hollow chisel), 
aroundedholln, hi I. roi inn.. I . nds or grooves 
°~ wood or stone : v. to scoop out as with a gouge ; to 



force out, as the eye, with the thumb < 
goug'ing, imp. : n. the act of scooping out, as with a 
gouge : gouged, pp. gdjd. 

gourd, n. gurd (F. gourde ; L. cucurbita), the name 
of a plant which produces a large fruit somewhat of a 
bottle shape, a native of warm climates ; also its 
fruit ; a vessel made from its outer shell : gourdy, 
a. g6r'-dl, swelled in the legs : gour'diness, n. swell- 
ing on a horse's leg. 

gourmand, n. gor'-mdnd— see gormand. 

gout, n. gmut (L. gutta, a drop, so called from the 

old medical theory which attributed all disorders to 

the settling of a drop of morbid humour upon the 

part affected : Dut. goete, the palsy : F. goutte, a 

mdte, mdt,fdr, law; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, move; 



GOUT 



235 



GRAI 



drop, the gout), a well-known painful disease of the 
joints or extremities, confined almost wholly to the 
higher classes and high livers : gouty, a. -I, subject 
to the gout or affected with it : gout'ily, ad. -l-ll : 
goutiness, n. -rigs, state of being affected with the 
gout, 

gout, n. g6 (F.— from L. gustus, taste), taste ; re- 
lish. 

govern, v. guv'-ern (F. gouverner; It. governare ; L. 
gubernare, to direct, to govern), to direct and con- 
trol ; to regulate by authority ; to command ; to have 
influence or force, as a verb in grammar ; to exercise 
authority; to restrain: governing, imp. : adj. hold- 
ing the superiority ; controlling ; directing : gov- 
erned, pp. -ernd : governor, n. -er, one who rules or 
directs ; one who is invested with supreme authority ; 
a ruler ; a tutor ; in a machine, a contrivance for 
maintaining a uniform velocity with varying resist- 
ance ; a regulator : governorship, n. the office of a 
governor: governess, n. a lady intrusted with the 
care and instruction of children or young ladies : 
governable, a. -a -bl, manageable; obedient: govern- 
ance, n. -am, ride ; management ; control : govern- 
ment, n. control ; restraint ; the exercise of author- 
ity ; the ruling power in a state ; the principle or sys- 
tem under which a state is ruled : adj. connected with 
or pursued by government: governmental, a. -em- 
viSn-tai, of or relating to government : gov ernante, 
n. -dnt (F.) a lady who has the care of young girls 
of quality ; a lady-tutor or governess. 

gowan, n. golc-dn (Sent.), a wild daisy. 

Bower-caves, golv'erkdvz, the caverns of the pen- 
insula of Gower, in Glamorganshire, which have 
yielded abundant remains of the mammoth, the rhino- 
ceros, the hippopotamus, the reindeer, and other 
extinct animals, associated with species still living in 
Europe, together with Mint-knives and other rude im- 
plements of human workmanship. 

gowk, n. goivk (yrov. Eng. and Scot, gowk, a cuckoo), 
one easily imposed on; a simpleton: v. to make a 
fool of any one— see gawk. 

gown, n. gown (It. gonna, a gown : W. gwn, a gown 
—from givnio, to sew, to stitch), a woman's upper 
garment ; a long, loose, light robe worn by professors, 
clergymen, barristers, &c: gowned, pp. gdlvnd: adj. 
dressed in a gown : gown'man, n. or gown's-man, n. 
a university student: dressing-gown, a long loose 
robe worn by gentlemen within doors, espeeiaUy in 
the morning before dressing. 

gozzard, n. goz'-erd (corruption of gooseherd), one 
who tends a flock of geese or keeps them. 

grab, v. grab (Sw. grabba. to grasp : Dut. grabbelen, 
to seize greedily— from greb, a dung-fork : Icel. greipa, 
to seize : Pol. grabki, a rake, a fork), to seize ; to 
grasp suddenly : grabbing, imp. : grabbed, pp. 
grdbd : grabble, v. grab'-l, to grope ; to feel in muddy 



gradh, love, fondness : F. grace), favour ; goodwill 
the free and unmerited favour of God ; a state of re- 
conciliation to God ; mercy ; pardon ; the Gospel ; 
elegance ; any natural or acquired excellence ; be- 
haviour, considered as good or bad— as, he did it 
with a very bad grace; privilege; a short prayer 
before or after a meal ; the title used in addressing a 
duke or an archbishop : v. to adorn ; to honour : gra- 
cing, imp. : graced, pp. grast .- graceful, a -fool, ele- 
gantly easy— used with reference to motion, looks, 
and speech ; possessing an agreeable dignity of man- 
ner : grace'fully, ad. -IX .- grace'fulness, n. : grace'- 
less, a. -les, coarse; rude ; wicked; depraved: 
gracelessly, ad. -II: gracelessness, n. : grace- 
notes, in music, ornamental notes added to the 
principal ones : good graces, -sSz, favour ; friendship : 
gracious, a. gra'-shiis, favourable; kind; disposed 
to show kindness or favour: graeiously, ad. -II: 
graeiousness, n. kind condescension ; mercy : the 
Graces, in anc. myth., three beautiful sisters who at- 
tended on Venus, and who were said to confer beauty ; 
beauties ; arts of pleasing : days of grace— see under 
day. 

gradation, n. grd-da'-shun (L. gradatio, the making 
a series of steps— from gradus, a step : F. gradation), 
a regular advance from one degree or state to an- 
other ; regular progress step by step ; order ; series : 
grada'tional, a. accordingto gradation : grada'tioned, 



yy.fobt; pure, bud; chair, 



a proceeding step by step : grade, n. grdd, a degree or 
rank in order or dignity; a step or degree in any 
series : v. to cut or reduce to the proper levels, as a 
canal or road : gra'ding, imp. : gra'ded, pp. : gra'- 
dient, n. -dl-int, the slope or incline, chiefly of a rail- 
road : gradual, a. grad'ildl (F. graduel— from L. 
gradus), advancing step by step ; proceeding by de- 
grees; regular and slow: gradually, ad. -li, by 
degrees ; step by step : grad'ual'ity, n. -14%. progres- 
sion by degrees : graduate, n. -u-at, one who has re- 
ceived an academical degree : v. to divide any space 
into small regular intervals or parts ; to receive or 
take a degree from a university: grad ua'ting, imp. : 
grad'ua'ted, pp. : grad'uateship, n. the state of being 
agraduate : graduation, n. -a'shiin, the act of receiv- 
ing an academical degree ; the act of marking or divid- 
ing into degrees : grad'uator, n. -ter, an instr. for divid- 
ing lines into equal parts; an instr. used in vinegar- 
making : gradus, n. grdd'us, a dictionary for Latin or 
Greek verse-making, the full title being gradus ad 
Parnassum, a step to Parnassus, the abode of the 
Muses. 

gradual— see grail. 

graff, v. grOf, the old spelling of graft, which see. 

graft, n. graft (F. greffc, a slip or shoot for grafting : 
Dut. greffie, a cutting for grafting or planting in the 
ground, a style for writing— from L. graphium, a 
pointed instr. for writing on waxen tablets), a small 
shoot or scion cut from one tree and inserted into a 
part of another : v. to insert a cutting of one tree into 
part of another in such a way that they unite ; to in- 
sert anything into a body to which it did not origi- 
nally belong: graft'ing, imp. : n. the act or art of in- 
serting grafts or scions : grafted, pp. : adj. inserted 
on a foreign stock : graft er, n. one who. 

grail, n. grdl, or gradual, grad'u-al (It. graduate, 
gradual— from L. gradus, a step), a book of anthems 
in the R. Cath. Ch. 

grain, n. gran (F. grain; L. granum ; It. grano, 
grain, corn), any small hard mass ; a single seed ; 
corn in general ; any minute particle ; the smallest 
weight, so named because supposed of equal weight 
with a grain of corn ; the unit of the English system 
of weights : v. to form into grains, as powder : 
grained, a. grand, formed into grains ; roughened : 
grain-dealer, one who deals in corn : grain-tin, tin 
melted with charcoal ; that reduced from the melted 
grains of tin-stone : grains of paradise, the seeds of 
a certain plant largely imported from Africa, and used 
illegally to give a pungent flavour to spirits and beer : 
granary, n. grdn-drl, a building for storing grain: 
graniferous, a. -ij'-cr- ns (L. j\ ro, I carry), bearing hard 
seeds or grain ; gran'iform, a. -l-jawrm (L. forma, 
shape), resembling grains of corn : graniverous, a. 
-6-riis (L. voro, I devour), grain-eating : granular, a. 
grdn'-u-ler, consisting of grains ; resembling grains : 
gran'ularly, ad. -ll: granulate, v. -kit, to form into 
grains or very small pieces ; to make rough on the sur- 
face ; to repair lost parts, as a wound in healing : 
gran ula'ting, imp. : gran'ula'ted, pp. : gran'ula'tion, 
n. -hl'-shun, the act of forming into grains; the art of 
forming metals into grains by pouring them when 
melted, from a height into water ; small fleshy excres- 
cences springing up on the surface of wounds in the 
process of healing : gran'ule, n. -ul, a little grain : 
gran'ulous, a, -lus, full of granules. 

grain, v. gran (old Eng. grain, the kermes, an insect 
found on certain oaks, from which the finest red dyes 
were formerly obtained : F. graine, seed, the kermes : 
It. grana, the redness upon the surface of some work : 
Sp. grana, seed, the cochineal dye, the cloth dyed with 
it), to paint or ornament in imitation of wood : grain'- 
ing, imp. : n. a mode of painting in imitation of the 
grains of wood ; a process of staining : grained, pp. 
grand: grainer, n. -er, one who paints in imitation 
of the grain of wood ; the brush with which he works ; 
an infusion of pigeons' dung in water, used for giving 
flexibility to skins in the process of tanning ; grain 
colours, dyes made from cochineal. 

grain, n. gran (Icel. gren, a branch : Dan. green, a 
branch, a bough), direction of the fibres of wood ; the 
wood as modified by the fibres ; the form or direction 
of the constituent particles of a body ; the temper or 
disposition: grains, an instr. with barbed prongs, 
used at sea for spearing fish : against the grain, 
against the direction of the fibres : to go against the 
grain, to be repugnant to ; to cause trouble or mortifi- 
cation to : to dye in grain, to dye in the raw material ; 
to dye firmly : the grain-side of leather, that side of 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



GRAI 



236 



GRAS 



the tanned or dressed hide on which the hair grew. 
Note.— The three preceding entries are necessarily 
connected, but it was judged more convenient to make 
each one begin a separate paragraph, chiefly with 
the view of exhibiting the derivations with greater 
distinctness. 

grains, n. plu. grans (a corruption of drains: 
Russ. (Iran, refuse : Dut. drank, drees : Sw. drag, 
grains), the refuse or husks from malt or grain after 
mg or distillation. 

graip, n. grap (Scot.), a dung-fork; a forked instr. 
• i] lifting potatoes, &c. 

graith, n. grath (Scot.), furniture ; accoutrements ; 
the working tools of a miner. 

grallae, n. plu. grdlMe, also grallatores, n. plu. 
grd.l'-ld-to'-rez (L. grallafor, he that goes on stilts— from 

gradus, a step), stilted or long-legj ed wad mi- i 

such as the stork or crane : gral'latory, a. -ter-l, of or 
pert, to; also gral'lato'rial, a. -to'-rl-ai. 

gramineal, a. grd-mln'6-dl, also gramin'eous, a. 
-a-us, and gram'ina'ceous, a. -a'shus, (L. gramineus, 
pert, to grass — from gramen, grass: F. gramince), 
grassy; like grass; pert, to grass: gramineae, n. 
plu. grd-min'-e-e, also graminaceae, grdm'-in-d'sl-e, a 
very extensive and important order of plants called 
grasses: graminlfo'lious, a. -i-fo'-li-us (L. folium, a 
leaf), bearing leaves like grass : gram'iniv'orous, a. 
-Iv'-o-rus (L. voro, I devour), feeding on grass. 

grammar, n. grdm'mer (F, gramrnaire— from Gr. 
gramma, a letter), the science which treats of the 
"principles of language ; the art of speaking, reading, 
or writing any language with correctness according to 
established usage ; the book containing the rules and 
principles relating to a language ; propriety of speech ; 
speech according to grammar : adj. pert, to : gram- 
mar-school, a school where the Latin and Greek lan- 

m.m. ;>re chieflj baught: gramma'rian, n. -md'-rl-dn, 
one versed or skilled in the grammar of a language : 
grammatical, a. -m&t'i-kdl, according to the rules of 
grammar; belonging to grammar; also grammat'ic, a. 
-Ik: grammatically, ad. -II: grammat'icalness, n. 
the quality of being according to the rules of gram- 
mar : grammat'icise, v. -slz, to render grammatical ; 
to act the grammarian: grammat'ici'sing, imp. : gram- 
mat'icised, pp. -sizd. 

gramme, n. grdm (F.), a French unit of weight equal 
to 1543'2 English grains. 

grammysia, n. grdm-mi'-sl-d (Gr. gramme, a line, 
and raws, am issel-shell). in geol, a mussel-like bivalve 
occurring in the Upper Silurian strata. 

grampus, n. grdm'pus (a probable corruption of F. 
grand poisson, great fish), a large species of arctic 
dolphin which is frequently found on our northern 
coasts. 

granary, granula, granulate, &c— see grain, corn. 

grand, a. grdnd (F. grand: It. grande ; L. grandis, 
great, large), splendid; sublime; lofty; great, as ap- 
plied to size ; the second degree of parentage or descent, 



,s grandmother ; principal or chief, as grand-master 
grandly, ad. -II: grand jury, a jury that decides whe- 
ther there is sufficient evidence to put the accused 
on trial : grandchild, a son or daughter's child, the 
male being a grandson, the female a granddaughter: 
grandfather or grandsire, n. the father of one's father 
or mother: grandmother, n. the mother of one's 
father or mother : grandee, n. grdn-de', a Spanish 
nobleman; a man of great rank: grandee'ship, n. 
the state or rank of a grandee : grand'ness, n. magni- 
ficence ; greatness : grand' eur, n. -yer, splendour of 
appearance ; that which excites a feeling or sentiment 
of greatness; elevation of sentiment, language, or 

grandiloquent, a. grdn-dll'-O-kwSnt (L. grandis, 
great, and loquor, I speak), pompous in language; 
bombastic: grandil'oquence, n. -kwSns, pomposity 
of language : grandil'oquently, ad. -II. 

grange, n. grdnj (F. grange, a barn— from L. gran- 
um, corn), a granary ; a farmhouse with its attached 
buildings. 

granite, n. grdn'-lt (F. granit, granite: It. granito, 
kernelly or corny, as figs, or oil in winter : L. granum, 
grain, corn), a well-known rock, having a granular- 
crystalline composition and appearance, and composed 
of quartz, felspar, and mica, arranged in distinct grains 
or crystals: granitic, a. grd-nit'-ik, partaking of the 
character and appearance of granite ; also granit'ical, 
a. -l-kdl: granitoid, a. -lt-dyd (Gr. eidos, likeness), 
applied to such rocks as have the granular-crystalline 
aspect of granite: graphic granite, grdf-lk- (Gr, 

mate, mat, far, law; mCte, met, her; plne,pin; note, n6t, mOve; 



mal ri ,:! tines f Arabii .vriting. 

grant, v. grdnt (old F. cranter, to confer an 
advantage— from mid. L. gratum, consent ; grantum, 
satisfaction : or old F. craanter, to assure— from L. 
credentia, trust, assurance), to admit as true what 
has not been proved; to give or bestow something 
which cannot be claimed by right ; to concede : n. 
tin; thing conferred on or conveyed to; an allowance : 



n. -te', the person to whom anything is conveyed o_ 
granted : grant'or, n. -er, in law, one by whom a grant 
is made. 

granular, granulate, granulation, &c— see under 
grain, corn. 

grape, n. grap (F. grappe; It. grappo, a cluster or 
bunch of grapes : It. grappa, the stalk of fruit), the 
fruit of the vine ; a single berry : gra'py, a. -pi, like 
grapes, or made of grapes ; full of clusters of grapes : 
grape'less, a. without grapes : grape-shot, a number 
of balls arranged in three tiers by means of circular 
plates, and secured by a pin passing through the cen- 
tre, intended to be discharged from a gun ; shot dis- 
charged in clusters : grapestone, n. the seed of the 
grape : grape-sugar, a variety of sugar obtained prin- 
cipally from fruits, forming also the basis of honey, 
and often called sugar of fruits, sugar of starch, or 
glucose: grapery, n. gra'perl, a place where grapes 
are grown. 

graphic, a. grdf-lk (Gr. grapho, I write: 



L. graphiews, done to the life: F. graphique, gra- 
phic), well delineated ; described with accuracy ; life- 
like ; having the appearance of writing, as graphic 
granite; also graphical, a. -l-kdl: graphically, ad. -II. 
graphite, n. grdf-lt (Gr. grapho, I write), a mineral, 
known chiefly by the name plumbago or black-lead, 
though lead does not at all enter into its composition, 



graphometer, n. grd-fom'-e-ter (Gr. grapho, I write, 
and metron, a measure), a mathematical instrument 
for measuring angles, called also a semicircle : graph- 
omet'rical, a. -m&t'rl-kai, pert, to or ascertained by 
a graphometer. 

graphotype, n. grdf-0-tlp (Gr. grapho, I write, and 
tupos, a type), a method of producing book illustra- 
tions for printing along with type, without the art of 
an engraver. 

grapnel, n. grdp'nel (F. grappin or grappil, the 
grapple of a ship), a small anchor with four or five 
flukes or claws, used to hold boats or small vessels ; a 
grappling-iron ; also grap'line or grap'ling. 

grapple, v. grdp'pl (It. grappare, to clutch, to 
grapple: Sw. grabba, to grasp: Dut. grabbelen, to 
seize greedily), to seize ; to lay fast hold of; to contend 
in close fight, as wrestlers : n. a seizing firmly ; a wrest- 
ler's hold ; a close fight ; an iron instr. by which one 
ship fastens on another : grap'pling, imp. -pllng-. adj. 
catching as a grapple : grap'pled, pp. -pld .- to grapple 
with, to contend with; to struggle against boldly: 
grappling-irons, small grapnels used in sea-battles. 

graptolites, n plu. grdp'-to-lits (Gr. graptos, writ- 
ten, and lithos, a stone), in geol., fossil zoophytes akin 
to the sea-pen of modern seas, found throughout the 
Silurian deposits ; also graptollthus, n. tol'-l-lhus. 

grapy— see grape. 

grasp, n. grasp (Ger. grappsen, to grope : Pol. 
grabki, a fork: connected with gripe and grab), the 
grip or seizure of the hand ; hold or possession ; power 
of seizing : v. to grip or seize the hand ; to catch at ; 
to lay hold of greedily ; to encroach : grasping, imp. : 
adj. covetous ; rapacious : n. seizure ; attempt to seize : 
grasped, pp. grdspt: grasp'er, n. one who: grasp '- 
able, a. -a-bl, capable of being grasped : grasp'ingly, 
ad. -II. 

grass, n. grds (AS. grces ; Dut. gras, grass : Norm. 
gras, applied to every green herb : Dut. groese, growth, 
increase), field or hill pasture ; the plants having simple 
leaves, jointed and tubular stems, &c: v. to cover 
with turf or herbage : gras'sing, imp. : grassed, pp. 
grast : gras'sy, a. -si, covered with grass ; green with 
grass : gras'siness, n. : grass'less, a. wanting grass : 
grass -green, a. green like grass: grass -grown, a. 
grown over with grass : grasshopper, n. (grass, and 
hop), a small nimble insect living among grass : grass- 
plot, a level spot covered with grass: grass-wrack, 



GRAT 



237 



GREA. 



Pol. kruta, a grate, a lattice), a framework of iron bars 
for holding the fuel in a fireplace ; a partition or frame 
made of bars : gra ting, n. the bars of a grate. 

grate, v. grat (F. grafter, to scratch, to scrape : Ger. 
kratzen, to scratch : Icel. grata ; Scot, greet, to cry— 
from the high pitch of a crying voice producing the 
disagreeable sensation), to rub one body against an- 
other so as to produce a harsh sound ; to wear away 
into small particles by rubbing against anything 
rough ; to act or utter so as to offend ; to irritate : gra- 
ting, imp.: adj. causing a sense of harsh rubbing or 
rasping; offensive; disagreeable: n. a harsh sound 
or rubbing : grated, pp. rubbed harshly ; worn off by 
rubbing: grater, n. grd'-ter, a kind of' kitchen rasp; 
any rough instr. to grate with: gratingly, ad. -II, 
harshly. 

grateful, a. gr&t'fobl (L. gratus, pleasing, agreeable : 
It. grato), having a due sense of benefits or kindness ; 
agreeable ; affording pleasure to the senses : grate- 
fully, ad. -H: gratefulness, n.: gratify, v. grdt'-l-fl 
(L. facio, I make), to give pleasure to ; to delight ; to 
please: gratifying, imp. : adj. giving pleasure: grat- 
ified, pp. -/id : grat'ifier, n. -cr, one who : grat ifica'- 
tion, n. -fl-kd'-shun, the act of pleasing the mind, 
taste, or appetite ; that which affords pleasure or de- 
light : gratitude, n. -tud, an emotion of the heart ex- 
citing a desire to return benefits received ; a senti- 
ment of goodwill toward a benefactor. 

graticulation, n. grd-tlk'-u-ld'-shiin (F. graticider, to 
divide into small squares in painting : L. craticula, a 
small hurdle— from crates, wicker-work, a hurdle), the 
art of dividing a plan or design into squares in order 
the more easily to reduce the copy to a smaller size. 

gratis, n. gi-d'-tls (L. gratiis, out of favour or kind- 
ness—from gratia, favour), for nothing ; freely ; with- 
out reward : gratuitous, a. grd-tu'-l-tus (L. gratuities, 
that is done without reward or profit — from gratia, 
favour), free ; not required by justice : without cause 
or provocation ; assumed or taken without ground or 
proof: gratuitously, ad. -II : gratu'ity, n. -l-tl, a gift ; 
a present ; a donation. 

gratitude, n.— see under grateful. 

gratulate, v. grdt'-u-ldt (L. gratulatus, wished joy 



grat'ula'tion, n. -Id'shun, an address or expression 
of joy to a person : grat ula'tory, a. -ter-l, expressing 
congratulation. 

grauwacke— see graywacke. 

gravamen, n. grd-vd'-men (L.— from gravis, heavy, 
weighty), cause of complaint or action. 

grave, a. grdv (L. gravis, heavy, weighty: It. and 
F. grave), serious ; sedate ; not gay, light, or trifling ; 
weighty ; momentous : gravely, ad. -It .• grave ness, 
n., also gravity, n. grdv'-l-tl, weight; heaviness; seri- 
ousness ; solemnity— see gravitate. 

grave, n. grdv (Ger. grab ; Dut. graf; Pol. grob, a 
grave : Dut. grave, a ditch, anything dug ; graven, to 
dig), the pit in which a dead body is laid ; a tomb ; 
a sepulchre : grave-clothes, the dress in which the 
dead are interred : gravedigger, n. one who digs and 
prepares graves : graveless, a. without a grave : grave- 
stone, n. a monumental stone : grave-wax, a familiar 
term for adipocere, because occasionally found in 
graveyards. 

grave, v. grdv (F. graver, to carve: Ger. graben; 
Dut. graven, to carve, to dig), to carve or cut letters 
or figures on any hard substance, as stone or wood; 
to carve or form : gra'ving, imp. : graved, pp. grdvd, 
also graven, pp. grd'-vn: gra'ver, n. an engraving 
tool : one who engraves. 

gravel, n. grdv'-el (It. gravella ; F. gravelle, sand), 
small stones or pebbles rounded by the action of 
water ; sandy matter sometimes found in the kidneys 
or bladder : v. to cover with gravel ; to puzzle ; to 
embarrass ; among horses, to hurt the foot by gravel 
in the shoe : grav'elling, imp. covering with gravel ; 
hurting the foot, as of a horse : n. act of covering with 
gravel : gravelled, pp. -eld, covered with gravel : 
grav'elly, a. -II, abounding with gravel. 

graveolent, a. grd-ve'-O-ldnt (L. gravis, heavy, and 
oleo, I smell), strong-scented : grave'olence, n. -lens, a 
strong and offensive smell. 

graves, n. grdvz, also greaves, n. (Sw. grefwar; Low 
Ger. grebe; Ger. gruben, graves: It. gruma, the sedi- 
ment that sticks to anything, tartar: Sw. grums, 



cot'.', boy, fool; pure. bi,d; chair 



grounds, dregs), the dregs at the bottom of the pot in 
melting tallow made up into cakes as food for dog.", 
&c. : to grave a ship, to smear the hull with graves, 
for which pitch is now employed: graving-dock, a 
dock from which the water can be run off in order to 
smear a ship with graves ; an enclosure on the side of 
a river or on the sea-shore, into which a vessel can 
he floated for examination and repairs. 

gravid, a. grdv'-ld (L. gravis, heavy), weighty ; being 
with young ; pregnant : gravidity, n. -l-tl, pregnancy. 

gravimeter, n. grd-vlm'-6-tir (L. gravis, heavy, and 
Gr. metron, a measure), an instr. for ascertaining the 
specific gravity of bodies, whether liquid or solid. 

graving, n. gra'ving (see graves), the act of cleaning 
a ship's bottom and covering it with pitch : graving- 
dock, n. place where this is done. 

gravitate, v. grdv'-l-tdt (L. gravitas, heaviness— 
from gravis, heavy: It. gravita: F. gravite), to tend 
towards the centra of attraction : grav'ita'ting, imp. 
a. tending towards another body by the law of gravi- 
tation: grav'ita'ted, pp. : grav'ita'tion, n. -td'-shun, 
the peculiar force by which all bodies are drawn to 
the surface of the earth or in the direction of its 
centre ; the tendency of all bodies, at liberty, to ap- 
proach each other: gravity, n. -l-tl, weight; heavi- 
ness ; the power or force which draws or attracts all 
great bodies to a common centre, as the earth or 
planets to the sun ; the power or force which draws 
all unsupported bodies to the surface of the earth in 
the direction of its centre ; seriousness ; solemnity ; 
atrociousness ; weight of guilt : centre of gravity, the 
point of a body which, if supported, all the other part-; 
will be equally balanced : specific gravity, the relative 
weight of any solid or liquid as compared with the 
weight of an equal bulk of distilled water, or of any 
gas as compared with air. 

gravy, n. grd'-vl (from graves, the dregs of melted 
tallow : Low Ger. grebe, graves), the juice and fat 
which drips from flesh while roasting ; dripping ; 

gray or grey, a grd (Icel. grar; AS. gro?g; Low 
Ger. graag, gray: Gr. grata, an old woman: the pro- 
bable original meaning was party-coloured), of a white 
colour tempered with black ; hoary ; mature : n. a 
colour compounded of black and white in various 
proportions : gray'ish, a. -ish, gray in a moderate de- 
gree : gray'ness, n.: graybeard, n.'an old man ; a large 
coarse earthenware vessel for holding liquors ; for- 
merly stoneware drinking-jugs having a bearded face 
on the spout; the preceding also spelt grey-: gray- 
stone, n. a volcanic rock of a grayish colour. 

grayling, n. grd'-Ung (corruption of gray-lines, re- 
ferring to the dusky streaks along the body), a native 
fish allied to the trout, called also the umber. 

graywacke, n. grd-wak'-d, also grauwacke, grdTr- 
wdk'd, and greywacke (Ger. grauwacke), a hard silici- 
ous sandstone composed of grains or fragments of dif- 
ferent minerals ; also the strata now known as Sil- 
urian. 

graze, v. gr&z (Ger. kratzen, to scratch : Icel. krassa, 
to scratch, to tear : F. razer, to shave, to graze), to rub 
or brush lightly anything in passing ; to touch and 
glance from, leaving a very superficial wound: gra- 
zing, imp.: grazed, pp. grdzd. 

graze, v. grdz (AS. grasian, to graze— from grccs, 
grass : Dut. grazen, to graze), to furnish pasture for ; 
to feed on grass ; to supply grass : gra'zing, imp. sup- 
plying pasture: adj. feeding on grass: n. the act of 
feeding on grass ; a pasture : gra'zer, n. an anima I 
which grazes : grazier, n. grd'-zher, one who pastures 
cattle and rears them for market. 

grazioso, n. grdt'-sX-o'zd (It.), in music, an intima- 
tion to perform the music smoothly and gracefully. 

grease, n. gres (It. grascia, grease : F. gras, fat ; 
graisse, grease : Gael, creis, grease), soft animal fat, 
as tallow or lard ; a disease in the heels of horses : v. 
to smear, rub, or anoint with fat : greasing, imp. 
grt'zlng, smearing with fat or oily matter : greased, 
pp. grezd : greasy, a. gre'-zl, oily ; of or like grease ; 
smeared or covered with grease : greasily, ad. -It : 
grea'siness, n. oiliness ; fatness. 

great, a. grat (Dut. groot ; Ger. gross), large or 
considerable in bulk, dimensions, or number ; weighty ; 
adorable; marvellous; principal; having rank or 
power ; illustrious ; eminent ; of a high and noble 
character; expressing an extension or unusual de- 
gree of a thing; pregnant ; a word used in the more 
remote steps of consanguinity, either ascending or de- 
scending, as greatgrandfather; hard, difficult, or 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



GREA 



238 



GRIN 



grievous : great'ly, ad. -II .- great'ness, n. largeness ; 
extent ; high degree, rank, or place ; eminence ; ele- 
vation of sentiment ; magnificence ; grandeur : great- 
coat, n. an overcoat : great seal, n. the principal 
seal of a state : the great, people of rank or distinc- 
tion : great-hearted, a. noble; undejected: great 
circle— see circle. 

greaves, n. plu. grevz (Norm. F. greve, the shin or 
shinbone: Sp. grevas, greaves), armour for the legs. 

greaves, n. gravz—see graves, dog's food. 

grebe, n. greb (F. grebe; W. crib, a comb, a crest), 
a water-fowl of the duck kind. 

Grecian, a. gre'shdn, pert, to Greece: n. a native of 
Greece ; one a ersed in the Greek language : Grecise, 
v. gre'siz, to translate into Greek ; to render Grecian : 
Greci'sing, imp. : Gre'cised, pp. -slzd : Gre'cism, n. 
-sizm, a Greek idiom. 

greedy, a. gre'di (AS. grccdig, greedy: Goth, gre- 
dags, crying for food, hungry), ravenous ; voracious ; 
having a keen appetite for food or drink, or for any- 
thing desired; vehemently desirous: gree'dily, ad. 
■VI: gree'diness, n. keenness of appetite for food or 
drink ; voracity ; ardent and selfish desire : greed, n. 
gred, greediness ; avarice. 

Greek, n. grek, a native of Greece ; the language ; 
in familar It \U lligible : adj. 

pert, to Greece : Greek'ling, n. a beginner in Greek : 
Greek fire, a composition said to burn under water- 
see under fire. 

green, a. gren (Icel. graz, to grow ; grcenn, green : 
Dut. groeyen, to grow ; groen, green), of the colour of 
plants or herbage ; verdant ; flourishing ; fresh ; not 
dry ; half-raw ; unripe ; inexperienced : n. a colour ; 
a small grassy plain : greens, n. plu. certain fresh 
vegetables dressed for food : green'ish, a. somewhat 
green: green'ly, ad. -li: green'ness, n. quality of 
being green ; unripeness ; freshness ; vigour ; in- 
experience : green-bone, n. two kinds of British fish, 
so called from the colour of their bones when dressed : 
green-crop, a crop, such as grasses, turnips, &c, used 
chiefly as fodder for cattle : green-earth, n. an earthy 
variety of chlorite, occurring in various shades of 
green: green-eyed, a. having eyes that see through 
a false medium as if coloured with green ; jealous : 
greenfinch, a small sinking bird of a greenish col- 
our : green-mantled, a. covered with verdure : green- 
gage, a variety of plum: greengrocer, n. one who 
deals in vegetables and fruit : greenhand, n. one raw 
and inexperienced : greenhorn, n. a raw youth easily 
imposed upon ; one unacquainted with the world : 
greenhouse, n. a house, built mostly of framework 
filled with glass, in which tender plants are reared : 
greenroom, n. in a theatre, the actors' retiring room, 
painted green : greensand, n. the lower portion of the 
chalk system as developed in the south of England, so 
called from its greenish colour : green-sickness, n. a 
disease in which the person affected has a sickly pale- 
ness, with a green tinge of the complexion, chiefly 
confined to ui 1 1 rri fern 1 1 s : greenstone, n. a gene- 
ral designation for the dafdgi tiul i crystalline var- 
ieties of trap, in which greenish or blackish -green 
colours largely prevail : greensward, n. turf on which 
grass grows: greenwood, unseasoned wood; a wood 
or forest when the leaves are out : adj. pert, to : green 
vitriol, the sulphate of iron in the form of crystals : 
green tea, a name of several commercial varieties of 
tea: green turtle, the species of turtle imported as a 
high luxury for making turtle soup : Scheele's green, 
a pigment of a vivid light green colour, prepared from 
arseniate of copper. 

greet, v. gret (Dut. groeten; old H. Ger. grozjan, to 
salute : W. gresaw, to welcome), to salute in kindness 
and respect ; to congratulate ; to meet and salute : 
greeting, imp. : n. a salutation ; expression of kind- 
ness or joy : greeted, pp. : greet'er, n. one who. 

greffier, n. gref'fi-er (F.— from Gr. grapho, I write), 
a registrar or recorder. 

gregarious, a. gre-gd'rl-us (L. gregarius, pert, to a 
herd— from grex, a flock— gen. gregis: It. gregario), 
associated or living in flocks or herds ; not living 
alone: grega'riously, ad. -II: grega'riousness, n. 

Gregorian, a. grS-gO'ri-dn, denoting what pert, to 
Gregory, the name of several popes : Gregorian cal- 
endar, the calendar as reformed by Pope Gregory 
XIII. in 1582 : Gregorian chants, a collection origi- 
nally compiled by Gregory the Great. 

grenade, n. gre-nad' (F. grenade, a pomegranate, a 
ball of wild-fire made like a pomegranate : L. grana- 
lum, a pomegranate), a hollow ball of iron or other 



metal filled with powder, to be thrown from the hand 
amidst an enemy when ignited by means of a fuse : 
grenadier, n. gren'dder', a foot-soldier, so called from 



from others by their dress and arms— now usually 
applied to the Grenadier Guards. 

gressorial, a. gres-sO'ri-dl (L. gressus, a stepping or 
step), applied to the feet of birds which have three 
toes forward, two of them connected, and one behind. 

grew, gro, pt. of grow, which see. 

grey, a. grd, another spelling of gray, which see : 
grey-head r ed, a. aged, as shown by the colour of the 
hair : greyhound, n. grd'hdivnd (Icel. grey-hundr, a 
bitch), a tall slim >\<>- im;i rli;: ■ 
grey mare is the better horse, the wife rules the 
husband : the Greys or Scots Greys, an Eng. cavalry 
regiment so named: greystone, a greyish granular 
rock of volcanic origin : grey-wethers, the weather- 
worn and half -rounded blocks of grey sandstone which 
are scattered over the surface of the lower Downs and 
other districts in the S. of Eng. ; also known as Sarsen 
or Druid stones. 

griddle— see under gridiron. 

gridiron, n. grld'irn (W. greidyll, a griddle— from 
greidio, to scorch or singe : Gael, gread, to burn : Sw. 
gradda, to roast), a grated frame for broiling flesh or 
fish over a fire ; a kind of frame for drawing up a ship 
on to be docked and repaired : griddle, n. grld'l (Scot. 
girdle), an iron plate to bake cakes on ; a bakestone ; 
a sieve with a wire bottom used by miners. 

grief, n. gref (F. grief, oppression : It. gravare, to 
aggrieve, to oppress— from L. gravis, heavy), pain of 
mind on account of any trouble, past or present, or 
of fault committed ; sorrow ; that which afflicts : grief- 
less, a. without grief: grieve, v. gr6v (from grief), to 
cause pain of mind to ; to afflict ; to hurt ; to mourn 
or lament: grieving, imp. : grieved, pp. grevd: griev'- 
er, n. one who : grievance, n. -dns, that which causes 
grief or uneasiness ; a hardship or wrong : griev'ingly, 
ad. -li: griev'ous, a. -us, hard to be borne; burden- 
some ; distressing : griev'ously, ad. -li : griev'ous- 
ness, n. 

griffin, n. griffin, also griffon, n. -fon (F. griffon ; 
L. gryjis; Gr. grups, a griffin: Gr. grupos, carved, 
hook-nosed), a fabulous animal, half eagle, half lion : 
griffin-like, a. resembling the rapacity of a griffin. 

grig, n. grig (from its wriggling motion), a small 
eel ; a sand-eel ; a grasshopper or cricket. 

grill, v. grll (F. griller, to broil— from grille, an iron 
grate), to dress or broil on a gridiron; to harass: 
grilling, imp.: grilled, pp. grild: adj. broiled on a 
gridiron : grillade, n. -lad, the act of grilling ; some- 
thing broiled. 

grilse, n. grils, in Scot., a salmon not fully grown, 
usually one in its second year. 

grim, a. grim (Ger. grimm, fury, wrath : Dut. grim: 
Ger. grimmig, crabbed, enraged : W. grem, a grinding 
or gnashing of the teeth), ugly and fierce ; stern and 
surly ; impressing terror and alarm ; hideous : grimly, 
a. -li , having a frightful or hideous look : ad. in a grim 
manner ; hideously : grim'ness, n. fierceness of look ; 
sternness : grim-faced, a. having a grisly appearance, 
and stern scowling look. 

grimace, n. grl-rnds 1 (F. grimace, a crabbed look: 
Dut. grimmen, to snarl, to grin : It. grima, wrinkled), 
a wry face ; a distortion of face from habit, affectation, 
or insolence : grimaced', a. -mxlst', distorted. 

grimalkin, n. gri-mdl'kln (gri, a corruption of gray, 
and malkin, a dim. of mall or mawkin, a scarecrow), 
an old cat ; a fiend supposed to resemble an old cat. 

grime, n. grim (It. groma, the dirt that sticks to 
anything: Sw. grum; Icel. grom, dirt, dregs: Norm. 
grima, a spot or stripe), foul matter; dirt; a black- 
ness and foulness not easily cleansed : v. to foul or 
soil deeply : gri'ming, imp. : grimed, pp. grlmd : 
grimy, a. grl'mi, dirty ; foul. 

grin, v. grin (Dut. grimmen, to grin, to snarl: 
Norm, grina, to wry the mouth : F. gronder, to snarl : 
L. ringi, to open wide the mouth, to show the teeth), 
to close or clinch the teeth and open the lips, as in 
mirth, scorn, or anguish : n. the act of closing the 
teeth and showing them ; an affected laugh : grin'- 
ning, imp.: adj. showing a grin: grinned, pp. grind: 
grin'ner, n. one who : grin'ningly, ad. -II. 

grind, v. grind (Dut. grimmen or grinden, to grin, 
to grind the teeth— from grinding the teeth, the term 
being transferred to the breaking small by a mill), to 
break and reduce to powder by friction or rubbing, as 



mate, mdt,fdr, law; mite, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, mOve; 



GRIP 2 

between stones ; to sharpen or polish ; to oppress by 
severe exactions; in fain iliar lunyuacie, to prepare a 
student for examination, and to prepare one's self ; to 
perform the operation of grinding: grind'ing, imp.: 
adj. harassing; oppressing : n. act or process by which 
anything is ground; the act of preparing one's self 
for examination: ground, pt. and pp. gro~wnd, did 
grind : grind' er, n. one who or that which ; a back 
or molar tooth : grindstone, n. a flat circular piece 
of sandstone for sharpening tools. 

grip, n. grip (Dut. gruppe or gripjje, a furrow: Ger. 
grube, a ditch— from grabm, to dig: connected with 
groove), a little ditch or channel for surface water. 

grip, n. grip (see gripe), a grasp; a holding fast; 
strength in grasping; a peculiar mode of clasping the 
hands ; that by which anything is grasped : v. to 
grasp; to hold fast: grip'ping, imp.: gripped, pp. 
grlpt. 

gripe, n. grip (Dut grijpen; Gen 
F. griffe; It. grifo, a claw), a clasping with the hand 
or arms; ahold; a grasp; pinching distress; oppres- 
sion ; pain in the bowels : v. to catch with the hand ; 
to seize ; to grasp ; to pinch ; to press ; to cause a 
colicky pain in the bowels; in nav., applied to a ship 
when she runs her head too much into the wind: 
gri'ping, imp.: adj. catching or holding, as in a gripe ; 
distressing, a,s griping poverty: n. the sensation of 
pain or pinching ; distress: griped, pp. grlpt : gri'per, 
n. one who : gn'pingly, ad. -II. 

grisette, n. grlzet' {¥.), in France, a tradesman's 
wife or daughter ; a shop girl. 

grisly, a. grlz'-U (AS. grislir, grisly, dreadful: Bav. 
gruseln; Ger. grieseln, to shudder), frightful; hor- 
rible ; hideous : grisliness, n. 

Grisons, n. grlz'uns (F.j. the most eastern of the 
Swiss cantons ; the inhabitants. 

grist, n. gi-lst (F. grust, grain for grinding or for 
making beer), corn for grinding ; the grain carried by 
a customer to the mill at one time ; that which is 
ground at one time ; gain ; profit : grist-mill, origi- 
nally a mill for grinding the quantities of grain 
brought by different customers : grist to the mill, 
gain or profit. 

gristle, n. grls'l (Swiss, krb'spelen, to crunch ; kros- 
pele, gristle : Pol. grysc, to gnaw : Dut. krijsselcn ; 
prov. Eng. grist, to grind the teeth), soft bone which 
makes a peculiar crunching noise when bitten; in 
animal bodies, a smooth, solid, elastic substance, 
chiefly covering the ends of bones ; cartilage : gristly, 
a. grls'll, of or like gristle : grist'liness, n. 

grit, n. grU (AS. greot, sand, dust: Icel. griot, 
stones : Ger. graus, rubbish, fragments : Low Ger. 
grut, grit, gravel : F. gres. gritty stone), any hard sand- 
stone in which the component grains of quartz are less 
rounded or sharper than in ordinary sandstones; 
rough hard particles : grit'ty, a. -tl, containing sand 
or grit: grit'tiness, n. the quality of consisting of 
hard particles or grit. 

grits, n. plu. gritz, the proper spelling of groats, 
which see. 

grizzle, n. grlz'l (F. and Sp. gris, grey: Dut. grijs, 
grey: Ger. greis, grey, an old man; grieselen, to 
fall in morsels: F. qresille, covered or hoar with 
rime), a mixture of white and black; a grey colour: 
grizzled, a. -Id, grey; of a mixed colour: griz'zly, a. 
-II, somewhat grey. 

groan, n. grOn (Dnt. groonen, to groan: W. grwn, 
a broken or trembling noise : F. grander, to snarl, to 
grunt: an imitative word), a deep mournful sound 
uttered in pain, anguish, or sorrow : v. to utter a deep 
moaning sound ; to be oppressed or afflicted : groan- 
ing, imp.: n. lamentation; complaint; a deep sound 
uttered in pain or sorrow : groaned, pp. grond. 

groat, n. grot (Dut. groot; Ger. grot, great: Low 
Ger. grote, applied to a great coin containing five of a 
smaller), an old silver coin of Edward III. equal to 
4d. ; a small sum. 

groats, n. plu. grdts (Dut. grut ; Ger. grutze, grain 
husked, and more or less broken : Norm, graut ; Dan. 
grbd, porridge : AS. grut, meal, wort), oats that have 
the hulls or shells taken off. 

grocer, n. gro'ser (F. grosserie, wares sold by whole- 
sale—from gros, gross, great), one who sells tea, 
coffee, sugar, &c: gro'cery, n. -i, a grocer's shop or 
store: groceries, n. plu. -Iz, the articles sold by a 
grocer : grocery is also used in the sing, for articles 
sold at a grocer's. 

grog, n. grog (said to be so called from the nickname 

of an admiral who wore a grogram coat), a mixture of 

cow, ooy,fo~ot; pure, bud; chair, 



9 GROU 

spirit and cold water not sweetened: grog-shop or 
grog'gery, n. -ger- 1, a shop dealing in spirits : grog'gy, 
a. -gi, tipsy. 

grogram, n. grog'rdm (F. grosgrain, coarse grain), 
a kind of stuff with large woof and a rough pile. 

groin, n. gro~yn (F. groin, snout of a hog: Dan. 
green, prong of a fork: Sw. gren, arm of a stream, 
fork of a pair of trousers), in the human body, the 
depressed part between the belly and the thigh ; the 
angular curve formed by the intersection of two 
arches : groined, a, grdynd, having an angular curve 
formed by the intersection of two arches: groins, 
n. plu. groynz (old F. groing, a tongue of land jutting 
into the sea), a frame of woodwork constructed across 
a beach, perpendicular to the general line of it, to 
retain or gather shingle. 

gromet, n. or grommet, n. grom'et (F. gourmette, a 
curb), among seamen, a ring formed of a twist of rope 
laid in three times round. 

groom, n. groin (Dut. grom, a youth; grome, a 
lover: F. gramme, a servant: Goth, guma; old Eng. 
gome, a man), a man or boy who has the charge of 
horses ; a man about to be married or who has been 
recently married—more usually called & bridegroom: 
v. to tend and clean, as a horse: grooming, imp.: n. 
the care and feeding of horses: groomed, pp. groin d: 
groom's man, an attendant of a bridegroom at his 
wedding— familiarly called best man: groom in wait- 
ing, groom of the chamber, groom of the stole, cer- 
tain officers of the English royal household. 

groove, n. grov (Dut. groeve, a furrow: Ger. grube, 
a pit^from gi-aben, to dig), a furrow; a channel or 
long hollow cut by a tool : v. to furrow ; to cut a chan- 
nel with an edged tool: grooving, imp.: grooved, pp. 
gr&vd. 

grope, v. grOp (Sw. grabba, to grasp: Pol. grabic, to 
seize, to rake: connected with grab and grasp), to 
feel one's way, as with the hands, or as a blind man ; 
to search or attempt to find, as in the dark: gro'ping, 
imp. : groped, pp. grOpt: gro'per, n. one who: gro - 
pingly, ad. -ll. 

groschen, n. grbsh'Sn, a small silver coin of Ger- 
many, worth about three halfpence. 

gross, a. gros (F. gros; L. crassus, thick), thick; 
fat ; corpulent ; coarse ; rude ; indelicate ; impure ; 
unrefined; great, as gross ignorance; whole or entire : 
n. the whole taken together; the whole weight of 
goods, including box, package, or suchlike ; the mass : 
grossly, ad. -II, in a gross manner; coarsely; pal- 
pably : gross'ness, n. coarseness ; thickness ; un- 
wieldy corpulence ; want of refinement or delicacy : 
gros'sinca tion, n. -sljlka'shun (L. j'acio, I make), 
in bot., the process of swelling in the ovary after fer- 
tilisation: gross average, the average upon the gross 
or entire amount : by the gross, by the whole weight 
or bulk : in the gross, in the bulk ; with all parts 
taken together. 

gross, n. grOs (F. grosse— from gros, large), the 
number of twelve dozen : great gross, 112 gross. 

grossart, n. groz'ert (old F. groiselle; F. groseille; 
mid. L. grossula, a gooseberry), in many districts, a 
familiar name for a gooseberry: gros'sular, n. gros' 
uler, also gros'sulaire, n. -ICir, the name given to the 
pale gooseberry-green varieties of translucent lime- 
alumina garnet. 

grossbeak, n. gros'-bek (F. grosbec, large beak), the 
hawfinch, a native bird having a short bill very thick 
at the base. 

grossular, &c— see grossart. 

grot, n. grot, or grotto, n. grot'tO (F. grotte; It. 
grotta, a cave, a den : F. crotter, to dig), a cave ; a cool 
recess or excavation ; a summer-house in a garden of 
a particular form and ornamented, as with shells, &c. : 
grottoes, plu. -tOz. 

grotesque, a. grO-tesK (F. grotesque, odd — from 
grotte, a grotto : It. grottesco), literally, the style in 
which grottoes were ornamented ; extravagant ; 
whimsical ; ludicrous : n. whimsical figures or scen- 
ery : grotesquely, ad. -II : grotesque ness, n. 

ground, n. groivnd (Goth, grundus ; Icel. grunnr ; 
Pol. grunt; Gael, grunnd, ground), the earth or soil, 
as distinguished from air or water; the surface or 
upper part of the earth ; soil ; territory or region ; 
estate or possession ; that which supports anything ; 
fundamental cause; primary reason; in a painting, 
the primary or principal colour; fundamental sub- 
stance: v. to lay or place on the ground; to settle in 
first principles ; to fasten or strike on the bottom, as a 
ship in too shallow water : grounding, imp. : ground- 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



GROU 



240 



GUAR 



ed, pp. fixed on the ground, as a ship ; thoroughly in- 
structed : ground'age, n. -aj, toll for lying in port : 
ground'edly, ad. -li, upon good grounds : groundless, 
a. without foundation ; false : groundlessly, ad. -li, 
without just cause or reason: groundlessness, n. 
want of just cause or reason : ground'ling, n. name of 
a fish that keeps at the bottom of the water : grounds, 
n. plu. dregs or lees; in arch., pieces of wood let in 
flush with the plastering, for which they serve as a 
guide, and to which the mouldings and other finish- 
ings are nailed: ground -bait, bait thrown into the 
water to assemble fish : ground-floor, the lowest floor 
of a house on a level with the outside ground : ground- 
ice, ice formed under peculiar circumstances at the 
bottom of running water: ground-ivy, n. an aromatic 
plant which creeps along the ground : ground-plan, the 
plan of the lowest or bottom flat of a house : ground- 
plate, in arch., the piece of timber which forms the 
lower part of a timber building : ground-plot, ground 
on which a building is placed : ground-rent, rent or 
feu paid for the ground on which the house is erected : 
groundsel, n. grown'sel, a very common wild plant 
producing clusters of yellow flowers : groundsil, n. -sll, 
also -sel, sdl (AS. sil, threshold), the timber of a build- 
ing which lies next to the ground : ground-swell, the 
heavy swelling and surging of the sea after a storm, 
or as indicating an advancing storm : ground-tackle, 
in a ship, all the ropes, &c, connected with the 
anchors and other mooring apparatus : groundwork, 
n. the foundation or basis of anything; first prin- 
ciples ; fundamentals : to gain ground, to advance ; to 
have some success : to lose ground, to give way ; to 
go back ; to retire. 

group, n. grdp (F. groupe, a cluster: It. groppo, a 
knot or lump of anything), a small crowd or assem- 
blage ; in art, an assemblage of figures or objects hav- 
ing some resemblance or character in common : v. to 
bring or place together in a cluster or knot : group'- 
ing, imp.: n. the art of arranging or combining the ob- 
jects in a picture, &c, in harmony with the design: 
grouped, pp. gropt. 

grouse, n. grows (F. griescJie, speckled, grey), the 
heath-cock ; a wild fowl of several species. 

grout, n. grdtot (AS. grut, meal of wheat or barley : 
Dut. gruete, chips and fragments of stones : Gael. 
gruid; Dut. gruys, lees, dregs), coarse meal; a fine 
plaster for finishing ceilings ; any solution of lime 
for cementing stones ; an admixture of gravel and 
lime for cementing walls : grouting, n. finishing with 
grout. 

grove, n. grCv (AS. graef, a cave, a grove : old Eng. 
greaves, trees, boughs), a small wood or cluster of 
trees. 

grovel, v. grov'-l (It. grufolare or grofolare, to grub 
up with the snout like the hog: Icel. grufla, to feel 
with the hands, to grovel on the ground), to creep on 
the ground; to be low or mean: grov'elling, imp. 
-ling: adj. mean in life or character ; without dig- 
nity : grov'elled, pp. -Sid : grov'eller, n. -er, one who. 
grow, v. gro (AS. growan, to be green: Icel. groa; 
Dut. groeyen, to grow, to flourish), to increase in size 
or stature by a natural process ; to increase or become 
greater; to be changing from one state to another ; to 
vegetate ; to cause to vegetate ; to improve ; to pro- 
ceed, as from a cause or reason: growing, imp. : adj. 
advancing in size or extent; increasing; thriving; 
producing : grew, pt. gr6, did grow : grown, pp. 
gron : adj. increased in growth ; arrived at full 
growth or stature : grow'er, n. one who raises or pro- 
duces : growth, n. grOth, the act of growing ; in- 
crease; advancement: grown over, covered with a 
growth, as of creeping plants: to grow out of, to 
issue from, as a branch from a tree ; to result from : 
to grow up, to arrive at full stature or maturity: 
to grow together, to become united by growth. 

growl, n. grdivl (Dut. grollen, to cry as a cat: Norm. 
gryla, to grunt: F. grouller, to rumble: Ger. groll, 
spite, rancour), a deep angry snarl, as of a dog; an 
angry murmur : v. to snarl or grumble as an angry 
dog: growl'ing, imp.: growled, pp. grdivld: growl- 
er, n. a grumbler ; a snarler : growTingly, ad. -li. 

growse, v. grdz (Ger. grausen, to shudder at : Bav. 
gruseln, to shudder), in Scot., to chill before the ague- 
fit ; to shiver; to have chills: grows'ing, imp.: n. a 
shivering : growsed, pp. grdzd. 
growth— see under grow. 

grub, n. grub (Dut. grubbe, a pit, a ditch: Low Ger. 

grubhfln, to root about with the hand: Ger. griibeln, 

to pick, to stir), a short worm that digs in the earth ; 

mate, mdt, far, law; mete, mit, 



a maggot : v. to dig up with the hands or with a small 
instrument, as roots ; to root out of the ground by 
digging; to work underground, as a grub; to work 
among, as by digging, raj ly for an object difficult 

to be reached : grub'bing, imp. : n. the a<:t of digging 
up by the roots : grubbed, pp. grubd : grub'ber, n. -er, 
an instr. for digging up the roots of trees ; an instr. 
for breaking up land and rooting up weeds. 

grudge, n. gruj (F. gruger, to grieve, to mutter: Gr. 
„ rudsein, to grumble, to mutter), secret enmity ; ill- 
will ; an old cause of quarrel ; discontent : v. to give 
>r take unwillingly ; to be discontented at another's 
jujoyments or advantages : grudging, imp. : n. dis- 
content at another's possessing, &c. ; grudged, pp. 
grujd: grudg'er, n. -er, one who: grudgingly, ad. 
-li, with reluctance or discontent. 

gruel, n. gro'-el (F. gruau, oatmeal: W. grual, gruel: 
Norm, grant, porridge : prov. F. gruua, husked oats 
or grain more or less broken), a thin mixture, made 
by boiling oatmeal in water. 

gruff, a. grief (Dan. grof, coarse: Gris, grufflar, to 
snore), rough or stern in manners or voice ; harsh or 
surly: gruffly, ad. -ll: gruff'ness, n. roughness of 
manner or voice. 

grugings, n. plu. griij'lngz (Norm. F. grugeons), the 
same as gurgeons, which see. 

gram, a. grum (Dan. grum, atrocious: AS. grom, 
fierce: Gael, gruaim, a surly look: W. grwm, a growl), 
sour ; surly : grum'ly, ad. -li, in a surly manner : adj. 
surly; morose: grum'ble, v. -bl (Dut. grommelen; 
F. grommeler, to murmur), to express discontent in a 
low murmuring voice; to growl; to make a hoarse 
rambling noise: grumbling, imp.: n. a murmuring 
through discontent : grum'bled, pp. -bid: grumbler, 
n. -bier, one who grumbles ; a discontented man : 
grum'blingly, ad. -II. 

grume, n. gr6m (L. grurnus, a little heap or hillock : 
It. grumo, a clot of blood), a fluid thickened; a clot, 
as of blood : grumous, a. grd'-mus, thick ; clotted ; 
knotted ; in 60?., in clustered grains— applied to fleshy 
tubercular roots : gru'mousness, n. 

grunt, n. grunt (L. grunnire ; F. grogner ; Ger. 
grunzen, to grunt, to mutter), a short rougli sound, as 
uttered by a hog or sow : v. to utter a short rough 
sound, as a hog ; to snarl : grunt'ing, imp.: adj. utter- 
ing grants: n. the sounds uttered by a hog; the act 
of one who grants : grunt'ed, pp. : gruntlngly, ad. -II. 
gryphaea, n. gri-je'-d, or gryphite, n. gri'fit (L. 
gryps; Gr. grups, a griffin), in geol., a sub-genus of 
the oyster family, abounding in the lias, oolite, and 
chalk formations. 

guaiacum, n. gwd'-y&hum (Sp. guayaco), the resin 
of a tree of the same name, much used in medicine- 
shortened into guiac, givi'ak. 

guano, n. g6b-&'n6 • rwa 'm ! ( Sp. guano or huano— 
from Peruvian, huanu, dung), the dung of sea-fowls, 
found in beds of great thickness on certain islands on 
the coast of S. Amer., imported and much used as a 
manure. 

guarantee, n. gdr'dn-te', also guaranty, n. -dn-ti 
(F. garantir, to warrant, to vouch ; garantie, warranty : 
It. guarentia, guarantee, surety), an engagement to see 
certain stipulations performed ; the person or party 
who does so: v. to engage that certain stipulations 
shall be performed ; to undertake to secure to an- 
other ; to make certain : guaranteeing, imp. : guar- 
anteed', pp. -ted'. 

guard, v. gdrd (F. garder, to keep: It. guardare, to 
look, to guard), to protect; to defend; to watch over; 
to keep in safety; to be cautious: n. defence; pre- 
servation or security against loss or injury; that 
which defends or protects; anticipation of objec- 
tion ; caution of expression ; a body of men for 
defence or security; state of caution or vigilance; 
-'- fencing, a posture ol defence: guarding, imp.: 



guardianship, n. the office of a guardian : guard'able, 
a. -d-bl, capable of being protected: guards, n. plu. 
general name for the regiments of household troops : 
life guards, cavalry of household troops ; a body of 
select troops for the protection of a prince: guards- 
man, n. gdrdz'mdn, a soldier of the guards : ad- 
vanced guard or vanguard, a body of troops march- 
ing some distance ill front of an army to prevent sur- 
prise, or to give notice of danger : rearguard, a body 
of troops that march behind an army for its protection 



her; plne,2rfn; note, not, move; 



GUAV 



241 



GUN 



against surprise : guard-room, a room for the accom- 
modation of soldiers on guard : guard-ship, a vessel of 
war appointed for service in a harbour or river : on 
guard, acting or serving as a guard. 

guava, n. gwd'-vd (Sp. guayaba), a tree of tropical 
Amer., the fruit of which makes a delicious jelly. 

gudgeon, n. gvj'-un (F. goujon: L. gobio), a small 
river-fish easily caught ; a person easily cheated or 
deceived; the iron pin or shaft on which a wheel 
turns. 

guelder-rose, n. gel'-dir-roz, a shrub bearing large 
bunches of white flowers— called snowball-tree. 

Guelfs or Guelphs, n. plu. gwelfs (from the great 
Ger. house of the Weljs or Giwlfs), the name of a famous 
faction or party in the middle ages in Italy acting in 
the interests of the Pope— the opposite faction being 
called Ghibellines, n. plu. gib-el-ins (name supposed 
to be derived from the castle of Weiblingen). 

guerdon, n. ger'-don (F. guerdon; It. guiderdone, a 
reward), reward : recompense : v. to reward : guer - 
doning, imp.: guer'doned, pp. -dond: guer'donable, 
a. -a-bl, worthv of reward. 

guerilla, n. ger-U'ld (Sp. guerrilla, a war of par- 
tisans—from ffuerra, war), one of an irregular force 
employed in small bands to harass an army, partic- 
ularly in a mountainous country: adj. pert, to irreg- 
ular warfare ; carried on by independent bands. 

guess, n. ges (Dut. ghissen, to estimate, to guess : 
Ieel. giska ; Norm, gissa ; Dan. gisse, to guess), a con- 
jecture; an opinion formed without certain know- 
ledge : v. to conjecture ; to suppose ; to form an opin- 
ion without sufficient evidence ; to decide from mere 
probabilities ; to hit upon the truth : gues'sing, imp. : 
n. the forming of conjectures: guessed, pp. gist: gues - 
aer, n. -ser, one who: gues'singly, ad. -U: guesswork, 
n. random or haphazard conjecture. 

guest, n. gist (Goth, gasts, a stranger: Ger. gast; 
Ieel. gestr, a guest: W. gwest, a visit; givestai, a 
visitor), a stranger or friend entertained in the house 
of another; a visitor: guest-chamber, n. the apart- 
ment appropriated to a guest. 

guide, n. gld (F. guidtr; It. guidare, to show, to 
direct), the person or thing that directs; one who 
leads ; a regulator : v. to lead or direct ; to influence ; 
to instruct; to superintend: gui'dable, a. -dd-bl, cap- 
able of being guided: guiding, imp. gi'ding: gui'ded, 
pp.: gui'dance, n. -Jd.-is. a leading; direction; govern- 
ment: guide 'less, a. -lis, having no guide: guide- 
post, n. a post at a cross-road, directing the traveller 
which road to follow: gui'der, n. one who or that 
which: guide-book, a book for tourists or visitors, 
containing directions how to visit certain districts or 
localities, what to see, and where, with useful infor- 
mation in regard to them ; an elementary treatise. 

guidon, n. gi'dun (F.), the silk standard of a regi- 
ment of dragoons. 

guild, n. gild (Dan. gilde; Low Ger. gilde, a feast, a 
company, a corporation: W. gioyl; Bret, gouil, a 
feast), a society ; a corporation ; a confraternity : 
guildhall, the meeting place of a guild— especially ap- 
plied to the hall of the corporation of London : guil- 
dry, n. gil'-dri, the members of a guild. 

guilder, n. gll'-der, a coin in Holland worth about 
one shilling and ninepence; a florin. 

guile, n. gll (old F. guille, deceit: Dut. ghijlen, to 
delude : Low Ger. gigeln, to deceive by jusglinsr'trick* ), 
craft ; cunning ; artifice ; duplicity : guile'fuL a. -fool, 
crafty; insidious; wily: guilefully, ad. -li: guile - 
fulness, n. : guile'less, a. artless; frank; free from 
guile: guile'lessly, ad. -II: guile lessness, n. : guil'er, 
n. -er, a deceiver. 

guillemot, n. gil'-le-mot (F.), a thick clumsy sea-fowl, 
found in northern Europe, Asia, and America. 

guilloche, n. gll-losh' (F. guillocher, to make wav- 
ing lines by means of an engine), a series of interlaced 
ornaments'on stone resembling network: guilloched', 
a. -loshf, waved or engine-turned. 

guillotine, n. gU'-lo-ten (from the name of the in- 
ventor), in France and other countries, a machine for 
beheading at a stroke : v. to take off the head by the 
guillotine : guillotin'ing, imp. : guillotined, pp. -tend. 

guilt, n. gilt (Swiss, giilt; Dan. gjeld, debt: AS. 
gildan; Dan. gielde; Ger. gelten, to requite, to re- 
turn an equivalent), crime; offence; state of being 
tainted with sin or crime : guiltless, a. innocent ; free 
from crime: guiltlessly, ad. -li: guilt' lessness, n. 



of crime ; wickedness. 



'. boy, f Jot ; pure, bud; chair, 



guinea, n. gln-l (from Guinea, in Africa), a gold coin 
of the value of 21s., not now used : adj. of or belong- 
ing to Guinea, as guinea-lien: guinea-pig, a small 
animal of the rodent or gnawing order, covered with 
white, red, and black patches ; a cony : guinea-worm, 
a womi which affects the skin of man, particularly 
the legs, in warm climates. 

guise, n. glz (F. guise; W. gicis; Bret, giz, way, 
manner), external appearance; dress; manner: gui- 
sards, n. plu. gl'zerts, also gui'sers, n. plu. -zers, in 
Scot., persons, chiefly young persons, who go from 
house to house in a sort of masquerade, about Christ- 
mas time, singing songs and soliciting contributions 
for holiday purposes. 

guitar, n. gl-tdr' (F. guitare; Sp. guitarra, a guitar : 
L. cithara, a harp), a stringed instrument, much in 
the form of a violin, but with a longer neck, and 
played upon with the fingers. 

gula, n. gu'-ld, or gola, n. go'-ld (L. gula; It. gola, 
the throat), the alternate convex and concave parts 
of the moulding of a cornice ; the cymatium. 

gules, n. plu. giilz (F. gueides. red or sanguine in 
blazon— from gueale, the mouth, the throat— so called 
from the red colour of the mouth), in her., a term 
denoting red, represented in engravings by upright 
lines. 

gulf, n. gulf (It. golfo, an arm of the sea : F. golfe, 
a whirlpool, a guil':" Dut. gulpen, to swallow), a 
tract of ocean water extending into the land ; an ami 
of the sea ; an abyss ; a deep place in the earth ; any- 
thing insatiable: gulf'y, a. -i, full of or resembling 
gulfs : gulf-stream, one of the most important of the 
ascertained ocean-currents, flowing out from the Gulf 
of Mexico, whose waters, of a high degree of tem- 
perature, crossing the Atlantic Ocean to the shores 
of Western Europe, raise or modify, to a consider- 
able degree, the temperatures of the climates pre- 
vailing there. 

gull, n. gul (W. gwylan; Bret, givelan, from the 
peculiar wailing cry of the bird : Bret, gwela, to weep), 
a sea-bird of many species. 

gull, v. gill (Dan. guul; Sw. gul, yellow— from the 
yellow colour of the down or beak of a young bird), 
to cheat ; to deceive ; to defraud : n. one easily cheated : 
gulling, imp.: gulled, pp. gidd: gullible, a. -ll-bl, 
easily deceived : gullibility, n. -bll'-i-ti. 

gullet, n. gul'lit (F. goulet, the gullet— from goule, 
the mouth : Bav. gii.llen ; Swiss, guile, a sink ; L. gula, 
the windpipe), the passage in the neck of an animal 
down which food and drink pass into the stomach; 
the oesophagus : gully, n. gul'-ll (F. goulette), a channel 
or hollow formed by running water ; a ditch; a gut- 
ter : gullied, a. -lid, having a hollow worn by water : 
gully-hole, the mouth of a drain where the water 
pours with a gurgling noise into the sink or the main 
sewer. 

gnlPf v - fffdp (Dut. golpen, to drink greedily: Dan. 
gulpe ; Norm, gulka, to gulp up), to swallow eagerly 
or in large draughts : n. as much as can be swallowed 
at once: gulping, imp.: gulped, pp. gulpt. 

gum, n. gilm (F. gomme; L. gummi ; Gr. komini, 
gum: Lang, goumo, sap), a vegetable mucilage or 
glue, found thickened on the surface of certain trees : 
v. to smear with gum ; to unite with gum : gumming, 
imp. : gummed, pp. gumd ; adj. covered or smeared 
with gum : gurnmif erous (L. few, I carry), bearing or 
producing gum : gum mous, a. -ttvus, of the nature or 
quality of gum : gum my, a. -m l, adhesive ; consisting 
of or resembling gum : gum'miness, n. : gum-arabic, 
n. -dr'-d-blk, a gum procured from several species of 
acacia in Africa and S. Asia : gum-lac, -Idk. a resinous 
substance exuded from the body of certain insects, 
chiefly upon the banyan-tree. 

gums, n. plu. gumz (Dut. gum/me; Ger. gaumen, the 
palate), the fleshy matter surrounding the teeth ; the 
sockets of the teeth : gum-boil, a boil on the gum. 

gumption, n. gum-shun (AS. geomian, to take care 
of), in familiar language, capacity; shrewdness; 
common-sense. 

gun. n. gun (old Eng. gonne; mid. L. gunna, a war- 
engine, a fire-tube : F. guigner, to wink or aim with 
one eye; guigneur, an aimer with one eye, as a gun- 
ner), any firearm, except a pistol and revolver; a 
fowling-piece; an instr. for throwing shot by means 
of gunpowder, as a musket, a rifle, a cannon : gun- 
barrel, n. the tube of a gun : gunboat, n. a strongly- 
built vessel for rivers and coasting, carrying one or 
more heavy guns: gun-carriage, n. a carriage for 
bearing and moving heavy guns: gun-cotton, n. 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



GUNT 



242 



GYRA 



cotton-wool chemically prepared, and so highly ex- 
plosive as to be used instead of gunpowder : gun- 
fire, n. in certain places, a morning and evening gun 
fired at fixed times : gun'nage, n. -ndj, the number of 
cannon a ship carries : gun'ner, n. -ner, one appointed 
over guns or ammunition : gun'nery, n. -£, the art of 
managing guns, mortars, &c; also the science: gun'- 
powder, n. -pdw-der, the chemical composition used 
in guns, &c. : gun'shot, a. caused by the shot from a 
gun, as a wound : n. reach or range of a gun : gun'- 
smith, n. one who makes or repairs guns : gun'stock, 
n. the wood into which the barrel of a fowling-piece, 
musket, or rifle is fitted: gun-tackle, n. -tdk'l, pulleys 
and ropes used on board of ships to secure guns or to 
run them out of the ports : gunwale, n. giin'el, the 
upper timber of a ship's side from the half-deck to the 
forecastle ; spelt also gun'nel : to blow great guns, to 
blow violently. 

Gunter's chain, n. gun'terz chdn, a surveyor's mea- 
sure, so named after the inventor, consisting of a 
series of iron links, usually 100, each being 7 '92 inches 
in length : Gunter's scale, -skal, a plane scale, having 
various lines engraven on it, used in certain mathe- 
matical computations. 

gurgeons, n. plu. ger'junz (P. gruger, to granulate, 
to crumble: Dut. gruizen, to reduce to small bits), 
that part which remains after the fine meal has passed 
the sieve ; the sittings of meal. 

gurgle, v. ger'gl (L. gurges, a whirlpool ; gurgulio, 
the windpipe, the guliet), to flow with an irregular 
noise, as water in a stream or from a bottle: gur'- 
gling, imp. -gllng: adj. running or flowing with a 
broken noise : n. a gushing or flowing with a broken 
noise : gur'gled, pp. -gld. 

gurgoyle, n. ger'-gdyl, also gar'goyle (F. gargouille, a 
water-shoot), an ornamental waterspout in stone, al- 
ways more or less fantastic. 

gurnard, n. ger'nerd (F. gournauld — from grogner, 
to grumble), a small sea-fish of several species with a 
rough bony skin— so called from the grunting sound 
the fish emits in certain circumstances; often spelt 
gurnet, ger'-nit. 

gurt, n. gert (a corruption of gutter, which see), in 
mining, a gutter or channel for water, usually hewn 
out of the pavement or bottom of a working drift. 

gush, n. gush (Ger. giessen; Dut. gosselen, to pour: 
Swiss, gusseln, to dabble in wet), a sudden and violent 
flowing out of a liquid from an enclosed place ; a sud- 
den flow: v. to rush as a fluid from confinement; to 
issue with fone and rapidity: gushing, imp.: adj. 
breaking forth >vith a gush or rush ; exuberant ; de- 
monstrative : n. a rushing forth with impulsive force : 
gushed, pp. gusht: gushingly, ad. -II. 

gusset, n. gits s&t (F. gousset, a fob, the armpit— 
from F. gousse; It. guscio, the pod or husk, as of 
peas), a triangular piece of cloth put into a garment 
to enlarge or strengthen a part ; in mech., an angular 
piece of iron to unite parts, or to give strength and 
stiffness to the angular parts of a structure. 

gust, n. gust (Icel. gustr, a cold blast of wind), a 
sudden blast of wind ; a sudden violent burst of pas- 
sion : gus'ty, a. 41, subject to gusts ; stormy. 

gust, n. gust (L. gustus, taste, flavour : It. gusto : F. 
gout), sense of tasting ; relish ; intellectual taste : 
gus'table, a. -td-bl, pleasant to the taste: gus'tatory, 
a. -ter-i, pert, to the taste ; tending to please the taste : 
gus'to, n. 46, relish ; that which excites pleasant sen- 
sations in the palate and tongue. 

gut, n. gut (Icel. gutla, to sound as a liquid agitated 
in a cask : Swiss, gudem, applied to the rumbling of 
the bowels), the intestinal canal reaching with many 
convolutions from the stomach to the anus ; a passage 
or strait : v. to take out the inside of anything ; to 
plunder thoroughly : gut'ting, imp. : gut'ted, pp. : 
guts, n. plu. stomach ; receptacle for food ; gluttony. 

gutta, n. gut'td (L. gutta; It. gotto ; F. goutte, a 
drop), a drop ; concrete juice : gut'ta serena, -se-re- 
na (L. clear drop), a loss or decay of sight from palsy 
of the optic nerve without any apparent blindness : 
gut'tated. a. besprinkled with drops : gut'tae, n. plu. 
4e, in sculp. , ornaments like drops : gut'ta-percha, n. 
-per'chd (Malay, ragged gum), a dried milky juice, 
the produce of a large forest-tree growing in the East- 
ern Archipelago, much used in the arts and for in- 
dustrial purposes : guttif'erous, a. -tif-er-us (L. fero, I 
bear), yielding gum or resinous substances. 

gutter, n. gut'ter (F. gouttiere, a channel or gutter: 
Low Ger. guddern, to gush out : L. gutta, a drop), a 
channel or hollow for conveying water; any hollow 



piece of wood or metal for conveying waste water: v. 
to form into small hollows or channels: gut'terlng, 
imp.: gut'tered, pp. 4erd. 

guttural, a. gut'ter-dl (L. guttur, the throat: F. 
guttural), formed in the throat ; pert, to the throat : 
n. a letter pronounced in the throat : gut'turally, ad. 

guy, n. gl (Sp. guia, a guide), in a ship, a rope used 
to keep a heavy body steady while hoisting or lower- 
ing; a wire rope, chain, or rod to steady and prevent 
undulations in a suspension bridge. 
)tesque effigy of G 
odd or fantastic n_ 

guzzle, v. guz'-l (Swiss, gutzeln, to shake liquids in a 
flask : It. gossare, to guzzle— from gozzo, the throat), 
to drink much and greedily; to drink often: guz'- 
zling, imp. -ling: guzzled, pp. -zld: guz'zler, n. -ler, 
an immoderate drinker. 

gybe, v. jib, to shift a boomsail from one tack to 
the other: gy'bing, imp.: n. in sailing, the act of 
going about when the wind is astern or abaft the 
beam : gybed, pp. jibd. 

gyle-tun, jll-tun, a tun or vessel used by brewers. 

gymnasium, n. jlm-nd'zi-um (L. gymnasium; Gr. 
gumnasion, in anc. times, a place where they wres- 
tled naked— from Gr. gumnos, naked), a school for 
gymnastics or athletic exercises : gymnas'tics, n. plu. 
-nds'tlks, physical exercises tending to the improve- 
ment of health and strength, and muscular develop- 
ment: gym'nast, n. -ndst, one who teaches or prac- 
tises gymnastics : gymnas'tic, a. -nds'tlk, of or relat- 
ing to gymnastics : gymnas'tically, ad. -II : gymna'si- 
arch, n. -nd'-zi-drk, in anc. Greece, the chief officer of 
a gymnasium. 

gymnocarpous, a. jlm'-no-kdr'-pus (Gr. gumnos, 
naked, and karpos, fruit), in bot., applied to naked 
fruit — that is, fruit having no pubescence nor floral 
envelope about the fruit : gym'nodonts, n. plu. -dontz, 
(Gr. odous, a tooth— gen. odontos), applied to a family 
of fishes in which the jaws are covered with a sub- 
stance resembling ivory, arranged in small plates, re- 
presenting united teeth : gymnos'ophist, n. -nos'6-flst 
(Gr. gumnos, naked, and soi)hos, wise; sophistes, a 
philosopher), a barefooted and thinly-clad philosopher 
of India : gymnos'ophy, n. -of I, their doctrines. 

gymnosperms, n. plu. jim'-no- sperms (Gr. gumnos, 
naked, and sperma, seed), in bot., plants having naked 
seeds— that is, whose seeds are not enclosed in a peri- 
carp: gym'nosper'mous, a. -sper'mus, having naked 
seeds: gym'nospore, n. -no-spor (Gr. spora, seed), a 
naked spore— applied to the spores of acotyledonous 
plants when they are developed outside the cell in 
which they are produced : gymnos'tomi, n. plu. -nos' 
tomi (Gr. stoma, a mouth), mosses without a mem- 
brane to cover the mouths or openings of their spore- 
cases. 

gymnotus, n. jlm-nO'tus (Gr. gumnos, naked, and 
notos, the back), the electric eel of S. Amer. 

gynandrian, a. jln-dn'dri-dn (Gr. gune, a woman, 
and andros, a man), in bot., being male and female, 
applied to those plants — the gynan'dria, -drl-d — 
which have the stamens inserted in the pistils ; also 
gynan'drous, a. -drus. 

gynarchy, n. jin-dr'ki (Gr. gune, a woman, and 
arche, government), government by a female : gyn'- 
ecoc'racy, n. -S-kok'ra-sl (Gr. kralos, strength, autho- 
rity), female ascendancy or government: gyn'eoc'- 
racy, n. -e-ok'rd-si, a government over which a female 
may preside ; the rule of a woman. 

gynizus, a. jin-l'zus (Gr. gune, a woman), in bot, 
applied to the position of the stigma on the. column 
of Orchids : gyn'obase, n. -o-baz (Gr. basis, a base), a 
fleshy substance in the centre of a flower, to the base 
of which the carpels are attached: gynoe'cium, n. 
•e'-sl-um (Gr. oikos, a house), the female organs of the 
flower ; the pistils : gyn'osphore, n. -os-for (Gr. phero, 
I bear or produce), a stalk supporting the ovary: 
gyn'oste'mium, n. -te'ml-um (Gr. stemon, a stamen), 
the column in Orchids bearing the organs of repro- 
duction. 

gypsum, n.jip'-sum (L. gypsum; Gr. gupsos, white 
lime), a soft chalky stone which, calcined and burnt 
and reduced to powder, is called plaster of Paris ; 
sulphate of lime : gyp'seous, a,.-sS-us, of or resem- 
bling gypsum : gypsiferous, a. -sif'-er-Hs (L. fero, I 
bear), containing gypsum. 

gypsey or gipsy— see gipsy. 



a circle, and akantha, : 
mate, mdt.fdr, law; mete, mSt, her; pine, phi; note, not, mOve; 



GYEA 2 

gigantic fin-spines, the groovings on which run in a 
spiral manner from the base upwards. 

gyrate, a. jl'-nit (L. gyrus; Gr. guros, a circuit or 
compass, a circle), winding or going round, as in a 
circle : v. to whirl round ; to revolve round a central 
point: gyrating, imp.: gy'rated, pp.: gy'ral, a. -rdl, 
whirling: gyra'tion, n. -rd'-shun, a circular motion; 
a turning or whirling round : gyratory, a. -ter-l , 
moving or whirling in a circle : gyre, n. jlr, a circular 
motion; a circle described by a moving body: gyred, 
a. jird, falling in rings: gyrfalcon, n. jlr-fdw'-kn, a 
species of hawk, from its circling around before de- 
scending on its prey. 



termed from their circular grinding teeth : gyrog'o- 
nites, n. plu. -rog-6-nltz (Gr. gonos, seed), the spiral 
seed-vessels of plants allied to the chara, and found 
fossil in the fresh-water tertiaries. 

gyromancy, n. jl'ro-mdn-si (Gr. guros, a circuit, 
and manteia, divination), a kind of divination by 
walking in a circle or ring. 

gyroscope, n. jl'-ro-skop (Gr. guros, a circuit, and 
skopeo, I see), an instr. which can exhibit the effects 
of revolution and rotation. 

gyrose, a. jl'ros (Gr. guros, a circle), in hot., turned 
round like a crook. 

gyves, n. plu. jlvz (W. gefyn, fetters), shackles or 
iron fetters for the legs : gyve, v. jlv, to fetter ; to 
shackle: gy'ving, imp.: gyved, pp.jlvd. 



ha, int. M, a word expressing wonder or surprise ; 
when repeated in rapid succession, it expresses 
laughter or joyous exultation: n. the interjection so 
sounded: ha-ha, n. ha-ha, also written hah-hah, in 
landscape gardening, a sunk fence, so named as in- 
dicating the surprise expressed when the division is 
first unexpectedly discovered. 

haaf, a. ha/(Icel. haf: Dan. hav, the sea), pert, to 
the deep-sea fishing ofT the Orkney and Shetland 
Islands— called the hoof-fishing. 

habeas corpus, n. and a. ha'bl-ds kor'-pus{L. habeas, 
you may have, corjm^, the body), in law, derived from 
the Great Charter, so called from containing these 
words, and which secures the liberty of the sub- 
ject, or his person from illegal restraint; a writ or 
document which orders the body of a person confined 
in prison, or otherwise in restraint, to be produced. 

haberdashery, n. hdb'er-ddsh'er-i (Icel. hapartask, 
things of trifling value), small wares, woollen drapery 
goods, and suchlike : hab'erdash'er, n. a dealer in 
soft goods, as woollens, linens, silks, &c. 

haberdine, n. hdb'-ir-din (F. habordeau; Dut. ab- 
berdaan), a kind of cod-fish cured ; poor-john. 

habergeon, n. hd-ber'jl-un (F. haubergeon, origi- 
nally a little coat of mail — see hauberk), a coat of 
mail or armour to defend the neck or breast, formed 
of little iron rings. 

habiliment, n. hd-bll'l-ment (F. habillernent, clothes 
—from habiller, to dress: L. habitus, dress), a gar- 
ment; clothing: habiliments, n. plu. garments or 
dress in general. 

habit, n. hab'lt (L. habitus, state of the body, dress 
—from habeo, I have, I possess : F. habit, a suit of 
clothes), dress ; the particular state of the body ; a 
coat with a long skirt worn by ladies on horseback ; 
the tendency to any action or practice occasioned by 
custom or frequent repetition ; manner; way; inbot., 
the general external appearance of a plant: v. to 
dress or array : hab'iting, imp. : habited, pp. : habit- 
ual, a. hd-bit-u-dl, formed or acquired by habit; cus- 
tomary; usual: habitually, ad. -II: habit ualness, 
n. : habit'uate, v. -u-dt , to accustom ; to make famil- 
iar by frequent use or practice : habit'ua'ting, imp. : 
habit'ua'ted, pp. -d'tsd: habituation, n. -a'shun: 
habitude, n. -tild, state with regard to something else ; 
long custom : habit-maker, a tailor who makes long 
cloth riding-dresses for ladies: habit-shirt, a thin 
muslin or lace garment worn over the neck and breast 
by females. 

habitable, a. hdb'l-td-bl (L. habitabilis, habitable— 
from habitare, to have possession of, to inhabit: F. 
habitable), that may be dwelt in : hab'itableness, n. 
-bl-nes, capacity of being inhabited: hab'itancy, n. 
-tdn-sl, abode ; legal settlement : hab'itat, n. -tat (L. 
habitat, it in! [welling; the natural locality 

of an animal or plant: hab'ita'tion, n. -td'shun, a 
place of abode ; a house ; a residence. 

hacienda, n. hds'i-en'dd (Sp.), in Sp. Amer., an iso- 
lated farmhouse with surrounding land. 



pp. -ntd : adj. used much or in common ; worn : hack- 
ney-coach, a carriage exposed for hire. 

hack, n. hdk (Dut. hacken. to cut up ; hacke, a 
spade: Ger. hacken, to chop: Dan. hakke, to hack, to 
mince), a notch or cut made by the blow of an instru- 
ment: v. to cut or chop with repeated strokes; to 
mangle ; to notch ; to cough in a short broken man- 
ner: hack'ing, imp. : hacked, pp. hdkt: hack- watch, 
in nav., a good watch with a seconds finger, used in 
taking observations, to obviate the necessity of con- 
stantly moving the chronometer. 

hackery, n. hdk'er-l, in Bengal, a native cart drawn 
by oxen. 

hackle, n. hdk'l, also heckle, Mk'l (Dut. Jiekel; Ger. 
hechel; Fin. hakyla, a hackle, a comb), an iron-spiked 
comb or machine for dressing flax, raw silk, or any 
flimsy substance; a fly for angling, dressed with 
feathers or silk: v. to dress flax with a hackle; 
to tear asunder: hackling, imp. : n. act or process of 
preparing flax by the hackle: hackled, pp. hdk'ld: 
hackler or heckler, n. hek'ler, one who : hackly, a. 
-ll, rough, as if hacked ; covered with sharp points : 
hackles, n. plu. huk'lz, the long shining feathers 
from the cock's neck used to make artificial flies. 

hackmatack, n. hdk'-mdtdkf ', the Indian, and now 
the popular, name of the red larch. 

hackney— see hack, a horse. 

had, pt. and pp. of have, which see. 

haddock, n. hdd'ok (old F. hodot; Scot, haddie), a 
common sea-fish of the cod kind, used for food. 

hade, n. hdd, among miners, the steep descent of a 
shaft ; the inclination or deviation from the vertical 
position of a mineral vein : v. to deviate from the ver- 
tical ; to slope, as a fault, vein, or lode : ha' ding, imp. 



n. the amount of deviation from the vertical ; the dip 
in a vein : ha'ded, pp. 
Hades, n. hd'dez (Gr. hades, the invisible), among the 



Hadj, n. hdj (At. hadjdj— from hadjdja, to set out, 
to go on a pilgrimage), the pilgrimage to Mecca or 
Medina by a Mohammedan: hadji, n. hdj'-i, one who 
has made the pilgrimage. 

hadrosaurus, i -us (Gr. hadros, mighty, 

and sauros, a lizard), in geol., a huge herbivorous 
reptile, whose remains were discovered in 1858 in the 
chalk-marls of Haddenfield, New Jersey. 

haemachrome, n. he'md-krorn (Gr. haima, blood, 
and chroma, colour), the colouring matter of the 
blood. 

haemadynamometer, n. he'mddln'd-mdm'S-ter (Gr. 
haima, blood, dunamis, force, and metron, a mea- 
sure), an instr. for measuring the force of the flow of 
blood in the vessels. 

haemal, a. he'mdl (Gr. haima, blood), relating to 
blood ; applied to the arch under the vertebral column 
which encloses and protects the organs of circulation. 

hsemapophysis, n. he -m6 haima,blood, 

and apophysis), in anat., the parts projecting from a 
vertebra which form the haemal arch. 

haematemesis, n. he'-md-Um'-i-sts (Gr. haima, blood, 
and emeo, I vomit), a vomiting of blood. 

haematin, n. he'md-tin (Gr. haima, blood), the col- 
ouring matter of the blood : hae'matine, n. -tin, the 
colouring matter of logwood. 

haematite, n. he'md-tlt (Gr. haimatitis, resembling 
blood— from haima, blood), bloodstone, a native oxide 
of iron of a reddish colour, and having a blood-like 
cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



a horse kept for all kinds of work, or for ordinary 
any thing or person overworked on hire ; a drudge ; 
anything much used : hackney, n. hdk'nl, hackneys, 
plu. -nlz, a horse kept for hire : adj. let out for hire ; 
devoted to common use : v. to use much ; to use or 
convey by a hackney: hack'neying, imp.: hack'neyed, 



ILEMA 



244 



HALF 



streak: hematocele, n. /< r. haima, blood, 

and kele, a tumour), a tumour tilled with blood. 

haematocrya, n. he'-md-tok'-H-d (Gr. haima, blood, 
and kruos, cold), a term applied to the cold-blooded 
vertebrate animals, as fishes and reptiles. 

hematology, n. he'ma una, blood, and 

logos, discourse) a desi ription of the blood. 

haematosine, I i In, same as hcematin. 

hsematosis, . i (Gr. haima, blood), the 

formation of blood. 

haematotherma, n. he'md-to-ther'md (Gr. haima, 
blood, and thermos, warm), a term applied to the 
warm-blooded vertebrate animals. 

haematoxylon, n. he'md-toks'l-lon (Gr. Haima, blood, 
and xulon, wood), the logwood-tree : hae'matox'yline, 
11. -lln, the colouring principle of logwood. 

hematuria, n. he-ma I ima, blood, and 

ouron, urine), a discharge of bloody urine. 

haemoptysis, n. hi-mop'-i lima, blood, and 

ptuo, I spit), a coughing up or spitting of blood. 

haemorrhage, n. h&m'-dr-rdj' (Gr. haimorrhagia, a 
flowing of blood— from haima, blood, and rhegnumi, I 
burst forth), amorbid flow of blood from the nose, lunf " 



-royds (Gr. rheo, I flow, and eidos, appearance), piles . 
called in Scripture, emerods : haem'orrhol'dal, a. -rdy- 
ddl, pert. to. Note.— All the above words, and others, 
from haima, blood, are oftener spelt with e than 03. 

haft, n. hdft (AS. hazft, a handle : Icel. hefta; Dan. 
hefte, to fettt i to bin h I \> ut of a cutting instru- 
ment by which it is held and used ; a handle : v. to set 
in a handle. 

hag, n. hdg (AS. hmges, a witch: connected with 
haggard), a fury ; an ugly old woman ; a witch ; an 
eel-like fish, one of the lamprej family: hag'ged, a. 
•6d, ugly ; like a hag : hag'gish, a. -Ish, of the nature 
of a hag; deformed; ugly: hag'gishly, ad. -II: hag- 
like, a. like a hag. 

hag— see under haggard. 

haggard, a. hdg'gerd (F. hagard, wild, strange— 
from Ger. hag, a wood, a thicket), wild and rough in 
appearance ; having sunken eyes ; gaunt or lean : n. 
anything wild or irreclaimable : hag'gardly, ad. -M : 
hag, n. hdg, or hag'ger, n. -ger, in Scot., a person em- 
ployed in felling timber : hag, a quagmire, as a moss- 
hag. 

haggis, n. Jidg'ls (Scot, haggis; F. hachis, a hash), 
in Scot., chopped heart, lungs, and liver of the lamb 
or sheep mixed with suet and oatmeal, well seasoned 
with condiments, and boiled in a sheep's or lamb's 

haggle, v. hdg'l (Swiss, haggeln, to wrangle : Scot. 
hogglin, unsteady), to be difficult in bargaining ; to 
stick at small matters : hag'gling, imp. -ling : hag'- 
gled, pp. -Id .- hag'gler, n. -ler, one who. 

Hagiographa, n. hdg'l-og'rd-fd, also haglog'raphy, 
n. -ft (Gr. hagios, holy, and grapho, I write), a certain 
division of the Old Testament Scriptures, comprising 
Job, Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Canticles, Daniel, 
Chronicles, Nehemiah, Ezra, and Esther; the sacred 
writings; the holy Scriptures: hag'iog'raphal, a. -rd- 
fdl, pert, to the sacred writings: hag'iog'rapher, n. 
-fer, one who : hag'iol'ogist, n. -ol'6-jist (Gr. logos, a 
word), one who writes or treats of the sacred writings : 
hag'iol'ogy, n. the history of saints. 

hah, int. ha— see ha. 

hail, n. hdl (AS. hagol; Ger. hagel; Norm, hagl, 
hail: Norm, hagla, to fall in drops), drops of rain 
frozen while falling : v. to pour down like hail : hail'- 
ing, imp. : hailed, pp. hold : hail'stone, n. a drop of 
rain frozen while falling. 

hail! int. hdl (Goth, hails; AS. hal, sound, 
healthy— see hale), a word expressive of a wish for 
one's health : n. a familiar greeting ; a reverential 
salutation. 

hail, v. hdl (Low Ger. anhalen, to call to one : Dut. 
halen, to send for), to address one in passing; to call 
after loudly. 

hair, n. hdr (Dut. haer; Ger. haar, hair), fibres or 
threads of different degrees of fineness which cover 
the bodies of many animals ; anything very small and 
fine having length : a hair, a single hair ; a fine slen- 
der thread or filament : the hair, the whole collection 
or body of threads or filaments growing upon an ani- 
mal, or upon any distinct part : hairy, a. hdr'l, cov- 
ered with hair; resembling hair: hairiness, n. -ngs, 
the state of being covered or abounding with hair : 
hair-breadth or hair's-breadth, a very small distance ; 



among the Jews, the 48th part of an inch : hair'less, a. 
without hair : hair-brush, a brush for smoothing and 
dressing the hair : haircloth, a woven fabric chiefly 
composed of horse-hair : hairdresser, one who trims 
and arranges the hair: hair-dye, a preparation for 
darkening or altering the colour of the hair : hair- 
gloves, gloves made of horse-hair for rubbing the 
skin while bathing : hair-line, a fishing-line made of 
horse-hair: hair-net, anetfon;ii<:l<ism^ > female's hair: 
hair-oil, oil for moistening the hair, generally per- 
fumed: hair-pencils, small brushes made of fine hairs 
used by artists : hair-pin, a bent wire, or a double pin, 
for fastening a female's hair : hair-powder, a kind of 
fine powder for sprinkling on the hair: hair-salt, 
a popular name for native sulphate of magnesia, 
appearing as fine capillary inn iwhat.ions on damp 
walls: hair-sieve, a strainer with a haircloth bottom: 
hair-splitting, the act or practice of making minute 
or fine-drawn distinctions. 

hake, n. hdk (Norm, hakefiih, a fish with a hooked 
under jaw), a kind of sea-fish allied to the cod, so 
called from having a hook-shaped jaw. 

hakeem, also hakim, n. hdk'-em (Ar.), in the East, 

-. 1. man ; a physician. 

halberd or hal'bert, n. hdl'berd or -bert (F. and Ger. 
hellebarde, a kind of spear— from Swiss, halm, the 
handle of an axe, and old H. Ger. parten ; Ger. barte, 
a broad axe), an anc. military weapon consisting of a 
long pole terminating in a battle-axe, overtopped by 
a spear-head: hal'berdier, n. -der, one who carries 
a halberd. 

halcyon, n. hdl'-sl-dn (L. halcyon or alcyon; Gr. hal- 
kuon, the kingfisher, halcyon— from Gr. hals, the sea, 
and kuo, I conceive), a name formerly given to the 
bird kingfisher, said to lay its eggs near the sea dur- 
ing calm weather ; a bird fabled to incubate on the 
sea, and which so brought about calm weather : adj. 
calm; quiet; undisturbed; peaceful: halcyon days, 
the name given by the ancients to the seven days 
which precede and follow the winter solstice, from 
the supposed circumstance of the halcyon selecting 
that period for incubation ; days of peace and tran- 
quillity: halcyornis, n. hdl'-si-or'-nls (Gr. ornis, a 
bird), in geol., an extinct bird whose remains occur 
in the eocene Tertiaries. 

hale, a. hdl (Goth, hails; AS. hal, sound, healthy: 
Icel. heill, whole: Gr. holos, entire), sound of body; 
healthy ; not impaired. 

hale, v. hdl (F. haler, to haul, to tow— see haul), to 
drag by force ; to drag violently : ha'ling, imp. : 
haled, pp. hald. 

half, n. hdf, plu. halves, hdvz (Goth, halbs, half: 
Icel. halfa, a pa 1 1 i< 1 1 / < n m 1 > ■ : ■. 1. ■ 

the portion of a thing divided into two equal parts : 
adj. in an equal part or degree : ad. in part ; equally ; 
almost, as half-starved: half-and-half, a mixture of 
porter, and ale or beer, in about equal portions : half- 
boarder, a day-boarder only at a school : half-bound, 



father or mother, but not of both : half-breed or -bred, 
of a mixed race ; a mongrel ; a race-horse not pure- 
blooded : half-brother or -sister, related by one par- 
ent only : half-caste, a cross, as between a European 
and a Hindoo : half-cock, a. raised only half-way to the 

Eerpendicular : n. the position of being half raised : 
alf-crown, the second in value of the British silver 
coins, in value thirty pence: half- dead, a. almost 



dead ; very much exhausted : half-farthing, the small- 
est British copper coin, in value the eighth part of a 
penny— not now in circulation : half-holiday, half of 



a working day devoted to rest or amusement: half- 
measures, not full and complete endeavours or steps 
to accomplish the end in view : half-moon, the moon 
when half the disc appears illuminated ; anything like 
it: half-yearly, a. twice in the year: half-pay, a re- 
duced pay— applied to naval and military officers: 
adj. having a reduced pay: halfpenny, hd'-pen-ni, a 
copper coin, the half of a penny : half-pike, a board- 
ing-pike used in ships : half-price, a reduced price of 
half the amount ; a reduced charge for admission : 
half-round, a semicircular moulding ; half-seas-over, 
half drunk : half-sovereign, a British gold coin, second 
in value, equal to ten shillings : half-stuff, in manufac- 
turing anything, half-formed; a partially - prepared 
pulp in paper-making: half -tint, an intermediate 
tint: half-way, midway; equidistant from the ex- 
tremes : half-witted, a, -wlt'ed, weak in intellect ; 
silly. 



mate, mat, fur, laTv; mete, mU, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



HALI 



245 



HAND 



halibut, n. hal'-l-biU (Dut, heil-bot— from heil, holy, 
and oof, as in bot-visch , a flat-fish), a large flat sea-fish. 

haliography, n. hdl-i-0 : i-rdf-i (Gr. lials, the sea, 
and qrupho, I write), a description of the sea. 

halitherium, n. hdl'-i-the-rl-ilm (Gr. hals, the sea, 
and therion, a wild beast), in geol., a tertiary cetacean 
having evident affinities to the sea-coivs. 

halitus, n. hcil'-i-tiU (L. halitus, breath— from halo, 
I breathe), a breathing ; the vapour from new-drawn 
blood. 

hall, n. hawl (AS. Jieal; L. aula; It. sola; F. salle, a 
house, a residence), a large room ; a large room at the 
entrance of a mansion-house or palace ; a court-house ; 
the name often given to the country residence of a 
nobleman or gentleman; the place of meeting and 
business of a corporation ; the designation of certain 
colleges in the English universities: hall-mark, the 
stamp affixed by the gnldsmiThs' company, and cer- 
tain assay offices, to gold and silver articles, as a sign 
Of their quality. 

halleluiah, n. hdl'-ll-lo'-yd, also spelt hal'lelu'jah 
(Heb.— from halnl, to praise, and Yah or Jah, Jehovah), 
praise ye the Lord : n. a song of praise or thanks- 



giving. 
halliards 



or tackles, on their respective masts, for hoisting or 
lowering sails. 

halloo, n. hdl-16' (F. halle, an int. of cheering or 
setting on a dog: Low Ger. hallo, outcry: Sp. jalear, 
to encourage hounds to follow the chase), a shout to 
attract attention : v. to cry loudly after ; to shout to : 
hallooing, imp. : n. a loud shouting : hallooed, pp. 

hai-mv. 

hallow, v. hdl-16 (AS. halgian, to keep holy), to 
make holy ; to consecrate ; to honour as sacred : hal- 
lowing, imp. : hallowed, pp. hal'lod: adj. consecrated 
to a sacred use; treated as sacred: Hallowfair, in 
Scot., a market held in November : Halloween, n. hdl- 
10-in (halloic , and even), in Scot., All Hallows' or All 
Saints' eve, 31st of October: Hallowmass, n. hdl-lo- 
mas (hallow, and mass), the feast of All Hallows or 
All Saints, 1st November. 

halloylite, n. hdl-loli'-lit, or halloy'site, n. -sit (after 
Omalius d'Halloy), a clayey mineral occurring in soft, 
smooth, amorphous masses of a whitish colour, rich 
in alumina. 

hallucination, n. hdl-lo'- sl-nd'-shun (L. hallucinor, I 
wander in the mind: F. hallucination), delusion; 
error; a settled belief in the reality of things which 
have no existence: hallucinatory, a. -nu'-ter-l, par- 
taking of hallucination. 

halm or haulm, n. hawm (Ger. halm; F. chaidme, 
straw), the stem or stalk of grain; the dead stems of 
herbs, as of the potato. 

halo, n. ha'-lo (F. halo; L. and Gr. halos, a halo), a 
circle or ring of light around the sun or moon ; in 
a painting, a bright ring around the head of a holy 
person: haloed, a, by a halo. 

halogens, n. plu. hdl'-o-jenz (Gr. hals, salt, and 

Cnao, I produce), substances, such as chlorine, iodine, 
mine, and fluorine, which, by combination with 
metals, produce saline compounds: halogenous, a. 
hd-loj-Sniis, having the nature of a halogen: haloid, 
n. hd'-loljd, or haloid-salt (Gr. eidos, resemblance), a 
salt-like compound, produced by the combination of a 
metal with a halogen. 

halophytes, n. plu. hdl'-o-fitz (Gr. hals, the sea, and 
phuton, a plant), in bot., plants of salt marshes, con- 
taining salts of soda in their composition. 

halotrichite, n. hd-lot'-ri-kit (Gr. hals, salt, and 
thrix, hair), an iron alum, a mineral occurring in 
fibrous silky masses of a yellowish-white colour. 

halser— see hawser. • 

halt, a. hafvlt (Goth, halts ; Icel. hcdltr, lame : Norm. 
Jialtra, to halt, to go lame), lame; crippled: n. the 
act of limping; a lame man; a cripple: v. to limp 
from lameness; to hesitate; to falter: halt'ing, imp.: 
adj. limping: n. act of one who halts: halt'ed, pp. : 
halt'er, n. one who : haltingly, ad. -It. 

halt, v. hauit (Ger. and Sw. halt, hold, stop: F. 
halte, a halt — connected with above), to cease march- 
ing; to stop; to make a stand: n. a stopping; a stop 
in marching : halt'ing, imp. : halt'ed, pp. 

halter, n. hawl'-ter (old H. Ger. halftra; Dut. half- 
ter, a halter : Bav. halfter, a pair of braces), a rope or 
strap for leading or confining a horse ; a rope to hang 
criminals : v. to bind or catch with a halter : hal'ter- 



halve, v. hav (from half, which see), to divide into 

colu, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



two equal parts: halving, imp.: halved, pp. hdvel: 



halysites, n. plu. hdl'l-slts (Gr. halusis, a chain), in 
geol., chain-pore coral. 

ham, n. hdm (Icel, horn, the back or rump— from 
Fin. and Dan. humma or homme, a cry to keep a horse 
quiet), the back part of the thighs : hamstrings, the 
strong sinews passing from the hams to the lower 
legs : ham'string, v. to cut the strong sinews of the 
leg, and thus to disable or lame : ham stringing, imp.: 
hamstrung, pp. -strung, disabled by having the 
strong sinews of the leg cut. 

ham, n. 7u!»i (Lav. hummen ; Dut. hamme, ham ; 
Sp. jamon; F. jambon, ham— from F. jambe, a leg), 
a salted thigh of pork ; the cured leg of any animal. 

hamadryad, n. hdm-d-drl'-dd (L. hamadryas— from 
Gr. hama, together, and drus, an oak), a wood-nymph 
attached to a particular tree. 

hamate, a. hd'-nult (L. hamatus, hooked, crooked), 
hooked ; entangled : ha'mated, a. hooked or set with 
hooks. 

hamble, v. hdm'-bl, also hammel, v. hdm'-mel (Dut. 
hamme, a shackle for cows : Icel. hamla, to restrain ; 
hamladr, disabled: AS. hamelun, to hamstring), to 
render dogs unfit for hunting by cutting their feet ; 
to cut the tendons of the legs ; to hamstring. 

hames, n. plu. hdmz (Wal. hene, a splint or thin 
piece of wood : Flem. haern, a horse-collar), a kind of 
collar for a draught-horse consisting of two pieces of 
iron or wood to which the traces are fastened. 

hamite, n. hd'-mlt (L. hamus, a hook), in geol., a 
genus of the ammonite family, so named from the 
shell, which is hooked or bent upon itself. 

hamitic, a. hd-mit'-ik, pert, to Hani, a son of Noah, 
or to his descendants. 

hamlet, n. hdm'-let (AS. ham, a village, a town : 
Goth, haims; F. hameau, a village: Swiss, hain, 
the enclosed ground in which a house is situated), 
a little cluster of houses in the country; a small 
village. 

hammer, n. hdm'-mer (Ger. and Dut. hammer ; Icel. 
hamar, a hammer : a word imitative of the sound of 
blows), a striking instr. : an instr. for driving nails, 
&c. : v. to beat or forge with a hammer : ham'mer- 
ing, imp. : n. the act of striking with a hammer : 
ham'mered, pp. -merd : hammer-beam, a tie-beam at 
the foot of a pair of rafters, but not extending so as to 
connect the opposite sides : hammer-cloth, the cloth 
which covers a coach-box, so called because origi- 
nally the box contained a hammer, nails, &c, for 
repairs on the coach during a journey : ham'merman, 
in Scot., name for a smith : to bring to the ham- 
mer, to sell by putting up for auction. 

hammock, n. hdm'-mdk (Ind. and Sp. hamaca), the 
swinging bed of the sailor on board a ship. 

hamous, a. hd'-mus (L. hamus, a hook), in bot, hav- 
ing the end hooked or curved. 

hamper, n. hdm'-per (mid. L. hanaperium, a recep- 
tacle for cups: F. hanap, a drinking-vessel), a large 
round basket for carrying articles of produce to 
market. 

hamper, v. hdm'-per (Dut. haperen, to stammer, to 
stick fast ; hapering, a hindrance : Scot, habble, a dis- 
turbance, a fix), to shackle ; to impede in motion or 
progress; to perplex or embarrass; to entangle: 
n. an encumbrance : ham'pering, imp. : hampered, 
pp. -perd. 

hamster, n. hdm'-stcr (Gr. hamster), a species of rat 
having a pouch on each side of its jaw. 

hamstring— see under ham. 

hanaper, n. hdn'-d-per (mid. L. hanaperium, a large 
case), original! 1 (lie ba I m u Inch the king's money 
or writs were kept ; the treasury or exchequer : 
hanaper office, one of the offices belonging to the 
Court of Chancery. 

hances, n. plu. htin'-sc's (see haunch), the ends of 
elliptical arches ; in a ship, the falls of the fife-rails. 

hand, n. hdnd (Icel. henda; AS. hand, the hand- 
probably named as the instr. of seizing : L. prehen- 
dere, to seize), the broad extremity of the arm below 
the wrist ; side ; part ; act ; discipline ; restraint ; 
power ; agency ; style of writing ; a workman ; cards 
held in a game : v. to give or transmit with the hand ; 
to guide or lead by the hand ; to manage : adj. pert, to 
or used by the hand— much used as the first element of 
acompound word : hand'ing, imp. : hand'ed, pp.: adj. 
having the greatest power or dexterity in one of the 
hands : handless, a. useless with the hands : hand'ful, 



HAND 



246 



HARA 



n. -fSbl, as much as the closed hand will contain : clean 
hands, innocence ; blamelessness : handbarrow, a 
barrow earned with the hands : hand-bell, a bell rung 
by the hand, and not by means of a bell -pull and 
wires : handbill, a small printed sheet distributed to 
persons by hand, or from house to house : handbook, 
a manual : hand's-breadth, a measure of 4 inches ; the 



which the rate of speed is regulated by pressing the 
bridle with the hand : hand-gear, the contrivances for 
working steam-engine valves : hand-glass, a glazed 
frame for sheltering and forcing outdoor plants : hand- 
lead, among seamen, the instr. for sounding when 
passing through shallow water: handloom, -16m, a 
loom not worked by steam, as opposed to power- loom, 
one worked by steam: hand-made, made by the hand 
and not by a machine: hand-rail, a rail supported by 
balusters, as in staircases : handwriting, the form of 
writing peculiar to a person; any writing: at hand, 
near ; within reach : by hand, with the hands ; not by 
tools or instruments, &c. : from hand to hand, from 
one person to another : hand in hand, in union ; con- 
jointly: hand to hand, close union; close fight: hands 
off, keep off ; forbear : in hand, present payment ; in 
possession ; in the state of execution : laying on of 
hands, a form used in consecrating, setting apart, or 
blessing, by placing the hands upon : off hand, with- 
out delay, hesitation, or difficulty ; immediately : off 
one's hands, out of one's possession or care: on hand, 
in present possession : on all hands, on every side ; by 
all parties : putting the hand under the thigh, an anc. 
ceremony used in swearing : right hand, place of hon- 
our or power: slack hand, idleness; carelessness: 
strict hand, severe discipline ; rigorous government: 
to his or my hand, in readiness ; already prepared : 
under his or my hand, with the proper writing or 
signature of the name : to be hand and glove, to be 
intimate and familiar with : to bear a hand, to give 
help quickly : to bring up by the hand, to bring or 
rear up, as a child, without suckling it : to change 
hands, to change sides or owners : to clap hands, to 
express joy : to come to hand, to be received : to 
give one's hand in marriage, to take in marriage ; to 
marry : to hand down, to transmit in succession : to 
have a hand in, to have a part or concern in doing : 
to have one's hands full, to be pressed by much 
labour or by many engagements : to lay hands on, to 
seize : to lend a hand, to give assistance : to live from 
hand to mouth, to live barely and uncertainly as to 
the supply of daily food : to set the hand to, to en- 
gage in : to strike hands, to make a contract ; to be- 
come surety for : to take in hand, to attempt; to un- 
dertake : to wash the hands, to profess innocence. 

handcuffs, n. hdnd'kufs (hand, and cuff), a ring or 
chain to confine the hands ; a manacle : handcuff v. 
to confine the hands with a ring or chain ; to manacle : 
hand'euffing, imp. : handcuffed, pp. -kuft. 

handicap, n. hdn'di-kdp, a race in which the horses 
carry different weights according to age and char- 
acter for speed, or are placed at different distances, 
or start at different times, &c, with the view of 
equalising the chances as nearly as possible ; the term 
is said to have been originally applied to the method 
of settling a bargain by putting a hand with money 
into a cap. 

handicraft, n. h&n'dl-krdft [handy, and craft), work 
performed by the hand ; a workman : adj. belonging 
to a trade : handicraftsman, n. an artisan ; a me- 
chanic : han'diwork, n. work of the hands ; work of 
skill or wisdom. 

handkerchief, n. hdng'ker-chlf (hand, and kerchief), 
a piece of cloth, usually silk or linen, carried in the 
pocket or worn around the neck. 

handle, n. hdn'dl (Ger. handeln, to act ; to trade ; 
AS. handlian, to touch : from hand), that part of 
anything held in the hand when used ; that of which 
use is made ; the instr. by which a purpose is effected : 
v. to feel, use, or hold with the hand ; to make famil- 
iar by frequent touching ; to treat or discourse on ; 
to treat or use well or ill : han'dling, imp. -dllng -. n. 
in the fine arts, the method of manipulation peculiar 
to each artist in the use of his pencil : handled, pp. 
•did. 

handmaid, n. hdnd'mdd, also hand'maiden, n. 
-md'dn (hand, and maid or maiden), a female servant 
or attendant. 

handsel, n. hdnd'sSl (AS. hand-syllan, a striking of 
hands, a giving of the hand in token of conclusion : 
Icel. handsal, an agreement upon which hands have 



been joined, a settled contract— from AS. syllan: 
Icel. selia, to give or bestow), an earnest ; money for 
the first thing sold ; something given or done to make 
good a contract ; in Scot. , a gift conferred at a par- 
ticular season, as at or shortly after the new year : 
v. to pay an earnest; to use anything for the first 
time : hand'selling, imp. : handselled, pp. -seld. 

handsome, a. hdnd'sum (Ger. handsam, conveni- 
ent ; Dut. handsaem, dexterous, convenient), having 
a well-proportioned and pleasing figure ; beautiful or 
elegant ; ample ; large ; generous : hand'somely, ad. 
-II : hand'someness, n. beauty ; elegance ; grace. 

handy, a. han'-dl (Dan. haendig, handy: Norm. 
hendt, adapted) ready; able to use the hands with 
ease and skill ; dexterous ; convenient han'dily, ad. 
-dl-ll, in a handy manner : han'diness, n. 

hang, v. hang (Icel. hanga ; AS. hon, to hang), to 
suspend ; to fasten to something above in such a way 
as to be movable ; to put to death by suspending by 
the neck ; to be suspended ; to be supported by some- 
thing raised above the ground ; to dangle ; to suspend ; 
to depend; to cling to; to linger: hanging, imp.: 
adj. dangling; swinging: n. death by a halter : hang'- 
ings, plu. drapery hung against the walls or at the 
windows of rooms for ornament ; figured paper-linings 
for rooms : hung, pt. and pp. hung, did hang ; also 
hanged, pt and pp. hdngd. Note.— When reference 
is made to the punishment of death, hang, hanging, 
hanged, are the words employed, and not hang and 
hung, hang'er, n. that on which anything is hung ; 
a short broadsword : hanger-on, a dependant : hang'- 
man, the public executioner : to hang out, to display : 
to hang over, to hover or impend; to project: to 
hang up, to suspend ; to suffer to remain undecided : 
to hang fire, in mil. , to be slow in communicating fire 
through the vent to the charge, as in a gun ; to be 
slow in taking effect. 

hank, n. hdngk (Ger. henken, to fasten something 
upon another: Norm, haank, a cluster: Icel. haunk. 
a wreath of thread), a parcel of thread consisting of 
two or more skeins tied together ; a coil of thread ; in 
ships, a wooden ring fixed to a stay ; in iV. of Eng. , 
a withy or rope for fastening a gate. 

hanker, v. hdng'ker (Dut. hungkeren, to seek eager- 
ly : Flem. hungkeren, to hinny), to long for with eager- 
ness : han'kering, imp. : adj. longing for with ardent 
desire : n. an ardent or vehement desire to possess or 
enjoy : hanTtered, pp. -kercl. 

Hansard, n. hdn'sdrd, the books which contain the 
official printed records of the proceedings of Parlia- 
ment, named after the printer. 

Hanseatic, a. hdn'se-dt'lk (F. hanse, a corporation 
of merchants— from Icel. handsal, a contract), pert, 
to the Hanse towns, certain towns in Germany, an- 
ciently associated for the protection of commerce, 
now only Lubeck, Hamburg, and Bremen: Han'- 
sard, n. -sdrd, a merchant of a Hanse town : Hanse- 
atic league, the famous confederacy of the Hanse 
towns in the middle ages. 

hap, n. hdp (Fris. hijnnen, to seize with the hand: 
Icel. henda, to seize, to happen : F. happer, to hap or 
catch), that which we catch ; that which falls to our 
lot; luck; chance; fortune: hapless, a. -Us, unlucky: 
haply, ad. -II, by chance; casually: haphaz'ard, n. 
-hdz'erd (hap, and hazard), chance ; accident : hap- 



._ or enjoying pleasure or good; fortunate; 
harmonious ; agreeable ; strikingly appropriate, as a 
speech: hap'pily, ad. -II: hap'piness, n. state in which 
the desires are satisfied ; state of mind resulting from 
the enjoyment of good ; felicity : happy dispatch, in 
Japan, suicide under legal sanction, and as a mark of 
consideration to the sufferer, instead of a public exe- 
cution ; a voluntary death in this manner to avoid 
disgrace. 

harangue, n. hd-rdng'(F. harangue— fromlt. arenga, 
a public set speech ; arringare, to place the audience 
in a ring for hearing, to make a set speech— from 
old H. Ger. hring, an arena, a ring), a popular ora- 
tion ; a public address : v. to make a speech or to 
give an address to a large assembly : haranguing, 
imp.: harangued', pp. -rdngd\: harangu'er, n. -er, 
one who. 

harass, v. hdr'ds (F. harasser, to tire or toil out, to 
vex — from the figure of setting on a dog : Norm, hirra, 
and hissa, to set on a dog), to fatigue or weary to ex- 
cess ; to weary with importunity or care : har'assing, 



mate, mdt,fdr, law; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



HARB 



247 



HARP 



imp.: adj. fatiguing; teasing: harassed, pp. har- 
Cut : har asser, n. -ser, one who. 

harbinger, n. hdr'bln-jer (AS. heribyrigan; Scot. 
herbery, to give lodgment or quarters to), a forerunner ; 
a precursor: har'bingered, a. -gird, preceded by a 
harbinger. 

harbour, n. Jidr'bir (mid. L. heribergum, the duty 
of lodging officers on public service— from old H. Ger. 
heri; AS. here, an army, and Ger. bergen; AS. beorgan, 
to shelter: Ger. herberge; It. albergo; F. auberge, an 
inn"), a place of rest, security, and retirement ; a shel- 
ter; a port or haven for ships: v. to shelter; to 
secure ; to secrete ; to entertain : harbouring, imp. : 
har'boured, pp. -bird: har'bourer, n. one who: har- 
bourage, n. -«/, shelter : har'bourless, a. shelterless. 

hard, a. hdrd (Ger. hart; Icel. hardr; Goth, hardus; 
AS. heard, hard— allied to Gr. kartos, for kratos, 
strength), not easily penetrated ; firm ; solid ; not 
soft; not easy to be done or executed; laborious; 
fatiguing; severe; oppressive; unkind; rough; sour, 
as applied to beer, &c; unprosperous, as hard times ; 
avaricious and exacting; in the fi?ie arts, applied to a 
style which rejects the graces and too rigidly adheres 
to the mere mechanism of art: ad. close; near; ear- 
nestly; diligently, as to read hard, to work hard; 
importunately; nimbly; with great force : hard'ly, ad. 
■ll, scarcely; barely; not quite: hardness, n. power 
of resistance in bodies ; obduracy ; coarseness ; aus- 
tereness ; stinginess : hard'ish, a. -ish, somewhat 
hard : hard'ship, n. toil ; severe labour ; oppression ; 
injustice : hard by, near; close at hand: hard drinker, 
one who drinks intoxicants to excess : hard-earned, a. 
-ernd, earned with toil and difficulty: hard-featured, 
a. having strongly -marked features: hard-fisted, a. 
having hard strong hands ; covetous : hard-fought, a. 
vigorously contested : hard-headed, a. shrewd; intel- 
ligent : hard-hearted, a. having an unfeeling heart ; 
pitiless ; cruel; merciless: hard-mouthed, a not obey- 
ing the rein ; not feeling the bit ; not easily governed : 
hard up, in familiar language, without money or 
resources; in extremity: hard-visaged, a. having a 
coarse harsh countenance: hardware, goods or ware 
made of iron or other metal, as pots, pans, knives, &c. ; 
ironmongery : hard -water, water containing some 
mineral substance which renders it unfit for wash- 
ing purposes : hard-won, n. obtained with difficulty 
or severe toil : to die hard, to die after a protracted 
struggle for life : hard-a-lee, the helm put close to the 
lee side of the ship : hard-a-port, the position of the 
helm close to the larboard side of a ship : hard-a- 
starboard, the helm close to the starboard side of a 
ship : hard-a-weather, the position of the helm on the 
windward side of a ship. . 

harden, v. hur'dn (from hard: AS. heardian), to 
make or become hard, or more hard; to confirm in 
wickedness; to render firm or less liable to injury: 
hardening, imp. -dn-lng-. hardened, pp. a. -dnd, made 
hard ; made unfeeling : har'dener, 11. -dn-er, one who. 

hardock, n. hdr'dok (hoar, and dock), dock with 
whitish leaves. 

hards, n. hdrdz (AS. heordas), the refuse or coarse 
part of flax. 

hardware, n.— see under hard. 

hardy, a. hdr'di (F. hardi; It. ardito, daring: W. 
hyrrio, to excite, to set on, as a dog), inured to fatigue ; 
strong in body or in health; bold; brave; strong; 
stubborn to excess: har'dier, comp. -dl-er, more 
inured to fatigue: har'diest, superl. -di-est, most 
inured to fatigue : hardily, ad. -II, stoutly ; not ten- 
derly : har'diness, n. firm courage ; an enduring body 
derived from exposure and a life of toil ; excess of 
confidence ; effrontery : har'dihood, n. -dl-hobd, daunt- 
less bravery ; effrontery : foolhardy— see fool. 

hare, n. har (AS. har a; Ger. hase), a common field- 
animal like a rabbit, but larger, having a divided 
upper lip and long hind legs : harebrained, a. -brand, 
giddy; heedless: harelip, n. a cleft or division in the 
upper lip of a child, like a hare : harelipped, a -ttpt, 
having a harelip : harebell, the common Scottish blue- 
bell. 

harem, n. ha'rem, also ha'ram, n. -rdm (Ar. harama, 
to forbfd, to deny access : Pers. harim), the apart- 
ments allotted to females among Eastern families ; a 
seraglio. 

haricot, n. h&r'l-ko (F. haricot, small pieces of mut- 
ton partly boiled and then fried with vegetables, the 
beans being so called because they are served up 
sliced), the French kidney-bean ; a kind of ragout of 
meat and vegetables. 



hark, v. or int. hdrk (Icel. hark; Bohem. Jirk, 
noise: Ger. horchen, to listen), used generally in the 
imperative, hear; listen; hearken. 

harl, n. hdrl, the skin of flax or hemp. 

harlequin, n. har'-le-kicln (F.), in a pantomime, the 
performer who is dressed in a many-coloured tight- 
fitting suit, and who carries a talismanic wand : har- 
lequinade, n. -kwlnad, a piece in which harlequin acts 
the conspicuous part. 

harlot, n. hdr'-lot (W. herlawd, a youth ; herlodcs, a 
damsel— the term originally meant simply a young 
man), a strumpet ; a woman of loose character ; one 
who forsakes the true God and worships idols : har- 
lotry, n. -ri , lewdness : to play the harlot, to com- 
mit lewdness or fornication. 

harm, n. hdrm (AS. hearm, evil, harm : Icel. harmr, 
grief: Sw. and Ger. harm, anger, affliction), injury ; 
hurt; damage; moral wrong; mischief: v. to hurt; 
to injure; to damage: harming, imp.: harmed, pp. 
hdrrnd: harm'ful, a. -fool, injurious: harm'fully, ad. 
-II : harm'fulness, n.: harm less, a. -18s, void of harm ; 
inoffensive: harmlessly, ad. -II: harmlessness, n. 
innocence ; freedom from tendency to injure or hurt. 

Harmattan, n. hdr-rndt'-ttui (an Arabic word), the 
hot dry wind from the great desert of Africa in Dec, 
Jan., and Feb. 

harmonia, n. hdr-mo'nl-d (Gr. harmonia, a joining 
together— from harmozo, I fit together), in anat., a 
form of articulation which does not allow motion to 
the bones. 

harmonic, a. Mr-mon'-ik, also harmon'ical, a. -i-kdl 
(L. or Gr. harmonia, a due proportion, as of sounds, 
harmony— from Gr. harmozo, I fit together), relating 
to harmony or music; musical; consonant; applied 
to the sounds which accompany the simple tone of any 
chord or string: harmonically, ad. -It: harmonica, 
n. -kd, an instr. formed of glasses on which musical 
compositions can be performed: harmonics, n. plu. 
-Iks, the doctrine or science of musical sounds : harmo' - 
nious, a. -mO'nl-us, sweet to the ear ; living in peace and 
friendship; in concord; adapted to each other: harmo- 
niously, ad. -II : harmo niousness, n. : harmon'icon, 
n. -muii'l-kon, a musical instr. contrived to imitate the 
effect of a military band, including the triangle, cym- 
bal, and drum : harmo nium, n. -mo'nl-um, a wind 
instr. keyed like a piano, and producing sounds similar 
to the organ, but by means of metallic tongues: har- 
monise, v. hdr'mo-nlz' , to bring together and recon- 
cile ; to adiust in harmony ; to agree : har'moni sing, 
imp. : har monised', pp. -nlzd': har'moni'ser, n. -ser, 
one who: harmonist, n. a musical composer: har'- 
monom'eter, n. -ndm'8-ter (Gr. metron, a measure), an 
instr. for measuring the harmonic relations of sounds : 
harmony, n. -moni, an agreeable combination of 
sounds heard at the same time ; the just adaptation of 
parts to each other ; concord or agreement ; correspon- 
dence of sentiment or feeling: harmonic triad, in 
music, the chord of a note with its third and perfect 
fifth; the common chord: harmonical proportion, 
that relation of three numbers, when the first is to the 
third, as the difference between the first and second 
is to the difference between the second and third, as 
in the three numbers 2, 3, and 6. 

harmotome, n. hdr'md-tom (Gr. harmos, a joint, 
and temno, I cut), cross-stone, one of the zeolite family, 
and so called from the joint-like intersection of its 
rhombic crystals. 

harness, n. hdr'nes (F. harnois ; It. arnesp, all 
manner of harness— from Sp. guamear, to garnish, to 
adorn : Ger. harnisch, armour), armour ; the tackle 
or fittings of horses when employed in dragging carts, 
coaches, gigs, &c. : v. to prepare a horse with the neces- 
sary fittings for drawing a vehicle ; to put on war- 
like accoutrements : har'nessing, imp. : harnessed, 
pp. -n8st : har'nesser, n. -ser, one who. 

harp, n. harp (AS. hearp; Ger. harfe; F. harpe, a 
harp — from F. harper, to seize), a large musical instr., 
Strang with wires, which are played on with the fin- 
gers ; a sifting implement for cleaning grain or screen- 
ing lime : v. to play on the harp ; to bring out a sound 
from the harp ; to dwell on a subject vexatiously and 
tediously: harp'ing, imp.: adj. dwelling on continu- 
ally: n. a continual dwelling on : harped, pp. hdrpt: 
harp'er, n. -er, one who ; a minstrel : harpist, n. one 
who plays on or teaches the harp. 

harpings, n. plu. / 
hold the timbers of tl 
ship is planked. 

harpoon, n. hdr-p6n' (F. harpon— from harper, to 



anv, boy, foot ; 



',, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, (fiere, zeal. 



HARP 



248 



HAUB 



' grapple), a long-shafted barbed spear, used in catch- 
ing whales, &c. : v. to strike or kill with a harpoon : 
harpooning, imp. : harpooned', pp. -pdnd': har- 
poon'er, -ner, also har'pooneer', n. -ner', one who 
throws the harpoon. 

harpsichord, n.Mrp?; - - rd{hai p, and chord : old 
F. harpechorde), a musical instr. strung with wires, 
and played by striking keys. 

harpy, n. h&r'pi, plu har'pies, -pis (F. harpie, a 
harpy: L. harpyice; Gr. harpuiai, the spoilers, the 
harpies), fabulous winged monsters, three in number, 
having the face of a woman and the body of a vulture, 
armed with sbarp claws, and filthy and ravenous ; a 
plunderer ; an extortioner. 

harquebuse, harquebus, and harquebuss, n. hdr- 
ke-bdbz'—see arquebuse. 

harridan, n. hdr'rl-ddn (Dut. schaerde ; Wall. 
hard or har, a breach or nick ; the union of the simple 
elements, har, breach, and dain, tooth), a decayed or 
worn-out strumpet. 

harried— see under harry. 

harrier, n. hdr'rl-er (from hare), a small kind of 
hound for hunting the hare ; a kind of hawk (from 
harry). 

harrow, n. hdr'ro (Dan. harv, a harrow : Fin. hara, 
a brush-harrow made of pine-tree branches ; harawa, 
a hay-rake), an instr. consisting of cross bars and 
spikes, which is drawn over ploughed land in order to 
level it, and break the clods or lumps of earth : v. to 
break or tear with a harrow: har'rowing, imp.: n. 
the act or process of drawing a harrow over ploughed 
land: harrowed, pp. -rod: har rower, n. -6r, one 
■who. 

harrow, v. hdr'rO (old F. harau, a cry of distress ; 
harauder, to utter a cry of distress or pain: Bret. 
harao, a cry when one is hooted), to distress acutely ; 
to lacerate, as the feelings; to harass: har'rowing, 
imp.: adj. acutely distressing; lacerating: har'rowed, 
pp. -rod, distressed : har'rowingly, ad. -11. 

harry, v. h&r'-rl (Scot, herry, to rob: AS. hergian, 
to plunder: Icel. heria, to make an inroad on), to 
plunder ; to strip ; to pillage ; to handle roughly ; to 
tease: har'rying, imp.: har'ried, pp. -rid; also for- 
merly written harow. 

harsh, a. hdrsh (Ger. harsch, rough : Dan. harslc, 
rancid: Scot, harsh, harsh, rough), rigorous; rudely 
severe; jarring; discordant; morose: harsh'ly, ad. 
-II : harsh'ness, n. roughness to the touch, in manners, 
or in words. 

hart, n. hdrt (AS. heort; Icel. hiortr ; Ger. hirsch, 
a stag), a stag or male deer : hart'beest, n. -best (Dut.), 
a kind of stag or antelope found in S. Africa : hart- 
wort, n. a plant: hartshorn, n. the horn of the hart; 
a medicinal substance originally obtained from the 
horn of the hart : hartstongue, n. a native fern. 

hartite, n. hdr'tlt, a fossil resin found in the brown 
coal of lower Austria. 

harum-scarum, a. ha'rum-ska'-rum (old Eng. hare, 
to terrify, and Eng. scare, to strike with sudden ter- 
ror), unsettled ; rash ; giddy ; flighty. 

haruspice, n. hdrus'pls (L. haruspex, a soothsayer), 
in anc. Home, one who pretended to foretell future 
events by inspecting the entrails of animals sacrificed : 
harus'picy, n. -pl-sl, the art of foretelling future 
events by the inspection of the entrails of animals. 

harvest, n. h&r'-v&st (Ger. herbst, harvest, autumn : 
Icel. haust, autumn), the time of reaping and gather- 
ing in corn or fruits; the corn, grain, or fruits 
gathered; the produce of labour: v. to reap and 
gather in: harvesting, imp.: n. act of collecting the 
harvest : har'vested, pp. and a. reaped and collected, 
as ripe corn : harvester, n. -er, one who : harvest- 
home, n. feast at the close of the harvest, or song sung 
at it : harvest-queen, a representation of Ceres carried 
about at the close of the harvest : harvest-moon, the 
bright moon near the full at the time of harvest. 

has, v. hdz (contracted from haves), 3d pers. sing, 
pres. of have, which see. 

hash, v. hdsh (F. hachis, minced meat— from hacher, 
to hack or mince— see hack), to chop into small pieces ; 
to mince and mix: n. a kind of stew consisting of 
meat cut up into small pieces : hash'ing, imp. : 
hashed, pp. hdsht. 

haslet, n. hds'lSt, or harslet, n. hdrs'lSt (F. hastille, 
the pluck of an animal -from haste, a spit— from L. 
hasta, a spear : old F. hastier, the rack on which the 



hasp, n. Jidsp (AS. hwps, a lock, a latch : Ger. haspe, 
the hinge of a door: Icel. hespa; Sw. haspa, a clasp, 
a latch: Dut. haspe, a reel to wind yarn on), a fasten- 
ing ; the clasp that passes over a staple to be fastened 
by a padlock: v. to fasten with a hasp : hasping, imp. : 
hasped, pp. hdspt. 

hassock, n. hds'sok (Scot, hassock, anything bushy, 
a large round turf used as a seat : Sp. haz, a bundle 
of hay, grass, or brushwood), a cushion or thick mat 
to kneel on in church ; a padded footstool. 

hast, v. hast (contracted from havest), 2d pers. sing, 
pres. of have, which see. 

hastate, a. hds'tdt, or has'tated, a. -ta-ted (L. hasta, 
a spear), spear-shaped; formed like the head of a hal- 
berd ; in bot. , applied to a leaf with two portions of the 
base projecting more or less completely at right angles 
to the blade. 

haste, n. hdst (Lap. hasetet; Ger. hetzen, to set on 
dogs : old H. Ger. heist, anger : Sw. hasta, to push for- 
ward : Icel. hastr, fierce), hurry ; celerity of motion ; 
precipitation : hasten, v. ha'sn, to drive or urge for- 
ward; to accelerate; to push on; to be speedy or 
quick: ha'stening, imp. -sn-lng: hastened, pp. ha'snd: 
ha'stener, n. -sn-er, one who: hasty, a. ha'sti, quick; 
speedy ; eager ; precipitate; irritable; rash: hastily, 
ad. -II, with speed or quickness ; rashly : ha'stiness, 
n. -n6s, speed; hurry; rash eagerness: hasty-pud- 
ding, n. oatmeal and water, or flour and water or milk, 
boiled quickly together. 

hastener, n. has'ner — see under haslet. 

hastlet, n. hds'let—see haslet. 

hat, n. hdt (Icel. hattr ; Fris. hatte), a covering for 
the head ; figuratively, the dignity of a cardinal in the 
R. Cath. Ch.: hat'band, n. a band round a hat: hat- 
ted, a. hdt'ted, wearing a hat: hat'less, a. without a 
hat: hatter, n. -ter, one who makes or sells hats. 

hatch, v. hdch (Ger. hecken, to peck, to hatch young ; 
hecJce, a hedge or fence, a time of breeding), to produce 
young from eggs, as by a hen or by artificial heat ; to 
contrive or plot : n. a brood : hatch'ing, imp.: hatch- 
ed, pp. hdcht: hatch'er.n. -er, one who or that which. 

hatch, n. hdch (Dut. hack, a hook; heck, a barrier, 
a grating Low Ger. haken, to hook, to hold fast : Sw. 
hack, a hedge of branches : Fin. hakki, a hurdle made 
of wattles), the frame laid over the opening in a ship's 
deck ; the opening itself; also called hatchway, a half- 
door frequently grated: hatches, n. plu. -6z, openings 
for exploring mines ; flood-gates to stop the course of 
water. 

hatch, v. hdch (F. hacher, to hack: Norm, hak, a 
score or incision), to shade or delineate by lines in 
drawing and engraving: hatch'ing, n. shading with 
ablacklead pencil or pen, .or in engraving. Note. — 
etching may only be a corruption of hatching. 

hatchel, n. hdch'el or hak'Sl, also hackle, hdk'-l 
(Ger. hechel; Dan. hekel, a heckle, a comb), a board 
set with iron teeth used for separating the finer parts 
of hemp and flax from the coarser; a large sort of 
comb : v. to separate the finer from the coarser parts 
of flax or hemp by means of a hatchel: to tease or 
vex by sarcasms or reproaches: hatch elling, imp.: 
hatch' elled, pp. -Sid: hatch 'eller, n. -elder, one who. 

hatchet, n. hdch'et (F. hachette, a small axe— from 
hacher, to hack), a small sharp axe with a short 
handle : to take up the hatchet, to make war : to 
bury the hatchet, to make peace : hatchet-faced, a. 
having thin prominent features. 

hatchetine, n. hdch'-et-ln (after Mr Hatchett), mine- 
ral tallow, a waxy or spermaceti-like substance of a 
greenish-yellow colour. 

hatchment, n. hdch'ment (corrupted from achieve- 
ment), a lozenge-shaped funereal escutcheon or coat 
of arms, placed in front of the residence of the deceased 
for a certain time, and afterwards in a church. 

hate, v. hat (Swiss, hatz, anger: AS. hettan, to per- 
secute: Icel. hata; Ge.r. hassen, to hate: Goth, hatis, 
anger: connected with haste), to dislike greatly; to 
detest: ha'ting, imp. : hated, pp.: ha'ter, n. one who: 
hate'able, a. -d-bl, that may be hated: hate'ful, a. 
-fool, exciting hate ; odious; detestable: hate'fully, 
ad. -II: hate'fulness, n.: hatred, n. ha'tred, intense 
dislike or aversion ; ill-will ; enmity. 

hatter, n.— see under hat. 

hatti-sheriff, n. hat'-tl-sher'-ff [Tmk.— from Ar. hatkt, 
a writing, and sherif, noble), an irrevocable order 
direct from the Sultan of Turkey. 

hauberk, n. haw'berk (old F. hauberc; AS. heals- 
beorg, a coat of mail— from heals, the neck, and beor- 
gan, to cover or defend), armour for the neck and 

mate, mat, far, law; mete, met, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, mOve; 



HAUG 2 

chest ; a tunic of ringed mail descending below the 
knees, and having short -wide sleeves. 

-laugh, 11. haXv (AS. haga, a hedge: Ger. hag, a 
ence), in Scot Qg meadow. 



. haul (F. haler, to haul : Ger. holen, to 
fetch : Dut. haelen, to send for, to fetch), to pull or 
draw with force ; to drag : n. a catch, as of fish ; a 
pull; among ropemakers, a bundle of about 400 
threads to be tarred : hauling, imp. : hauled, pp. 
hawld: hauler, n. one who. 

haulm, n. harem— see halm. 

haunch, n. haunsh (F. hanche, the hip : old H. Ger. 
hlancha, the flank), the hip ; the part of a man or 
quadruped which lies between the last ribs and the 
thigh ; a joint of mutton or venison ; in an arch, the 
part between the vertex and springing. 

haunt, n. hawnt (Bret, hent, away: Bret, henti; F. 
hanter, to frequent, to haunt), a place of frequent re- 
sort : v. to resort much or often to ; to trouble with 



frequently visited, especially by ghosts or apparitions ; 
subject to the visits of : haunter, n. one who. 

haurl or harle, v. hc'trl (Scot.), to rough-cast a wall 
with a mixture of lime and gravel : haur'ling, imp. : 
haurled, pp. h&rld. 

haustellate, a. haTrs'tSiat (L. haustellum, a sucker 
—from haurio, I draw water), provided with a sucker : 
hausto rium, n. -to'-rbum, the sucker at the extremity 
of the parasitic root of dodder. 

hautboy, n. hO'bdy (F. hautbois— from haut, high, 
and bois, wood), a wind instrument like a flute, also 
called oboe ; a large sort of strawberry. 

hauteur, n. haw-tir' (F), haughtiness; insolent 
manner or spirit. 

haut-gout, ho-g6' (F.), high seasoning ; high relish 
or flavour. 

hauyne, n. hdiv'ln (after M. Eaiiy), one of the haloid 
minerals of a tine azure-blue colour. 

have, v. hav (Goth. Jiaban; AS. habban; Ger. 
haben; L. habere, to have), to possess or hold; to en- 
joy; to be under necessity or impelled by duty, as 
you will have to do it ; to desire, as I had rather be a 
doorkeeper in the house of my God ; to buy ; to hold 
opinion; to bring forth: having, imp.: had, pt. and 
pp. hdd. Note.— When used as an auxiliary, the com- 
pletion of the sense is expressed by the verb which 
follows : to have a care, to take care ; to guard. The 
phrase, I had rather, is a corruption of I'd rather— 
that is, / would rather. 

haven, n. h&'vn (Icel. hofn; old F. havene; F.havre, 
a haven), a harbour ; a port ; a place of safety ; a 
shelter. 

haversack, n. hdv'er-stik (F. havre-sac), a soldier's 
provision-bag when on a march or on service. 

haversian-canals, hd-vir'si-dn- (after Havers, their 
discoverer), a name given to a very complicated ap- 
paratus of minute canals found in the substance of 
bone. 

havildar, n. hdv'-ll-ddr' , a sergeant in the native 
Indian army. 

havoc or havock, n. hav'-ok (W. hafog, destruction, 
. waste ; hai hafog, a cry when cows are committing 
waste in a field : AS. hafoc, a hawk), wide and gene- 
ral destruction ; devastation. 

haw, n. haw (AS. haga ; Ger. hag, a hedge, an en- 
closure), the berry of the hawthorn ; a gristly excres- 
cence under the nether eyelid of a horse : hawthorn, 
n. hdio'thaXcrn (haiv, and thorn), a common prickly 
tree or shrub, chiefly used in forming hedgerows. 

haw, v. haw, to make sounds like haw, haw, be- 
tween one's words in speaking : hawing, imp. : n. 
hesitation : hawed, pp. hawd. 

hawk, n. hawk (AS. hafoc ; Icel. haukr, a hawk: 
Fin. haicikka, a hawk— from hawia, voracious), a bird 
of prey of several species : v. to fly trained hawks at 
birds on the wing: hawk'ing, imp.: n. the sport of 
taking wild birds by means of a hawk : hawked, pp. 
hcuckt: adj. crooked or curved, like a hawk's bill: 
hawk-eyed, a. quick-sighted : hawk-nosed, a. -nosd, 
having a nos iokec i the beak of a hawk. 

hawk, v. hawk (W. hochi, to clear the throat : Mag- 
yar, hak, clearing the throat, phlegm; Dan. harke,-to 
hawk: an imitative word), to bring up phlegm by 



9 HEAD 

coughing: hawk'ing, imp.: n. the effort to force up 
phlegm from the throat ; a small cough : hawked, pp. 

hawk, v. hawk (Norm, hauka, to cry, to shout : Pol. 
huk, roar, din : W. hwa, to halloo), to carry about 
goods for sale from place to place ; to peddle : hawk'- 
ing, imp.: n. the act of ol for sale on the 
streets : hawked, pp. hawkt : hawker, n. -er, a pedlar ; 
a travelling seller of goods. 

hawk, n. halck, a small flat board, having a handle 
underneath, used by plasterers when at work with 
mortar or plaster. 

hawse, n. haXcz (It. alzare ; old F. hausser, to raise), 
the situation of a ship's cables when she has two 
anchors down— a foul hawse being when the cables 
cross each other or are twisted together ; the part of 
the bows close to the cables : hawses, n. phi. hawz'ez, 
or hawse-holes, the holes in the bow of a ship through 
which cables are passed : haws'er, n. -er, a small 
cable or large towing-line. 

hawthorn— see haw. 

hay, n. ha (Goth, havi, grass: AS. heag; Icel. hey; 
Dut. hoy, grass cut and dried), cut grass dried and used 
for fodder: hay-cock, n. hd'-kok, a conical pile or heap 
of hay in the field: hay-rick, n. -rtk, hay raised in a 
pile or heap for preservation in the open air ; also hay- 
stack. 

hayesine, n. hd'-Ss-ln (after Hayes), borate of lime, 
occurring in globular or reniform masses, particularly 
abundant on the western coast of America, of great 
value in the manufacture of glass. 

hazard, n. hdz'erd (F. hasard— from Sp. azar, un- 
lucky throw of the dice: It. zara, an unlucky cast: 
mod. Gr. zari, a die), that which falls or comes unex- 
pectedly; chance; accident; chance of danger; ven- 
ture ; a game at dice : v. to put in danger ; to expose 
to chance; to risk; to try the chance: haz'arding, 
imp. : haz'arded, pp. : haz'ardous, a. -erd-us, peril- 
ous ; dangerous ; that exposes to the chance of loss 
or evil : hazardously, ad. -VI : haz'ardousness, n. -tic's. 

haze, n. haz (Icel. and AS. has, hoarse or rough in 
the throat from a cold), light vapour; mist; a slight 
fog: hazy, a. ha'zl, covered or shrouded with light 
vapour ; misty : ha'ziness, n. mistiness. 

hazel-nut, n. hd'-zel-nut (Norm, hasl; Dut. hazel-noot, 
the common nut: Dan. haze, the beard of nuts), the 
nut of the hazel-tree, whose wood, being very flexible, 
is used for the hoops of casks, and also in turnery ; a 
miner's term for a tough fine-grained sandstone: 
hazel, a, of a light-brown colour like the hazel-nut : 
ha'zelly, a. -II, of a light brown. 

he, Ae(AS. he; Dut. hij ; Fris. hi), pron. of the 3d 
pers. applied to a man or boy; poss. his, obj. him; 
often used as a prefix to denote the masc. gen., as he- 
bear : n. a male. 

head, n. hid (AS. heafod, ahead: Dan. hoved: Dut. 
hoofd), the uppermost part of the body containing the 
face, &c; a chief person ; the chief or principal part of 
anything; a leader; understanding or mind; a title 
or heading ; source of a stream ; the top part ; the fore- 
part, as of a ship ; chief place, as head of affairs ; 
division of a discourse ; crisis or height, as to bring or 
come to a head: v. to act as a leader to; to fit or 
furnish with a head ; to top off ; to form a head ; to go 
in front of; to oppose; to restrain: adj. chief; prin- 
cipal: heading, imp. getting in advance or ahead of: 
n. that which stands at the head or top, as of a sub- 
scription paper: head'ed, pp.: headless, a. without a 
head : headache, n. hid'ak, pain in the head : head'ers, 
n. plu. -erz, bricks placed lengthwise across the wall: 
head-dress, n. an ornamental covering for the head; 
also head-gear, n. -ger: headland, n. a cape or pro- 
montory: headlines, n. plu. lines displayed conspic- 
uously at the top of a page, or to begin a chapter : 
headlong, a. head-foremost ; steep ; precipitous : ad. 
rashly; precipiti lastily: head-money, n. a poll- 

tax : head'most, a. most advanced : headpiece, n. the 
helmet of the soldier ; an ornament at the head of a 
chapter or page of a book : head'quarters, n. plu. the 
place of general rendezvous ; the residence of the offi- 
cer or general in command: head'ship, n. dignity; 
chief place ; authority : headsman, n. hedz'mdn, an 
executioner: head'stone, n. a stone with inscription, 
placed at the head of a grave : head'strong, a. self- 
willed ; obstinate ; violent ; ungovernable : head'way, 
n. the motion of an advancing ship : head-wind, a con- 
trary wind : head of cattle, a single one : neither 



co~o, boy, f Sot; pure, bud.; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



HEAL 



250 



HEAV 



on one's own responsibility : out of one's own head, 
without the advice or co-operation of another : over 
head and ears, completely overwhelmed; entirely: 
to give the head, to let go control, as he gave his horse 
the head: to lay heads together, to combine in a 
plan : to make head against, to advance ; to resist 
with success : heady, a. Md'-i, apt to affect the head ; 
intoxicating: head'ily, ad. -II: head iness, n. -n6s, 
rashness; obstinacy. 

heal, v. Ml (AS. hcelan, to cure : Ger. Mil, whole : 
Gr. holos, whole, entire), to cure of a disease or 
wound ; to restore to soundness or health ; to recon- 
cile; to grow healthy or sound: healing, imp.: adj. 
mild; curative; gentle: n. act or power of curing: 
healed, pp. held: heal'ingly, ad. -U. 

healds, n. plu. Mldz, the harness for guiding the 
warp-threads in a loom. 

health, n. hclth (from heal), sound state of the body, 
in which the parts perform freely their natural func- 
tions ; mental vigour ; moral purity ; divine favour : 
health'ful, a. -fool, in a sound state of body ; whole- 
some; salubrious: healthfully, ad. -II: health'ful- 
ness, n.: healthy, a. Ml'thl, in a sound state of body; 
salubrious ; enjoying health ; vigorous : heal'thily, 
ad. -II : heal'thiness, n. 

heam, n. hem (AS. hame, the birth, the womb), the 
after-birth among beasts. 

heap, n. hep (AS. heap; Ger. haufe ; Icel. hopr, a 
heap, a crowd), a pile or mass consisting of many 
single things ; a collection, as of ruins : v. to throw or 
lay together single things in a mass or pile ; to ac- 
cumulate; to amass or lay up: heap'ing, imp.: 
heaped, pp. kept: to heap up, to accumulate in great 
quantity. 

hear, v. Mr (AS. hyran, to hear: Swiss, hor, an 
interjection to still an unquiet ox : Swiss, hbran; Ger. 
aufhdren, to cease, to be still : Goth, hausjan, to hear), 
to perceive by the ear ; to attend or listen to willing- 
ly ; to attend ; to listen ; to obey ; to try in a court of 
law ; to be told ; to receive by report ; to receive in- 
telligence or news : hearing, imp.: n. the faculty or 
sense by which sound is perceived; audience; judicial 
trial ; extent within which sound maybe heard : heard, 
pp. herd, did hear: hear'er, n. -er, one who: hear, 
hear, an exclamation calling forcible attention to cer- 
tain words of a speaker, while speaking, without 
necessarily expressing approval: hearing-trumpet, an 
instr. for collecting sounds and conveying them to the 
ear : hearsay, n. her'-sd, report ; rumour ; common 
talk. 

hearken, v. hdr'kn (from hark: AS. hyrcniaii), to 
attend to what is uttered ; to listen ; to give heed to : 
hear'kening, imp. -kn-lng : hear'kened, pp. -knd: 
heark'ener, n. -kn-er, one who. 

hearse, n. hers (old F. herce; F. herse, a harrow 
made in a triangular form, then the name of the iron 
frame for candles placed at the head of the funeral 
carriage, and finally applied to the carriage in which 
coffins are conveyed), a carriage for conveying the 
dead to the grave : hearse'like, a. suitable to a funeral ; 
mournful. 

heart, n. hart (AS. heorte; Goth, hairto; Sans. 
hardi; Gr. kardia, the heart), the well-known organ 
in animals which, by alternate contracting and ex- 
panding, sends the blood through the arteries, to be 
again received by it from the veins ; the vital, inner, 
or chief part of anything ; the centre or interior ; the 
seat of the affections and passions; disposition of 
mind : v. to become close or hard in the centre, as a 
cabbage: hearting, imp.: heart'ed, pp.: heartless, 
a. void of feeling or affection ; faint-hearted ; without 
courage : heartlessly, ad. -II: heart'ed, a. laid up or 
sealed in the heart— generally used as the latter part 
of a compound, as hard-hearted : heart'some, a. -sum, 
merry ; lively : hearty, a. hart'-l, proceeding from the 
heart ; warm ; sincere ; zealous ; full of health ; vigor- 
ous ; plentiful, as a meal: heartily, ad. -II: heart'- 
iness, n. state of being hearty ; sincerity ; ardour ; 
eagerness of appetite: heart-blood, blood from the 
heart ; the life : hard-hearted, a. unfeeling ; cruel : 
faint-hearted, a. wanting in courage ; liable to sink 
under difficulties or trials : at heart, as regards the 
heart ; really : by heart, fixed in the memory ; in a 
most thorough manner: to break the heart, to re- 
duce to despair or hopeless grief : to find in the heart, 
to be willing or disposed : to speak to one's heart, 
to speak home to; to encourage: heart-breaking, a. 
overpowering with grief or sorrow: heart-broken, 
a. intensely grieved or afflicted : heartburn, n. pain, 



heat, and uneasiness about the region of the stomach: 
heart-burning, a. causing discontent ; secret enmity: 
heartfelt, a. deeply and sincerely felt: heart-piercing, 
a. very acute or affecting: heart-rending, a. deeply 
afflictive: heart-searching, a. searching the secret 
thoughts and purposes: heart-sick, a. sick at heart; 
pained in mind: heart - sickening, a. sickening or 
paining the heart: heartsore, a. deeply wounded; 
that pains the heart : heart-stirring, a. moving the 
feelings ; also heart-touching, a. : heart-strings, the 
nerves or tendons supposed to brace or sustain the 
heart : heart-wood, the innermost layers of wood in 
exogenous trees, more deeply coloured and harder 
than the rest: with all my heart, with right good 
will ; sincerely : to get or learn by heart, to commit 
to memory : to lay to heart, to be much affected : 
to lose heart, to become discouraged : to set the 
heart on, to fix the desires on ; to take to heart, to 
be much concerned about; to be cast down and de- 
pressed in spirit by: heart-wheel, a contrivance for 
converting circular into rectilinear motion. 

hearth, n. h&rth (AS. heorth; Ger. herd, floor, 
hearth : Swiss, herd, soil, ground), the large flat 
stone placed in front of a fireplace, and generally on 
a level with the floor; the fireside; one's home: 
hearthrug, n. a thick ornamental piece of carpet-work 
laid on a hearth. 

heat, n. Mt (Icel. hita, heat, boiling; heitr, hot: 
Ger. hitze, heat, passion— from hetzen, to set on dogs, 
to incite : Sw. hetsa, to set on, to heat), the sensa- 
tion experienced on approaching or touching a hot 
body ; caloric ; strong excitement or agitation ; ardour ; 
fervency ; a single effort, as in a race ; a course : v. to 
make hot ; to become warm ; to warm with passion or 
desire; to excite: heating, imp.: adj. stimulating; 
exciting : heat'ed, pp. : heat'er, n. that which warms 
or makes hot. 

heath, n. heth (Goth, haithi, the open country : Icel. 
heidi, a waste: Ger. heide, a heath, a waste), a small 
narrow-leafed flowering shrub or various species, very 
common on certain high lands— called in Scotland 
heather; a tract of land covered with heath ; an open 
waste tract of land : heath'y. a. -I, abounding with 
heath : heath-cock, called also heath-pout, a large 
fowl found on heaths ; a species of grouse : heath-pea, 
a species of wild vetch. 

heathen, n. he' thin (Goth, haithno ; Ger. heide, a 
heathen— from Goth, haithi, the open country ; Dut. 
heyden, a clown, a heathen), one who knows not the 
true God ; a worshipper of idols ; a pagan ; a very 
ignorant person : adj. pert, to ; pagan ; gentile : the 
heathen, idolaters: hea'thenise, v. -iz, to render 
heathen : hea'theni'sing, imp. : hea'thenised', pp. 
-izd': hea'thenish, a. -ish, rude ; ignorant ; of or 
relating to heathens: hea'thenishly, ad. -II: hea'- 
thenism, n. -Izm, ignorance ; rudeness ; ignorance of 
the true God. 

heather, n. hStJb'ir (from heath, which see), in Scot., 
the common name for heath : heath'ery, a. -I, abound- 
ing in heather or heath : heather-bells, blossoms of 
a kind of heather. 

heave, v. hev (Goth, hafjan; Icel. hefia; AS. heolan; 
Ger. heben, to lift), to raise or force from the breast, 
as a sigh ; to throw or cast with strong effort ; to 
cause to swell ; to pant ; to rise with pain ; to swell 
and fall ; to have an inclination to vomit : n. a rising 
or swell ; exertion or effort upwards ; in mining, the 
displacement of a vein or bed when thrown upwards 
by the intersection of another vein or fault : heav'- 
ing, imp. : adj. throwing upwards from the breast ; 
swelling ; panting : n. a rising or swell : hove, pt. or 
pp. Mv, or heaved, Mvd : heaves, n. plu. hevz, a dis- 
ease of horses : heaving the log, using the log to 
ascertain the rate the ship is going at : to heave to, 
to bring a ship's head to the wind and stop her mo- 
tion : to heave in sight, to make its first appearance: 
heave-offering, n. among the Jetvs, a tenth of the 
tithes, &c, received by the Levites, which was offered 
by heaving or elevating. 

heaven, n. Mv'-n (AS. heofon Goth, himins; Ger. 
himmel, an arched or vaulted covering, the sky, 
heaven : old S. heban, a covering, heaven), the habi- 
tation of God and the abode of the blessed ; great 
happiness ; the region or expanse above us ; the sky; 
the supreme power ; God : heav'enly, a. -II, supremely 
excellent ; godlike ; celestial ; pert, to or resembling 
an inhabitant of heaven ; delightful : ad. in a manner 
resembling that of heaven : heav'enliness, n. state 
or quality of being heavenly ; supreme excellence : 



mate, mCtt.fdr, law; mete, m&t, Mr; pine, pin; note, nCt, move; 



HEAV 



251 



HELI 



b.eav'en-born, a. of surpassing genius ; native of 
heaven: heavenward, ad. -ward, also heav'enwards, 
ad. -werdz, toward heaven: heavenly -minded, a. 
having the t iced on heaven 

or heavenly objects : heavenly-mindedness, n. state 
of having the affections placed on heavenly things 

heavy, a. hev'-l (AS. liejig; Icel. ho/ugr, heavy), 
weighty ; ponderous ; dejected ; depressed ; dark ; 
drowsy ; not light or spongy ; large ; abundant ; in- 
digestible ; dull or tedious, as a sermon ; soft or miry, 
as heavy land ; loud, as heavy firing : ad. common as 
the first element of a compound ; heavily, as in heavy- 
laden, heavy-hearted : heavily, ad. -II: heaviness, 
il quality of being heavy; weight: heavy-spar, a 
mineral, the name given to barytes in consequence of 
its great specific gravity. 

hebdomadal, a. heb-dom'-d-ddl (Gr. heMomas, the 
space of seven days— from hepta, seven : L. hebdom- 
ada, a week), weekly ; consisting of seven days, or 
occurring everv seven days ; also in same sense, heb- 
domat'ical, a.'-ikal: hebdom'adary, n. -der-i, in a 
convent, an inmate officiating in turn for a week: 
adj. weekly. 

Hebe, n. he-be (Gr. Eebe), in the anc. myth., the god- 
dess of youth ; one of the planetoids. 

Hebrew, n. he'brd (L. Hebrcevs; Gr. Hebraic* ; F. 
Hebreu, of or belonging to the Hebrews, Hebrew— sup- 
posed to be derived from Eber or Heber, a descendant 
of Shem), a descendant of Eber or Heber— more par- 
ticularly of Jacob ; a Jew; an Israelite; the language 
of the Jews : adj. of or pert, to Hebrews or Jews : He- 
braic, a hebra-lk, of or relating to the Hebrews or 
the language : hebra'ically, ad. -kdl-ll, after the 
manner of the Hebrew language : hebraicise, v. he- 
bra'-t-slz, to make or convert into Hebrew : hebra'ici- 
sing, imp. : hebra'icised, pp. -sizd -. hebraise, v. he- 
brdlz, same sense as hebraicise: he braising, imp.: 
hebraised, pp. -izd: He'braism, n. -Izm, Hebrew 
idiom ; an expression or manner of speaking peculiar 
to the Hebrew language : Hebraist, n. -1st, one versed 
in Hebrew : He'braia'tic, a. -tik, pert, to or resembling 
Hebrew. 

Hebridian, a. hSb-rld'-l-dn, pert, to the Hebrides, 
hib'-ri-dez, a group of islands on the west coast of 
Scotland : n. an inhabitant. 

hecatomb, n. hek'-d-tom (Gr. hekatombe— from heka- 
ton, a hundred, and bous, an ox), in anc. Greece or 
Home, the sacrifice of a hundred oxen at one time ; 
any destruction or sacrifice of a large number of vic- 

heck, n. hlk, or hack, n. Mk (Dut. Tieck, a grating : 
Sw. hack, a hedge of branches), an instr. for catching 
fish ; a bend in a stream ; a rack for holding fodder. 

heckle, n. JiSk'-l (see hackle), an instr. for preparing 
flax: heckling, n. Mk'ttng, act or process of preparing 
flax; in Scot, a rough off-hand way of questioning a 
candidate for a seat in Parliament as to his views and 
principles. 

hectare, n. hek-tdr' (Gr. hekaton, a hundred, and L. 
area, any void place), a French measure containing 
100 ares, or r _\ imperial acres nearly. 

hectic, a. Mk'-tlk (Gr. hektikos, pert, to habit of body 
—from hexis, habit of body), constitutional ; habitual"; 
affected with fevers called hectic; also hectical, a. 
-ti-kal: hectically, ad. -II: hectic, n. a peculiar re- 
mitting fever attended with alternate chill and heat. 

hectogramme, n. hek'togrdm (Gr. hekaton, a hun- 
dred, and gramma, a letter, an account), a French 
weight containing 100 grammes, being S£ oz. avoirdu- 
pois. 

hectolitre, n. hek'-t6-le'-tr (Gr. hekaton, a hundred, 
and litra, a pound), a French measure of 100 litres, 
about 22 gallons Eng. 

hectometer, n. hek-tdm'-S-fer, also hectometre, Mk'- 
to-ma'-tr (Gr. hekaton, a hundred, and metron, a mea- 
sure), a French measure of 100 metres, about 328 feet 
Eng. 

hector, n. Mk'-ter (from Hector, the famous Trojan 
warrior), a bully ; a blustering fellow : v. to threaten ; 
to play the bully: hec'toring, imp. : adj. blustering; 
insolent : hec'tored, pp. -terd. 

heddle, n. hld'-l, in weaving, the meshes of twine by 
which the u-arp is alternately raised and depressed 
for the passage of the weft. 

hedenbergite, n. M'den-bcr'-jU, an important vari- 
ety of lime-iron augite, of a black or blackish- 
green colour, named after Hedenberg, the Swedish 
chemist. 

hederaceous, a. hSd-ir-cVsliiis (L. hedera, the plant 



ivy), of or belonging to ivy : hed'eral, a. -ill, composed 
of or pert, to ivy. 

hedge, n. hej (AS. hegge ; Ger. hag, a bush, a shrub: 
Dut. hegghe, a thorn-bush), a fence of thorn-bushes or 
small trees : v. to guard or protect ; to obstruct ; to 
skulk ; to enclose, as with a hedge ; to surround for 
defence : hedg'ing, imp. guarding or protecting ; 
among sporting men, manoeuvring with a bet: 
hedged, pp. hejd: hedg'er, n. -er, one who repairs or 
makes hedges : hedgeless, a, -Us, without a hedge : 
hedge-horn, a, lowly ; obscure: hedging-bill, a prun- 
ing-hook : hedgehog, n. a small quadruped covered 
ou the upper part with prickles or spines : hedgerow, 
n. -io, a thick-set line or row of small trees or bushes 
forming a fence : hedge-school, in Ireland, an open- 
air school beside a hedge ; a common country school : 
hedge-sparrow, a common and well-known bird : to 
hedge a bet, among betting men, to bet on the oppo- 
site side, after having betted c~ * u 
to guard against great 1c 

tioori n horl I AS herlr 



i the other, in order 



Hi, foot; pure, bud; chair, 



heed, n. hed (AS. hedan ; Dut. hoe den; Ger. hiiten, 
to keep guard, to observe), care ; attention ; regard : 
v. to regard with care; to mind; to observe; to attend 
to: heeding, imp.: heeded, pp.: heedless, a. care- 
less; inattentive: heedlessly, ad. -II: heedlessness, 
n. inattention; carelessness: heed'ful, a. -fool, atten- 
tive; watchful; observing: heed'fully, ad. -II: heed- 
fulness, n. attention ; vigilance. 

heel, n. Ml (AS. hel ; Icel. hccll; Dut. Mel, the heel), 
the hind part of the foot ; hind part of a shoe or stock- 
ing ; the latter or remaining part of a thing ; among 
seamen, the lower end of anything, as of a mast : v. 
to add a heel to : heel'ing, imp. : heeled, pp. held .- to 
be at the heels, to pursue closely; to follow hard: 
neck and heels, the whole length of the body: to go 
heels over head, to go over so as to bring the heels 
uppermost ; to move in a hasty precipitate manner : 
to lay by the heel, to fetter ; to confine : to show 
the heels, to flee ; to run from : to take to the heels, 
to take to flight : heel-piece, a piece fixed on the heel 
of a shoe. 

heel, v hel (AS. hyldan, to incline: Icel. halla, to 
lean towards: Dan. helck, to slope), to lean on one 
side, as a ship : heel'ing, imp. : n. the leaning over to 
one side of a vessel : heeled, pp. held. 

heft, n. heft— see haft. 

hegemonic, a. M'-jl-mon'-lk (Gr. hegemonikos, fitted 
for a command, chief), ruling ; predominant ; also 
he'gemon ical, a. -l-kal: hegemony, n. -mon-l (Gr. 
hegemonia, leadership), leadership of one state over 
another; preponderant influence or authority. 

Hegira, n. he-jl'rd (Ar. hadjara, to remove or de- 
sert), the Mohammedan era dated from ltith July, 
a.d. 622, being the date of the flight of Mohammed 
from Mecca ; any flight or exodus. 

heifer, n. Mf'-er (AS. heafore; prov. Eng. heckfor), 
a young cow. 

heigh-ho, int. hl'-hO, an exclamation expressing un- 
easiness or languor. 

height, n. hit (from high, which see), distance above 
the ground; elevated ground; a hill; altitude of any 
thing or person ; elevation of rank, excellence, or fame ; 
highest state; crisis: heighten, v. hlt'-n, to raise 
higher ; to increase ; to improve ; to aggravate : 
height'ening, vuvp.-nlng: n. the making high; exalta- 
tion : heightened, pp. hlt'nd : height'ener, n. -ner, one 
who. 

heinous, a. ha'-nus (F. haineuz— from haine, malice, 
hate: old F. hadir, to hate), wicked in a high degree; 
hateful; atrocious: hei'nously, ad. -II: hei'nousness, 
n. -Ms, wickedness ; ati i i lsih - 

heir, n. ar (L. hceres; old F. hoir, an heir), one who 
is entitled to anything after its present possessor : v. 
to inherit : heiress, fem. of heir : heirless, a. desti- 
tute of an heir : heir'ship, n. state or right of an heir : 
heir-apparent, n. one entitled to succeed to an estate, 
&c. : heir-presumptive, n. one who stands nearest in 
succession in default of an heir-apparent. Note. — 
A man's son or daughter is heir -apparent, but 
when he has no son or daughter, then his brother or 
cousin, &c, is heir-presumptive, heirloom, n. -16m, 
(AS. geloma, goods), any movable article which by 
law descends to the heir with the freehold. 

held, v. held, pt. or pp. of hold, which see. 

helenine, n. hel-S-nin (L. helenium, the plant ele- 
campane—so called because supposed to have spnm» 
from the tears of Helen), a substance like camphor o£ 
tained from the plant elecampane. 

heliacal, a. M-ll'-d-kdl(Gx. hel ios, the sun), emerging 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



HELI 



252 



HEMI 



thus (Gr. anthos, a flower), a genus of plants of sev- 
eral species, one of which is the well-known sun- 
flower: hellanthoi'da, n. -thdy'-dd (Gr. anthos, a 
flower, and eidos, form, shape), an order of polypes, 
resembling a sun-flower in appearance, of which the 
actinias or sea-anemones may be taken as the type. 

helical, a. hel'-l-kdl (Gr. helix, a winding, a spiral 
body— gen. hi \\ i mi ]■■■■■:,.-. . n i 

-11: hellspherlc, a. -sfer'-lk (Gr. sphaira, a globe or 
ball), spiral 01 R indin a I 10 hel'ispherlcal, a. -l-kdl: 
helicidae, n. plu. hg-Us'l-de, the land or garden snails, 
having a light variously-coloured shell : hel'ioc'eras, 
11. -i-Qs'cr-as, or hel'iocer'alite, n. -o-ser'-d-llt (Gr. keras, 
a horn), a genus of the ammonite family— so named 
from the spiral arrangement of its chambered whorls : 
helicoid, n. -kditd (Gr. eidos, form), a peculiar curve or 
spiral : hellcoi'dal, a. -kdy'ddl, in hot., having a coiled 
appearance like the shell of a snail— applied to inflo- 
resence: helix, u. //-./: </.■.--:, soinofhin.u that is spiral; the 
external body of the ear ; the snail-shell; in arch., the 
delicate volute, like the tendril of a vine, which curls 
over the leaves, and just beneath the abacus of a Cor- 
inthian capital : plu. helices, -t-sez: hel'icite, n. -i-slt, 
in greoZ., anv rnv;il ir i! ; : n I i family. 

heliocentric, a. he'-li-o-sen'-trlk (Gr. helios, the sun, 
and ki'iitron, centre), as seen from thesun; concentric 
with the sun ; also he'liocen'trical, a. -tri-kdl : helio- 
cen'trically, ad. -II. 

heliograph, n. he-ll-6-grdf (Gr. helios, the sun, and 
grapho, I describe or paint), an instr. devised for ob- 
taining photographs of the sun : heliog'raphy, n. 
-Og'-ru-fl, sini-i'aiiniii.u ; photography: heliographlc, 
a. -o-yrdf-lk, pert, to: heliog'rapher, n. -rdfer, one 
who. 

heliolatry, n. he'U-dl'-d-trl (Gr. helios, the sun, and 
latreio, I worship), the worship of the sun: heliol- 
ater, n. -ter, one who worships the sun. 

heliolites, n. plu. he'-U-o-lltz (Gr. helios, and lithos, 
a stone), an extensive genus of fossil corals— so called 
from the sun-hl a •■• ■< ■>; Mi : ; i ■■■, of their pores. 

heliometer, n. he'll-om'-S-ter (Gr. helios, the sun, and 
metron, a measure), an instr. for measuring the appa- 
rent diameter of any heavenly body— called also an 
astrometer. 

helioscope, n. he'll- 6- sk6p (Gr. helios, the sun, and 
skopeo, I view), a telescope fitted for solar observations : 
helioscoplc, a -skop'-lk, pert, to: he'liostat, n. -stdt 
(Gr. statos, that stands or remains), an instr. which 
continually reflects the sun's rays in the same direc- 
tion, consisting of a rotating mirror moved by clock- 
work. 

heliotrope, n. M'-ll-o-trop (Gr. helios, the sun, and 
trope, a tin in n , i > ni ; uds the sun; 

an anc. instr. for showing the time of the sun's arrival 
at the tropics or equinoctial line ; a flowering plant ; 
a mineral of a deep green, varied with bloodstone. 

hell, n. hSl (Icel. hel, death ; Helia, the goddess of 
death : Dan. helvede, hell), the place or state of pun- 
ishment ; the place of departed souls ; any den of vice 
or misery; Hades; the grave; a gambling-house: 
hellish, a. -Ish, pert, to hell ; infernal : hellishly, ad. 
■II: hellishness, n. the qualities of hell; extreme 
wickedness or malignity : hell-hound, n. an agent of 
hell ; a diabolical savage. 

hellebore, n. hel'-U-bor (L. helleborus; Gr. helleboros 
—from helein, to kill or overcome, and bora, food), 
a common name of several poisonous plants; the 
Christmas rose or flower: helleborine, n. -bor-ln, the 
active principle of hellebore: helleborus niger, hel- 
leb'-dr-ns nl'jer (L. black hellebore), a homoeopathic 
medicine ; the Christmas rose. 

Hellenic, a. hel-le'-nlk (Gr. Hellenikos, Grecian— from 
Hellen, son of Deucalion), pert, to the Hellenes (Ml-lc- 
Tie's) or Greeks : Helle'nism, n. -le'-nlzm, a Greek idiom : 
Helle'nist, n. -nlst, a Jew who spoke Greek ; one skilled 
in Greek: Hellenis'tic, a. 41k, also Hellenis'tical, a. 
-fl-kdl, pert, to the Greek spoken by the Hellenists: 
Hel'lenis'ticaUy, ad. -II. 

hellish, a.— see under hell. 

helm, n. Mini (Ger. helm, a handle, a rudder : AS. 
helma, a helm : Icel. hialma, a rudder), the movable 

i . i :-■. i ■ ,P.ih< lei part of a ship by which it is steered; 

the place of direction or management: v. to steer: 
helming, imp.: helmed, pp. h&lmd: adj. furnished 
with a helm : helmless, a. without a helm : helms'- 
man, n. one who guides the helm. 

helmet, n. Ml'-met, also helm (Goth, hilms; Icel. 

mate, rndf, far, Vmo; mete, mSf, Tx&r; pine, pin; note, not, mOve; 



hialmr: Ger. helm, a helmet— from Icel. Mima, to 
cover, to hide), defensive armour for the head; in 
her., the representation of a helmet, denoting, by 
modifications in form, certain gradations of rank; in 
bot., an arched concave petal or sepal, or a part of one, 
as the upper lip of several labiate flowers : hel'meted, 

o" ni Ik m vii. ii . | 

helminthic, a. helmln'-thlk (Gr. helmins, a worm), 
relating to worms; expelling worms: n. a medicine 
for expelling worms : herminthol'ogy, n. -thol'-ojl (Gr. 
logos, a discourse), the science or history of worms : 
herminthol'ogist, n. -jlst, one who : hel'mintholog'ic, 
a. -lof-lk, also hel'minthologlcal, a. -l-kdl, pert, to 
worms or their history: hel'minthites, n. plu. -thlts, 
in geol., applied to those long sinuous tracks so com- 
mon on the surfaces of many flaggy stones— usually 
considered as worm-trails. 

helot, n. h&l'-ot (from anc. Helos, whose inhabitants 
were enslaved: perhaps Gr. helein, to take, to con- 
quer), a slave of anc. Sparta: hel'otism, n. -tlzm, the 
condition of the helots or slaves of anc. Sparta : hel'- 
otry, n. -ot-rl, the body of helots; helot-like bonds- 
men. 

help, v.hSlp (Goth. hilpan; Icehhialpa; Ger. helfen, 
to help, to take care of), to assist; to aid; to forward 
or promote ; to avoid ; to forbear ; to lend aid ; to 
prevent or hinder n. assistance; aid; relief; in 
Amer., a hired man or woman: helping, imp.: adj. 
assisting; aiding: helped, pp. hSlpt: help'er, n. an 
assistant: help'ful, a. -fool, that gives aid or assist- 
ance ; useful : help'fulness, n. : helpless, a. unable to 
succour one's self, and wanting assistance : help'- 
lessly, ad. -It : helplessness, n. want of ability ; want 
of succour : help'mate, n. -mdt, a companion or part- 
ner : to help forward, to advance by assistance : to 
help out, to aid, as in delivering from a difficulty : to 
help over, to enable to surmount : to help to, to fur- 
nish with. 

helter-skelter, ad. hel'ter-skSl'ter (Low Ger. Miller- 
polter, an exclamation iinita t injc a loud rattling noise ; 
hulter -de-butter, in a great hurry), in hurry and con- 
fusion; tumultuously. 

helve, n. helv (AS. helf; Bav. helb, the handle of an 
axe : Ger. helm, handle of a tool), the handle of an axe 
or hatchet: v. to furnish with a helve: helving, imp.: 



of Switzerland), pert, to Switzerland. 

hem, n. hSm (W. hem, ahem, a border: Fris. heam, 
a hem), the edge or border of a garment doubled down 
and sewed : v. to fold down and sew the edge of cloth : 
hem'ming, imp. : hemmed, pp. hSmd. 

hem, v. h6m (Ger. hemmen, to stop the motion of a 
body : Sw. hamma, to restrain, to check— from Ger. 
hamm or humm, an int. of prohibition, stop ! let it 
alone!), to confine; to enclose; to surround: hem'- 
ming, imp.: hemmed, pp. hSmd, enclosed ; surrounded : 
hem, n. or int. a sort of half-voluntary cough as a 
preparation for speaking, or as a call to a person at a 
little distance. 

hema- or hemat-, for words beginning thus, look 
back for the same words commencing with haema- or 
haemat-. 

hematine, n. Mm'-d-tln (Gr. haima, blood), the col- 
ouring matter of logwood : hem'atite, n. -tit, the name 
given to two ores of iron, the one of a red and the other 
of a brown colour ; a species of bloodstone : hem'atitic, 
a. -Ik, pert, to or resembling hematite. 

hemeralopia, n. hem'er-Ci-lo'-pl-d (Gr. hemerrt, the 
day, and ops, the eye), a disease in the eye by which a 
person is only able to see in broad daylight. 

hemi, Mm'-l (Gr. hemi— from hemisu, the half), a 
prefix signifying a half: dem'i (F.), a half; sem'i (L.), 
a half. 

hemicarp, n. hSm'-l-kdrp (Gr. hemi, half, and karpos, 
fruit), in bot., one portion of a fruit which spontane- 
ously divides into halves. 

hemicidaris, n. hem'l-sld'-er-ts (Gr. hemi, half, and 
kideris, a turban), in geol. , a < f turba n echinites. 

hemicosmites, n. plu. A. Gr. hemi, half, 

and kosmos, the universe), in geol., a cystedean charac- 
terised by its spherical form, and composed of numer- 
ous plates. 

hemicrany, n. Mm'-l-kra'nl (Gr. hemi, half, and 
kranion, the skull), a pain which affects one side of 
the head only; also hemlcra'nia, -nl-d (L.) 

hemicycle, n. hem'-l-sl'-kl (Gr. hemi, half, and cucle), 



HEMI 2 

gamos, marriage), having two florets in the same spike- 
let, one of which is neuter and the other unisexual. 

hemihedral, a. hem'i-he'drdl (Gr. hemi, half, and 
hedra, a seat), in a crystal, having half of the similar 
parts, instead of all. 

hemiopia, n. hem'-VO'pl-cl (Gr. hemi, half, and ops, 
the eye), a disease of the eye in which only half the 
object looked at is seen. 

hemiplegy, n. hSm'i-ple'jl (Gr. hemi, half, smdplege, 
a stroke), paralysis of one side ; also hem'iple'gia, -jl d. 

hemipneustis, n. hem'ip-7iils'tls (Gr. hemi, half, 
and pnevstis, blown), a term for the fossil sea-urchin, 
in allusion to its flattened or half-inflated shape. 

hemipters, n. plu. he-mlp'-terz, or hemip'tera, -ter-d 
(Gr. hemi, half, and pteron, a wing), an order of insects 
with the upper wings usually partly coriaceous and 
partly membraneous : hemip'teral, a. pert, to ; also 
hemip'terous, a. -us. 

hemisphere, n. hlm'-i-s/er (Gr. hemi, half, and 
sphaira, a globe), a representation of half the earth ; 
a half sphere or globe; in a?iat., applied to each 
lateral half of the brain : hemispherical, a. -s/er'-l- 
kdl, also hemispheric, a. -Ik, containing half a sphere 
or globe; half-round. 

hemistich, n. hem'-l-stlk (Gr. hemi, half, and stichos, 
a row, a verse), an incomplete line in poetry: hemis- 
tichal, he-mti'tl-kal, pert, to a hemistich. 

hemitrope, a. h&n'htrop (Gr. hemi, half, and trope, 
a turning), half-turned. 

hemlock, n. hem'-lok (AS. hemleac), a wild poisonous 
pi int. used medicinally. 

hemoptysis, hemorrhage, &c— see under hse-. 

hemp, n. hemp (Dut. hennip; Ger. hanf : Icel. 
hanpr), the fibres or threads of a plant of the same 
name cleaned and dressed, used for making coarse 
cloth, ropes, &c: hempen, a. hem'pn, made of hemp: 
hempy, a. him'jtl, like hemp ; fibrous. 

hen, n. hen (Icel. hann, he; han, she: Ger. henne, 
a hen), the female of any kind of fowl : henpecked, a. 
-pi'kt, governed by the wife : hen-coop, n. -kop, a cage 
for fowls : hen-harrier, a kind of hawk or kite— so 
called as the harasser or enemy of hens: henbane, n. 
-ban [hen, and bane), a poisonous wild British herb, 
used medicinally — so called from being supposed 
poisonous to domestic fowls. 

hence, ad. hens(AS. heona; old Eng. hennes, hence), 
from this place ; from this source ; from this time ; 
away ; to a distance ; for or from this reason. Note.— 
From hence is a form come into use, but is not to be 
commended, hence'forth, ad. -forth, from this time 
forward : hencefor'ward, &d.-fdr'werd, from this time 
to futurity. 

henchman, n. hpnth'-mdn (haunch, and man), a sup- 
porter; one who stands at one's haunch ; a servant. 

hendecagon, n. hendek'd-gon (Gr. hendeka, eleven, 
and gonia, an angle), a figure of eleven sides and 
eleven angles. 

hendecasyllable, n. Mn'-dek-d-sll'd-bl (Gr. hendeka, 
eleven, and sulldbe, a syllable), a metrical line of 
eleven syllables. 

hendiadys, n. hSn-di'd-dXs (Gr. en dia duoin, one by 
or through two), a figure of speech in which two nouns 
are used instead of a noun and an adjective ; the same 
idea presented by two phrases. 

henna, n. hen'nd (At. hinna), a tropical shrub, the 
powdered leaves of which, made into a paste, are used 
by Asiatics for dyeing the nails, <ic, of an orange hue. 

hep, n. — see hip. 

hepar, n. he-par (L. and Gr. hepar, the liver), a com- 
bination of sulphur with an alkali; also called hepar 
sulphuris, -siil'fu-rls (L. liver of sulphur— so called 
from its liver-brown colour), sulphuret of potassium 
—a homoeopathic remedy. 

hepatic, a. he-pdt'lk. also hepatlcal, a. -l-kal (Gr. 
hepalikos, affecting the liver — from hepar, the liver), 
belonging to the liver— applied to a duct conveying 
the bile from the liver ; a -like colour and 

consistency : hepatite, n. he'-pd-tit, a dark-grey variety 
of heavy spar which, when rubbed or heated, emits a 
fetid odour like sulphuretted hydrogen : he'pati'tis, 
n. -tl'tls, inflammation of the liver: hepatisation, n. 
hepdV-i-zd'shun, a diseased part of the body having 
the appearance of liver. 

hepato, he'pd-to (Gr. hepar, the liver— gen. hepatos), 
a prefix signifying connected with or related to the 
liver: he'pato-gas'tric, a. -gas'trik (Gr. gaster, the 
stomach), belonging to the liver and stomach. 

hepta, hSp'td (Gr. hepta), a prefix signifying seven : 

hep tachord, n. -kaurd (Gr. chorde, a chord), an anc. 

cdiv, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair. 



n. -gon (Gr. gonia, an angle), a figure with seven sides 
and angles: heptagbnal, a. -6-ndl, having seven sides 
and angles : heptan'drian, a. -tdn'dri-dn (Gr. aner, a 
man— gen. andros), in bot., having seven stamens, as 
in the heptan'dria, n. -drl-d ; also heptan'drous, a. 
■drus: heptan'gular, a. -dng'-gu-ler (L. angulus, a cor- 
ner), having seven angles. 

heptarchy, n. hep'-tdr-kl (Gr. hepta, seven, and 
arche, rule), a government by seven persons ; the 
country so governed ; England, when divided into 
seven kingdoms, under the government of seven 



kings: heptarchic, liep-tar'-klk, denoting a sevenfold 
government: hep'tarchist, n. - 1 ' ' 
a heptarchy. 



who rules in 



her, pron. her (AS. heo, she ; hi, her ; hyre, of or to 
her), the objective case sing. fern, of the pers. pron. she : 
hers, Iwrz, the poss. form : herself, compound pers. 
pron. 

herald, n. her'dld (old F. hc'rauld; F. he'raut, a 
herald— from old H. Ger. haren, to shout), an officer who 
reads proclamations and regulates public ceremonies, 
&c. ; one who registers all matters connected with 
genealogy and armorial bearings ; a precursor or har- 
binger ; one who formerly carried messages between 
princes: v. to proclaim; to introduce, as by a herald: 
her'alding, imp.: heralded, pp.: heraldic, a. he-rdl- 
dik, of or relating to ln-ralds : heral'dically, ad. -dl- 
kdl-ll: heraldry, n. her-dl-drl, the art or practice of 
blazoning arms or ensigns armorial, &c. ; the science 
which teaches how to blazon or explain in proper terms 
all that belongs to coats of arms : her aldship, n. the 
office of a herald. 

herb, n. fierb (L. herba; F.herbe, grass, vegetation), 
a plant or vegetable with a soft stalk or stem, opposed 
to one with a woody stem ; a plant whose stem dies 
annually: herb less, a. -les, having no herbs: herba- 
ceous, a. hir-ba'-shus, pert, to or having the nature of 
herbs ; applied to any portions of a plant more par- 
ticularly green and succulent : herbage, n. her'-bdj, 
grass ; pasture ; herbs collectively : her'bal, n. -bdl, a, 
book which contains a classification and description 
of plants; a collection of specimens of plants dried 
and preserved : adj. pert, to herbs : her'balist, n. -1st, 
one who collects or sells herbs ; a practical botanist : 
herba'rium, n. -ba'rhum, a prepared collection of 
dried plants: herT>ary, n. -ber-i, a herb garden: 
herbes'cent, a. -bes'ent (L. herbescens, growing green), 
growing into herbs: herbivora, n. plu. -blv'-O-rd (L. 
voro, I eat), animals living on herbs or vegetables : 
herbiv'orous, a. -i-iis, eating or living on herbs or 
vegetable substances : herborise, v. her'bor-iz', to 
search for plants, or seek for new species : herT)ori'- 
sing. imp.: n. going about seeking for and gathering 
medicinal herbs: herborised', pp. -%zd' .- her'borisa- 
tion, n. -zd'-shun, act of seeking for plants in the field; 
figures of plants in mineral substances : herbous, a. 
hir'bus, abounding with herbs ; also herhose', a. -bos': 
her'by, a. -bi, having the nature of or pert, to herbs. 

herculean, a. herku'lS-dn (Gr. Herakles ; L. Her- 
ctiles), very great ; difficult or dangerous ; of extra- 
ordinary strength or power: Hercules, 11. hir'-ku-lez, 
a hero in the Greek mythology celebrated for his 
feats of strength, the son of Jupiter and Alcmena. 

herd.n. herd (Icel. hirda, to keep, to guard: Ger. 
hiirde, a hurdle or wattled fence : F. harde, a herd of 
deer), a collection or assemblage, as cattle or beasts ; 
the rabble ; one employed to attend cattle : v. to 
unite or associate, as beasts; to form into a herd: 
herding, imp.: herded, pp.: herds'man, n. one em- 
ployed in tending herds of cattle. 

here, ad. her (Ger. and Dut. hier; Icel. her; Sw. 
Mr), in this place ; in the present state or life : here 
and there, in a dispersed manner ; thinly : neither 
here nor there, neither in this place nor in that ; of 
no importance : here or here's, a word used as an in- 
troduction to the drinking of a health, and to call 
attention to the fact that such is about to be done, as 
well as to the person who is about to do it, as here's to 
you— that is, " it is to you," or " it is in your honour"; 
a word used in calling to, or making an offer, as 
"here's my hand," "come here," "here goes": here'- 
about, ad., also here'abouts, about this place : here- 
after, ad. in time to come : n. a future state : hereat', 
ad. at this : hereby 7 , ad. by this : herein', ad. in this ■ 
hereof, ad., of or from this : hereon', ad. on this : 
hereto', ad. -to', to this ; add to this : heretofore', ad. 
■t6-for y , hitherto ; formerly : hereunto', ad. -un-tv', :q 
game, jog, shun, thing, tiiere, zeal. 



HERE 



254 



HETE 



this : hereupon', ad. -up-dn', on this : herewith', ad. 
with this. 

hereditable, a. Mr-ed'-i-td-bl (L. hereditas, heirship, 
an inheritance— from heres, an heir : F. hiredite, heir- 
ship), that may be inherited : hereditably, ad. -bli : 
hereditament, n. her'-e-dit'd-ment, any species of pro- 
perty that may be inherited : hereditary, a. M-red- 
1-tdr-i, that has descended from an ancestor; that 
may be transmitted from parent to offspring : hered'- 
itarily, ad. -i-ll: heredity, n. -l-tl, or hereditary 
transmission, the scientific name for the law, "that 
each plant or animal produces others of like kind with 
itself." 

heresy, n. Mr'S-si (Gr. hairesis; L. hceresis, a taking 
for one's self, heresy— from Gr. haireo, I take, I choose), 
an untenable or unsound opinion or doctrine ; re- 
ligious opinion opposed to Scripture, as interpreted 
by the authorised doctrinal standard of any particu- 
lar church : her'etic, n. -tik, one who holds opinions 
contrary to those generally received or taught : heret- 
ical, a. M-rSt'-i-kdl, contrary to the true or established 
faith; erroneous: heretlcally, ad. -li: heresiarch, n. 
her'-i-si-drk (Gr. urchos, chief), a leader in heresy ; the 
founder of a sect of heretics : her'esiar'chy, n. -dr'-ki, 
chief heresy : her'esiog'raphy, n. -dg'-rdfi (Gr. grapho, 
I write), one who writes on heresies. 

heriot, n. her'i-ot (AS. heregeatwu, warlike imple- 
ment, what was given to the lord of the manor to pre- 
pare for war— from here, an army, and geatwe, a pro- 
vision, a treasure), a tribute or fine payable to the 
lord of the manor on the death of the landholder or 
vassal : her'iotable, a. -td-bl, subject to a tribute or 
fine. 

heritable, a. hSr'-i-td-bl (L. heres, an heir — gen. 
heredis), that may or can be inherited ; that passes 
to the heir : heritage, n. an estate which passes from 
an ancestor to an heir; in Scrip., those whom God 
adopts : heritor, n. her'-i-ter, in Scot., a landholder in 
a parish. 

hermae, n. plu. Mr'-mH (L. and Gr. Hermes, Mercury), 
heads carved on the top of a square pedestal or post 
diminishing towards the base, used to mark the 
boundaries of land. 

hermaphrodite, n. her-mdf'-rO-dit (Gr. Hermes, the 
god Mercury, and Aphrodite, the goddess Venus), a 
living creature which is both a male and a female ; a 
plant having the male and female organs of gene- 
ration: adj. designating both sexes: hermaph'ro- 
ditlc, a. -dlt'-Vc, or hermaph'rodit'ical, a. -i-kdl, unit- 
ing in one body the character of both sexes : her- 
maph'roditlcally, ad. -II: hermaphrodelty, n. -de- 
1-ti, being in the state of an hermaphrodite : her- 
maph'rodism, n. -ro-dizm, also hermaph'roditizm, n. 
-dit-izm, state of being an hermaphrodite ; the union 
of the two sexes in the same individual. 

hermeneutics, n. plu. Mr'-mi-nu'-tiks (Gr. hermeneu- 
tikos, pert, to explanation— from hermeneus, an inter- 
preter—from Hermes, Mercury), the art of interpret- 
ing or explaining with clearness the clauses or sen- 
tences of any author, particularly of Scripture : her'- 
meneu'tic, a. -tik, also her'meneu'tical, a. -ti-kdl, in- 
terpreting; explanatory: her'meneu'tically, ad. -li. 

hermetical, a. her-mW-i-kdl, also hermetic, a. -Ik 
(Gr. Hermes, Mercury, the fabled inventor of chemis- 
try), chemical; perfectly closed, so that no air, gas, or 
spirit can escape or enter : hermetically, ad. -li -. 
hermetically sealed, closed up or sealed by fusion, as 
the closing of a glass tube by melting the ends. 

hermit, n. her'-mlt (Gr. eremites, a solitary : It. ere- 
mita, a hermit), one who retires from society and 
lives in solitude for devotional purposes ; an anchorite ; 
a recluse or ascetic: her'mitage, n. -ml-tdj, a place 
inhabited by a hermit ; a secluded or solitary dwelling- 
place ; also her'mitary, n. -ter-i : hermitlcal, a. -i-kdl, 
pert, to a hermit or to a retired life. 

hermodactyl, n. Mr'-mO-ddk'-til (Gr. Hermes, Mer- 
cury, and daktulos, a finger), Mercury's finger, a root 
shaped like a heart flattened, and of a white colour, 
brought from Turkey, and used in medicine. 

hernia, n. her'-nl-d (L. hernia, a rupture— from Gr. 
hernos, a branch, a sprout), the protrusion of some 
part of the abdomen ; a rupture : her'nial, a. of or re- 
lating to hernia. 

hero, n. he'rO, plu. he'roes, -r6z (L. and Gr. heros, a 
demigod, a hero: P. heros, a hero: Fin. uros, an adult 
male, a brave man), a man who displays remarkable 
intrepidity, enterprise, or courage in matters con- 
nected with danger or suffering; the principal char- 
acter in a poem or tale : heroine, n. fem. hir'-o-in, 

vidte, mdt,far, law; mite, mSt, 



a female hero ; a brave woman : heroic, a. M-rO'-ik, 
pert, to a hero or heroes ; brave ; magnanimous : hero'- 
ically, ad. -li: he'roi-com'ic, a. -i-k'om'ik, also he'roi- 
comlcal, a. -i-kdl, consisting of the heroic and the 
ludicrous; serio-comic: heroism, n. hcr'6-izm, the 
quality or character of a hero ; bravery : he'roship, n. 
the character of a hero : hero-worship, -wer'-ship, ex- 
travagant admiration of great men, approaching, in 
some degree, the worship of heroes practised by the 
nations of antiquity: heroic age, the age when 
heroes, or the supposed children of the gods, are 
fabled to have lived : heroic verse, that verse in 
which the life of a hero is celebrated ; epic poetry ; 
the heroic verse in English consists of the iambic of 
ten syllables, and in classic poetry, the hexameter. 

Herodians, n. plu. hS-r6'-di-dnz, a sect among the 
Jews which took its name from Herod. 

heron, n. her'-un (AS. hragra; Sw. hiigr; F. hiron, a 
heron— probably from the harsh cry of the bird: W. 
cregyr, a screamer, a heron), a large long-legged 
fowl living on fish ; also called heronshaw (old F. 
heronceau): her'onry, n. -ri, a place where herons 
breed. 

herpes, n. hir'-pez (L. herpes, a spreading eruption 
on the skin— from Gr. herpo, I creep along: F. herpes), 
a skin disease consisting of clustered eruptions : her- 
petic, a. -pit'-lk, creeping; spreading; of or resembling 
herpes 

herpetology, n. her'-pe-tdl'-d-ji (Gr. herpeton, a rep- 
tile, and logos, discourse), the natural history of rep- 
tiles and a description of them : herpet'ologlc, a. 
-loj'-ik, pert, to : her'petol'ogist, n. -jlst, one versed in. 

herring, n. Mr-ring (F. hareng; Ger. haring; AS. 
hcering, a herring— from AS. here ; Ger. heer, a host, 
an army), a well-known sea-fish : herring-bone, ap- 
plied to a kind of cross-stitch in seams ; in masonry, 
when the stones are laid a: instead ol being bedded 
flat. 

hers, herz (see her), 3d pers. pron. fem. poss. : her- 
self, comp. pers. pron. fem. added for the sake of em- 
phasis, as she herself; in her ordinary character; 
female individual. 

Herschel, n. her'-shSl, the planet discovered by Dr 
Herschel, now called Uranus. 

herse, n. hers (F. herse, a harrow), a lattice or port- 
cullis in the form of a harrow set with iron spikes ; 
a frame of light woodwork covered with a cloth or 
pall, and ornamented with banners and lights, set 
up over a corpse in funeral solemnities ; a hearse— 
which see. 

hervidero, n. her'-vi-de'-rO (Sp. hervidero, ebullition 
—from hervir, to boil), the name given in Central 
America to the mud volcanoes. 

hesitate, v. Ms'-i-tdt (L. hozsitatum, to stick fast, to 
be uncertain : F. hesiter), to pause respecting decision 
or action; to be in doubt; to delay; to waver; to 
stammer in speech : heslta'ting, imp. : adj. pausing; 
stammering: heslta'ted, pp.: hesitation, n. -td'-shun, 
doubt; suspense of opinion or decision from uncer- 
tainty how to act : heslta'tingly, ad. -li: hesitancy, 
n. -tdn-si, a pausing to consider ; suspense. 

Hesper, n. hes'-per (L. Hesperus; Gr. Hesperos, 
Hesperus), the evening star: hespe'rian, a. -pe-ridn, 
western; situated at the west: Hesperldes, n. plu. 
-per'-i-dez, in anc. myth., the daughters of Hesperus, 
possessors of the fabulous garden of golden fruit at the 
western extremity of the earth : hes'peridlum, n. -per- 
id'-i-um, the fruit of the hes'perid'ese, -id'-e-e, an inde- 
hiscent many-celled fruit coated with a spongy rind, 
the cells containing a mass of pulp, in the midst of 
which a few seeds are embedded, as in the orange. 

hetero, het'-er-O, or heter, hSt'Sr (Gr. heteros, an- 
other), a common prefix, meaning another; one op- 
posite or different ; denoting dissimilarity ; irregular ; 
abnormal. 

heterarchy, n. hSt'Sr-dr-ki (Gr. lieteros, another, 
and arche, rule), the government of an alien. 

heterocephalus, a. Mt'er-6-sSf-d-lus (Gr. heteros, 
another, and kephale, the head), in bot., having 
some flower - heads male, and others female, on 
the same plant. 

heterocercal, a. hSt'Sr-6-ser'kdl (Gr. heteros, an- 
other, and kerkos, a tail), applied to fishes having 
unequally-lobed tails, as in the sharks and dogfish: 
heterochromous, a. hW-ir-o-kro'-mus (Gr. heteros, 
another, and chroma, colour), in 601!., having the cen- 
tral florets of a different colour from those of the cir- 
cumference. 

heteroclite, n. hSt'-Sr-O-kllt (Gr. heteros, another, 
her; pine, pin; note, nCt, mCve; 



HETE 



255 



HIER 



and klitos, a slope), anything irregular or anomalous : 
lidj. varying from the common forms ; irregular : het'- 
eroclitic, a. -d-klit'-ik, also het'eroclit'ical, a. -l-kdl, 
deviating from the common rule. 

heterodox, a. het'er-o-doks (Gr. heteros, another, and 
doxa, an opinion), contrary to right doctrines or tenets ; 
holding doctrines contrary to those established or gen- 
erally received ; heretical; opposed to orthodox: het- 
erodoxy, n. -doks-l, the state of being heterodox; 
opinions or doctrines contrary to those generally re- 
ceived; heresy. 

heterodromous, a. hSt'er-6'drdm-tis (Gr. heteros, 
different, and dromos, a course), in hot., running in 
different directions— applied to the arrangement of 
leaves in branches in a different manner from the 



, a. hSt'er-og-d-mi'is (Gr. heteros, an- 
other, and gamos, marriage), in hot., having the essen- 
tial parts of fructification on different spikelets from 
the same root. 

heterogeneous, a. hct'Sr-6-je'nlus, also het'eroge'- 
neal, a. -nidi (Gr. heteros, another, and genos, a kind), 
of a different kind or nature; unlike; dissimilar; con- 
fused and contradictory : het'eroge'neousness, n.:het'- 
eroge'neously, ad. -It: heterogeneity, n. -ii-ne'l-tl, op- 
position of nature ; dissimilarity. 

heteromorphous, a. het'-er-O-mor'fus (Gr heteros, an- 
other, and morphe, form or shape), having an irregular 
or unusual form. 

heteropathic, a. hSi'Sr-6-pdth'lk (Or. heteros, an- 
other, and pathos, suffering), regulating by a different 
action, force, or law: het'efop'athy, n. -op'd-thl, same 
as allopathy. 

heterophyllous, a. het'&r-o-fll'lus (Gr. heteros, an- 
other, and phullon, a leaf), two kinds of leaves on the 
same stem. 

heteropods, n. plu. h8t'-8r-6-podz (Gr. heteros, an- 
other, and pous, a foot — gen. podos), molluscous ani- 
mals whose feet are compressed so as to form a kind 
of vertical fins. 

heterorhizal, a. het'er-d-rl'zdl (Gr. heteros, another, 
and rhiza, a root), in bot., applied to rootlets proceed- 
ing from various points of a spore during germination. 

heteroscian, a. hat'-ir-osh'l-dn (Gr. heteros, another, 
and skia, a shadow), applied to the inhabitants of the 
earth between the tropics and the polar circles, in' al- 
lusion to their shadows, at noon, always falling in oppo- 
site directions— in the one case towards the north, and 
in the other towards the south : n. an inhabitant of 
that part of the earth. 

heterotropal, a. het'-dr-ot'rO-pdl. alsohet'erot'ropous, 
a, -pus (Gr. heteros, another, and trepo, I turn), lying 
across— applied to the embryo of seeds when they lie 
in an oblique position. 

hetman, n. het'mdn (Pol. hetman; Russ. ataman, 
a head man or chieftain), the sovereign prince or com- 
mander-in-chief among the Cossacks. 

heulandite, n. hu'ldn-dlt (after Heuland, the Eng. 
mineralogist), a mineral, usually of a white, but also 
of a flesh or tile-red colour, occurring in detached 
crystals, ami in layers and ^nmu: ,,,.,., 

hew, v. hu (Icel. hoggva, to strike, to cut: AS. 
heawaii; Dut. hauwen; Ger. hauen, to hew), to cut; 
to chop ; to hack : hewing, imp. : hewed, pt. and pp. 
hud: hewn, pp. hun: hewer, n. -er, one who: hewed 
or hewn, a. made smooth and even by cutting, as with 
a chisel; shaped by cutting: to hew down, to cut 
down; to fell by cutting: to hew out, to shape; to 
hollow. 

hex, hSks (Gr. hex, six), a common prefix, meaning 
six: hexachord, n. heks'dkawrd (Gr. hex, six, and 
L. chorda; Gr. korde, a string or chord), a musical 
instr. of six strings : hex'agon, n. -gon (Gr. hex, six, and 
gonia, a corner), a figure of six sides and angles : hex- 
ag'onal, a. -a. six angles and six sides: 

hexag'onally, ad. -It: hex'agyn'ian, a. -d-jln'l-dn (Gr. 
gune, a female), in bot., having six styles or pistils: 
hex'ahe'dral, a. -he'drdl (Gr. hedra, a base or seat), 
having six equal sides: hex'ahe'dron, n. -dron, a 
cube; a figure with six equal sides: hexam'eter, 
n. -dm'6-ter (Gr. metron, a measure), in L. or Gr. poetry, 
a line consisting of six poetic feet : adj. having six 
poetic feet : hex'amet'rical, a. -met'ri-kdl, also hex'- 
amet'ric, a. -rik, consisting of six poetic feet : hex-an'- 
drian, a.-dri-dn, also hexan'drous, a. -drus (Ger. aner, 
a man— gen. andros), having six stamens, of the genus 
hexan'dria, n. -dri-d: hexan'gular, a. -dng'-gu-ler (L. 
angulus, a corner), having six angles or corners : hex- 
apet'alous, a. -d-pet-d-lus (Gr. petalon, a leaf), having 



six petals or flower-leaves : hex'apla, n. -pld (Gr. hexap- 
lous, sixfold— from hex, six, and aplcios, single, plain), 
a collection of the Holy Scriptures in six versions of 
the Gr. and Heb. text, arranged in columns: hex- 
aplar, a. -pldr, containing six columns of the same 
matter in different versions or in different languages : 
hex'apod, n. -pdd (Gr. pous, afoot— gen. podos), an ani- 
mal having six feet : hex'astich, n. -stik (Gr. stichos, a 
verse), a poem consisting of six verses : hex'astyle, n. 
-stll (Gr. stulos, a column), a building with six columns 
in front, or with six columns to support the roof: hex'- 
aprot odon, n. -prot'-o-don (Gr. protos, the first, the 
front, and odous, a tooth), literally, the six front 
teeth ; in geol. , the generic term for a large pachyderm, 
whose remains occur in certain tertiaries of Asia. 

heyday, int. hd'-dd (Ger. heyda, an exclamation of 
high spirits : Sw. hojta, to shout), an exclamation of 
frolic or exultation: n. frolic; wildness— applied to 
youth. 

hhd., the common contr. for hogshead. 

hiatus, n. hl-d'tus (L. hiatus, an opening, a cleft 
—from hio, I open or gape: F. hiatus), the opening 
of the mouth in pronouncing words or syllables, when 
a vowel follows a vowel; the effect so produced; a 
defect in a MS. ; a gap ; an opening. 

hibernal— see under hibernate. 

hibernate, v. hi'ber-ndt (L. hiberna, winter quar- 
ters, houses for winter), to pass the winter in a state 
of seclusion or sleep, as certain wild animals do: 
hi'bernating, imp. : adj. having the nature of that 
which hibernates : hibernated, pp. : hibernation, 
n. -nd'-.shun, the act of spending winter in seclusion 
or sleep : hiber'nal, a. -ndl, of or belonging to win- 
ter. Note. — The preceding words also spelt with 
y for i. 

Hibernian, a. hl-ber-nX-dn (L. Hibernia, Ireland), 
of or pert, to Hibernia or Ireland : n. an Irishman : 
Hibernicism, n. -nl-sizm, a modi' of speech peculiar 
to the Irish ; an Irish idiom : Hiber'no-Cel'tic, a. the 
native Irish language. 

hiccough, n. hlk-up (Dut. huckup ; Bret. 7iik; F. 
hoquet, hiccough: Dut. hikken, to sob: an imitative 
word), the sound caused by a sudden catching of the 
breath, repeated at short intervals; a short inspira- 
tory movement, attended by convulsive contraction of 
the diaphragm: v. to utter a short choking cough: 
hie coughing, imp. : hiccoughed, pp. -kupt '.- more usu- 
ally spi-it hiccup, hie'eupping, hie'eupped, -kupt. 

hickory, n. hik'-or-i, a nut-bearing American tree 
whose wood possesses great strength and tenacity ; a 
species of walnut. 

hidalgo, n. hi-ddl'gO (Sp.), in Spain, a nobleman of 



huddo, to cover: Norm, hide, the la'ir of a beast), to 
be withdrawn from sight; to conceal; to keep secret: 
hi'ding, imp. : n. concealment: hid, pt. Aid, did hide; 



one who: hid denly, ad. -II: hide-and-seek, a child's 
amusement, in which some hide and others seek: 
hiding-place, a place of concealment. 

hide, n. hid (Ger. haut; Dut. huyd; Icel. hud, skin 
of a beast), the skin of a horse, ox, or other large 
animal ; an anc. measure of land of about 100 acres, 
or as much as could be tilled by a single plough : 
hiding, n. hi'ding, in familiar language, a beating : 
hide'bound, a. applied to a disease of cows and horses 
characterised by a morbid tightness of the skin ; hav- 
ing the bark so close and firm as to impede growth — 
said of trees. 

hideous, a. hid'i-us (F. hideux, hideous: old F. 
hidour, dread: Sw. hisna ; Low Ger. huddern, to 
shudder), horrible; frightful to the sight; exciting 
terror: hid'eously, ad. -li: hid'eousness, n. 

hie, v. hi (AS. higan, to endeavour: Dut. hiighen, 
to pant), to hasten; to go in haste: hieing, imp.: hied, 
pp. hid. 

hiemal, a. 7rt nali&, belonging to win- 

ter— from hiems, winter), of or belonging to winter. 

hierarch, n. hl'e-rdrk (Gr. hieros, sacred, and 
archos, a ruler or prince), the chief of a sacred order : 
hi'erarchal, a. -rdr'kdl, pert, to a hierarchy or sacred 
government; also hi'erar'chical, a. -ki-kdl: hierar- 
chically, ad. -It: hi'erar'chy, n. -rdr'ki, ranks or orders 
of the sacred ministry, commonly applied to the 
order of Episcopal churches ; the priesthood: hi'erat'- 
ic, a. -rdt'lk, pert, to priests or to sacred uses : hi'erar- 
chism, n. -rdr-kizm, church government by a hier- 



cdlv, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



HIER 



256 



HIPP 



archy: hi'eroc'rasy, n. -rok'rd-sl (Gr. krateo, I am 
strong or powerful), government by priests ; hier- 
archy. 

hieroglyph, n. hl'6-ro-gllf, also hi'eroglyph'ic, n. 
-Ik (Gr. hieros, sacred, and glupho, I carve), a sacred 
character or symbol; the sculpture or picture-writing 
of anc. Egypt— generally used in the pin. hierogly- 
phics : hi'eroglyph'ic, a. -tk, also hi'eroglyphlcal, a. 
-l-kdl, expressive of some meaning by pictures or 
figures; emblematic: hi'eroglyph'ically, ad. -II: hi'- 
eroglyph'ist, n. one skilled in the reading of hiero- 
glyphs: hierogram, n. hi'&ro-grdm (Gr. gramma, a 
letter), a species of sacred writing : hi'erogrammat'ic, 
a. -mdt'lk, pert, to a hierogram : hi'erogram'matist, 
n. a sacred writer : hi'erog'raphy, n. -rog'rd-fl (Gr. 
grapho, I write), sacred writing: hi'erographlc, a. 
■Ik, also hi'erographlcal, a. -l-kdl, pert, to: hi'er- 
ol'ogy, n. -rol'6-jl (Gr. logos, a word), the science of 
hieroglyphics : hi'erologlc, a. -loj'lk, also hi'erolog'- 
ical, -l-kdl, pert, to : hi'erol'ogist, n. -jlst, one who is 
skilled in : hi'eromancy, n. -mdn-sl (Gr. manteia, di- 
vination), divination by observing the things offered 
in sacrifice: hi'erophant, n. -fdnt, in anc. Greece, a 
priest who im i adi ites into sacred mysteries 

and duties : hi'erophan'tic, a. -tlk, pert. to. 

higgle, v. hlg'-l (prov. Ger. hitzler, one who carries 
about meal or corn on horseback for sale: Swiss, 
hodeln, to traffic in corn), to carry about provisions 
for sale ; to be difficult in making a bargain : hig- 
gling, imp. : n. the bein I nice in making 

a bargain: higgled, pp. hig'-ld: hig'gler, n. one who 
chaffers ; one tedious in making a bargain. 

higgledy-piggledy, ad. Mg'l-dl-plg'l-dl, in familiar 
language, confusedty ; topsy-turvy ; chance medley. 

high, a. hi (AS. heah; Goth, hauhs; Icel. ha; Ger. 
hoch), far upwards; elevated; lofty; noble; honour- 

" ; violent; boastful pi incipal or chief ; strong or 



with deep thought: hlgh'ly, ad. -II: high'ness, n. 
-nSs, a title given to princes or persons of rank; ele- 
vation : on high, aloft : high admiral, the chief ad- 
miral : high altar, the principal altar : high and dry, 
completely out of the water ; out of reach of the waves : 
high art, that elevated style which disarms criticism 
by avoiding the slightest attempt at meretricious dis- 
play : high bailiff, the chief officer of some corporate 
towns : high-blown, a. much inflated : high-born, a. of 
noble birth: high church, the party in the Church of 
England who hold strong views of the authority and 
jurisdiction of ihe Church : high-coloured, a. glaring ; 
exaggerated : high day, a great feast day ; a day of 
great ceremonies : high-fed, a. pampered : high-flier, 
one who carries his opinions or claims to extrava- 
gance: high-flying, extravagant in opinions or 
claims: high-flavoured, a. having a strong flavour: 
high-flown, a. swelled; proud; extravagant: high- 
handed, a. violent ; overbearing : high life, the manner 
of life among the aristocracy or persons of wealth : 
high living, the feeding upon rich and costly food: 
high-lows, -loz, a boot extending up to the ankle only : 
high mass, mass on great occasions, and in a specially 
formal and solemn manner: high-mettled, a. having 
a proud or ardent spirit: high-minded, a. foolishly 
proud ; arrogant ; often applied in the sense of having 
honourable pride : high place, an elevation or mound 
used in anc. times for worship and sacrifices: high- 
pressure engine, a steam-engine in which the steam is 
not condensed: high seas, the ocean beyond the 
limits of the waters usually assigned to nations : high 
priest, n. the principal priest among the Jews, &c. : 
high-road, that used by the public for traffic, vehicles, 
&c: high-seasoned, a. food well spiced: high-sound- 
ing, a. pompous ; noisy : high-spirited, a. full of life 
and spirit: high time, time at which a thing must 
be attended to: high-toned, a. high in sound or in 
moral principles : high treason, the greatest offence 
that can be committed by a subject, and assigned by 
statute to various crimes— as, compassing the death of 
the king or queen, rebellion against the state, killing 
certain high officers, counterfeiting the great seal, &c. : 
high water, the time when the tide has flowed to its 
furthest point : high-water mark, line reached by the 
furthest flow of the tide : high'way'man, n. a robber 
who plunders on the public roads : high-wrought, a. 
-rawt, accurately and elaborately finished. 
Highland, 1 1 h I •■ l(h igh, and land), a mountain- 



e who is a native of the Highlands 

mdle, mat, fdr, law; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, mOve; 



of Scotland, or of any mountainous district of a coun- 

higre, n. hi'ger, also eagre, egre, hygre, or aker 

(Bav. hidl, the rising of the underground water-level : 
Fris. hieen, to rise or swell, as water: Icel. JEgir, the 
sea-god, the sea), the commotion made in certain 
rivers by the meeting of the tidal wave and the river 
current; a sudden inundation of the sea. 

hilarious, a. lii-ld'rl-us (L. hilaris; Gr. hilaros, 
merry, joyful), mirthful ; merry: hilarity, n. -Idr'l-tl, 
ii ' '■li.'-ci I .... . :,i.-iai ).!( :: ..ire; gaiety. 

Hilary, a. hll'd-ri (from St Hilary), applied to a term 
commencing about the time of St Hilary's day, about 
Jan. 13. 

hile, n. Ml— see hilum. 

hill, n. Ml (Dut. heuvel; Ger. hugel, a hill : Low Ger. 
hull, a mound : Fris. hovel, a hunch in the back), a 
natural elevation of the land less in height than a 
mountain : hillside, n. the side of a hill : hilly, a. -It, 
abounding with hills: hillock, n. hll'ok, a small hill. 

hilt, n. Mlt (Dut. hilte, the hilt of a sword— from 
holte, a cavity : Icel. Malt, the knob at each end of a 
handle), the handle of anything, chiefly a sword: 
hilt'ed, a. having a hilt. 

hilum, n. hl'lum, also spelt hile, n. Ml (L. hilum, a 
thread, a little thing), the eye of a seed ; the scar or 
spot indicating the point where the seed was attached 
to the pericarp, as the dark mark at the one end of a 
bean. 

him, pron. Mm (AS. Mne, him— see he), the obj. 
case of he ; his, poss. : himself, masc. (him, and self), 
a reciprocal pron., joined to a noun or pronoun to 
render it more emphatic : herself, fern. : themselves, 
plu. com. gend. ; by himself, alone ; unassisted. 

hin, n. Mn (Heb.), an anc. Hebrew measure con- 
taining about twelve pints. 

hind, n. hind (Icel. hind; Ger. hindinn, a hind), the 
female of the red deer, of which the male is the stag. 

hind, n. hind (AS. hina, a domestic : Sw. hjun, the 
member of a family : Icel. Mon, a family), a servant ; 
a husbandman ; a peasant. 

hind, a. hind (Ger. hinter, behind : Fin. hanta, the 
tail; hannassa, behind: AS. hindan, behind), pert, to 
the tail or back part ; pert, to the part which follows, 
in opposition to fore : comp. hinder, hlnd'er, that i3 
in a position contrary to that of the head or forepart: 
superl. hindmost, -most, or hind'ennost, the last; 
being in the rear of all others. 

hinder, v. hln'der (AS. hindrian, to hinder— from 
hinder, behind, after), to put or keep back ; to retard 
progress ; to delay ; to raise obstacles : hin'dering, 
imp.: hin'dered, pp. -derd: hin'derer, n. one who: 
hin'derance or hin'drance, n. -drdns, that which 
stops progress or advance ; impediment. 

Hindoo, n., also Hindu, n. Mn-do' (Hind. Hindi or 
Hindawi, a native of India), a native of Hindustan: 
Hin'dooism, n. -Izm, also Hin'duism, n. the doctrines 
and rites of the Hindoos : Hin'doostan'ee, or Hindu- 
stani, n. -stdn'e, the language of the Hindoos : adj. 
pert, to the Hindoos or their language. 

hinge, n. Mnj (old Eng. King, to hang: Dut. henghen, 
to hang— from henghe, a hook), the hook or joint on 
which a door, &c, turns or swings : v. to furnish with 
to hang or depend: hin'ging, imp.: hinged, 



hint, n. hint {Icel. ymia, to whizz ; ymta, to rumour : 
Dan. ymfe, to whisper), a distant allusion; slight 
mention or reference : v. to bring to mind by a slight 
intimation : to suggest ; to allude to distantly ; to 
imply: hinting, imp. : hint'ed.pp.: hint'ingly, ad. -II. 

hip, n. M.p (Ger. hufte; Dut. heupe, the hip, the 
flank: Norm, hupp, the flank), the projection caused 
by the haunch-bone and it coi ei ing >< ;h ; the upper 
fleshy part of the thigh: hipped roof, n. Mpt'rdf, 
a roof having the ends and the sides of the same slope: 
hip-knob, the ornament placed at the point of junc- 
tion where the sloping sides of a roof meet, or on the 
summit of a gable : hip and thigh, in Scrip., wholly ; 
completely. 

hip, n. Mp (Sw. hjupon; Dan. hybe; AS. Mop), the 
fruit of the brier or dog-rose. 

hip, Mp, an int. used on convivial occasions, in con- 
nection with hurrah. 

hippish, a. Mp'plsh, also hipped, a. hlpt (corruption 
of hypochondriac), somewhat hypochondriac. 



HIPP 



257 



HOBB 



hippocamp, n. hip'po-kdmp, also hip'pocam'pus, n. 

-kdm-pus iGr. hippos, a horse, and kampto, I bend or 
curve : L. hippocampus), a small fish of singular shape 
with head and neck like a horse; the sea-horse ; a fabu- 
lous monster, having the head and fore quarters of a 
horse attached to the tail of a fish : hip'pocen'taur, n. 
-sen'-tdwr (Gr. hippos, and centaur, which see), in ayic. 
fable, a creature said to be half man and half horse. 

hippocrass, n. hip'-pd-krds (after the anc. physician 
Hippocrates), a medicinal drink consisting of* spiced 
wine: hip'pocratic, a. -krdt'-lk, of or pert, to Hippoc- 
rates; having pale, sunken, and contracted features 
in dis j :i?e, or when dying. 

hippodrome, n. Mp'pOdrSm (Gr. hippos, a horse, 
and dromos, a running-course), a circus ; a horse and 
chariot racing-ground : hip pogriff , n. -grff (Gr. grups, 
a griffin), a fabulous winged animal half horse and 
half griffin: hip'popathol'ogy, n. -pd-thdl-6-ji (Gr. 
hippos, and path v.;."). the doctrine or description of 
diseases of horses: hippoph'agi, n. plu. -pof'-d-jl (Gr. 
phago, I eat), horse-eaters: hippoph'agous, a. -pus, 
feeding on horses: hip'popo'dium, n. pO'-dl-um (Gr. 
pous, a foot — gen. podos), in geol., a large heavy bi- 
valve characteristic of the lower lias shales of Eng- 
land: hippo rion, n. -po'-i-l-on, in geol., a tertiary 
mammal having affinities with the horse : hip'popot- 
amus, n. -pot'-d-mus (Gr. jjotaryios, a river), the sea 
or river horse: hip'pothe'rium, n. -the-rl-iun (Gr. 
therion, a wild beast), in geol., a mammal of the mio- 
cene tertiaries, so called from its close resemblance to 
the horse family: hippuric, a, hlp-pu-rlk (Gr. oitron, 
urine), applied to an acid obtained from the urine of 
horses or cows: hippurite, n. hlp'-pu-rlt (Gr. oura, a 
tail), in geol., a massive horsehoof-like bivalve of the 
chalk formation, having a deep conical under valve, 
with a flatfish lid or upper valve : hip purites, n. plu. 
•rltz, in geol., a genus of coal-measure plants, so called 
from their close resemblance to the common hippuris, 
hin pii'ris, or mare's tail of our marshes. 

hircine, n. her'sln (L. hircus, a he-goat), a foetid oily 
matter found in goat's or sheep's fat : hir'cic, a, -sik, 
applied to an acid derived from hircine. 

hire, v. Mr (AS. hyre ; Dut. huur; Ger. heuer; W. 
hur, wages, payment for service), to procure the use 
of, for a certain time, and at a certain price ; to let 
out for money : n. the price paid for the loan or tem- 
porary use of anything ; wages : Wring, imp. : n. an 
engagement to service: adj. applied to a place where 
engagements to service are entered into: hired, pp. 
Mrd: hire less, a. without hire: hi'rer, n. -rtr, one 
who hires : Mre'ling, n. one who serves for wages ; a 
mercenary — used generally in a bad sense. 

hirsute, a. her'-sAt(L. h irs}itus, rough, hairy), covered 
with long stiffish hairs thickly set ; hairy : hirsute - 
ness, n. -nis, hairiness. 

his, hlz, pers. pron. poss. of he, which see. 

hispid, a. hispid (L. hispidus, bristlv, rugged: F. 
hispide), re g ng hairs or bristles. 

hiss, n. his (an imitative word : Piedm. isse or sisse, 
to hiss on a dog: W. hust, a low buzzing noise: It. 
zitto, a slight sound : Dan. tys, hush ; tpsse, to hush), 
an expression of contempt or disapprobation like the 
continuous sound of the letter s, produced by driving 
breath between the tongue and the teeth ; the noise 
made by a serpent or goose : v. to express contempt 
by hisses; to condemn by hissing: his'sing, imp.: n. 
the act or expression of: hissed, pp. hist: his'singly, 
ad. -IX: hist, int. hl* f . hush ; silence. 

histogenesis, n. hls'-to-jin'-S-sls, also histog'eny, n. 
-tdj'e-ni (Gr. histos. a tissue, and gennao, I produce), 
the formation and development of organic tissues: 
histol'ogy, n. -tol'-o-jl (Gr. logos, a discourse), the 
science of the animal tissues ; the description of the 
tissues which form an animal or plant : his'tologlcal, 
a. -loj'i-kdl, relating to histology or the description 
of tissues. 

history, n. hls'to-ri (Gr. and L. historia, history: F. 
histoire), a systematic account of facts and events, 
particularly those affecting nations or states ; a narra- 
tion of past events : histo'rian, n. -to'-rl-dn, one who 
writes history : historical, a. -tdr'-i-kdl, also historic, 
a. -Ik, pert, to hi storv; , ;.ntained in historv or deduced 
from it : historically, ad. -kdl-ll: his'toribg'raphy, n. 
3 write u act or employ- 



ment of writing history : his'toriog'rapher, n. -rd-fir, 
one who ; a person appointed by a sovereign to write 
the history of his kingdom : sacred history, "the history 
of religion and the events connected with it, as con- 
tained in the Scriptures : profane history, the history 

cdio, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shim, thing, there, zeal. 



of nations in general, called also civil history: anc 
history, the history of th nfaquity down 

to the destruction of the Western Empire, 476 A.D. : 
history of the middle ages, extends from 476 A.D. to 
end of 15th century : modern history, from about 1492 
A.D. to our own times : classical history, the history of 
the Greeks and Romans : natural history, a descrip- 
tion and classification of the mineral, vegetable, and 
animal productions of the earth— sometimes limited 
to animals only. 

histrionic, a. his'-irl-on'-lk, also his'trionlcal, a. 
-l-kdl (L. h isirio, an actor or stage-player : F. h istrion), 
of or relating to the stage or stage-players ; befitting 
the stage : histrionically, ad. -li : histrionic art, the 
art of acting in the drama : his'trionism, n. -nizm, 
stage-playing. 

hit, v. Mi (Icel. hitta, to light on: Bav. hutzen, to 
strike), to touch or strike with or without force ; to 
touch, as a mark ; to succeed ; to chance luckily ; to 
light on : n. a stroke ; a chance ; a lucky chance ; a 
happy conception : hitting, imp.: hit, hlt'pt. and pp.: 
hit'ter, n. -er, one who: to hit off, to describe l>y 
characteristic strokes : to hit on or upon, to light 
upon, or come to, by chance. 

hitch, n. Mch (Bav. hutschen, to rock, to hitch one's 
self: Dut. hut sen, to shake, to jumble), a catch, or 
anything which acts as one ; a knot or noose in a 
rope ; a sudden stop or halt ; an impediment : v. to 
hook, or catch by a hook ; to catch ; to move by jerks : 
hitching, imp. : hitched, pp. hicht. 

hither, ad. Mth'-er (AS. hider or hither; Icel. hed- 
har), to this place : adj. nearer : hith'ermost, adj. 
-most, nearest on this side : hitherto, ad. -t6, to this 
time or place ; in any time before the present : hith'- 
erward, ad. -werd, towards this place. 

hive, n. hiv (Goth, heiv; Icel. hiu, family, house- 
hold: AS. hige, a household), a kind of box or basket 
in which the domestic bees store their honey ; a swarm 
of bees ; any company of persons numerous and in- 
dustrious: v. to collect into a hive; to take shelter 
together : hi'ving, imp. : hived, pp. Mvd : hi'ver, n. 
one who. 

hives, n. plu. hlvz, in Scot, and A T . of Eng., a skin 
disease among children, consisting of vesicles scat- 
tered over the body, which are shaped something like 
a beehive ; the croup. 

ho, int. ho, also hoa, int. hO-d (F. ho, an int. to im- 
pose silence or stop an action), hold! stop! used to 
excite attention. 

hoar, a. hor (AS. har, hoary: Icel. ho?ra, grey hair; 
Jicerdr, grey -haired : F. < iiirt), white, as 

with frost or age : hoary, a. hor'-l, white or grey with 
age; greyish-white ; thickly covered with short whitish 
hairs : hoar'iness, n. -nis, the state of being whitish or 
grey : hoar-frost, frozen dew or vapours on the surface 
of the ground. 

hoard, n. hord (AS. hord ; Goth, huzd ; old H. Ger. 
hort, treasure), a store or stock of anything accumu- 
lated or laid up ; a hidden stock ; a treasure : v. to 
collect and lay up a quantity of anything ; to amass or 
store up secretly: hoarding, imp.: n. the habit or 
practice of secreting money or treasure : hoard'ed, 
pp. : hoard'er, «. one who. 

hoard, n. herd, also hoarding, n. {Dut. horde, a 
fence of branches: Ger. hiirde, a frame of rods ; hur- 
dling, a fence), a timber fence enclosing builders while 
at work ; a fence about any building while erecting 
or under repair. 

hoarse, a. hors (AS. and Icel. has; Ger. heiser; Dut. 
heesch, hoarse), having a rough grating voice, as from 
a cold: hoarsely, ad. -II: hoarseness, n. -nes, harsh- 
ness or roughness of voice or sound ; unnatural asper- 
ity of voice. 

hoary, a., and hoariness, n.— see hoar. 

hoax, n. hoks {AS. hucx, slight irony: also a supposed 
corruption of hocus, in the phrase hocus-pocus), some- 
thing done for deception; a deceptive trick; an im- 
position : v. to play a trick upon for sport ; to deceive : 
hoaxing, imp.: hoaxed, pp. hokst. 

hob, n. hobd '; stammer : Dut. hdbbeZen, 

to stammer, to jolt ; hobbelig, rough, uneven : Dan. 
hob, a heap), the flat side part of a grate ; a country 
clown; a rustic: hobble, v. hob'-l, to walk lamely; to 
limp ; to fasten loosely together the legs ; to clog : n. 
an unequal limping walk : hobljling, imp. -bling: adj. 
walking with a halting step ; limping : hobbled, pp. 
hob-Id: hobble: n tewho: hob'blingly, ad. -li. 

hobbledehoy, n. hob'-hde-hdij, a youth not yet come 
to man's estate. 



HOBB 



258 



HOLO 



hobby, n. hob'-M, or hobby-horse (Ger. hoppe, a 
mare : F. hobin, a little ambling horse : Gr. hippos, a 
horse : Fris. hoppe, a horse, in nursery language), a 
stick on which young boys place themselves astride 
and ride ; a wooden horse on which children ride ; 
a pasteboard representation of a horse fastened to a 
man, who appears then to be riding on horseback ; 
the favourite object or pursuit of any one. 

hobby, n. hdb-bl (F. hobere.au, a hobby), a small but 
strong- winged falcon— formerly trained for hawking. 

hob-nails, n. hob'-nalz (Ger. hufnagel, a hoof-nail— 
see hob), the nails set in the thick soles of a country 
shoe ; the nails of a horse-shoe : hobgoblin, n. -gob- 
lin, a clownish goblin ; a frightful fairy. 

hobnob, v. hob-nob (AS. habban, to have, and nab- 
ban, to have not), at a social meeting, a friendly invi- 
tation to reciprocal drinking : hobnob'bing, imp. : 
hobnobbed', pt. and pp. -ndbdf. 

hock, n. hok (AS. hoh, the heel, the ham ; hoh-sin, 
the hamstring : Ger. hakse, the foot-joint of the hind 
leg of a horse ; hacke, the heel), the joint of an animal 
between the knee and fetlock— hough, used in same 
sense, but signifies properly the back of the knee : v. 
to cut the hamstring: hocking, imp.: hocked, pp. 
hold. 

hock, n. hok {Hochheim, in Germany), Rhenish wine. 

hocus, v. ho'kus (Dut. hokus-bokus ; F. hoccus-bocus, 
the gibberish repeated by jugglers— probably from 
Ochus-Bochus, a magician and demon of the north- 
ern mythology), to cheat or trick; to put a trick 
upon: ho'cussing, imp.: ho'cussed, pp. -kust: hocus- 
pocus, a. -po'kus, a juggler's trick : v. to put a trick 
upon one. 

hod, n. hod (F. hotte, a scuttle : Ger. hotte, a basket 
in which grapes are gathered : Scot, hot, a small heap), 
an open wooden box fitted with a handle, in which 
labourers carry mortar or brick on their shoulders : 
hod'man, n. a bricklayer's labourer. 



pdch (Dut. huti ' pot— from prov. F. hacK- 

poter, to hack, to cut to bits), a mixed mass, or a 
medley of ingredients; in Scot, a soup with a large 
variety of vegetables. 

hoe, n. ho (F. houe, a hoe— from ftouer, to dig up : 
Dut. houiuer, to pick or hoe— from homven, to hew), a 
common garden or field tool : v. to dig or cleanse with 
a hoe ; to cleaj from weeds : hoeing, imp. : n. the 
clearing or digging with a hoe : hoed, pp. hod. 

hog, n. hdg (W. hwch, a swine : Bret, hoc'h, a swine — 
from houc'ha, to grunt), a pig ; a swine ; a gelded 
boar ; a flat rough broom used by seamen for scrub- 
bing : v. to scrape and scrub a ship's bottom under 
water ; to become bent upward in the middle— applied 
to a ship strained out of shape ; to cut short, as the 
mane of a horse : hog'ging, imp. : hogged, pp. hogd, 
applied to a ship which, through some defect or strain, 
droops at each end : hog'get, n. -St, a boar of the second 
year: hog'gish, a. -ish, resembling a hog; filthy; 
greedy; selfish: hog'gishly, ad. -II: hog'gishness, n.: 
hog-sty, an enclosure or house for hogs : hog's lard, 
■lard, the fat of the hog or swine : hogger-pump, the 
top pump in the sinking pit of a mine : hog'gers, n. 
plu. -gerz, stockings without feet worn by miners at 
their work : hog's back, in geol. , the ridgy structure of 
certain districts, consisting of alternate ridges and 
ravines. 

hog or hogg, n. hog, also hoggerel, n. -ger-Sl (Norm. 
F. hogetz, a hog : Dut. hokkeling, a beast of one year 
old, from being fed in the hok or pen), a young sheep 
of the second year ; a young sheep that has not been 
shorn : hog'get, same as hog : wether-hog, a young 
castrated male sheep : hog colt, a yearling colt. 

hogmanay, n. hdg'mdn-a' (Norm. F. au gui menez, 
lead to the mistletoe), in Scot., the old name of the 
last day of the year ; a noted festival day, and one 
employed in merriment. 

hogshead, n. hogz'hSd (Dut. ochshood; Sw. oxhuf- 
wud), a measure commonly containing 54 gals., some- 
times 63 gals. ; any large cask. 

hoiden, n. hdy'dSn (W. hoeden, a flirt ; Dut. heyden, 
a rude uncultivated man), a rude or rustic girl : adj. 
rude ; ill-taught ; bold : v. to romp rudely : hoi'den- 
ing, imp. -dn-ing: hoi'dened, pp. -dSnd. 

hoist, v. hdyst (F. hisser ; Sw. hissa ,- Dan. heise, to 
hoist), to raise ; to lift ; to bear upwards by means of 
tackle : n, a raising ; a lift ; an apparatus for raisinf 



or lifting bodies from the ground: hoist'ing, imp.: 
hoist'ed, pp. 

hoity-toity, int. hdy'tl-toy'ti, an exclamation ex- 
pressing a check to over-liveliness and exuberance of 
spirits : adj. thoughtless ; giddy ; flighty. 

holaster, n. ho-lds'ter (Gr. holos, entire, wholly, and 
astron, a star), in geol, a genus of fossil sea-urchins, 
comprehending those which are heart-shaped. 

hold, v. hold (AS. healdan, to keep, to observe: 
Ger. halten; Dut. houden, to preserve: Icel. halla, 
guard), to stop ; to detain ; to have or grasp in the 
hand ; to keep ; to keep steady or fast ; to contain ; 
to possess ; to be true ; not to fail ; to stick ; to ad- 
here ; to maintain, as an opinion : n. a grasp, as with 
the hands ; an embrace ; power of keeping or seizing ; 
influence ; a fortified place ; a prison : int. or impera. 
be still ! forbear ! stop 1 hold'ing, imp. : n. a tenure ; 
a farm held of a superior ; land or house rented : held, 
pt. and pp. Mid, did hold : hold'er, n. -er, one who 
possesses anything; a tenant: hold'fast, n. -f&st, a 
long nail with a catch or hook: to hold forth, to 
offer ; to put forward ; to harangue : to hold in, to 
restrain : to hold off, to keep at a distance : to hold 
on, to continue : to hold out, to propose or offer ; to 
yield not : to hold together, to remain in union : to 
hold up, to raise ; to sustain or support : to hold 
one's own, to keep one's ground. 

hold, n. hold (Dut. holte, a cavity— from hoi, hollow: 
Scot, how, hollow), the whole interior cavity of a ship ; 
the space where the cargo is stored 

hole, n. hoi (Dut. hoi ; Ger. hohl, hollow : Ger. hohle, 
a cave), an opening in or through a solid body ; an ex- 
cavation in the ground ; a perforation ; a cavity ; a 
mean place or habitation : v. to dig or make a hole in ; 
to drive into a hole or bag, as in billiards : ho'ling, 
imp.: n. in coal-mining, cutting under a seam of coal 
so as to deprive it of support and facilitate its falling 
down : holed, pp. hold : hole and corner, special and 
private to promote party ends or some disreputable 
object, as a hole-and-corner meeting. 

holiday, n. hdl'l-da (Dut. heyligh-dagh, a sacred 
day— see holy), a day of freedom from labour ; a day 
of joy and gaiety : adj. pert to a festival ; gay. 

holiness, n. ho'-li-nis (from holy, which see), free- 
dom from sin ; moral goodness ; piety ; purity ; sacred- 
ness ; a title of the Pope. 

holing, n.— see under hole. 

Holland, n. holldnd, fine linen first manufactured 
in Holland : Hollands, n. Dutch or a superior kind 
of gin : Hollander, n. a Dutchman. 

holloa, int. hullo', also spelt hollo and holla (F. 
hold, ho there!) an exclamation used in calling to 
some one at a distance ; a word expressive of sur- 
prise : v. to call the attention of some one at a dis- 
tance : holloaing, imp. : holloaed, pp. hullod'. 

hollow, a. hollo (from hole, which see), having an 
empty space within ; not solid ; deep ; not sincere or 
faithful; not real; false: n. any depression of surface ; 
a cavity ; a pit ; a groove : v. to dig or scoop out ; to 
excavate : ad. without difficulty, as he carries it hol- 
low; without a chance of success, or beyond a doubt, as 
he was beaten hollow: hollowing, imp.: hollowed, 
pp. -I6d: hollowly, ad. -II: hollowness, n. state of 
being hollow ; insincerity ; deceit : hollow-hearted, 
a. insincere ; treacherous : hollow square, in a body 
of foot, soldiers drawn up in the form of a square with 
an unoccupied space in the middle: hollow-eyed, 
a. having the eyes sunk in the head. 

holly, n. hoi i ■ old Eng. hollen; W. 

celyn), an evergreen shrub having prickly leaves, and 
producing clusters of red berries ; the holm-tree ; 
called also the holm. 

hollyhock, n. hol'H-hok (AS. hoc; W. hocys, mal- 
lows, and holly — so called from being supposed to 
have been first brought from the Holy Land), a tall 
beautiful flowering plant. 

holm, n. holm or horn (AS. holen, holm or alder-' 
tree— see holly), the evergreen oak. 

holm, n. holm or hom, spelt also holme— generally 
when part of a compound word (Norm, holm, a small 
island: Dut. holm, a sandbank: AS. holm, the deep 
sea), a river islet ; low flat rich land on the banks of 
a river. 

holocaust, n. hdl'O-kdwst (Gr. holos, whole, and 
kaustos, burnt : F. holocauste), a sacrifice or offering 
the whole of which was consumed by fire ; a burnt- 
offering. 

holograph, n. hol'0-grdf (Gr. holos, whole, and 
grapho, I write), a deed or will written wholly by the 
mate, mdt,f&r, law; mete, mit, her; pine, pin; note, n6t, m6ve; 



HOLO 



259 



HOMO 



hand of the granter or testator : adj. applied to a 
written document or letter, written as well as signed 
by the same person ; also hol'ograph'ic, a. -ik. 

holoptychius, n. hol'op-tlk'-i-us (Gr. holos, whole, 
entire, and ptuche, a wrinkle), in geol., a genus of 
fossil fishes — so called from the corrugated or 
wrinkled surfaces of their enamelled scales. 

holothure, n. hol'-O-thdr (Gr. holos, the whole, and 
thurion, a little door), a marine radiate animal of the 
order of echinoderms, from their shape sometimes 
called sea-cucumbers— some species are largely used 
for food by the Chinese: hol'othu'rian, a. -thO'-ri-dn, 
pert, to : hol'othu'rioi'dea, n. -i-oy'de-d (Gr. eidos, re- 
semblance), in gcol., fossil sea-cucumbers. 

holster, n. hol'ster (AS. heolster, a hiding-place— 
from helan, to cover : Dut. holster, a case for pistols), 
a leather case for a pistol attached to the fore part of a 
saddle : hol'stered, a. -sterd, furnished with holsters. 

holt, n. holt (AS. holt, a grove : Dut. hout, a wood), 
a wooded hill ; a forest ; a cover, hole, or other place 
of security. 

holy, a. ho'U (Icel. heilagr ; Ger. heilig ; Dut. hey- 
lig, holy— from Ger. heil; Dut. heyl, health), good; 
pious ; free from sin and sinful affections ; sacred ; 
perfect in a moral sense ; consecrated to : ho'lily, ad. 
■II : holiness, n. -ties, state or quality of being holy ; 
freedom from sin : holiday, n. hol'i-dd, a day of joy or 
amusement, &c: Holy One, n. one of the names of the 
Supreme Being a name of Christ: Holyrood, n. ho'U- 
r6d, a crucifix in the R. Cath. Ch., placed over the 
entrance to the chancel : h6l'i-rdbd, the palace, &c, at 
Edinburgh : Holy of Holies, n. ho'-liz, the innermost 
room of the tabernacle and temple where the ark was 
kept : holy day, a religious feast : holy office, a name 
for the inquisition : holy orders, in Episcopal Churches, 
the several ranks of the ministry: holy Thursday, 
Ascension day, ten days before Whitsuntide : holy 
week, the week before Easter ; passion week : Holy 
Writ, the Sacred Scriptures: Holy Land, Palestine, 
the country of the anc. Jews : Holy Ghost or Holy 
Spirit, the Third Person of the Trinity : holy war, a 
war undertaken with the view of crushing the ene- 
mies of the Church — usually restricted to one of the 
crusades : holy water, in the Gr. and R. Cath. Ch., 
the water which has been consecrated by the priest. 

homage, n. hom'dj (F. hommage, homage, duty — 
from L. homo, a man), the service or fealty promised 
hy a vassal to his lord or superior as his lord's man ; 
the act of giving the promise ; respect paid by outward 
action ; reverential worship ; devout affection ; recog- 
nition of superiority. 

homalonotus, n. hdm'd-lo-nO'tus (Gr. homalos, on 
the same level, and notos, the back), in geol., a genus 
oftrilobites. 

home, n. Mm (AS. ham; Goth, haims; F. hameau, 
a village, a dwelling), a dwelling-house ; an abode ; 
one's own country: adj. domestic ; produced at home 
or in one's own country ; close or severe, as a home 
thrust : ad. to one's own habitation or country ; close 
to our own breast or affairs ; to the utmost ; fully ; 
closely : home is used of anything close in its place — 
applied to the sheets of the sails, to the shot in a gun, 
&c. : homely, a. -II, plain ; not handsome ; not polished ; 
easy and plain in manners : ad. in a homely manner : 
homeliness, n. -n6s, want of beauty ; plainness ; want 
of polished manners : homeless, a. without a home : 
homelessness, n. state of being without a home: home- 
hred, a. native ; plain ; uncultivated : home farm, the 
cultivated fields around a mansion-house and grounds 
—frequently kept in the proprietor's own hands: home- 
made, a. of domestic manufacture : home-sick, a. 
pining after one's native place or home : home-sick- 
ness, n. : home-spun, a. wrought at home ; plain in 
manner or style ; not elegant : at home, at one's own 
place of abode : at home in anything, conversant or 
familiar with : home-born, a. native ; not foreign : 
home-bound or homeward-bound, on the way to one's 
abode or native country, particularly by sea : home- 
hrewed, a. brewed at home, as beer or ale : Home 
Secretary, in Britain, one of the high officers of state 
to whom is intrusted the management of affairs con- 
nected with the civil jurisdiction of the kingdom: 
homestead, n. the ground on which a house stands, 
and the enclosed ground surrounding it : home'ward 
or home'wards, ad. in the direction of, or towards 
home : to bring a thing home, to prove guilty ; to 
convict. 

homeopathy, &c— see homoeopathy. 

homer, ho'-mer (Heb. khomer, a mound, a heap), a 
cow, o6y,fSbt; pure, Md; chair, 



Hebrew measure containing about 75 gallons 5 pints 
liquid measure, or 8 bush, dry measure ; also chomer, 
ko'mer. 

Homeric, a. ho-mer'lk, pert, to Homer, the great 
anc. poet of Greece, or to his age or poetry. 

homicide, n. hom'i-sid (L. homicidium, homicide— 
from homo, a man, and cozdo, I strike or kill : F. homi- 
cide), the killing of one human creature by another; 
amanslayer: hom'ici'dal, a. -si'-ddl, inclined to kill; 
murderous; bloody. 

homiletics, n. plu. hom'l-iet'lks (Gr. homiletikos, 
social— from homileo, I converse, I have intercourse 
with), that branch of theology which treats of sermons 
and the best way of preparing and delivering them : 
hom'ilet'ic, a. -Ik, or hom'ilet'ical, a. -i-kal, pert, to : 
hom'ily, n. -II, a plain familiar sermon : hom'ilist, n. 
-list, a preacher. 

hominy, n. hom'-in-i (Ind. auhuminea, parched 
corn), in N. Amer., maize pulled and crushed and 
boiled with water. 

homo, ho'-mo (Gr. homos, similar or same), a com- 
mon prefix, meaning same, similar, or alike. 

homocentric, a. ho'mo-sen'trlk (Gr. homos, similar, 
and kentron, the centre), having the same centre. 

homocercal, a. ho'-mo-ser'-kdl (Gr. homos, alike, and 
kerkos, the tail), having equally-bilobate tails, as the 
herring", the cod, &c. 

homochromous, a. ho'-mo-krO'mus (Gr. homos, alike, 
and chroma, colour), applied to flowers when all the 
flowerets in the same flower -head are of the same 
colour. 

homodromous, a. h6-mv<i->-o->,rris( Gr. homos, alike, 
and dromos, a course), in bot, running in the same 
direction. 

homceomeric, a. ho'-me-Q-mlr'-ik (Gr. homoios, simi- 
lar, and meros, a part), having sameness of parts. 

homoeopathy, n. ho'-me-op'-d-thi (Gr. homoios, simi- 
lar, like, and pathos, suffering), a mode of treating 
diseases by the administration of medicines capable 
of exciting in healthy persons symptoms closely simi- 
lar to those of the disease for which they are given : 
ho'moeopath'ic, a. -o-pdth'-ik, also ho'moeopath'ical, a. 
-i-kal, pert, to homoeopathy : ho'mceopath'ically, a'd. 
-IX: ho'mceop'athist, n. -op'-d-thist, one who believes 
in and practises homoeopathy. Note.-— The o in <z is 
very often dropped in the spelling. 

homogamous, a. ho-mog'-d-mus (Gr. homogamos, 
married together— from Jiomos, the same, similar, and 
gamos, marriage), in bot., applied to composite plants 
having the flowers of the capitulaall hermaphrodite. 

homogeneous, a. ho'-mo-jc'-ne-us (Gr. homos, same, 
like, and genos, kind), of the same kind or nature ; 
consisting of similar constituent elements ; having a 
uniform structure or substance— opposed to hetero- 
geneous : ho'moge'neousness, n. -nSs, also ho'mogene- 
ity, n. -je-ne'-l-U, sameness of kind or nature; unifor- 
mity of structure or material. 

homoiousian, n. ho'moy-6'zi-dn (Gr. homoiousios, 
of like or similar substance— from homoios, like, and 
ousia, substance, being), in eccles. hist., one who held 
that the Son was of like essence with the Father, and 
not of the same essence: adj. pert, to : homoonsian, 
n. hb"-mo-6'-zl-dn (Gr. homoousios, being of the same 
essence or substance— from homos, the same, and 
ousia, substance, being), one who maintained that the 
Son had the same essence with the Father. 

homoiozoic, a. ho-mo~j oios, the same, 

and zoe, life), applied to zones or belts of the ocean 
under the same or similar circumstances as to con- 
ditions of life. 

homologate, v. h6-m6l-6-gdt (Gr. homologos, using 
the same words, of the same opinion— from homos, like, 
and logos, a word), to approve ; to allow : homol'oga'- 
ting, imp.: homol'oga'ted, pp.: homol'ogous, a. -gus, 
having the same ratio or proportion ; constructed on 
the same plan, though differing in form and function : 
homol'ogy, n. -djl, affinity dependent on structure or 
the essential correspondence of parts ; in the doctrine 
of the corresponding relations of parts, different 
beings, having the same relations but different func- 
tions: homologies!, a. ho'-mo-loj'-i-kdl, pert, to hom- 
ology: ho molog'ically, ad. -li. 

homologue, n. hom'-o-log (Gr. homos, same, similar, 
and logos, discourse, proportion), correspondence or 
equivalence of certain organs ; the same part or organ 
in so far as regards its anatomical relation, although 
differing in form and functions, as the arms in man, 
the wings in birds, and the pectoral fins in fishes. 

homonym, n. hom'6-nim (Gr. homos, like, and 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



HOMO 2< 

onoma, a name), a word, the same in sound but dif- 
ferent in signification: homonymous, a. ho-mdn'-l- 

mus, having (Jin >' » >•■ am 

biguous : homon'ymously, ad. -M : homon'ymy, n. -%■ 
ml, sameness in name, with difference in signification ; 
ambiguity. 

homomorphous, a. ho'mo-mor'/us (Gr. homos, like, 
and morphe, shape), of similar form. 

homoousian— see homoiousian. 

homopetalous, a. ho , r homos, like, 

and petalon, a petal), in hot., having all the petals 
formed alike ; having all the florets alike in a com- 
posite flower. 

homophone, n.h6m'0-fon {'■'.< homo iike,andp/icw, 
sound), a letter orcharaotei having bhe same sound 
as another: homophonous, a. hO-mo/'o-nus, having 
the same sound ; of the same pitch : homoph'ony, n. 
-nl, sameness of sound. 

homotropal, a. ho-rnot'ro-pdl (Gr. homos, like, and 
trepo, I turn), in hot., having the same general direc- 
tion as a body of which it forms a part. 

homotype, n. hom'6-tip (Gr, homos, like, and tupos, 
form), that part of an animal which corresponds to 
another part. 

hone, n. hon (Norm, hein; W. hoji, to incite, to 
sharpen), a stone of a fine grain used for sharpening 
cutting instruments : v, to sharpen on a hone : honing, 
imp. : honed, pp. hond. 

honest, a. on'est (L. honestus, honourable — from 
honos, honour : It. ojiesto .- F. honnete), fair in dealing 
with others ; just ; frank ; hearty ; sincere : hon estly, 
ad. -II, uprightly; justly: hon'esty, n. -tl, upright con- 
duct ; fairness in dealing with others. 

honey, n. Mn't(Dut. and Ger. honig: Icel. hunang-. 
AS. hunig), the sweet substance collected by bees; 
sweetness: honeyed or honied, a, Mm. Id < < iVu< ! 
in a figurative sense, as honeyed tvords: hon'eyless, a. 
without honey: honeycomb, n. the wax cells containing 
the honey : honeycombed, a. -kornd, applicable to any 
surface having small irregular punctures spread over 
it, like the cells of the honeycomb : hon'eysuckle, n. 
-suk'-l, a well-known climbing plant and flower ; the 
woodbine : hon'eymoon, n. the first month after mar- 
riage : honey-mouthed, a. soft or smooth in speech : 
honey-stone, a popular name for mellite, from its honey- 
yellow colour : honey-tongued, a. fair and smooth of 
speech. 

hong, n. hong (Chinese, hang or hong, a mercantile 
house), in China, the company of merchants who were 
alone privileged to deal with foreigners; now any 
foreign factory. 

honorarium, n. hon'-o-ra'rl-um (L. a present made 
on being admitted to a post of honour ; a douceur), a 
voluntary fee paid to a professional man. 

honour, n. on'er (L. honor or honos, honour, respect : 
It. onore; F. honneur), the esteem paid or due to 
worth ; the expression of high respect ; high rank or 
place; civilities; dignity; fame; scorn of meanness, 
the result of self-respect ; token of respect ; chastity ; 
glory : v. to respect highly ; to treat with deference 
or submission ; to raise to distinction or notice ; in com- 
merce, to accept and pay when due, as a bill of ex- 
change : honouring, imp. : honoured, pp. 6n'-6rd: hon- 
orary, a. 6n'er-d-ri, intended merely to confer honour ; 
unpaid : honourable, a. on'er-a-bl, deserving or im- 
plying honour ; high-minded ; actuated by the princi- 
ples of honour ; of high rank in society ; used as a title 
of rank or high office, as right honourable; without 
taint or reproach: hon'ourably, ad. -d-bll: hon'our- 
ableness, n. -d-bl-nSs.- hon'ourless, a. without honour: 
hon'ours, n. plu. privileges of rank or birth ; public 
marks of respect or esteem; high academic distinctions: 
honours of war, certain privileges or distinctions grant- 
ed to a vanquished enemy, as that of marching out 
with military insignia : code of honour, certain rules 
by which social intercourse is regulated among persons 
of fashion : on one's honour, on the pledge of one's 
own reputation for integrity: to do the honours, to 
pay respect and attention to guests in the manner of a 
host, as at a private or public dinner : your honour, 
a common and familiar title of respect paid to untitled 
gentlemen by many persons in the humbler ranks- 
still given to some English judges. 

hood, n. hood (Low Ger. hode ; Ger. huth, guard, 
keeping: Dut. hoed, a hood— from hoeden, to cover), 
a covering for the head and shoulders, attached to a 
cloak or a monk's frock at the back of the collar ; a 
covering drawn upon the head and wrapping round 
it, leaving the face only exposed ; a covering for a 



HOPP 

hawk's head ; an ornamental fold which hangs down 
the back of a graduate to mark liis degree; in bot.,& 
concave petal resembling a monk's hood : v. to dress 
or cover with a hood : hood'ing, imp. : hooded, pp. : 
adj. having or wearing a hood; covered with a hood: 
hood'less, a. having no hood: hoodwink, v. -wingk, 
to bind by covering the eyes ; to deceive by disguise ; 
to impose on : hood'winking, imp. : hoodwinked, pp. 
wlngkt. 

hood, hdbd (Icel. hattr, manner ; hatta, to be wont : 
Bav. halt, the condition of a thing: AS. hud, person, 
state), a common postfix, denoting quality, state, 
condition, character, as manhood, priest/iooci. 

hoof, n. hof (Dut. hoe/: Norm, and Dan. hov), the 
horny substance that covers the feet of many ani- 
mals: hoofed, a. hu/t, having hoofs: hoof'less, a. 
without hoofs. 

hook, n,hdbk{Dut. hoeck; Low Ger. hake; Pol. hak, 
a hook), a piece of metal or other substance bent or 
curved so as to catch, hold, or sustain; a curved cut- 
ting instrument; a sickle; a snare; a trap: v. to 
catch, draw, or fasten, as with a hook; to draw by 
force or artifice ; to bend : hooking, imp. : hooked, 
■pn.hobkt: adj. bent like a hook; curved: hook'ed- 
ness, n. -ed-ues, state of being curved like a hook: 
hook'y, a. -%, pert, to or full of hooks : hooknosed, a. 
having a nose curved somewhat likeahook; aquiline: 
hook and eye, a simple fastening for ladies' dresses : 
off the hooks, disturbed; out of place: by hook or by 
crook, by any means ; one way or another. 

hookah, n. ho'-kdh (Hind, hukkah), a pipe with a 
long flexible tube in which the smoke, before being 
inhaled, is made to pass through water. 

hooker, n.lio'ok'ir,a, small Dutch vessel. 

hoop, n. hup (Dut. hoep, a ring ; Swiss, hup, con- 
vex : F. houpe, a tuft), a band of wood or metal used 
to bind together the staves of casks, &c. ; anything 
circular: v. to bind or fasten with hoops; to encircle 
or surround : hoop'ing, imp. : n. stuff for hoops : 
hooped, pp. hbpt; hoop'er, n. one who: hoops, stiff 
circular bands to extend ladies' dresses ; crinoline : 
hoop-iron, narrow thin strips of iron for making 
hoops. 

hooping-cough, n. hbp'-lng-hof (F. houper; Swiss, 
hopen, to call out : Bret, hopa, to call to a distance- 
see whoop), a cough in which the patient hoops or 
whoops with deep breathing. 

hoopoe, n. hbp'-o (L. upupa, so called from its 
sound), a bird whose head is adorned with a beauti- 
ful crest, common in S. Europe. 

hoot, n. h6t (Fin. hutaa, to shout, to call : Norm, hut , 
a cry to silence a dog: W. hwt, off with it! away I) 
a shout given in contempt : v. to cry or shout in con- 
tempt ; to drive with noise and shouts ; to cry as an 
owl : hoofing, imp. : n. shouting and crying in con- 
tempt : hoofed, pp. 

hop, v. hop (Ger. hup/en; Norm, hoppa; Dut. hop- 
pen; AS. hoppan, to hop, to frisk), to proceed by 
short leaps ; to skip lightly ; to walk lamely ; to limp : 
n. a short leap or spring, as on one leg ; a light leap : 
hop'ping, imp. : n. the act of advancing by short 
leaps: hopped, pp. hopt: hop'per, n. -per, one who. 

hop,n. hop (< i nt. hopptn; F. houblon, 

hops), a climbing plant whose seeds or flowers give 
bitterness to beer and ale : adj. pert, to hops : v. to 
impregnate with hops : hop'ping, imp. : hopped, pp. 
hopt: adj. impregnated with hops : hopbine, n. -bin,, 
the stalk or stem of the hop. 

hope, n. hop (Ger. hoffen ; Dut. hopen, to expect : 
AS. hopa, hope), the desire of good, accompanied with 
some degree of expectation of obtaining it, or with a 
belief that it is attainable; anticipation of future 
good; trust ; opinion or belief not amounting to cer- 
tainty : v. to cherish a desire of good, with some de- 
gree of expectation of attaining it ; to trust in with 
confident anticipation of good : ho 'ping, imp. : hoped, 
pp. hopt: hope'ful, a. -/obi, full, of hope;. having qua- 
lities promising success: hope'fully, ad. -II: hope- 
fulness, n. : hopeless, a. without hope ; being with- 
out pleasing expectation; despairing: hopelessly, 
ad. -II: ho'pingly, ad. -ll, with hope: forlorn-hope 
—see forlorn. 

hoplite, n. hop'llt (Gr. hoplites— from hoplon, a 
weapon), a heavy armed soldier of anc. Greece. 

hopper, n. hop'per (from hop: Dut. haperen, to 
stammer, to stutter), the funnel or trough through 
which grain passes into a mill— so called from its 
jumping, shaking motion ; a vessel in which seed-corn 
is carried ; a conical vessel suspended from the ceil- 






mate, mdt,/dr, law; mete, m5t, her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 






HOPP 



261 



HOSP 



ing, containing sand and water, for the use of the cut- 
ter in glass. 

hopple, v. hop'-l (Dut. hobbelen, to jolt, to stammer: 
Scot, hobble, to mend shoes in a bungling manner), 
to tie the feet near together to prevent leaping : hop - 
pling, imp. -ling: hoppled, pp. hop'-ld: hopples, n. 
plu. hop'-lz, fetters fur the legs of horses. 

horal, a. hor-dl (L. hora, an hour), relating to an 
hour or hours : hor'ally, ad. -li : horary, a. hor'-il-rl, 
relating to or noting the hours ; in hot., lasting about 
an hour. 

horde, n. hOrd (F. and Ger. horde, a horde, a clan : 
Alb. hordi; Turk, ordu, a camp, a tribe), a body of 
wandering or migratory people dwelling in tents or 
waggons : v. to live together like migratory tribes : 
hording, imp. : horded, pp. 

hordeine, n. hor'de-in (L. hordeum, barley), a pecu- 
liar substance found in barley. 

horehound, n. hor'hownd (AS. hara-hune, hore- 
hound— from har, hoary, grey, and hune, consump- 
tion), a native wild medicinal plant of an aromatic 
and bitter flavour. 

horizon, n. ho-ri'zun (Gr. horizon, that which ter- 
minates—from horos, a boundary), the circular line 
where the earth and sky seem to meet, called the sen- 
sible horizon; the great circle dividing the visible 
and invisible heavens into two equal parts is called 
the rational horizon: horizontal, a. hor'-i-zon'tal 
on a level ; on a line with the horizon ; the oppo- 
site of perpendicular or vertical: hor izon'tally, ad. 
-li: hor izontal ity, n. -l-ti, state of being horizon- 
tal: artificial horizon, a reflector whose surface 
is perfectly horizontal, used to observe altitudes on 
shore : horizon-glass, a glass fixed in front of the 
telescope of a reflecting astronomical instr., whose 
lower part is a minor, and upper transparent. 

horn, n. haHbrn [Goth. /" i ' ,■ L.<w/<»; Bret, com, a 
horn), the hard siibsTano-s projecting from the heads 
of certain animals; the substance itself ; a wind musi- 
cal instr. originally made of horns; a drinking-; up ; 
the two ends of the waning or waxing moon : horny, 
a. hdr'nl, made of horn ; hard ; callous : hornless, a. 
hawm'-les, without horns : horned, a. Inner ad, having 
horns; crescent-shaped: hornedly, ad. huTvrn'ed-h: 
horn'edness, n. -n8s: homer, n. hor'ner, onewhoworks 
in horn: horn'ing, n. the appearance of the crescent 
moon ; in Scot, law, a certain process against a 
debtor: hornbeak, n. -bek, a bird: hornbeam, n. 
-bem, a tree: hornbill, n. a voracious African bird: 
hornbook, n. a single-leaved primer for children, ori- 
ginally faced with a plate of horn to keep it un- 
soiled : hornbug, n. a kind of beetle : hornfish, n. the 
garfish or sea-needle : hornstone, n. a variety of flint, 
being a hornblende rock united with quartz : horn- 
slate, n. a mineral : hornblende, n. -blend (Ger. 
blende, that which blinds— from blenden, to dazzle), a 
mineral of several varieties, so called from its horn- 
like cleavage, and peculiar lustre: hornblen'dic, a. 
-blen'dlk, composed chiefly of hornblende ; pert, to : 
horn 'pipe, n. name of a favourite dance, especially 
among sailors, performed by one person ; a lively air : 
hornwork, n. in fort., an outwork composed of two 
demi-bastions joined by a curtain. 

hornet, n. hor'net (Ger. horniss, from the buzzing 
noise : Dut. hornsel, a hornet— from horselen, to buzz), 
a large stinging fly. 

hornitos, n. hor-nl'tos, or hor'nos, n. -nos, a Span- 
ish term for the low oven-shaped mounds or hillocks 
of the volcanic districts of S. Amer., from which hot 
smoke and other vapours are usually emitted. 

horography, n. ho-rog'rd-fi (Gr. hora, an hour, and 
grapho, I write), an account or description of the 
hours : horologe, n. hor'6-loj (L. horologium, a clock 
or sun-dial— from Gr. hora, an hour, and logos, a 
word), any instr. for measuring time ; a watch : hor / - 
ologlc, a. -loj'-lk, also hor olog'ical, a. -i-kdl, pert, to 
horology or time-keepers ; in hot., applied to flowers 
which open and close at certain hours : horology, 
n. horol'-o-jl, the science which treats of the con- 
struction of clocks and watches : horol'ogist, n. -jist, 
one versed in: horometry, n. ho-rom'e-trl (Gr. 
metron, a measure), the art or practice of measuring 
time : horometrical, a. hor'-o-me't'-ri-k&l, pert, to : 
horoscope, n. hor-6-skop (dr.skopeo, I view or con- 
sider), in astrol., a representation of the aspect of the 
heavens at a given time, as at the hour of birth: 
horoscopy, n. ho-ros'ko-pl, divination by the stars; 

■'.Mi ' 

horrible, a hor'ri-bl (L. horribilis, dreadful— from 



horrere, to stand on end, to bristle, to shake or shiver: 
F. horrible), exciting horror; shocking; hideous; 
terrible: horribly, ad. -bll: hor'ribleness, n. -bines: 
horrid, a. hor'-rid, that does or may excite horror; 
hideous ; gloomy ; terrible : hor'ridly, ad. -li : hor'- 
ridness.n.: horrific, a. -rl/'-lk(L.facio, Imake), caus- 
ing horror: hor'rify, v. -ri-fl, to strike with horror; 
to render horrible : horrifying, imp. : hor'rified, pp. 
fid : hor ripila'tion, u.-pll-d'-shun (L. pilo, Ipeeiorpuil 
off the hair), the peculiai shuddering sensation, result- 
ing chiefly from sudden fright or from horror, famil- 
iarly called " hair standing on end," or " curdling of 
the blood " : horror, n. hor'-rer (L. horror, a standing 
on end, a trembling), an excessive degree of fear with 
a shuddering; extreme dread or terror mixed with 
detestation ; gloom ; dreariness ; that which excites 
horror: horrors, n. plu. -rcrz, the painful sensa- 
tion of prostration felt by the drunkard deprived of 
liquor : horror-stricken, a. struck with horror. 

fiors de combat, lior'-de-kong'bd (F. hors, out, de, of, 
and combat, the fight), disabled from fighting by 
wounds or injuries. 

horse, n. Mrs (Icel. hross ; Ger. ross, a horse : Norm. 
hors, a mare), a well-known domestic animal ; cavalry ; 
a wooden frame ; a large stool or tressel : v. to work 
or furnish with a horse ; to ride or sit on anything 
astride: adj. applied to something large and coarse: 
horsing, imp. : horsed, pp. horst : horseback, n. the 
state of being on a horse ; the posture of riding on a 
horse : horse-breaker, n. one who tames and trains 
young horses for the saddle or draught : horse-chest- 
nut, n. the name of a nut, so called from its rough- 
ness ; also the tree : horse-dealer, n. a trader in horses : 
horse-drench, n. a drastic purge for a horse; the 
horn by which it is administered : horse-fly, n. a large 
fly which stings horses and sinks tln-ir blood : Horse- 
Guards, n. cavalry regiment of the household troops : 
the Horse-Guards, the headquarters of the British 
army, and the chief administrative department of 
military affairs, situated in London— so called from 
two mounted sentries at the entrance : horse-jockey, n. 
one who rides a race-horse ; a dealer in horses : horse- 
knacker, n. one who purchases diseased and worn-out 
horses, and kills them in order to manufacture their 
carcasses into certain commercial products : horse- 
leech, n. a variety of leech ; a veterinary surgeon : 
horse-laugh, n. a loud, boisterous laugh: horseman, 
n. a rider on horseback; one skilled in riding: 
horsemanship, n. the art of riding or managing 
horses : horse-power, n. the force or power which a 
horse can exert when drawing a load, calculated to 
be equal to 33,000 lb. raised 1 ft. high per minute, 
which force or power is made the standard for esti- 
mating the power of a steam-engine : horse-race, n. 
a running match between horses to test their speed 
and endurance : horse-radish, n. a plant whose root 
has a hot pungent taste, used in medicine, and as a 
condiment : horse-shoe, n. a circular iron plate nailed 
on the feet of horses: horse-shoe magnet, an artificial 
magnet in the form of a horse-shoe : horse-soldier, 
n. a soldier on horseback : horse-tail, n. the tail of a 
horse ; a Turkish standard : to horsewhip, to strike 
or chastise with a riding-whip : to take horse, to 
mount a horse in order to set out to ride. 

horse-courser, n. hors-kor'ser (old F. couracier, a 
broker), a dealer in horses. 

hortative, a. hor'td-tiv, also hortatory, a. 4ir4(L. 
hortor, I strongly urge, I exhort), giving or contain- 
ing exhortation or advice ; encouraging. 

horticulture, n. hor'ti-kM'tur (L. hortus, a garden, 
and cultura, cultivation), the art of cultivating gar- 
dens : hor'ticul tural, a. -tu-rdl, pert, to : hor'ticuT- 
turist, n. -rist, one skilled in: horticultural show, a 
public exhibition of flowers, fruits, and vegetables. 

hortus siccus, n. hor'tus slk'-kus (L. hortus, a gar- 
den, and siccus, dry), a collection of specimens of 
plants dried and arranged ; a herbarium. 

hosanna, int. n. ho-zan'nd (Heb. save, I beseech you), 
an exclamation of praise to God, or an invocation of 



hose, n. hoz(F. house; Ger. hosen; Icel. hosa; Dut. 
hose, boots, leather casings— from Bav. hosen, a pod, a 
husk: Dan. hase, the husk of nuts), coverings for the 
legs ; stockings ; a flexible pipe for water : plu. hose 
or hosen, ho'zn : hosier, n. ho'-zhi-er or -zher, a dealer 
in stockings, &c: hosiery, n. -i, stockings in general. 

hospice, n. hos'-pes (F.— from L. hospes, a guest), an 
Alpine convent which provides entertainment for 
travellers. 



coiv, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



HOSP 



262 



HOW 



hospitable, a. hos'pl-td-bl (L. hospitalis, hospitable, 
friendly— from hospes, a guest, a visitor: old F. hos- 
pitable ; It. ospitabile, hospitable), receiving and en- 
tertaining friends or strangers with generous kind- 
ness ; offering kind reception : hos'pitably, ad. -td-bll : 
hos'pitableness, n. -bines : hospital, n. hos'pl-tdl, a 
house for the reception and aid of the sick, infirm, or 
poor: hos'pital'ity, n. -tdl'i-tl, kindness and gener- 
osity to strangers or guests : hos'pitaller, n. -ler (F. 
hospitalier), in the middle ages, a body of men at Jer- 
usalem who devoted themselves to protect pilgrims 
and relieve their necessities, so called from two hos- 
pitals erected there for that purpose, from whom 
sprang the order of knights of St John of Jerusalem, 
subsequently known by the name of the Knights of 
Malta. 

hospodar, n. hds'pO-ddr (Russ. gospodarj, a lord or 
master), in Moldavia and Wallachia, a governor, 
chief, or prince under the Sultan of Turkey. 

host, n. host (It. ospite; F. hote, a landlord, a guest 
— from L. hospes, a guest, a stranger— gen. hospitis), 
one who entertains a friend or stranger at his own 
house ; the landlord of an inn : host'elry, n. -&1-H, an 
inn : host ess, n. a woman who gives entertainment. 

host, n. host (a contr. of the mid. L. phrase bannire 
in hostem, to order out against the enemy— thus, in 
mid. L. hostis first signified the enemy, then the 
military service itself, and finally, the army on duty), 
an army ; any great number or multitude. 

host, n. host (L. hostia, a victim or sacrifice), in the 
R. Cath. Ch., the consecrated wafer— called by that 
Church, when used, the sacrifice of the mass. 

hostage, n. hos'taj (L. obses, the one staying or re- 
maining in a place, a hostage— gen. obsidis), a person 
left in the hands of an enemy as a pledge for the per- 
formance of the terms of an agreement. 
hostess, n. fem.— see under host. 
hostile, a. hos'tll (L. hostilis, hostile— from hostis, 
an enemy : F. hostile), adverse ; unfriendly : hos'- 
tilely, ad. -II: hos'til'ity, n. -til'l-tl, open warfare; 
attacks of an enemy ; violence or animosity. 

hostler, n. os'-ler (F. hostel or hotel, a lodging, an 
inn, a residence), a man who has the care of horses at 
an inn or hotel. 

hot, a. hot (from heat, which see), having much 
heat; fiery; violent; furious; biting; pungent in 
taste: hotly, ad. -II: hot'ness, n. -nSs: hot bath, a 
bath of hot water or of vapour : hot-blooded, a. hav- 
ing a quick temper ; irritable : hot-brained, a. -brdnd, 
violent ; rash : hothouse, n. a building covered w ith 
glass, and heated for rearing plants : hotbed, n. a bed 
of earth made warm by fermenting manure, usually 
covered with a glass frame ; any place favourable to 
rapid growth : hot-blast, n. heated air blown into a 
furnace for smelting iron or other ore : to hot-press, 
to apply heat with pressure in order to give a smooth 
and glossy surface: hot-pressing, n. the mode of 
giving a glossy appearance to paper, linen, &c, by 
heat and pressure: in hot haste, in violent or un- 
usual haste. 

hotch-potch or -pot, n. hoch'poch' or -pot (F. hoche- 
pot— from hocher, to shake, to wag), a mingled mass ; 
a mixture of ingredients ; hodge-podge. 

hotel, n. ho-teT (F. hdtel— see hostler), a superior 
house for entertaining strangers or travellers; an 
inn; a palace; a town mansion: hotel de ville, 6-tel- 
dSvel' (F. hotel of the town), in France and Belgium, 
the city-hall or town-house. 

hotel Dieu, n. 6-tel'du (F. hdtel, and Dieu, God), in 
France, an hospital. 

Hottentot, n. hot'-Sn-tot' (probably from the click of 
the language of the S. African tribes— hot-en-tot), 
native of S. Africa ; a savage or brutal man. 
houdah— see howdah. 

hough, n. hok (Ger. hacke, the heel ; hacken, to dig- 
see hock), the lower part of the thigh ; the ham ; the 
joint of the hind leg of a beast : v. to disable by cut- 
ting the sinews of the ham: houghing, imp.: houghed, 
pp. hokt. 

hound, n. hdwnd (Ger. hund; Gr. kuon, a dog: old 
H. Ger. hunon, to growl as a fox : Esthon. hundi, a 
wolf), one of a particular breed of dogs used in hunt- 
ing: v. to set on; to chase: hounding, imp. : hound- 
ed, pp. : hound-fish, n. a kind of shark : hounds, n. 
plu. hdwndz, particular projecting parts of a mast- 
head: to follow the hounds, to be in the habit of 
hunting. 

hour, n. 6Tvr (L. and Gr. hora, an hour : F. heure), a 
period of time marked by a clock or watch ; 60 min- 



utes ; 24th part of a day : hourly, a. -II, done every 
hour; frequent; continual: ad. every hour: hour- 
glass, n. an instr. for measuring time, particularly 
an hour, consisting of two glass bulbs connected by 
a narrow tube, the one containing fine dried sand or 
a liquid sufficient in quantity to run out in an hour 
exactly : hour-hand, n. one of the hands of a clock 
pointing to the hours : to keep good hours, to be at 
home in good season: hours, certain prayers in R. 
Cath. Ch. : hour-circles, the 24 circles drawn from 
north to south on the terrestrial globe, and terminat- 
ing at both poles. 

houri, n. hdw'ri (Ar. huri— from hur al oyun, black- 
eyed), among Mohammedans, a nymph of Paradise : 
plu. houries, -riz. 

house, n. hows, plu. houses, hdtvz'Sz (Goth. hus; 
Ger. haus; Hung, haz, a house), any building for habi- 
tation or shelter ; domestic concerns ; manner of liv- 
ing; a family of ancestors or kindred ; a trading firm ; 
estates of a kingdom assembled in Parliament, as 
House of Lords, House of Commons ; the body, as, 
"house of this tabernacle"; the grave, as, "house ap- 
pointed for all living" ; an astrological division of the 
heavens: v. hdwz, to shelter; to take shelter; to 
put under cover: housing, imp. : housed, pp. hdwzd: 
houseless, a. hmvs'Us, destitute of a home : house- 
breaker, n. one who enters a house by force to rob it : 
house-decorator, n. a tradesman who undertakes the 
painting and paper-hanging of houses : house-dog, n. 
a watch-dog : house-factor, n. in Scot., an agent for the 
sale or letting of houses : house of God, a temple or 
church : household, n. a family living together : adj. 
of the house or family ; domestic : the household, the 
royal domestic establishment: households, n. plu. 
-holdz, among millers, a certain quality of wheaten 
flour : household stuff, n. the furniture, &c, of a house : 
householder, n. one who occupies or owns a house : 
house-joiner, n. a carpenter who does work for the in- 
terior of houses : house'keeper, n. one who has the 
chief care of a house or family : House 'keeping, n. 
domestic concerns and management : house-leek, n. 
a plant found growing on the tops of houses, used 
for the cure of bruises and ulcers : houseline, n., also 
housing, n. among seamen, a small line of three 
strands : housemaid, n. a female servant who attends 
table, and has the care of the rooms, furniture, &c. : 
house of call, among tradesmen, a house where 
journeymen of a particular trade assemble when out 
of work, and where they can be hired by masters : 
house of correction, a prison for the punishment of 
idle and disorderly persons : house-wanning, n. 
' oa '< :»■ mg, a familiar name for an entertainment on 
the occasion of taking possession of a new house or 
new premises, generally for business purposes: house- 
wife, n. hdivt i ■-.'/, t he mistress of a house who is a good 
manager: huz'-if, a little case for needles, &c: house- 
wifery, n. -wif'er-i, female management of domestic 
mis: open house, n. hospitality to all comers: 
religious house, n. a monastery or convent : to bring 
down the whole house, to draw an outburst of ap- 
plause from the entire audience, as in a theatre : to 
make a house, in Parliament, to get a quorum of 
members. 

housing, n. hcnvz'ing (F. housse, a foot-cloth for a 
horse, a coverlet for a bed— from housser, to sweep), a 
cover or protection to anything, as to a vessel in har- 
bour : housings, n. plu. the trappings of a horse. 

hove, pt. hov, hoven, pp. ho'-vn (see heave) : hoven, 
ui'vn, the inflation of the stomach and intestines 
of cattle from imperfect digestion. 

hovel, n. hov'Sl (originally an open shed supported 
on posts, sometimes a canopy over a statue : W. hogl, 
a hovel : Dut. huif, a hood : prov. F. hove, a hut), 
a shed ; a mean habitation: v. to put into a hovel: 
hovelling, imp. : hov'elled, pp. -Sid. 

hover, v. hov'er (W. hqftan, to hang over: Dut. 
huyveren, to quiver, to shiver), to hang fluttering 
over or about ; to hang or stand in suspense ; to wan- 
der about one place : hov'ering, imp. : adj. hanging 
over : n. the act or state of hanging in suspense : 
hovered, pp. -erd : hov'eringly, ad. -It. 

how, ad. how (AS. hwu; Dut. hoe; hvor, how), in 
what manner ; to what degree or extent ; for what 
reason ; in what state ; used as an int. as ' ' how are the 
mighty fallen!" used as a noun, as "the when, the 
how, and the wherefore": howbelt, coni. -be'it, 
nevertheless ; yet : how d'ye do ? in what state is your 
health? howev'er, ad. in whatsoever manner; at all 
events ; at least ; nevertheless ; still : how'so, ad. a 



mate, m&t.far, law; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, mtve; 



HOWD 21 

familiar term of inquiry— why? in what manner is 
this? how soev'er, ad. in what manner soever; to 
whatever degree. 

howdah, n. hoio'dd (Hind, haudah), a seat fixed on 
the back of an elephant for two or more persons to 
ride in. 

howdy, 11. hdtv'-dl, in Scot., a midwife. 

howitzer, n. hdiv'its-er (Ger. haubitze), a short 
mortar or gun mounted on a field-carriage, used for 
throwing shells. 

howker, n. how'ke'r (Dut. hoeker), a Dutch vessel 
with two masts ; a one-masted fishing-boat. 

howl, n. howl (F. huller; Ger. heulen; Dut. huylen; 
Gr. hulain; L. ululare, to howl), the cry of a dog or 
•wolf; a mournful cry: v. to cry as a dog or wolf; to 
utter cries of terror or anguish ; to roar loudly, as the 
wind: howling, imp.: adj. filled with howling beasts, 
as a howling wilderness ; dreary : n. loud outcries or 
mournful sounds : howled, pp. hdivld. 

howlet, n. holu'let (F. hulotte), a bird of the owl 
kind. 

hoy, int. hoy, stop ! stay ! 

hoy, n. hoy (Dut. huy ; F. lieu), a large boat, some- 
times with one deck. 

hub, n. hub (old Eng. hob, a false step : Dut. hob- 
belen, to rock as a boat), a block of wood laid to the 
wheel of a carriage to stop its motion ; the projecting 
nave of a wheel ; the hilt of a weapon. 

hubbub, n. hub'-biib (a repetition of hoop, represent- 
ing a cry), a great noise of many confused voices ; an 
uproar ; a tumult. 

huckaback, n. huk'd-bdk, a coarse kind of linen used 
for towelling. 

huckle, n. huk'-l (Dut. hucken, to draw one's self to- 
gether, to bend under a load : Ger. hoeker, a hump, a 
knob : Icel. hcecka, to rise), a hump ; the hip ; among 
prov. miners, the summit or apex of an anticline or 
saddle-back : huckle-backed, a. -bdkt, having round 
shoulders: huckle-bone, n. (Ger. bein, bone), the hip- 
bone. 

huckster, n. hiik'ster (Ger. hoeker, a retailer: Dut. 
hoecker, a petty tradesman— from Swab, hoeker; Icel. 
okr, interest, usury), a small retailer of provisions, 
&c; a pedlar; a mean trickish fellow: v. to deal in 
small articles or in petty bargains : huckstering, imp. : 
huckstered, pp. -sterd. 

huddle, v. /-», to do in an imper- 

fect manner: Ger. hudeln; D\it. hoetehi, to bungle or 
botch), to put on or up in haste or disorder ; to crowd 
together in confusion : n. a crowd ; confusion : hud'- 
dling, imp. -ling: huddled, pp. hud'ld. 

Hudibrast : I fc, similar to the style of 

the poem of Hudibras ; doggerel. 

hue, n. hu (AS. heaw, form, appearance— from hea- 
ivan, to show), colour, or shade of colour ; a compound 
colour in which one of the primaries predominates ; 
tint or dye : hued, a. hud, coloured ; having a colour : 
nueless, a. -les, without colour. 

hue, n. hu (F. huer, to hoot, to shout : Bret, huda, 
to cry to frighten wolves : W. hwa, halloo), a cla- 
mour ; an outcry : hue and cry, the legal pursuit of a 
thief or other offender by sending a description of 
him to police-offices, &c. ; anciently, the pursuit of a 
felon, with loud outcries or clamour to give alarm. 

huff, n. hi'/ (imitative of the sound of puffing up or 
swelling with wind, as a person in a fit of passion : 
Ger. hauchen, to breathe or blow : Pol. chuch, I huff 
you— from chuchac, to blow), sudden offence taken; 
a swell of sudden anger ; a boaster : v. to offend ;■ to 
swell or enlarge; to bluster: huffing, imp.: huffed, 

Sp. huft: huffy, a -fi, petulant ; being in ill-humour : 
uffiness, n. state of being puffed up; petulance: 
huffish, a. somewhat huffy ; petulant ; arrogant : huf '- 
fishly, ad. -U .- to huff up, to puff up ; to swell with 
•wind: to take huff, to take offence: to give one a 
huff, to speak like an angry man to one. 

hug, n. hug (Dut. huggeren; Low Ger. huddern, 
to chill, to shiver— from the int. ugh! expressing a 
shudder of cold — cold affecting the frame so as to 
make a person crouch together, and bring his arms 
and elbows to press on his sides and breast), a close 
embrace ; a particular gripe in wrestling : v. to em- 
brace closely ; to gripe in wrestling ; to keep close 
to, as to the wind, or the shore, in sailing : hug'ging, 
imp. : hugged, pp. hugd : to hug one's self, to ap- 
plaud or congratulate one's self on some supposed 
advantage or superiority. 

huge, a. hvj (Icel. ugga, to fear: Scot, ug; old Eng. 
houge, to feel horror at: Bret, heug, aversion — see 

cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, 



HUMB 



ugly), very large or great; enormous— applied to bulk, 
not to space or distance : hugely, ad. -II .- huge'ness, 
n. enormous bulk or largeness. 

hugger-mugger, a. hug'- ger -mug' ger (Sw. i mjugg, 
clandestinely: Dan. i smug, secretly), secret; clan- 
destine; confused; disorderly: ad. privately; clan- 
destinely : n. secrecy. 

Huguenot, n. hu'-gi-not or -no (a corruption of Eid- 
genossen, the Swiss confederates— Geneva being the 
headquarters of Protestantism), a name applied to the 
Protestants of France in the sixteenth and seven- 
teenth centuries: Hu'guenotism, n. -Xzm, the tenets 
of the Huguenots, -noz. 

hulk, n. hulk (F. hourque, a large fly-boat, a hulk : 
Norm, hoik, a tub : Flem. durk, the place in a ship 
where the foul water collects), the body of a ship— gen- 
erally said of an old ship unfit for service ; anything 
bulky or unwieldy, as a hulk of a fellow ; in mining, 
an old excavated working: hulky, a. hulk'l, large; 
extra-sized: the hulks, old or dismasted ships, for- 
merly used as prisons for convicts. 

hull, n. hiil (Gi-r. hiille, a clothing, a veil— see hill), 
the outer covering of anything, as of a nut or grain: 
v. to husk or shell : hul'ling, imp. : hulled, pp. huld : 
hully, a. -/ or pods. 

hull, n. hill (Dut. hoi, hollow— see hold of a ship), 
the body of a ship : v. to pierce the body of a ship 
with shot: hul'ling, imp.: hulled, pp. huld. 

hullabaloo, n. lud'-la-bd-W ', also hurly-burly, n. 
her'll-ber'll (F. fiurluberlu, abruptly, with a clatter: 
Low Ger. huller-de-bitller, signifying hasty in action), 
words formed to represent a confused noise ; uproar ; 
confusion. 

hum, n. hum (Ger. hummen; Dut. hommelen, to 
hum or buzz as a bee— from direct imitation : L. bom- 
bus; Gr. bombos, a bumming), the noise of bees or 
other insects ; a low confused noise ; formerly an 
expression of applause: int. (Icel. hvums, the hissing 
of a suppressed utterance), a sound implying doubt 
and hesitation : v. to utter sounds like bees ; to sing 
in a low or under tone : humming, imp. : hummed, 
pp humd: hum'mer, n. -er, one who; an applauder: 
humble-bees, large hairy bees of a black colour with 
bands of yellow or orange, which construct hives under 
ground; also called bumble-bees: hums and haws, 
a suppressed utterance with stammering, indicating 
that the person is at a loss what to say : humdrum, n. 
what goes on in a humming, drumming, droning way : 
adj. monotonous; commonplace; stupid: humming, 
n. hnm'-iuing, the sound of bees: humming-bird, the 
smallest and most beautiful of birds, found in the 
tropical parts of Amer. — so called from the sound 
produced by the motion of its wings. 

human, a. hu'mdn (L. humanus, a human being— 
from homo, man : F. humain), of or pert, to mankind ; 
having the quality or nature of man : hu'manly, ad. -II, 
after the manner of men : humanity, n. -mdn'l-tt, the 
quality of being human; the peculiar nature of man; 
the human race ; benevolence ; mental cultivation be- 
fitting man; in Scot., one of the humanities— Latin, 
Greek, rhetoric, poetry, grammatical studies : humane, 
a. hu-mdn', kind; tender and compassionate; having 
thefeelings proper to man : humanely, ad. -II .- hu'man- 
ise, v. -Iz, to soften ; to render kind and tender ; to be- 
come civilised: hu'mani'sing, imp.: adj. investing 
with the character of civilised man ; softening : hu- 
manised, pp. -Izd : adj. invested with the character of 
civilised man : hu'mani'ser, n. -zer, one who : hu'man- 
isa'tion, n. -l-za'shun, the act of humanising : human- 
kind, n. the race of man ; the human species : hu- 
manitarian, n. -ta'rl-dn, one who supports the doc- 
trine of the human nature of Christ and denies His 
divinity. 

humate, n. hu'mdt (L. humus, the ground), a com- 
pound of humic acid with a base. 

humble, a. hum'U (L. humilis, lowly, mean— from 
humus, theground : F. humble), lowly ; modest ; meek ; 
poor, as in humble circumstances ; low, as opposed to 
high : v. to bring down ; to reduce low ; to subdue ; 
to degrade; to mortify: hum'bling, imp. -bling: n. 
humiliation ; abatement of pride : hum'bled, pp. 
-bid : hum'bly, ad. -Ml, in a humble manner ; with- 
out pride; modestly: humbleness, n. -bl-nes: hum'- 
blingly, ad. -II. 

humbles or umbles, n. plu. um'-blz (F. nombles), the 
entrails of a deer ; generally the entrails of any beast : 
also spelt nombles and numbles : humble-pie, n. urn'- 
bl-pl, as in the phrase, "to eat humble-pie, or umble- 
pie," to eat one's own words ; to be obliged to act in 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



HUMB 



254 



HURR 



a very humiliating way— that is, to stoop, as it were, 
to eat a pie made of umbles. 

humboldtine, n. hum'bol-tin (after Hurriboldi), a 
mineral occurring in yellowish capillary crystals in 
the brown coal of Germany. 

humbug, n. hum-bug (old Eng. hum, to impose on, 
and bug, an object of dread— probably only originat- 
ing in slang— see bug), an imposition or trickplayed off 
under fair pretences ; a piece of trickery ; a hoax : v. 
to impose upon ; to cheat ; to play off an imposition : 
hum'bugging, imp.: hum'bugged, pp. -bugd: hum'- 
bugger, n. one who humbugs. 

humdrum— see under hum. 

humective, a. hu-mek'ttv [L. humectate, to moisten), 
able to moisten : hu'mecta'tion, n. -ta'shun, a mak- 
ing wet. 

humeral, a. hu'mer-dl (L. humerus, the shoulder), 
pert, to the shoulder: hu'merus, n. -us, the arm from 
the shoulder to the elbow ; the bone of that part. 

humic, a. hu'mlk (L. humus, soil), applied to an acid 
produced from the decomposition of mould by an 
alkali. 

humid, a. h tifm/td ft < m i this, moist — fromliumere, 
to be moist or damp : F. humide), rather wet or 
watery; moist; damp: humid'ity, n. -l-ti, moisture ; 
dampness. 

humifuse, a. hu'ml-fuz (L. humus, the ground, and 
fusum, to spread), in bot., spread over the surface of 
the ground ; procumbent. 

humiliate, v. hu-mU'l-at (L. humilis, lowly, mean— 
from humus, the ground), to humble ; to depress ; 
to mortify : humiliating, imp. : adj. abasing to 
pride ; mortifying : humiliated, pp. : humiliation, 
n. -a'shun, the act of reducing from a high to a low 
state or condition ; the state of being humbled or re- 
duced to lowliness : humility, n. -l-ti, freedom from 
pride ; modest estimate of one's own worth. 

humite, n. hu'rnlt (after Sir A. Hume), a gem of 
a transparent vitreous brown colour, found in the 
ejected masses of Vesuvius. 

hummock, n. hum'mok (Norm, hump, a knoll), a hil- 
lock or eminence of land, as seen from the sea or a dis- 
tance ; among sailors, a large mass of floating ice. 

hummums, n. plu. hum'mumz (Pers. hammam, a 
bath), in Persia, sweating-places or baths. 

humor or humour, n. hu'-mor (L. humor, fluid of any 
kind, moisture: Gr. chumos, a liquid: F. humeur), 
any moisture or fluid of the body except the blood ; 
now usually any moisture of the body ; an aqueous 
substance ; certain parts of the eye which abound in 
fluid : hu'moral, a. -dl, pert, to the fluids or humours 
of the body, or proceeding from them; in med., ap- 
plied to that doctrine which ascribes all diseases to a 
degenerate or disordered state of the fluids of the body. 

humour, n. u'mer, (L. humor, fluid, moisture : F. 
humeur— see humor), turn or temper of mind; the 
talent which perceives and generalises the peculiar- 
ities of persons or circumstances in a witty and 
kindly manner; caprice; present disposition: v. to 
gratify by yielding to a particular inclination or de- 
sire ; to indulge : hu'mouring, imp. : hu'moured, pp. 
-merd: hu'mourless, a. without humour : hu'mourist, 
n. -mer-lst, one who has a playful fancy for odd pecu- 
liarities and circumstances; a wag or droll fellow: 
hu'mourous, a. -us, fitted to excite laughter; fanci- 
ful; playful: hu'mourously, ad. -li .- hu'mourousness, 
n. oddness of conceit ; capriciousness : hu'moursome, 
a. -sum, odd; peevish; petulant: hu'moursomely, 
ad. -II. Note.— The terms "good humour" and "bad 
humour" are derived from the old "humoral path- 
ology," according to which there were four principal 
moistures or humours in the body— namely, blood, 
choler, phlegm, and melancholy, on the due proportion 
and combination of which, the disposition of body and 
mind depends. 

hump, n. hump (Dut. hompe, a hunch, a piece cut off 
something— from hompen, to cut off the extremities 
of a thing : old Sw. hump, a piece of land), the protu- 
berance formed by a crooked back, as that on a camel : 
hump'back, n. -bilk, one with a crooked back : hump'- 
backed, a. -bdkt, having a crooked back. 

humulin, n. hu'mu-lin (humulus lupulus, the sys- 
tematic name of the hop plant — from L. humus, the 
ground), the narcotic principle of the hop. 

humus, n. hu'mus (L. humus, soil), the dark -brown 
or black soil formed by the decay of vegetable matter. 

hunch, n. hunsh (Dut. hompe, a lump: Norm. 
hump, a knoll— see hump), a hump or protuberance ; 
a lump ; a push or jerk, as with the elbow : v. to push 



or jostle, as with the elbow : hunching, imp. : 
hunched, pp. hunsht : hunch'back, n one with a lump 
on the back: hunchbacked, a. -bdkt, having a crooked 
back. 

hundred, n. hun'drM (Icel. hundrad; Ger. hundert, 
a hundred— from Icel. hund, ten, and raed, a reckon- 
ing : Gr. luecaton ; L. centum ; W. cant, a hundred), ten 
multiplied by ten; a number consisting of ten times 
ten ; in commerce, a variable amount of different kinds 
of goods ; a division of a county in England : hun- 
dredth, a. -dredth, the one part or division of anything 
divided into a hundred parts: hundred-fold, n. a 
hundred times as much : hundredweight, n. -wat, 112 
lb.— contr. into nut. 

hung, hung, pt. and pp. of hang, which see : hung- 
beef, beef salted and dried. 

Hungary, a. hung'gdr-i, pert, to or obtained from 
Hungary : H. balsam, a kind of turpentine from the 
mountain-pine of Hungary: H. water, the spirit of 
rosemary mixed with some spirits of wine. 

hunger, n. hung'ger (AS. hunger, hunger: Goth. 
huhrus, hunger— from hugrjan, to hunger), the un- 
easy sensation caused by want of food; desire for 
food ; any eager or violent desire : v. to feel the pain 
of hunger; to long for; to crave food: hun'gering, 
imp.: n. the suffering from hunger: hun'gered, pp. 
-gerd: adj. pinched from want of food : hun'gerer, n. 
-ger-er, one who : hun'gry, a. -grl, having a keen appe- 
tite ; feeling hunger ; greedy ; poor : hun'grily, ad. -li. 

hunks, n. hunks (a probable corruption of huckster), 
a covetous, miserly man ; a niggard. 

Huns, n. plu. hunz, a savage and powerful nation 
of Northern Asia who overran a large portion of the 
Roman empire in the fifth century. 

hunt, n. hunt (AS. huntian, to hunt; hentan, to 
pursue: Esth. hunt, a wolf— see hound), the pursuit 
or chase of wild animals ; pursuit : v. to chase or pur- 
sue wild animals ; to follow closely : hunt'ing, imp. : 
n. the act or practice of pursuing wild animals for 
sport or for food : hunt'ed, pp. : hunt'er, n. one who 
hunts; a strong horse trained for the chase: hunt'ress, 
n. -res, a woman who hunts : the hunt, those who 
maintain a pack of hounds in any district : to hunt 
down, to bear down by persecution or violence : to 
hunt from, to drive out or away : to hunt out, after, 
or up, to seek; to search for: hunting-horn, n. a kind 
of bugle : hunting-box or -seat, n. a residence for the 
convenience of hunting : hunts'man, n. the servant 
who attends to the hounds, &c. ; a hunter. 

hurdle, n. her'dl (Dut. horde, a fence of branches or 
osiers: Ger. hiirde, a frame of rods: Icel. hurd, a 
wicker gate : Swiss, hurd, a pole : F. hard, a withe), 
a framework of intertwined twigs or the smaller 
branches of trees ; a crate : plu. frames for fencing, 
&c. : v. to enclose or guard with hurdles : hurdling, 
imp. herd'llng: hurdled, pp. her -did. 

hurds or hards, n. plu. herdz, (AS. heordas, the re- 
fuse of tow), the coarse part of flax or hemp ; any 
waste tow or oakum. 

hurdygurdy, n. fier'di-ger'dl (imitative of its grind- 
ing rough tones), a stringed instr. somewhat like a 
violin, the sounds of which are produced by a smaU 
wheel striking against the strings. 

hurkaru, n. her'ker-6, in the East Indies, a running 
footman ; a Calcutta daily paper so called. 

hurl, v. herl (Sw. hurra, to whirl : Dan. hurre, to 
hum or buzz: Swiss, hurrli, a humming-top— see 
whirl), to drive through the air with a whirring noise ; 
to throw with violence; to drive with great force; 
to utter with vehemence ; to whirl : n. the act of hurl- 
ing; a tumult: hurling, imp.: hurled, pp. herld: 
hurler, n. one who. 

hurly-burly, n.— see hullabaloo. 

hurrah, int. hobr-ra', also hurra, an exclamation ex- 
pressive of pleasure or satisfaction. 

hurricane, n. hur'-rl-kdn (Sp. huracan; F. ouragan, 
a hurricane— from a native Amer. word imitative of 
rushing wind), a violent storm, in which the wind 
blows fitfully with prodigious force. 

hurried, a. hurries, n.— see hurry. 

hurry, v. hur'rl (Swiss, hurrsch, a word intended 
to express rapid action accompanied by a whizzing 
sound : old H. Ger. hursc, quick : Ger. hurtig, quick, 
brisk : arri 1 harri .' cries in France and Italy to urge 
on horses), to hasten; to impel to greater speed; to 
put into confusion through haste ; to move or act with 
haste: n. haste; a driving or pressing forward, as on 



; bustle: hur'rying, imp. -rl-lng: adj. has- 
tening ; quickening : n. the urging to greater speed ; 
mate, mat, far, law; mete, mSt, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, mCve; 



HUES 



265 



HYDE 



rapidity of motion : hurried, pp. -rid .• adj. hastened; 
urged to rapid motion or vigorous action : hurriedly, 
ad. -ll: hurriedness, n.: hurrier, n. -rl-er, one who: 
hur'rylngly, ad. -ll: hurries, n. plu. hur'-riz, stages or 
frames at the sides of a quay for the convenience of 
tumbling coals from the waggons right into the holds 
of sea-going vessels : hur ry-skur ry, ad. hur'-rl-skur- 
rl, confusedly: in a bustle : n. confusion and bustle. 

hurst or hyrst, n. hirst (Dut. horst, abushvplace: 
Swiss, hvrst, a thicket), a wood or grove; a'postfix, 
as in Hazlehurst. 

hurt, n. hert (Dut. horten; F. heurter; It. urtare, to 
dash against: W. hwrdd. a stroke, a blow), a wound; 
a bruise ; injury: v. to true or cause pain to ; to wound; 
to grieve ; to injure : hurt ing, imp : hurt, pt. and pp. 
hert: hurt'ers, n. plu. -erz, pieces of wood for pro- 
tecting the parapet from the wheels of gun-carriages : 
hurt'ful, a. -fool, injurious ; pernicious : occasioning 
loss or injury : hurt fully, ad. -ll : hurt fulness, n. 

hurtle, v. hert'd (a dim. of hurt: F. heurter, to dash 
against: Norm, hurra, to rattle), to clash or dash to- 
gether; to rattle; to move violently : hurtling, imp. : 
n. the act of that which hurtles : hurtled, pp. Iiirt-ld. 

hurtle-berry, n. hert-l-ber'ri (AS. heort-berie, hart- 
berry), the whortle-berry— which see. 

husband, n. huz'bdnd (Norm, husbond; AS- hus- 
bonda, the master of the house— from AS. hus, a 
house, and bonda ; Lap. banda, a master: Bohem. 
hospod; L. hospit', the lord, the master of the house), 
a man joined to a woman by marriage ; an economist ; 
the manager of the concerns of a ship, as in the phrase 
ship's husband: v. to manage with frugality; to use 
with economy: husbanding, imp.: husbanded, pp.: 
husbandman, n. a tiller of the soil ; a working far- 
mer: husbandry, n. -drl, the business of a farmer; 
frugality ; domestic economy : hus bandless, a. with- 
out a husband: hus bandage, n. -bdn-ddj, the agent's 
allowance or commission for attending to the business 

hush, v. hush f\V. hu.it, a low buzzing noise — see 
hist), to still ; to render silent : hush ing, imp. : hushed, 
pp. hiisht: hush-money, n. a bribe for silence: hush, 
impera. silence; be still: adj. still; quiet; silent. 

husk, n. husk (Dut. hulsche, covering of seeds; 
huysken, a case in which a thing is kept), the external 
covering of many fruits ami seeds: v. to remove the 
husks from : husking, imp. : n. the act of stripping otf 
husks: husked, pp. hUskt, covered with a husk; 
stript of husks : husky, a. -I, abounding with or con- 
sisting of husks ; dry; rough: huskily, ad. -ll : husk- 
iness, n. roughness of sound ; hoarseness. 

hussar, n. hobz-zdr 1 (Magyar, huszar, a light horse- 
man: Norm, kussa, to chase with outcry), a light 
armed horse-soldier, adapted to harass the enemy. 

hussif, n. hu&slf {AS. hus, a house and wife), a case 
used by seamstresses to contain cotton, worsted, 
needles, and suchlike. 

Hussite, n. hus'slt, a follower of John Huss, the 
Bohemian reformer. 

hussy, n. hiiz'-l (contr. for houseicife), applied to a 
female as a term of slight reproach. 

hustings, n. plu. hus'-tlngz (AS. husting, the house 
or domestic court, a place of council— from AS. hus, 
a house, and Icel. thing ; Dan. ting, a court of justice), 
the municipal court of the City of London ; the plat- 
form from which candidates for Parliament address 
the electors. 

hustle, v. hus'l (Dut. hutselen, to shake to and fro: 
Norm, huska, to rock, to swing), to shake together in 
confusion; to push or crowd: hustling, imp. -ling: 
hustled, pp. hiis'ld. 

huswife, n. hus'-wif (other spellings hussif and house- 
wye, which see), a female manager of a house who is 
tidy and thrifty. 

hut, n. hiit (AV. hotan; oldGer. hot, a cap: Dut. hidte, 
a cabin), a slight temporary erection ; a mean dwell- 
ing : v. to place in huts : hu't'ting, imp. : hutted, pp. 
hutch, n. huch (F. huche, a chest or bin: Dut. hok, 
a cote for animals : Norm, hokk, a small apartment), 
a chest or bin ; a coop for rabbits ; a basket or cage in 
which the miners bring the coals from the mines : v. 
to hoard or lay up, as in a chest: hutch'ing, imp.: 
hutched, pp. hucht. 

huzza, int. ho~oz-za', a shout of joy or approbation: 
v. to receive with approbation : huzzaing, imp : huz- 
zaed', pp. -zdd'. 

hyacinth, n. hl'd-slnth (L. hyacinthus; Ger. hua- 
kinfhos: in anc. myth., a Spartan youth, beloved by 
Apollo, who was accidentally killed, and from whose 



blood the flower sprang), a beautiful flowering plant 
of many varieties ; a precious stone of a violet colour : 
hy'acin'thine, a. -sin-thin, consisting of or resembling 
hyacinth. 

"Hyads, n. plu. hl'-ddz, or Hyades, hl'd-dcz (L. hyades 
—from Gr. huades, the miners— from huo, I rain), a 
cluster of seven stars in the Bull's face in the constella- 
tion Taurus, the rising of which with the sun was 
supposed by the ancients to indicate rain. 

hyaena— see hyena. 

hyaline, a. hl'-ddin (Gr. hualos, glass), glassy; con- 
sisting of or resembling glass ; in bot., applied to the 
part where the cell-nucleus appears; in med., clear, 
and of a slight consistence like a jelly : hy'alite, n. -lit 
(Gr. lithos, a stone), a variety of opal: hyaloid, a. 
-loud (Gr. eidos. likeness), like glass; transparent: 
hy alosid'erite, n. -sid'tr-it (Gr. sideros, iron), a brown 
or yellow - coloured very ferruginous and metallic- 
looking mineral— a variety of olivine. 

hybernate, hybernation— see hibernate. 

hybodus, n. hl'bo-dus, also hyl)odonts, n. plu. 
-donts (Gr. hubos, curved, humped, and odous, a tooth 
—gen odontis), m geol., a family of fossil shark-like 
fishes furnished with teeth having knobbed crowns. 

hybrid, n. hl-brld(L. hybrida, a mongrel, a hybrid 
—from Gr. hubris, a wanton act, an outrage: F. hy- 
bride), a mongrel ; a mule ; an animal or plant, the 
produce of different kinds or species : adj. having the 
origin or character of a hybrid ; applied to words 
formed of elements derived from different languages ; 
heterogeneous or mixed: hybridous, a. -us, produced 
from the mixture of two species: hy'bridism, n. -izm, 
also hybrid'ity, n. -brld'-l-tl, character, state, or con- 
dition of a hybrid : hybridise, v. -iz, to make or be- 
come hybrid: hybridising, imp.: hybridised, pp. 
■izd: hybridisation, n. -i-zd'shiin, the act of render- 
ing hybrid ; also hy'bridi'sing, n. -i'zing. 

hydatids, n. plu. hl'dd-tidz, or hydat'ides, -ddt'l- 
dcz (Gr. hudatis, a vesicle— gen. hudatidos—irom hu- 
dor, water), little vesicles or bladders of water found 
in the bodies of animals in a state of disease, as in 
dropsy, and supposed to be distinct animals; the 
simplest kind of intestinal worms. 

hydr, hi'dr, and hydro, hl'-dro (Gr. hudor, water- 
gen, hudatos), a common prefix, in scientific terms, 
denoting the presence, action, or quality of water; 
also, in certain chemical terms, denoting the pre- 
sence of hydrogen. 

hydra, n. hi'-drd (L. hydra; Gr. hudra, the hydra, 
a water- snake— from Gr. hudor, water), a water- 
snake; a fabulous monster serpent having many 
heads, slain by Hercules ; a fresh- water polype. 

kydracid, h. hldrds'ld (Gr. hudor, water, and 
acid), an acid having hydrogen as one of its essential 
elements. 

hydragogue, n. hl'drdgog (Gr. hudor, water, and 
ago, I lead), a medicine which produces a rapid dis- 
charge of fluid from the body. 

hydrangea, n. hl-drdn'-jld (Gr. hudor, water, and 
anggeion, a vessel, a capsule), a pretty dwarf shrub, 
much prized for its flowers. 

hydrant, n. hl'drdnt (Gr. hudor, water), a pipe or 
spout for discharging water at a fire; a water-plug: 
hy'drate, n. -drat, a compound containing a defi- 
nite proportion of water chemically combined : hy'- 
dratett, a. -drd-ted, formed into a hydrate: hydra'- 
tion, n. -shun, the act or state of becoming a hydrate. 

hydrargillite, n. hidrdr'jil-it (Gr. hudor, water, 
and argillos, clay), a name given to the native phos- 
phate of alumina, under the erroneous idea that it 
consisted of alumina and water. 

hydrargyrum, n. hl-drdr'ji-rum (Gr. hudor, water, 
and am ui' • ; fiver or mercury. 

hydraulic, a. hl-draul'ik (Gr. hudor, water, and 
aulos, a pipe), relating to the conveyance of water 
through pipes ; worked by water ; also hydraul ical, 
a. -l-kdl: hydraulics, n. plu. -iks, the science which 
treats of the application of the forces influencing the 
motions of fluids ; the art of raising, conducting, and 
employing water for practical purposes : hydraulic 
cements, cements which have the property of becom- 
ing hard under water : hydraulic press, a machine 
for producing great pressure by water-power: hy- 
draulic ram, a kind of force-pump. 

hydrencephalocele, n. 16-sel (Gr. hu~ 

• •■ - :i "' <•■.■•■■ : Ide, a tumor), 

a serous tumor occasioned by a hernial protrusion of 

brain through a fissure of the cranium : hy'drenkeph'- 

aloid, a. -kef-d-loyd (Gr. eidos, likeness), resembling hy- 



cdw, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



HYDE, 2( 

drocephalus or dropsy of the brain: hy'drenter'ocele, 
n. -ter-6-sel (Gr. entera, the bowels, and kele, a tumor), 
dropsy of the scrotum complicated with intestinal 
hernia. 

hydriodate, n. hi-drl-6-ddt {hydrogen, and iodine), 
a salt formed by the union of hydriodic acid with a 
base : hy'driod'ic, a. -od'-lk, denoting an acid produced 
by combining hydrogen and iodine. 

hydro— see hydr. 

hydroboracite, n. hl'dro-bor'-d-slt(G,T. hudor, water, 
and boracite), a mineral, a gypseous-like compound, 
having a radiated-flbrous and foliated structure, and 
generally freckled with spots of iron oxide. 

hydrocarbons, n. plu. hi'-dro-kar'-bdns (Gr. hudor, 
water, and carbon), a term usually applied to the 
bitumens, mineral resins, and mineral fats, which are 
composed of hydrogen and carbon in varying propor- 
tions: hydrocarburet, n. a compound of hydrogen 
and carbon. 

hydrocele, n. hl'dro-sel (Gr. hudor, water, and kele, 
a tumor), dropsy of the testicle. 

hydrocephalus, n. hl'dro-sef-d-lus (Gr. hudor, water, 
and kephale, the head), dropsy of the head, generally 
known as water in the head: hy'drocephal ic, a. -se- 
fdl'-lk, relating to or connected with hydrocephalus. 

hydrochlorate, n. hl'-drO-klor'-dt (hydrogen, and 
chlorine), a compound of hydrochloric acid with a 
base: hy'drochlor'ic, a. -klor'-ik, consisting of hydro- 
gen and chlorine. 

hydrocyanate, n. hl'-dro-sl'd-ndt (hydrogen, and 
cyanogen), a compound of hydrocyanic acid with a 
base : hy'drocyan'ic, a. -dn'-lk, consisting of hydrogen 
and cyanogen : h. acid, prussic acid. 

hydrodynamic, a. hi'-dro-dl-ndm'-lk (Gr. hudor, 
water, and dunamis, power, force), pert, to or derived 
from the force or pressure of water : hy'drodynam'ics, 
n. plu. -iks, the science which treats of the phenom- 
ena of water or other fluids at rest or in motion, gen- 
erally including both hydraulics and hydrostatics. 

hydrofluate, n. hi'-drd-flo'at (hydrogen, siad fluorine), 
a compound of hydrofluoric acid with a base : hy'dro- 
fluor'ic, a. -dr'-ik, consisting of hydrogen and fluorine. 

hydrogen, n. hl'-dro-jdn (Gr. hudor, water, and 
gennao, I generate or produce), a gaseous body, and 
the lightest of all known bodies— called also inflam- 
mable air, and producing water when combined with 
oxygen: hydrog'enate, v. -droj'S-ndt, also hydrog- 
enise, v. -nlz, to combine hydrogen with: hydrog'- 
ena'ting, also hydrog'eni'sing, imp. : hydrog'ena'ted, 
alsohydrog'enis<)d, pp. -nlzd: hydrog'enous, a. -S-nus, 
pert, to or containing hydrogf 

hydrography, n. hldrog-r 
and grapho, I describe or wr_ ._,. 
charts representing sea-coasts, seas, gulfs, bays, 
ands, &c. ; maritime surveying: hy'drograph'ic, a. 
•dro-grdf'-lk, also hy'drographlcal, a. -%-kdl, relating 
to maps or charts representing sea-coasts, rocks, isl- 
ands, shoals, &c. : hydrog rapher, n. -drog'-rd-fer, one 
who: hydrology, n. -drol'6-jl (Gr. logos, discourse), 
the science which treats of water, its properties, phe- 
nomena, and distribution : hy'drolog'ical, a. -dro-loj'-i- 
kdl, pert. to. 

hydroida, n. hl-drdy'dd (Gr. hudra, a water-snake, 
and eidos, like), in geol., an extensive genus of zoo- 
phytes. 

hydromagnesite, n. hl'-dro-mdg'-ne-zlt (Gr. hudor, 
water, and magnesite), a native carbonate of magnesia, 
occurring in white earthy amorphous masses in ser- 
pentine rocks. 

hydromancy, n. hl'-dro-mdn'-sl (Gr hudor, water, 
and manteia, divination), the method of predicting 
events by water, practised by the ancients: hy'dro- 
man'tic, a. -tlk, relating to. 

hydromel, n. hl'-dro-mil (Gr. hudor, water, and 
meli, honey), honey mixed in water, called mead when 
fermented. 

hydrometer, n. hl-drdm'S-ter (Gr. hudor, water, and 
metron, a measure), an instr. for ascertaining the 
density, strength, &c, of liquids: hy'droinet'ric, a. 
-dro-me't'rik, also hy'dromet'rical, a. -ri-kdl, pert, to 
a hydrometer : hydrom'etry, n. -drom'-e-trl, the art of 
ascertaining the density, &c, of liquids. 

hydropathy, n. hl-droi E(l <" lor, water, and 

pathos, feeling), the water-cure: hydropathic, a. hi- 
dro-pdth'-lk, relating to : hydrop'atbist, n. -d-thlst, one 
who practises the water-cure. 

hydrophane, n. hl'-dro-fan (Gr. hudor, water, and 
phaino, I show), a variety of opal, pearly opaque when 
dry, but rendered translucent when saturated with 



3 HYL^3 

water: hydroph'anous, a. -drd/'-d-nus, made trans- 
lucent by water. 

hydrophobia, n. hl'-dro-fo'-bl-d (Gr. hudor, water, 
and phobos, fear, dread), a preternatural dread of 
water ; a dreadful and almost incurable disease caused 
by the bite of a rabid dog : hydrophobic, a. -fob-Ik, 
pert, to dread of water or to canine madness. 

hydrophyte, n. hi'-drO-flt (Gr. hudor, water, and 
phuton, a plant), a plant which lives and grows in 
water. 

hydrophthalmia, n. hl'-drof-thdl'-ml-d (Gr. hudor, 
water, and ophthalmos, an eye), dropsy of the eye. 

hydropneumatic, a. M'-drO-ni / (Gr. hudor, 

water, and pneuma, breath, spirit), applied to the 
water-trough used in collecting gases, &c. 

hydropsy, n. hi'-drop-sl (Gr. hudropikos, relating to 
dropsy— from hudor, water), drops™ ' 
" '; a contraction ( " " 
> hydrop'ical, 



but a contract i , ■ < hydrop'ic, a. -drop'-ik, 

also hydrop'ical, a. -%-kdl, re v 

sical. 



., resembling dropsy; drop- 



hydro-salts, n. plu. hl'-drd sawlts, salts, the acid or 
base of which contains hydrogen. 

hydroscope, n. hi'-dro-skop (Gr. hudor, water, and 
skopeo, I view), an instr. for measuring the dampness 
or moisture of the air, or of a gas. 

hydrostatics, n. pin i tdi'\ (Gr. hudor, 

water, and statikos, standing or settling), the science 
which treats of the properties of fluids when at rest 



of water while at rest : hy'drostat'ically, ad 

hydrosulphuret, n.hl'i hydrogen, and 

sulphur), a compound of hydrosulphuric aci<i <ii ; 
base : hy'drosulphu'ric, a. -fu'-rlk, pert, to or derived 
from hydrogen and sulphur. 

hydrothermal, a. hl-drO-i ft udor, water, 

and therme, heat), of or pert, to hot water— applied to 
the action of heated waters in dissolving, redeposit- 
ing, and otherwise producing mineral changes within 
the crust of the globe. 

hydrothorax, n. hl'dro-tho'rdks (Gr. hudor, water, 
and thorax, the chest), dropsy of the chest. 

hydrous, a. hl'-drus (Gr. hudor, water), containing 
water : hy'druret, n. -dr6-ret, a compound of hydro- 
gen, chiefly with a metal. 

hydrozoa, n. hl'-dro-zo'd (Gr. hudra, a water-serpent, 
and zoon, an animal), gelatinous, oblong, or conical 
polypes organised like the hydra. 

hyemal, a. M-e'-mdl (L. hiemalis, wintry— from 
Jiiems, winter: F. hyemal), belonging to or done in 
winter: hy'ema'tion, n. -ma'-shun, the passing or 
spending of winter in a particular place. 

hyena or hyaena, n. hi-e'-nd(L. hycena, a hyena : Gr. 
huaina), a fierce untamabh inimal of the dog family. 

hyetography, n. hl'6-tog'rd-fl (Gr. huetos, rain, and 
grapho, I write), the science of rain ; the study of the 
quantities and localities in which rain has fallen in a 
given time : hy'etograph'ic, a. -to-grd/'lk, of or pert, 
to the science of rain. 

Hygeia, n. hl-je'd (L. or Gr.), in anc. myth., the 
goddess of health; one of the minor planets : hygei'- 
an, a. -je'dn, relating to Hygeia ; pert, to health : hy- 
giene, n. hl'-ji-en, health, its preservation and resto- 
ration : hy'gien'ic, a. -6n'-lk, of or relating to health 
or hygiene : hy'gieist, n. -je-ist, one who practises 
hygiene. 

hygrology, n. hl-grol'o-jl (Gr. hugros, wet, moist, 
and logos, discourse), doctrine of the phenomena and 
causes of the moisture of the atmosphere : hygrom'- 
eter, n. -grom'S-ter (Gr. metron, a measure), an instr. 
for measuring the degree of moisture in the atmo- 
sphere : hygrom'etry, n. -6-trl, the art of measuring 
the moisture of the atmosphere; the science that 
treats of the measurement of moisture in bodies, par- 
ticularly of the atmosphere : hy'gromet'ric, a. -gro- 
met'rik, also hy'gromet'rical, a. -ri-kdl, of or relating 
to hygrometry. 

hygroscope, n. hl'-gro-skop (Gr. hugros, wet, moist, 
and skopeo, I see or view), an instr. to show the mois- 
ture or dryness of the air : hy'groscop'ic, a. -skop'-ik, 
pert, to; applied to moisture not readily apparent, 
but capable of detection by the hygroscope; having 
affinity to water : hy'grostat'ics, n. plu. -stdt'lks (Gr. 
hugros, moist, and statikos, standing or settling), the 
science of comparing relative degrees of moisture. 

hylseosaurus rws (Gr. hule, a wood, 

and sauros, a lizard), in geol., one of the dinosaurs, a 
gigantic terrestrial reptile. 



mate, m&t.f&r, law; mete, mit, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, mOve; 



HYLI 



267 



HYPO 



hylism, n. M'-lTzm (Gr. hule, matter), in meta., the 
theory which regards matter as the original principle 
of evil, in opposition to the good spirit : hylotheism, 
n. -lo-the'lzm (Gr. Theos, God), the doctrine or helief 
that matter is God : hylothe'ist, n. -1st, one who be- 
lieves that matter is God: hylozo'ism, n. -zo'lzm 
(Gr. zoe, life), the doctrine or helief that matter and 
every particle of it is animated : hylozo'ic, a. -ik, 
pert, to : hylozo'ist, n. -zo'ist, one who. 

hylonomus, n. hllon'6-mus (Gr. hule, a wood, and 
nomos, an abode), in geol., a small lacertian reptile 
found enclosed in fossil tree-trunks. 

Hymen, n. hl'men (L. Hymen ; Gr. Humeri), in anc. 
myth. , the god of marriage, son of Bacchus and Venus ; 
the virginal membrane: hy'mene'al, a. -men-e'-dl, 
pert, to marriage : n. a marriage-song ; also hy'mene- 
an, n. -men-e'dn. 

hymenitun, n. hi-mhi'i-iim (Gr. humeri, a mem- 
brane), in hot., that portion of the fructification of a 
fungus in which the sporules are situated, usually 
more or less membranous. 

hymenocaris, n. hi-men-ok'-dr-ls (Gr. humeri, a mem- 
brane, and karis, a shrimp), in geol, a small shrimp- 
like crustacean. 

hymenopter, n. hl'mSn-op'ter, also hy'menop'tera, 
n. plu. -ter-d (Gr. humeri, a membrane, and pteron, a 
wing), an order of insects having four membranous 
wings, as bees or wasps : hy'menop terous, a. -tSr-us, 
pert. to. 

hymn, n. him (L. hymnus; Gr. humnos, a song in 
honour of the gods: F. hymne), a song or ode in 
honour of God ; a song of praise or joy: v. to praise 
or worship in song : hymning, imp. ft im'lng : n. the 
singing of hymns: hymned, pp. hlmcl: hym'nic, a. 
-nlk, relating to hymns : hym'nal, n. -ndl, a collection 
of hymns for public worship : hymnol'ogy, n. -ndl'o-jl 
(Gr. logos, discourse), a discourse on hymns; a collec- 
tion or arrangement of hymns. 

hyoid, a. hl'dyd (Gr. v, the Greek letter upsilon, 
and eidos, likeness), having the form of an arch or 
of the Greek letter v : n. a bone situated between 
the root of the tongue and the larynx: plu. hyoi'- 
des, -dez: hyoi'deal, a. -di-al, connected with the 
hyoid bone. 

hyopotamus, n. hl'6-potkl-mv.s (Gr. hus, a hog, and 
potamos, a river), in geol., a non-ruminant and even- 
toed tertiary mammal. 

hyoscyamus, n. hl'-os-sl'd-mus (L. hyoscyamus ; Gr. 
Tiuoskuamos, henbane— from Gr. hus, a hog, and kua- 
mos, a bean), a genus of poisonous plants, henbane, 
used in medicine : hyoscy 'amine, n. -min, a peculiar 
poisonous substance obtained from henbane. 



upon, in reference to place or position; indicating 
deficiency, or less than, when applied to quality or 
composition ; synonymous with L. prefix sub. 

hypsethral, a. fil-pe'thrdl (Gr. hupaithros, in the 
open air— from hupo, under, and aither, the clear 
sky), in arch., exposed to the open air; without a 
roof. 

hypallage, n. M-p&l'i ullage, an ex- 

change—from hupo, under, and allasso, I change), a 
figure of speech in which words are made to inter- 
change their cases, tenses, or relations. 

hypanthocrinus, n. hl'pdn-thok'rl-nus (Gr. hu- 
pantheo, I begin to flower— from hupo, under, and 
anthos, a flower), in geol., a genus of rose-encrinites, 
so called from the flower-like contour of its recep- 
tacle and bifurcating arms. 

hypapophysis, n. hl'-pa-pof'l-sis (Gr. hupo, below, 
and apophusis, a sprout or process), in anat., a pro- 
cess or protuberance of bone which descends from the 
lower part of the centrum or body of the vertebra. 

hyper, hl'per (Gr. huper, above), a prefix signifying 
above, over, orbeyond, in reference to place or position; 
indicating excess when applied to quality or composi- 
tion; in chem., applied to acids which contain the 
largest proportion of oxygen. 

hyperemia, n. hl'per-e'ml-d (Gr. huper, over, and 
Jiaima, blood), an excessive supply or accumulation 
of blood : hy'perae'mic, a. -e'mik, pert, to ; having an 
excessive supply of blood. 

hyperesthesia, n. hl'per-ez-the'-zhl-d (Gr. huper, 
above, and a i : ion, sensation), in med., 

excessive or morbid sensibility, as intolerance of light, 
sound, &c. 

hyperbaton, n. hl-per'bd-ton (Gr. huper, above or 

beyond, and baino, I go), a figure of grammar in 

cow, boy, J 'o~bt; pure, bud; chair, 



which the natural order or construction of a sentence 
is inverted: hy'perbatlc, a. -bat'-ik, transposed ; in- 
verted. 

hyperbola, n. M-per'bold (Gr. huper, over, beyond, 
and ballo, I throw), one of the conic sections or curves, 
formed by the section of a cone when the cutting- 
plane makes a greater angle with the base than the 
side of the cone makes: hyper'boloid, n. -bo-loyd (Gr. 
eidos, appearance), a geometrical solid formed by the 
revolution of a hyperbola about its axis. 

hyperbole, n. hl-per'-bo-le, (Gr. huper, over, beyond, 
and ballo, I throw), a figure of speech which expresses 
much more or less than the truth: hy'perbollc, a. 
-bol'lk, also hy'perbollcal, a. -l-kdl, relating to or con- 
tained in the hyperbole ; exaggerating much beyond 
the truth: hy'perbollcally, ad. -kdl-ll: hyper'bolism, 
n. -bo-llzm, the use of hyperbole : hyperTjolist, n. -list, 
one who: hyper'bolise, v. -bo-llz, to speak or write 
with exaggeration; to exaggerate: hyperljoli'sing, 
imp.: hyper'bolised, pp. -llzd. 

hyperborean, a. hi' per -bo- re -dn (Gr. huper, over or 
beyond, and bore.as, the north), of or from the north ; 
northern : n. an lie extreme north. 



Gr. poetry, a verse having a syllable or two beyond 
the just measure. 

hypercatharsis, n. M (Gr. huper, 

over or beyond, and kathairo, I purge), excessive 
purging of the bowels. 

hypercritic, n. hl'per-krlt'lk (Gr. huper, beyond, 
and kritikos, critical : F. hyper critique), one who is 
critical beyond measure or reason : hy'percritlc, also 
hypercritical, a. -i-kdl, unfairly severe or critical: 
hy'percrit'ically, ad. 41: hy'percritlcism, n. -sizm, 
excessive or ungenerous criticism. 

hyperdulia, n. hl'per-du'lld (Gr. huper, over, and 
douleia, slavery, servitude), in the R. Cath. Ch., a 
superior kind of service to the Virgin Mary. 

hyperinosis, n. hl'per-l-no'-sls (Gr. huper, beyond, 
and is, a fibre— gen. inos), in med., a condition char- 
acterised by an excessive formation of fibrine in the 
blood. 

hypermeter, n. In-per'-mMer (Gr. huper, beyond, and 
metron, measure), anything greater than the ordinary 
standard of measure ; a line or verse of poetry con- 
taining a syllable more than the usual number : hy'- 
permet'rical, a. -rl-kal, having a syllable too much. 

hypersarcosis, n. hl'per -sar-ko'- sis (Gr. huper, be- 
yond, and sarx, flesh— gen. sarkos), the proud or fun- 
gous flesh of a wound. 

hypersthene, n. hl'-pers-then (Gr. huper, above or 
excess, and sthenos, strength), a mineral of the horn- 
blende family, so called from its power of resisting 
acids as compared with augite; Labrador horn- 
blende. 

hypertrophy, n. M-per'trOfl (Gr. huper, beyond, 
and trophe, food, nourishment), excessive growth of 
a part ; an increase in size of the healthy structure 
of an organ, due to increased exercise or nutrition. 

hyphen, n. hV/Sn (Gr. huphen, under one — from 
hupo, under, and hen, one), a short line between the 
parts of a compound word: hy'phened, a. -fend, united 
by a hyphen. 

hypnotic, a. hXp-not'Xk (Gr. hupnos, sleep), tending 
to produce sleep : n. a medicine which produces sleep. 

hypo, hl'po (Gr. hupo, under), a prefix signifying 
under; beneath; indicating a less quantity; implying 
diminution or inferiority. 

hypocarpogean, a. hl'po-k&r-po'-je-dn (Gr. hupo, 
under, karpos, fruit, and ge, the earth), applied to 
plants producing their fruit below ground. 

hypocaust, n. hip'o-kaivst (Gr. hupo, under, and 
kaustos, that may be burnt), among the Greeks and 
Romans, an arched chamber in which a fire was kin- 
dled for the purpose of heating the baths or rooms, 
&c, above it ; the fireplace of a stove. 

hypochilium, n. hl'po-kil'l-um (Gr. hupo, under, 
and cheilos, the lip), in bot., the lower part of the 
labellum of orchids. 

hypochondrium, n. Mp'd-kon'drl-um, also plu. 
hyp'ochon'dria,-<Zr2-d (Gr. hupochondria, the viscera 
that lie under the cartilage of the breast-bone— from 
hupo, under, and chondros, cartilage), the part of the 
belly under the short ribs containing the liver and 
spleen ; a disease characterised by uneasiness about 
the region of the stomach and liver : hyp'ochondri'- 
asis, n. -drl'd-sts, a form of insanity in which the 
patient converts an idea of purely mental origin into 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



HYPO 2 

what appears to him to he a real material change : 
hyp ochon'driac , a, -dk, also hyp'ochondri'acal, a. -drl- 
tl-kdl, affected by depression of spirits or melancholy: 
hyp'ochon'driac, n. one who is melancholy or dis- 
ordered in imagination ; a sufferer from hypochon- 
driasis : hypo cnondri'acally, ad. -It : hyp'ochondri'- 
acism, n. -slzrn, the disease hypochondriasis ; melan- 
choly ; disordered imagination. 

hypocrateriform, a. hl'-po-kra-Ur'4-fawrm(Gr. Jmpo, 
under, krater, a cup, and L. forma, shape), in hot., 
shaped like a saucer or salver. 

hypocrisy, n. hl-pok'rl-sl (Gr. hupokrisis, the action 
of a player personating another; dissimulation— 
from hupo, under, and krino, I judge or discern), a 
feigning to he what one is not ; concealment of one's 
real character or motives: hypocrite, n. hip'6-krit, 
one who feigns to he what he is not ; a dissembler : 
hyp'ocritlc, a. -Ik, also hyp'ocritlcal, a. -l-kdl, as- 
suming a false and deceitful appearance : hyp'ocrit'- 
ically, ad. -It. 

hypogastric, a. hl'po-gds'-trlk (Gr. hupo, under, and 
gaiter, the belly), relating to the middle part of the 
lower region of the belly, called the hy'pogas'trium, 
n. -trl-um. 

hypogene, a. lii'pO-jen (Gr. hupo, under, and yennao, 
I produce), a term applied to the whole family of crys- 
talline rocks, whether stratified or unstratified, pin- 
tonic or metamorphic, which have not assumed their 
present form and structure near the surface. 

hypogeum, n. hl'po-je'um (Gr. hupo, under, and ge, 
the earth), the underground parts of a building : hy'- 

poge'a, n. plu. -je'd, subterranean structures 1 1 <■ w >. >' 

of the rocks which abound along the Nile throughout 
the Libyan ridge of hills, and under the contiguous 
plains of sands : hy'poge'ous, a. -its: hyp'oge'al, a. SI, 
underground; subterranean; in tot., applied to the 
parts of plants growing bem - -face of the soil. 

hypogynous, a. hl-pdj'l-nus (Gr. hupo, under, and 
gune, a female), in tot., inserted below the ovary or 
pistil : hy'pogyn, n. hl'po-jin, a hypogynous plant. 

hypophosphite, n. M-po-fos'J U{Gt. hupo, m^Km-iiu 
a less quantity, and phosphorus), a compound of 
hypophosphorous acid with a base: hy'pophos'pho- 
rous, a. -fo-rii: uami applied to an acid which con- 
tains less oxygen than phosphorous acid. 

hypophyllous, a. hi'po-fll'lus (Gr. hupo, under, and 
phullon, a leaf), in tot., situated under the leaf. 

hypostasis, n. hi-pos'td-sls, plu. hypostases, -sez 
(Gr. hupo, under, and stas, having stood, stasis, a 
standing), distinct personality with joint dependence 
— applied to the Trinity; individual particular sub- 
stance ; a common nature or essence : hy'postatlc, a. 
-pO -stat- ik, also liy'postat'ical, a. -l-kdl, personal, or 
distinctly personal ; relating to the union of the divine 
and human natures in the person of Christ : hy'po- 
stat'ically, ad. -It. 

hyposulphate, n. hl'po-sul'-fdt (Gr. hupo, under, and 
sulphate), a compound of hyposulphuric acid with a 
base : hy'posul'phite, n. -fit, a compound of hypo- 
sulphurous acid with a base : hy'posuiphu'ric, a. -fu' 
rlk, applied to an acid containing less oxygen than 
sulphuric, and more than sulphurous, acid : hy^posuT- 
phurous, a. -fu-rus, applied to an acid containing less 
oxygen than sulphurous acid. 



8 ICE 

hypotenuse, n. hl-pot'e-nus (Gr. h upoteino, I subtend 
—from hupo, under, and teino, I stretch out, I lay 
along), the longest side of a right-angled triangle, or 
the side opposite the right angle ; also spelt hypoth'- 

hypothec, n. M-poth'Sk (Gr. Jiupotheke, a pledge 
not delivered, a mortgage— from hupo, under, and 
tithemi, I put or place), in Scot., the right which the 
law gives to a landlord over the goods of his tenants, 
such as furniture or crops, as security for payment of 
rents : hypothecate, v. -e-kdt, to assign in pledge a3 
security: hypothecating, imp.: hypothecated, pp.: 
hypoth'eca'tor, n. -kd'ter, one who : hypoth'eca'tion, 
n. -ka'shun, the pledging of a ship or goods for ad- 
vances made. 

hypothesis, n. hl-pdth'S-sts (Gr. hupothesis, foun- 
dation, supposition — from hupo, under, and titlurnii, 
I put or place, I suppose), something assumed for the 
purpose of argument ; a system or theory put forward 
to account for something not understood: plu. hy- 
potheses, -sez: hypothetic, a. -thet'lk, also hypo- 
thetical, a. -l-kdl, assumed ; conditional : hy'pothet'- 
ically, ad. -II. 

hypotrachelium, n. hl'-pO-trd-ke'-ll-um (Gr. hupo, 
under, and trachelos, the neck), in arch., that part of 
the capital of a column which occurs between the 
shaft and the annulets of the echinus. 

hypotyposis, n. hi-pO-ti-po'-sls (Gr. hupo, under, and 
tupos, a type), h ptire language; imagery. 

hypozoic, a. hi'-po-zo'-lk (Gr. hupjo, under, and zoon, 
an animal), in geol., applied to those rocks which have 
as yet yielded no organic remains, and which lie be- 
neath the und< n •■• .v. ■ (;■-. 

hyppish— see hippish. 

hypsodon, n. hlp'-so-don (Gr. hupsos, height, and 
odontes, teeth), in geol., a large fossil fish having long- 
pointed teeth. 

hypsometry, n. Mp-s6m'c-trl (Gr. hupsos, height, 
and metron, a measure), the method of ascertaining 
heights by the barometer or by boiling water : hyp - 
somet'rical, a. pert. to. 

hyrax, n. hi'rdks (Gr. hurax, the shrew-mouse, a rat), 
the rock-badger or rock-rabbit, an animal not much big- 
ger than a hare, remarks bly to the rhino- 
ceros and tapir: hy'racothe'rium, n. •r&k-o-the'ri-um 
(Gr. therion, a wild beast), in geol., a small pachyderm 
intermediate between the hog and hyrax. 

hyson, n. hi'-sun (Chinese, hi-tshun, first crop), a fine 
sort of green tea. 

hyssop, n. hls'-siip (L. hyssopus: Gr. hvssojws), a 
garden plant having an aromatic smell and pungent 
taste; in Scrip., a species of caper is supposed to be 
meant. 

hysteranthous, a. hls'-ter-dn'-thus (Gr. husteros, 
after, and anthos, a flower), in tot., applied to plants 
whose leaves expand after the flowers have opened. 

hysterics, n. plu. hls-ter'-lks (Gr. husterikos, caused 
by the womb — from hustera, the womb), a nervous 
disease or affection peculiar to women, called also 
hyste'ria, n. -te'rl-d: hysteric, a. -tSr'ik, also hys- 
terical, a. -l-kdl, affected with, or liable to, hysterics : 
hysterotomy, n. -ot'o-ml (Gr. tome, a cutting), the 
operation of cutting an unborn infant out of the 
womb. 



I, pron. % (Ger. ich; Icel. eg; L. and Gr. ego, I), the 
person who speaks ; one's self. 

iambic, n. %-dm'tlk (L. iamtus ; Gr. iamtos), a 
poetic foot of two syllables, the first short, the second 
long or accented : adj. pert, to : iam'bics, n. plu. -tiks, 
a piece of poetry consisting of short and long syl- 
lables alternately : iam'bically, ad. -k&l-lt. 

iatro-mathematician, n. l'-d-tro-m dth '6-rna-t ish -u n 
(Gr. iatros, a physician, and maihematicio ) m- .->: 
a school of physicians who explain the functions of 
the body and the action of remedies on mechanical 
principles. 

ibex, n. l'-teks (L. ibex, the ibex or chamois), the 
wild-goat of the Alps, Pyrenees, &c. 

ibidem, ad. it-l'-dem, with its contr. ibid., tt'ld (L. 
ibidem), in the same place. 

ibis, n. l-tls (Gr. and L.), a tall bird found in 
various parts of Africa, particularly in Egypt, and 
held sacred by the anc. Egyptians. 

mate, m&t,far, law; mete, mSt, 



icarian, a. l-ka-rl-dn (Gr. Tkarios; L. Icarius, 
Icarus, the son of Dredalus, who, flying with wings too 
near the sun, the wax that cemented his wings was 
melted, and he fell into the sea), adventurous ; soar- 
ing too high for safety. 

ice, n. is (Icel. is; Ger. eis; Dut. ijs, ice: Bret. 
ien, cold), frozen water ; water in a solid state ; a 
sweetmeat : v. to chill ; to cover with ice : icing, imp. : 
n. the act of covering with ire ; the giving the appear- 
ance of ice to anything : iced, pp. 1st : adj. chilled with 
ice; frosted with sugai (AS. isesgicel; 

Low Ger. ishekel ; Dut. ijs-kegel, an icicle— the latter 
element being the Icel. jokull, a mass of ice), a pend- 
ant or conical mass of ice hanging from the eaves of 
a house, &c. : icy, a. is'l, full of ice; consisting of ice; 
having the nature of ice ; very cold : iclness, n. -l-nes, 
state of being very cold : to break the ice, to begin a 
subject or topic; to remove the first obstructions or 
difficulties : ice'bergs, n. plu. -tergs (Ger. eis, ice, and 
Mr; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



ICEL 2 

berg, a mountain), mountainous masses of ice floating 
in the polar sea^— wh en I'.ar they are called field-ice, and 
smaller in size, fl oes : ice-blink, a distant bright appear- 
ance arising from the reflection of light from ice, seen 
before the ice itself : ice-bound, a. totally surrounded 
with ice, so as to hinder access or advance : ice-cream, 
cream flavoured and congealed : ice-field, a very great 
extent of ice in the arctic seas : ice-floe, a mass of 
floating ice: ice-house, a place for storing and preserv- 
ing ice for use, especially in warm weather : ice-pack, 
broken and drifting ice again united into an irregular 
mass : ice-plant, a plant covered with glittering ves- 
icles, which make it appear as if sprinkled -with grains 
of ice : ice-plough, a sort of plough for making grooves 
on ice and breaking it up : ice-spar, a transparent 
variety of orthoelase or common prismatic felspar. 

Icelander, n. ls'-ldnd-er, a native of Iceland: Ice- 
landic, a. -land'ik, of or belonging to : n. the language 
of the Icelanders ; the old Xorman language: Iceland- 
moss, a kind of lichen yielding a nutritious starch, used 
in medicine : Iceland-spar, a variety of calcareous 
spar, remarkable for its transparency and double re- 
fraction—the best specimens obtained from Iceland. 

ich dien, ih-den (Ger. I serve), the motto of the Prince 
of Wales, originally adopted by Edward the Black 
Prince. 

ichneumon, n. Vc-nu'mon (L. and Gr.— from Gr. 
ichneuo, I follow the steps), a sort of ferret or weasel, 
inhabiting Egypt, which tracks or hunts after the eggs 
of the crocodile and feeds on them : ichneumonidan, 
a. Xk'nu-mOn'-l-ddn, relating to the iehneumonidoe, -de, 
a family of predaceous insects having the ichneumon- 
fly as its type : ichneumon-fly, a genus of insects which 
destroy caterpillars and other insects. 

Ichnites, n. plu. ik'-nltz (Gr. ichnos, a footprint), in 
geol., a term applied to all fossil footprints : ichnol' 
ogy, n. Vc-nol'o-jl (C * 
of fossil footprints. 



ground-plot ; also ich nographlcal, a. -l-kul. 

ichor, n. Vkor((H: ichor, matter, gore), a thin watery 
humor like whey flowing from an ulcer : ichorous, 
a. I'-ko-riis, like ichor; watery; serous. 

ichthyic, a. lk'-thl-lk (Gr. ichthus, a fish), relating 
to fishes : ich'thyocal, n. -o-kal (Gr. holla, glue), fish- 



ulite, n. -dor'-u-Ut (Gr. doru, a spear, and Uthos, a 
stone), the fossil fin-spines or defences of fishes : ich'- 
thyogl-aphy, n. -ofru-fl (Gr. grapho, I write), a treat- 
ise on fishes : ich thyoid, a. -olid (Gr. eido*. likeness), 
resembling a fish: ich'thyolite, n. -lit (Gr. Uthos, a 
stone), a fossil fish, or any portion of a fish, as a scale, 
a tooth, a spine, &c. : ichthyology, n. -61'6-jl (Gr. 
logos, a discourse), that branch of zoology which 
treats of the structure, the classil catioi 
and the history of fishes: ich'thyologlcal, a. -loj'-h 
Ml, pert, to : ich'thyol'ogist, n. -jist, one versed in : 
ich'thyoman'cy, n. -yncin'-sl (Gr. manteia, divination), 
divination by the entrails, &c, of fishes: ichthyo- 
pat'olites, n. plu. -pat'o-litz (Gr. jmtos, a footpath, 
and Uthos, a stone), in geol., fish-tracks, or the im- 
p-ints of the pectoral fin-rays of certain fishes : ich- 
thyophagist, n. -of-d-jist (Gr.phago, I eat), one who 
eats or lives on fish: ichthyophagous, a. -giis, fish- 
eating : ich'thyoph'agy, n. -jl, fish diet or eating : 
ich'thyophthal'mite, n. -thal'-mlt (Gr. ophthalmias, 
the eye), fish-eye-stone ; a variety of pyramidal zeo- 
lite, having a peculiar pearly lustre: ieh'thyop- 
terygla, n. -op-ter-lj'-l-d (Gr. pterux, a wing or fin), 
an order of reptiles, living and extinct, having limbs 
formed for swimming like fins : ich'thyosau'rus, n. 
-saw'rus (Gr. sauros, a lizard), in geol., the fish-lizard 
or reptile whales : ichthyosis, n. -thi-6'sls (Gr. ich- 
thua, the dried rough skin of the dog-fish— from ich- 
thus, a fish), fish-skin disease ; a papillary, indurated, 
horny condition of the skin : ich'thyot'omist, n. -of- 
v-mlst (Gr. temno, I cut), one engaged in the dissection 
of fishes. 

icicle, n.— see ice. 

iconoclast, n. %-kon'o-klast (Gr. eikon, an image, 
and klastes, a breaker— from klao, I break), a breaker 
or destroyer of images used in worship : iconoclastic, 
a. -tlk, breaking images : i'con'oclasm, n. -kldzm, the 



!9 IDIO 

act of: i'conog'raphy, n. -og'rd-fi (Gr. grapho, I de- 
scribe), the description of anc. images or statues ; the 
art exercised by the image-makers of all ages, expres- 
sing in sculpture, carving, and palntingractual per- 
sons and events, or abstract and spiritual notions : 
i'conol'ator, n. -ol'-a-tir (Gr. latreia, religious service 
—from latris, a servant) one who worships images : 
i'conol'atry, n. -trl, the worship of images : i'conol- 
ogy, n. -6-ji (Gr. logos, a discourse), the doctrine of 
images or emblematical representations; a descrip- 
tion of pictures or statues. 

icosahedron, n. Vkos-d-he'dron (Gr. eikosi, twenty, 
and hedra, a seat, a basis), a solid of twenty equal 
sides: i cosahe'dral, a. -dral, having twenty equal 
sides: icosandrian, a. I'kos-dn'dri-dn, also i'cosan- 
drous, a. -driis (Gr. an, r, a male or man), in hot., hav- 
ing twenty or more stamens inserted on the calyx. 

icteric, a. ik-ter'ik, also icter'ical, a. -l-kdl (L. ic- 
terus, jaundice: F. ictere), affected with jaundice; 
good in the cure of the jaundice. 

icy— see ice. 

I'd, contr. for I would or I should: I had is a com- 
mon but erroneous full spelling of the contr. I'd. 

id, contr. for L. idem, the same. 

idea, n. i-dc'Ci (L. and Gr. idea, an idea— from Gr. 
eido, I see), a notion ; that which is seen or conceived 
by the mind : ide'aless, a. -It's, destitute of ideas : 
ide'al, a. -al, existing in idea ; mental ; unreal : 
ide'ally, ad. -II, in idea : i'deallty, n. -Cd'-l-tl, in phren., 
one of the sentiments proper to man ; also its organ 
on the skull ; a lively imagination united to a love of 
the beautiful: idealise, v. i-de'-dl-Tz, to form ideas: 
ide'ali 'sing, imp.: ide'alised', pp. -izd': i'dealisa'tion, 
n. -dll--.ddiun : idealism, n. -llzm, the doctrine which 
denies the existence of matter, or according to which, 
the objects of the external world are what they are 
through the action of the mind in which they exist as 
ideas: ide'alist, n. one who holds the doctrine of 
idealism: the ideal, n. a type or standard ; an imagi- 
nary model of perfection ; in painting and sculpture,, 
that which goes beyond nature, yet is modelled upon 
it: beau ideal, bo'ide'dl (F. beau, beautiful, and 
ide'al, ideal), that which unites in one form all the ex- 
cellences found only in different individual forms. 

idem, id'em (L.), the same. 

identical, a. l-dcn'-tl-kal (F. identique; It. identico, 
identical— from L. idem, the same), the same ; the self- 
same; not different: identically, ad. -II: identify, 
v. -fl, to unite or combine in interest, purpose, use, 
&c. ; to become the same; to ascertain or prove to 
be really the same with something described or as- 
serted: identifying, imp.-, identified, pp. -fid: iden- 
tification, n. -fl-kd'-shiin, the act of proving to be 
the same: iden'tity, n. -tl-tl, the state or quality of 
being the same ; sameness, as distinguished from like- 
ness : personal identity, the sameness of the consci- 
ous object, I (the person), throughout all the various 
states of which it is the subject. 

ideographic, a. ld'e-o-graflk, also id'eograph'ical, 
a. -i-kal (Gr. idea, an image or idea, and grapho, I 
write), denoting that way of writing which expresses 
the notion or idea and not the sound, as in figures, 
symbols, or hieroglyphics ; expressing or representing 
ideas : id'eog raphy, n. -rd-fl, the expression or repre- 
sentation of ideas, as in shorthand-writing, symbols, 
&c. 

ideology, n. td'e-ol'6-jl (Gr. idea, an idea, and logos, 
speech, discourse), the science of ideas or of mind; 
mental philosophy: id'eolog ical, a. -ldj'-l-kdt, eon- 
nected with or relating to the doctrine of ideas : ideol- 
ogist, n. -jist, one who. 

ides, n. plu. %dz (L. idus, the ides— from the Etrus- 
can iduo, I divide : It. idi: F. ides), in the anc. Rom. 
calendar, the 15th day of the months March, May, 
July, and October, and the 13th day of the other 
months. 

idiocrasy,n. ld'i-dk'-rd-sl{Gr. idios, peculiar to one's 
self, and krasis, mixture), peculiarity of constitution 
—same as idiosyncrasy : idlocratic, a. -krat'ik. also 
id'iocrat'ical, a.-l-kal, peculiar in constitution or tem- 
perament. 

idiocy, n. id'i-o-si— see idiot. 

idiom, n. id'l-um (Gr. idioma, peculiar phraseology 
— from idios, peculiar to one's self: It. idioma, mode 
of speech), a mode of expression or form of speech pe- 
culiar to a language or a dialect: idiomatic, a. id'i-6- 
mat'ik, peculiar to a lanj 'logical; also 

idlomatlcal, a. -i-kal: idiomatically, ad. -li. 

idiopathic, a. td'-i-6-pdth'ik (Gr. idios, peculiar, and 



co~i; boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thi?ig, there, zeal. 



IDIO 270 



ILLA 



pathos, suffering), not depending on any other dis- 
ease ; arising without any apparent exciting cause ; 
opposite of sympathetic I iopathlcally, ad. -l-kdl- 
ll: id'iop'athy, n. -op'-d-thl, disease not dependent on 
any other disease. 

idiosyncrasy, n. ld-i-d-sln'-krd-sl (Gr. idios, pecu- 
liar, and sungkrasis, a mixing together), a peculiarity 
of constitution or temperament of body in which cer- 
tain articles of food or medicine generally produce 
effects different from those which usually occur ; the 
temperament of mind peculiar to an individual which 
affects his character and actions : idiosyncratic, a. 
-krdt'-lk, also idlosyncratlcal, a. -l-kdl, of peculiar 
temperament of body or mind. 

idiot, n. ld'-l-ut (Gr. idiotes, a private individual— 
from idios, proper, peculiar to one's self: It. idiota, 
an ignorant common person : F. idiot), a human being 
without the power of reason ; a very foolish person : 
idiocy, n. -6-sl, state of being an idiot; extreme im- 
becility, in which reason has been wholly undeveloped, 
or but partially developed; also idlotcy, n. -dt-sl: 
idiotic, a. -Ik, like an idiot ; also idlotlcal, a. ■%• 
kdl: idiotically, ad. -II: idlotism, n. -fern, natural 
imbecility of mind. 

idle, a. I'-dl (Ger. eitel; Dut. ijdel, vain, trifling), not 
employed ; averse to labour ; vain ; useless ; frivolous ; 
unprofitable: v. to lose or spend time: i'dling, imp. : 
i'dled, pp. -did: idler, n. l-dler, one who: idly, ad. 
i'-dll, in an idle manner; vainly: idleness, n. -dl-n6s, 
the state of being unemployed : to idle away, to spend 
or waste in idleness. 

idocrase, n. ld-6-krds (Gr. eidos, form, and krasis, 
a mixture), a mineral, a variety of garnet, so termed 
from its crystalline forms being mixed figures. 

idol, n. i'-ii i Gr. eidolon, an image, a 

form: It. idolo; F. idole, an idol), an image employed 
as an object of worship ; any person or thing loved 
beyond measure ; a term used by Bacon to denote a fal- 
lacy of the mind : idol'ater, n. -dol'-d-t&r, one who wor- 
ships idols or images : idol'atress, n. -tr£s, a woman 
who worships images : idol'atrous, a. -trus, tending to 
or comprising idolatry: idol'atrously, ad. -VI: idol'- 
atry, n. -d-tri (Gr. latreia, service), the worship of 
images; love bordering on adoration: idolise, v. 
l'-ddl-lz, to love to excess : i'doli'sing, imp. : i'dolised, 
pp. -izd : i'doli'ser, n. -zir, one who idolises or loves to 

idrialine, n. ld'rl-d-lln, one of the mineral resins, 
so named from its being found at Idria, in Carniola. 

idyl, n. l'-dl I y\ n, a pastoral poem), a short 
descriptive poem, generally pastoral : idyl'lic, a. -lik, 
of or pert, to idyls. 

if, conj. If (AS. gif; Dut. of, if, but: Icel. ej, if; 
efa, to doubt), a word which introduces a conditional 
clause ; supposing ; provided. 

ig, Ig, another form of the prefix in, signifying not 
—see in. 

igasuric acid, n. Ig'u I ilay, igasura, a 

vomiting nut), an acid found in nux vomica and Igna- 
tius's bean. 

igneous, a. lg'-nl-us (L. igneus, burning— from ignis, 
fire: It. igneo: F. igni), containing fire ; produced by 
fire ; resulting from the action of fire, as igneous rocks. 
; ' ' becoming fire 

—from ignis, fire), emitting sparks of fire when struck 
with steel. 

ignigenous, a. Ig-nlj'-S-nus (L. ignis, fire, and Gr. 
gennao, I produce), produced by fire ; fire-formed— 
referring to the result rather than to the operation or 
agency. 

ignipotent, a. lq-nlp'6-Unt (L. ignis, fire, &ndpotens, 
powerful), presiding over fire, as Vulcan. 

ignis-fatuus, n. lg'-n i - , I lis, fire, andfat- 

tius, foolish), a luminous meteor that flits about in 
the air a little above the surface of the earth, chiefly 
in marshy places or near stagnant waters— familiarly 
called Jack-with-a-lantem, and Will-with-a-wisp, or 
Will-o'-the-wisp. 

ignite, v. lg-nlt' (L. ignitus, flery, glowing— from 
ignis, fire : It. ignito, ignited), to kindle ; to render 
red or luminous by heat ; to take fire : igni'ting, imp, : 
igni'ted, pp. : igni'tible, a., -tl-bl, capable of taking fire : 
ignition, n. Ig-nlsh tin, the act of setting on fire; the 
state of being kindled ; opposed to combustion, which 
is a consequence of ignition. 

ignivomous, a. Ig-nlv'-o-mus (L. ignis, fire, and vomo, 
I vomit), vomiting fire. 

ignoble, a. lg-no'bl (L. ignobilis, unknown— from in, 
not, and nobiiis, well-known, noble : It. ignobile : F. 



ignoble), of low birth or family; mean; worthless; 
base: igno'bly, ad. -Ml: igno'bleness, n. -bines, mean- 
ness ; want of dignity. 

ignominious, a. Ig-nO-mln'-l-iis (L. ignominia, dis- 
credit, reproach— iii >i a in, not, and v omen, a. name: 
It. ignominia: F. ignominie), incurring or inflicting 
disgrace or shame ; mean ; dishonourable : ig'nomin - 
iously, ad. -II: ignominy, n. Ig'-no-min-l, public dis- 
grace, as on account of dishonourable motives or 
conduct; shame; infamy; dishonour. 

ignoramus, n. lg'-no-rd'-mus (L. ignoramus, we know 
not, we ignore— the word formerly written by a grand 
jury on a bill of indictment, when there was not suffi- 
cient evidence to find a true bill— hence to ignore), an 
ignorant person ; a vain pretender to knowledge : plu. 
ig'nora'muaes, -6z. 

ignorance, n. Ig'nO-rdns (L. ignorans, not knowing : 
It. ignorante: F. ignorant), the want or absence of 
knowledge : ig'norant, a. -rdnt, without knowledge or 
information ; uninstructed ; illiterate ; without know- 
ledge of some particular ; unacquainted with : ig'no- 
rantly, ad. -It: the ignorant, those untaught or un- 
educated ; the unlettered. 

ignore, v. Ig-nor' (L. ignoro, I have no knowledge 
of), to set aside or reject ; to pass over or overlook 
purposely : ignoring, imp. : ignored', pp. nord— see 
ignoramus. 

iguana, n. Ig-w&'-nd (Sp. iguana — from a native 
St Domingo word, igoana), a genus of lizards of the 
family iguanldae, -wdn't-de: iguan'odon, n. -6-don 
(Gr. odous, a tooth— gen. odontos), in geol., one of the 
dinosaurs, a colossal lizard-like reptile having teeth 
resembling those of the iguana. 

il, 11, a prefix signifying not before adjectives— see in. 

ileo, W-6-6 (L. and Gr. ilcos, a severe kind of colic— 
from Gr. eileo, I turn or twist: L. He, a gut ; ilia, the 
entrails of animals), in anat., a prefix denoting con- 
nection with the intestine called ileum, or relation to 
it : ileum, n. ll'6-um, the lower portion of the small 
intestines : iliac, a. ll'-l-ak, belonging to the ileum, or 
to the bone called ilium: iliac passion, a vomiting 
of bilious and faecal matter in consequence of obstruc- 
tion in the intestinal canal : iliac regions, the sides 
of the abdomen between the ribs and the hips : ilium, 
n. ll'-l-um (L. ilia, the flank, the entrails), the large 
partly-flattened bone forming the principal part of the 
pelvis, and entering into the composition of the hip- 
joint: ilio, ll'-l-o, in anat., a prefix denoting connec- 
tion with the iliac bone. 

ilex, n. l-leks (L.), the genus of the holly, consisting 
of evergreen trees and shrubs. 

iliac— see ileo. 

Iliad, n. ll'-l-dd (from L. Ilium, or Gr. Ilion, Troy), 
the chief epic poem of the anc. Gr. poet, Homer, relat- 
ing to the siege of Ilium or Troy. 

ilk, n. Ilk (AS. celc, each), the same ; the same place : 
in Scot., an addition put to a gentleman's name when 
the name of his estate is the same with his surname, 
as Balfour of that ilk— that is, Balfour of Balfour. 

ill, a. II (Goth, ubils; Ger. iibel; Icel. illr; AS. yfel, 
evil), bad; evil; contrary to good; unfortunate; un- 
favourable; sick; unwell; cross; surly: ad. as the 
first element of a compound, signifying "a negation" 
or "some bad quality connected with it"; not well; 
badly: n. evil; misfortune; wickedness: ill'ness, n. 
sickness; indisposition: ill-bred, a. badly taught; 
rude: ill-nature, n. ll-vu ,■• habitual bad temper ; 
crossness : ill-na'tured, a. -turd, habitually bad-tem- 
pered; crabbed; surly: ill-na'turedly, ad. -It: ill- 
omened, a. attended with dismal forebodings: ill- 
starred, a. fated to be unfortunate : ill-suppressed, a. 
subdued or suppressed with difficulty, as indignation : 
ill-tempered, a. crabbed; peevish: ill-time, a time 
unsuitable for the thing : ill-timed, a. said or done at 
an unsuitable time: ill-turn, an unkind or injurious 
act ; a slight attack of illness : ill-will, hostile feeling ; 
enmity. Note.— In most cases, when ill is used as a 
prefix or the first element of a compound, it would be 
well to unite the two words by a hyphen, thus, ill-con- 
liti issortei i i.sed, &c. 

illapse, n. tl-ldps' (L. il, in or on, and lapsus, a fall- 
ing, a slipping), a sliding in ; a falling on. 

illative, a. ll'-ld-tlv (L. il, in or on, and latus, 
brought or carried), that may be inferred; that de- 
notes an inference, as an illative word or particle, 
then, therefore, &c: n. that which denotes illation or 
conclusion: il'latively, ad. -II: illation, n. ll-ld'-shun, 
a conclusion drawn from premises ; an inference ; an 
imperfect syllogism. 



mdte, mdt,fdr, laXv; m£te, mSt, Tier; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



ILLE 



271 



IMIT 



illegal, a. U-le'gCd (L. il, not, and legalis, legal— from 
lex, law : F. illegal, contrary to law), contrary to 
law; unlawful: illegally, ad. -It: illegality, n. 
-gal'-ltl, unlawfulness : ille'galise, v. -le'g&l-lz, to ren- 
der unlawful : ille'gali sing, hup.: ille'galised, pp. -Izd. 

illegible, a. il-lej'i-bl (L. il, not, and legibilis, that 
may be read— from lego, I read), that cannot be read : 
illegibly, ad. -Ml : illegibil ity, n. -Ul'-l'-tl, the quality 
of being illegible. 

illegitimate, a. U'le-jlt'i-mat (L. il, not, and legiti- 
mes, lawful), born out of wedlock ; contrary to law ; 
not genuine: illegitimately, ad. -II: illegitimate, v. 
to prove to be born out of wedlock ; to bastardise : Il- 
legitimating, imp.: il'legit'imated, a, -ma-ted, proved 
to have been born out of wedlock : illegitimacy, n. 
-ma-sl, the state of being born out of wedlock : ille- 
git'ima'tion, n. -mil'shun, state of not being born in 
wedlock ; want of genuineness. 

illiberal, a. ll-lib'ir-dl (L. il, not, and liberalis, be- 
fitting a freeman, liberal), of a contracted mind ; not 
liberal; niggardly; mean: illib'erally, ad. -II: illib- 
erallty, n. -dl'i-ti, narrowness of mind; meanness. 

illicit, a. ll-lls'-lt (L. il, not, and licitus, permitted, 
allowed: It. illicito: F. illicit e), unlawful; prohibited 
by law : illic'itness, n. -nes, unlawfulness : illicitly, 
ad. -II. 

illimitable, a. ■V-Hm'if-a-bl (L. il, not, and limitare, 
to bound or limit), that cannot be limited or bounded: 
inimitably, ad. -dbll: illimltedness, n. exemption 
from all bounds. 

illiterate, a. ll-llt'er-dt (L. illiteratus, uneducated— 
from il, not, and litem, a letter), ignorant; unin- 
structed : illiterately, ad. -II : illit'erateness, n. : 
illiteracy , n. -ds-l, want of learning or reading; 
ignorance. 

illness, n.— see ill. 

illogical, a. illoj'i-kal (il, not, and logical), contrary 
to the rules of logic or sound reasoning: illogically, 



with— from il, in or on, and ludo, I play), to deceive ; 

„ nlav ud— *-■ 
illu'ded, pp. 



to mock ; to play upon by artifice : illu'ding, imp. 






illuminate, v. Il-l6'-ml-ndt (L. illuminatum, to light 
up--from il, in or on, and lumen, light : It. illuminare : 
F. illuminer), to throw light on ; to adorn, as books, 
margins, &c. ; to enlighten ; to illustrate ; to light 
up with lamps on any festive occasion: illu'mina- 
ting, imp. illustrating ; adorning : n. the act of adorn- 
ing manuscripts and books with ornamented letters 
and pictorial illustrations : illu'minated, pp. : adj. 
having ornamented letters and pictorial illustrations : 
Ulu'mina'tion, n. -nd'shun, the act of supplying with 
light ; the act of adon ri an iented letters 

and pictures; a display of lights; inspiration: illu'- 
mina'tive, a. -d'tlv, able to give light: illu'mina'ti, 
n. plu. -in- a ■ id; a name assumed by 

various sects at different times and places, and who 
pretended to special spiritual or intellectual enlighten- 
ment : illu'mina'tor, n. -nd'ter, one who adorns : illu'- 
mina'tors, n. plu. -terz, the artists who executed the 
drawings in colours and gold in anc. manuscripts : 
illumine, v. ll-16'mln, to enlighten; to adorn; illu'- 
mining, imp.: illumined, pp. -mind. 

illusion, n. ll-lo'-zhun (L. illusio, a mocking— from 
il, in or on, and ludo, I sport or play : F. illusion), 
deceptive appearance ; false show; error: illu'sive, 
a. -slv, deceiving by false show ; false ; deceptive : 
illusively, ad. -II : illu'siveness, n. : illusory, a. -ser-l , 
tending to deceive by false appearances. 

illustrate, v. ll-lus't m, to light up, 

to illumine— from il, in or on, and lustro, I make 
bright or clear), to make clear, bright, or luminous ; 
to explain ; to make intelligible ; to make more in- 
telligible by adorning with pictures, &c, as a book: 
illustrating, imp.: illus'trated, pp.: adj. explained 
more fully by means of pictures, &c: illustra'tor, n. 
-ter, one who: illustra'tion, n. -trd'shun, explanation 
of what is obscure or but imperfectly understood, par- 
ticularly by a picture or diagram: illus'trative, a. 
-trdtlv, serving to illustrate ; having the quality of 
making clear: illustratively, ad. -II: illus'trious, a. 
-trl-us (L. illustris, clear, bright), eminent by excel- 
lence ; renowned : illus'triously, ad. -II : illus'trious- 
ness, n. 

ilmenite, n. ll'men-it, an ore of iron occurring in 
various formations— so called as found in the Ilmen 
mountains ; called also titanitic iron. 

I'm, Im, a contraction for / am. 



lm.lm.a, prefix signifying in, into, on, and in ad- 
jectives not— see in. 

image, n. Im'aj (L. imago, an image or likeness : It. 
imagine : F. imago), a representation or figure of any 



im'aging, imp.: im'aged, pp. -djd: imagery, n. Im'- 
d-jSr-l, sensible ins; lively descriptions 

which suggest visible representations of objects to 
the mind: imagine, v. Im-cij'-ln, to form the notion or 
idea of a visible object in the mind ; to fancy: imag- 
ining, imp. forming in the mind ; devising : n. fancy ; 
thing imagined: imagined, pp. -Ind: adj. formed in 
the mind ; contrived : imaginable, a. -In-d-bl, that may 
or can be imagined: imag'inably, ad. -d-bll: imag- 
inary, a. -er-l, existing only in the imagination; 
visionary ; unreal ; fancied : imagina'tion, n. -d'-shun, 
scheme or contrivance formed in the mind ; that power 
or faculty of the mind by which it conceives or forms 
ideas of things: imaginative, a. -d-llv, full of im- 
agination : imaginativeness, n. 

imago, n. l-ma'go (L.) the third or perfect state of 
insects — the larva and pupa being the preceding 
states. 

iman, n. l-mdn', imam, n. l-mdm', also imaum, n. 
i-mawm' (At. imam), a Mohammedan priest ; a prince 
having supreme spiritual as well as temporal power. 

imbalm, imbauk, imbargo, imbark, imbay — see 
embalm, &c. 

imbecile, n. Im'bS-sel (L. imbecillus, feeble— from 
im, on, and bacillum, a small staff), one who is desti- 
tute of strength either of body or mind : adj. weak ; 
infirm ; destitute of strength of either body or mind : 
imTaecility, n. -sll'l-tl, weakness ; feebleness of body 
or mind ; defective state of mind not amounting to 
idiocy. 

imbed— see embed. 

imberbis, a. Im-ber'bls (L. without a beard), in hot., 
smooth ; without a beard. 

imbibe, v. lm-blb' (L. imbibo, I drink in— from im, 
into, and bibo, I drink), to drink or suck in ; to absorb ; 
to receive or admit into the mind : imbibing, imp. : 
imbibed', pp. -blbd': imbi'ber, n. -er, one who. 

imbitter.v. Im-Mt'er (im, torem, tomake, emdbitter), 
to make bitter ; to render unhappy ; to render more 
distressing; to exasperate: imbit'tering, imp.: im- 
bit'tered, pp. -tird s adj . rendered unhappy or painful ; 
exasperated. 

imbody, imbolden, imborder, imbosom, imbower, 
and imbrace— see embody, embolden, &c. 

imbow, v. im-bo" (im, in, and bow), to form like a 
bow; to arch; to vault: imbowlng, imp.: imbowed', 
pp. -bod': imbow'ment, n. -mint, an arch or vault. 

imbricate, a. Im'-bri-kdt, also im'bricated (L. im- 
bricatum, to form like a gutter-tile— from imbrex, a 
tile), bent or hollowed like a roof or tile ; lying over 
each other like tiles upon a roof; in bot., applied to 
the parts in a flower-bud which alternately overlap 
each other and are arranged in a spiral manner: im'- 
brica'tion, n. -kd'shun, a concave indenture like that 
of tiles. 

imbroglio, n. im-brdl'yO (It.), intricacy; a compli- 
cated plot ; a complicated and embarrassing state of 
things. 

imbrown, v. lm-brown' (im, for em, to make, and 
brotvn), to make brown or dirty; to obscure: im- 
brown'ing, imp. : imbrowned', pp. -brdwnd'. 

imbrue, v. Im-br6' (old F. embreuver, to moisten, to 
soak in— from old F. beuvre; It. bevere, to drink), to 
steep, soak, or drench ; to wet or moisten : imbruing, 
imp. : imbrued', pp. -brod': imbru'ment, n. the act of 
imbruing. 

imbrute, v. Im-brot (im, into, and brute), to de- 
grade to the state of a brute: imbru'ting, imp.: im- 
bru'ted, pp. 

imbue, v. lm-bu' (L. imbuo, I wet or soak), to dye ; 
to tinge deeply ; to tincture ; to cause to imbibe, as 
the mind: imbuing, imp.: imbued', pp. -bud': imbu- 
ment, n. -mint, a deep tincture. 

imitate, v. Im'l-tat (L. imitatus, imitated : It. imi- 
tare; F. imiter, to copy), to follow, or to endeavour to 



copied : imltable, a. -td-bl, that may be imitated or 
copied : imltabillty, n. -bll'-l-tl, quality of being imi- 
table : imitator, n. -ter, one who follows a pattern ; 



cow, boy, foot; pure, Wd; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



IMMA 



272 



IMPA 



original ; the act of following in 
terfeit ; a copy in inferior materials ; a work of art re- 
sembling something which we know it is not : imita- 
tive, a. -tlv, inclined to follow in manner ; aiming at 
resemblance : im'itatively, ad. -It. 

immaculate, a. tm-mdk'u-ldt (L. irnmaculatus, un- 
stained—from im, not, and macula, a spot: It. im- 
macolato : F. immacule), spotless ; pure ; unstained : 
immac'ulately, ad. -it: immac'ulateness, n. : immacu- 
late conception, the doctrine that the Virgin Mary 
was horn without original sin— held in the R. Cath. Ch. 
immanent, a. Im'md-nSnt (L. im, in, and manens, 
remaining or abiding), Inherent; abiding; intrinsic. 

Immanuel, n. im-mdn'u-el (Heb. made up of im, 
with, anu, us, and el, God), God with us ; a title of" 
the Saviom - . 

immarginate, a. im-mar'jln-dt (L. im, not, and 
margo, a border— gen. marginis), in hot., not having a 
border or margin. 

immaterial, a. tm'md-te'rl-dl (L. im, not, and mate- 
rial: F. itumiiii'ri I) uoi, <Mjri:;j:-.i.iii-', <>i matter; unsub- 
stantial ; spiritual ; unimportant : im'mate'rialised, 
a. -%zd, spiritualised: im'mate'rialism, n. -tzm, the 
doctrine of the existence or state of spiritual beings ; 
the doctrine which denies the existence of matter : im'- 
mate'rialist, n. -ist, one who professes the doctrine of : 
im'mate rially, ad. -It: im'mate'rial'ity, n. -dl'l-ti, the 
quality of not consisting of matter ; distinctness from 
body or matter. 

immature, a. tm'md-tur (L. immaturus, not arrived 
at full growth— from im, not, and maturus, ripe), that 
has not arrived at a perfect state; unripe; not per- 
fect; too early; also immatured, a. Im'-ntn-trird: im- 
maturely, ad. -II: im'matu'rity, n. -tu'ri-ti, and 
im'mature'ness, n. -tur'ne.s, unripeness ; the state of 
that which has not arrived at perfection. 

immeasurable, a. tm-mezh'-obr-d-bl (im, not, and 
'iiirnsuniide), that cannot be measured or fathomed; 
immense: immeas'urableness, n. -bl-n6s, state of 
being incapable measure: immeas'urably, ad. 
-d-blt. 

immediate, a. tm-me'dl-dt (It. immediato ; F. 
ivimrdiut, immediate— from L. im, not, and medius, 
middle), without delay; without the intervention of 
time : imme'diately, ad. -It : imme'diateness, n. 

immemorial, a. Im'mS-mo'rl-dl (L. im, not, and 
memorial : F. immemorial, immemorial), beyond 
memory; whose beginning cannot be remembered 
or traced ; in Eng. laiv, before the reign of Edward 
II.; in Scot., before forty years ago: im'memo'rially, 
ad. -It. 

immense, a. Im-mSns' (L. immensus, boundless, 
endless— from im, not, and mensus, measured: It. 
immenso: F. immi'iisi'), very large; enormous; bound- 
less: immensely, ad. -VI: immen'sity, n. -men'si-ti, 
vastness in extent or bulk ; an extent that cannot be 
measured. 

immensurable, a. tm-min'-sur-d-bl (L. im, not, and 
mensura, a measure), not to be measured : immen'- 
surabil'ity, n. -btl'l-tl, not being capable of measure- 
ment. 

immerge, v. tm-merf (L. immergo, I plunge or sink 
into— from im, into, and mergo, I plunge in), to 
plunge into or under, as under a liquid ; to dip : im- 
merg'ing, imp. : immerged', pp. -merjd'. 

immerse, v. tm-mers' (L. immersum, to plunge or 
sink into— see immerge), to plunge into or under, ar 
into a liquid ; to overwhelm ; to engage deeply, as ii 
business: immersing, imp.: immersed', pp. -merst' _ 
adj. in hot., growing entirely under water— applied to 
the leaves of aquatic plants ; having one part or 
organ completely embedded in another : immer'sible, 
a. -sl-bl, that may be immersed : immer'sion, n. -mer- 
shun, the act of plunging into a liquid till covered ; 
baptism by plunging amongst water ; in astron. , the 
approach of one celestial body into such a position with 
respect to another as apparently to sink into it and 
disappear. 

unmethodical, a. tm'-me' thSd't-Ml(im, not, andwie- 
thodical), having no method ; without systematic ar- 
rangement ; confused : im'methodlcally, ad. -It. 



wander: It. immigrnre), to pass or remove into a 
country for permanent residence— applied to persons 
in regard to the country in which they settle : im'mi- 
grating, imp. : immigrated, pp. : im'migrant, n. 
-grant, a person who comes into a country for per- 
manent residence— spoken of persons in regard to the 



country in which they settle ; opposite of emigrant, 
one who removes out of a country : im'migra'tion, n. 
■grd'shun, removing into a country for permanent 
residence. 

imminent, a. tm'-ml-n&nt (L. imminens, hanging 
down over, threatening by its nearness— from im, in 
or on, and miner e, to jut, to project : It. imminente: 
F. imminent), impi Qdinj threatening; athand: im'- 
minently, ad. -It: imminence, n. -n&ns, that which is 
imminent ; threatening. 

immobility, n. lm'-mo-btl'-l-tl (L. immobilitas, im- 
movableness— from im, not, and mobilis, movable: 
F. immobility, fixedness in place or state ; want of 
motion, or resistance to it. 

immoderate, a. tm-mod'-er-dt (L. immoderatus, 
without measure, unrestrained— im, not, and modera- 
tus, moderate), exceeding just or usual bounds; ex- 
cessive : immod'erately, ad. -It -. immod'era'tion, n. 
■d'-shun, and immod'erateness, n. want of moderation ; 
excess. 

immodest, a. im-mdd'-dst (L. immodestus, unre- 
strained—from im, not, and modestus, modest: It. 
immodesto: F. immodeste), wanting in decency and 
delicacy ; unchaste ; impure : immod'estly, ad. -It : 
immod'esty, n. -6st-l, want of delicacy or prudent re- 
stnuiit ; indecency. 

immolate, v. Im'-mO-ldt (L. immolatum, to offer or 
to sacrifice— from im, in or on, and mola, meal or 
coarse flour mixed with salt and thrown upon sacri- 
lici.'.:), i.'i sacrifice; to offer in sacrifice; to kill, as a 
victim offered in sacrifice: im'mola'ting, imp.: im'- 
mola'ted, pp. -Id'-ted, oil. sn ( in sacrifii lm'mola'tor, 
n. -ter, one who : im'mola'tion, n. -la-shun, a sacrifice 
offered. 

immoral, a. tm-mor'-dl (L. im, not, and moral), con- 
trary to the divine law ; vicious ; wicked or unjust : 
immor'ally, ad. -It: immorality, n. lm'-mo-rdl'-l-tl, 
any act contrary to the divine law ; vice ; wickedness. 

immortal, a. tm-mor'-tdl (L. immortalis, imperish- 
able—from im, not, and mortalis, subject to death : 
It. immortale .- F. immortel), exempt from death ; im- 
perishable ; never-ending : n. one who is not liable to 
death : immor'tally, ad. -It -. immortality, n. -tdl'i-tl, 
undying life ; existence not limited : immor'talise, v. 
-iz, to render immortal ; to cause to live or exist while 
the world endures: immor'tali'sing, imp.: immor- 
talised, pp. -tzd. 

immortelle, n. Im'-mdr-tSV (F. : see immortal), the 
flower commonly called everlasting-flower; a wreath 
made of these flowers. 

immovable, a. im-m6'vd-bl (L. im, not, and mov- 
able), that. cannot be moved from its place; fixed; 
unalterable: immo'vably, ad. -bit: immo'vableness, 
n.-bl-nes: immovables, n. plu. -vd-blz, lands; houses; 
fixtures. 

immunity, n. tm-mu'-ni-ti (L. immunitas, freedom 
or exemption — from im, not, and munus, service, 
duty: It. immunita: F. immunite), exemption from 
any obligation or duty ; freedom ; particular privi- 
lege. 

immure, v. Im-mur' (L. im, in or into, and munis, a 
wall), to enclose within walls ; to shut up ; to confine : 
immu'ring, imp. : immured', pp. -murd'. 

immutable, a. tm-mu'-tu-bl (L. immutabilis, un- 
changeable—from L. im, not, and muto, I change : It. 
immutabile), unchangeable ; unalterable ; not capable 
of change : immu'tably, ad. -bit : immu'tabil'ity, n. 
-btl'l-tl, and immu'tableness, n. -bl-nis, unchange- 
ableness ; that quality that renders change impos- 
sible. 

imp, n. Imp (Sw. ymp, a shoot or scion : AS. impan ; 
old H. Ger. impiton . ' < < imp/en, to graft), a scion ; 
a shoot ; a child ; generally in a bad sense, as an imp 
of hell ; a little devil : v. to graft ; to lengthen or ex- 
tend : imp'ing, imp. : imped, pp. impt. 

impact, n. tm'pdkt (L. impactum, to drive furiously 
into— from im, into, and pango, I drive in), in mech., 
the shock of two bodies coming together; touch; 
impression : v. im-pdkt', to drive close or hard ; to 
press or drive firmly together : impacting, imp. : im- 
pacted, pp. 

impages, n. plu. tm-pd'jez (L.), in arch., the horizon- 
tal parts of the framework of a door. 

impair, v. tm-pdr' (F. empirer, to make worse — 
from L. pejor, worse), to make worse ; to diminish in 
value, excellence, or quality : impairing, imp. : im- 
paired', pp. -pdrd' : adj. made worse; injured: im- 
pair'er, n. -er, one who. 

impale and impalement— see empale. 



mdte, mdt.fdr, laTv; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, ', 



IMPA 



273 



IMPE 



impalpable, a. Im-pdl'-pd-bl (F. impalpable— from 
L. im, not, and palpo, I touch softly), not perceptible 
by the touch ; extremely line, as powder or dust in 
■which no gritty particles can be felt by the touch : 
impal'pably, ad. -bit: impalpability, n. -bll'l-tl, the 
quality of not being perceptible by the touch. 

impanation, n. im'pd-na'shun (L. im, into, and 
pants, bread: F. impanation), the supposed real 
presence and union of the body and blood of Christ 
with the elements of the eucharist without a change 
in their nature. 

impannel, v. Im-pdn'-nll (im, in or on, an&pannel, a 
piece of parchment — see pannel), to enrol the names 
of a jury in a court of justice ; spelt also impanel : 
impan nelling, imp. : impan nelled, pp. -neid. 

imparadise, v. lm-pdr'-a-dls (im, and paradise: It. 
imparadisare, to imparadise), to make happy, as if in 
paradise ; to put into a place or state resembling 
paradise : impar' adising, imp. : imparadised, pp. 
-dlst. 

imparipinnate, a. lm-par-i-pln'-nat (i.. impar, un- 
equal, and pinnatus, winged), in bot., unequally pin- 
nate ; pinnate, but ending in an odd leaflet. 

imparisyllabic, a. lm'-pdr-l-sil-lab-lk (L. impar, un- 
equal, and syllaba, a syllable), in gram., not having 
the same number of syllables— applied to nouns in- 
creasing their syllables, as mens, the mind— gen. 
mentis, of the mind. 

imparity, n. lm-pdr'-l-tl (L. impar, unequal), .not 
divisible into equal parts ; inequality ; difference in 
degree of rank or excellence. 

impark, v. lm-park' (im, in or on, and park), to en- 
close, as land for a park : imparking, imp. : im- 
parked', pp. -purkt'. 

impart, v. im-part' (L. impartio, I share with an- 
other—from im, into, and pars, a part— gen. partis: 
old F. and Sp. impartir, to impart), to bestow or 
give ; to communicate ; to convey ; to make known : 
imparting, imp.: impart ed, pp": impart'er, n. one 
who: impartible, a. -i-ll. that niiiy be imparted or 
communicated : impartlbillty, n. -bll'l-tl, -quality of 
being impartible. 

impartial, a. im-pdr'-shdl (im, not, and partial: F. 
impartial), not disposed to favour one more than an- 
other ; unbiassed : impartially, ad. -II: impartiality, 
n. -shldl'ltl, freedom from bias or prejudice in opin- 
ion or judgment. 

impartible— see impart. 

impassable, a. Im-pds'sd-bl (L. im, not, and pass- 
able), that cannot be passed ; not admitting a passage : 
impassably, ad. -bll : impas'sableness, n. -bl-7i6s. 

impassible, a. lm-pas'-sl-bl (F. impassible, calm, 
tranquil: It. impassibile, that cannot suffer— from L. 
im, not, an&pa-ssus, suffered), incapable of pain, pas- 
sion, or suffering ; that cannot be affected or disturbed 
by external causes: impassibility, n. -bll'l-tl, also 
impas'sibleness, n. -bl-?ies, exemption from pain or 
suffering ; insusceptibility of being affected or injured 
by external things : impas'sive, a. -pds'slv (im, and 
passus, suffered), not susceptible of pain or suffering: 
impassively, ad. -ll : impas'siveness, n. 

impassion, v. lm-pdsh'-iin (im, into, and passion), to 
move or affect strongly with passion : impassi'oning, 
imp.: impassioned, pp. -iind : adj. marked bypassion 
or feeling; excited; glowing; having the feelings ex- 
cited, as a speaker : impassi'onable, a. -d-bl, excit- 
able : impassi'onably, ad. -bll. 

impaste, v. lm-pdst' (im, in or on, and paste), to 
form into or cover, as with paste ; to lay on colours : 
impasting, imp. : impast'ed, pp. : im'pasta'tion, n. 
-pds-ta'-shiin, the union of different substances by 
means of cements: impasto, n. lm-pds'-to (It.), a term 
expressing the thickness of the layer or body of pig- 
ment applied by the painter to his canvas. 

impatient, a. Im-pd'shent (L. impatiens, that can- 
not bear— from im, not, and pattens, suffering : F. im- 
patient), uneasy or fretful under suffering or delay ; 
not enduring ; hasty: impatience, n. -shens, restless- 
ness ; uneasiness under pain or suffering ; restless dis- 
contentment under any condition, with eagerness to 
change it: impatiently, ad. -ll. 

impawn, v. lm-pawn' (im, into, an&pmon), to pledge ; 
to deposit as a security : impawn'ing, imp. : im- 
pawned', pp. -pawnd'. 

impeach, v. lm-pech' (F. empecher, to hinder: old 
F. empescher, to encumber, to hinder— from the notion 
of entangling with a sticky material), to charge with 
a crime or misdemeanour ; to charge with treason or 
high public crimes, as a minister of state ; to call in 



question : impeaching, imp. : impeached', pp. -pechf: 
impeacher, n. -er, one who : impeach/able , a. -d-bl, 
liable to accusation : impeach'ment, n. -ment, a charge 
or accusation ; an endeavour to fasten a charge of 
treason on a person; an accusation and prosecution 
for treason or other high crimes or misdemeanours. 

impearl, v. lm-perl' (im, in or on, and pearl), to 
decorate with pearls or the resemblance of them ; to 
form in resemblance of pearls. 

impeccable, a. im-pek'-d-bl (L. in^eccabilis, faultless, 
sinless— from im, not, and pecco, I err or sin : F. im- 
peccable), not liable or subject to sin : impec'cabil ity, 
n. -bV'-l-tl, exemption from sin or error: fmpec'cancy, 
n. -kan-sl, sinlessness. 

impede, v. lm-ped' (L. impedio, I hamper or hinder 
—from im, into, and pedes, feet), to hinder; to stop 
progress : impe'ding, imp. : impe'ded, pp. : impedi- 
ment, n. Im-ped'd-ment, an obstruction; a hindrance; 
a defect, as in speech : impedimental, a. -m&n'tdl, 
liii!Q:rin_r: imped itive, a. -tlv, causing hindrance. 

impel, v. lm-pel' (L. impello, I drive forward— from 
im, into, and petto, I drive), to drive or urge forward; 
to excite to action ; to incite : impelling, imp. : adj. 
urging; pressing: impelled', pp. -pSld': impeller, n. 
-ler, one who: impellent, a. -lent, a power or force 
which drives forward. 

impend, v. lm-plnd'- (L. impendeo, I hang over, I 
threaten— from im, into, and pendeo, I bang), to hang 
over ; to menace or threaten ; to be approaching and 
ready to fall on: impen'ding, imp.: impen'ded, pp.: 
impen'dent, a. -dint, hanging over; threatening: im- 
pendence, n. -dins, or impen'dency, n. -den-st, the 
state of hanging over. 

impenetrable, a. im-pc~7i'6-trd-bl (L. impenetrabilis, 
that cannot be penetrated— from im, not, and penetro, 
I penetrate or enter), that cannot be pierced ; not to 
be affected or moved ; not to be entered : impenetra- 
bly, ad. -bll: impenetrability, n. -bil'-l-tl, that pro- 
perty of matter which prevents two bodies occupying 
the same space at the same time ; the quality of not 
being able to be pierced ; obtuseuess ; incapability of 
being moved or affected. 

impenitent, a. Xm-pin'-l-Unt (F. impenitent, impeni- 
tent — from L. im, not, and paznitens, repenting: It. 
impenitente, impenitent), not repenting of sin ; obdu- 
rate; not contrite: n. a hardened sinner: impen'- 
itently, ad. -ll: impenitence, n. -tens, or impen'- 
itency, n. -si, want of repentance ; hardness of heart; 
want of remorse for crimes. 

impennate, a. Im-pen'-nat (im, not, and Eng. pen- 
nate— from L. penna, a feather), having very short 
wings, and useless for flight ; of the tribe im'penna'- 
tes, -nd'-tez, swimming birds having short wings cov- 
ered with leathers resembling scales. 

imperative, a. Im-p&r'-d-tlv (It. imperativo, fit for 
command, imperative— from L. impero, I command), 
expressing or containing positive command or desire ; 
positive; authoritative; in gram., the simple form 
of the verb which expresses command or exhorta- 
tion, as go, eat, sing: imperatively, ad. -ll. 

imperceptible, a, lm'per-sep'-tl-bl (im, not, and per- 
ceptible), not to be known or discovered by the senses ; 
very small or fine ; very slow in motion : im'percep'- 
tibly, ad. -tl-bll: im'percep'tibleness, n. -bl-nes. 

imperfect, a. Im-per'-fekt (L. imperfectus, incomplete 
—from im, not, and perfectus, complete), not com- 
pleted or finished ; defective ; in gram., applied to the 
tense of a verb expressing unfinished action, or time 
not yet complete, as 1 was eating: imper'fectly, ad. 
-ll: im 'perfection, n. -fek'-shun, the state of being 
defective ; a fault or blemish : imper'fectness, n. state 
of being imperfect. 

imperforate, a. im-per'fo-r&t, or imper'fora'ted, a. 
-ra'-ted (L. im, not, and perforatum, to bore through), 
not perforated or pierced ; having no opening or pas- 
sage of communication : imper'forable, a. -rdbl, that 
cannot be pierced : imper'fora'tion, n. -ra'-shun, state 
of being not perforated, or without an aperture. 

imperial, a. im-pe'-ri-dl (L. imperialis, of the empire, 
imperial— from impero, I command ; imperium, com- 
mand, empire: It. imperiale: F. imperial), pert, to 
an empire or emperor ; royal ; supreme : impe'rially, 
ad. -ll: impe'rialism, n. -izm, system or state of im- 
perial government : impe'rialist, n. -1st, one who be- 
longs to or supports an emperor— particularly ap- 
plied to the Germans under the old empire : impe'ri- 
al'ity or impe'rialty, n. -dl-l-tl or -dl-tl, the right of 
an emperor over a certain share of the produce of 
mines, &c. ; imperial power. 



coiv, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



IMPE 



274 



imperil, v. im-per'll (im, and peril), to bring or lead 
into danger: imperiling, imp.: imperiled, pp. -lid: 
participles also spelt with 11. 

imperious, a. im-pe'ri-us (L. imperiosus, possessed of 
command, domineering— from imperium, command : 
F. impirieux), assuming or exercising authority in a 
manner highly offensive to others ; haughty; over- 
hearing ; not capable of being resisted ; urgent : im- 
pe'riously, ad. -II: impe'riousness, n. -ne~s, a dicta- 
torial and bold contempt for the rights or feelings of 
another; haughtiness. 

imperishable, a. im-per'ish-d-M (im, not, andperish), 
not subject to decay; indestructible; calculated to last 
always: imper'ishably, ad. -Ml: imper'ishableness, 
n. -bl-nes. 

impermeable, a. lm-per'me-d-bl (F. impermeable, 
impervious— from L. im, not, and permeo, I penetrate), 
not admitting the passage of water or other liquid 
through ; rendered waterproof by the application of a 
solution : imper'meably, ad. -Ml : imper'meableness, n. 
impersonal, a. im-per'son-dl (L. im, not, and perso- 
nal), not personal ; said of verbs which are used only 
in the third person, with it for the nominative, as it 
rains: impersonality, n. -dl'l-ti, the want or absence 
of personality : imper'sonally, ad. -dl-ll. 

impersonate, v. im-per'-son-dt, {im, in or on, and 
personate), to personify ; to ascribe the qualities of a 
person to; to represent things as persons: imper- 
sonating, imp. : impersonated, pp.: imper'sona'tion, 
n. -a'shun, the act of representing things as persons. 

impertinent, a. Im-per'tl-nSnt (F. impertinent, im- 
pertinent : im, not, and pertinent), rude ; impudent ; 
meddling unduly with the matters of others : n. one 
rude or unbecoming in behaviour: impertinently, 
ad. -II: imper'tinence, n. -nens, rudeness; improper 
interference not becoming age or station. 

imperturbable, a. im'per-terb'-d-bl (L. im, not, and 
perturbatum, to confuse or disturb utterly), that can- 
not be disquieted or disturbed : im'perturb'ably, ad. 
■Ml: imper'turba'tion, n. -bd'-shun, calmness; free- 
dom from agitation of mind : im'perturb'abil'ity, n. 
-bll'l-tl, self-possession ; coolness. 

impervious, a. im-per'-vi-us (L. impervius, that can- 
not be passed through — from im, not, and pervius, 
passable : It. impervio), not penetrable ; not to be 
pierced ; affording no way or passage : imperviously, 
ad. -II : imper'viousness, n. -nes, the state of not ad- 
mitting a passage. 

impetigo, n. iyn'pe-ti'-gd (L. impetigo, a scabby erup- 
tion—from impeto, I attack: F. impetigo), a skin 
disease characterised by clusters of pustules which 
run into a crust ; a running tetter : im'petig'inous, a. 
■tlj'l-nus, of the nature of or relating to. 

impetrate, v. im'pS-trdt (L. impetratum, to accom- 
plish, to effect : F. impetrer), to obtain by request or 
entreaty: im'petra'ting, imp.: im'petra'ted, pp.: im- 
petra'tion, n. -shun, entreaty or petition of the nature 
of a demand ; the preobtaining a church living from 
the Pope, the disposal of which belonged to the king 
or other patron. 

impetuous, a. im-pet'u-us (L. impetus, violence, 
force : It. impetuoso, impetuous), rushing with force 
and violence ; moving or acting with force ; hasty ; 
violent: impet'uously, ad. -II: impet'uousness, n., 
also impet'uos'ity, n. -os'i-tl, a rushing with violence 
or great force ; force with fury : impetus, n im'pe-tus, 
violent tendency to any point ; force or quantity of 
motion ; the force with which a body is driven. 

impiety, n. lm-pi'6-tl (L. impietas, impiety— from 
im, not, and pius, pious, devout : F. impiete), any act 
or expression tending to irreverence towards the 
Supreme Being or contempt of his laws ; profaneness ; 
irreligion: impious, a. lm-pl-us (L. impius), irreverent 
towards God; irreligious; profane: im'piously, ~ J 
-11: im'piousness, n. 

impinge, v. im-pinf (L. impingere, to drive into, as 
one thing into another— from im, into, and pangere, 
to strike : It. impingere), to strike or dash against ; to 
clash upon: impin'ging, imp.: impinged', pp. -pinjd': 
impin'gent, a -jent, falling or striking against. 
impious, impiously— see impiety, 
impish— see imp. 

implacable, a. im-pld'kd-bl (L. implacdbilis, unap- 
peasable—from im, not, and placabilis, placable), not 
to be appeased ; stubborn or constant in enmity : im- 
pla'cably, ad. -Ml: impla'cabil'ity, n. -bil'i-ti, also 



ecute or sue at law : impleading, imp. : impleaded, 
pp. : implead'er, n. one who. 

implement, n. vra'pM-ment (F. employer, to employ 
—from L. im, into, and plicare; F. plier, to fold), 
what is turned to a certain purpose ; a tool or instru- 
ment of labour. 

implement, v. Im'ple~-m6nt' (L. implere, to fill full— 
from im, in, and plere, to fill), in Scot, law, to fulfil or 
perform an engagement : im'plement'ing, imp. : im'- 
plement'ed, pp.: impletion, n. Im-pW-shun, the act of 
filling. 



into connection with, as a crime or fault ; to involve : 
implicating, imp.: im'plica'ted, pp. : im'plica'tion, 
n. -kd'shun, that which is implied but not expressed; 
something which may fairly be understood, though not 
expressed in words ; implicative, a. -kd'tiv, having 
or conveying implication : im'plica'tively, ad. -li. 
implicit, a. im-plls'lt (L. implicitus; F. implici 



from inference— see implicate), understood, though 
not expressed in words ; trusting to another ; relying 
entirely: implicitly, ad. -II, by inference: implicit- 
ness, n. the state of trusting without reserve. 

implied— see imply. 

implore, v. im-plor' (L. implorare, to invoke with 
tears — from im, into, and ploro, I weep over : It. 
implorare: F. implorer), to beg or entreat earnestly ; 
to ask with urgency ; to beseech : imploring, imp. : 
implored', pp. -plord': implorer, n. -ir, one who: im'- 
plora'tion, n. -plo-rd'shun, supplication : imploring- 
ly, ad. -li, in the manner of entreaty. 

impluvium, n. im-plb'-vi-um (L.), the square basin 
or cistern in the fore-court or hall of an anc. Roman 
house for receiving the rain-water. 

imply, v. im-pW (L. implico, I entwine or involve — 
from im, into, and plico, I fold), to involve or com- 
prise in substance or by fair inference, though not 
expressed in words; to mean; to signify: implying, 
imp. : implied', pp. -plld' : adj. virtually contained in, 
though not expressed. 

impoison, v. im-poy'-zn (im, into, and poison), to af- 
fect with poison; to imbitter: impoi'soning, imp.: 
impoi'soned, pp. -znd. 

impolicy, n. im-pol'i-si (im, not, and policy), want 
of policy or wisdom ; unsuitableness to the end pro- 
posed ; imprudence : impolitic, a. -l-tik, not wise or 
prudent ; not suited to promote the end in view : im- 
v, ad. -li. 

impolite, a. im'po-lW (L. impolitus, inelegant: im, 
not, and polite), uncivil ; rude in manners : im'polite'- 
ly, ad. -li: im'polite'ness, n. want of manners. 

imponderable, a. im-pon'der-d-bl(F. impondirable ; 
It. imponderabile, that cannot be weighed— from L. 
im, not or without, and pondero, I weigh), that can- 
not be weighed ; not having a sensible weight : impon'- 
derabillty, n. -bil'i-ti, the want of sensible weight : im- 
pon'derables.n. pin -a-bh i]:o-eagentsorforces which 
are destitute of weight, as light, heat, electricity, and 



impla'cableness, n. -M-nis, irreconcilable enmity; 
aappeasable malice. 
implant, v. im-pltint' (im, into, and plant), to in- 

mate, mdt,fdr, law.; mete, me~t, her; pine, pin; note, n6t, m6ve; 



import, v. Im-port' (L. importo, I bring or carry 
into— from im, into, and porto, I carry : F. importer), 
to bring in from another state or country ; to bear or 
convey bywords; to mean; to signify; to be of weight 
or consequence: import'ing, imp. bringing into, as 
goods ; bearing, as a meaning : imported, pp. : adj. 
brought into a country ;a ,] .< i] - > rally to all goods 

and merchandise brought by sea : import'er, n. one 
who receives goods and produce directly from abroad : 
import'able, a. -d-bl, that may be imported: im'- 
porta'tion, n. -td-shun, the act or practice of bringing 
from another state or country; the articles brought 



bywords; meaning: import'ant, a. -dnt, of great con- 
sequence; weighty: import'antly, ad. -li: import'- 
ance, n. -dns, ighl cod equence. 

importune, v. im'por-tun' (L. importunus, inconven- 
ient, troublesome — from im, not or without, and 
portus, a harbour: It. importunare : F. importuner), 
to press or tease again and again with the same re- 
quest; to urge with unceasing application: im'por- 



IMPO 



275 



IMPR 



fa'ning, imp. : im'portuned', pp. -tilnd': im'portu'ner, 
ii. -er, one who: importunity, n. -tu'-nl-tl, pressing 
or incessant application for a claim or favour: im- 



— from im, in or on, and pono, I place : F. imposer, to 
impose), to lay or place on, as a burden or duty ; to 
enjoin: to impose on, to deceive; to mislead by a 
false pretence: imposing, imp.: adj. commanding; 
suited to impress forcibly imposingly, ad. -ll: im- 
posed', pp. -pozd': imposer, n. one who impresses or 
lays on : impo'sable, a. -za-bl, that may be imposed or 
laid on: imposition, n. im'-po-zish'-un, the act of lay- 
ing on ; imposture ; fraud ; a tax or toll ; an extra exer- 
cise laid on a student as a punishment : impo'sing, n. 
among printers, the arrangement of the pages of a 
sheet in their orde r upon a stone called the imposing- 
stone, and preparing them to be printed : impost, n. 
im'-post, a tax ; a burden ; the top part of a pillar 
which supports an arch : imposition of hands, in 
eccles., ordination; confirmation. 
impossible, a. im-pos'sl-bl (L. impossibilis ; F. im- 
^■"■'J-le; It, impossibile, impossible: im, not, and pos- 



uot feasible. 

impost— see impose. 

imposture, n. Im-pos'tiir (It. imposfura; F. impos- 
ture, imposture, cheat— from L. impositum, to place 
or lay on), deception ; fraud : impos'tor r n. -ter, one 
who assumes a character in order to deceive ; a cheat. 

impotent, a. Im'-potent (L. impotens, powerless— 
fromim, not, and potens, powerful: It. impotente: F. 
impotent), weak; feeble; wanting strength or power; 
unable to beget: im'potently, ad. -II: impotence, n. 
-tens, also im'potency, n. -tin-sl, want of strength or 
power. 

impound, v. lm-pcncnd' (im, into, and pound), to 
shut up in a pound or pen ; to confine ; to shut in : 
impounding, imp.: impounded, pp.: impounder, n. 
one who : impound'age, n. -dj, the act of impounding 
or confining cattle. 

impoverish, v. Im-p6v'-er-lsh (L. im, into, or AS. em 
for en, to make, and L. pauper; F. pcnivre, poor: It. 
impoverire, to impoverish), to reduce to poverty ; to 
make poor ; to exhaust, as resources, or the fertility of 
land: impoverishing, imp.: impoverished, pp. -Isht : 
impoVerisher, n. -er, one who : impoverishment, n. 
the act of reducing to poverty ; exhaustion. 

impracticable, a, Irn-prdk'-ti-kd-M (im, not, and 
practicable), that cannot be done or performed ; not 
to be done by human means; unmanageable: im- 
practicably, ad. -Ml: imprac'ticabil ity, n. -bll'l-tl, 
also imprac ticableness, n. -ka-bl-nes, state or quality 
of being beyond the power of man, or the means pro- 
posed. 

imprecate, v. Im'pr&kdt (L. imprecatus, invoked 
—from im, in or on, and precor, I pray : It. imprecare), 
to invoke, as an evil on any one ; to pray that a curse 
or calamity may fall upon : im'preca'ting, imp. : im'- 
preca'ted, pp. : imprecation, n. -kashun, a curse ; a 
prayer that a calamity may fall on some one : im'pre- 
ca'tory, a. -ka'-ter-l, containing a prayer for evil. 

impregnable, a. im-preg'nd-bl (L. im, not, and old 
F. pregner; L. prehendere, to take), that cannot be re- 
duced or taken by force ; not to be moved or shaken : 
impreg'nably, ad. -Ml: impreg'nabil'ity, n. -bll'l-tl, 
state of being impregnable. 

impregnate, v. im-preg'-nat (It. impregnare, to get 
with young ; impregnatura, the state of being with 
young : L. im, in, and prccgnans, with child : F. ira- 
pregner, to impregnate), to render or make prolific ; 
to cause to conceive ; to saturate ; to infuse the quali- 
ties or virtues of one thing into another : impreg'- 
nating, imp.: impreg'nated, pp. made pregnant or 
prolific: im pregna'tion, n. -na'shun, act of impreg- 
nating ; that with which anything is impregnated. 

imprescriptible, a, Im'-pre-skrip'tl-bl (L. im, not, 
and prescriptible), that cannot be lost or impaired by 
neglect or want of use : im'prescrip'tibly, ad. -Ml. 

impress, v. tm-pres' (L. impressum, to form or make 
by pressing— from im, in or on, and pressum, to press 
or squeeze : old F. impresser, to impress : It. impresso, 
stamped, impressed), to make a mark or figure by 
pressing ; to stamp ; to indent ; to fix deep, as in the 
mind; to seize or employ for the public service: n. 
Im'-pres, a mark or figure made by pressing ; a stamp ; 



the image or figure of anything, as if formed by pres- 
sure : impressing, imp. : impressed', pp. -prest: im- 
pressi'on, n. -presh'un, a mark ; a copy ; effects pro- 
duced by external causes on the mind ; idea ; indistinct 
recollection ; the total number printed at one time, as 
of a book ; a single edition ; a print from an engraved 
plate : impressionable, a, -d-bl, susceptible of impres- 
sions: impres'sible, a. -sl-bl, that readily receives im- 
pressions : impres'sibly, ad. -sl-bll: impressibility, 
n. -bll'l-tl, quality of being impressible : impres'sive, 
a. -slv, adapted to excite solemn attention and feeling: 
impressively, ad. -ll .- impres siveness, n. -slv-nSs, the 
quality of being impressive : impressment, n. -ment, 
the act of seizing men for the public service : impress- 
gang, a party of men formerly employed forcibly to 
seize men as seamen for ships of war— usually written 
press-gang : proof-impression, an early copy taken 
from an engraved plate, a lithographic stone, and the 
like. 

imprimatur, n. Im'prl-md-ter (L. let it be printed— 
from imprimo, I mark or stamp), licence to print a 
book, printed on the title-page ; authority. 

imprimis, ad. Im-prl'-mls (L. imprimis— trom im, 
in, and primus, first), in the first place. 

imprint, n. Im'-prlnt (im, in or on, and print), the 
place where, the person by whom, and the time when 
a book is published, printed at the bottom of the title 
—sometimes at the end, as in newspapers : v. Im- 
print', to mark by pressure ; to stamp ; to fix on the 
mind or memory : imprinting, imp. : imprint'ed, pp. 

imprison, v. lmprlz'-n (im, in or on, and prison: 
F. empriionner, to confine), to put into or to confine 
in a prison; to shut up or confine : imprisoning, imp. : 
impris'oned.pp. -priz'-nd: imprisonment, n. -n-ment, 
confinement in a place ; restraint of liberty. 

improbable, a, Im-prob'-dbl (L. improbabilis, not 
deserving of approbation— from im, not, and probo, 
I prove : F. improbable), not likely to be true ; un- 
likely : improb ably, ad. -Ml : improbability, n. -Ml' 
l-tl, unlikelihood. 

improbity, n. Im-prob'-l-tl (im, not, and probity), 
want of integrity or honesty ; baseness. 

improficiency, n. Im'-pro-flsh'-Sn-sl (im, and pro- 
fie it ncy), want of proficiency. 

impromptu, n. ImprompytH (F. impromptu, extem- 
pore— from L. inpromptu, in readiness), a short com- 
position produced on the spur of the moment— gener- 
ally something witty : adj. extempore ; off-hand. 

improper, a. Im-prop'-er (im, and proper: L. im- 
proprius, not befitting : F. impropre), not suitable ; 
not adapted to its end ; not becoming ; not decent -. 
improperly, ad. -II ; impropriety, n. Im'-pro-pri'l-tl, 
unsuitableness to character or circumstances ; an im- 
proper action or speech ; an inaccuracy in language : 
improper fraction, a fraction whose numerator is 
either equal to or greater than the denominator. 

impropriate, a, im-pro'prl-dt (L. im, into, r~* 



larly to place ecclesiastical property in the hands of 
laymen : impro'pria'ting, imp. : impro'pria'ted, pp. : 
impro'pria'tor, n. -ter, a layman who possesses or en- 
joys church lands : impropriation, n. -d'-shun, the act 
of impropriating; the ecclesiastical property appropri- 
ated ; exclusive possession. 

impropriety— see improper. 

improve, v. Im-prov' (L. im, in, and old F.prover; 
L. prcbare, to try, to esteem as good), to make better; 
to advance in value, &c. ; to grow better or wiser; to raise 
from good to better ; to turn to good account : impro'- 
ving, imp. : adj. growing better ; using to better ad- 
vantage : improved', pp. -pr6vd'-. impro'ver, n. one 
who: impro'vable, a. -vd-bl, capable of being made 
better: impro'vably, ad. -Mi: impro'vableness, n. 
-M-nls, also impro'vabil'ity, n. -bll'l-tl, capableness 
of being made better : impro vingly, ad. -II -. improve- 
ment, n. -mint, advancement nearer to perfection; 
progress ; a making or growing better ; practical ap- 
plication, as of a sermon. 

improvident, a. Im-prov'l-d&nt (L. im, not, and pro- 
videns, foreseeing— see provident), wanting care to 
make provision for the future ; neglecting measures 
for future safety or advantage; thoughtless: improv'- 
idently, ad. -ll: improvidence, n. -dens, want of 
foresight ; want of due regard to consequences. 

improvise, v. Im'pro-vez' (F. improvisi, done extem- 
pore ; improviser, to speak or compose without pre- 
paration: It. improvvisare, to make verses extem- 
pore : L. improvisus, unexpected), to compose and re- 



cow, o 



'f if Sat; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



IMPR 276 



INAR 



cite without premeditation : Im'provi'slng, imp.: im'- 
provised', pp. -vezd', extemporised : improvisate, a. 
im-prdv'4-sat, unpremeditated: improvisatore, n. 
im-pro-vez-d-W-rd, in Italy, a man who makes and 
writes short poems without premeditation; im'pro- 
vis'ato'ri, plu. -to'-re-. im'provis'atrice, n. fem. -vez' 
d-tris or -tre'chd, a woman who makes and recites 
extempore verses: im'provls'atri'ci, plu. -vez-d-tre- 
che. 

imprudent, a. im-pr6'-dent (L. imprudens, not fore- 
seeing, inconsiderate— from im, not, prudens, prudent : 
It. imprudente : F. imprudent), indiscreet ; not atten- 
tive to the consequences of words or actions ; rash : 
impru'dence, n. -dins, indiscretion ; want of due re- 
gard to consequences : imprudently, ad. -li. 

impudent, a. im'pil-dcnt (L, impudens, without 
shame— from im, not, and pudens, modest: It. im- 
pvdente:F.i»'r, ,: ■ iii nimn,! ■.; hold '-din m,- 
less; saucy ; insolent : im'pudently, ad.-Zi : im'pudence, 
n. -dins, want of modesty ; effrontery ; impertinence. 



impugned', pp. -pund': impugn'er, n. -er, one who: im- 
pugnable, a. -d-bl, that may be impugned or opposed. 

impulse, n. im'-puls (L. impiUsum, to push or drive 
against a thing— from im, on or against, and pe.Uo, I 
drive : It. impulse-, impulse), force suddenly communi- 
cated ; influence acting on the mind ; the effect of some 
sudden motion : impulsion, n. -pul'-shun, the sudden 
action of a moving body on another body ; influence 
on the mind: impul'sive, a. -slv, having the power of 
driving or impelling ; moved to action by present feel- 
ings : unpul'sively, ad. -Il : impulsiveness, n. -nSs. 

impunity, n. im-pu'-ni-tl (L. impunitas, freedom or 
safety from punishment— from im, not, and poena, 
punishment: It. impunita: F. impunite), exemption 
or freedom from punishment, penalty, or injury. 

impure, a. im-piir' (L. impurus, impure, unclean— 
from im, not, and purus, pure: It. impuro .- F. impur), 
not pure; foul ; unclean ; unchaste; unholy: impure'ly, 
ad. -li: impure'ness, n., also impu'rity, n. -pu'-rl-tl, 
foulness ; any foul matter ; want of purity ; want of 
holiness. 

impurple, v. im-per'-pl (im, into, and purple), to 
colour or tinge with purple : impur'pling, imp. : im- 
pur pled, pp. -pld. 

impute, v. im-put' (L. imputare, to bring or enter 
into the account— from im, into, and puto, I reckon : 
It. imputare : F. imputer), to charge ; to attribute ; to 
reckon as belonging to one when due to another: 
impu'ting, imp.: impu'ted, pp.: impu'ter, n. -ter, one 
who: imputable, a. -td-bl, ascribable; that may be 
imputed to: impu'tably, ad. -Mi: impu'tableness, n.: 
impu'tative, a. -td-tiv, that maybe imputed: impu'- 
tatively, ad. -li, by imputation : imputation, n. im'-pu- 
td'-shiln, charge of evil ; censure ; reproach ; charging to 
the account of one what properly belongs to another. 

in, prep, in (AS., Ger., and Dan. in, in: Icel. inni, 
within, also, a house), placed before an object, in is 
used to indicate a variety of relations ; within ; inside 
of; not outside of; during, as in the year; by or 
through; on account of; out of, as nine in ten: ad. 
within some place; not out ; denoting entrance ; close- 
ly ; often used for into, as he will come in, that is, into 
the house; used without the object being expressed, 
as our party is in, and our opponents are out, that is, 
in office, and out of office: in blank, signed with the 
name only, and without other significant writing : in 
that, because ; for the reason that : ins and outs, nooks 
and corners : in the name of, in behalf of ; on the part 
of; a common phrase in invoking, swearing, or 
praying. 

in, in (L. in, in, within— akin to Sans, an; Gr. en; 
AS. in, in, into), in, as a prefix, with its forms il, im, 
ir, signifies in, into, on, in verbs and nouns, as in- 
clude, to shut in, incur, to run into; followed by I, in 
becomes il, as in ifluminate, to throw light on ; follow- 
ed by b, p, or > < <> > immure, to put 
ivithin walls, imbibe, to drink in, import, to carry 
in ; followed by r, in becomes ir, as in irrigate, to let 
water flow on. , „ „ „ 

in, in (L. in, not— akin to Sans, and Gr. an; Goth, 
and Ger. un, not), in, as a prefix, with its forms ig, 
il, im, ir, signifies not in adjectives, as incorrect, not 
correct ; followed by gn, in becomes a, which, how- 
ever, is suppressed, and in really becomes i, as in ig- 
noble, not noble, ignorant, not knowing ; followed by 



I, in becomes il, as in iflicit, not permitted; followed 
by p or m, in becomes im, as in i?nmature, not ripe, 
imprudent, not prudent; followed by r, in becomes 
ir, as in irregular, not according to rule. 

inability, n. in'-d-bil-i-ti (L. in, not, and ability), 
want of power or strength ; want of adequate means ; 
incapacity. 

inaccessible, a. in'-dk-sSs'-l-bl (L. in, not, and acces- 
sible), not to be reached ; not to be obtained or ap- 
proached: in'acces'sibly, ad. -Ml: in'acces'sibil'ity, n. 
■Ml'-l-tl, also in'acces'sibleness, n. -bines, the quality 
or state of being inaccessible. 

inaccurate, a. in-dk'ku-rdt(L. in, not, and accurate), 
not exact or correct ; not according to truth : inaccu- 
rately, ad. -II: inae'euracy, n. -rd-sl, defect; want 
of exactness. 

inaction, n. in-dk'-shun (L. in, not, and action), for- 
bearance from labour; idleness; rest: inac'tive, a. 
-tlv, not active ; dull ; slothful ; idle : inac'tively, ad. 
■H: inactivity, n. -i-tl, habitual idleness; want of 
action or exertion. 

inadequate, a. in-dd-e-kwdt (L. in, not, and ade- 
quate), not equal to the real state or condition of a 
thing ; incomplete ; defective : inad'equately, ad. -li : 
inad'equateness, n., also inadequacy, n. -kwd-si, 
quality of being unequal to the purpose ; incomplete- 
ness ; defectiveness. 

inadmissible, a. in'dd-mis'sl-bl (L. in, not, and ad- 
missible), not proper to be allowed or received: in'ad- 
mis'sibil'ity, n. -bil'-l-tl, the quality of being inadmis- 
sible. 

inadvertent, a. in'-dd-ver'-tent (L. in, not, and adver- 
tens, directing or turning towards : F. inadvertence : 
Sp. inadvertencia, carelessness, heedlessness), heed- 
less ; not turning the mind to ; inconsiderate ; care- 
less : in'adver'tently, ad. -II -. in'adver tence, n. -tens, 
also in'adver'tency, n. -ten-sl, inattention; any mis- 
take or fault from want of forethought ; heedlessness. 

inalienable, a. in-dl'-i-en-d-bl (L. in, not, and alien- 
able), that cannot be legally or justly transferred to 
another: inalienably, ad. -d-bll: inal'ienableness, n. 
-bl-nis. 

inamorato, n. in-dm'-o-r&'-to (It. innamorato, a 
lover— from L. amor, love), a lover; one in love : in- 
am'ora'ta, n. fem. -rd'-td, a woman in love. 

inane, a. ln-dn' (L. inanis, empty: It. inane), emp- 
ty; void; useless ; senseless : inanely, ad. -li: in- 
anity, n. In-dn'i-tl, emptiness ; vanity : inanition, n. 
in'-d-nish'-un (¥.), emptiness; want of fulness ; starva- 
tion. 

inanimate, a. in-dn'i-mdt (L. inanimatus, lifeless— 
from in, not, and animatus, living: It. inanimato), des- 
titute of life; dead; lifeless; dull; inactive; not 
sprightly: inan'imated, a. deprived of animation; 
inanimate: inan'ima'tion, n. -rud'-shun, lifelessness. 

inappetence, n. in-dp'-pc-tens, also inap'petency, 
n. -ten-sl (in, not, and appetence), want of desire to 
imbibe nourishment ; want of inclination. 

inapplicable, a. in-dp'-pli-ka-bl (L. in, not, and ap- 
pliruhle), not suited or suitable to the purpose ; un- 
adapted: inapplication, n. in-dp'pli-kd'-shun, want 
of attention; unfitness; negligence; neglect of study 
or industry; inapplicability, n. -bU'-l-ti, quality of 
being inapplicable. 

inapposite, a. in-dp'-po-zit (in, not, and apposite), 
not fit or suitable ; not pertinent. 

inappreciable, a. in'-ap-pre'-shi-d-bl (in, not, and ap- 
preciable), that cannot be duly valued; not to be esti- 
mated. 

inapprehensible, a. in-dp'pre-hSn-si-bl (in, not, and 
apprehensible), not intelligible: inap'prehen'sive, a. 
-siv, slow in apprehending ; regardless. 

inapproachable, a. In'-ap-proch'-d-bl (i?i, not, and ap- 
■■■■■" : ' ' : c 'clied ; inaccessible. 

inappropriate, a. in'-dp-pro'-pri dt (in, not, and ap- 
propriate), unsuited ; not proper : in'appro'priately, 
ad. -li: in'appro'priateness, n. 

inapt, a. in-apt (L. in, not, and aptv.s, fit), not apt: 
inaptly, ad. -li: inap'titude, n. -tl-tud, also inapt- 

' " l <■■•': ■ "" - i 'I 

inarch, v. in-arch' (L. in, into, and arcuo, I bend 
like a bow), to graft by uniting a growing plant or 
branch to a neighbouring stock without separating it 
from the earth or from the parent tree : inarch'ing, 
imp. : n. a mode of grafting by bending tw r o growing 
plants towards each other, and causing a branch of 
the one to unite to a branch of the other : inarched', 
pp. -drcht'. 

inarticulate, a. in'-ar-tlk-u-ldt (L. in, not, and artic* 



mate, mat, far, UCtu; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, nOt, mOie; 



INAE 



277 



INCI 



ulus, a joint, as of the body), not uttered with a dis- 
tinct spoken sound; in bat., without joints or inter- 
ruption to continuity: inarticulately, ad. -li: in- 
articulateness, n., also ln'artic'ula'tion, n. -Id'-shun, 
indistinctness of spoken sounds. 

inartificial, a. in-dr'-ti-fish'dl (in, not, and arti- 
ficial), not done bv art; simple; natural; artless: 
inar'tifici'ally, ad. -K. 

inasmuch, ad. or conj. in'-dz-much (in, as, and 
much), seeing that ; this being the fact. 

inattentive, a. in'dt-ten'tiv {in, not, and attentive), 
careless ; negligent ; not fixing the mind on : in 'atten- 
tively, ad. -li: inattention, n. -shiin, the want of 
fixing the mind steadily on ; neglect. 

inaudible, a. inaw'dl-bl (L. in, not, and audible), 
that cannot be heard: inau'dibly, ad. -bll: inau'di- 
bil'ity, n. -bll'-l-tl, also inau'dibleness, n. -bl-nes, state 
or quality of not being heard. 

inaugural, a. In-aTc'-gii-rdl (L. augur, a soothsayer: 
in, into, and auouro, I 'presage or divine, as the success 
of any enterprise), made or done at the introduction to 
an office, or at the beginning or an enterprise, as an in- 
augural address : inaii gurate, v. -gu-rat, to invest with 
an office in a formal manner ; to commence with suit- 
able ceremonies: inaugurating, imp.: inau'gura'ted, 
pp. : inau'gura'tor, n. -tCr, one who : inauguration, 
n. -rd'shun, the act of investing with an office with 
suitable solemnity ; the solemn or formal beginning 
of any movement or course of action ; the opening in 
a formal manner of a public building : inau'gura'tory, 
n. -tirl. pert, to inauguration. 

inauspicious, a, in'-aXv-spish'-ds {in, not, and au- 
spicious), unlucky; unfavourable; ill-omened; unfor- 
tunate: in auspiciously, ad. -li: in auspici'ousness, n. 

inboard, a. or ad. in'bOrd (in, into, and board), ap- 
plied to any tiling w i iii in the hold of a ship. 

inborn, a. In'bawrn, (in, into, and born), implanted 
by nature ; innate. 

inbreathe, v. in-brith' (in, into, and breathe), to in- 
fuse by breathing ; to inspire : inbreath'ing, imp. : 
inbreathed', pp. -brethd'. 

inbreed, v. in-bred', (in, into, and breed), to breed 
or generate within: inured, a. -brid, natural; bred 
within. 

Inca, n. in'-ka, the king or prince of Peru before its 
conquest by the Spaniards. 

incage, v. in-kdj' (in. and cage), to confine, as in a 
cage; to coop up : inca'ging, imp.: incaged', pp. -kdjd'. 

incalculable, a. In-kdi-ku-ld-hl (i„, not, and calcu- 
lable), not to be computed or reckoned : incalculably, 
ad. -ld-bll. 

incandescent, a. In'kdn-des'-sent (L. incandescent, 
becoming warm, glowing— from in, into, candesco,! 
become of a bright glittering white: It. incandes- 
cente), white or glowing with heat : incandes'cence, 
D. -sins, the glowing or luminous appearance which 
bodies assume when intensely heated. 

incantation, n. in'-kdntd'shun (L. incantare, to 
chant a magic formula against some one— from in, 
into, and canto, I sing), the act of enchanting by songs 
or words of sorcery : incan'tatory, a. -ter-i, dealing 
by enchantment. 

incapable, a. in-kd'-pd-bl (in, not, and capable), un- 
able ; unequal to ; disqualified by disposition or law : 
inca pably, ad. -bit: inca'pabil'ity, n. -bil'-l-ti, natural 
inability; legal disqualification. 

incapacious, a. In'-kd-pd'shiis (in, not, and capaci- 
ous: L. in, not, and capacitas, largeness), not large or 
spacious; of small size: in'capa'ciousness, n. -nis: 
in'capac itate, v. -pus'l-tdt, to render incapable, un- 
able or unfit; to disqualify: incapacitating, imp.: 
in'capac'itated, pp. : incapacity, n. -l-tl, want of 
natural power to receive, contain, or understand— 
applied to the mind ; defect of understanding ; ina- 
bility; disqualification. 

incarcerate, v. In-kdr'-s-r-at lit. in car cerate; F. in- 
carcerer, to imprison— from L. in, into, and career, a 
prison), to imprison ; to confine in a jail : incar'cera'- 
ting, imp.: incar'cera'ted, pp.: incarceration, 11. -a- 
shun, imprisonment. 

incarnate, a. in-kdr'ndt (It. incarnato, made flesh : 
F. incarnat, of a flesh colour— from L. in, in or on, 
and caro, flesh— gen. carnis), clothed with flesh ; em- 
bodied in flesh: v. to clothe with flesh; to assume 
the human form and nature : incar'nating, imp. : in- 
car'nated, pp.: in'carna'tion, n. -vd'shun, the act of 
assuming a human body, and taking the nature of 
man; the union of the Godhead with manhood in 
Christ. 



incase, v. Xn-kds' (in, into, and case), to enclose; to 
cover or surround with something solid: inca'sing, 
imp.: incased', pp. -kclst'. 

incautious, a, in-kaTv'-shiis (in, not, and cautious), 

unwary; heedless; not attentive to probable effects 

and consequences : incautiously, ad. -II : incau'tious- 

ness, n. -ne~s, want of caution ; want of foresight ; 

-- 

incendiary, n. iiisBn'dl-A-ri (L. incendiarius, set- 
ting on fire— from incendo, I set fire to : It. incendiare ; 
F. incendier, to set fire to), one who wilfully and 
maliciously sets fire to the houses, buildings, or pro- 
perty of another, or to his own ; one who so inflames 
the public mind as to unduly promote discontent and 
faction: adj. relating to the wilful burning of a 
building ; inflammatory ; seditious : incendiarism, n. 
■cl-rizm, the act or practice of an incendiary. 

incense, n. in'sgns (L. incensum, to set fire to, to 
burn: It. incenso; F. encens, incense), the odours 
arising from certain spices, gums, &c, when thrown 
on fire, used in religious rites ; the materials so 
burned ; the worship of prayer and praise : v. to per- 
fume with incense : incense, v. in-sens', to inflame 
with anger; to provoke; to exasperate: incen'sing, 
imp. : incensed', pp. -sdnsf: incen'sive, a. -sin'slv, 
tending to incense or provoke. 

incentive, a. In-sSn'-tlv (It. incentive; mid. L. in- 
centivum, an incentive, a stimulus— from L. incendo, 
I set fire to), inciting; encouraging: n. that which 
kindles or excites ; that which prompts to good or 
evil ; a stimulus : incen'tively, ad. -li. 

inceptive, a. in-sSp'-tiv (L. inception, a beginning— 
from in, into, captum, to take : It. incepto, begun) be- 
ginning; noting beginning; applied to a verb which 
expresses the beginning of an action, or of a course 
of action: incep tively, ad. -li: incep'tor, n. -ter (L. a 
beginner), a beginner ; one on the point of taking the 
degree of A.M. 

incertitude, n. In-ser'-tl-tiid (F. incertitude, uncer- 
tainty: L. incertus, uncertain— from in, not, and cer- 
tus, sure), uncertainty ; doubtfulness. 

incessant, a. in-ses'-sd?it (It. incessante ; Sp. inces- 
ante, incessant, continual— from L. in, not, and ces- 
sans, ceasing or giving over), continual ; without in- 
terruption: incessantly, ad.-ZI. 

incest, n. In'-sist (L. meatus, unclean, unchaste— 
from in, not, and castus, pure, chaste : It. incesto ; F. 
inceste, incest), sexual intercourse within the pro- 
hibited degrees: incestuous, a. i7i-se~s'-tu-us, guilty of 
incest: inces tuously, ad. -li: inces'tuousness, n. 

inch, n. tush (AS. ince, an inch : L. xmcia, the twelfth 
part of a pound), a measure ; the twelfth part of a 
foot ; a small quantity or degree, as to die by inches : 
adj. measuring an inch, as a two-inch board: inched, 
a. Insht, containing inches : inchmeal, n. a piece an 
inch long: ad. by -mall d gives; by piecemeal. 

inch, n. insh (Irish, inis; Gael, insh, an island- 
akin to L. insula, an island), in Scot., a small island. 

inchoate, a. in'-kodt (L. inchoatum, to lay the foun- 
dation of, to begin), begun ; entered upon ; incipient : 
v. to begin ; to commence : in choa'ting, imp. : in'- 
choa'ted, pp.: in'choately, ad. -li: in'choa'tion, n. 
-a 'shun, beginning: in'choa tive, a, -tlv, expressing or 
indicating beginning. 

incidence, n. in'st-dSns (L. incidens, a falling in or 
on— from in, in, and cachns, falling: F. incidence), 
the direction in which any elastic body, or light or heat, 
falls on or strikes another : angle of incidence, the 
angle formed by a ray, as of light or heat, striking or 
impinging on a surface, and which angle is equal to 
the angle of reflection : incident, n. -dent, a circum- 
stance ; an occurrence ; an adventure ; something 
which happens beside the main design : adj. falling 
into or upon ; casual : in'ciden'tal, a. -din'-tdl, coming 
without design; casual; occasional; not intended: 
incidentally, ad. -li. 

incinerate, v. in-sin'-er-dt (mid. L. incineratum ; It. 
incenerare, to reduce to ashes— from L. in, into, and 
cinis, ashes— gen. cineris), to burn to ashes : incin'- 
era'ting, imp. : incinerated, pp. : incin'era'tion, n. 
■d'-shun, the act of burning or reducing to ashes— cal- 
cination is the process of reducing to a calx or friable 
state by heat. 

incipient, a. in-stp'l-ent (L. incipiens, beginning: 
It. incipiente, incipient), beginning; commencing: 
inciplently, ad. -II: inciplency, n. -en-si, commence- 
ment. 

incise, v. in-slz' (L. incisum, to cut into— from in, 
and cozdere, to cut : F. inciser, to cut), to cut in or 



COlO, I 



\!,fvct; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



INCI 



278 



INCO 



into ; to carve ; to engrave : inci'sing, imp.: incised', 
pp. -slzd'.- adj. cut down deeply; cut in: inci'sor, n. 
-sl'-zer, one of the cutting or fore teeth; a cutter: in- 
cision, n. in-slzh'-un, the act of cutting into a sub- 
stance ; a cut ; a gash : incisive, a. in-sl'-ziv, also in- 
ci'sory, a. -zer-i, having the quality of cutting : incis- 
ure, n. in-sizh'-oor (L. incisura, a cutting into), a cut; 
an incision. 

incite, v. In-sW (L. incitare, to urge on—from in, 
into, and citare, to put into quick motion : It. inci- 
tare : F. inciter), to rouse or move the mind to action ; 
to spur on ; to encourage or instigate : inci'ting, imp.: 
incited, pp. : inciter, n. one who : incitation, n. 
- • h i'm, that which excites to action ; motive ; 
incentive : incite'ment, n. -ment, that which moves 
to action ; impulse : inci'tingly, ad. -II. 

incivility, n. In'-sl-vil'-i-tl (L. in, not, and civilitas, 
courtesy, humanity : F inci vility), want of 

courtesy ; rudeness of manners ; any act of ill-breed- 
ing. 

inclavated, a. in'-kld-vd'-tSd (L. in, into, and clavus, 
a nail or spike), locked in ; fast fixed : inclave, a. 
in'klav, dove-tailed ; resembling a dove-tailed joint. 

inclement, a. In-kl6m'-6nt (L. inclemens, unmerci- 
ful, severe— from in, not, and Clemens, mild, gentle : 
It. inclemente: F. inclement), harsh; unpitying; 
void of tenderness or mercy ; rough ; stormy : in- 
clem'ently, ad. -II .- inclemency, n. -6n-sl, roughness ; 
storminess ; harshness ; severity. 

incline, v. ln-klln' (L. inclinare, to bend or bow in 
any direction : in, into, and L. clino ; Gr. klino, I 
bend or lean : F. incliner), to bend ; to lean from an 
erect or parallel line ; to slope ; to be disposed ; to 
turn the desire towards : n. a slope ; a gradient, as of 
a railway : inclining, imp. : adj. leaning ; sloping : 
inclined', pp. -klind' : adj. deviating or leaning from 
the perpendicular; sloping; disposed: incli'ner, n. 
-ner, one who or that which inclines : inclinable, a. 
-nd-bl, leaning; tending; favourably disposed: in- 
cli'nableness, n. : inclination, n. in'-kll-na'-shun, a 
bending or sloping either downwards or upwards ; 
the direction of one body with respect to another 
. when measured by the angle formed at the point 
of meeting ; tendency or leaning towards ; bias of 
mind or will ; propensity ; desire ; love : inclined 
plane, a sloping surface ; one of the five mechanical 
powers : in'clinom'eter, n. -nom'-e'-ter (Gr. metron, a 
measure), an instr. for measuringthe vertical elements 
of the magnetic force. 

inclose, v. In-kloz', also enclose (in, into, and close: 
F. enclos, an enclosure : L. inclusus ; It. incluso, in- 
closed, shut up), to shut in ; to confine on all sides ; 
to cover with a wrapper or envelope : inclo'sing, imp.: 
inclosed', pp. -klozd' : adj. surrounded ; confined on 
all sides ; covered, as with a case or envelope : inclo'- 
sure, n. -klo'-zhdbr, a space shut in ; that which is con- 
tained in a wrapper or envelope : inclo'ser, n. one who 
or that which incloses. 

include, v. ln-kldd' (L. include-, I shut up or in : It. 
includere, to inclose), to contain; to comprise ; to com- 
prehend : inclu'ding, imp. : inclu'ded, pp. : adj. in 
hot., applied to the stamens when inclosed within the 
corolla, and not pushed out beyond its tube : inclu- 
sion, n. fm-kl&zhun (L inclusio, a shutting up), the 
act of including: inclu'sive, a. -ziv, comprehended in 
the number or sum : inclu'sively, ad. -II. 

incoagulable, a. In'ko-dg'u-ld-bl (L. in, not, and 
coagulable), that cannot be coagulated. 

incog, ad. ln-kdg' (L.ii iown— from in, 

not, and cognitus, known : It. incognito, unknown), 
the contracted form of incognito, ad. in-kdg'-nl-to ; in 
disguise ; privately ; in concealment. 

incognisable, a. In-kog'-ni-zd-bl or in-kdn'-l-zd-bl (in, 
not, and cognisable), that cannot be known or distin- 
guished. 

incoherent, a. in'-ko-he'-rent (L. in, not, and coherent: 
F. incoherent), loose ; unconnected ; having no de- 
pendence of one part on another, as the speech of a 
madman : in'cohe'rence, n. -rens, also in'cohe'rency, 
n. -si, want of connection : in'cohe'rently, ad. -ll. 

incombustible, a. in-kom-bus'-tl-bl (L. in, not, and 
combustible), that cannot be burnt or consumed by 
fire: in'combus'tibly, ad. -ti-bll: in'combus'tibleness, 
n. -bl-nSs, also in'combus'tibil'ity, n. -bil'-l-tl, the qua- 
lity of not being able to be burnt. 

income, n. In'-kum (in, into, and come), gain, pro- 
fit, or interest, as from labour, business, or property ; 
a stipend ; revenue : in'coming, a. coming in : in- 
comings, n. piu. -ingz, receipts; gains: incoming 

mate, m&t, far, law; mete, met, 



tenant, one who succeeds another, as in a house or a 
farm. 

incommensurable, a. Wkom-mSn-su-rd-U (in, and 
commensurable), having no common measure or 
standard of comparison, as the side of a square and 
its diagonal : in'commensurables, n. plu. -rd-blz, ap- 
plied to quantities: in'commen'surably, ad. -bli: 
in'commen'surabirity, n. -bll'-l-ti, quality or state of 
being incommensurable : in'commen'surate, a. -su- 
rdt, not admitting of a common measure ; not ade- 
quate : in'commen surately, ad. -11. 

incommiscible, a. in'-kom-mls'-sl-bl (L. in, not, con, 
together, and misceo, I mix), that cannot be mixed 
together. 

incommode, v. In'-kom-mOd' (L. incommodum, 
trouble, disadvantage: It. incommodo; F. incom- 
mode, inconvenient, troublesome), to give trouble to ; 
to disturb or disquiet without any great injury : in- 
commo'ding, imp. : in'commo'ded, pp. : in'commo'- 
dious, a. -di-iis, inconvenient ; giving trouble without 
much injury: in commo'diously, ad. -li: in'commo- 
diousness, n. 

incommunicable, a. ln'-kdm-mu'nl-kd-bl (in, not, and 
communicable), that cannot be imparted or revealed 
toothers: in'commu'nicably, ad. -kd-bll: in'commu'- 
nicableness, n. -kd-bl-n6s, also in'commu'nicabirity, 
n. -bil'-i-H: in'commu'nicating, imp. having no in- 
tercourse with each other: in'commu'nicated, pp. 
-kd-Ud, not imparted: incommunicative, a. -tiv, 
not free or apt to impart to others in conversation. 

incommutable, a. ln'-kdm-mu'-td-bl (in, not, and 
commutable), not to be exchanged or commuted with 
another : in'commu'tably, ad. -bll : in'commu'tabil'- 
ity, n. -bll'-l-ti, also in'commu'tableness, n. -U-n6s, 
unchangeableness. 

incomparable, a. in-kom'-pd-rd-bl (in, not, and com- 
parable), that admits of no comparison with others ; 
without peer or equal : incom'parably, ad. -rd-bli : 
incom'parableness, n. -bl-nSs, excellence beyond com- 
parison. 

incompatible, a. In'-k5m-pdt'-l-bl (in, not, and com- 
patible), that cannot subsist with something else : 
incompatibly, ad. -bli : in'compat'ibleness, n. -blnis, 
also incompatibility, n. -bil'-t-ti, irreconcilable dis- 
agreement : in'compat'ibles, n. plu. -l-blz, in chem., 
salts or compounds which decompose each other when 
brought in contact In solution. 

incompetent, a. in-kom'pe-tSnt (in, not, and com- 
petent), wanting adequate powers of mind, or suitable 
faculties ; wanting the legal ability : incompetently, 
ad. -li : incompetence, n. 46ns, or incom'petency, n. 
-ten-si, want of sufficient powers ; inability. 

incomplete, a. in'-kom-plet' (in, not, and complete), 
not finished; imperfect; defective :• incompletely, 
ad. -li : in'complete'ness, n. imperfection ; unfinished 
state. 

incomplex, a. tn-kom'-pleks (in, not, and complex), 
uncompounded ; simple. 

incompliable, a. in'-kom-pll'-abl (in, not, and com- 
pilable), not compliable : in'compli'ant, a. -pli'dnt 
(in, not, and compliant), not disposed to comply or 
yield to solicitation : in'compli'ance, n. -pli'-dns, want 
of compliance. 

incomprehensible, a. in-kom'-pre-hen'-sl-bl (in, not, 
and comprehensible), that cannot be understood ; 
beyond the reach of human intellect : incom'prehen- 
sibly, ad. -bll: incom'prehen'sibleness, n. -bl-nes, 
also incom'prehen'sibillty, n. -bll'-i-tl, the quality of 
being beyond the reach of human intellect : incom'- 
prehen'sion, n. -shun, want of comprehension or un- 
derstanding : incom'prehen'sive, a. -slv, not capable 
of including or understanding ; not extensive. 

incompressible, a. In'-kom-pres'-sl-bl (in, not, and 
compressible), not capable of being reduced by force 
to a smaller compass : in'compres'sibillty, n. -bll'-l-ti. 
incomputable, a. in'-kom-pu'-td-bl (in, not, and com- 
putable), that cannot be reckoned. 

inconceivable, a. in'-kon-se'-va-bl (in, not, and con- 
ceivable), that cannot be imagined; incomprehen- 
sible : in'concei'vably, ad. -bll : in'concei'vableness, 
n. -bl-nes, incomprehensibility. 

inconclusive, a. in'-kon-klo-zlv (L. in, not, and con- 
clusive), not closing or settling a point in debate or a 
doubtful question: in'conclu'sively, ad. -II: in'con- 
clu'siveness, n. want of such evidence as would satisfy 
the mind. 

inconcussible, a. tn'-kon-kus'-sl-bl (L. in, not, and con- 
cussible), that cannot be shaken. 

incondensable, a. in'-kon-din'-sd-bl (L. in, not, and 
Mr; pine, pin; note, not, mCve; 






INCO 



279 



INCH 



condensable), that cannot be reduced to a less com- 
pass, or converted from a gas or vapour to a liquid or 
solid: in'conden sably, ad. -bll: in condensability, 
n. -bil'-l-tl. 

incongealable, a. in'kon-je'ld-bl (L. in, not, andcow- 
gealable), not capable of being frozen : in'congea- 
lableness, n. -bl-nes. 

incongrnent, a. In-kdng'gro-Snt (L. incongruus, 
inconsistent, unsuitable : It. incongruo and incongru- 
ente, incongruous : F. incongru), unsuitable : in'con- 
gru'ity, n. -gro'-l-tl, unsuitableness ; absurdity; in- 
consistency ; disagreement of parts : incon gruous, a. 
■kon j'-ord-ui, unsuitable; not fitting; improper: in- 
congruously, ad. -li. 

inconsequent, a. In-kon'sS-kvjent (L. inconsequens, 
not logically consequent : It. inconsequente: F. incon- 
sequent), not following from the premises: incon- 
sequence, n. -JcwSns, want of logical sequence or just 
inference: inconsequential, a. -kwSn'shOi, not regu- 
larly following from the premises ; of little moment : 
incon'sequen tially, ad. -li. 

inconsiderable, a. ln'-kdn-sld'-er-d-bl (in, not, and 
considerable), not worthy; unimportant; small; tri- 
vial: in'consid erably, ad. -bll: in'consid'erablenes3, 
n. -bl-nes. 

inconsiderate, a. In'kdn-sld'-er-dt (L. inconsidera- 
tus, unconsidered, thoughtless— from in, not, and con- 
sidero, I look at closely), hasty; rash; thoughtless; 
not attending to circumstances: in'consid'erately, 
ad. -ll : in'consid erateness, n„ also in'consid'era'tion, 
n. -d'-shun, thoughtlessness; negligence; inattention. 

inconsistent, a. in'-kon-sW-tent (in, not, and consist- 
ent), being contraryat different times ; not suitable ; 
contradictory: in'consis'tently, ad. -II: inconsis- 
tence, n. -tens, also in'consis tency, n. -ten-si, self-con- 
tradiction ; want of uniformity ; want of attention to 
circumstances or consequences. 

inconsolable, a. in'-kon-so'-ld-bl (in, not, and conso- 
lable), not to be consoled; grieved beyond measure: 
in'conso'lably, ad. -bll. 

inconsonant, a. in-kon'-so-ndnt (in, not, and conso- 
nant), not agreeing; discordant: incon'sonantly, ad. 
■li: incon'sonance, n. -nans, also incon'sonancy, n. 
-ndn-sl, disagreement. 

inconspicuous, a. in-kon-sjrfk'-ii-us (in, not, and con- 
spicuous), hardly discernible ; not to be perceived by 
the sight : in conspicuously, ad. -li. 

inconstant, a. Ui-kon'-stdnt (in, not, and constant), 
fickle; subject to sudden changes in opinions or pur- 
poses : incon'stancy, n. -stdn-sl, fickleness, as of tem- 
per or affection; unsteadiness: inconstantly, ad. -II. 

inconsumable, a. in'-kon-su'-md-bl (in, not, and con- 
sumable), that cannot be wasted or consumed: in'- 
consu mably, ad. -bll. 

incontestable, a. in'-kdn-tSs'td-bl (in, not, and con- 
testable: F. incontestable), too clear to be questioned; 
not admitting of dispute ; undeniable : in'contes ta- 
bly, ad. -bll. 

incontinent, a. In-kon'tl-nSnt (L. incontinent, not 
retaining, immoderate: It. incontinente: F. inconti- 
nent : in, not, and continent— which see), not restrain- 
ing the passions ; unchaste ; unable to restrain natu- 
ral discharges: incontinence, n. -nens, also incon- 
tinency, n. -n8n-si, want of restraint of the passions 
— especially of the sexual appetite; inability to re- 
strain discharges : incon tinently, ad. -II. 

incontrovertible, a. in-kon'-tro-ver'-ti-bl (L. in, not, 
and controvertible), too clear or certain to admit of 
dispute: incon'trover'tibly, ad. -bli: incon trover- 
tibil'ity, n. -bil'-i-ti. 

inconvenience, n. in'-kon-ve-ni-gns, also in'conve'ni- 
ency, n. -en-si (in, and convenience), that which troubles 
or incommodes ; anything that disturbs or impedes : 
in'conve nience, v. to trouble ; to cause uneasiness to : 
in'conve'niencing, imp.: in'conve nienced, pp. -6nst: 
inconvenient, a. -ent, incommodious; unsuitable; 
giving trouble or uneasiness to ; unfit : in'conve'- 
niently, ad. -li, 

inconvertible, a. in'-kon-vir'-ti-U (in, not, and con- 
vertible), that cannot be changed into something else: 
in'conver'tibly, ad. -bli: inconvertibility, n. -bil'- 
i-ti, the quality of not being changeable into some- 
thing else. 

inconvincible, a. in'-kdn-vin'-si-bl (in, and convinci- 
ble), that cannot be convinced ; not capable of convic- 
tion : in'convin'cibly, ad. -bli. 

incorporate, v. in-kor'-po-rdt (in, into, and corpo- 
rate: L. in, into, and corporare, to furnish with a 
body: F. incorporer; It. incorporare, to incorporate), 



to unite ; to blend ; to work one mass or body into an- 
other ; to form into one body ; to unite so as to make 
part of another body: adj. mixed together; associat- 
ed: incorporating, imp.: incorporated, pp.: adj. 
h^A . un ited in a legal body : incor pora'tion, n. 
n of different ingredients into one mass ; an 
constituted by Act of Parliament, or former- 
ly by grant of the crown : incorporeal, a. -po'-re-dl (in, 
not, and corporeal), not consisting of matter; imma- 
terial; spiritual: in corporeally, ad. -li: in'corpo'- 
realism, n. -izm, state of spiritual existence : incor- 
pore'ity, n. -re'-i-tl, the qualitv of beine not material. 
incorrect, a. in'-kOr-rekt [in, not, and con-ect), not 
exact ; not according to a copy or model ; not accord- 
ing to truth : incorrectly, ad. -li : incorrectness, n. 



igible), bad beyond correction or reform : in- 
corrigibly, ad. -bli: incor'rigibleness, n. -bl-nes, also 
incorrigibility, n. -bil'-i-ti, the quality of being de- 
praved or bad beyond correction ; hopeless depravity 
' l persons. 

incorrodible, a. in'-kor-ro'-di-bl (in, not, and corro- 
dible), that cannot be eaten away or impaired : in'cor- 
ro'dibly, ad. -bli. 

incorrupt, a. in'-kdr-nipf, also in'corrup'ted, a. 
. n, not, and corrupt), not impaired or spoiled ; un- 
tainted; pure; sound: incorruptible, a. -ti-bl, not 
corruptible; that cannot decay; incapable of being 
bribed : in'corrup'tibly, ad. -bli i in'corrup'tibleness, 
n. -bl-nes, also in corrup'tibillty.n. -bd'-l-tl, the quality 
of being incapable of corruption or decay: in'corrup'- 
tion, n. -rup'-shun, exemption from corruption or de- 
cay: in'corrup tive, a. -tiv, free from corruption or 
decay : incorrupt ness, n. the quality of being exempt 
from decay ; purity of mind or manners. 

incrassate, v. ln-krds'-sdt (L. in, into, and crassus, 
thick, dense: F. incrasser, to thicken), to thicken; to 
become thick or thicker : incras'sating, imp. : incras'- 
sated, pp.: in'crassa tion, n. -sd'shun, the act of 
thickening : incras'sative, a. -sa-tiv, having the quality 
of thickening. 

increase, n. in'kres (L. increscere, to grow or in- 
crease in anything, to swell— from in, into, and cresco, 
I grow), growth ; enlargement ; addition to the origi- 
nal stock; produce: v. Inkrcs', to make more or 
greater; to advance or exalt; to extend ; to spread; 
to make worse; to augment; to grow: increas'ing, 
imp.: increased', pp. -kresf: adj. multiplied; made 
more or greater, as in number, bulk, value, &c: in- 



not be believed— from in, not, and credo, I believe : 
It. incredibile), that cannot be believed ; too impro- 
bable to admit of belief : incredibly, ad. -bll : incred- 
ibility, n. -bll'-l-tl, also incredlbleness, n. -bl-nes, the 
being too extraordinary to admit of belief : incred- 
ulous, a. in-krdd'-ii-liis (L. incredulus, unbelieving), 
not believing; indisposed to receive as true: incred- 
ulousness, n. -nis, also incredulity, n. In-krS-du'-ll-tl, 
a refusal of belief ; indisposition to believe. 

increment, n. in-kre-ment (L. incrementum, an in- 
crease, growth— from in, into, and cresco, I grow), the 
act of becoming greater ; increase ; that which is 
added ; in math., the quantity which increases a vari- 
able quantity: increscent, a. in-kres'&nt, growing; 
augmenting; swelling. 

incriminate, v. ln-krlm'-l-ndt (L in, in, and crimi- 
natus, accused of crime), to charge with a crime or 
fault ; to accuse : incrim'inating, imp. : incrimina- 
ted, pp. 

incrust, v. in-kriist' (L. incrustare, to cover as with 
a crust— from in, in or on, and crusto, I plaster : It. 
incrustare : F. incruster), to cover with a hard coat 
or crust ; to form a crust on the surface of : incrust- 
ing, imp. : incrust'ed, pp. : adj. covered as with a 
crust : in'crusta'tion, n. -t&'shun, the crust or rough 
coat formed on the surface of a body; also incrust- 
ment, n. -kriist'-ment. 

incubate, v. In'-ku-bdt (L. incubatum, to lie or rest 
upon— from in, in or on, and cubo, I lie down), to sit 
upon, as upon eggs for hatching: intubating, imp. : 
in'cubated, pp. : in'cuba'tion, n. -bd-shun, the act of 
sitting on eggs for the hatching of young ; in wed., 



the period during which a contagious 
latent before showing itself: in'cuba'tive, a. -tiv, 
formed by or having the nature of incubation: in'- 
cuba'tor, n. -ter. a machine for hatching eggs by ar- 
tificial heat: incubus, n. In'ku-bus (L. incubus; It. 



edit;, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



INCU 



280 



INDE 



incubo ; F. incube, nightmare), the nightmare ; that 
which sits upon, a3 some hideous monster; any 
oppressive or stupefying influence. 

inculcate, v. In-kul'lw,: (L, iru ■annum, to drive in 
or run down— from in, into, and calcare, to tread : It. 
inculcare), to impress or enforce by frequent admoni- 
tions ; to teach by frequent repetitions : inculcating, 
imp. : incul'cated, pp. : incul'cator, n. -ka-ter, one 
who : in'culca'tion, n. -ka-shun, the act of impressing 
on the mind by frequent repetitions. 

inculpable, a. ln-kul'pd-bl (L. in, not, and culpable), 
without fault ; that cannot be blamed or accused ; 
incul'pably, ad. -Ml: incul'pableness, n. 

inculpate, v. In-kul'-pdt (L. in, into, and culpatum, 
to reproach, to impute a fault to— from culpa, a fault), 
to bring into blame ; to censure ; opposed to i 
incul'pating, imp. : incul'pated, pp. : in'culpa tion, 
n. -pa'shun, blame; censure: incul'patory, a. -p&- 
ter-l, imputing blame ; criminatory. 

incumbent, a. In-kum-bSnt (L. incumbens, leaning 
or lying upon— from in, and cubo or cumbo, I lie 
down), lying or resting on, as a duty or obligation ; 
indispensable ; in bot, applied to cotyledons with the 
radicle on their back : n. the person who is in the pos- 
session of an office, as of an ecclesiastical benefice : 
incum'bently, ad. -II: incum'bency, n. -bSn-sl, the 
holding or being in possession of an ecclesiastical 
office. 

incumbrance, incumber, &c— see encumber. 

incunabula, n. plu. in'-M rid bii l& (L. incunabula, 
swathing-bands, a birthplace— from in, into, and 
cunabula, a cradle), books printed in the early period 
of the art, generally before A.D. 1500. 

incur, v. ln-lcer' (L. incurro, I run or rush into— from 
in, into, and curro, I run), to become liable or subject 
to ; to contract, as a debt : incur'ring, imp. : incurred', 
pp. -lcerd'. 

incurable, a. tn-ku'rd-bl (in, not, and curable: 
It. incurabile; F. incurable, incurable), that cannot 
be cured ; incapable of remedy or cure ; irremediable : 
n. one beyond the reach of cure: incu'rably, ad. -bit: 
incu'rableness, n. -bine's, also incu'rabil'ity, n. -bit'- 
l-tl, a state not admitting of any cure; impossibility 
of cure. 

incurious, a. in-kil'-rl-us (L. in, not, and curiosus, 
inquisitive), not curious or inquisitive ; inattentive : 
incu'riously, ad. -It: incu'riousness, n. -nSs, also in- 
cu'rios'ity, n. -os'l-ti, want of curiosity ; inattentive- 
ness. 

incursion, n. ln-ker'- slum (L. incursio, a running 
against, an onset— from in, into, and cursus, a run- 
ning: It. incur sione: F. incursion), a sudden inroad 
or invasion for plunder or attack : incur'sive, a. -siv, 
pert, to an incursion ; hostile. 

incurvate, v. ln-ker'-vdt (L. incurvatum, to bend or 
curve— from in, in'co, and curvus, bent, crooked), to 
bend ; to crook : adj. curved inwards or upwards : 
incur'vating, imp. : incur vated, pp. : adj. gradually 
bending from without inwards: in'curva'tion, n. 
■va-shun, state of being bent ; act of bowing or bend- 
ing : incurve, v. in-kerv', to curve ; to curve in or in- 
wardly; to become bent: incur'ving, imp. : incurved', 
pp. -kervd": incur'vity, n. -ker'-vl-tl, crookedness. 

indebted, a. In-det'-Sd (It. indebitare, to run into 
debt— from L. in, into, and debitum, to owe), being 
in debt; obliged by something received: indebted- 
ness, n. -nSs, state of being indebted. 

indecency, n. in-de'sSn-sl (in, not, and decent: L. 
indecens, unseemly, indecent: It. indecento: F. in- 
decent), that which is unbecoming in language or 
manners; an offence against delicacy: inde'eent, a. 
-sSnt, unfit to be seen 01 heard ; offensive to modesty : 
inde'eently, ad. -li. 

indecision, n. In-dS-sizh'-un (in, not, and decision), 
want of settled purpose or of firmness ; a wavering of 
mind : in'deci'sive, a. -si'-siv, unsettled ; wavering ; 
not bringing to a final close or issue : in'deci'sively, 
ad. -li: in'deci'siveness, n. -nSs, state of being unde- 
cided. 

indeclinable, a. in'-dS-kll-nd-bl (in, not, and declin- 
able), that cannot be varied by terminations : in'de- 
cli'nably, ad. -Mi. 

indecomposable, a. in-d6'-kdm-p0'zd-bl (in, not, and 
decomposable), that cannot be decomposed or resolved 
into its constituent parts. 

indecorous, a. in-dS-ko'rus (in, not, and decorous), 
unbecoming; violating good manners:^ in'deco'- 



or behaviour which violates the rules of good-breed- 
ing or civility. 
indeed, ad. in-ded' (in, in or on, and deed), in real- 
y ; in fact ; in truth : int. is it possible. 
indefatigable, a. in'dS-fdt'-t-cjd-bl (L. indefatigabi- 
lis, that cannot be wearied out— from in, not, and 
defatigo, I weary), unwearied; not yielding to fa- 



that cannot be made voii i not fcobi feated: in'de- 
feas'ibly, ad. -Mi: in'defeas'ibil'ity, n. -bU'-i-ti, the 
quality or state of not being subject to be made 
void. 

indefensible, a. in'dS-fSn'sl-bl (L. in, not, and defen- 
sible), that cannot be defended; not to be vin<li<::it"l 
or justified : in'defen'sibly, ad. -Mi: in'defen'sibil'ity, 
-. -bil'l-tl. 

indefinable, a. Knkle-fl'-nd-bl (in, not, and defi- 
nable), that cannot be defined: in'defi'nably, ad. -bit. 

indefinite, a. in-d&f'l-nit (in, not, and definite: L. 
indefinitus, indefinite), not limited; not precise or 
certain; not distinctly marked ; vague or unsettled ; 
in bot., applied to inflorescence in which the central or 
terminal flower is the last to expand ; having more 
than twenty stamens ; very numerous, as ovules or 
seeds: indefinitely, ad. -li: indef'initeness, n. -nes, 
the quality of being unlimited or uncertain. 

indehiscent, a. in'-dt-his'-stnt (L. in, not, and de- 
hisco, I gape), in bot, not opening— applied to fruits, 

; i he fi|i>>h .Ihi-'Ii -m. i"! :.,i!m ,.'■ 

indeliberate, a. In'-de-llb'er-dt (in, not, and deliber- 
ate), done or performed without consideration ; sud- 
den : in'delib'erately, ad. -li. 

indelible, a. in-ddl-l-bl (L. indelebilis, imperishable 
—from in, not, and deleo, I blot out : F. indelebile : 
It. indelebile), that cannot be blotted out; that can- 
not be effaced, cancelled, or removed: indelibly, 
ad. -Ml: indel'ibil'ity, n. -Ul'-l-tt, quality of being 
indelible. 

indelicate, a. in-d&l'-i-Mt (in, not, and delicate), of- 
fensive to good manners or to purity of mind ; coarse ; 
indecent : indelicacy, n. In-del'-l-kd-si, that which is 
offensive to refined taste or purity of mind ; a certain 
coarseness of manners or language : indelicately, ad. 
■kat-ll. 

indemnify, v. In-dSm'-ni-fi (L. in, against, damnum, 
loss, and facio, I make), to secure against loss, dam- 
age, or punishment ; to make troo<t ; to compensate : in- 
demnifying, imp.: indem'nified, pp. -nl 4%d -. indem'- 
nifica'tion, n. -fl-kd'-shun, security against loss or 
damage : indem'nity, n. -nl-tl, a security or pledge 
by which a person is secured against loss or punish- 
ment; compensation. 

indemonstrable, a. ln'd& mdn'strd bl (in, not, and 
demonstrable), that cannot be demonstrated ; not evi- 
dent. 

indent, v. in-dSnt' (L. in, into, and F. dent, a tooth ; 
L. dens, a tooth— gen. dentis), to notch ; to cut into 
inequalities, like a row of teeth ; to make a compact : 
indenting, imp.: indent'ed, pp.: adj. notched, like 
the teeth of a saw : in'denta'tion, n. -ta-shun, a notch 
or jag; a cut or depression in any margin or border: 
indenture, n. ln-den'tur, a written covenant or con- 
tract, as of apprenticeship— originally one of two copies 
made on the same skin or parchment, which were then 
separated by a zigzag cutting, so as to correspond when 
put together again: v. to bind by a written contract 
or indenture : indenturing, imp. : indentured, pp. 
■turd. 

independent, a. in'-dd-pSn-dSnt (in, not, and de- 
pendent: It. tu • i 
ordinate ; not holding or enjoying at the will of an- 
other ; self-relying or self-directing ; possessing mode- 
rate wealth: in'depen'dence, n. -dens, also in'depen'- 
dency, n. -din- si, sufficient means to support one's self; 
state over which none has power; exemption from 
undue influence : in'depen'dently, ad. -II -. in'depen'- 
dents, n. plu. -dSntz, a numerous body of dissenters 
who hold that every organised body of Christians is a 
church complete in itself, and independent of the con- 
trol of any superior eci [i liastical tuthority. 

indescribable, a. in'-de-skri'-bCi-bl (in, not, and de- 
scribable), that cannot be described. 

indesirable, a. In'-dS-zi'-rd-M (in, not, and desirable), 
not desirable— now rather spelt undesirable. 

indestructible, a. In'-di-struk'-H-M (in, not, and de- 
structible), that cannot be destroyed ; imperishable : 



mate, mat, far, lalb; mete, met, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, mCve; 



INDE 



281 



INDI 



in'destruc'tibly, ad. -Hi: in'destruc'tibil ity, n. -bll- 
l-tl, quality of being incapable of destruction. * 

indeterminable, a. in'-dS-ter'-mX-nd-M (in, not, and 
determinabf :d, ascertained, 

or settled : in'deter'minably, ad. -Ml : in'deter minate, 
a. -ml-ndt, variable ; indefinite ; uncertain; in math., 
applied to problems wh i imited number 

of solutions; in hot., applied to indefinite inflores- 
cence: in'deter'minately, ad. -H-. in'deter'mina'tion, 
11. -na'-shun, want of determination; irresolution: in- 
deter'mined, a. -mind, unsettled ; unfixed. 

index, n. WdSks, plu. indexes or indices, in-deks- 
ez or in'-di-sez (t. index, a discoverer, the forefinger 
—from indico, I point out, I show), that which points 
out ; a table of references ; in alg., the indicator of the 
power of a quantity : v. to provide with or form a table 
of references to, as to a book : in'dexing, imp. : in'- 
dexed, pp. -dikst, provided with an index : index'ical, 
a. -l-kal, pert, to ; having the form of an index : index- 
ically, ad. -II s Index Prohibitory, a list of books for- 
bidden toR. Caths., published annually at Rome by 
the authority of the K. Cath. Ch. : Index Expurgato- 
rius, -iks-pur'-gd-td'-rl-iis (L. expargatum, to purge 
quite, to cleanse), a list of passages of books which are 
to be expunged or altered : index-hands, the pointers 
of a clock, a watch, and suchlike. 

indexterity, n. in'-deks-t6r'-i-ti (in, not, and dex- 
terity), want of skill or readiness. 

Indian, a. in'-di-Cin (India, name of a country: In- 
dus, name of a river in India), pert, to the Indies, E. 
or W. : n. a native : In'dia, a. -di-cl, of or belonging to 
India: n. the country: India-rubber, an elastic gum 
obtained from certain trees, called also caoutchouc: 
In'diaman, n. a large ship trading to India : Indian 
berry, a plant, the cocculus indicus: Indian corn, a 
cereal, also called maize : Indian ink, a mixture of 
fine lamp-black and gum : Indian paper, a delicate 
absorbent paper, used to take first or finest proofs of 
engravings : Indian red, a kind of ochre imported 
from the Persian Gulf, chiefly in small lumps, of a 
deep red colour with a shade of purple : Indian yellow, 
a golden-yellow pigment brought from India. 

Indicate, v. In'-dlkat (L. indicatum, to point out— 
from in, into, and dico, I proclaim or make known), 
to point out; to discover; to direct the mind to a 
knowledge of something ; to show by symptoms : in'- 
dicant, n. -di-hint, that v. in. h indicates or points out: 
in'dica'ting, imp. : indicated, pp. : indicator, n. in- 
di-ka'-tir, he who or that which points out ; a water- 
gauge in a steam-engine ; in anat., the muscle which 
extends to the forefinger : in'dica'tion, n. -shun, token ; 
symptom ; that which serves to discover : in'dica'- 
tory, a. -tcr-i, serving to show or make known : indi- 
cative, a. In-dik'-d-tiv, serving to show or make 
known ; the form of the verb which simply affirms or 
denies : indic'atively, ad. -li. 

indict, v. in-dif (L. indicium, to declare or make 
known— from in, in or on, and dico, I speak or say), 
to accuse or charge with a crime or misdemeanour, 
formally or in writing, as by a grand jury : indict ing, 
imp.: indict'ed, pp.: indict'er, n. -er, one who: in- 
dict'able, a. -a-bl, that may be indicted : indict'ment, 
n. -mint, a formal charge ; the paper or parchment 
containing the charge : indictee, n. -e, the person 
indicted. 

indiction, n. in-dik'-shiin(L. indictio, a declaration 
or imposition of a tax— from in, in or into, and dico, 
I proclaim: F. indiction, an indiction), the reckon- 
ing by cycles or periods of 15 years, introduced by 
Constantine, A.d. 312, in connection with the payment 
of tribute— much used in the ecclesiastical chronology 
of the middle ages : indic'tive, a. -tiv, proclaimed ; 
declared. 

indifferent, a. in-dif ft reus, indiffer- 

ent, careless— from in, not, and differo, I differ: F. 
indifferent), not inclined to one more than another ; 
neither good nor bad in reference to quality ; feeling 
no interest or anxiety ; impartial ; passable : indif - 
ferently, ad. -li: indifference, n. -Sns, carelessness; 
■unconcern; neutrality of mind between persons or 
things : indif ferentism, n. -izm, system or state of 
indifference. 

indigenous, a. in-dij'-e-nus (L. indigena, a native, 
born and bred in the same country or town : It. 
indigeno : F. indigene), born in a country, applied 
to persons ; not exotic or introduced, applied to 
plants. 

indigent, a. in'-di-jSnt (L. indigene, needy, poor : It. 

indigente ; F. indigent), poor ; needy ; necessitous : 

cow, boy, foot; pure, Md; chair, 



indigently, ad. -li: in'digence, n. -j&ns, also indi- 
gency, n. -jSn-si, want ; poverty. 

indigested, a. in'-di-jest'-ed (in, not, and digested: 
L. indigestus, confused, disordered : F. indigeste), not 
changed or prepared in the stomach for nourishing the 
body ; not well considered or matured : indigestible, 
a. in'-di-jSst'-i-M, not easily digested ; not to be pa- 
tiently endured : in digest ibly, ad. -Mi: indigestion, 
n. -jest'-i/un. a painful or imperfect change of food in 
the stomach while preparing for the nourishment of 
the body ; want of due digestion. 

indignant, a. in-dig'-ndnt (L. inclignans, that can- 
not endure or suffer anything— from in, not, and dig- 
nus, worthy), affected at once with anger and disdain : 
indignantly, ad. -li .- indignation, n. -n&shun.imzer 
mingled with disdain ; strong disapprobation and dis- 
gust at flagitious conduct ; extreme anger ; effects of 
anger: indig'nity, n. -ni-ti (L. indignitas, unworthi- 
ness: F. indignite), incivility or injury accompanied 
with insult ; contemptuous rudeness. 

indigo, n. in'-dl-go (F. indigo; It. indaco; L. indi- 
cum — irom. indicus, Indian), a beautiful blue dye, 
obtained from the leaves of certain Indian plants : 
in'digogene, n. -jen, white or deoxidised indigo: in'- 
digom'eter, n. -gom-S-ter (Gr. metron, a measure), an 
instr. for testing indigo : in'digom'etry, n. -tri, the art 
of testing indigo: in'digot'ic, a. -got'-ik, applied to an 
acid formed from indigo: in'digotine, n. -ten, pure 
indigo blue. 

indiminishable, a. in'-dl-mln'-lsh-d-bl (in, not, and 
diminishable), that cannot be lessened. 

indirect, a. in'-di-rckt (in, not, and direct), circuit- 
ous ; not straightforward ; unfair ; dishonest : in- 
directly, ad. -Vis indirectness, n. deviation from an 
upright or straightforward course; unfairness. 

indiscernible, a. in-diz-zfm'-i-M (in, not, and dis- 
cernible), not visible or perceptible: in'discern'ibly, 
ad. -Ml: in'discernlbleness, n. -bl-nSs. 

indiscerptible, a, ln'-dis-serp'-tl-bl (L. in, not, and 
discerptum, to pluck or tear to pieces), that cannot be 
destroyed by dissolution or separation of parts: in- 
discerp'tibly, ad. -Ml. 

indiscoverable, a. in'-dis-kiiv'-er-d-bl (in, not, and 
discoverable), that cannot be discovered. 

indiscreet, a. in'-dls-kref (in, not, and discreet : F. 
indiscret), imprudent; inconsiderate; rash: indis- 
creetly, ad. -II: in'discreti'on, n. -kresh'-iin, also in'- 
discreet'ness, n. want of discretion; imprudence. 

indiscriminate, a. In'-dls-krlm'-l-nCit (in, not, and 
discriminate), without making any distinction ; pro- 
miscuous; confused: indiscriminately, ad. -II: in'- 
diacrim'inating, a. not inction: in- 

discrim'ina'tion, n. -shiin, the quality of being indis- 
criminate; want of distinction: in'discrim'inative, 
a. -tiv, making no distinction. 

indispensable, a. in'-dls-pHn'-sd-M (in, not, and dis- 
pensable), that cannot be omitted or spared; abso- 
lutely necessary : in dispen'sably, ad. -Ml : in'dispen'- 
sableness, n. -bine's, also in'dispen'sabillty, n. -bll'-i- 
tl, state of not being able to be spared or dispensed 
with. 

indispose, v. In'-dis-pOz' (in, not, and dispose), to 
disincline ; to make averse to ; to disorder slightly, ap- 
plied to health : in'dispo'sing, imp. : in'disposed', pp. 
a. -pozd', averse to ; unwilling ; not in perfect health : 
indisposition, n. ln-dis'po-zish'un, aversion; dislike; 
lisorder. 

indisputable, a. In-dls'-pu-td-M (in, not, and dis- 
putable), not to be disputed ; that is not to be ques- 
tioned ; undeniable ; incontestable : indis'putably, ad. 
-Ml: indis'putableness, n. -M-v6s. 

indissoluble, a. in-dls'-sol-u-bl (in, not, and dissolu- 
ble: F. indissoluble), not capable of being dissolved; 
not separable ; firm ; binding or subsisting for ever : 
indis'solubly, ad. -Ml: indis'solubleness, n. -bl-nes, 
also indissolubility, n. -bll'-i-tl, the quality of being 
not capable of being dissolved ; binding force. 

indissolvable, a. In'-diz-zol'-vd-M (in, not, and dis- 
solvable), incapable of being dissolved or separated 
into parts. 

indistinct, a. In-dls-tingkt' (in, not, and distinct), 
not plainly marked; obscure; confused ; faint ; imper- 
fect: in'distinctly, ad. -II: in'distinc'tion, n. -tingk' 
shun, confusion ; uncertainty ; also in'distinct'ness, 
n. -nSs. 

indistinguishable, a. o . ; h-a-bl(in, not, 

and distinguishable), that cannot be distinguished or 
separated. 

indite, v. in-dif (L. indicium, to publish, to an- 
lame, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



INDI 



282 



INEP 



nounce— from in, into, and dico, I speak), to direct, 
suggest, or prompt what is to be uttered or written ; 
to compose ; to commit words to writing : inditing, 
imp. : indited, pp. : indi'ter, n. one who : indite- 
ment, n. act of inditing. 

individual, n. in'di-vid'u-dl (F. individuel; It. in- 
dividuate, individual— from L. individuus, not divided 
or separated— from in, not, and divido, I divide), a 
single person ; a single animal, plant, or thing: adj. 
single : in'divid'ually, ad. -li .- in divid'ual'ity, n. -t-ti, 
separate or distinct existence ; character or property 
peculiar to an individual; distinctive character; a 
phrenological organ: in'divid'ualise', v. -dl-lz', to dis- 
tinguish from others ; to invest with the character of 
individuality ; to particularise: in'divid'uali'sing, imp. : 
in'divid'ualised', pp. -Izd' ■. in'divid'ualisa'tion, n. -dl- 
i-zd'shun, the act of individualising ; the state of being 
individualised : in'divid'ualism, n. -dl-izm, the quality 
of being individual ; an excessive or undue attachment 
to the interests of individuals ; self-interest : in'divid'- 
uate, v. -vid'u-dt, to make single : to distinguish from 
others: in'divid'uating, imp. : in'divid'uated, pp.: in'- 
divid'ua'tion, n. -d'shun, that which makes an indi- 
vidual. 

indivisible, a. in'di-vis'i-bl {in, not, and divisible), 
that cannot be divided, separated, or broken: n. an 
elementary part or particle: in'divis'ibles, n. plu. 
-Uz, in math., elements infinitely small : in'divis'ibil'- 
ity, n. -bll'i-ti, the property of not being separable 
into parts : in'divis'ibly, ad. -bli. 

indocile, a. ln-dds'il or -do'-sil (L. indocilis, that 
cannot be taught— from in, not, and doceo, I teach : 
It. and F. indocile), not teachable; not tractable; 
not easily instructed ; dull ; also sometimes indo'cible, 
a. -si-bl: indocility, n. in'-do-sil'-i-ti, unteachableness ; 
dulness of intellect. 

indoctrinate, v. in-dok'-trln-dt (L. in, in, and doc- 
trina, doctrine: F. endoctriner, to indoctrinate), to 
teach ; to instruct in the rudiments or principles of 
any branch of knowledge : indoctrinating, imp. : in- 
doctrinated, pp. : indoc'trina'tion, n. -d'shun, in- 
struction in the rudiments, as of a science ; communi- 
cation of doctrine. 

indolent, a. In'-dO-Unt (F. indolent; It. indolente 
—from in, in, and dolere, to feel pain), habitually 
idle ; indisposed to labour or exertion ; slothful ; lazy ; 



n'dolently, ad. -li .- in'dolence, n. -lens, 
habitual or constitutional idleness; laziness; dislike 
to exertion. 

indomitable, a. in-dom'-i-td-bl (L. indomitus, un- 
tamed, that cannot be checked— from in, not, and 
domitare, to tame: F. indomitable), that cannot be 
subdued; untamable; irrepressible. 

indoor, a. *n'dor (in, and door), being within the 
house. 

indorse, v. in-ddrs' (L. in, on, and dorsum, the back : 
Sp. endorsar, to indorse), to write on the back of any 
written paper; to transfer or assign by writing one's 
name on the back of a note or bill of exchange ; to 
approve: indor'sing, imp. : indorsed', pp. -dorst'-. in- 
dor'sable, a. -sd-bl, that may be indorsed : indor'ser, 
n. one who writes his name on the back of a bill of 
exchange, and thus makes himself liable for its pay- 
ment: indorsement, n. sanction or approval; that 
which is written on the back, as of a bill of exchange ; 
also in'dorsa'tion, n. -sd'-shun: in'dorsee', n. -se', the 
person to whom a note or bill of exchange is indorsed. 

indri, n. In'drl, a lemurine animal about the size of 
a large cat, i dagascar. 

indubitable, a. in-du'bi-td-bl (L. indubitabilis, that 
cannot be doubted— from in, not, and dubito, I doubt : 
It. indubitabile), unquestionable ; evident ; not to be 
doubted : indu'bitably, ad. -bli : indu'bitableness, n. 
-bl-nSs. 

induce, v. In-dus' (L. induco, I lead or bring in— 
from in, into, and duco, I lead), to move by persuasion 
or argument ; to prevail on ; to influence by motives : 
inducing, imp. : induced', pp. -dust': indu'cer, n. 
-ser, one who : indu'cible, a. -si-bl, capable of being in- 
duced : induce'ment, n. -dus'-mint, motive ; anything 
that leads or influences the mind to will or act. 

induct, v. in-dukt' (L. inductum, to lead or bring in 
—from in, in, and duco, I lead), to introduce, as to an 
office, or to an eccles. benefice ; to put formally into 



possession : inducting, imp. : induct'ed, pp. : indue' 
tor, n. one who : induc'tile, a. -duk'-til, not capable 
of being drawn into threads, as a metal : in'ductil'- 
ity, n. -i-tl: induction, n. in-duk'-shun, introduction, 
into an office, as of a clergyman into a benefice ; en- 

mdte, mdty/dr, law; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, ndt, m6ve; 



trance; the inference of some general truth from 
special facts ; the method of reasoning from particu- 
lars to generals ; the influence by which an electric or 
galvanic current produces magnetic polarity in certain 
bodies near or round which it passes : induc'tional, a. 
pert, to : induc'tive, a. -tiv, leading to inferences ; 
operating by induction : induc'tively, ad. -li. 

indue, v. in-du' (L. induere, to clothe with ; Gr. enduo, 
I put on), to clothe ; to invest ; to endow ; to furnish : 
indu'ing, imp. : indued', pp. -dud'. 

indulge, v. In-dulf (L. indulgeo, I am courteous, I 
pamper— from in, in or on, and dulcis, sweet), to 
suffer ; not to restrain or oppose ; to grant as a fa- 
vour ; to humour ; to yield to the enjoyment or prac- 
tice of without constraint or control : indul'ging, imp. : 
indulged', pp. -diiljd': indulgence, n. -dul'-jins (L. 
indulgentia), forbearance of restraint or control ; 
gratification ; favour granted ; a power claimed by 
theE. Cath. Ch. ofgrautin ren i i oi the penalty 



tus, indulged), a peculiar form of dispensation from 
the requirements of the ordinary ecclesiastical law, 
granted by the Pope ; a duty or tax paid in Spain. 

indumentum, n. in'-du-m6n'-tum (L. a garment — 
from induo, I put on), the plumage of birds. 

induplicate, a. ln-du'pll-kdt (in, in, and duplicate: 
L. duplex, double), in bot., applied to the arrangement 
of a flower-bud in which the edges of the sepals or 
petal: an ilightly turned inwards. 

indurate, v. in'-du-rdt (L. induratus, hardened— 
from in, into, and duro, I harden : It. indurato), to 
make or grow hard; to harden; to make unfeeling: 



been hardened by the action of heat : in'dura'tion, n. 
-rd'-shun, the act of hardening, or process of growing 
hard. 

indusia, n. in-du'-zl-d, indu'sise, n. plu. -zi-e (L. in- 
dusium, a shirt, a woman's under garment— from 
induo, I put on), the case or covering of certain in- 
sects : indu'sial, a. -zl-dl, composed of or pert, to pet- 
rified indusise : indusial limestone, a remarkable 
form of fresh -water limestone found in Auvergne, 
abounding in the indusioe or cases of caddis-worms : 
indusium, n. in-du'-zl-um, a covering or case; in bot, 
the epidermal covering of the fructification in some 
ferns ; a collection of hairs so united as to form a sort 
of cup, and which encloses the stigma of a flower. 

industrial, a. in-dus'-tri-dl (L. industria, careful- 
ness, industry: It. industria: F. industrie, industry), 
relating to industry, or the products of the arts and 
manufactures : industrially, ad. -U : indus'trious, a. 
-tri-us, diligent in business or study ; assiduous ; not 
remiss : indus'triously, ad. -II: industry, n. in'-dus-trl, 
habitual diligence in any employment or pursuit : in- 
dustrial exhibition, the public exhibition or display 
of the various products of a country, or of various 
countries, the results of labour and skill : industrial 
school, a school in which some of the mechanical arts 
and useful occupations are taught. 

indutive, a. in-du'-tiv (L. indutus, a putting on— 
from induo, I put on), in bot., applied to seeds which 
have the usual integumentary covering. 

induviae, n. plu. in-du'vi-e (L. clothes), in bot., per- 
sistent portions of the perianth ; the withered remains 
of certain leaves which, not being articulated, re- 
main on the stem, and do not fall off and leave a 

indweller, n. in-dwSl'-ler (in, in, and dweller), an 
inhabitant : in'dwelling, a. remaining in the heart : 
n. residence within. 

inebriate, v. in-e'-bri-dt (L. inebriatum, to make 
drunk— from in, in, and ebrius, that has drunk him- 
self full), to make drunk ; to disorder the senses ; to 
intoxicate : ine'bria'ting, imp. : ine'bria'ted, pp. : 
ine'bria'tion, n. -d'shun, drunkenness : inebriety, n. 
in'e-brl'i-ti, intoxication ; drunkenness. 

inedited, a. in-ed'i-ted (in, not, and edited), not 



edited; unpublished. 

ineffable, a. in-gf-fd-bl (L. ineffabilis, unutterable— 
from in, not, and effor, I speak out : F. ineffable), un- 



utterable ; incapable of being expressed in words, - 
used only in a good sense : ineffably, ad. -bit. 
ineffaceable, a. In'-Sf-fd'-sd-bl (in.not, andeffaceable), 



INEF 



283 



INFE 



that cannot be destroyed or made invisible : in'efface'- 
ably, ad. -bll. 

ineffective, a. In'-ef-fik'tiv {in, not, and effective), 
failing to produce any effect, or the effect intended; 
useless : in'effec'tively, ad. -ll .• ineffectiveness, n. 

ineffectual, a. in-effek'-tu-dl (in, not, and effectual), 
not producing its proper effect ; weak ; resulting in 
failure : in'effec'tually, ad. -li, in vain. 

ineffervescent, a. in-ef-fir-vessent (in, not, and effer- 
vescent), not effervescing : inef ferves'cence, n. -sins : 
inef'ferves'cible, a. -sl-bl. not capable of effervescing. 

inefficacious, a. In-ef-fl-ka-shus (in, not, and effica- 
cious), not possessing the power to produce the effect 
desired; of inadequate power or force: inef'fica'- 
ciously, ad. -ll: inef'fica'ciousness, n., also inef- 
ficacy, n. -kit-si, want of sufficient power to produce 
the effect desired, or the effect expected. 

inefficient, a. ln'-6ffish'-ent (in, not, and efficient), 
not efficacious; not active: in'effici'ently, ad. -ll: 
inefficiency, n. -6n-sl. 

inelastic, a. In'-e-lds'tlk (in, not, and elastic), not 
elastic : in'elastic ity, n. -tis'-l-tl, the want of elastic 
power. 

inelegant, a. In-gl'-i-g&nt (in, not, and elegant). 
wanting beauty or polish, as in language or manners ; 
wanting symmetry or ornament: inelegance, n. 
-gins, or inel'egancy, n. -gdn-sl, want of beauty or 
polish, as in language or manners : inelegantly, ad. 

ineligible, a. in-Sl'-l-jl-bl (in, not, and eligible: F. 
ineligible), incapable of being elected to an office: 
inel'igibly, ad. -bit: ineligibility, n. -bll'-l-H. 

inept, a. in-Spt' (L. ineptus, improper— from in, not, 
and aptus, fit, apt: F. inepte), unfit; unsuitable; im- 
proper; foolish: inept'ly, ad. -lis ineptitude, n. -tl- 
tud, unfitness. 

inequality, n. in-S-kivol'l-tl (in, not, and equality), 
state of not being equal ; unevenness ; a part unlike 
or different from the rest ; difference of rank, station, 
or condition. 

inequitable, a. In-Uk'-wi-td-bl (in, not, and equitable), 
not equitable ; not just. 

ineradicable, a. in'-Crdd'-i-kd-bl (in, not, and eradi- 
cable), that cannot be rooted up or destroyed. 

inermis, a. in-er'mis [L. inermis, unarmed), in bot., 
unarmed ; without prickles or thorns. 

inert, a, inert (L. iners, without skill, slothful- 
gen, inertis ; inertia, inactivity, laziness : It. and F. 
inerte, inert), without the power of moving itself, or 
of active resistance to motion impressed ; slow to act ; 
sluggish : inertly, ad. -ll : inert'ness, n. want of 
activity ; sluggishness : inertia, n. -ir'shl-d, that inhe- 
rent quality of passiveness in bodies which preserves 
them in a state of perpetual rest when undisturbed, 
or in perpetual motion unless stopped by some resist- 
ing force. 

in esse, In is'-si (L. in, in, and esse, to be), in being; 
actually existing : in posse, in pds'-sS (L. in, not, and 
posse, to be able), denoting that a thing is not, but 
'may be. 

inestimable, a. In-es'tl-rnd-bl (in, not, undestimable), 
not able to be estimated or computed ; being beyond 
all price ; invaluable : inestimably, ad. -bli. 

inevitable, a. ln-6v'-i-td-bl (in, not, and evitable), 
that cannot be avoided or escaped from ; inevitably, 
ad, -bll: inev'itableness, n. -bl-nes, also inevltabil'- 
ity, n.'-bll'-l-tl, certainty to happen; impossibility to 
be avoided. 

inexact, a. In'-egs-dkt' (in, not, and exact), not quite 
correct or true : in'exact'ness, n. incorrectness. 

inexcitable^ a. in'-eks-si'-td-bl(in, not, and excitable), 
not capable ^ being roused into action ; dull ; lifeless. 

inexcusable, a. in'-eks-kii'-zd-bl (in, not, and excusa- 
ble), not to be excused or .justified: iu'excu'sably, ad. 
-bll: in'excu'sableness, n. -bine's. 

inexhausted, a. in'-eks-haXcst'-Sd (in, not, and ex- 
hausted), not spent or emptied; not having wholly 
lost all strength or resources : in'exhaust'ible, a. -I- 
ll, unfailing: in 'exhaust ibly, ad. -bli: in'exhaust'- 
ibleness, n. -bl-nes, also inexhaustibility, n. -bil'- 
i-ti, state of being inexhaustible: in'exhaus'tive, a. 
-liaws'-tiv, not to be exhausted or spent. 

inexorable, a. in-eks-6-rd-bl (L. inexorabilis, unyield- 
ing— from in, not, ex, out of, and oro, I plead), that 
cannot be moved by entreaty or prayer; inflexible; 
unyielding: inex'orably, ad. -bli: inex'orableness, 
n. -bl-nes, also inexorability, n. -bil'i-ti, the quality 
of being inflexible. 

inexpedient, a. in'-eks-pe'-di-ent (in, not, and expe- 
cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, 



also in'expe'diency, n. -en-si, want of fitness ; impro- 
priety ; un suitableness to time or place : in'expe- 
diently, ad. -li. 

inexpensive, a. in'-Sks-p&n'-siv (in, not, and expen- 
sive), not costly. 

inexperience, n. in'-iks-pe'-ri-Sns (in, not, and expe- 
rience), want of the practical knowledge derived from 
observation and trial : in'expe'rienced, a. -6nst. 

inexpert, a. in'-Sks-pert' (in, not, and expert), not 
skilled ; wanting in that knowledge or dexterity which 
is derived from practice : in'expert'ness, n. want of 
expertness. 

inexpiable, a. in-Sks'-pl-d-bl (L. inexpiabilis, that 
cannot be atoned for — from in, not, and exjrio, I make 
atonement for: F. inexpiable), admitting of no atone- 
ment or satisfaction ; that cannot be appeased : inex- 
piably, ad. -bli. 

inexplicable, a. in-eks'-pli-kd-bl (L. inexplicahilis, 
that cannot be unfolded— from in, not, and erplico, I 
unfold: F. inexplicable), incapable of being explained 
or interpreted ; that cannot be rendered intelligible : 
inex'plicably, ad. -bli: inex'plicableness, n. -bl-nis, 
also inex'plicabillty, n. -bil'i-ti, state of being inex- 
plicable. 

inexplicit, a. in'-Sks-plis'it (in, not, and explicit), 
not clear in statement. 

inexplorable, a. in'-eks-plo'-rd-bl (in, not, and explo- 
itable), that cannot be searched out or discovered. 

inexpressible, a. in'-cks-pn-s'-si-bl(in, not, and expres- 
sible), not to be expressed in words ; unspeakable ; 
indescribable : inexpressibly, ad. -bli, in a manner or 
degree not to be told in words. 

inexpressive, a. in'-eks-pres'-siv (in, not, and expres- 
sive), not tending to represent or show ; not emphatic : 
in'expres'siveness, n. -siv-nis. 

inextinct, a. in'dks-tingkt' (in, not, and extinct), 
not put out; not quenched. 

inextinguishable, a. in'-iks-ting'-gwlsh-d-bl (in, not, 
and extinguishable), that cannot be quenched or de- 
stroyed ; that cannot be put an end to. 

inextricable, a. in-Uks'-trl-kd-bl (L. inextricabilis, 
that cannot be disentangled— from in, not, and extrico, 
I disentangle), that cannot be freed or disentangled : 
inextricably, ad. -bll : inex'tricablness, n. -bl-nes. 

infallible, a, In-fdl-U-bl (in, not, and fallible : It. 
infallibile: F. ivfaillible), that cannot err or be de- 
ceived in judgment; certain: infallibly, ad. -bll: 
infallibility, n. -bil'-l-ti, also infal'libleness, n. -bl- 
nes, entire exemption from liability to error. 

infamous, a. i/ija-mus (L. infants, ill spoken of— 
from in, not, and Jama, fame : It. in fame: F. infdmc), 
having a reputation notoriously vile ; base ; odious ; 
detestable : in'famously, ad. -li : infamy, n. in'-fd-mi, 
public disgrace ; extreme baseness or vileness ; quali- 
ties which are detested and despised. 

infancy, n. in'-fdn-sl (L. infant ia, childhood— from 
in fins, very young, little: F. enfunce), the first part 
of life ; the first age of anything ; early period ; in 
lau\ state of being a minor : infant, n. In'-fdnt, a babe ; 
a child ; in law, a person under 21 years : adj. tender ; 
young; immature: infant-like, a. like an infant: 
infante, n. ln-fdn'-td, in Spain and Portugal, any son 
of the king ex< any daughter except the 

eldest is styled the infan'ta, n. -tCi: infan'ticide, n. 
-ti-sld (L. caclo, I kill), the murder of an infant ; child- 
murder: infantile, a. In'-fun-tll, of or relating to an 
infant ; young; childish: in'fantine, a. -tin, pert, to 
young children. 

infantry, n. In'fdn-trl (F. infanterie, foot-soldiers — 
from enfant, an infant, a young man), foot-soldiers of 
an army, as distinguished from cavalry. 

infatuate, v. tn-fdt'-u-dt (L. infatuatum, to make a 
fool of — from in, in, and fatuus, foolish : It. infatuare : 
F. infatuer), to make foolish ; to inspire with an ex- 
travagance, or with a foolish passion beyond the con- 
trol of reason : infat'uating, imp. : infatuated, pp. : 
infat'ua'tion, n. -d'-shun, a state of mind in which a 
person conducts himself without his usual judgment, 
or contrary to reason,— generally in regard to par- 
ticular objects. 

infect, v. in-fcki '_( L uif r/ inn . to taint, to dye— from 
in, in, and facio, I make), to taint with disease ; to 
corrupt ; to communicate bad qualities to : infect'- 
ing, imp. : infect'ed, pp. : adj. tainted or corrupted, 
as by the communication of disease: infect'er, n. 
-er, one who: infec'tion, n. -fek'-shun, the act by 
which poisonous matter or exhalations produce dis- 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



INFE 



284 



INFL 



ease in a healthy body ; that which taints or corrupts, 
as by communication from one to another: infec- 
tious, a. -shus, having the quality of infecting ; con- 
taminating ; apt to spread : infectiousness, n. -nils, 
quality of being capable of communicating disease : 
infec'tiously, ad. -II : infec'tive, a. -tlv, able or tend- 
ing to taint with noxious matter or bad qualities. 
Note.— Contagion and contagious are used with respect 
to things which spread by contact or imitation ; in- 
fection and infectious are generally restricted to a 
more hidden and diffusive power, but this distinction 
is not always observed. 

infecund, a. in-fek'-und (L. in, not, and fecundus, 
prolific), unfruitful; not producing young: infecun- 
dity, n. in'-fS-kun'-di ti, md i-nUi'uiii <•:■,:•„ 

infeffment, n. In-fSf'-mSnt {in, into, a,nd feoffment— 
from F. fieffer, to convey the fief or fee to a new 
- comer— see fief and fee), the act of giving symbolical 
possession of heritable property, the evidence of 
which is an instr. of sasine I h< placing in possession 
of a fee or freehold estate : infeff or infeoff, v. in-fef 
—see enfeoff. 

infelicitous, a. in'fS-Ks'4-tus {in, and felicitous), 
very unhappy ; not prosperous : in'felic'ity, n. -l-ti, 
unhappiness ; unfurl, minle state. 

infelt, a. in'fSlt {in, in, and felt), felt within, or 
deeply. 

infer, v. tn-fer' (L. infero, I bring or carry into— 
from in, into, and fero, I bear or carry: F. inferer), 
to deduce as a fact or consequence; to assume or 
draw, as a conclusion, from general facts: infer- 
ring, imp. : inferred', pp. -ferd': infer'able, a. -CL-bl, 
also infer'rible, a. -ri-bl, that may be inferred or 
deduced from premises : inference, n. in'fer-Sns, a 
conclusion drawn from previous argument ; ; iruii 
or proposition drawn from another truth or proposi- 
tion which has been admitted, or which is supposed 
to be true: in'feren'tial, a. -en'sh&l, deducible by 
inference: in'feren'tially, ad. -shdl-li, by way of 
inference. 

inferior, a. in-fe'rl-er (L. inferior, lower— from in- 
ferus, beneath, below), lower, as in station, rank, age, 
condition, excellence, orvalue ; of second-rate quality ; 
not the best ; subordinate ; in hot. , applied to the ovary 
when it seems to be situated below the calyx, and to the 
part of a flower farthest from the axis : n. one who is in 
a lower station or rank than another: infe'rior'ity, n. 
-6r'-i-ti, a lower state of dignity, age, &c, than an- 
other; inferior is often used to qualify scientific 
terms, indicating "below, lower, inner," and op- 
posed to superior, which indicates "above, upper, 
outer": inferior tide, the tide which occurs at any 
place when the moon is below the horizon: the in- 
ferior planets, those whose orbits are within that of 
the earth. 

infernal, a. In-fer'-n&l (L. inferni, those below ; in- 
fernus, lying below : It. inferno, hell ; infernale, 
pert, to hell), pert, to the lower regions ; pert, to hell ; 
hellish; diabolical; fiendish: infer'nally, ad. -li. 

infero-branchiate, a. in-fe-ro-brang-ki-at (L. in- 
ferus, below, and Gr. brangchia, gills), having the gills 
arranged along the sides of the body under the 
margin of the mantle— applied to an order of gaster- 
opodous molluscs. 

inferred, inferring, inferrible— see infer. 

infertile, a. in-fer'-til (L. in, not, and fertilis, fruit- 
ful), not fruitful or productive ; barren : infer'tilely, 
ad. -U: in'fertil'ity, n. -til'4-ti, barrenness; unpro- 
ductiveness. 

infest, v. in-fSsf (L. infesto, I trouble or vex— from 
infestus, made unsafe, hostile: It. infestare; F. in- 
f ester, to infest), to trouble greatly ; to disturb ; to 
harass ; to annoy by presence and numbers, as ver- 
min : infest'ing, imp. : infest'ed, pp. 

infeudation, n. ift'-fu-da'sMn {in, into, and mid. 
L. feudum, the property in land distributed by 
William the Conqueror to his followers : AS. feoh, 
cattle, riches— see fee), the act of putting into pos- 
session of an estate or fee ; the granting of tithes to 
laymen. 

infidel, n. i, i-dil () I; fidclis, not trustworthy— 
from ire, not, .. mi ' • In id 1 1 aid L. infidele), 
an unbeliever ; one who does not believe in the divine 
origin of Christianity; one not of the faith— applied 
by Mohammedans to Christians, and vice versd; a 
sceptic: adj. unbelieving; sceptical: in'fidel'ity, n. 
-d6l'-i-ti, disbelief in revealed religion ; unfaithfulness 
in married persons ; breach of trust ; treachery. 

infiltrate, v. in-fU'-trat {in, into, and filtrate: F. 



filtrer, to filtrate), to enter into a substance through 
means of its pores : infil'trating, imp. : infil'trated, 
pp. : in'filtra'tion, n. -tra'shun, the act or process of 
passing into the pores of a body ; the liquid or sub- 
stance which has so entered. 

infinite, a. in'-fi-nit (L. infinitus, boundless, un- 
limited—from in, not, and Jinitus, ended or finished ; 
finis, an end : It. in/inito ; F. infini, infinite), with- 
out limits; unbounded; endless; perfect; immense; 
very large : n. that which is infinite ; a boundless 
space or extent; the Almighty: in'finitely, ad. -li: 
infinitesimal, a. in'fi-ni-tes'i-mdl (F. infinitisimal), 
infinitely small : n. an infinitely small quantity : 
infin'itive, a. -i-tiv, denoting that part of a verb which 
expresses the action without the limitation of per- 
son or number, as, to run : infin'itively, ad. -li : in- 
finity, n. -i-ti, unlimited extent of time, space, or 
n iniii> immensity: infinitude, n. -tud, state of 
being without limits; boundless number: infinite 
decimal or series, one which cannot be brought to an 
end. 

infirm, a. in-firm' (L. infirmus, weak, infirm— from 
in, not, and flrmus, strong, solid : It. infermo: F. in- 
firme), weak in bodily or mental health ; feeble ; ir- 
resolute: infirmly, ad. -li: infirmity, n. -i-ti, also 
infirm'ness, n. a failing ; a fault ; a disease, malady, 
or defect : infirm'ary, n. -a-ri, a hospital for the sick 
poor ; a place for gratuitous medical relief. 

infix, v. in-fiks r (L. in, into, arid fixus, fast, firm), 
to fix or set in ; to implant : infix'ing, imp. : infixed', 
pp. -fikst'. 

inflame, v. in-fldm' (L. inflammare, to set on fire— 
from in, in or on, and flamma, flame), to set on fire ; 
to kindle ; to excite ; to increase or augment ; to ex- 
asperate : to grow hot or angry : infla'ming, imp. : 
inflamed , pp. -fldmd': infla'mer, n. -mer, one who in- 
flames: inflammable, a. in-flam-md-bl, that may bo 
easily kindled ; combustible: inflam'mably, ad. -bli: 
inflam'mableness, n. -U-nes, also inflam'mabillty, n. 
-bil'-i-ti, the state or quality of being readily set on 
fire : in'flamma'tion, n. -ma'-shun, redness and heat in 
some part of the body, accompanied with pain and 
swelling; heat; animosity: inflam'matory, a. -ter-i, 
tending to inflame or excite ; marked by inflamma- 
tion. 

inflate, v. in-flat (L. inflatum, to blow into, to cause 
to swell— from in, into, and ./fare, to blow : Sp. inflar, 
to inflate), to fill and swell out with air ; to blow in ; 
to puff up ; to elate : inflating, imp.: infla'ted, pp.: 
adj. blown up ; filled with air ; pompous ; full of high- 
sounding words : infla'tingly, ad. -li : inflation, n. in- 
fla'-shun, the state of being distended, as with air ; the 
state of being puffed up, as with pride or vanity. 

inflect, v. m-f > fleck re, to bend or curve — 

from in, into, and fiecto, I bend), to bend ; to turn 
from a direct line or course ; in gram., to put a word 
through all its changes of termination: inflecting, 
imp.: inflect'ed, pp.: inflec'tion, n., also inflexion, n. 
-flek'shun, the act of turning from a direct line or 
course ; putting a word through all its changes of 
termination ; the rise or fall of the voice in speaking : 
inflec'tional, a. -&l, pert, to the nature of an inflec- 
tion : inflec'tive, a. -tiv, having the power of bending. 

inflexed, a. it i *um, to bend, to curve 

—from ire, into, and fiecto, I bend), turned; bent: in- 
flexible, a. in-flSks'-l-bl, that cannot be bent; not to 
be moved or prevailed on by entreaty or argument ; 
unyielding ; inexorable : inflexibly, ad. -bli : inflex'- 
ibil'ity, n. -bU'-i-tl, also inflexlbleness, n. -bl-nSs, un- 
I li Iding stiffness; obstinacy of will or temper. 

inflexion, n. another spelling of inflection— see in- 
flect. 

inflict, v. Kn-flXkt' (L. infiictum, to strike one thing 
against another— from in, on, and fligo, I strike down), 
to lay on ; to impose, as a punishment or disgrace : 
inflicting, imp.: mflict'ed, pp. : inflict'er, n. one who : 
infliction, n. in-flik'-shun, the act of laying on or ap- 
plying ; that which is applied ; punishment or hard- 
ship imposed ; a calamity : inflictive, a. -tiv, able or 
tending to inflict. 

inflorescence, n. in-flo-rSs'-sSns (L. inflorescens, be- 
ginning to blossom— from in, in or on, and florescere, 
to blossom or flourish), a flowering or putting forth 
blossoms ; the character or mode of flowering which 
distinguishes different kinds of plants. 

influence, n. inftdb-Sns (F. influence; It. influenza, 
influence, power— from L. influens, flowing into— from 
in, into, andfluo, I flow), authority ; sway ; power of 
directing or modifying, seen or felt by its effects: v. to 



mate, mdt,fdr, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, move; 






INFL 



285 



INGU 



move or affect by moral force ; to lead or direct ; to 
move by physical power: influencing, imp.: influ- 
enced, pp. -6nst : influential, a. -en'-shal, exerting' a 
directing or modifying power over the minds of men : 
in'fluen'tially, ad. -shdl-ll. 

influenza, n. ln'flob-en'-zd (It. influenza, influence — 
see above), a severe epidemic catarrh or cold, at- 
tended with I r- i[ strength, and with fever. 

influx, n. in'fluks (L. influxum, to flow or run into 
—from in, into, and jluo, I flow), the act of flowing in ; 
infusion ; importation. 

infold, v. ln-fold' (in, into, and fold), to wrap up ; 
to enclose; to clasp, as with the arms: infolding, 
imp.: infolded, pp.: infold ment, n. -meat, act of in- 
folding ; state of being infolded. 

inform, v. In-fcucrm' (L. informare, to shape, to 
fashion— from in, in or on, and formo, I form or 
shape: It. informcn-e ; F. informer, to inform), to 
instruct ; to communicate knowledge to ; to make 
known to ; to tell ; to give intelligence : informing, 
imp.: informed', pp. -faurmd' .- informant, n. in-for- 
mant, one who communicates intelligence or news : 
infor'mer, n. -mcr, one who makes it his business to 
lay facts of a criminal or illegal character before the 
authorities: information, n. in'fur-ma'shun, intelli- 
gence ; knowledge derived from reading or instruc- 
tion; an accusation laid against a person in a court 
of law : to inform against, to accuse of a breach of 
law. 

informal, a. In-for'-mdl (in, not, and formal: Sp. 
informal), irregular ; contrary to established firms; 
not with the official forms; "nut competent: infor- 
mally, ad. -II: in'formal ity, n. -mdl'l-tl, want of at- 
tention to established or official forms ; irregularity 
in form or procedure. 

infra, in'-frd (L.), the first element in certain scien- 
tific terms, signifying "beneath," " below,"— as infra- 
costal, beneath the ribs. 

infraction, n. in-frdk'shun (L. inf radio, a breaking, 
a weakening— from in, into, and fractum, to break: 
F. infraction), breach ; violation ; non-observance. 

infrangible, a. in-fran'ji-U (in, not, and fran- 
gible), that cannot be broken or separated into parts: 
mfran'gibil'ity, n. -bil'-i-tl, also infran'gibleness, n. 
-bines, the state or quality of being infrangible. 

infrequent, a. in-fre'ktcint (in, not, and frequent : 
It. infrequente), rare ; seldom happening : lnfre'- 
quency, n. -kiven-si, also infre quence, n. -kwSns, the 
state of occurring rarely ; uncommonness : infre'- 
quently, ad. -li. 

infringe, v. In-frlnf (L. infringere, to break to 
pieces— from in, into, and frango, I break), to break, 
as laws ; to violate ; to transgress ; to encroach : in- 
fring'ing, imp.: infringed', pp. -frinjd': infring'er, n. 
-or, one who: infringement, n. -meat, breach; viola- 
tion, as of an agreement or right ; non-fulfilment ; 
the infraction of the copyright or patent -rights of 
another ; encroachment. 

infulse, n. plu. in'fu-le (L. infula, a band), in eccle- 
siastical costume, the pendents to the mitre. 

infundibular, a. In'fun-dib'u-ldr (L. infundibulum, 
a tunnel or funnel), in hot.., having the form of a tun- 
nel ; funnel-shaped : infun'dibu'liform, a. -dt-bu'-li- 
faiirm (L. forma, shape), funnel-shaped, as a flower. 

infuriate, a. in-fu'riat (L. in, into, and furiatum, 
to drive mad ; furia, a fury, a fiend), enraged ; mad : 
v. to enrage ; to render furious ; to madden : infu'ri- 
ating, imp.: infu'riated, pp.: adj. rendered furious 

infuse, v. in-fuz' (L. infusum, to pour into— from 
in, into, and fun do, I pour: It. infuso, infused: F. 
infuser, to infuse), to pour in, as a liquid ; to instil, 
as principles ; to steep in water without boiling : in- 
fu'sing, imp.: infused', pp. -fuzd': infu'sible, a. -zi-bl, 
that may be infused : infusion, n. in-fu'zhun (L. in- 
fusio, a pouring in : F. infusion), the operation of 
steeping in water to extract the medicinal qualities 
of plants ; a preparation obtained by pouring boiling 
■water on a substance, as on tea; the liquor so ob- 
tained ; figuratively, inspiration ; suggestion ; instil- 
ling: infu'sive, a. -Ju'ziv, having the power of being 
infused. 

infusible, a. infu'zi-bl (in, not, and fusible), that 
cannot be dissolved or melted : inf u'tibil'ity, n. -bil'i- 
ti, incapabi _ -solved or melted. 

infusoria, n. in'fu-sd'ri-d (L. infusus, poured into, 
crowded in), very minute animal organisms or ani- 
malcules inhr .! i . i . i i; H i w decaying vege- 
table or animal matter— so called from their being 



readily obtained in infusions of vegetable matter that 
have been exposed to the air : in'fuso'rial, a. -ri-dl, 
obtainable by infusion ; pert, to infusoria: infusory, 
a. in-fu-zer-l, applied to an order of animalcules ob- 
tained in infusions ; containing infusoria. 

ingathering, n. iu-gdih'-er-ing (in, into, and gather- 
ing), harvest ; the act of securing the fruits of the 
earth. 

ingeminate, v. in-jem'-i-nat (L. ingeminatum, to 
redouble— from in, into, and gemino, I double or 
increase), to double or repeat : ingeminating, imp.: 
ingem'inated, pp. : ingem'ina'tion, n. repetition ; 
reduplication. 

ingender— see engender. 

ingenious, a. Ui-ji'-nl-us (L. ingeniosus, endowed 
with genius ; ingenium, innate or natural quality, 
capacity— from in, into, and genitum, to beget, to 
create : It. ingenio, genius), inventive ; skilful or 
prompt to contrive ; clever or curious, as applied to 
any work or mechanism ; witty, acute, or pointed : 
inge'niously, ad. -li: inge'niousness, n., also ingenu- 
ity, n. in'jS-nu'i-ti, cleverness or superior power of 
invention; quickness or acuteness in forming new 
and unexpected combinations ; superior skill. 

ingenuous, a. in-jen'u-us (L. ingenuus, frank, natu- 
ral—from ingenere, to instil by birth or nature : It. 
ingenuo ; F. ingenu, candid, open), open ; frank ; 
candid ; free from reserve or dissimulation ; frank- 
ness : ingen'uously, ad. -ll : ingen'uousness, n. -n6s, 
openness of heart ; freedom from reserve or dissimu- 
lation. 

ingest, v. in-j&st' (L. ingest um, to pour or throw 
into— from in, into, and gero, I bear), to throw into 
the stomach: ingesting, imp.: ingest'ed, pp.: ingest- 
ion, n. in-jSst'shiin, the act of throwing into the 
stomach: ingesta, n. plu. in-jes'td, things taken in, 
as food taken into the stomach. 

ingle, n. ing'gl (Gael, aingeal, fire, light : L. ignic- 
ulus, a little fire— from ignis, a fire), in Scot., a fire 
or fireplace. 

inglorious, a. In-glO'ri-iis (L. inglorius, without 
glory or fame— from in, not, and gloria, glory, re- 
nown), not bringing honour, glory, or fame ; mean ; 
disgraceful: inglo'riously, ad. -li: inglo'riousness, n. 

ingluvies, n. in-glC'-vi-ez (L. the crop or maw of ani- 
mals), the crop or partial dilatation of the esophagus 
in birds ; the stomach of ruminants : inglu'vial, a. 
-vi-dl, connected with the crop. 

ingorge— see engorge. 

ingot, n. in'gOt (F. lingot, an ingot or wedge: Ger. 
einguss, a melting-vessel, an ingot-mould— from Ger. 
eingiessai; Dut. ingieten, to pour in), originally the 
mould in which the metal was cast ; a small mass or 
wedge of unwrought metal— generally said of silver 
or gold. 

ingraft, v. in-grdff (in, into, and graft), to insert a 
prepared part of one tree into another for propaga- 
tion ; to plant or introduce something foreign ; to set 
or fix deeply: ingrafting, imp.: ingraft'ed, pp.: in- 
graft'ment, n. the act of ingrafting ; the thing in- 
grafted. 

ingrain, v. In-grdn' (in , into, and grain), to impreg- 
nate or fix deeply: to dye in the raw material, or 
before being manufactured : ingrain'ing, imp. : in- 
grained', pp. -grand': adj. thoroughly impregnated; 
dyed in the raw material, or before manufacture. 

ingratiate, v. In-grd'shi-at (L. in, into, and gratia, 
favour : It. ingraziare, to gain the goodwill or favour 
of), to secure the goodwill or favour of another ; to 
worm into favour ; to commend one's self to the fa- 
vour or confidence of another : ingra'tia'ting, imp. : 
ingra'tia'ted, pp. 

ingratitude,! ■tin, not, and gratitude : 

F. ingratitude; It. ingratitudine, ingratitude— from 
L. ingratus, unthankful), unthankfulness ; the return 
of evil for good : ingrate, n. in'grdt, one ungrateful 
for benefits conferred. 

ingredient, n. In-gre'dl-Snt (L. ingrediens, going or 
entering into — from in, into, and gradior, I go: F. 
ingredient), that which enters into a compound or 
mixture ; a component part. 

ingress, n. in'grcs (L. ingressus, an entering or a 
going into — from in, into, and gradior, I go), en- 
trance ; power, right, or means of entrance : ingressi- 
on, n. ln-gresh'un, the act of entering. 

inguinal, a. lng'gwin-dl (L. inguen, the groin), pert, 
to the groin. 

ingulf, v. in-gvlf (in, into, and gulf), to swallow up 
wholly, as in a gulf or depth : ingulfing, imp. : in- 



co~w, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



INGU 2; 

gulfed', pp. -giil/f: ingulf ment, n. the swallowing up 
in a gulf or abyss. 

ingurgitate, v. ln-ger'-ji-tat (L. ingurgitatum, to 
swallow up or gulf in— from in, in, and gurges, a whirl- 
pool : It. ingurgitare), to swallow greedily or in great 
quantity : ingur'gita'ting, imp. : ingur'gita'ted, pp. : 
ingur'gita'tion, n. -ta'shun, the act of swallowing in 
great quantity. 

inhabit, v. in-hdb'-U (L. inhabitare, to dwell in, to 
inhabit— from in, into, and habito, I dwell), to occupy, 
asaplace of si btled sidence; to live or abide: in- 
habiting, imp. : inhabited, pp. : adj. occupied, as 
by persons or animals: inhabitable, a. -td-bl, that 
may be dwelt in : inhabitant, n. -l-tdnt, one who 
dwells or resides in a place: inhablter, n. -ter, an 
inhabitant. 

inhale, v. in-hal' (L. inhalo, I breathe at or upon— 
from in, in or on, and halo, I breathe), to draw into 
the lungs, as air ; to inspire : inhaling, imp. : in- 
haled', pp. -haid": inhaler, n. -ler, one who or that 
which: inha'lable, a. -ld-bl, that may be drawn into 
the lungs : in'hala'tion, n. -shun, the drawing into 
the lungs of air, fumes, or vapour ; that which is in- 
haled. 

inharmonic, a. In'-hdr-mon'-lk, also inTiarmonlcal, 
a. -i-k'll (in, not, and harmonic), discordant ; not musi- 
cal: in'harmo'nious, a. -mo'-ni-us (in, not, and harmo- 
nious), discordant ; unmusical : inTiarmoniously, ad. 
•It: inhar'mony, n. -nl, discord. 

inhere, v. in-her" (L. inhcereo, I remain firm or fast 
in— from in, into, and hcereo, I stick), to exist or be 
fixed in something else ; to belong, as attributes or 
qualities : inhe'ring, imp. : inhered', pp. -herd': in- 
hesion, n. in-he'zhun (L. inhozsum, to remain firm 
in), the state of being fixed in something else : inhe- 
rent, a. in-he'-rgnt, naturally pert, to; innate; natu- 
ral: inhe'rently, ad. -li: inherence, n. -rSns, also 
inhe'rency, n. -ren-sl, existence in something else, so 
as to be inseparable from it. 

inherit, v. in-hSr'-lt (Norm. F. enJieriter, to inherit 
—from L. in, in or on, hceres, an heir : F. Mriter, to 
inherit), to possess by descent from an ancestor ; to 
receive by nature from a progenitor, as a disease or 
quality; to enjoy: inheriting, imp. : inherited, pp.: 
adj. received by right or descent; possessed: inher'- 
itor, n. -i-ter, one who inherits : inheritrix, n. fem. 
-i-triks, also inheritress, n. fem. -tres, a female who 
inherits or is entitled to inherit : inheritable, a. -tdbl, 
that may be transmitted from the parent to the child : 
inherltably, ad. -ta-bli: inherltabillty, n. -bil'i-ti: 
inheritance, n. -i-tdns, possessions which may descend 
to an heir; reception of possession ; hereditary estate. 
inhesion— see under inhere. 

inhibit, v. ^n-hib'-it (L. inhibiturn,, to keep back, to 
restrain— from in, not, and habeo, I have or hold), to 
restrain; to hinder; to check or repress; to forbid: 
inhibiting, imp. : inhibited, pp. : inhiblter, n. -er, 
one who: inhibition, n. in'-hi-bish'-un, restraint; a 
writ from a higher to a lower court to stay proceed- 
ings; in Scot., a process in law which hinders or re- 
strains a wife from burdening her husband with 
debts: inhibitory, a. -ter-i, having the nature or 
power of an inhibition. 

inhospitable, a. in-hos'-pi-td-bl (L. in, not, and 
hospes, a guest : in, not, and hospitable), not disposed 
to entertain friends or strangers ; affording no means 
for subsistence or shelter: inhos'pital'ity, n. -tdl'-i-ti, 
want of kindness to others ; unwillingness or refusal 
to entertain : inhos'pitably, ad. -Mi. 

inhuman, a. in-hu'-mdn (in, not, and human: L. 
humanus, savage), cruel ; destitute of the kindlier 
qualities of human nature ; pitiless : inhumanly, ad. 
-li: inhumanity, n. -mdn'-i-ti, cruelty in disposition 
a cruel act ; barbarity. 

inhume, v. in-hum' (L. inhumare, to bury in the 
ground— from in, into, and humo, I bury: F. in- 
humer), to bury ; to inter ; to deposit in the earth, as 
a dead body : inhu'ming, imp. : inhumed', pp. -humd'-. 
inhumation, n. in'hu-md'shun, the act of burying; 
interment. 

inimical, a. in-im'-l-'i,u (I inimicus, unfriendly— 
from in, not, and amicus, a friend), hostile; un- 
frk'iiilly; adverse: inimlcally, ad. -li. 

inimitable, a. in-im'-i-td-bl (L. inimitabilis, that 
cannot be imitated— from in, not, and imitor, I imi- 
tate : F. inimitable), that cannot be imitated or copied : 
inimitably, i itabillty, n. -bil'i-ti. 

iniquitous, ,' wi4 (L. iniquitas, unevenness, 

injustice— from in, not, and cequus, even, equal: It. 

mate, mti,t,f&r, law; mete, mSt, 



INLA 

iniquita; F. iniquity, iniquity), characterised by in- 
justice; very unjust; wicked: iniq/uitously, ad. -tits- 
li: iniq'uity, n. -wi-ti, injustice; wickedness; marked 
departure from justice. 

initial, a. in initiwm, beginning, an en- 

trance: It. iniziale: F. initial), beginning; placed or 
being at the beginning : n. that which begins ; the first 
letter of a word or proper name : initials, n. plu. in- 
ish'-alz, the first or capital letters of a name and sur- 
name : initiate, v. -lsh'-i-at, to instruct in rudiments 
or principles; to give an entrance into any society or 
sect ; to perform the first act or rite : initialing, imp.: 
init'ia'ted, pp. a. instructed in the first principles; 
entered : initiative, a. -d-tiv, serving to introduce: n. 
the introductory step ; power of commencing : init'- 
ia'tion, n. -d'-shun, the act or process of introducing ; 
formal admission : initiatory, a. -ter-i, serving to in- 
troduce ; introductory. 

inject, v. in-jekt' (L. injectum, to throw or cast in 
or into— from in, into, and jacere, to throw), to throw 
or cast in: injecting, imp. : inject'ed, pp. a. thrown 
in: injection, n. in-jek'-shun, the act of throwing a 
liquid in ; the liquid substance to be thrown into a 
body: injection-pipe, the pipe through which cold 
water passes to the condenser of an engine. 

injudicial, a. in'-jffo-dish'-dl (in, not, and judicial), 
not according to the forms of law. 

injudicious, a. in'-job-dish'-us (in, not, and judicious), 
acting without judgment ; unwise; indiscreet: in'ju- 
dici'ously, ad. -li: in'judici'ousness, n. want of discre- 
tion or sound judgment. 

injunction, n. in-jungk'-shun (L. injunctum, to lay 
or impose upon— from in, into, and jungo, I join : F. 
injonction), the act of enjoining, commanding, or or- 
dering; a command, order, or precept; urgent ad- 
vice ; the writ or order of a court of equity whereby 
a person is required to do a certain thing, or is re- 
strained from doing it. 

injure, v. in'-jobr (L. injuria, a thing done contrary 
to justice— from in, not, and jus, that which is right — 
gen. juris: F. injurier, to insult), to do a wrong to; 
to hurt or wound ; to damage or impair ; to lessen the 
value of: in'juring, imp.: in'jured, pp. -jdbrd: in'- 
jurer, n. -jobr-er, one who: injurious, a. in-j6'-rl-us, 
unjust; hurtful to the person, to property, or to 
rights, feelings, &c. ; pernicious ; baneful : injurious- 
ly, ad. -II: inju'riousness, n. -nes: injury, n. in'-jdb-rl, 
wrong or damage done to a person, property, rights, 
interests, &c, of any one ; that which brings harm or 
occai i >ns loss; mischief. 

injustice, n. ln-jus'-tls (L. injustitia, unjust pro- 
ceeding— from in, not, an F. injustice), 
iniquity; wrong; any violation of the rights or due 
of another, as, yon do me an injustice ; unfairness in 
word or deed. 

ink, n. Ingk (Gr. enkauston ; L. encaustum, the ver- 
milion used' in the signature of the emperor : It. inch- 
iostro; F. encre ; Dut. inkt, ink), a fluid used in 
writing, printing, Ac: v. to daub or black with ink: 



stand, n. a vessel for holding ink : ink-bag, the bag 
containing a deep black liquid found in the cuttle- 
fish : inkhorn, n. (ink, and AS. cern, a secret place), 
a portable case for the instruments of writing ; an 
inkstand: inking-roller, a roller made of a certain 
composition used by printers for spreading the ink 
equally over the type, &c. : inking-table, the table or 
slab covered with ink on which the inking-roller is 
turned to receive the requisite quantity of ink. 

inkle, n. ing'-kl (1 ligneul strong thread used by 
shoemakers and saddlers), a kind of broad linen tape ; 
bleached yarn. 

inkling, n. ingk'-ling (Dan. ymple, to whisper, to 
spread a rumour— from Icel. uml, a murmur), a hint 
or whisper ; an intimation. 

inlace, v. ill-las' (in, into, and lace), to embellish 
with work resembling lace : inla'cing, imp.: inlaced', 
pp. -last'. 

inlaid, in-ldd'— see inlay. 

inland, a. in'-ldnd, (in, into, and land), interior ; re- 
mote or distant from the sea ; domestic ; not foreign ; 
n. interior part of a country : inlander, n. a dweller 
remote from the sea : inland bills, bills of exchange 
drawn and payable in the same country : inland trade, 
the home trade in goods spread over the country, 
and which does not pass by sea : inland revenue, that 
portion of the national income which is derived from 
stamps, taxes, and excise— see customs. 
her; pine, pin; note, not, mtve: 



I 



INLA 



287 



INRO 



inlay, v. ln-l&' (in, into, and lay), to ornament a 
surface by inserting thin pieces of ivory, pearl, fine 
wood, metal, &c. : inlay ing, imp. : n. the art of in- 
serting ivory, fine wood, metal, &c, for decorative 
purposes: inlaid, pp. and pt. in-hid': inlay 'er, n. one 
•who. 

Inlet, n. in'ltt (in, into, and let), a small bay or re- 
cess on the shore of a lake, sea, or river ; a place of 
ingress ; a passage into. 

inner, n. in'ller (in, into, and tier), in geol., the 
converse of outlier; a space occupied by one forma- 
tion, which is completely surrounded by "another that 
rests upon it. 

inly, a. in'-li (AS. inlic, internal), internal; secret: 
ad. internally ; within. 

inmate, n. in-mat (Icel. inn i, within, and mate), a 
member of the same family or household ; a lodger. 

inmost, a. iu'-mOst [in. within, and 77io$t: AS. inne- 
mest), furthest within ; remotest from the surface. 

inn, n. in (Icel. inni, a house — from inni, within : 
AS. inn, a house— from inn, within), a house for lodg- 
ing and entertaining travellers ; a tavern : Inns of 
Court, in Eng., a college of law professors and stu- 
dents; houses in which are many apartments for the 
lodgings of students and practitioners at law: inn- 
keeper, n. one who keeps an inn or tavern. 

innate, a. iu'-nat (L. inw.itus, inborn, natural— from 
in, into, and natus, born : It. innato), inborn; native; 
natural; in but., applied to anthers when attached to 
the top of the filament : in nately, ad. -li : in nateness, 
n. quality of being innate. 

inner, a. in'-nir (AS. inn, within), comparative of 
in; further in ; not outward: interior: inmost, also 
in nermost, a. superl. of in ,• furthest inward. 

innerve, v. in-nerv' (L. in, into, and nervus.a. nerve 
or sinew), to invigorate; to strengthen: innerv ing, 
imp.: innerved, pp. -niri-d'.- innervation, n. -id- 
shun, that vital process by which nervous energy is 
given to any part. 

innings, n. in'ningz (from in: AS. inn, within), a 
term used in cricket ; a turn for using the bat ; lands 
recovered from the sea. 

innocent, a. in'-uOsent (L. innocens, harmless, 
blameless: in, not, and noreo, I hurt: F. innocent: It. 
innocente), not producing injury ; harmless in effects; 
free from crime or evil actions; blameless; pure; 
spotless : n. one free from guilt or guile ; a person de- 
ficient in intellect ; an idiot : innocently, ad. -li: in'- 
nocence, n. ->.3/f;>, also in nocency, n. -sen-si, freedom 
from any quality that can injure ; freedom from sin or 
guilt ; purity or simplicity of heart. 

innocuous, a. in-nok'-u-us (L. innocuus, harmless— 
from in, not, and noceo, I hurt : It. innocuo], harmless 
in effects; safe: innocuously, ad. -li: innoc uous- 
ness. n. -Tie's. 

innominate, a. in-nom'-i-ndt (L. in, not, and nomen, 
a name), without a name ; in anat., applied to a bone 
forming the pelvis, composed of three portions, the 
haunch-bone, the hip-bone, and the share-bone; de- 
signating the branch given off to the right by the arch 
of the aorta. 

innovate, v. in'-nO-vdt (L. innovafum, to renew— 
from in, into, and novus, new: It. innovare: F. in- 
nover), to change or alter by introducing something 
new; to bring in changes: innovating, imp.: in 'no- 
vated, pp.: innovator, n. one who: in'nova'tion, 
n. shun, change by the introduction of something 
new ; change in established laws or practices ; in bot., 
" buds in mosses. 

innoxious, n. in-ndk'-s'n-us (L. iunoxius, harmless 
— from in, not, and ?wxius, hurtful), harmless ; free 
from hurtful qualities: innoxiousiy, ad. -Zi.innox'- 
iousness, n. 

innuendo, n. in'-nu-en'-do (L. innuendwm, a nodding 
to — from innuens, giving a nod to: It. innuendo), an 
indirect or oblique hint ; an indirect intimation or 
reference. 

innumerable, a. in-nu'-mer-d-bl (L. innumerabilis, 
countless— from in, not, and numerus, a number: It. 
innumerabile), that cannot be numbered for multi- 
tude : innumerably, ad. -bli : innu'merabil'ity, n. -bil- 
i-ti: innu'merableness, n. -bl-nes. 

innutritious, a. in'-nu-trish'-us (in, not, and nutri- 
tious), not supplying nourishment: innu'tritive, a. 
•tri-tiv, not nourishing: in'nutriti'on, n. -trish'-un, 
want of nutrition. 

inobservant, a. in'-db-zer'-vdnt (in, not, and obser- 
vant), not taking notice : in'obser'vantly, ad. -li : in- 
observance, n. -vans: in'observable, a. -vd-bl, not 



capable of being observed : in'obser'vance, n. -Vitus, 

heedlessness; negligence; disregard. 

inoceramus, n. in'-o-ser'-d-mus (Gr. is, a fibre— gen. 
inos, and keramos, an earthen vessel), in geol., agenus 
of fossil bivalves belonging to the wing-shells orpearl 
oysters— so named from a tire of their 

shells. 

inoculate, v. in-ok'-ii-lat (L. inocidatum, to ingraft 
an eye or bud of one tree into another— from in, into, 
oculus, an eye: F. inoculer, to inoculate), to commu- 
nicate disease by inserting infectious matter into the 
punctured skin or flesh ; to bud ; to propagate by bud- 
ding: inoc'ulating, imp.: inoculated, pp.: inoc'ula- 
tor, n. one who: inoculation, n. -ld'-shu/i, the act or 
practice of communicating disease by inserting con- 
tagious matter into the punctured skin ; the act of in- 
serting the eye of a bud into another stock. 

inodorous, a. in-O'-dir- us (L. i/u » torus, without smell : 
It. inodoro; F. inodore), wanting scent; having no 
smell. 

inoffensive, a. in'of-fen'-siv (in. not. and offensive), 
haiynless; doing no injury or mischief: in'oifen'sive- 
ly, ad. -li: in'oflen'siveness, n. -nes. 

inofficial, a. in'-6/-jis!id! (in. not, and official), not 
proceeding from the proper officer or from proper 
authoritv : ino'ffici'ally, ad. -li. 

inoperative, a. in -dper-a 'tiv(in, not, and operative), 
producing no effect ; not active. 

inopercular, a. in-6-per'ku-ldr (L. in, not, and oper- 
culum, a lid), without an operculum or lid— applied to 
certain univalve shells. 

inopportune, a. in-6p'-por-tun (L. inopportunus, un- 
suitable—from in, not. and vj>j'Oi tunus, suitable), in- 
convenient; unseasonable: inopportunely, ad. -li. 

inoppressive, a. in'-op-pris'-lv (in, not, and oppres- 
sive), not burdensome. 

inordinate, a. in-or'-di-ndt (L. inordinatus, irregular 
—from in, into, and ordino, I put in order), irregular ; 
not limited to rules ; excessive : inor ornately, ad. -II : 
inor'dinateness, n. -7ies, want of regularity ; excess. 

inorganic, a. in'-or-gdn'-ik, also in'organ'ical, a. 
-i-kdl [in, not, and organic), not endowed with the or- 
gans or instruments of life ; not produced by vital 
action; in med., not apparently connected with change 
in structure: in'organ'ically, ad. -ft: inor'ganised, a. 
-izd, not having organic structure, as earths or 
metals. 

inosculate, v. in-os'-ku-ldt (L.in, into, and osculatus, 
kissed— from osculum. a little mouth), to unite as two 
vessels in a living body; to unite by contact: inos'- 
cula'ting, imp.: inosculated, pp.: fnos'cula tion, n. 
•shun, union by mouths or ducts. 

inquest, n. in'-kucst (L. inquisitus, searched or in- 
quired into— from in, into, and quccro, I seek or look 
for: old F. enqueste, an inquiry), a judicial inquiry 
or examination ; a jury empanelled to inquire into a 
sudden death, or concerning a fire. 

inquietude, n. in-kicl'-i-tud (L. inquietudo, restless- 
ness—from in, not, and quietus, quiet, undisturbed : 
F. inquietude), disturbed state; want of rest of mind 
or body. 

inquire, v. in-kiclr' (L. inquirere, to seek after— from 
in, into, and qvcero, I seek: F. enquerir), to seek for 
or after; to seek, as for truth by discussion or investi- 
gation; to ask about : inquiring, imp.: adj. given to 
search or inquiry: inquired', pp. -kwlrd': inquirer, 
n. -rer, one who asks a question ; a searcher after know- 
ledge: inquiringly, ad. -ft: inquiry, n. in-kivi'-rl, a 
question ; search for truth, information, or knowledge ; 
research ; scrutiny. 

inquisition, n. In'-kicl-zlsh'-un (L. inquisitio, a seek- 
ing or searching for— from in, into, and qucesitum, to 
seek for: F. inquisition: Sp. inquisizione), a court or 
tribunal for the examination and punishment of here- 
tics established in some Roman Catholic countries, 
now only at Rome ; judicial inquiry : in'quisiti'onal, 
a. -un-dl, also in'quisiti'onary, a. -er-i, making or 
busy in inquiry: inquisitive, a. in-kiviz'-i-tiv (L. in- 
quisitum, to search for), apt to ask questions ; curi- 
ous; prying; inquiring: inquis'itively, ad. -li: in- 
quii'itiveness, n. curiosity to learn what is not 
known: inquis'itor, n. -rer, a member of the court 
of inquisition in some Rom. Cath. countries : inquis'- 
ito'rial, a. -to'-ri-dl, witl e and sever- 

ity of an inquisitor : inquis'ito'rially, ad. -li. 

inrail, v. in-rdl' (in, into, and rail), to enclose with 
rails. 

inroad, n. in'-rod (in, and road), encroachment; a 
sudden invasion. 



"-', boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



INSA 21 

insalubrious, a. in'-sd-lo'-bri-us (in, not, and salu- 
brious: L. insalubris, unwholesome: It. and F. in- 
salubre), unfavourable to health ; unwholesome : insa- 
lubrity, n. in i healthiness. 

insanitary, n. hi-sdl'-u-tir-i (in, not, and salutary), 
not favourable to health. 

insane, a. in-sdn' (L. insanus, unsound in mind — 
from in, not, and sanus, sound : It. insano), deranged 
in mind ; mad ; crazy ; wild or rashly conceived : in- 
sanely, ad. -li: insanity, n. in-san'-i-ti, also insane- 
ness, n. -n&s, unsoundness in mind; any degree of 
mental derangement. 

insatiable, a. in-sd'-shi-d-bl (L. insatiabilis, not to 
be satisfied— from in, not, and satio, I satisfy or 
glut: F. insatiable), incapable of being satisfied or 
appeased; very greedy: insatiably, ad. -bli: insa'- 
tiabil'ity, n. -bil'-i-ti, also insa'tiableness, n. -bl-nes. a 
greediness that cannot be satisfied : insa'tiate, a. -shi- 
at, not to be satisfied : insa'tiately, ad. -li : in'sati'ety, 
n. -sd-ti'-l-tl, state of being unsatiated. 

inscribe, v. in-skrlb' (L. inscribere, to write upon— 
from in, on, and scribo, I write), to write or engrave 
on anything ; to assign or address to ; to dedicate to ; 
to draw one figure within another: inscribing, imp.: 
inscribed', pp. -skribd': inscri'ber, n. one who : m- 
scri'bable, a. -bd-bl, that may be inscribed. 

inscription, n. in-skryp'shun (L. in, on, and, scrip- 
tus, written), words written or sculptured on a mon- 
ument, tomb, or building ; something written or 
printed on a book, as a mark of respect, or as an in- 
formal dedication ; words placed in the centre of a 
coin or medal on one face,— those placed in the circle 
near the rim being called the legend: inscrip'tive, a. 
-tiv, bearing an inscription. 

inscrutable, a. in-skro'-td-bl (F. inscrutable; It. in- 
scrutabile, inscrutable — from L. in, not, and scrutor, I 
search), that cannot be searched into and understood 
by man: inscru'tably, ad. -bli: inscru'tableness, n. 
-bl-nSs, also inscru'tabil'ity, n. -bil'-i-ti, quality of 
being inscrutable. 

inseam, v. in-sem' (in, into, and seam), to impress 
or mark with a seam or cicatrix. 

insect, n. in'-seki (L insertion, to cut into ; insecta, 
things cut into— from in, into, and seco, I cut : F. in- 
secte : Sp. insecto), a small creeping or flying ani- 
mal, such as the fly, bee, &c, whose body appears cut 
or almost divided into parts: insected, a. in-sik- 
tSd, divided into sections, like an insect: insectile, a. 
in-s&k'-til, having the nature of insects : insec'tion, n. 
-shun, a cutting into : insectivora, n. plu. in'-sek-tiv- 
6-rd (L. insecta, insects, and voro, I devour), a family 
of animals, such as the hedgehog and the mole, that 
lives principally on insects : in'sectiv'orous, a. -rus, 
feeding on insects. 

insecure, a. in'-s/i-kur (in, not, and secure), not safe ; 
apprehensive of danger or loss : in'secure'ly, ad. -li : 
in'secu'rity, n. -ku'-ri-ti, the condition of being in- 
secure ; want of confidence in safety ; danger ; hazard. 

insensate, a. in-sen'-sdt (Sp. and It. insensato, stupid : 
F. insense, senseless— from L. in, not, and sensus, sense, 
reason), stupid ; destitute of sense or mental percep- 
tion ; wanting sensibility : insen'sately, ad. -li : in- 
sen'sible, a. -si- bl, that cannot be felt or perceived; 
incapable of feeling in mind or body ; very slow or 
imperceptible ; very gradual ; not emotional ; dull ; 
stupid: insen'sibly, ad. -bli: insen'sibleness, n. -bl-nSs, 
also insen'sibil'ity, n. -bil'i-ti, loss of the power of feel- 
ing or perceiving ; want of power to be readily or 
easily moved or affected ; dulness ; stupidity. 

insentient, a. in-s&n'-shi-ent (in, not, and sentient), 
not having perception. 

inseparable, a. in-sSp'd rd-bl (in not, and separable), 
that cannot be disjoined or parted: inseparably, ad. 
-bli : insep'arablenesss, n. -bl-nes, also insep'arabil'- 
ity, n. -bil'i-ti, incapability of being separated or dis- 
joined. 

insert, v. in-s&rt' (L. insertum, to put or introduce 
into— from in, into, and serere, to interweave, to con- 
nect: Sp. insertar, to insert), to set or place in or 
among; to thrust in: insert'ing, imp.: insert'ed, pp.: 
insertion, n. in-ser'-shun, the act of placing or setting 
into another thing, or among other things ; the thing 
inserted. 

insessores, n. plu. in'-ses-sO-rez (L. insessus, to he 
seated or perched upon— from in, on, and sedeo, I sit), 
an order of birds that live habitually among trees; 
the perchers : in'sesso'rial, a. -so'-ri-dl, pert. to. 

inset, v. in-set' (in, into, and set), to set in ; to im- 
plant. 



INSO 

inshaded, a. in-shd'-dSd (in, into, and shaded), 
marked with shades, or with different shades. 

insheathe, v. in-sheth' (in, into, and sheathe), to 
hide or cover, as in a sheath. 

inshore, a. and ad. in-shor' (in, into, and shore), near 
the shore. 

inshrine, v.— see enshrine. 

inside, n. in'-sid (in, into, and side), the inner part ; 
the part within; the interior: adj. being within ; in- 
cluded or enclosed in anything ; interior ; internal : 
ad. in the interior; within: m'sides, n. plu. -sldz, 
passengers in the interior of a vehicle ; the internal 
parts. 

insidious, a. in-sid'-i-us (L. insidiosus, cunning, art- 
ful—from in, on, and sedeo, I sit : It. insidioso : F. in- 
sidieux), deceitful ; sly ; treacherous ; intended to en- 
snare or entrap: insidiously, ad. -li: insid'iousness, 
n. -nSs, craftiness ; deceit ; treachery. 

insight, n. in'-slt (in, into, and sight), thorough 
' hoy ledge or skill; deep inspection or view. 

insignia, n. plu. in-sig'-ni-d (L. insignia, plu., in- 
signe, sing., a badge— from in, on, and signum, a 
mark), badges or distinguishing marks of office, hon- 
our, «&c; signs or visible impressions by which a thing 
is known. 

insignificant, a. in'-sig-nif'-i-kdnt (in, not, and sig- 
nificant : It. insignificante : F. insignifiant), without 
weight or effect; unimportant; contemptible ; trivial : 
in'signiflcantly, ad. -li : in'signif'icance, n. -kdns, 
also insignificancy, n. -kdn-si, unimportance ; want 
of meaning ; triviality : in'signif'icative, a. -kd-tiv, 
not expressing by external signs. 

insincere, a. in'-sin-sef (in, not, and sincere: L. 
insincerus, not genuine, unfair), false; deceitful; 
hypocritical: in'sincere'ly, ad. -li: insincerity, n. 
-sir'-i-ti, deceitfulness ; want of truth or fidelity. 

insinuate, v. in-sin'-u-dt (L. insinuatum, to put or 
thrust into the bosom— from in, into, and sinus, the 
bosom, an inlet : F. insinuer : It. insinuare), to push 
or work one's self into favour by gentle means ; to 
wind in ; to ingratiate, as into the affections or one's 
confidence ; to hint, generally in a bad sense ; to 

nee ; 
: in- 

sin'ua'tor, n. one who : insin'ua'tion, n. -u-d'-shun, the 
art or power of jiii to a ining on the affections; 
a hint or distant allusion: insin'ua'tingly, ad. -li : 
insin'ua'tive, a. -tiv, stealing on the affections. 

insipid , a. i n-sip'-ii | L tipidus, unsavoury— from 
in, not, and sapio, I taste : It. insipido : F. insipide), 
without taste ; unable to gratify desire or satisfy the 
mind; dull; lifeless; flat: insipidly, ad. -li: insip'- 
idness, n., also in'sipidlty, n. -pid'-i-ti, want of taste; 
want of life or spirit. 

insist, v. insist' (L. insisto, I stand upon— from in, 
on, and sisto, I stand : It. insistere : F. insister), to 
dwell on and press, as a point or argument ; to press 
or urge with earnestness, or by way of a command : 
insisting, imp.: insisted, pp. 

in situ, in si'-tii (L. in, in, and situs, situation), in 
its natural position or place— said of a rock or fossil 
when it is found in the situation or place in which it 
was originally formed or deposited. 

insnare, v. in-sndr' (in, into, and snare), to entrap ; 
to allure ; to take by guile ; to entangle : insna'ring, 
imp. : insnared', pp. -sndrd': insna'rer, n. -er, one 
who. 

insobriety, n. in'-so-bri'-Ui (in, not, and sobriety), 
want of sobriety ; drunkenness. 

insociable, a. in-so'-shi-d-bl (in, not, and sociable -. L. 
insociabilis, that cannot be joined together), unsoci- 
able ; taciturn ; incapable of connection. 

insolate, v. < // fli n It I'm, to place in the sun— 
from in, into, and sol, the sun), to dry in or expose to the 
rays of the sun : in'sola ting, imp. : in'sola ted, pp. : 
in'sola'tion, n. -ICi'-shun, exposure to the sun's rays 
for drying or maturing, as fruits, drugs, &c. ; a stroke 
of the sun. 

insolent, a. in-so-lent (L. insolens, unaccustomed, 
insolent— from in, not, and soleo, I am accustomed), 
haughty and contemptuous either in language or be- 
haviour ; insulting ; overbearing ; very rude : in- 
solently, ad. -li: in'solence, n. -Uns, impudence; 
proud or overbearing treatment of others. 

insoluble, a. in-sol'-u-bl (L. insolubilis, that cannot 
be loosed — from in, not, and solvo, I 
and soluble), that cannot be dissolved, as by a 
insol'ubillty, n. -bil'i-ti, quality of not beinj 



mate, mdt,.far, law; mete, mSt, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, move; 



%& 



IXSO 2: 

insol vable, a. -vd-bl, that cannot be solved or ex- 
plained. 

insolvent, a. in-sol'vSnt (L. in, not, and solvens, 
loosening or setting at liberty, paying: Sp. insolvente, 
insolvent), unable to pay debts; in pecuniary diffi- 
culties : n. a debtor unable to pay his debts : insol- 
vency, n. -vensi, inability to pay one's debts. 

insomuch, eonj. iti-sO-much (m. so. and im«c/0, so 
that : to such a degree that,— followed by that or so. 

inspan, v. in-span' (Dut. intpannen, to put to, as 
horses to a carriage I, to voice draught-oxen ; to yoke 
liorses to a vehicle : inspan'ning, imp. : n. the act of 
yoking horses or draught - oxen : inspanned', pp. 
-spdnd'. 

inspect, v. in-*pekt' (L. inspect urn, to look into— 
from in, into, and specio, I look or view : F. inspecter, 
to examine), to view or oversee for the purpose of 
examination or correction of errors ; to look into and 
examine; to superintend: inspecting, imp.: inspect- 
ed, pp.: inspector, n. -ter. one who looks into or over- 
sees; a superintendent: inspection, n. inspCk-sht'tn, 
careful examination: an official survey : inspective, 
a. -tiv, tending to inspect ; inspecting: inspec torship, 
n. the office of an inspector. 

inspeximus.n. in-speks'i-mus(L. we have inspected), 
the first word of auc. charters c onfirmin g a former 
royal grant or charter. 

inspire, v. in-spir' (L inspiro, I blow or breathe 
into— from in, into, and spiro, I breathe: It. inspir- 
ure: F. inspinr), to breathe into; to draw into the 
lungs; to draw in breath— the opposite of expire; to 
communicate or instruct by divine influence; to in- 
fuse ideas: inspiring, imp.: adj. animating; infusing 
spirit into : inspired', pp. -spird': adj. influenced or 
directed, as by the Holy Spirit; inhaled: inspi'rable, 
a. -rdbl, that maybe drawn into the lungs, as air: in- 
spiration, n. in'spi-rd'-shun, the act of drawing air 
into the lungs ; the infusion of ideas or knowledge into 
the mind by the supernatural influence of the Holy 
Spirit ; the secret influence and direction of interested 
persons, as in the composition of a political article: 
inspiratory, a. -spi'-rd-tir-i, pert, to inspiration or 
inhalation: inspi'rer, n. -spl'-rtr, one who: inspirit, 
x. in-spir' it, to animate; to infuse new life or spirit 
into ; to encourage ; to cheer : inspir iting, imp. : in- 
spirited, pp.: plenary inspiration, that inspiration 
under which the inspired p.-ismi is rendered incapable 
of error in delivering the inspired message: verbal 
inspiration, that in which the very words and forms 
of expression of the message are communicated. 

inspissate, v. in-spis'-sdt [L. in. into, and spissatam, 
to make thick), to thicken, as a fluid by evaporation : 
inspis sating, imp. : inspis sated, pp. : adj. thick- 
ened : in'spissa tion, n. -sd'shun, the act of making a 
liquid thick. 

inst., a contraction for instant— see under curt. 

instable, a. in-std'-bl, for unstable (in, not, and 
stable: L. instnbiiis. that does not stand firm), incon- 
stant; prone to change : insta'bleness, n. -bl-nls, also 
in'stabil'ity, n. -stu-bil'i-tl, changeableness ; fiekle- 

install, v. In-stcfibl' (in, into, and stall: It. instal- 
lare: F. installer, to install), to set or place in a stall 
or official seat, as the outward sign of possession ; to 
invest with, as an office or dignity: installing, imp.: 
installed', pp. -staTelcl' : installation, n. -Id'shiin, 
the act of giving possession of an office, rank, or order 
with the accustomed ceremonies: instalment, n. 
-ment, the act of giving possession to an office with the 
usual ceremonies; part payment, as of a sum of money. 

instance, n. in'stdns (L. instantia, existence in pre- 
sent time— from in, in or on, and stans, standing: F. 
instance), example; a case occurring; order of oc- 
currence, as, in the first instance; solicitation; im- 
portunity: v. to mention or give as an example: 
ln'stancing, imp.: in'stanced, pp. -stdnst: in'stant, 
a, -stdnt (L. instans, present), immediate; present; 
•without delay: urgent; current: n. a point in dura- 
tion; a moment: instantly, ad. -U, immediately; 
without delay: in'stanta'neous, a, -td'nS-ils (It. in- 
stantaneo; F. instantane— from L. instans), done in 
an instant; occurring or acting at once: in'stanta'- 
neously, ad. -II: in'stanta'neousness, n. : instanter, 
ad. in-stdn'ter (L.) without delay; immediately. 

instate, v. in-stdf (in, into, and state), to set or 
place, as in a rank or condition: instating, imp.: in- 
stated, pt>. 

instead, ad. in-sted' (in, into, and stead), in the place 
or room of : instead of, a prepositional phrase. 



9 INSU 

instep, n. in'stSp (in, into, and step), the upper part 
of the human foot near its junction with the leg; the 
part of the hind leg of a horse reaching from the ham 
to the pastern-joint. 

instigate, v. in'sti-gdt (L. instigation, to incite, to 
stimulate: It. instigan : F. instigiii>-),Unirge or incite 
to wrong or crime ; to set on or encourage : instiga- 
ting, imp. : instigated, pp. : in'stigator, n. -ter, an 
inciter to ill: in'stiga tion, n. -gd'shun, incitement to 
evil or wickedness ; impulse to commit a crime or evil 

instil, v. instil' (L. instillo, I pour in by drops— from 
in, into, and stillo, I drop: F. instiller), to infuse 
slowly or by small quantities, as into the mind; to 
infuse by drops : instil ling, imp.: instilled , pp. -stild 
instiller, n. one who : in stilla tion, n. -Id'shiin, the 
act of infusing by drops or small quantities, as of 
principles into the mind : instil ment, n. anything in- 
stilled ; that which is instilled. 

instinct, n. in'stingkt (L. instinctus, suggestion, 
impulse: F. instinct), the natural impulse or disposi- 
tion by which animals ate guided in performing those 
actions which are necessary for their wellbeing and 
species: adj. moved; ani- 
. acting without the 
deliberation; spontaneous: 
instinc tively, ad. -ft. 

institute, v. in'sn-titt (L. institvtum, to place, to 
set up — from in, in, and statuo, I cause to stand, I 
put! F. instituer, to establish), to commence or set in 
operation ; to found or originate ; to establish ; to 
invest with the spiritual part of a benefice : n. (F. in- 
stitut), established law ; settled order ; a literary or 
philosophical society : plu. a book of elements or prin- 
ciples ; a commentary : instituting, imp. : in'stitu'- 
ted, pp. : in'stitu'tor, n. -ter, one who founds or in- 
stitutes ; one who educates: in'stitu'tion, n. -tiishiin, 
that which is prescribed or founded by authority ; an 
establishment, public or social ; a system or society 
established for promoting a particular object; the 
ceremony of investing a clergyman with the spiritual 
part of a benefice: institutional, a. -shiin-dl, insti- 
tuted by authority ; elementary ; also in'stitu'tionary, 
a. -i-r-i: in'stitu tist, n. one who writes elementary 
rules or instruction : in'stitu tive, a. -tiv, having the 
power to establish. 

instruct, v. in-strukt' (L. instruction, to build one 
thing into another, to instruct— from in, in, and 
struere, to pile up: It. and F. inst rtt ire), to impart 
knowledge to ; to teach ; to give directions to ; to 
advise or give notice to : instructing, imp. : in- 
struct ed, pp. : instructor, also instruc'ter, n. -ter, 
one who imparts knowledge to : instruc tress, n. fern. 
■tres, a woman who imparts knowledge : instruc'tible, 
a. -ti-bl, capable of being instructed: instruction, 
ii. -shun, the act of teaching or informing the under- 
standing; information; counsel; authoritative direc- 
tion; order: instructive, a. -tiv, conveying know- 
ledge ; serving to inform : instructively, ad. -Ii : in- 
struc'tiveness, n. -nes. 

instrument, n. in'strob-mSnt (L. in strum entum, a 
tool— from instruo, I prepare, I set in order : It. in- 
strument!): F. instrument), a tool ; a machine ; a ma- 
chine for the production of musical sounds ; that by 
which something is prepared, produced, or done ; a 
writing containing the terms of a contract ; an agent, 
often in an ill sense : in'strumen'tal, a. -tdl, pert, to 
an instrument ; serving to promote or effect some ob- 
ject ; not vocal, as instrumental music : in'strumen'- 
talist. n. -ist, one who plays on a musical instrument : 
in'stramen'tally, ad. -Ii: in'strumentallty, n. -tdl'i-ti, 
agency of anything, as means to an end. 

insubjection, n. in'siib-jik'shun (in, not, and sub- 
jeetion), want of subjection. 

insubordinate, a. in'-sub-or'di-nut (in, not, and sub- 
ordinate), not submitting to authority: in'subor'di- 
na'tion, n. -no-' shim, disobedience to lawful authority ; 
state of disorder. 

insufferable, a. insuf'fer-d-bl (in, not, and suffer- 
able), that cannot be borne or endured ; intolerable : 
insufferably, ad. -Mi, to a degree beyond endur- 
ance. 

insufficient, a. in'suf-fish'Snt (in, not, and suffici- 
ent), not sufficient ; inadequate to any need, use, or 
purpose ; incapable : in suffici'ently, ad. -Ii : in'suffici- 
ence, n. -ens, also in'suffici'ency, n. -ensi, inade- 
quacy of power or ability ; incapacity ; incompetency ; 
deficiency. 

insular, a, in'sii-lir (L. insula, an island), of or 



cote, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, slum, thing, there, zeal. 



INSU 



290 



INTE 



pert, to an island ; surrounded by water : in'sularly, 
ad. -It: in'sular'ity, n. -ldr'-i-tl, state of being insular : 
insulate, v. -Idt, to place or set alone or apart ; to 
place in a detached situation ; to separate by a non- 
conductor: in'sulating, imp. : in'sulated, pp. : adj. 
standing by itself ; not connected : in'sulator, n. -ter, 
one who insulates ; a non-conductor of electricity : in'- 
sula'tion, n. -shun, the state of being detached from 
other objects. 

insult, n. in' . U i insultum, to leap out or against 
—from in, in, and salio, I leap : It. insulto ; F. insulte, 

in infill'.), ;mv alincc oncred in a.noi.her in r.'nnl,; nr a.c- 

tions; an indignity: v. Insult', to treat with indignity 
or insolence either by words or actions : insulting, 
imp.: adj. conveying an insult: insult'ed, pp.: in- 
sult'er, n. -er, one who: insultingly, ad. -II. 

insuperable, a. tn-su'-p> i " bl (L insupemhiii:., i-.ha.i, 
cannot be passed over— from in, not, and super, above 
or over : It. insuperabile : Sp. insuperable), that can- 
not be overcome ; insurmountable : insu'perably, ad. 
-bli: insu'perableness, n. -H-nSs, also insuperability, 
n. -bll'-i-ti, the quality of being insuperable. 

insupportable, a. In'sup-p6rt'<l-il (in, not, and 
supportable: F. insupportabt ). that cannot be borne 
or endured; insufferable: in'support'ably, ad. -bli: 
in'support'ableness, n. -binds. 

insuppressible, a. in'-sup-pres'-si-bl (in, not, and 
suppressible), not to be suppressed or concealed: in'- 
suppres'sive, a. -siv, not to be kept under; same as 

lsu] pressible. 

insure, v. In-sh6r' (in, intensive, and sure: L. se- 
curus, secure, safe), to engage to make good to another 
the loss, as by fire or at sea, of any specified property, 
at a certain rate per cent ; ensure is the spelling when 
the sense is "to make sure or certain" ; to engage to 
pay a certain sum on the arrival of some event, as on 
the death of a person or the loss of property by fire ; 
the terms assure and assurance are now usually re- 
stricted to life : insu'ring, imp. : insured', pp. -shord", 
secured against loss : insu'rance, n. -rdns, a contract 
entered into to secure against loss arising from fire, 
&c, in consideration of a certain annual payment ; 
the premium or money paid for insuring : insu'rable, 
a. -rd-bl, that may be insured against loss or damage : 
insu'rer, n. -rer, the person who insures ; one who en- 

fages to make good the losses of another : insurance 
roker, an inti rmediate ag art who acts between the 
insurance offices and those wishing to insure, as upon 
ships, the cargo, passengers' effects, &c. : insurance 
company, a joint-stock association which engages to 
secure against loss by fire, by shipwreck, &c. : insur- 
ance policy, the document or contract given by an 
insurance company to a person who has paid the 
premium, as a guarantee that it undertakes the risk. 

insurgent, a. ir-ser'-jSnt (L. insurgens, rising up, or 
raising one's self up— from in, in, and surgo, I rise : Sp. 
insurgente, an insurgent: F. insurgens, insurgents), 
rising in opposition to lawful authority: n. one who 
rises against lawful authority : insurgency, n. -j&n-sl, 
the act of rising against lawful authority. 

insurmountable, a. in'-ser-mdtont'-d-bl (in, not, and 
surmountable), that cannot be surmounted or over- 
come : in'surmount'ably, ad. -bli. 

insurrection, n. in'-ser-rSk'-shun (L. insurrectum, to 
rise up— from in, against, and surgo, I rise : F. insur- 
rection), the active and open hostility against any 
constituted government or authority by a consider- 
able number of persons ; a revolt : in'surrec'tionist, 
n. one who favours an insurrection : in'surrec'tion- 
ary, a. -er-l, also in'surrec'tional, a. -ell, pert, or tend- 
ing to insurrection. 

insusceptible, a. in'-sus-sep'-ti-bl (in, not, and sus- 
ceptible), not capable of being moved or affected ; not 
capable of admitting : in'suscep'tibillty, n. -bll'-l-tl, 
want of capacity to feel or perceive. 

intact, a. in-tdkf (L inti mtouched— from in, 

not, and tactus, touched : F. intact, whole), untouched ; 
uninjured. 

intagliated, a. in-tdl'-yd-ted (It. intagliare, to carve 
in relief), engraved or stamped on: intaglio, n. in- 
tdl'-yo, a stone or gem in which the design is cut or 
hollowed out— not raised, as in a cameo : intaglio re- 
lievato, -rdl'-i-vd'-to (It. rilevato, relief, swell), a pe- 
culiar kind of intaglio practised by the anc. Egyptians, 
in which the highest parts of the figure were on a level 
with the original surface of the stone. 

intangible, a. in-tdn'-jl-bl (in, not, and tangible), that 
cannot or may not be touched ; not perceptible to the 



hSs, also intan'gibillty, n. -bil'l-ti, quality of being 
intangible. 

integer, n. In'-tS-jer (L. integer, untouched, whole : 
It. integro; F. integre, whole, incorruptible), a whole 
number, in contradistinction to a fraction ; the whole 
of anything : in'tegral, a. -grdl, whole ; entire : n. a 
whole; an entire thing: in'tegrally, ad. -II: in- 
tegrant, a. -grdnt (L. integrans, making anew), mak- 
ing part of a whole ; necessary to form a whole : inte- 
gral calculus, n. -kdl'-kfi-lus (L. calculus, a pebble), a 
branch of the higher mathematics : integrate, v. in- 
U-grdt (L. integratum, to make anew or afresh), to re- 
new; to make up, as a whole ; to make a thing entire : 

ir»'tp.<rra.'t:iTiiT ium • in't.nirra.'t.nrt r>n • {n't.am-a'Mnn 



uprightness ; honesty. 

integument, n. in-Ug'-u-ment (L. integumentum, a 
covering— from in, in, and lego, I cover: It. integu- 
m^iii'.' '•' mi : ,,,') i ii:i . ; 1 1 . ■ 1 1 i.; i M,a]]y covers or 
invests another thing, as the skin covers the body: 
integ'umen'tary, a. -tcr-i, pert, to or composed of in- 
teguments. 

intellect, n. In'-tel-Ukt (L. intellectus, discernment 
by the senses ; intcllectum, to understand— from inter, 
between, and In/m-, io gather, to collect: F. intellect), 
the understand) n- ; i i i < ■ t hi n J:i ng principle ; the faculty 
of the mind win, fi emnprehends the ideas 

communicated to it: in'tellec'tion, n. -I6k'-shun, the 
act of the understanding: intellective, a. -tiv, able to 
understand; perceived only by the understanding: 
in'tellec'tual, a. -tu-dl, pert, to the intellect or mind ; 
mental ; having the power of understanding : in'tel- 
lec'tually, ad. -II : in'tellec'tualist, n. one who over- 
rates the understanding : in'tellec'tualism, n. -Izm, 
the mere culture of the understanding; system of 
doctrines connected with the intellect. 

intelligence, n. In-ttl'li-jSm (L intelligem, perceiv- 
ing, comprehending— from inter, between, and legere, 
to gather, to collect : F. intelligence, intelligence), in- 
tellectual capacity; understanding; news; informa- 
tion ; a spiritual being: intel'ligencer, n. -jin-ser, one 
who sends or conveys news : intelligent, a. -jent (F. 
intelligent), well informed; skilful; intellectual: in- 
telligently, ad. -II. 

intelligible, a lr\ 'Mgibilis, percep- 

tible: F. intelliinhl, ) < i, ■,-.. , > i . m ,■ , ■;:.;,,,, ;„ ■ nv. ><•<■■ 
stood: intelligibly, " 
nls, also intel'ligibi 
intelligible. 

intemperance, n. in-tem'-per-dns (L. intemperans, 
intemperate— from in, not, and temperare, to observe 
proper measure: F. intempi wii > it of proper re- 

straint ; excess in action or indulgence ; habitual over- 
indulgence in the use of intoxicating liquors : intem'- 
perate, a. -at (L. intemperatus, immoderate), not 
moderate or restrained within due limits ; addicted 
to excess in the use of intoxicants ; violent: intem'- 
perately, ad. -II: intern 'perateness, n. want of mode- 
ration ; excess in indulgence. 

intend, v. in-tSnd' (L intendere, to stretch out, to 
exert— from in. into, and tendo, I stretch or strain : It. 
intendere, to comprehend with the mind, to intend), 
to mean ; to design ; to purpose : intending, imp. : 
intend'ed, pp.: adj. designed; purposed: intend'ant, 
n. one who has charge, superintendence, or manage- 
ment: intend'ancy, n. -dn-si, the office or employ- 
ment of an intendant, or his district : intend'edly, ad. 
-li : intend'ment, n. intention ; design. 

intense, a. in- tens' (h. intcntum and internum, to 
stretch out, to extend— from in, on or in, and tendo, I 
stretch or strain: It. intenso; F. intense, intense), 
raised to a high degree ; increased to excess ; strained ; 
very close, as intense application ; violent ; extreme : 
intensely, ad. -li : intense'ness, n. -n6s, also intensity, 
n. in-Un-si-ti, the state of being raised to a high de- 
gree ; extreme violence or degree : intension, n. in- 
ten-shun, the act of forcing or straining ; the increase 
of the energy of a quality— opposed to remission : in- 
ten'sify, v. -si-fi (L. facio, I make), to render more 
intense: intensifying, imp.: intensified, pp. -fid: 
inten'sive, a. -siv, stretched; assiduous; serving to 
give force or emphasis : intensively, ad. -li : inten'- 
siveness, n. -nis. 

intent, a. in-tenf (L. intentum, to stretch out, to 
extend : It. intento, intent or bent on a thing — see 
intense), having the mind strained or closely fixed on 
a subject; anxiously diligent : n. the thing aimed at 



touch : intan'gibly, ad. -bli : intan'gibleness, n. 

mdte, mat, far, law; mete, met, Mr; pine, pin; note, n6t, mive, 



INTE 



291 



or intended; a design or purpose; drift: intently, 
ad. -li, earnestly : intent ness, n. close application of 
the mind : to all intents and purpose, or to all in- 
tents, in all applications or senses, whatever may be 
meant or designed; intention, n. in-Un'-shun, aim or 
determination; design; purpose; earnestness: inten'- 
tional, a. -shun-al, done with design or purpose: in- 
tentionally, ad. -li: inten'tioned, a. -shund, in pur- 
pose or design — only used when preceded by well, ill, 
&c: well-intentioned, a. having good intentions : ill- 
intentioned, having bad intentions : to heal by the 
first intention, in surg., to heal, as a wound, without 
suppuration. 

inter, in'ter, Latin prefix signifying "between," 
" among," as in intermarry— the French form is entre, 
as in entertain. 

inter, v. In-ter' (It. interrare, to bury— from in, into, 
and terra, the earth: F. enter rcr, to inter), to deposit 
in and cover with earth; to bury: interring, imp.: 
interred, pp. in-terd": interment, n. -m&nt, the act of 
depositing a dead body in the earth ; burial. 

interact, n. in'-ter-dkt' (L. inter, between, and actus, 
done), a short piece between others, as in a play. 

interambulacra, n. in'-ttr-dm'bu-ld'krd (L. inter, 
between, and ambulacrum, that which serves for walk- 
ing), in zool., the unperforate places which lie between 
the perforate places, or ambulacra, in the shells en- 
crusts of the sea-urchin ami eidaris: in'teram'bula'- 
cral, a. -krdl, of or pert. to. 

intercalar, a. inter'kd-ler, also inter'calary, a. 
-ler-i (L. intercalarius, put in between ; intercala- 
tion, to proclaim that something has been inserted 
among— from inter, between, and calo, I call), inserted 
in the midst of others— applied to the day added to 
February in leap-year: intercalate, v. ln-ter'-kd-ldt, to 
insert a day or other portion of time ; to place be- 
tween: inter'cala'ting, imp.: inter'cala'ted, pp. inter- 
posed; placed between: intercalation, n. -Id'shun, 
the insertion of any portion of time in the calendar out 
of the usual course ; the act of placing between ; in 
geol,, something placed between, as subordinate beds 
of a different nature occurring between the main beds 
of a series. 

intercede, v. in'ter-scd' (L. intercede-, I go or come 
between— from inter, between, and redo, I go : It. inter- 
cedere : F. intercMer), to interpose ; to act as a friend 
between parties at variance ; to plead in favour of one : 
in'terce'ding, imp. : interceded, pp. : in'terce'der, n. 
one who. 

intercellular, a. in'ter-sel'ii-ler (L. inter, between, 
and cellula, a little storehouse), in bot., lying between 
the cells or the cellular tissue. 

intercept, v. in'-tcr-sept' (I., hit, rcjitum, to take or 
catch between two points— from inter, between, and 
capio, I take: F. intercepter, to intercept), to take or 
seize on by the way ; to obstruct ; to interrupt com- 
munication with; to cut off: in'tercep'ting, imp.: 
in'tercep'ted, pp.: adj. seized on the way; stopped; 
included or comprehended between : in'tercep'tion, n. 
-sip'shun, the act of seizing or stopping on the way ; 
obstruction of a course : in tercep'tive, a. -tiv, serving 
to intercept or obstruct. 

intercession, n. in'ter-sesh'un (L. intercessio, an 
intervention— from inter, between, and cedo, I go: It. 
intercessione : F. intercession), the act of interceding; 
entreaty in favour of another ; mediation ; interpo- 
sition with the view of reconciling differences : in'ter- 
cessi'onal, a. -iin-dl, containing intercession : in'ter- 
ces'sor, n. -ses'ser, a mediator ; one who comes between 
parties with the view of reconciling them; one who 
undertakes to plead in behalf of another : in'terces- 
so'rial, a. -sd'ri-dl, pert, to an intercessor : in'terces'- 
sory, a. -ser-i, containing intercession ; interceding. 

interchain, v. In'ter-chdn' (inter, and chain), to link 
together; to unite closely or firmly. 

interchange, v. in'ter-chdnf {inter, between, and 
change), to exchange ; to put each in the place of the 
other; to give and take mutually: n. in'ter-chdnj, 
mutual change, each giving and receiving ; alternate 
>ik;cession; commerce; barter: interchanging, imp.: 
adj. giving and receiving in alternate succession : in- 
terchanged', pp. -chdnjd': in'terchange'able, a. -d-bl, 
that may be given and taken alternately: in'ter- 
change'ableness, n. -bl-nes, also in'terchange'abil'ity, 
n. -bll'-l-H, state of being interchangeable : in'ter- 
change'ably, ad. -bit. 

interclude, v. in'ter-kl6d' (L. intercludere, to close 
or block up— from inter, between, and claudo, I shut 
or close: It. intercludere), to shut from among; to 



eluded, pp.: in'terclu'sion, n. -klo'-zhun (L. interclu- 
sum, to close or block u] i interception, 

intercolline, a. in'tir-kol'lin (L. inter, between, and 



collis, a hill), a term applied to designate those valley- 
like spaces or hollows which occur in volcanic regions 
between the cols or crateriform hillocks of accumula- 
tion. 

intercolonial, a. in'ter-kd-lo'ni-dl (inter, between, 
and colonial), relating to the intercourse between dif- 
ferent colonies. 

intercolumniation, n. in'-ter-ko-liim'-nl-d'shun (L. 
inter, between, and columna, pillar or post), distance 
between two pillars. 

intercommunicable, a. in'ter-kom-mu'nlkdbl (inter, 
between, and communicable), that may be mutually 
communicated : in'tercommu'nicate, v. -nl-kdt, to hold 
mutual communication : in'tercommu'nicating, imp. : 
intercommunicated, pp.: intercommunication, n. 
-kd'shuu, reciprocal communication or intercourse. 

intercommunion, n. in'ter •kom-miin'-yun (inter, be- 
tween, and communion), mutual communion: in'ter- 
commu'nity, n.-nl-ti, mutual communication ; mutual 
freedom or exercise, as of religion. 

intercostal, a. in'-ter-kos'tdl (L. inter, between, and 
casta, a rib), lying between the ribs. 

intercourse, n. in'ter-kors (inter, between, and 
course: L. intercursus, a running between — from 
inter, between, and cursus, a running), connection by 
friendly dealings between persons or nations ; famil- 
iarity; fellowship; trade. 

intercurrent, a. in'-ter-kur'rSnt (inter, between, and 
current), running between or among; intervening; 
in med., applied to diseases which occur in a scattered 
manner during the prevalence of epidemic disorders : 
in'tercur'rence, n. -rens, intervention ; occurrence. 

intercutaneous, a. in'ter-ku-td'ne-us (L. inter, be- 
tween, and cutis, the skin), being within or under the 
skin. ^ 

interdependency, n. in'ter-de-pSn'den-si (inter, be- 
tween, and dependency), mutual dependence. 

interdict, n. In'ter-dlkt (L. interdictum, to make a 
prohibitory order— from inter, between, and dictum, 
to say or tell), a prohibiting order or decree ; a prohi- 
bition issued by the Pope restraining the clergy from 
performing any spiritual services: v. In'-ter-dikt', to 
forbid; to prohibit; to cut off from the spiritual Ber- 



prohibitive decree : in'terdic'tive, a. -tiv, serving to 
prohibit : in'terdic'tory, a -ter-i. 

interdigital, a. in'-ter-dij'i-tdl (inter, between, and 
digital), inanat., situated between the fingers; pert, 
to the spaces between the fingers. 

interest, n. in'tcr-dst (L. interest, it is of advantage 
—from inter, between, and esse, to be : F. interit ; old 
F. interest, interest), influence over others ; benefit ; 
good ; regard to private profit or advantage ; concern ; 
share ; price paid for the use or loan of money— the 
sum lent being called ihe principal, the interest for a 
year on £100 the rate, and the principal and interest 
the amount: v. to concern; to affect; to engage, as 
the attention or affections; to give or have a share 
in: in'teresting, imp.: adj. exciting the attention or 
curiosity : in'terested, pp.: adj. having regard to pri- 
vate advantage; concerned in any cause, event, or 
undertaking: in'terestedness, n. : interestingly, ad. 
-II: in'terestingness, n. the condition or quality of 
being interesting : simple interest, the interest reck- 
oned and allowed upon the principal or money lent, 
paid year by year while the loan exists : compound 
interest, the interest both of the sum lent and of the 
interest accumulating upon it year by year— thus, the 
amount for any one year becomes the principal for the 
next. 

interfacial, a. in'ter-fd'shi-dl (L. inter, between, and 
fades, the face), included between two faces or planes. 

interfere, v. in'ter-fer' (L. inter, between, and/erre, 
to bear or carry, or/erire, to strike), to interpose; to 
intermeddle ; to take part in the business or concerns 
of others: in'terfe'ring, imp. meddling; clashing: 
in'terfered', pp. -ferd': in'terfe'rence, n. -fe'rens, the 
intermeddling in the affairs of others ; interposition ; 
in optics, a term used to express certain phenomena 
which result from the mutual action of the rays of 
light on each other. 

interfluent, a. in-ter[fl6-Snt (L. interfluens, flowing 
between— from inter between, and fluo, I flow), flow- 
ing between. 



colv, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



INTE 



292 



INTE 



interfoliate, v. in'ter-fo'li-dt (L. inter, between, and 
Joli am, a leaf), to interleave; to interweave: in'ter- 
fo'liating, imp. : in'terfo'liated,pp.: adj. interleaved; 
interwoven : in'terfoliar, a. -li-er, between two op- 
posite leaves. 

interfused, a. in'ter-fuzd' (L. inter, between, and 
Jusus, poured), poured or spread between. 

interganglionic, a. in'ter-gdng'gli-on'ik (inter, be- 
tween, and ganglionic), lying or extending between 
ganglions. 

interhaemal, a. in'ter-he'mdl (L. inter, between, and 
Gr. haima, blood), in anat., between the haemal pro- 
cesses or spines. 

interim, n. in'ter-im (L. interim, in the mean time), 
time between or intervening. 

interior, a. in-te'ri-er (L. interior, further in), in- 
ternal ; inner ; remote from the coast or frontier : n. 
the inside : inte'riorly, ad. -1%. 

interjacent, a. in'ter-ja'sSnt (L. interjacens, lying 
between— from inter, between, and jacens, lying), ly- 
ing between; intervening: in'terja'cency, u. -sen-sl, 
tlie act or state of lying between. 

interject, v i tgfct'Q inti rjectus, cast or thrown 
between— from inter, between, and jacio, I cast or 
throw), to throw in or between: interjec'ting, imp.: 
in'terjec'ted, pp.: in'terjec'tion, n. -jpk'-shun (L. in- 
terjectio, a putting between : P. interjection), a word 
expressing some sudden emotion or passion ; an ex- 
clamation: in'terjec tional, a. -shun-dl, thrown in 
between or among other words or phrases. 

interlace, v. in'ter-lds' (inter, between, and lace: 
F. entrelacer, to interlace), to insert one thing so as to 
plait or twine with another; to intermix: m'terla- 
cing, imp.: interlaced', pp. -last': in'terlace'ment, n. 
insertion within. 

interlard, v. in'ter-ldrd' (L. inter, between, and 
lardum, the fat of bacon), to insert pieces of fat among 
lean ; to diversify by mixture : interlarding, imp. : 
in'terlard'ed, pp. 

interleave, ■ , / < [inter, between, and leave), 

to insert blank leaves in a book between other leaves : 
interleaving, imp. : interleaved', pp. -leva": adj. 
having blank leaves inserted between. 

interline, v. in'-ter-lln' (L. inter, between, and linea, 
a line), to write between lines ; to write in alternate 
lines: in'terli'ning.imp.: in'terlined', pp. -Unci': adj. 
having lines written between lines : in'terlin'ear, a. 
-lin'e-er, also in'terlin'eary, a. -ir-i, inserted between 
the lines formerly written or printed : in'terlin'ea- 
tion, n. -a'-shun, the act of inserting words or lines be- 
tween lines ; correction by writing between the lines ; 
a passage or words written between lines. 

interlocution, n. In'tei i (L. interlocutio, 

a speaking between— from inter, between, and locutus, 
spoken: F. interlocution), a speaking between or 
among different persons; a dialogue: interlocutor, 
n. in'ter-ldk'u-ter, one who speaks in dialogue ; a 
speaker in a drama ; in Scotch courts of law, the judg- 
ment or order of the court, or of a judge, which may not 
be final : in'terloc'utory, a. -ter-i, consisting of dia- 



loopen, to run: Dut. enterloper, a contraband trader: 
F. interlope, smuggling), to thrust one's self into any 
business or m, mi i in ii I -me has no just right; to 
intrude : in terlo'ping, imp. : in'terloped', pp. -lopt': 
in'terlo'per, n. one who runs into a business or matter 
in which he has no just right ; an intruder. 

interlude, n. in'ter-l6d (L. interludere, to play among 
—from inter, between, and ludere, to play), a light 
entertainment given between the parts of another, 
usually between the play and the afterpiece : in'ter- 
lu'ded, a. inserted in the manner of an interlude. 

interlunar, a. in'terd6'ner, also in'terlu'nary, a. 
-ner-i (L. interlunium, the change of the moon— from 
inter, and luna, the moon), belonging to the time be- 
tween the old and new moon when it is invisible. 

intermarry, v. in't, , > , between, and 

marry), to marry persons of a family, tribe, or na- 



in'termed'dled, pp. -med'lcl: in'termed'dler, n. -lir, 
one who. 

intermede, n. in'ter-med' (F.— from L. inter, be- 
tween, and medius, middle), a musical interlude, 
generally of a burlesque kind : in'terme'dial, a. -we' 
di-dl, lying between or going between: in'terme'diate, 
a. -me-di-dt (F. intermedial), lying or being in the 
middle, between two extremes ; being between two 
points ; intervening : in'terme'diately, ad. -Ii : in'ter- 
me'dia'tion.n. -i-a-shun,U\i(:vvc.\\tu>u in terme'dium, 
n. -vie'-di,- i'ivi, an intervening agent. 

interment, n. in-Ur'm&nt (from inter, which see), 
the act of covering with earth ; burial. 

interminable, a. in-ter'mi-wi-bl (L. interminus, 
without limits— from in, not, and terminus, a bound- 
ary line: F. interminable), boundless; endless; ad- 
mitting no limit : inter'minably, ad. -bll : inter'min- 
ableness, n. -bl-ncs : inter'minate, a. -mi-ndt, endless ; 
unlimited. 

intermingle, v. in'ter-ming'gl (inter, between, and 

mingle), to mix together ; to put s : things amongst 

others ; to be mixed : in'termin'gling, imp.: in'ter- 
min'gled, pp. -gld: adj. intermixed or mingled to- 
gether. 

intermission, n. in'-ter-mish'un (L. intermissio, a 
breaking off, an interruption — from inter, between, 
and missus, sent : F. intermission), cessation for a 
time; pause; temporary interruption : in'tennis'sive, 
a. -mis'-siv, not continual ; coming by fits. 

intermit, v. in'ter-mit' (L. intermittere, to leave 
off, to give over for a time— from inter, between, and 
mitto, I send, I make to go : Sp. intermitir, to discon- 
tinue), to cause to cease for a time ; to interrupt ; to 
disappear at intervals: intermitting, imp.: adj. 
causing to cease for a time; pausing: in 'termit'ted, 
pp.: adj. caused to cease for a time : m'termit'tingly, 
ad. -Ii ■. in'termit'tent, a. (F. intermittent), ceasing at 
intervals : n. a disease, as fever or the ague, whose 
symptoms cease at certain intervals : intermittent 
springs, springs which cease flowing for a time at cer- 
tain intervals. 

intermix, v. in'ter-miks' (L. intermixtum, to mix or 
mingle among— from inter, between, and viixtum, to 
mingle), to mingle some things with others; to bo 



gredients mingled together. 

intermundane, a. in'-ter-mun'ddn (inter, and mun- 
dane), being between worlds, or orb and orb. 

intermural, a. in'termu'ral (L. intermuralis, that 
is between two walls— from inter, between, and mu- 
rus, a wall), lying between walls ; within a city. 

intermuscular, a. in'ter-mus'ku-ler (inter, between, 
and muscular), between muscles. 

internal, a. in-ter'ndl (L. internus, that is within : 
It. interno ; F. interne), interior ; the opposite of ex- 
ternal ; pert, to the heart or centre ; domestic ; not 
foreign : inter'nally, ad. -Ii. 

international, a. in'ter-ndsh'iin-dl (inter, between, 
and national), mutual, as between nations; regulat- 
ing the mutual intercourse between different nations, 
as international law : in'ternati'onally, ad. -Ii. 

internecine, a. in'ter-ne'sln (L. internecinus, deadly, 
murderous — from inter, between, and neco, I slay or 
kill), seeking mutual desl ■ : murderous. 

interneural, a. in'ter-nu'rdl (L. inter, between, and 
Gr. neuron, a nerve), situated between the neural pro- 
cesses in spines. 

internode, a. in'ter-nod (L. internodum, the space 
between two knots or joints— from inter, between, and 
nodus, a knot), in a plant, the portion of the stem 
lying between two nodes or leaf-buds : in'terno'dial, a. 
-di-dl, lying between nodes or joints. 

internuncio, n. ln'ter-nun'shi-6 (L. internunfius, a 
messenger between two parties— from inter, between, 
and nuntius, a messenger : It. internunzio), a mes- 
senger between two courts or governments ; a repre- 

iii in -■ ni i i> m" u '" ill i ■- republics. 

interoceanic, a. in'ter-6'se-dn'lk (inter, between, 
and oceanic), tying between two seas ; a communica- 
tion connecting two oceans, as a railway. 

interosseal, a. in'ter-6s'-s6-dl (L. inter, between, and 
osseus, made of bone— from os, a bone), situated be- 
tween or within the bones ; also in'teros'seous, a. -6s' 
sS-us. 

interpellation, n. in'ter-pSl-ld'shiin(L. interpellatio. 



tween, and maxillary), situated between the maxillary 
or jawbone. 

intermeddle, v. in'ter-med'l (inter, between, and 
meddle), to interfere in the affairs of others officiously 
or without right: in'termed'dling, imp. -med'llng: 

mate, mdt.fur, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, n5t, mOve, 



a hindrance— from inter, between, and pello, I drive, 
I interrupt), an interruption of one speaking; a sunu- 
mons or citation ; an earnest address. 



INTE 21 

interpetiolar, a. in'-tir-pef-i-o-lir (inter, between, 
mw\ pet iota r\, in but., situated between the petioles or 
basis of opposite leaves. 

interplead, v. in'-tir-pled' (inter, between, and 
plead), in laic, to discuss a point incidental to the 
principal cause: interpleader, n. the discussion of 
an incidental point. 

interpolate, v. In-tir'pO-lCit (L. interpolatum, to give 
a new face or appearance To — from inter, between, 
and polio, I trim or deck: It. interpolare: F. wier- 
poler), to insert unfairly ; to foist or thrust in ; to add 
a word or passage to what has been written by an- 
other ; to alter a book or manuscript ; in math., to fill 
up intermediate terms : interpolating, imp.: inter'- 
pola'ted, pp.: interpolator, n. -tir, one who: inter- 
polation, n. -la-shun, the act of interpolating; some- 
thing inserted spuriously ; in math., the operation or 
method of finding, from a few given terms of a series, 
other intermediate terms ; in nav., the finding a value 
of an element which falls between two given values. 

interpose, v. in'-ter-poz' (L. interposition, to place 
or set between — from inter, between, and pono, I 
place : F. interposer, to interpose), to place between, 
as a hindrance or obstacle ; to offer, as aid or services ; 
to step in between persons at variance ; to interfere; 
to mediate: interposing, imp.: interposed', pp. 
-pozd'-. in'terpo'ser, n. -zir, one who : interposal, n. 
-zdl, also interposition, n. in-tir'-po-zish'un, a placing 
or coming betw. en ; media ti' >n between parties at vari- 
ance ; intervention ; that which is interposed. 

interpret, v. in-tcr'pret (L. inter prctari, to explain 
or expound— from iuUrpres, an expounder: It. in- 
t'.rj r-.tar:: F. interpreter), to explain or unfold the 
meaning of ; to expound ; to decipher ; to give a solu- 
tion to : inter pre ting, imp.: interpreted, pp.: inter- 
preter, n. one who or that which explains ; an expos- 
itor; one who explains between parties: a translator 
of languages : inter'pretable, a. -til-bl. that may be 
interpreted: interpretation, n. -td'shun, explanation 
of what is obscure or unintelligible; exposition: in- 
ter'preta'tive, a. -tic, explanatory; containing ex- 
planation : inter pretatively, ad. -li. 

interred, pp. : interring, imp.— see inter. 

interregnum, n. in'-tir-rcg'-num. (L inter, between, 
and regnum, kingly government), the time during 
which a throne is vacant. 

interrogate, v. in-tir'-rO-gdt (L. interrogatum, to 
question— from inter, between, and rogo, I ask: It. 
interrogare : F. internn/er), to question; to examine 
by asking questions : interrogating, imp.: interro- 
gated, pp.: interrogator, n. -tir, one who: inter- 
rogation, n. gd'-shiin, examination by questions asked; 
a question put ; a mark, thus (?), to indicate that a 
question is asked: interrogative, a. In'ter-rog'dtlv, 
expressed in the form of a question: n. in gram., a 
word that asks a question : in'terrog'atively, ad. -It, 
in the form of a question: interrogatory, a. -tir-i, 
containing or expressing a question : n. a question or 
inquiry formally put to a witness. 

interrupt, v. in'tir-nipt' (L. interruptum, to sepa- 
rate by breaking or rending — from inter, between, and 
rwmpere, to burst or rend), to stop or hinder by break- 
ing in upon the course or progress of ; to divide or 
separate: interrupting, imp.: interrupted, pp.: adj. 
hindered from proceeding; broken; in dot., having 
the symmetry or regularity of outline or composition 
partially destroyed: interruptedly, ad. -li: inter- 
rupter, n. -tir, one who : interruption, n. -shun, 
hindrance ; obstruction ; interposition : interrup- 
tive, a. -tic, tending to interrupt : interruptively, ad. 
-li: interruptedly-pinnate, in hot., having a pinnate 
leaf in which pairs of small pinnae occur between the 
larger pairs. 

intersect, v. in'-tir-sekt' (L. intersection, to divide 
by cutting— from inter, between, and seco, I cut: It. 
intersccare), to cut or cross mutually ; to meet and 
cross each other: intersecting, imp.: intersected, 
pp. cut or divided into parts: intersection, n. -sek- 
shun, the cutting or crossing of each other of lines or 
planes ; the point where lines, &c., cut or cross each 
other. 

intersperse, v. In'ter-spers' (L. inter spier sum, to 
scatter among— from inter, among, and spar sum, to 
sow, to sprinkle), to scatter here and there among 
other things: interspersing, imp.: interspersed', 
pp. -sperst: intersper'sion, n. -spir'-shun, the act of 
scattering. 

interspinal, a. In'-ter-spi'-ndl, also interspi'nous, a. 

-spi'-nus (L. inter, between, and spina, a spine), in 

cole, boy, foot; pure, Mid; chair, 



3 INTI 

anat., inserted between the spinous processes of the 
vertebrae. 

interstellar, a. In'-ter-stel'-ler, also interstel'lary, a. 
-lir-i (L. inter, between, and stella, a star), among the 
stars ; beyond the limits of our solar system. 

interstice, n. in-tir'-stis (L. intt.rstiti'um, distance or 
space between — from inter, between, and sistere, to 
stand, to place: F. interstice), a narrow or small space 
between things closely set; a small intervening space: 
interstiti'al, a. -stlsh'-dl, pert, to or containing inter- 
stices. 

interstratified, a. in'-tir-strdt'l-fid (inter, between, 
and stratified), in geol., occurring in the midst of, or 
along with, other strata. 

intertexture, n. in'-tir-teks'-tur (inter, between, and 
texture), the act of interweaving ; the state of being 
interwoven, 

intertie, n. tn'-tir-ti (inter, among, and tie), a hori- 
zontal timber flamed between two posts. 

intertropical, a, In'-tir-trop'-bkal (L. i ntcr, between, 
and tropical), situated between the tropics. 

intertwine, v. in'-tir-ficln' (inter, between, and 
ticine), to unite by twisting one with another : inter- 
twining, imp. : intertwined', pp. -twlnd'-. inter- 
twi ningly, ad. -li. 

intertwist, v. in'-tir-twlst' (inter, among, and twist), 



—from inter, between, and vallum, a wall, a trench: 
It. interval to: F. intercalle), space or distance between 
places or things; time between two acts or events; 
distance between two dilVoront sounds in music. 

intervene, v. in'-tir-ven' (L. intcrvenire, to come be- 
tween— from inter, between, and venio, I come : It. 
intervenire: F. intervenir), to come or be between per- 
sons or things ; to happen between acts or events ; to 
interpose: intervening, imp.: adj. coming between 
persons, things, or events ; intermediate : intervened', 
pp. -vend': intervention, n. -leii'shim, act of inter- 
vening; state of being or coining between; interposi- 
tion. 

intervertebral, a. In'ter-ver'tS-brdl (inter, between, 
and vertebral), situated between the joints of the ver- 
tebra- or spine. 

interview, n. In'-tir-vu (infer, between, and view), a 
formal or appointed meeting; a conference. 

interweave, v. iu'-tir-iceu' (inter, between, and 
weave), to intermix ; to weave together; to intermin- 
gle: interweaving, imp.: in terweaved', pp. -wivd': 
mterwo'ven, pp. -wO'-vn, woven among: adj. inter- 
mixed or worked in as a part. 

interwreathed, a. in'-tir-rethd' (inter, between, and 
wreathed), woven in a wreath. 

intestate, a. In-tCs'tdt (L. intestatus, that has made 
no testament or will— from in, not. and testor, I bear 
witness, I make a last will or testament : It. intestatu : 
F. intestut), dying without having made a will; not 
disposed of by will : n. a person who dies without 
making a will : intestacy, n. -td-sl, the state of dying 
v\ ii In mt having made a valid will. 

intestine, a. en-tes'tm (L. intestinus, inward, hidden 
—from intus, within : It. intestino : F. intestin), con- 
tained internally in the animal body; domestic; not 
foreign : intestines, n. plu. -tlnz, the bowels ; the en- 
trails; the canal or tube leading from the stomach to 
the anus : intestinal, a. -tl-nill, pert, to the intestine's. 

intextine, n. in-teks'-tln (L. intus, within, and extine), 
in bot., one of the inner coverings or membranes of the 
pollen-grain, situated between the extine and the exin- 

inthral, v. In-thraTcl' (in, into, and thrall), to en- 
slavej to shackle : inthralling, imp.: inthralled', pp. 
-thrawld', enslaved : inthral'ment, n. slavery ; bond- 
age ; also spelt with en for in. 

intnrone— see enthrone. 

intimacy, n, Xn'-ti-ma-si (L. intimus, most inward, 
very familiar : It. intimo : F. intirne), close familiar- 
ity or friendship: intimate, a. in'ti-mat, close in 
friendship; familiar: n. a familiar or confidential 
friend : intimately, ad. -li. 

intimate, v. in'ti-mat (It. intimare ; F. intimer, to 
signify, to give notice — from L. intimus, the inmost), 
to suggest obscurely or indirectly ; to hint or mention 
briefly; to give a short or slight notice of; to an- 
nounce : intimating, imp. : intimated, pp. : inti- 
mation, n. -ma'-shim, direction or notice given ; a 
hint ; a declaration or remark ; an announcement. 

intimidate, v. ln-tim'i-6 intimidatum, to 

frighten— from in, in, and timidus, fearful : F. intimi- 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



INTI 2 

der, to intimidate), to inspire with fear, as by threats 
of violence ; to deter ; to dishearten : intim'ida'ting, 
imp.: intimidated, pp.: intim'ida'tion, n. -da-shun, 
the act of making fearful ; the state of being intimi- 
dated. 

intine, n. in'tin (L. intus, within), in hot., the inner 
covering of the pollen-grain. 

intituled, a. in-tl'tuld (see entitle), distinguished by 
a title. 

into, prep, ln'46 (in, and to), a word which denotes 
entrance or passage inwards; denoting the passing 
from one state or form to another. 

intolerable, a. in-tol'er-d-bl (L. intolerabilis, insup- 
portable—from in, not, and tolero, I bear or sustain : 
It. intolerable : F. intolerable), that cannot be borne ; 
insupportable; insufferable: intolerably, ad. -d-bli: 
intol'erableness, n. -bl-nSs, quality of being not toler- 
able: intol'erance, n. -dns, the not enduring differen- 
ces of opinion or practice in others ; want of toleration : 
intol'erant, a. -dnt, not enduring, as difference of 
opinion or worship : n. one who does not favour tol- 
eration ; a bigot : intol'erantly, ad. -II: intolerated, 
a. not endured: intol'era'tion, n. -d'-shun, refusal to 
suffer difference of opinion or worship in others. 

intomb— see entomb. 

intonate, v. in'to-ndt (L. intonation, to give out a 
loud sound— from in, in, and tono, I sound or thunder), 
to sound loudly; to modulate the voice in speaking; 
to utter musical notes : in'tonating, imp. : in'tona- 
ted, pp.: in'tona'tion, n. -nd'shun, the act of sound- 
ing musical notes ; the utterance of words in a mea- 
sured or musical way: intone, v. in-ton', to utter a 
slow, protracted, musical sound ; to read in a recitative 
or singing style ; to chant: into'ning, imp.: intoned', 
pp. in-tond'. 

intort, v. ln-tdrt' (L. intortum, to twine, to twist 
—from in, in, and torqueo, I twist), to twist; to 
wreathe or wind : intort'ing, imp. : intort'ed, pp. : 
intor'sion, n. -tor'shun, a bending oi isi m 

intoxicate, v. In-toks'l-kdt (mid. L. intoxication, to 
drug or poison — from in, into, and toxicum; Gr. 
toksikon, a poison in which arrows were dipped), to 
excite or stupefy with strong drink ; to make drunk ; 
to exhilarate with narcotics ; to excite to a kind of 
madness ; to infatuate ; to elate to enthusiasm : intox'- 
ica'ting, imp. : adj. inebriating; possessing qualities 
of making drunk ; elating to enthusiasm or frenzy : 
intoxicated, pp. : adj. made drunk ; excited to 
enthusiasm or frenzy: intoxicant, n. in-tdks'i-kdnt, 
that which produces intoxication : intox'ica'tion, n. 
-kd'shun, drunkenness; high mental excitement in 
which the judgment is obscured ; an elation of the 
mind which causes a kind of delirium or madness. 

intra, In'-trd, a Latin prefix signifying "within," 
" on the inside," "interior." 

intracellular, a. In'trd-sSl'u-lcr (intra, within, and 
cellular), within cells— applied to the formation of 
cells within cells. 

intractable, a. In-trdk'-td-bl (L. intractabilis, un- 
manageable—from in, not, and tracto, I draw or drag), 
that cannot be governed or managed ; stubborn ; obsti- 
nate ; not to be taught : intrac'tably, ad. -bll : in- 
trac'tabil'ity, n. -bll'l-ti, also intrac'tableness, n. 
-bl-n£s, quality of being ungovernable ; obstinacy. 

intrados, n. in-trd'-dos (F. intrados, the concave 
part of a vault— from L. intra, within, and F. dos ; 
L. dorsum, the back), in arch., the inner and lower 
curve of an arch. 

intrafoliaceous, a. In'-trd-fO'-ll-d'shvs (L. intra, 
within, and folium, a' leaf), in bot., situated within 
the axil of a leaf so as to stand between the leaf and 
the stem. 

intralobular, a. in'trt a, within, and 

lobular), within lobules or little lobes. 

intramural, . i r&l (L. intra, within, and 

murus, a wall), within the walls of a city ; opposed to 
extramural, beyond the walls. 

intranquillity, n. In'trdn-kwtt'li-ti (in, not, and 
tranquillity), inquietness ; want of rest. 

intransient, a. In-trdn'sl-Snt (in, not, and tran- 
sient), not passing suddenly away. 

intransitive, a. in-trdn'sl-tiv (L. in, not, and trans- 
itu™, to pass over: It. intransitivo ; F. intransitif, 
Intransitive), in gram., denoting a verb whose action 
does not pass over to or affect an object— as, I sleep, 
I run, I stand : intransitively, ad. -li. 

intransmissible, a. ln'trans-mls'si-bl (in, not, and 
transmissible), that cannot be transmitted. 

intransmutable, a. In'trdns-mu'-td-bl (in, not, and 
mate, m&t.far, law; mete, mSt, 



4 INTR 

transmutable), that cannot be changed into another 
substance : in'transmu'tabil'ity, n. -bil'i-ti. 

intrant, a. in'trunt (L. ■hitnms, walking into or 
within: It. intrante: F. entrant), entering; making 
entrance. 

intrap— see entrap. 

intra-uterine, a. in'trd-u'ter-in (intra, within, and 
uterine), within the uterus or womb. 

intrench, v. in-trensh' (in, and trench: F. trancher, 
to cut off), to dig or cut a ditch round a place ; to for- 
tify with ditch or parapet ; to cut off part of what be- 
longs to another; to encroach or invade— followed 
by in or on : intrench'ing, imp. : intrenched', pp. 
-trensht' : intrench'ment, n. -mint, a ditch and para- 
pet for protection. 

intrepid, a. In-trip'id (L. intrepidus, undaunted ; 
fearless— from in, not, and trepido, I tremble at through 
fear: It. intrepido: F. inire'pide), fearless; bold; 
brave; undaunted; not influenced by fear: intrep'- 
idly, ad. -II: intrepidity, n. in'trS-pid'i-ti, fearless- 
ness ; bravery in danger ; undaunted courage. 

intricate, a. in'tri-kdt (L. intricatum, to" perplex— 
from in, in, and tricor, I make or start difficulties, 
I baffle: It. intricate-), involved; complicated; ob- 
scure; entangled: in'tricately, ad. -li: in'tricate- 
ness, n., also intricacy, n. in'trl-kd-sl, state of being 
entangled ; perplexity ; complication. 

intrigue, n. in-treg' (F. intrigue; It. intrigo, in- 
trigue—from L. intrico, I perplex— see intricate), a 
plot or scheme of a private or party kind engaged in 
by several persons ; a love-affair, usually illicit ; the 
plot of a poem or play : v. to form a complicated plot 
or scheme ; to carry on an illicit love ; to plot secretly : 
intri'guihg, imp. : adj. given to secret plotting or 
scheming: intrigued', pp. -tregd't intri'guingly, ad. 
-li : intri'guer, n. -gtr, one who. 

intrinsic, a. ln-trin'sik, also intrin'sical, a. -si-kdl 
(L. intrinsecus, inwards— from intra, within, and 
secus, by, near: It. intrinseco; F. infrinseque, in- 
trinsic), true; genuine; real; inherent; not merely 

rij>|iAl"lll, HI' :n rnli Hi, l I I ', 

intro, In'tro, a Latin prefix signifying "within," 
"into," "in." 

introduce, v. tn'trO-dus - < re, to lead or 

bring into— from intro, within, and duco, I lead), tolead, 
conduct, or bring in ; to bring into acquaintance ; to 
bring into notice ; to make known : in'trodircing, 
imp.: introduced', pp. -dust': in'trodu'eer, n. -dil'ser, 
one who : in'troduc'tion, n. -duk'shun, the act of in- 
troducing ; the making people known ; the opening 
or preliminary part of a thing, as of a speech, a dis- 
course, or a book ; the bringing in something fresh : 
in'troduc'tive, a. ■di'ik'liv, serving to introduce: in- 
troduc'tively, ad. -li: in'troduc'tory, a. -ter-l, serv- 
ing to introduce ; preliminary ; preparatory : in'tro- 
duc'torily, ad. -i-li, by way of introduction. 

introit, n. In-trdyf (L. introitus, a going in, an en- 
trance), in the R. Cath. Ch., &c, a psalm or passage of 
Scripture sung or chanted while the priest enters the 
chancel ; a musical vocal composition appropriate to 
the opening church service. 

intromission, n. in'tro-mlsh'iin (L. infromissiim , 
to send inside— from intro, within, and miito, I send : 
F. intromission— see intromit), the act of introduc- 
ing one body into another ; admission ; in Scot., the 
management of property belonging to another. 

intromit, v. in'-tro-mW (L. intromitto, I send in or 
within — from intro, within, and mitto, I send), to 
send in; to admit; to allow to enter; in Scot., to 
meddle with or manage the affairs of others : in'tro- 
mit'ting, imp. : in'tromit'ted, pp. 

introrse, a. in-trors' (L. introrsum, within), in bot., 
turned inwards or towards the axis of the part to 
which it is attached— applied to anthers which open 
on the side next the pistil. 

introspect, v. in'-trO-spe'kt' (L. introspectum, to 
look into and examine attentively— from intro, 
within, and specio^ I look), to look into or within ; to 
view the inside : in'trospect'ing, imp. : in'trospect- 
ed, pp. : in'trospec'tion, n. -spek'shiin, internal 
view : a view of the interior : in'trospec'tive, a. 
-spek'tiv, looking within. 

introvert, v. in'tro-vert' (L. intro, within, and verto, 
I turn : It. introvertere), to turn inward : in'trovert'- 
ing, imp. : in'trovert'ed, pp. : in'trover'sion, n. 
-vcr-shun (L. versus, turned), the act of introverting. 

intrude, v. in-tr6d' (L. intrudere, to thrust into a 
place— from in, into, and trudo, I thrust or push : It. 
intrudere), to force or thrust one's self in ; to enter 
her; pine, pin; note, nCt, mGve; 



IXTR 



295 



INVE 



into without right or welcome : to encroach ; to tres- 
pass : intra'ding, imp.: intruded, pp. : intruder, n. 
-der, one who thrusts himself in without right or in- 
vitation: intrusion, n. in-tr6'-zhv.n (L. intntsus. thrust 
in: It. intruso; F. intrus, intruded), the action of 
thrusting in, or of entering without invitation, right, 
or welcome ; encroachment : intru'sive, a. -ziv, apt to 
intrude ; entering without right or welcome : intru'- 
avely, ad. -If: intru'siveness, n. -nes, quality of 
being intrusive : the act of entering without invita- 
tion : intra sionist, n.-zh u n ■ ist, one who makes an en- 
trance without right or without welcome : intrusive 
rocks, in geol., applied to those igneous rocks which 
seem to have thrust themselves, while in a state of 
fusion, between the beds of the stratified formations. 

intrust, v. in-trust', also entrust' (in, in, and 
trust), to confide to the care of ; to put in trust : in- 
trast'ing, imp.: intrast'ed, pp. 

intuition, n. in'tii-ish'un (F. intuition; It. intu- 
izione, intuition— from L. intuitus, a beholding, a 
view— from in, into, and tueor, I look at), the act or 
power of the mind by which it at once perceives the 
truth of a thing without argument or explanation ; 
any object or truth discerned by the mind without 
media of any definable kind : intuitive, a. -i-tiv, per- 
ceived or known at once by the mind without argu- 
ment or testimony : having the power of at once see- 
ing clearly: intuitively, ad. -li, by immediate per- 
ception. 

intumesce, v. in'tu-mCs' (L. intumescere, to begin 
to swell— from in, in, and tumesco, I swell up), to en- 
large or expand with heat; to swell or bubble up 
under the action of the blow-pipe, as certain minerals 
do : in'tumes'cing, imp. : in'tumesced', pp. -mesf : 
intumescence, n. -sins, a swelling ; a swelling with 
bubbles; a tumour: in tumescent, a. -sdnt, swelling 
up ; expanding. 

intussusception, n. in'tus-sus-sep'sliun (L. intus, 
within, and susceptum, to take or catch up), the 
reception of one part within another, as of a sword in 
a sheath ; as applied to the bowels, it expresses the 
slipping of one portion of the intestines into, and 
constriction of another : in'tussuscept ed, a. -sSpf-ed, 
received into, as a sword into a sheath. 

intwine, v.— see entwine. 

intwist, v. in-tvoisf, also entwist' [in, into, and 
twist), to twist together; to interweave: intwist'ing, 
imp.: intwist ed, pp. 

inuline, n. in'-u-lln (F. inuline; It. inulina — from 
L. inula, the plant elecampane), a peculiar vegetable 
matter, a variety of gum or starch, found in the root 
of one of a genus of plants called Inula. 

inumbrate, v. ln-um'-brdt (L. i numb ratum, to cast a 
shade or shadow upon— from in, into, and umbra, a 
shadow), to cast a shadow or shade upon; to shade: 
inurn brating, imp.: inum'brated, pp. 

inundate, v. in-un'dat (L. inundatum, to overflow 
—from in, into, and unda, a wave), to overflow or 
deluge with water ; to cover with water : inundating, 
imp.: inundated, pp.: adj. overflowed: in'undation, 
n. -da'shiin, an overflow with water or other fluid ; 
a flood; a rising and spreading of water over low 
grounds. 

inure, v. Kn-iir' (Korm. F enuer, to inure: F. heur; 
old Eng. ure, hap, fortune), to accustom to by exposure 
or practice ; to habituate : inu'ring, imp. : inured', 
pp. -urd', hardened by use: inurement, n. habit; 
custom. 

inurn, v. in-crn' (in, into, and urn), to bury; to in- 
ter in an earthen urn : inurn ing, imp.: inurned', pp. 

inutility, n. in'utll'i-ti (L. inutilitas, uselessness— 
from in, not, and utilis, useful, profitable : F. inuti- 
lity, the quality of being unprofitable ; uselessness. 

in vacuo, in-vdk'u-o (L. in, in, and vacuus, empty), 
an adverbial phrase, denoting " a void or empty 
space." 

invade, v. in-vid' (L. invadere, to go or get into or 
within— from in, into, and vado, I go or march : It. 
invadere), to enter a country with an armed force, as 
an enemy ; to encroach on ; to violate another's rights : 
inva'ding, imp.: inva'ded, pp.: inva'der, n. -der, one 
who: invasion, n. in-va-zhnn <L. invasum, to go or 
get into), the entrance of a hostile army into a coun- 
try for the purpose of conquest ; an attack on the 
rights of another: inva'sive, a. -siv, entering with 
hostile designs ; aggressive. 

invalid, a. in-vdl'-id (L. invalidus, not strong or 

vigorous— from in, not, and validus, strong : It. inva- 

cdiv, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, 



lidare; F. invalider, to annul, to make void), of no 
force or weight; null; void: invalidity, n. -lld'i-ti, 
want of legal force or of argument ; informality : 
invalidate, v. in-vdl'i-dat, to weaken or lessen the 
force of; to overthrow: invalidating, imp.: invaT- 
ida'ted, pp. : invalid, n. in'-vcl-led', a person weak 
and infirm in health ; a worn-out or disabled soldier 
or sailor : v. to put on the roll of invalids : in'valid- 
ing.imp.: invalided, pp.: adj. registered as worn out 
or disabled ; laid aside by sickness or infirmity. 

invaluable, a. in-vul'u-d-bl (in, intensive, and valu- 
able), precious above estimation ; incapable of being 
valued : invaluably, ad. -bli. 

invariable, a. in-va'ri-d-bl (in, not, and variable: 
F. invariable), constant; uniform; that does not varv ; 
unchangeable: invariably, ad. -bll: inva'riableness, 
n. -bl-nes, state or quality of being unchangeable. 

invasion, n., invasive, a.— see invade. 

invective, n. in-vek'-tiv (L. invectum, to convey or 
bring into, to assault— from in, into, and veho, I 
carry: F. invective; Sp. invectiva, invective), a speech 
or expression intended to cast opprobrium, censure, 
or reproach on another; unfriendly censure: adj. 
abusive; satirical: invec'tively, ad. -li. 

inveigh, v. in-vd' (L. invehere, to carry into or 
against— from in, into, and veho, I carry or convey), 
to exclaim or rail against; to utter censure or re- 
proach against; to attack with reproaching words: 
inveigh'ing, imp. : inveighed', pp. vdd': inveigh'er, 
n. -ir, one who. 

inveigle, v. in-ve'gl (It. invogliare, to make one will- 
ing or desirous: Norm. F. enveogler, to blind— from 
L. ab, from, and occulus, the eye or sight), to entice ; to 
seduce; to wheedle— used only in a bad sense: invei- 
gling, imp. -gling : adj. enticing to anything bad: in- 

vei g! 
evil. 

invent, v. in-vSnt' (L. inventum, to light upon, to 
find out— from in, on, and venire, to come, to chance: 
It. inventare: F. inventor), to devise or contrive some- 
thing not before known ; to forge or fabricate : invent- 
ing, imp. : invent ed, pp. : inven'ter or inventor, 
n. -ter, a discoverer or maker of something new: in- 
vention, n. -shun, the act or operation of finding out 
or contriving something new ; the article invented ; 
forgery; fiction; in the jine arts, a term employed to 
designate the conception or representation of a sub- 
ject, and generally the whole means by which the 
artist seeks to portray his thoughts : inven'tive, a. 
■tlv, quick at contriving: ready in expedients: in- 
ven'tively, ad. 41: inventiveness, n. -nis, the faculty 
of inventing. 

inventory, n. In'vSn-ter-i (F. inventaire; It. inven- 
tario, an inventory— from L. inventum, to find out: 
see invent), a catalogue or written list of movable pro- 
perty : v. to make a list or catalogue of: in'vento'rial, 
a. -tu'ri-dl, pert, to an inventory : inventoried, a. -ter- 
id, put or placed in an inventory. 

invermination, n. in'-ver-mi-nd-shiin (L. in, in, and 
vermino, I have worms), a diseased state of the bowels 
caused by worms. 

inverse, a. invers' or in'vers (L. inversum, to turn 
bottom upwards— from in, in, and vert o, I turn : Sp. 
inverso; F. inverse, inverted), placed in contrary 
order; opposed to direct; in bot., having a position or 
mode of attachment the reverse of what is usual : in- 
versely, ad. -If .- inver'sion, n. -shun, change of order, 
so that the last becomes first and the first last ; a con- 
trary change of order or position: inverse ratio, in 
arith. and alg., a ratio when the relation of numbers 
to each other is reversed— thus we have the ratio 3 to 
6 expressed by 5 or g, and the inverse ratio of the 
same numbers is expressed by 6 to 3, or by f or 2. 

invert, v. in-vert' (L. invertere, to turn bottom up- 
wards—from in, in, and verto, I turn or change : Sp. 
invertir: It. invertere), to turn upside down; to place 
in a contrary position, direction, or order: inverting, 
imp.: invert'ed, pp.: adj. turned to a contrary direc- 
tion; changed in order : invert'edly, ad. -II: inverted 
arch, an arch of stone or brick with the crown down- 
wards—usually employed in the construction of tun- 
nels. 

invertebral, a. in-ver'-U-brdl (L. in, not, and verte- 
bra, a joint in the backbone), without a vertebral 
column or spinal bone : invertebrate, n. -te-brdt, an 
animal having no spinal bone: adj. destitute of a 
backbone : invertebra'ta, n. plu. -brd'-td, one of the 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



INVE 2 

great divisions of the animal kingdom in which the 
animals arc destitute of vert. -bra- or backbones. 

invest, v. in-vest' (L. investio, I cover with a gar- 
ment—from in, on, ami testis, a garment: It. inves- 
tire; F. investor, to invest), to clothe ; to dress ; to put 
garments on ; to place in possession of office, rank, or 
dignity; to enclose or surround, as a city besieged by 
an enemy; to place or lay out money: investing, 
imp.: invest'ed, pp.: invest'ive, a. -iv, clothing; en- 
closing : invest'ment, n. that in which anything is in- 
vested, as money; the act of placing out money to 
interest or profit in tire public funds, in the purchase 
of shares or property, and the like ; the act of sur- 
ruunding a town, Ac, in order to besiege it. 

investigate, v. in-ves'ti-gat (L. investigation, to 
search or seek after— from in, into, and vestigo, I fol- 
low a track; vestigium, a track or footstep), to search, 
trace, or find out; to examine into with care and ac- 
curacy: inves'tiga'ting, imp.: inves'tiga'ted, pp. in- 
ves'tiga'tor, n. -gd'ter, an examiner ; one charged to 

i iuie ;i.nj bhing : inves'tigable, a. -gd-bl, that may 

be searched out : inve3'tiga'tion, n. -gd'shiin, the ac- 
tion or process of searching carefully for truth, facts, 
or principles ; careful inquiry to find out what is un- 
known; a searching inquiry: inves'tiga'tive, a. -gd- 
tiv, careful in research: inves'tiga'tory, a. -ter-i, 
searching ; inquiring into. 

Investiture, n. in-ves'tl-tiir (mid. L. investitura ; F. 
invest it it re, investiture— from L. in, on, and vest is, a 
garment), the act or right of giving legal possession ; 
as applied to a K. Cath. bishop, the act of giving the 
ring and crosier, the external signs of his dignity and 
office. 

investment, n.— see invest. 

inveterate, a. in-vW-er-dt (L. inveteratum, to keep 
till old or stale— from in, into, and vetus, old— gen. 
veleris: It. inveterato, inveterate), deep seated or 
rooted; obstinate ; obstinate from long continuance : 
invet'erately, ad. -II: invet'eracy, n. -er-d-sl, long 
continuance of anything bad; state of being deep- 
rooted and firm by time : invet erateness, n. long con- 
tinuance of anything bad. 

invidious, a. ln-vid'i-us (L. invidiosus, full of envy 
or spite — from invidia, envy : It. in.vidioso), likely to 
incur or provoke ill-will, envy, or hatred : invidiously, 
ad. -II: invid'iousness, n. -nes, the quality of provok- 
ing envy or hatred. 

invigorate, v. in-vlg'6-rdt (It. invigorire, to strength- 
en — from L. in, in, and vigor, strength), to strengthen; 
to give vigour to; to animate: invig'ora'ting, imp.: 
invig'ora'ted, pp. : adj. strengthened: invig'ora'tion, 
ii. -rd'shtin, the act of invigorating ; the state of being 
strengthened. 

invincible, a. ln-vln'si-bl (mid. L. invina'bilis ; It. 
iiicincibib', : F. in -ineible, unconquerable— from L. in, 
not, and vinco, I conquer), that cannot be conquered 
or subdued; not to be overcome : invin'cibly, ad. -bit: 
invin'cibleness, n. -bl-nes, also invin'cibil'ity, n. -Ml' 



hurt: It. inviolabile : F. inviolable— from L. 
and violo, I defile, I injure), not to be profaned or pol- 
luted ; that ought not to be injured ; not to be broken : 
inviolability, n. -bil'-iti, the slate or quality of being 
inviolable : invi'olably, ad. -bit : invi olate, a. -6-lat 
(L. inviolatus, uninjured), uninjured; unprofaned ; 
unbroken; unpolluted. 

invisible, a. tn-vls'-i-M (L. invisibilis, hidden from 
sight — from in, not, and video, I see) that cannot be 
seen: invisibly, ad. -Ml: invisibility, n. -Ml'l-ti, 
also invislbleness, n. -bl-n&s, state of being invisible. 

invite, v. in-vit' (L. invitare, to ask or request: F. 
inviter, to invite), to ask to come into or to some 
place ; to request the company of ; to solicit ; to al- 
lure ; to persuade: invi'ting, imp.: adj. enticing; 
alluring ; tempting : invi'ted, pp. solicited ; allured : 
invi'ter, n. one who : invi'tingly, ad. -U: invitation, 
n. In'vi-td'shun, the act of asking to do some act or to 
go to some place: invitatory, a. in-vi-tiUer-i, using 
or containing invitation : n. a psalm or hymn invit- 
ing to prayer. 

invocate, v. Kn'vO-Tcat (L invocatum, to call on or 
upon— from in, on, and voco, I call : It. invocare : V. 
invoquer), to call on with solemnity; to address in 
prayer; to implore : in'voca'ting, imp.: in'voca'ted, 
pp.: invocation, n. kit's linn, the act of addressing 
God in prayer for assistance and protection ; a form 
of call so made. 

invoice, n. in'-vdys (It. avviso, notice, information), 



>6 IODI 

a written and priced list or detailed account of goods 
which have been sent by a merchant to a customer ; 
a bill of parcels : v. to make: a written list of goods or 
property, with their prices, to be forwarded to a pur- 
chaser : invoicing, imp.: invoiced', pp. -voyst': in- 
voice-book, the book into which bills and invoices are 
copied, or into which the originals are posted. 

invoke, v. in-vOkf (L. invoco, I call on or upon— 
from in, on, and voco, I call— .see invocate), to address 
in prayer; to call for with earnestness: invoking, 
imp. : invoked', pp. -vOkt'. 

involucre, n. in'-vo-lo'-kr, also in'volu'crum, n. 
-krum (L. involuerum, a wrapper— from in, into, 
and volvo, I roll : It. involucro: F. involucre), in bot., 
a collection of a sort of leaves round a cluster of 
flowers, or at some distance below them ; the layer of 
epidermis covering the spore-cases in ferns : involucel, 
ii. Ui'-vodo'sel (L. involuerum, a wrapper, and eel, a 
dim. termination: F. involucelle), in bot., the collec- 
tion of bractlets or a sort of leaves surrounding a se- 
condary or partial umbel or flower-head : involu'cred, 
a. -16'kerd, having an involucre. 

involuntary, a. in-vol'-un-ter-i (in, not, and volun- 
tary), not having will or choice; not proceeding from 
will or choice: invol'untar'ily, ad. -ter'i-ll: involun- 
tar'iness, n. 

involute, n. in'-vo-ldt (L. involutum. to inwrap, to 
enclose— from in, into, and volvo, I roll : It, involuto, 
enveloped: F. involute, curling inside), in geom., the 
curve traced by any point of a string, when un- 
wrapped under tension from a given curve : in'volute, 
a., also in'volu'ted, a. in bot., rolled spirally inwards, 
as leaves : in'volu'tion, n. -lo'-shiln, the action of fold- 
ing or rolling in ; that which is wrapped round any- 
thing ; in arith. and alg., the raising of a number or 
quantity to any given power, as if it were folded or 
rolled on itself: in'volu'tive, a. -16-tlv, in bot., applied 
to leaves rolled inwards spirally on each side; invo- 
lute: involutina, n. in-vol'-u-li'-nd, in geol., a genus 
of foraminifera, so called from the manner in which 
the tuberculatci i;.)r ]il,< organism is coiled upon 
itself. 

involve, v. in-volv' (L. involvere, to surround, to 
inwrap — from in, in or on, and volvo, I roll: It. 
involvere : F. involver), to comprise ; to take in ; 
to implicate ; to entangle ; to plunge or overwhelm 
in; to embarrass; to raise a number or quantity to 
any given power : involving, imp. : involved', pp. 
-volvd' : involve'ment, n. -volv'-ment, state of being 
involved. 

invulnerable, a. in-viil'ner-d-bl (L. invulnerabilis, 
not to be wounded— from in, not, and vulnero, I 
wound : F. invulnerable), that cannot be wounded or 
maimed : invul nerableness, n. -bl-nes, also invul'ner- 
abil'ity, n. -bil'-i-ti, the quality of being secure from 
wounds or injury. 

inward, a. in'-iverd (AS. inwenrd, inward : in, into, 
and movd), internal ; placed or being within : in'ward 
or in'wards, ad. -werdz, toward the inside or centre ; 
in the mind or thoughts: inwardly, ad. -Ii, in the 
inner parts : in'wards, n. plu. -werdz (AS. inne- 
v:i arde, the bowels), the bowels ; the viscera. 

inweave, v. in-wev' (in, into, and weave), to inter- 
mix or intertwine ; to weave together : inweaving, 
imp.: inwove', pt. -u-ov': inwoven, pp. -wO'vn. 

inwrap, v. in-rdp' (in, into, and wrap), to infold ; 
tocover by wrapping; to perplex: inwrap'ping, imp. : 
inwrapped', pp. -rdpt'. 

in wreathe, v. in-reth' (in, into, and wreathe), to sur- 
round or encompass, as with a wreath: inwreath- 
ing, imp. : inwreathed', pp. -re~lha". 

inwrought, pp. and a. in-ratvtf (in, into, and 
wrought), worked in or among other things ; adorned 
with figured work. 

io, int. i'O (Gr. it,), an exclamation of joy or triumph. 

iodine, n. l'6-din (Gr. iodes, resembling a violet — 
from ion, violet, and eidos, likeness: F. iodine), a 
solid elementary substance of a greyish-black or 1 — 
obtained from mariie plants, sea-water, &c— ii 
pour is of a beautiful violet colour, hence the n 
iodate, n. l'6-dat, any salt of iodic acid : iodic, a. 
l-od'ik, containing iodine : iodide, n. i'-o-did, a direct 
compound of iodine with a base : i'odous, a. -dus, of 
or from iodine : iodoform, n. i-od'6-fawrm (L. forma, 
shape), a yellow crystalline substance resulting from 
the action of alcohol on iodine and potash : i'odism, 
n. -dizm, in wed., a morbid condition sometimes re- 
sulting from the use of iodine : iodite, n. l'6-dit, or 
iodic silver, an ore of silver, consisting of iodine and 



mate, mdt, far, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, move; 



IOLI 



297 



silver: iodium, n. l-o'di-iim, a Latinised form of the 
word iodine : ioduret, n. lod'-u-ret, a non-acid com- 
l»Miiul of iodine and a base. 

iohte, n. l'-o-llt (Gr. ion, violet, and lithos, a stone), 
one of the gems, of various shades of pale and dark 
blue, occurring in granitic and primitive rocks. 

ion, n. Von (Gr. ion, going), any one of the elements 
which are evolved out of a particular substance by 
the voltaic current, and which appear at the poles of 
the battery. 

Ionian, a, %-o'ni-dn (Gr. Ionia, a country of Asia 
Minor on the .-Egean Sea, first colonised by Ion), of or 
relating to Ionia, or its inhabitants: Ionic, a. l-on'lk, 
pert, to Ionia ; denoting one of the five orders of archi- 
tecture ; applied to an airy kind of music. 

iota, n. VO-ta (Gr. i, called iota), a jot; a tittle. 

I U, designed to be a contr. of the sentence or 
phrase, "I owe you"; three capital letters written 
on a slip of paper, under which a Liven sum and a 
signature is put — being a biief acknowledgment of 
money lent. 

ipecacuanha, n. ip'e-kdk'u-dri-il (Brazilian or Sp.), 
the root of a S. Amer. plant, used in medicine as an 
emetic. 

irascible, a, i-rds'si-bl (Sp. and F. irascible; It. 
irascibile, irascible — from L. irasci, to be angry), 
easily provoked; prone to anger; irritable: iras- 



ilamed bv anger. 

ir, Ir, another form of the prefix in, signifying 
"not," &c— see in. 

ire, n. ir (L. and It. ira ; F. ire, anger : AS. yrre, 
anger: Fin. uri, snarling like a do;;: Dan. irre, to 
tease, to incite), anger; wrath: ireful, a. -fool, filled 
with anger: iii u el 

iris, n. Vris, irises, plu. Vris-iz (Gr. iris, the rain- 
bow, the flag — yen. iridos: L. iris: It. iridt), an 
appearance resembling the rainbow; the coloured 
circle which surrounds the pupil of the eye ; the fleur- 
de-lis or flag flower ; a variety of rock-crystal : hides- 
cent, a. Vrl-dis'senf, exhibiting a play of colours like 
those of the rainbow: iridescence, n. -sins, the ex- 
hibiting of colours like tlmse nf the rainbow: iridium, 
n. l-rid'l-um, the most infusible of the known metals, 
of a steel-grey or lead colour, and shining metallic 
lustre, found in the ore of platinum and in gold-wash- 
ings—used in porcelain-painting and for the nibs of 
gold pens: irisated, a. Vri-sa-tid, resembling the rain- 
bow: irised, a. Vrlst, containing colours like those of 
the rainbow. 

Irish, n. Ir'ish, the language of Ireland, a dialect of 
the Celtic; the people of Ireland: adj. pert, to or pro- 
duced in Ireland : Irishism, n. -Urn, a mode of speak- 
ing peculiar to the Irish: Irish moss, a marine plant 
possessing medicinal and nutritive properties: Irish 
stew, a kind of hash of potatoes and meat stewed 
together. 

irk, v. irk (AS. earg, slothful, dull : Icel. argr, being 
reluctant, avoiding through fear: Scot, crgh, to feel 
reluctant), to dull one's inclination to action; to tire 
or become weary ; to make impatient ; to annoy— used 
impersonally: irksome, a. -sum, wearisome; tire- 
some: giving uneasiness by long continuance: irk- 
somely, ad. -II : irk'someness, n. tediousness ; weari- 



iron, n. Vim (Goth, eisarn ; Dut. isern ; W. haiarn; 
Gael, iarun), a well-known metal, and, economically 
speaking, the most important; an instr. made of it: 
n. plu. chains ; fetters ; shackles ; tools for heating at 
a fire; the poker, tongs, and shovel for a grate, as 
fire-irons: adj. formed of iron; resembling iron in 
hardness, strength, &c. ; harsh ; stern ; severe ; fast- 
binding ; impenetrable ; strong ; robust, as an iron 
constitution : v. to smooth with a heated instr. made 
of iron; to chain; to fetter: ironing, imp. Virn-ing: 
n. a smoothing with an iron ; a shackling or arming 
with iron: irony, a. Virn-l, partaking of iron ; resem- 
bling iron : iron age, the rude and unpolished age of 
the world: iron-bound, a. faced or surrounded with 
rocks, as an iron-bound coast: iron-clad, a. covered 
with armour of iron; sheathed with iron or steel 
plates : n. a man-of-war covered or plated with thick 
plates of iron or steel : iron-fisted, a. having hard or 
strongfists ; covetous : iron-grey, a colour resembling 
that of iron : iron-flint, a term applied to some vari- 
eties of ferruginous quartz: ironfounder, one who 
makes iron castings : iron-glance, the peroxide of iron, 
of a dark steel-grey colour; hcematite: iron-hearted, 



-usually called printers' liquor : i ronmon'ger, n. 
■mung'gir, a dealer in iron or hardware goods : iron- 
mongery, n. -gird, iron or hardware goods: iron- 
master, a manufacturer of iron, or large dealer there- 
in : iron-mould, n. -mold, a mark or stain made by 
the rust of iron, &c, on cloth : iron pyrites, the yellow 
sulphuret of iron : ironsides, a name applied to Crom- 
well's cavalry — so called from their endurance and 
undaunted bravery: iron- sinter, a recent product 
occurring in old mines, in crusts of a dark-brown col- 
our and vitreous lustre : ironstone, the most common 
ore of iron : iron-wood, a very hard and heavy wood : 
ironware, utensils and tools made of iron : ironwork, 
the parts or pieces, as of a building or a vessel, con- 
sisting of iron ; the manufacture of iron : cast or pig 
iron, the direct product of smelting iron-ore, which 
is run into moulds at the mouth of the smelting- 
furnace : magnetic-iron, a common ore of iron, and 
attractable by the magnet : wrought iron, cast iron 
rendered malleable and ductile. 

irony, n. Vron-i (L. ironia, irony: Gr. eironeia, 
irony— from eiron, a dissembler in speech : It. ironia : 
F. ironie), a mode of speech in which the meaning of 
the speaker is contrary to his words ; a delicate species 
of sarcasm: ironic, a. l-ron'ik, also ironical, a. -ikul, 
exposing and ridiculing the faults and errors of others 
by seeming to approve or defend them: ironically, 

irradiance, n. ir-rd'di-dns, also irra'diancy, n. -si 

(L. irradians, making bright— from in, on, and radius, 
a ray), the sending forth rays of light upon an object ; 
lustre: irradiate, v. -di-nt |L. irradiatum, to cast 
rays upon: It. irrudiare: F. irradier), to dart rays of 
light into ; to adorn with lustre ; to emit rays of light ; 
to illuminate the mind: irra'dia'ting, imp.: irra'dia- 
ted, pp.: irradiation, n. -a'-shim, the act of sending 
out rays of light; brightness; act of sending out mi- 
nute particles ; the apparent enlargement of the disc 
of a heavenly body. 

irrational, a. ir-rdsh'-iin-dl {in, not, and rational), 
void of reason or understanding; contrary to reason ; 
absurd: irrationally, ad. -U : irrationality, n. -l-tl, 
want of reason. 

irreclaimable, a. ir'ri-kla'md-bl (in, not, and re- 
claimable), not to be reclaimed; that cannot be re- 
formed : ir'reclai'mably, ad. -bll. 

irreconcilable, a, ir'-rik-on-si'ld-bl (in, not, and re- 
concilable), not to be recalled to a state of friendship 
or kindness ; that cannot be appeased or subdued ; 
that cannot be made to agree or be consistent : ir're- 
concilably, ad. -bll: ir reconcil'ableness, n. -bl-nes: 
ir reconciled', a, -slid', not reconciled ; not atoned for: 
ir'reconcil'ia'tion, n. -sil'-i-a'-sliiin, want of reconcilia- 
tion. 

irrecoverable, a. ir'-ri-kiiv'-ir-d-bl (in, not, and re- 
coverable), not to be recovered or repaired; that can- 
not be regained or remedied : ir'recov'erably, ad. -bli : 
ir recov'erableness, n. -bl-nSs. 

irredeemable, a. lr'-ri-dim'-d-bl (t7i, not, andredeem- 
able), that cannot be redeemed ; not subject to be paid 
at the nominal value ; irredeemably, ad. -bli. 

irreducible, n. ir'-ri-du-si-bl (in, not, and reducible), 
that cannot be brought back to a former state, or 
changed to a different one: ir'redu'cibly, ad. -sl-bli: 
ir'redu'cibleness, n. -bl-nis. 

irrefragable, a. ir-ref-rd-gd-bl (in, not, and refra- 
gable: F. irrefragable: It. irrefragabile), that cannot 
be refuted or overthrown; incontestable: irrefra- 
gably, ad. -gd-bli : irref ragableness, n. -bl-nes, quality 
of being incapable of confutation. 

irrefutable, a. ir'-ri-fu'-td-bl (in, not, and refutable), 
that cannot be disproved or overthrown by argument ; 
unanswerable : ir'refu'tably, ad. -bli. 

irregular, a. ir-rig'-u-Ur (in, not, and regular), not 
according to usual forms or rules ; not according to 
established principles or customs ; not in conformity 
to law; wanting symmetry; not regular, as regards 
mode of life; vicious: n. a soldier not in regular 
service; one not following any fixed rule; in bot, a 
flower in which the parts of any of the verticils differ 
in size: irreg'ularly, ad. -II: irreglilarlty, n. -lar'-i- 
tl, neglect of law, form, or method ; deviation from 
rule; vice. 

irrelative, a. ' [in, not, and relative), un- 

connected : irrel'atively, ad. -II. 

irrelevant, a. ir-rel'-i-vdnt (in, not, and relevant), 
not applicable; not to the purpose; not serving to 



cole, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



IRRE 2! 

support : irrel'evantly, ad. -II -. irrel'evancy, n. -vCtn- 
si, also irrel'evance, n. -vans, the quality of not being 
applicable. 

irreligion, n. ir'rS-lij'un (in, not, and religion: F. 
irrdligion), contempt of religion or the want of it; 
profaneness ; impiety : ir'religi'ous, a. -lij'us, profane ; 
impious ; wicked : ir'religi'ously, ad. -li : ir'religi'ous- 
ness, n. quality or state of being irreligious ; want of 
religion. 

irremediable, a. Ir'-r8-me'-dl-d-bl (in, not, and reme- 
diable), that cannot be cured ; not to be corrected or 
redressed : ir'reme'diably, ad. -Ml : ir'reme'diableness, 
n. -bine's. 

irremissible ., tr'rS m\ \'s\ bl(in not, and remissive: 
F. irrdmissible), that cannot be forgiven or remitted : 
ir'remis'sibly, ad. -bit: rrremis'sibleness, n. -bl-nis, 
quality of being not to be pardoned. 

irremovable, a. Ir'r8-m6'vd-bl (in, not, and remo- 
vable), that cannot be moved or changed : irremo'- 
vably, ad. -Ml: ir'remo'vabil'ity, n. -bll'-l-tl, quality 
or state of being irremovable. 

irreparable, a. lr-rcp'-d-rd-bl (in, not, and reparable: 
L. irreparabilis ; F. irreparable, irreparable), that 
cannot be repaired or mended; not to be recovered, 
retrieved, or remedied : irrep'arably, ad. -Ml : irrep- 
arabil'ity, n. -bll'i-tt, state of being beyond repair or 
recovery. 

irrepealable, a. ir'rSpel'dbl (in, not, and repeal- 
able), that cannot be revoked or annulled: irrepeal'- 
ably, ad. -Ml. 

irreprehenaible, a. Ir-rSp'-rS-hSn'sl-M (in, not, and 
reprehensible), not reprehensible ; not to be blamed or 
censured : irrep'rehen'sibly, ad. -Ml. 

irrepressible, a. Ir'-r8-pr6s'-sl-bl (in, not, andreprfs- 
sible), that cannot be repressed or subdued ; not to be 
restrained : ir'repres'sibly, ad. -Ml. 

irreproachable, a. ir'-r8-proch'-d-bl (in, not, and re- 
proachable), free from blame; innocent: ir'reproach- 
ably, ad. -Ml : ir'reproacb/ableness, n. -M-n8s. 

irreprovable, a. Ir'r8-pr6'vd-bl (in, not, and reprov- 
able), that cannot be justly reproved or blamed: ir- 
repro'vably, ad. -Mi. 

frreaistance, n. Ir'-r8-zlst'dns (in, not, and resist- 
ance), passive submission ; forbearance to resist. 

irresistible, a. ir'rS-zist'i-M (in, not, and resistible), 
that cannot be resisted or opposed : irresistibly, ad. 
-Ml: ir'resist'ibil'ity, n. -Ul'-l-ti, also ir'resistlble- 
ness, n. -M-nSs, quality of being irresistible ; power 
beyond successful resistance. 

irresoluble, a. lr-r8z'-6l-6-bl (in, not, and resoluble), 
incapable of being dissolved or set free ; that cannot 
be resolved into parts. 

irresolute, a. ir-rez'-6l-6t (in, not, and resolute), not 
firm or constant in purpose ; not decided ; wavering ; 
given to doubt : irres'olutely, ad. -II : irresolution, n. 
ir-r8z'-6-l6'-shun. want of resolution; want of decision 
in purpose : irres'oluteness, n. -I6t-n8s. 

irresolvable, a. Ir-rS-zol'-vd-M (in, not, and resol- 
vable), that cannot be resolved. 

irrespective, a. ir'-r8-sp8k'-tiv (in, not, and respec- 
tive), not regarding ; not having respect to, f - -'- 
stances : ir'respec tively, ad. -li : irrespect 
lowed by of. 

irrespirable, a. ir-rSs'pi-rd-M (in, not, and respira- 
ble), unfit for respiration. 

irresponsible, a. ir'r8-spon'-si-M (in, not, and respon- 
sible), not responsible ; not liable or able to answer for 
consequences: ir'respon'sibly, ad. -Mi: irresponsi- 
bility, n. -bll'-i-U. 

irretrievable, a. ir'-r8-tr8v'-d-M (in, not, and retriev- 
able), not to be retrieved ; not to be recovered or re- 
paired: irretrievably, ad. -Mi: ir'retriev'ableness, 
n. -M-nSs. 

irreturnable, a. ir'rS-tern'd-M (in, not, and return- 
able), not to be returned. 

irrevealable, a. ir'-r8-vel'-d-bl (in, not, and reveal- 
able), that may not be revealed: ir'reveal'ably, ad. 
-Ml. 

irreverent, a. ir-r8v'-8r-8nt (in, not, and reverent: 
L. irreverens, that does not show veneration : It. ir- 
reverente -. F. irrdverent), wanting in due regard for the 
Supreme Being ; wanting in respect to superiors : ir- 
reverently, ad. -li: irrev'erence, n. -8ns, want of due 
regard for the Supreme Being ; want of veneration or 
reverence. 

irreversible, a. ir-r8-ver-sl-bl (in, not, and reversible), 
not to be changed ; not to be recalled : ir'rever'sibly, 



s is fol- 



ISLA 



irrigate, v. ir'-ri-gat (L. irrigatum, to water, to irri- 
gate—from in, on, and rigo, I moisten or water : It. 
irrigare), to moisten land by causing water from a 
stream or canal to flow upon and spread over it ; to 
water: irrigating, imp.: ir'rigated, pp. watered: 
ir'riga'tion, n. -gd'shun, the operation of causing 
water from a stream or canal to flow upon and spread 

over land with the view of nourish and in< i< ;i m 

the growth of plants : irriguous, a. ir-rig'-u-us, water.) ; 
moist ; dewy ; well watered. 

irritant, a. ir'-ri-tdnt (L. irritus, not ratified or 
settled— from in, not, and rattts, ratified), in law, ren- 
dering null and void, as an irritant clause. 

irritate, v. ir'-rl-tdt (L. irritatum, to snarl often or 
greatly, as dogs, to provoke— from L. hirrire ; Norm. 
hirra, to snarl, to incite: Ger. zerren; Dut. ritsen, to 
provoke to anger), to make angry or fretful ; to pro- 
voke or exasperate ; to inflame or excite heat in, as 
the flesh or skin: ir'ritating, imp.: adj. exciting; 
causing irritation : irritated, pp. : adj. excited ; ex- 
asperated: irritable, a. -td-M (L. irritabilis, easily 
excited to anger), easily provoked or made angry : 
irritably, ad. -Mi: ir'ritabillty, n. -bil'-i-ti, the qua- 
lity of being easily excited or provoked ; the peculiar 

susceptibility possessed by the livi i ig tissues :: i 1 1 » . ■< 

on the application of certain substances : ir'ritancy, 
n. -tdn-si, the state of being irritant : irritant, a. Ir'- 
ri-tdnt (L. irritans, exasperating), irritating: n. that 
whichirritates or causes pain, heat.or tension : ir'rita'- 
tion, n. -td'-shun, the act of exciting heat or redness 
in the skin; the heat so produced; excitement of 
anger or passion ; provocation ; anger: irritative, a. 
-tiv, tending to excite or irritate : rr'rita'tory, a. -ta- 
il, /., < ni.in.'j '. prodlM n" i i li.ii.i-,, 

irruption, n. ir-rup'-shun (L. irruptum, to burst or 
rush violently into— from in, into, and rumpere, to 
break or burst: F. irruption), a sudden or violent 
bursting in ; a sudden invasion or incursion : irrap- 
tive, a. -tiv, rushing suddenly in or upon: irrup- 
tively, ad. -li. 

is, v. Iz (AS. ys; Ger. ist ; L. est; Gr. esti; Sans. 
asti), 3d pers. sing. pres. of the verb be. 

isagogic, a. I'-sd-goj'-ik, also isagog'ical, a. -i-kdl 
(Gr. eisagogikos, introductory — from eis, into, and 
ago, I lead), introductory; belonging to an intro- 
duction. 

isagon, n. %'sd-gon (Gr. isos, equal, and gonia, an 
angle), a figure whose angles are ■■>,< <■.< i 

ischiatic, a. is'-kl-dt'-lk (Gr. ischion, the hip), pert, 
to the hip : is'chium, n. -urn, the hip-bone. 

ischury, n. is'-ku-rl, also ischu ria, -ku'-ri-d (Gr. 
ischo, I stop or retain, and ouron, urine), the suppres- 
sion or stoppage of urine: is'churet'ic, n. -ret'-ik, a 
medicine adapted to relieve ischury: adj. having the 
quality of relieving ischury. 

ischypteras, n. is-kip'-ter-us (Gr. ischus, strength 
of body, and pteron, a fin), in geol., a genus of ganoid 
fishes with smooth rhomboidal scales. 

iserine, n. %-ser-in (from the river Iser, in Silesia, 
near whose source it was first found), a mineral of an 
iron-black colour and of a bri^Jii mi bailie i - ;■ > 
found in angular grains, rolled pieces, or in the form 
of black sand. 

isinglass, n. I'zing-glds (Ger. hausenblase, the blad- 
der of the sturgeon— from hausen, a sturgeon, and 
blase, a bladder: isinglass, a corruption of hausen- 
blase, probably from connecting the name with its 
employment in icing, or in making jellies), a pure 
kind of gelatine, gelatinous and semi-transparent, ob- 
tained from the sounds or air-bladders of certain fresh- 
water fish ; fish-glue. 

Isis, n. %'sis, one of the chief deities in the Egyptian 
mythology. 

Islamism, n. iz'-ld-mizm (At. islam, obedience to the 
will of God— from salama, to submit to God), the re- 
ligion or creed of Mohammed: Islam, n. iz'ldm, the 
religion of Mohammed ; the whole body of the faith- 
ful, and the countries in which Islamism is professed : 
is'lamit'ic, a. -mlt'-ik, pert, to Islamism. 

island, n. I'-ldnd (AS. igland— from eage, an eye: 
Fris. ooge, an eye, an island : literally, eye-land — the 
true etymology being preserved in eyot or ait, a small 
island in a river), a spot of land surrounded by water, 
in the same manner as the eye in the face ; a tract or 
portion of land wholly surrounded by water : islander, 
n. -er, an inhabitant of an island : islanded, a. formed 
as an island. 



mdte, mdt.fdr, law; mete, m8t, her; pine, pin; note, not, mdve; 



ISLE 2! 

isle, n. il (L. insula; It. isola ; old F. isle, island), 
an i?land : islet, n. i'-let, a little island. 

iso, isiJ (Or. isos, equal), a prefix denoting equality 
or similarity. 

iso-barom 6 mct'-rlc (Gr. isos, equal, 

and barometric), indicating equal barometric pres- 

isobrious, a. i-sd^orS-ws (Gr. isos, equal, and briao, 
I strengthen), in but., applied to the dicotyledons, 
because both jloped with equal force. 

isocardia, n. i'-so-kdr'di-d (Gr. isos, equal, and kar- 
dia, the heart), the heart-cockle, a genus of bivalve 
shells characterised by their large ventricose or sub- 
globular shells. 

isocheimal, a. i'so-kl'm&l, also i'sochei'minal, a. 
-mi-ndl (Gr. isos, equal, and cheima, winter), of the same 
winter temperature, — applied to imaginary lines pass- 
ing through places which have the same mean winter 
temperature. 

isochxomatic, a. I'sO-krO-mdt'ik (Gr. isos, equal, and 
chroma, colour), having the same colour. 

isochronal, a. l-sok-ro-ndl, also isoch'ronous. a. 
-nus (Gr. isos, equal, and chronos, time), occurring in 
equal times, or at intervals of the same duration, as 
the beats of a pulse : isoch'ronism, n. -?ilzm, the pro- 
perty of a pendulum by which it performs its vibra- 
tions in equal times. 

isoclinal, a. i's6-kli'ndl (Gr. isos, equal, and klin- 
ein, to incline), pert, to or indicating equality of in- 
clination or dip : isoclinal lines, imaginary lines on 
the earth's surface passing through places where the 
magnetic dip or inclination is the same. 

isocryme, n. I'so-krlm (Gr. isos, equal, and krumos, 
cold), a line laid down on a map or chart to mark the 
limits of equal extreme cold on the surface of the 
earth : i'sochry'mal, a. -krl'mdl, pert, to or indicating 
the limits of equal extreme cold. 

isodomon, n. l-sdd'6-mon (Gr. isodomon, built 
alike— from isos, equal, and demein, to build), a build- 
ing in which the masonry was cut and squared to the 
same height, so that the courses of stone, when laid, 
were all regular and equal. 

isodynamic, a. lsodi-ndm<ik (Gr. isos, equal, and 
dimamis, force), having the same power or force ; 
equal in power, and capable of producing the same 
residts. 

isogeothermal, a. i'sO-je-6-therhndl (Gr. isos, equal, 
Of, the earth, and therm.-, heat), applied to iniau'inarv 
lines or divisions on the earth's crust which have the 
same mean annual temperature— restricted to land 
only. 

isogonic, a. VsO-gon'ik (Gr. isos, equal, and gonia, 
an angle), having equal lines,— applied to imaginary 
lines passing through all places on the earth's surface 
at which the horizontal magnetic needle makes the 
same angle with the meridian. 

isohyetose, a. i'so-hi'd-tos (Gr. isos, equal, and 
huetos, rain), applied to imaginary lines on the earth's 
surface connecting places which have the same mean 
annual fall of rain. 

isolate, v. I'so-lat (It. isolato, solitary : F. isoler, to 
detach— from L. insula, an island), to place in a de- 
tached situation; to insulate ; to place by itself: iso- 
lating, imp.: i'solated, pp. : adj. placed by itself or 
alone : i'sola'tion, n. -la-shun, state of being isolated 
or alone. 

isomeric, a. l'-s6-rnSr'ik (Gr. isos, equal, and meros, 
a part), formed of the same elements in the same pro- 
portions, but having different physical and chemical 
properties : isomerism, n. l-som'ir-izm, identity in 
composition, but with difference of properties : isom - 
erous, a. -us, in bot., applied to the organs of a flower, 
when each is composed of an equal number of parts. 

isometrical, a. I'so-met'ri-kdl (Gr. isos, equal, and 
metron, a measure), pert, to or characterised by 
equality of measure. 

isomorphism, n. tisS-1 isos, equal, and 

morphe, form, shape), the capability shown by two or 
more simple or compound substances to crystallise in 
one and the same form, or approximating very closely 
—and the similarity of form is generally combined 
with asimilarity of otherphysical properties : isomer 7 - 
phous, a. -fus, composed of different elements, but pos- 
sessing the same or similar crystalline forms. 

isonomy, n. %-son'd-mi (Gr. isos, equal, and nomos, 
law), equal law or rights : isonomic, a. I'-so-nom'ik, the 
same or equal in law or right ; one in kind or origin. 

isoperimetrical, a. i'so-p&r'i-met'ri-kal (Gr. isos, 
equal, peri, round, and metron, a measure), of equal 



9 ITIN 

perimeter or circumference: iscperimetry, n. -per- 

im'S-tri, the science ol'figures h in i i 

or boundaries. 

isopod, n. i'-so-pod, isopoda, plu. i-sop'o-dd (Gr. isos, 
equal, antipodes, feet), an order of insects having the 
legs all alike: isopodous, a. i-tdp'o-dus, equal-lcgged. 

isopyre, n. i'so-plr (Gr. i'sos, equal, and pur, fire), a 
mineral of a greyish or black colour and of vitreous 
lustre. 

isosceles, a. t-sos'sS-lez (Gr. isos, equal, skelos, a leg), 
having equal sides or legs— applied to a triangle hav- 
ing only two equal sides. 

isostemonous, a. i'sos-tSm'6-niis (Gr. isos, equal, 
and stemon, a thread or stem), in bot., applied to sta- 
mens and floral envelopes which have the same num- 
ber of parts or multiples. 

isotheral, a. i-soth'-er-dl (Gr. isos, equal, and theros, 
summer), of the same mean summer temperature. 

isothermal, a. %-sO-ther'mdl (Gr. isos, equal, and 
therme, heat), having the same temperature ; of equal 
temperature ; applied to imaginary lines connecting- 
all those places on the surface of the globe which 

- ' the same mean temperature, 
tonic, a. I'so-ton'lk (Gr. isos, 
.„ in ?nwsic,having or indicating ,. 

Israelite, n. iz'rd-el-lt, a descendent of Israel ( 
Jacob; a Jew: Is'raelit'ic, a, -it'-ik, also Is'raelit'ish, 
a. -it'ish, pert, to Israel or to a Jew. 

issue, n. ish'shu (F. issu, born, sprung; issue, 
issue, exit— from Norm. F. issir, to go out : L. ex-ire, 
to go out : It. uscire, to go out, to spout), the act of 
passing or flowing out; that which happens or turns 
out; end or ultimate result ; children; offspring: cir- 
culation, as of bank-notes ; giving out or delivering 
for use ; the point in dispute in a suit at law : v. to 
send out or forth ; to put in circulation ; to deliver 
for use; to flow or come out; to spring, as from a 
source ; to end or terminate ; to arise : issuing, imp. : 
n. a flowing or passing out ; a sending out, as of notes 
for circulation: is'sued, pp. -shvd: adj. descended: 
issueless, a. -sh u-les, childless : is'suer, n. -ir, one who. 

isthmus, n. Ist'mus (L. isthmus; Gr. isthmos), a 
neck of land uniting two larger portions together, or 
a peninsula to the mainland: isthmian, a. -mi-Cm, 
pert, to an isthmus: Isthmian Games, one of the 
four great national festivals of anc. Greece, celebrated 
on the Isthmus of Corinth every alternate year. 

it, pron. « (AS. hit; Dut. het ; Icel. hitt ; L. id), the 
pron. of the 3d pers. sing. neut. nom. or obj. ; the thing 
already spoken of. Note.— It in a sentence stands in- 
stead of, and refers to, a place, animal, thing, quality, 
or clause, but often to nothing definite, as, it rains. 

Italian, a. i-tdl'-ydn (L. Italia, Italy), pert, to Italy : 
n. a native of Italy, or its language : Italianise, v. 
-ydn-lz, to make Italian in manners or habits ; to 
speak Italian, or play the Italian : Italianising, 
imp.: Italianised, pp. -fed: italic, a. l-tdl'lk, pert, 
to Italy or its language ; denoting a certain variety 
of type : italics, n. plu. a sloping sort of types or let- 
ters : italicise, -i-siz, to write or print in italics : ital'- 
ici'sing, imp. : italicised', pp. -slzd' .- itallcism, n. 
-i-sizm, an Italian phrase or idiom : italian-iron, air 
instrument, when heated, used for fluting and smooth- 
ing frills, &c, by laundresses : Italian warehouseman, 
a vendor of macaroni, vermicelli, dried fruits, olive- 
oil, and suchlike. 

itch, n. ich (AS. gicha, an itching, scab: Ger. 
jiicken, to itch : Bav. gigkeln, to shiver, to twitch), a 
disease of the skin which inclines the person to 
scratch the part ; any strong teasing desire or long- 
ing : v. to feel on the skin the peculiar uneasy sensa- 
tion arising from itch, causing a desire to scratch the 
skin ; to have a teasing or longing desire for: itch'- 
ing, imp. : adj. having a sensation and desire for 
scratching; having a constant longing desire: n. a 
state of the skin which creates the desire for rubbing 
or scratching; a constai it : ing lesire : itched, pp. 
icht: itchy, a. ich'-i, infected with the itch; having 
feeling as if arising from the itch : itch'iness, n. state 
of being itchy : itch'ingly, ad. -li. 

item, n. l-tem (L. item, also, in like manner : Sans. 
ittham, so), a separate article or particular : ad. also ; 
furthermore— used when something is to be added. 

iterate, v. if-er-at (L. iteratum, to go over again, to 
repeat : It. iterare, to repeat), to repeat ; to utter or 
do a second time : it'erating, imp. : it'erated, pp. : 
it'era'tion, n. -a'shun, repetition : it'erative, a. -tiv, 
repeating. 

itinerant, a. l-tin'-er-ant (mid. L. itinerare, to make 



cdio, bdy,Joot; £ure,bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



ITSE 3< 

a journey— from L. iter, a way or journey— gen. itiv or- 
is; It. itinere, a journey), passing from place to place ; 
wandering; unsettled: n. one who travels from place 
to place, or is unsettled; a pi dlar : itin'erantly, ad. 
-li: itin'eracy, n. -d-si, also itin'erancy, n. -dn-si, a 
passing from place to place: itin'erary, n. -er-d-ri, a 
guide or route-book for travellers: adj. pert, to or 
done on a journey : itin'erate, v. -er-dt, to travel from 
place to pi;iee, particularly [or the purpose of preach- 
ing: itin'era'ting, imp. travelling from place to place, 
particularly for preaching or lecturing: itin'era'ted, 
pp. 

itself, it-self (it, and self), a reciprocal pron.— gene- 
rally applied to things. 

ivied— see ivy. 

ivory, n. i'vd-rl (F. ivoire; It. avorio, ivory— from 
L. tbur, ivory), the bony tusk of the male elephant ; 



JAGH 



aiaueuuie jeaeui uuiiy ivory: a,uj. maue or prepared 

from ivory ; resembling ivory : ivory-black, carbon- 
ised or charred bone or ivory : ivory-nut, the nut of 
a species of palm-tree— so called from the fluid found 
in the nuts hardening into a whitish close-grained 
albuminous substance, often called vegetable vcor<i 
from its resembling ivory in texture and colour: 
i'vories, n. plu. -riz, a general term for works of art 
executed in ivory. 

ivy, n. l'-vi (AS. ifig; Ger. epheu, ivy: Gael, eid- 
hean, ivy— from eid, to clothe), a well-known ever- 
green climbing plant : ivied, a, I'vid, overgrown with 
ivy: ivy-mantled, a. overgrown or covered with ivy. 

ixolyte, n. iks'o-lit (Gr. bos, bird-lime, and lithos, 
a stone), one of the mineral resins of a hyacinth-red 
colour, which becomes soit at 169°. 



jabber, v. j&b'ber (imitative of a noisy indistinct 
utterance: Scot, gabber: F. japper, to yelp; jaboter, 
to mutter), to talk rapidly and indistinctly; to talk 
nonsensically; to chatter: n. utterance of words rap- 
idly and indistinctly: jab'bering, imp.: jab'bered, 
pp. -bird: jabberer, n. -ber-er, one who. 

jabiru, n. jub'i-ru, a Brazilian name for a wading 
bird, having the same habit.-; as those of the stork, and 
with an enormous bill. 

jacamar, n. jdk'-d-mdr' (F. jacamar), one of a genus 
1 i i i in i 'inn i Hi i i ib Idngii h rs, 

and having the habits of the bee-eaters. 

jacana, n. jd-kd'-nd, the Brazilian name for a bird 
found in most tropical countries, but most common 
in S. Amer., remarkable for the length of its toes, and 
for its wings being armed in front with sharp spurs. 

jacaranda, n. jak'dr-dn'dd, the Brazilian name for 
a fine lofty tree, from which rosewood is obtained. 

jacinth, n. jo'.^i.iUh [V. jnciiUhc : L. lu/iieiri/lius), an- 
other name fo i i be | > ai.bui li,a .■:peeie..;oi' precioUSStOIie. 

jack, n.jdk (a familiar corruption or diminutive of 
John), a name applied as an expression of familiarity ; 
any mechanical contrivance for replacing the personal 
service of an attendant ; a screw for raising heavy 
weights ; a contrivance to turn a spit ; any timber 
cut short of its usual length ; a flag or ensign ; a sailor 
—usually in composition, as jack-tar; a prefix signify- 
ing male, as jack-ass : jacks, n. plu. wooden wedges 
used in coal-mining : jack-daw, one of the crow family, 
a small species inhabiting rocks and old buildings : 
boot-jack, an implement for taking off boots : jack- 
towel, a coarse towel hanging from a roller for general 
use : jack-boots, heavy boots for rough service : black- 
jack (Dut.j'uA/.i a li athei tijug for household service: 
jack-plane, a large plane for heavy work : jack-screw, 
a screw used bn i. m_ cm. << m i be hold of a ship: 
jack-staff, the staff upon which the union-jack is 
hoisted: union-jack, the national flag of Great Britain 
and Ireland, containing the union of the three crosses, 
but without the fly of the ensign : jack-in-a-box, a 
figure made to start out of a box ; a piece of machinery 
for raising heavy weights a little way off the ground : 
jack-in-omce, a person who presumes on the authority 
with which he is invested: jack-of-all-trades, one 
able to turn his hand to many things, generally used 
in a half-contemptuous sense : jack-pudding, a merry- 
andrew: jack-with-a- lantern, or jack-o'-lantern, 
will-o'-the-wisp ; the ignis fatuus. 

jackal, n. jdk'-awl (Ar. jakal; Sp. chacal), a wild 
animal, resembling pari Ly a dog and partly a fox. 

jackanapes, n.jdk'd-naps (jaek. the ape), an imper- 
tinent fellow ; a monkey. 

jackass, n i I ' ad ass), the male ass. 

jacket, n. jdk'-et, also jack, n. jdk (F. jaquette, a 
child's coat, the dim. ofjaque, a jacket, a coat of mail), 

a homely sub u i I ; a short loose 

coat terminating at the waist: jack'eted, a. -et-6d, 
wearing a jacket. 

Jacobin, n. jdk'6-bin (from the place of meeting in 
an old monastery of the monks, called Jacobins— from 
L. Jacobus, Jacob or James), a party of violent revo- 
lutionists in France during the first Revolution ; a 
radicalorlevellingii.il i h i h.iracter of the 

French Jacobins: Jac'obin'ical. a. -i-kdl, having the 
character of a Jacobin: Jac'obinism, n. -izm, the 
principles of the Jacobins: jac'obin'ically, ad. -II. 



Jacobite, n. jdk'o-blt (Jacobus, James, the Latinised 
form of theHeb. Ja'acob, Jacob, James), one attached 
to the cause of King James II., particularly after his 
flight and abdication, and to his line: adj. of or be- 
longing to the Jacobites: Jac'obitism, n. -Izm, the 
principles of the Jacobites : Jac'obit'ical, a. -bit'-i- 
kdl, belonging to the Jacobites. 

Jacob's-ladder, n. jd'kvbs-ldd'der {Jacob, and lad- 
der), the name of a plant, supposed to be so called 
from its sucoessivi pairs ol leaflets; a ship's ladder 
made of ropes, but having ivooden steps; a cross staff 
for taking altitudes. 

jacobus, vi.jd-ko'-bas (L. Jacobus, James), agold coin, 
in value about 25 shilling:;, so called from James I., 
in whose reign it was first coined. 

jaconet, n. jdk'o-net (F.jaconas), a light thin cotton 
fabric between cambric and muslin, used for dresses, 

jaccruard, n. jdk'drd (after the inventor), a loom for 
weaving figured fabrics. 

jactitation, n. jdk'ti-lu // u n ■ tare, to cast or 

toss to and fro— from jactare, to throw or fling), a toss- 
ing about of the body ; restlessness. 

jaculatcry, a. jdk'u-la'tir-l (L. jaculatus, hurled 
or thrown, as a javelin or dart), darting or throwing 
out suddenly; uttered in short sentences; ejaeula- 
tory. 

jade, v. jdd (Sp. ijadear, to play, as the flanks, to 
pant— from ijada, the flank), to tire or fatigue ; to be- 
come tired ; to weary with hard service, attention, or 
study : n. a tired or worn-out horse ; a worthless nag ; 
a mean or sorry woman ; a young woman, generally in 
slight contempt: ja'ding, imp.: ja'ded, pp. and a. 
fatigued; wearied; harassed: jadish, a. jd'dtsh, 
vicious— applied to a horse ; unchaste— applied to a 
woman. 

jade, n. jdd (F. jade— said to be from its Indian 
name igida), a tough hard mineral, of a dark leek- 
green colour, smooth surface, and somewhat soapy 
feel, worked into many elegant ornaments in India ; 
called also nephrite (Gr. nephros, a. kidney), from its 
supposed medicinal properties in kidney diseases ; also 
axe-stone, from a variety of it being fashioned into 
axe-heads by the natives of New Zealand. 

jag, n. jdg (Gael, gagaich 1 re1 gagei, to stutter: 
Bav. gagkern, to cluck as a hen : Gael, gog, the cack- 
ling of a hen, the nodding of the head : such syllables 
as gag, jag, gig, being often imitative of harsh broken 
sounds), a projection; an indentation; the tooth of a 
saw ; a notch ; a ragged protuberance : v. to notch ; 
to cut like the 1 I i jag ging, imp.: jagged, 

pp. jdgd : adj. jdg'ged, having notches or teeth ; hav- 
ing sharp irregular edges and surfaces: jag'ger, n. 
-ger, one who jags ; in Scot., a pedlar; the bearer of a 
wallet or leather bag, called a jag: jag'gedly. ad. -li: 
jag'gedness, n. -n6s, the state of having rough pro- 
jections ; unevenness : jag'gy, a. -gi, rugged ; uneven ; 
set with teeth. 

jaggery, n. jdg'gir-l, the Indian name for a kind of 
coarse dark sugar, obtained from the juice of palms 
and the sugar-cane— often used to mix with lime to 
form a cement. 

jaghire, n. jdg'er (Hind, jagir), in the E. Ind., a 
Government grant of land or of produce to an indivi- 
dual for life, or for the support of a public establish- 
ment: jag'hire-dar, n. -ddr, one who holds a jaghire. 



indie, rndt,fdr, law; mete,. met, her; pine,jAn; note, not, move; ■ 



JAGU 2 

jaguar, n. jao'-ii-dr or jd-gtcdr' (Brazilian, jagoara), 
the American tiger. 

Jan, n. jfdA, a contr. for Jehovah. 

jail, n.jal (also written gaol, which see), a prison; 
a place of confinement for prisoners : jail'or, n., also 
jailer, n. -er, the keeper of a jail: jail-bird, one who 
has frequently been in a jail. 

jalap, n. jdi-dp [Xalapa, in Mexico, where it grows: 
F. jalap), the root of a plant reduced to powder— used 
in medicine as a purgative. 

jalousy, n. zhai'oo-ze , pin. jal'ousies', -zez 1 (F. jal- 
ousie), in the E. and W. Indies and in France, a name 
for Venetian blinds. 

jam, n. jam (mod. Gr. sou mi, broth, juice), a con- 
serve of fruit boiled with sugar. 

jam, v.jdm (Eng. jamb, the side-post of a door), to 
press in between something that confines the space on 



each side, like the jambs of a door ; to squeeze tight; 
to pres 

janul. 



: jam'ming, imp.: jammed, pp. 



Jamaica, a. jd-ma'-kd, of or from Jamaica, as Ja- 
maica pepper, one of the names given to allspice. 

jamb, n.jdm (F.jambe, a leg), the side supports of 
any opening in a wall, as a fireplace, a door, &c; a 
door-post ; a miners' term for any thick mass of rock 
which prevents them pursuing the lode or vein. 

jamesonite, n. jdm'son-it (after Professor Jame- 
son), an ore consisting principally of the sulphurets 
of lead and antimony. 

janapa, n. jdn'-d-pd, the hemp of India which fur- 
nishes a valuable fodder, guuny cloth and cordage 
being also made of it. 

jangle, n. jdng'-gl (old F. jangler, to prattle: Dut. 
jangelen, to yelp), discordant sound ; babble : v. to 
quarrel in words; to wrangle: jangling, imp.: jan- 
gled, pp. -gld: jangler, n. -gler, one who jangles; a 
chattering noisy fellow. 

janitor, n. jdn'i-ter (L. janitor, a doorkeeper— from 
janua, a gate), a doorkeeper; a porter. 

janizary, n. jdn'-i-z>-r-i (Turk, ycni ischeri, new 
troops), the name of the once formidable infantry of 
the Turkish empire — destroved to the number of 
25,000 by Sultan Mahmood, A.b. 1825. 

Jansenism, n. jdn'-sen-lzm (from Jansen, Bishop of 
Ypres), the doctrines taught by Jansen regarding free 
wiU and grace : Jan'senist, n. -1st, a follower of. 

jantu, n.jdn'-to'o, a machine in India for raising water 
for the irrigation of the land. 

janty, jantily, jantiness— see jaunty. 

January, n.jd n'il-dr- i (I,. Jon uarius, January— from 
Janus, an anc. Italian deity, represented with two 
faces, looking behind and before, with a key in one 
hand and a statf in the other), the first month of the 
year. 

japan, n. jd-pdn', also japan-work (from the coun- 
try in Asia so called), work varnished and figured in 
the manner practised by the natives of Japan : japan', 
a varnish for articles made of metal or wood, gener- 
ally made of linseed-oil, umber, and turpentine: v. to 
varnish as the natives of Japan do ; to cover with var- 
nish or japan : japan ning, imp. : n. the art of giving 
a black or glossy surface to, and drawing figures on, as 
• on wood : japanned', pp. -pan J, made with a black and 
glossy varnish : japan ner, n. -ner, one who varnishes. 

Japanese, n. jdp'-dn-Cz, a native of Japan, or the 
language : japan current, that branch of the equato- 
rial current of the Pacific which trends northward 
along the Japan coasts. 

jar, n. jdr(F.jare; Sp.jarra; It. giara, a jar— from 
Ar. garrah, a waterpot), an earthenware pot or vessel 
of variable shape and dimensions. 

jar, n. jar (Swab, garren; Bav. garrezen, to creak 
like a wheel or shoe : Sp. chirr iar, to creak : L. gar- 
rire, to chirp, to chatter), a harsh rattling vibration 
of sound ; harsh vibration or sensation ; a quarrel ; a 
clash of interests or opinions: v. to strike or shake 
with a kind of short rattle ; to sound untunably ; to 
strike or sound harshly or discordantly ; to clash ; to 
quarrel or dispute: jaf'ring, imp.: jarred, pp. -jdrd: 
jarringly, ad. -li: ajar, ad. d-jdr', applied to the state 
of a door slightly open, when it is capable of producing 
the jarring sound. 

jardes, n. jdrdz (F. jardons), in far., hard callous 
tumours in horses, a little below the bending of the 
ham on the outside. 

jardiniere, n. zhar-din-l-dr (F. a gardener's wife), an 
ornamental-; aid flowers, to be used as 

a piece of deco e in a room. 

jargon, n.jdr'gon (F. jargon, gibberish : It. gergone ; 



11 JEJU 

F. jargonner, to talk gibberish), confused, unintelli- 
gible talk ; gabble ; a disparaging term applied to rude 
and harsh language. 

jargon, n. jdr'gon, also jargoon', n. -gdn', a min- 
eral, being a Cingalese variety of zircon, colourless 
specimens of which arc often sold for diamonds. 

jargonelle, n. jdr'-gon-el' (F. jargonnelle), a rich 
variety of pear. 

jarred, jarring— see under jar. 

jasey, n.jd'-zi (corruption of J> rsey, and probablyso 
called from being made of or resembling Jersey yarn), 
a wig ; a head of bushy hair. 

jasmine, n.jds'mln (F. jasmin: Ar. yasmin), a plant 
of several species bearing beautiful flowers ; also spelt 
jessamine. 

jasper, n. jds'-per (F.jaspe: It. jas2>ide: L. and Gr. 
iaspis), a compact variety of quartz of various colours ; 
a precious stone : jaspid ean, a. -pld'-e-dn, also jas- 



jaumange, n. zho-mangzh' (F. jaune, yellow, and 
manger, meat), a variety of blancmange ; Dutch flum- 
mery. 

jaundice, n. jaTcn'cUs (F. jaunisse, the yellow dis- 
ease— from jaune, yellow), a disease characterised by 
Yellowness of the eves, skin, l\c, and general languor: 
jaun'diced, a. -dist, affected with jaundice ; preju- 
diced; biassed. 

jaunt, n. jaunt (old F. jancer, to stir, as a horse in 
the stable till he sweat: Manx, jonse, a jolt, the acting 
in a wild untamely manner : old Eng. jounce, to jolt, 
as rough-riders are wont to do), a short journey; a 
trip : v. to journey ; to wander here and there ; to 
take short trips: jaunting, imp.: n. a rambling for 
pleasure, or exercise : adj. used for short journeys, 
as a jaunting car: jaunt'ed, pp. 

jaunty, a. ja'rn'-ii (F. (until, pretty, agreeable), 
airy; showy; gay : jaun tiness, n. airiness; showi- 
ness ; llutter : jaun'tily, ad. -li, gaily. 

javelin, n.jdv'lin{F. javeline, a javelin: Sp. jaba- 
li7ia, a boar-spear— from jabali, a wild boar), a light 
hand-spear formerly used for throwing at an enemy ; 
a half-pike or spear about 5$ feet long. 

jawhole, n. jdw'hOl (F. gachis, splashing: Ger. 
gauche, slops), a gullyhole: sink where slops are 

jaws, n. plu. jaTcz (F. joue, the cheek : "Wall, choicer; 
old Eng. chaff, to chirp, to chatter: Dut. kauwe, a 
chattering daw, a jaw: old Eng. chaff-bones or chaw- 
bones), the bones of the head in which the teeth are 
fixed, in man of a horse-shoe shape ; the inner ends of 
the booms or gaffs of a ship hollowed in : jawed, a. 
jaXcd, having jaws ; having the character of a jaw or 
jaws : jaw-fallen, a. depressed; dejected; depressed 
in spirits : jawbone, n. the bone of the jaw contain- 
ing the teeth. 

jay, n. jd (F. jeai; Sp. gaio; Dut. kauwe, a jay, a 
daw), one of the most beautiful of British birds, hav- 
ing variegated plumage, and the head covered with 
long feathers. 

jealous, a. jBl'iis (F. jaloux, jealous : L. zelus; Gr. 
zelos, zeal, jealousy), suspicious of" rivalship ; suspici- 
ous of not enjoying the affection or love of another; 
anxiously careful and concerned for anything: jeal'- 
ousness, n. -ncs, also jealousy, n. -ns-'i, the uneasi- 
ness which arises from the fear of another robbing us 
of the love or affection of one whom we love ; sus- 
picious caution, vigilance, or rivalry; earnest concern 
or solicitude : jeal'ously, ad. -li. 

jean, n.jan (F. . jean— from Genoa), a kind of stout 
cotton cloth: satin-jean, a stout cotton cloth woven 
to have the smooth, glossy surface of satin, used for 
stays, shoes, &c. 

jears, n. plu. jerz (also written gcers or jeers), in 
nav., an assemblage of tackles by which the lower 
yards of a ship are hoisted or lowered. 

jeer, v. jer (Ger. scheren, to rail at : Icel. clar, deri- 
sion; clara, to make sport of), to deride; to scoff; to 
make a mock of: n. a taunt; mockery; derision: 
jeer'ing, imp. : n. mockery : adj. having the charac- 
ter of a jeer : jeered, pp. jerd: jeer'er, n, -er, one who 
jeers: jeer'ingly, ad. -li. 

jeffersonite, n. jef -fir -son-it (after Jeffersori), a va- 
riety of augite from Sparta, in New Jersey, of a dark 
olive or black colour. 

Jehovah, n. je-ho'vd (Heb. Yehovah— from liavah, 
to be), the Hebrew name of the Deity ; the eternal and 



self-existent Being. 
jejune, a, je-jun' (L. jejunus, fasting, empty, dry), 
uo~y,fubt; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



JELL 



302 



JIG 



empty; wanting; vacant; barren; uninteresting: 
jejune'ly, ad. -li: jejune ness, n. emptiness; barren- 
ness ; poverty : jeju'num, n. -ju'num, a part of the 
small intestines :o called because often found empty, 
jelly, n. jei'li (F. gelie, the juice of meat or fruit 
which congeals on cooling— from F. geler; L. gelare, 
to freeze), the strained liquid or juice of fruit after 
being boiled with sugar until il i hall become a stiffen- 
ed mass when cooled; the stiffened juice of boiled 
meat, sweetened and flavoured, as calves'-feet jelly 



jelly-fish, a popular name given to several varieties 
of marine creatures, from their resemblance to a 
mass of jelly. 

jemidar, n. jSm'4-ddr (Hind, jama-dar, the keeper 
of a wardrobe, a musketeer), a native officer in the 
Indian army having rank as a lieutenant. 

jemmy— see jimmy. 

jennet, n. jen'et (F. genet, a Sp. horse : Sp. ginete, a 

hi hi i. 'i hi I' : i in li In , ■ 

jenneting, n. j6n'-n6t-ing (F. jeanneton), an apple ripe 
about June. 



jenny, n. jin'ni (by some said to be after Jenny, 
the wife of the inventor, Arkivright; by others from 
gin, a corruption of engine), a machine for spinning. 



jeopardise, v.jSp'er-dl» (F jt u parti; mid. Kjocus 
partitus, an even chance, a choice of two alternatives 
—properly a game in which the chances are even, 
hence anything uncertain or hazardous — from F. 
jeu; L.jocus, game, sport— and F. parti; L. partitus, 
divided), to expose to loss or injury; to hazard, 
imperil, or endanger : jeop'ardi'sihg, imp. : jeop'- 
ai-dised, pp. -dlzd; also in same sense, jeopard, v. 
jep'-erd: jeop'arding, imp.: jeop'arded, pp.: jeop- 
ardy, n. jgp'er-dl, exposure to loss, injury, or death; 

li,')./;ini : |.r,-il ; .liui-i-i. 

jerboa, n. jer-bo'd (Ar. yerboa), the leaping-mouse ; 
a small rodent or gnawer having very long hind legs, 
and very short fore ones. 

jeremiad, n. jSr'6-ml'dd, a sad and desponding com- 
plaint or lamentation— so called from the Book of 
Lamentations of Jeremiah. 

jerk, v. jerk (Icel. hrekia ; Scot, yerk, to beat : W. 
terc, a jerk or jolt), to thrust out arid draw back sud- 
denly ; to give a sudden pull or twitch ; to move with 
a start or by starts ; to throw with a quick, smart, ar- 
rested motion ; to cut, as beef, into long thin slices, in 
order to dry them for keeping : n. a short sudden 
thrust or twitch that shocks or starts ; a sudden ar- 
rested motion tending to throw or hurl : jerking, 
imp. : n. act of one who jerks : jerked, pp. jerkt, 
twitched; suddenly pushed or thrust: adj. cut into 
pieces and dried in the sun, as beef : jerklngly, ad. 
■ing-li, by jerks : jerk'y, a. -i, coming or moving by 
starts or by unsteady action. 

jerkin, n.jt r'-kinQ iargot.a, coarse garment worn 
by country people : Dut. jurk, a child's pinafore), a 
sort of jacket. 

jerquing, n. jerk'ing, the search of a ship by a cus- 
tom-house officer, called a jerquer, to ascertain if there 
be any concealed or unentered goods. 

jersey, n. jer'zi, fine woollen yarn as spun in Jer- 
sey ; combed wool ; the close-fitting woollen under- 
shirt worn in rowing. 

Jerusalem-artichoke, j8-r6'-sd-lem-dr'ti-chok (a cor- 
ruption of It. girasole, sun-flower or turnsole, with 
Eng. artichoke), a plant with edible roots, and tall 
stems, abounding in useful fibre. 

jess, n.j8s (old F. gect ; It. geto, a jess), in hawking, 
a strap of leather tied about the legs of a hawk, by 
which it is held on the fist. 

jessamine, n. jSs'sd-min, the jasmine. 

jesse, n.jes'se, the large branched candlestick used 
in churches, so called as r>'seml>ling the genealogical 
tree of Jesse, the father of David, a picture of which 
was formerly hung in churches. 

jest, n. jest (L. gestum, to do, as a feat or deed, then 
applied to the relation or story of it : L. gesta, in the 
mid L. Gesta Romanorum, a celebrated collection of 
stories of the middle ages, then an amusing story, 
and finally a joke: old Eng. gestour, a narrator of 
stories: Icel. gis, jeering, bantering), something lu- 



dicrous, or only intended to excite laughter; joke 
fun ; the object of jest or laughter ; something said in 
joke or raillery, not in earnest : v. to divert by words 
or actions ; to utter untruth or exaggeration in play 
or diversion: jesting, imp.: adj. having the charac- 
ter of a jest or sarcasm : n. talking for diversion or 

mate, radi, far, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, mCve; 



merriment; the making merry by words or actions: 
jest'ed, pp.: jest'er, n. -er, one given to merriment 
and pranks; a buffoon; a merry-andrew : jest'ful, a. 
■fool, full of jokes: jestingly, ad. -li, not in earnest. 

Jesuit, n.jiic \i-it membra of the order or society 
of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534 ; a relig- 
ious order in the R. Cath. Ch. renowned for the zeal, 
learning, address, and craftiness of its members ; an 
intriguer; a crafty person: jes'uitlc, a. -it'-ik, also 
jes'uitlcal, a. -i-kal, pert, to the Jesuits; crafty; de- 
ceitful : jes'uitlcally, ad. -li: jes'uitism, n. -it-izm, 
also jes'uitry, n. -it-ri, the principles and practices of 
the Jesuits; cunning; deceit; hypocrisy. 

jet, n. jet (L. jactus, cast or thrown : F. jet; It. getto, 
a cast, a throw), a small stream of water or other fluid 
forcibly emitted; a shoot of water; a gas bram-h : 
jetting, a. jet-ting, shooting forward or out : jet-d'eau, 
n. zha-do" (F. a throw of water), an ornamental water- 
spout or fountain : jets-d'eau, n. plu. zhat- 1 jetsam, 
n. jet'-sdm, or jetsom, jetson, jotson, the throwing of 
goods overboard to lighten a ship ; the goods thrown 
over ; goods found thrown ashore without an owner. 
Note.— Jetsam is goods thrown into the sea when the 
ship is in danger ; flotsam, when goods are floating on 
the sea after shipwreck ; lagan, when goods are sunk, 
but tied to a buoy or float in order to be found again. 

jet, n. jet (F. jaiet; L. and Gr. gagates, jet— said to be 
so called from the river Gagas, in Lycia), a well-known 
variety of coal, of an intense velvety-blackorbrownish- 
black colour, occurring in great purity and abundance 
in the cliffs of alum-shale on the Yorkshire coast; 
jetty, a. jSt'tt, made of jet ; black as jet : jet'tiness, 
n. -nes, quality of being jetty ; blackness : jet-black, 
a. of the colour of jet ; of the deepest black. 

jetsam or jetsom, &c— see under jet 1. 

jetty, n. jet'ti (F. jetde, a bank, a pier: L. jactus, 
cast or thrown), an erection that juts or projects be- 
yond the rest ; any erection jutting into a river or 
into the sea ; a landing-place or pier ; sometimes spelt 
jettee or jutty : jetty-head, that part of a wharf 
which projects beyond the rest. 

Jew, n. j6 (from Judah), an Israelite; a Hebrew; 
in any dishonest dealings, applied to a cheat : Jew's- 
harp, a small musical instrument, played by being 
held on the teeth: Jew'ess, n. -es, a female Jew: 
Jewish, a. -ish, like a Jew, or pert, to one: Jew'- 
ishly, ad. -li : Jewlshness, n. : Jew'ry, n. -ri, Judea ; 
a district inhabited by Jews : Jew*s-ear, a species of 
fungus bearing some resemblance to the human ear : 
JewVstone, the fossil spine of a large egg-shaped 
echinus. 

jewel, n. j6'6l (old F. jouel; F. joyau, a jewel: It. 
giojello, all manner of jewels— from gioja, delight, a 
jewel: Sp. joyel, a jewel), an ornament, generally of 
precious metal or valuable substance ; a gem ; a pre- 
cious stone ; a name of fondness : v. to adorn with pre- 
cious stones; to place the balance of a watch upon 
a diamond: jew'elling, imp.: jewelled, pp. -eld: 
adj. adorned with jewels; running on diamonds, as 
certain parts of a watch : jew'eller, n. -lir, one who 
makes or deals in jewels, as in silver and gold and or- 
naments : jew'elry, n. -el-ri, jewels and ladles' trinkets 
in general: jewei-case, a case for keeping gems and 
ornaments in: jewellers' -gold, gold with an alloy of 
copper and silver in varying proportions, but not of 
the standard fineness : jewellers'-rouge, a kind of red 
putty powder, used! i mug jewelry. 

jezebel, n. jez<5-bei (Heb. Isebel), an impudent, dar- 
ing, and vicious woman, so named after Jezebel, the 
wife of Ahab, king of Israel. 

jib, n. jib (Dut. gijpen, to turn suddenly— said of 



vessel; to turn a vessel round with her stern to the 
wind when she cannot be stayed : jibing, imp. : jibed, 
pp. jibd: jib-boom, n. -b6m, the spar rigged out be- 
yond the bowsprit: jib -door, a door which stands 
flush with the wall without dressings or mouldings. 
jiffy, n. jif'fi. (old Eng. jiffle, to be restless : W. ysgi- 



>, to snatch), an instant ; a moment. 
* jig, n. j'igi (F. gigue, a jig; giguer, to throw the legs 
about: It. giga, a jig, an ai to] > - '■■•■- in triple time), 
a quick, lively, or jolting dance; the music or air 
played for it : v. to dance in a lively, easy, jolting 
way; to dance; to sort or separate by shaking, as 



I 



JIGG 



303 



JOSS 



ore: jigging, imp.: n. the process of sorting ore by 
passing it through a whv-buttomed sieve: jigged, 
pp. jigd. 

jigger, n. jlg'ger (from jig, which see), a contriv- 
ance "for hoisting iu a cable on board a ship; a potter's 
wheel by which earthenware vessels are shaped by a 
rapid motion ; a miner who cleans ore in a wire sieve ; 
a machine to steady a cable; a troublesome insect 
of tropical climates. 

jig-jog, n. jlg'-jog (jig, and jog), a slow easy pace ; a 
jolting motion. 

jigot, jig'ot—see gigot. 

jilt, u. jilt (Scot, gillet orjillet, a giddvgirl), a voung 
woman who lightly trifles with her lover; a name of 
contempt for a young woman : v. to give hopes to a 
lover and then reject him ; to practise deception in 
love: jilting, imp.: jilt'ed, pp. 

jimmy, n. jlm'-mi, also jemmy, n.jem'mi (slang), a 
short bar us I i caking open doors. 

jingall, n. jln-gaTcl' (Hind, jangal), in the E. I. or 
China, a light gun or camion which can be carried by 
two men ; a matchlock of large size. 

jingle, n.jlng'-gl (imitative of the sound), a rattling 
or clinking sound ; correspondence of words in sound ; 
in speech or writing, high-sounding words without 



-gld: sometimes spelt ginglejlnggl. 

job, n. j6b (old Eng. job, a lump ; jobbel, or jobbet, a 
small load), a certain amount of work; apiece of work 
undertaken at a stated price : a disreputable transac- 
tion or undertaking for profit, effected by one secretly, 
under the guise of public zeal, or under the shadow of 
official power: v. to buy and sell, as a broker; to 
work at chance employment ; to hire out or let, as 
horses: jobbing, imp.: n. the practice of taking jobs 
for profit; the purchasing from importers in order to 
sell to retailers : jobbed, pp. jdba : job'ber, n. -bcr, 
a person who undertakes to perform small pieces of 
work; a dealer on the Stock Exchange who is the 
intermediate agent between the stockbroker and the 
public; a petty dealer in cattle, &c: jobbery, n. job'- 
Ur-i, the unfair means used to accomplish some 
party object or questionable act: jobbing office, a 
printing: office where small jobs are undertaken, as 
the printing of handbills, &c: job-master, one who 
lets out horses and carriages : job printer, one in a 
small way of business. 

jockey, n. jok'-l (from Jockey, a diminutive; Scot. 
Jock or Eng. Jack), a man or boy that rides horses in 
a race ; a dealer in horses ; a cheat : v. to play the 
jockey towards ; to cheat ; to deceive in trade : jock ey- 
ing, imp. -i-ing: n. the act of one who jockeys ; man- 
oeuvring: jockeyship, n. management or manoeuvre, 
as of a jockey; olever tactics- jockeyed, pp. jok'id, 
cheated : jock'eyism, n. -izm, the practice of jockeys 
in riding or cheating. 

jocose, a. j. /■/.«;> {L.j: ■■cosns, jocose— from jocus, a joke 
or jest), given to jokes and jesting; containing a joke; 
merry; sportive; waggish: jocoie'ly, ad. -li: jocose- 
ness, n. -nis, the quality of being jocose; waggery. 

jocular, a. jok'uder (L.joadaris, jocular, droll— from 
jocus, a joke), given to pleasantry ; sportive ; merry : 
jocularly, ad. -li: jocularity, n. -Idr'-l-ti, merriment; 
disposition to jest; jesting. 

jocund, a. jok'iind (L.jocundus, pleasant, agreeable 
— from jocus, a joke), lively; gay; light-hearted: joc'- 
undly, ad. -li: joc'undness, n. -n£s, also jocundity, n. 
jo-kun'-di-tl, state or quality of being jocund; mirth. 

jog, v. jog {Gael, gagaich, to stutter; gog, the nod- 
ding or tossing of the head : W. gogi, to shake— see 
jag), to push with the hand or elbow ; to shake 
slightly ; to walk or travel slowly, idly, or heavily : n. 
a slight shake; a push: jog'ging, imp.: n. a slight 
push or shake: jogged, pp. jogd: jog'ger, n. -ger, one 
who walks slowly and heavily: jog-trot, n. a slow 
regular pace or motion : adj. easy-going ; simple : 
joggle, v. jog'-l (dim. of jog), to shake slightly ; to 
give a sudden but slight push to: jog'gling, imp. 



johnny cake, n. jdn'nl, a cake of Indian meal 
irepared at a common fire. 

johnsonite, n. jon'-son-it (after Professor Johnston 
of Durham), a mineral, a finely granular galena, 
mixed with more or less free sulphur. 

join, v. joT/)i (F. joindre, to join— from L. jungere, to 
yoke, to bind together), to connect; to couple; to 
bring into close union; to unite: joining, imp.: n. 
the part where united ; a joint ; a hinge : joined, pp. 
jdynd: join'er, n. -er, one who unites or joins ; a car- 
penter : joinery , n. -er- 1, the art or trade of the joiner. 

joint, n. jdynt (F. joint, a joint— from joindre, to 
join: L. juncfus, connected— from jungere, to join), 
the part where two or more things or divisions join ; 
a hinge ; the limb of an animal prepared by the but- 
cher, as a joint of mutton: adj. shared by two or 
more ; having an interest in the same thing ; united ; 
acting in concert : v. to separate into joints, as meat ; 
to form with joints, or in articulations: to fit perfect- 
ly : jointing, imp. : n. the making of a joint : joint- 
ed, pp.: adj. separated into joints; formed with 
joints, as the stem of a plant: jointly, ad. -U, to- 
gether ; not separately : joint stock, a common fund 
or stork f< 'l'lned bv the contributions or paid-up shares 
of different persons : joint-stock-company, a number 
of individuals united in partnership for the purpose of 
deriving profit from trade, or for carrying on any large 
undertaking, whose capital, when apportioned among 
the members, and then called shares, may be indivi- 
dually transferred to others at will: joints, in geol., 
the fissures or rents which divide rock-masses into 
blocks more or less regular— referring the direction 
of joints in stratified rocks to lines of upheaval, — 
those which run parallel to the strike are called 
strike joints; those parallel to the dip, dip joints; 
and all ethers diagonal joints. 

jointure, n. jojini'ur (F. jointure; L. junctura, a 
joining, a joint— from L. jungere, to join together), 
an estate settled on a married woman for life, to be 
enjoyed after her husband's decease : v. to settle a 
jointure on: jointuring, imp.: joint'ured, pp. -urd: 
adj. endowed with a jointure. 

joist, n. jdyst (F. giste, a bed, a place to lie on— 
from F. gesir; L. jacere, to lie), one of the smaller 
timbers of a floor or ceiling, on which the boards or 
laths may be nailed: v. to fit with joists: joist'ing, 
imp.: n. the smaller timbers of a floor on which the 
flooring is nailed : joist'ed, pp. 

joke, n. jok (Dut. jok, sport: L. jocus ; It. gioco, 
sport, game), something said in order to raise a laugh ; 
a jest ; something not in earnest ; a trick : v. to be 
merry in words or actions ; to make merry with ; to 



jest: joking, imp.: adj. uttering jokes: n. uttera 
of jokes : joked, pp. jokt .- joker, n. -ker, a merry tei- 
low; a jester: jokingly, ad. -li, byway of a joke; in a 



face or cheek : cheek by jole or jowl, with the 
cheeks together ; tete-a-tete. 

jolly, a.jol'li (F.joli; It. giulivo, gay, fine, merry: 
Icel. jol, Christmas, the great season of festivities in 
rude times: Dut. joelen, to revel, to make merry), 
merry; full of life and mirth; of fine appearance; 
plump: jollity, n. jdl'-ll-ti, also jolliness, n. -n£s, noisy 
mirth; hilarity: jol'lily, ad. -ll .■ jollification, n. -fi- 
lm-shun (L. Jacio, I make), in familiar language, noisy 

jolly-boat, n. jol'li-bot (Dan. jolle, a yawl, a jolly- 
boat), a small boat belonging to a ship ; a yawl. 

jolt, v. jolt (old or pin-, plash, to jolt ; 

jolle, to knock : a word imitative of the sound of shak- 
ing and knocking), to shake or disturb by sudden jerks ; 
to shake with sudden risings and fallings : n. a sudden 
jerk or shock : jolt'ing, imp. : adj. giving sudden jerks 
or shakes to : jolt'ed, pp.: jolt'er, n. one who : jolt'- 
ingly, ad. -a. 

jonquil, n. jon-kv:il (F. i^ngville, a jonquil— from L. 
juncus, a rush), a species of narcissus or daffodil, hav- 
ing long lily-like leaves and spikes of yellow or white 
flowers. 

Jordan, n. jor'-dn (old Eng. j or danis— from. Sw. jord, 
earth : Jordan meaning literally an " earthen pot"), a 
chamber-pot. 

jorum, n. jo'-rum (Sw. jord, earth— properly mean- 
ing an earthen pot : a colloquial and slang word), a 
large drinking vessel ; its contents ; a full bowl. 

joss-stick, n. jos'stlk (Chinese, joss, deity), in China, 



cdiv, boji,foot; pure, bid; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



JOST S04 

a reed covered with perfume, and burner before an 
idol. 

jostle, v. jos'l (old F. joust er, to tilt— see joust), to 
push against rudely; to run against and shake: jost- 
ling, imp. jo s' ling : jostled, pp. jds'ld. 

jot, v.jdt (Gr. iota, the smallest letter of the Greek 
alphabet: Heb. yod, the same), to note a thing down 
at once in a memorandum-book as it occurs ; to set 



JULE 



memorandum: jotted, pp. 

journal, n. jer'-ndl (F. journal, a journal, a news- 
paper: L. diurnus, daily— from L. dies; F. jour, a day : 
It. giornale), an account of daily transactions and 
events ; a merchant's business-book in which the daily 
transactions are entered from the waste-book ; a ship's 
log-book; a register of daily transactions; a paper 
Mii> i ■' i •> hit or magazine; in a 

machine, the neck or bearing part of a shaft that 
works in a plummer-block, upon which the shaft turns 
and is supported : jour'nalise, v. -iz, to enter in a jour- 
nal: jour nali'sing, imp.: jour'nalised', pp. -izd': 
jour'nalism, n. -izm, the management of a newspaper ; 
the profession of editing or writing for journals: 
jour'nalist, n. -ist, one who conducts a newspaper; a 
newspaper editor ; a writer connected with the press : 
jour'nalis'tic, a. -is'tik, pert, to journals or journalism : 
journey, n. jer'-nl, journeys, n. plu. -niz, travel by 
land or sea; passage from one place to another: jour- 
ney, v. to travel ; to pass from one place to another : 
journeying, imp.: n. a travelling from one place to 
another: jour'neyed, pp. -nid: jour'neyer, n. -ni-er, 
one who travels : jour neyman, n. -ni-man, a work- 
man, as distinguished from an apprentice ; a mechanic. 

joust, n. j&st (It. giostrare ; old F. jouster, to tilt— 
from F. jouste orjoute, a joust or tilt : Sp. justa, a tilt), 
an encounter on horseback with lances, in earnest or 
for amusement ; a mock fight, as at a tournament : v. 
to engage in a mock fight on horseback: joust'ing, 
imp.: jousted, pp.: jouster, n. one who jousts or 
tilts. 

Jove, n. jov (L. Jovis or Jupiter), among the Ro- 
mans, the king of the gods: jovial, a. jo'-vi-rd, gay; 
merry; joyous; expressive of mirth and hilarity- 
qualities supposed to belong to one born under the in- 

f the planet J jo'vially, ad. -li: jo'vi- 

al'ity, n. -ul-i-ti, also jo'vialness, n. merriment; con- 
viviality; noisy mirth. 

jowl, n.jol (see under jole), the cheek or head of a 



It. godere; F. jou'r, to enjoy), the pleasing emotion 
arising from good enjoyed or expected; happiness; 
gladness : v. to rejoice ; to be glad ; to exult : joying, 
imp.: joyed, pp. jdyd: joy'ful, a. -fool, very glad ; ex- 
ulting; happy ; blissful: joyfully, ad. -li: joy'fulness, 
n. -n&s, great gladness : joyless, a. destitute of joy ; 
giving no pleasure or joy: joylessly, ad. -li : joyous, 
a. jdy'm, gay; merry; giving joy: joy'ously, ad. -li : 
joy'lessness, n. -n8s, state of being joyless : joy'ous- 
ness, n. -nes, the state of being joyous. 

juba, n. jd'bd (L. juba, a mane), the long and 
thickly-set hairs on the neck, spine, and chest of some 
animals; a mane; in hot., a loose panicle; a dense 
cluster of awns, as in the spikes of certain grasses. 

jube, n. zh6'ba (V.jubi, the pulpit or gallery of a 
church), the rood-loft in a cathedral or church which 
parts the chancel from the choir, and which obtains 
its name from the custom of pronouncing the Latin 
words jube Domine benedicere from it in the service of 
theR. Cath. Ch. 

jubilant, a lubilans, rejoicing, exult- 

mij in;., i /; ■ht/.i'iu. a joyous strain or sound: It. giu- 

bilo; Sp.jubil" ; .r"' ''"'. i . n . ; ,ry.:i, I,,... ,n i, , 

ing songs of triumph : jubilate, n. jo'bi-ld'-te (L. jubi- 
late, rejoice or sing joyfully), a name given to the 
third Sunday after Easter, from the service of that 
day commencing in anc. times with the 06th Psalm, 
"Jubilate Deo, omnes terra;," "Sing joyfully to the 
Lord, all ye lands:" ju'bila'tion, n. -Id'-siivn, the 
declaration of triumph ; a joyful shouting: jubilee, n. 
jo'bi-le (F. jubile; Heb. yobel or jobel, the blast of a 
trumpet), a grand festival among the Jews held at the 
end of every fifty years, being the year of the release 
of slaves, and of lands that had been alienated ; any 
festival : a season of great public rejoicing. 

Judaism, n. j6'-da-izm (from Judah, the land of the 

Jews), the religious rites and doctrines, and the social 

• system of the Jews ; conformity to the rites and re- 



ligion of the Jews: judaise, v. jo-dd-iz, to conform 
to or practise Judaism ; to affect the manners of tlr: 
Jews : ju'dai'sing, imp.: adj. conforming to the Jew- 
ish rites and religion : ju'daised, pp. -dd-izd: ju'dai'- 
ser, n. -l'-zer, one who conforms to the Jewish rites 
and religion: Judaic, a. jo-da- ik, also Juda'ical, a. 
-i-kal, of or pert, to the Jews: juda'ically, ad. -li: 
juda'ist, n. -da'-ist, an adherent of Judaism : Jude'an, 
n. -di-.'-dn, a native of Judea: adj. pert. to. 

judge, n. ji'ij (F.juge; It. giudice, a judge— from L. 
judex, a judge), I lie presiding oiiicer in a court of law 
who awards punishment to offenders ; a chief magis- 
trate ; one who has skill to decide on the merits 
or value of; the Supreme Being: v. to hear and 
determine ; to decide ; to form or give an opinion ; 
to distinguish; to ], ;i ss sentence upon; to be censo- 
rious toward ; to censure severely ; to doom : judging, 
imp. : judged, pp. jvjd : adj. sentenced : judge- 
advocate, in mil., a person appointed to superintend 
the proceedings of courts-martial: judge'ship, n. the 

i i ' decision ; de- 

termination ; award ; right or power of passing judg- 
ment ; punislmi'-m. inllieted by God; the sentence or 
decision of a court of law ; opinion ; condemnation ; 
that faculty of the mind which enables a man to ascer- 
tain truth by comparing facts and ideas: judgment- 
day, the day when God will judge the world: judg- 
ment-seat, the seat on which a judge sits: judgment- 
hall, a court of justice. 

judicable, a. j6'-di-kd-bl (L. judicare, to judge, to 
be or sit as a ji ' < i i iy be tried or 

judged : ju'dicai, in , u- . newer to judge: 

ju'dica'tory, n. -kd'-ter-i, a court of justice: adj. pert, 
to a judge; judicial ; distributing justice: ju'dica'tnre, 
n. -ka'-tur, a court of justice ; the power or the system 
of distributing justice by legal trial and determina- 
tion. 

judicial, a. j6-dlsh'-dl (L. judex, a judge— gen., jv.di- 
cis), pert, to courts of justice, or to a judge; proceed- 
ing from a court of justice : judicially, ad. -li: judic- 
iary, a. -i-er-i, pert, to courts of justice ; passing judg- 
ment : judicious, a. -us, wise ; prudent ; acting ac- 
cording to sound judgment : judici'ously, ad. -li .- 
judici'ousness, n. -nes, the quality of acting or being 
according to sound judgment. 

jug, n. jug (Dan. jugge), a vessel with a handle for 
holding drink, generally swelling out in the middle, 
and having a narrow mouth : v. to emit or pour forth 
the sound of jug, as the nightingale; to stew, as in a 
jug or a jar placed in boiling water: jug'ging, imp. : 
jugged, pp. jugd : jugged hare, a hare cut into pieces 
:■ i " ':■■■■. wine and other flavourings. 

juga, n. jo'-gd (L. jugum, a yoke), in bot„, a name 
given to the ribs on the fruit of the umbelliferce : ju- 
gate, a. -gat, applied to the pairs of leaflets in com- 
pound leaves : ju'gum, n. -gum, a pair of leaflets— 
vnijihi a one |mi ii/iina, : ,, i _ K, , 

Juggernaut, n. jug'-ger-narvf (Hind, jagatnatha, 
lord of the world), a famous idol among the Hindoos, 
which at certain festivals is dragged forth, elevated 
on a lofty and ponderous carriage, under whose 
wheels, when in motion, pilgrims were wont to sacri- 
fice themselves. 

juggle, n. jug'-gl (old F. jongleur or jugleur, a con- 



deception : v. to deceive by trick or artifice ; to play 
tricks by sleight of hand : jug'gling, imp.: adj. play- 
ing tricks by sleight of hand; deceiving: n. the act 
or practice of; deceit; trickery : juggled, pp. jiig'ld: 
jug'gler, n. -gler, one who deceives by sleight of hand ; 
a cheat : jug'glery, n. -ler-i, sleight of hand ; trickery ; 
imposture : jug'glingly, ad. -li. 

jugular, a. jo'-gu-ler (F. jugulaire, jugular— from L. 
jugulum, the collar-bone, the neck), pert, to the neck 
or throat : n. the large vein of the neck ; also called 
jugular vein. 

juice, n.jos (L. andF.jw/, laoi h,! nice— akin to Saws. 
yushas, a liquid, juice : Sp. jugo, the juice of plants), 
the sap of vegetables ; the fluid part of animal sub- 
stances: juiceless, a. -Us, deprived of juice; without 
moisture: juicy, a. jo'-si, abounding with juice; 
moist ; succulent: juiciness, n.-sl-nes, state ofabound- 
ing with juice. 

jujube, n. jd'-jdUb iujube, a jujube— from L. zi- 
zyphum; Gr. zizvph, m Ai -,/ \if, the jujube-tree), 
the name of a plant and its fruit ; a sweetmeat made 
of gum-arabic. 

julep, n. jo'-lep, or ju'lap, n. -lop (F. julep, julep : 






mate, mdt,fdr, law; mite, met, her; pine, pin; nQte, not, move; 



JULI 



305 



JUST 



Fers. juUab—fvom gttiap, rose-water and julep ; but 
rather mod. Gr. zoulo, I squeeze out juice; zoulap- 
ion, a drink composed of juices), a mixture of water 
find sugar, &c, to serve as a vehicle for taking medi- 
cine; a beverage composed of brandy or whisky, or 
suchlike, with sugar and pounded ice, and flavoured 
with mint, also called mint-julep. 

Julian, a. jd'lldn (after Julius Ccesar), denoting 
the system of computing time, as regulated by Julius 
Coesar, in use till 1752 : Julian year, 335 days, 6 hours. 

jvdoeiAo-coyiohtes, j6'-loi'dd-kdp'r6-lltz(Gr. ioulos, 
a catkin, eidos, resemblance, and Eng. coprolite), in 
geol., a name given to the coprolites or fossil excre- 
ment of some unknown animal— so called from their 
catkin-like form. 

jnlus, n. jd'liis (L. iulus; Gr. ioulos, a catkin), in 
tot., a catkin or amentum. 

July, n. jo'll (after Julius Ccesar, who was born in 
this month), the seventh month of the year. 

july-flower, for gillyflower, a species of plants very 
common. 

jumart, n. jC'mdrt (F. jumart, a probable corrup- 
tion of L. chimcera, a fabled monster), the supposed 
offspring of a bull and mare. 

jumble, v. jum'bl (old Eng. jombre, to jumble; a 
frequentative of Eng. jump: Fris. shumpeln, to shake, 
as a waggon on a rough road), to mix in a confused 
mass ; to put together without order : n. a confused 
mixture ; a collection without order : jumbling, imp.: 
jum Tried, pp. -bid: adj. mixed in a confused mass: 
jum'blingly, ad. -It. 

jump, n.jiirnp (Sw. puppet, to rock: Bav. gumpen, 
to jolt, to jump: gvm/per, the plunger of a pump: 
Lang, ghimba, to Jump, to kick), a leap; a spring; a 
bound: V. to spring upwards or forwards, generally 
both ; to pass to or over by a leap : jumping, imp. : n. 
the act of leaping or springing: jumped, pp.jiimpt: 
jum'per, n. -per, one who jumps ; one of a certain re- 
ligious sect; alongiron punch, with steel chisel point, 
used for boring rocks before blasting ; the maggot of 
the cheese-fly. 

juncite3, n. plu. jiin'sltz (L. juncus, a rush), in geol., 
fossil stems and leaves apparently related to the jun- 
cacea; (jun'-kd-stie) or rush family. 

junction, n. jungk'-shun (L. junctum, to join, to 
unite: junctio, a joining: F. jonction), the act or 
operation of joining; union ; place or point of union : 
juncture, n. -tur (L. junctura, a joint), a seam ; a 
joint; the line or place at which two bodies join; a 
critical or important point of time. 

June, n. j6n iL. Junius, June: F. juin), the sixth 
month of the year. 

jungle, n.jiing'gl (Hind, jungal, desert, forest), in 
India, densely-wooded land; the uncleared country: 
jun'gly, a. -gll, abounding with jungles. 

junior, a. jo'nler (L. juvenis, young; junior, 
younger), younger; not so aged: n. one who is 



also its berries, chiefly used in flavouring the spirit 
railed gin: ju'niperites, n. plu. -itz, in geol., fossil 
coniferae, evidently allied to the juniper. 

junk, n. jungk "(Scot, junt, a lump: Swiss jante, a 
Launch— representing the sound made by a lump 
thrown on the ground : parallel forms are chunk, a 
log of wood, and chump, a thick piece), a lump or 
piece; pieces of old cable, rope, or cordage; hard 
salted beef supplied to ships : junk-bottle, a bottle, 
usually of green glass, made thick and strong : junk- 
ring, a steam-tight packing round the piston of a 
steam-engine. 

junk, n. jungk (Chinese), a Chinese ship. 

junket, n. jiing'-ket (It. giuncata, dainty fresh 
cheese brought to market on fresh rushes— from L. 
juncus, a rush : F. joncade, a delicacy made of cream, 
rose-water and sugar), a sweetmeat; curds mixed 
with cream sweetened and flavoured : v. to feast 
secretly or by stealth ; to feast ; to frequent enter- 
tainments: jun'keting, imp.: adj- feasting: n. a pri- 
vate feast or entertainment : jun'keted, pp. 

Juno, n. jd'no, among the Greeks and Romans, the 
queen of heaven, the wife of Jupiter, the king of the 
gods ; one of the smaller planets. 

junta, n. jun'-ta or ji-6bn'ta (Sp. junta or junto, a 

meetie. W^m'L.jiinriui. joined, united), 

in Spain, a grand council of state : junto, n. jun'-to, a 

coTc, boy.fdbt; pure, bud; chair, 



the Greeks and Romans ; the largest planet of the 
solar system. 

Jura, n. jo'-rd, a range of mountains, being that 
part of the Alps which lies between Burgiuulv and 
Switzerland: Jura limestone, in geol., the limestone 
of the Jura Mountains, as equivalent with the Oolite 
and Lias of English geologists : Jurassic, a. jdb-rds- 
sik, in geol., applied to the Oolitic system, from the 
characteristic occurrence of its strata in the Jura 
Mountains. 

jurat, n. jo'rdt (Norm. F. jurat— from L. juratus, 
sworn), a person sworn : one under the responsibility 
of an oath. 

juridical, a. jdo-rM'l-kdl (L. juridicus, relating to 
the administration of justice,— from jus, law— gen. 
juris, and dico, I pronounce : F. juridi'que), pert, to a 
judge; acting in the distribution of justice: jurid- 
ically, ad. -II: jurisdiction, n. jO'ris-dik -shun, legal 
power or authority; the power or right of exercising 
authority ; the district to which any authority ex- 
tends: jurisdictional, a. -shun-dl, pert, to jurisdic- 
tion: jurisdic'tive, a. -tiv, having jurisdiction. 

jurisconsult, n. ju-ris-kon'-sult (L. juris, of law, and 
consultum, to consult), a man learned in law; one 
win. gives his e.pinion in eases of law. 

jurisprudence, n. jo-ris pro'-dens (L. juris, of law, 
and )irudtn tia, prudence, practical judgment :F. juris- 
prudence), the science of law; the knowledge of the 
la-ws, customs, and rights of men : medical jurispru- 
dence, the application of medical science to the de- 
termination of cases in law : ju'rispru'dent, a. -dSnt, 
understanding law : n. one versed in jurisprudence. 

jurist, n. jo'-rist (F.juriste; Sp. jurista, a jurist,— 
from L. jus, law— gen. juris), one who is skilled in 
law, especially civil law: juristic, a. job-ris'tlk, having 
a juridical character : jury, n. jO'-rl (Norm. F.juree, a 
jury: F. juri, a jury— fromjterer, to swear: L.jurare, 
to swear), in a court of law, a certain number of men 
selected and sworn to declare the truth on the evidence 
placed before them. Note— A. grand jury consists of 
not more than 23, a petty or special jury of 12 ; in 
Scot., generally of 15. juror, n. jo'-rer, also juryman, 
n. one who serves on a jury: jury-mast, n. (a sup- 
posed corruption of injury-mast), in a ship, a tempor- 
ary mast placed instead of another one lost or carried 
away, as in a storm. 

just, a. just (L. Justus, founded or resting on law, 
just— from j us, law, right: It. giusto: F. juste), that 
acts in accordance with the principles of law or jus- 
tice ; conformable to laws, human or divine ; true ; 
right ; proper ; righteous ; upright ; innocent ; accu- 
rate ; merited ; deserved : ad. exactly ; nicely ; near 
or nearly : just'ly, ad. -II: justness, n. : justice, n. 
jus'tls {F. justice, uprightness), conduct in accordance 
with law, human or divine ; the giving to every one 
what is his due; merited punishment; impartiality; 
equity; (mid. L.justiciarius; F. justicier, ajudge),one 
commissioned to hold courts and administer justice ; 
a judge ; a magistrate : justiceship, n. the office or 
dignity of a justice : justice of the peace, a magis- 
trate in the inferior courts having ministerial and ju- 
dicial duties and powers : lord chief justice, in Eng., 
one of the judges of superior rank : justiciary, n. jus- 
tish'-i-ir-i, also justic iar, n. -i-n; in Scot., an adminis- 
tration of justice ; a chief justice. 

justify, Y.jus'thfl (F. justifier, to justify— from L. 
Justus, just, and/aci'o, I make), to prove or show to be 
right or just ; to vindicate as right ; to pardon or 
clear from guilt ; in theol., to accept and treat as 
just or righteous for the sake of the merits of Christ 
Jesus ; in printing, to form even or true lines of ; to 
adjust ; to conform exactly : jus'tifying, imp. : adj. 
that has the quality of absolving from guilt: jus- 
tified, pp. -fid: adj. treated as just or righteous: 
justifiable, a. jus'ti-fl'd-bl, that may be justified; 
defensible by law or reason ; excusable ; warrantable : 
justifiably, ad. -bll: jus'tifi'ableness, n. -bl-nes, pos- 
sibility of being defended or vindicated : jus'tifier, n. 
one who justifies ; one who frees from sin or guilt by 
pardon : jus'tifica'tion, n. -fi-ka'shun, a plea of suffi- 
cient reason ; vindication ; defence ; deliverance by 
pardon from past sins; in theol., the treating of sin- 
ful man as if he were just or righteous in the sight of 
God, for the sake of the merits of Christ Jesus : jus'- 
tifica'tory, a. -ka'ter-%, tending to justify; vindica- 
tory. ' ? 

mme, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



JUST 3 

justle, v. jils'l (see jostle), to rush against each other ; 
to push ; to drive : n. a shock ; a slight encounter : 
justling, imp. : n. act of rushing against each other ; 
shock. 

justly, and justness— see just. 

jut, v. jut (another spelling of jet : F. jeter, to cast, 
to throw: L. jactare, to throw), to project ;. -:- in..- 
main body: jutting, imp.: adj. shooting out; pro- 
minent : jutted, pp. : jut tingly, ad. -li : jut-window, 
a window that projects from the line of a building. 

jute, n. jot, the fibre of a plant common in Bengal, 
and used in India for making cordage and coarse 



)6 KELL 

cloths ; also extensively used in this country in the 
manufacture of various fabrics ; the plant itself. 

juvenescent, a. jo've-ne's'sent (L. jucenescens, grow- 
ing or becoming young again— from juvenis, young), 
growing young: ju'venes'cenee, n. -sens, a, growing 
young: juvenile, a, jo'-vt-nM (L. juvenilis, youthful), 
young ; youthful ; suited to youth : n. familiarly, a 
young person or youth: ju'venil'ity, n. -nil-i-tl, 
youthfulness ; the manners or customs of youth. 

h mi (L. juxta, near, 
and Eng. position), a being placed near or by each 
other; contiguity. 



in Scot., the cabbage kind in general; greens; broth 
made of vegetables, &c: kail-brose, a dish made by 
pouring the liquid of broth while boiling over dry 
oatmeal— see brose: kailyard (Sw. kaalgard, a gar- 
den of herbs), a kitchen-garden. 

kaims or kames, n. kdmz (AS. carnb ; Scot, kairn, a 
comb, crested: Gael, cam, crooked hill), in Scot., a 
name often given to certain elongated mounds of 
gravel occurring in the lower and broader valleys; 
the crest of a hill ; a low ridge. 

kale, n. kdl (Scot, kail, which see), a kind of cabbage 
having loose wrinkled leaves. 

kaleidoscope, n. kd-Wdo-skop (Gr. kalos, beautiful, 
eidos, an appearance, and skopeo, I view), an optical 
instrument which presents to the eye an endless series 
of beautiful images or patterns of its enclosed objects 
by a simple change of position. 
"kalendar and kalends— see calendar. 

kali, n. ka'-ll (see alkali), a plant, the ashes of which 
are used in making glass ; caustic potash of the Ger. 
chemists : kalium, n. -ll-urn, among the Ger. chem- 
ists, the metallic base of kali— equivalent to our potas- 
sium : ka'liform, a. -faivrm (L. forma, shape), formed 
like the plant kali, or glasswort. 

kalk, n. kalk, German for lime. 

kampylite, n. kdrn'pl-lit (Gr. kampulos, curved), an 
arseniate of lead, occurring in hexagonal prisms of a 
fine orange-yellow. 

kamsin, n. hi/n'-sin (Ar. khamsin), ahot, dry, south- 
erly wind, com i I _ i 
the simoom. 

kand or cand. n. kdnd, a term among Cornish miners 
for fluor-spar. 

kangaroo, n. kdng'-gd-ro, a herbivorous pouched 
quadruped peculiar to Australia. 

kaolin, n. ka'-O-lin (Chinese, kau-ling, high ridge, or 
name of a hill where found), a name for the finest porce- 
lain or China clays, arising for the most part from the 
decomposition of felspar in soft earthy granites. 

kapnite, n. kdp'nit (Gr. kapnos, smoke), a variety 
of zinc spar, containing more than 15 per cent of iron 
protoxide. 

karoo, n. M-ro (Hottentot, karusa, hard), a name ap- 
plied to the open clayey flats of Southern Africa, which 
often rise, terrace like, to considerable elevations. 

kaross, n. kd-ros', a skin cloak made by the Kaffirs 
of S. Africa. 

karpholite, n. kar'-fo-llt (Gr. karphos, straw, and 
lithos, a stone), one of the hornblende family, occur- 
ring in fibrous tufts of a straw-yellow colour. 

karphosiderite, n. kdr'fo-sid'er-it (Gr. karphos, 
straw, and sideros, iron), a straw-coloured mineral, 
occurring in kidney-shaped, resinous-looking concre- 
tions, resembling iron-sinter. 

kathetometer, n. kdth'e-tdra'e-ter (Gr. kathetos, per- 
pendicular height, and metron, a measure), aninstr. for 
measuring small differences of perpendicular height. 

katydid, n. kd'ti-did, an insect of a pale-green 
colour, common in the U.S., and so called from the 
peculiar sound it utters ; a grasshopper. 

kavass, n. kd-vds' (Turk, kawwas), in Turkey, an 
armed constable or policeman. 

kayle, n. kdl (Ger. kegel), the game of nine-pins or 
nine-holes. 

keblah, n. kSb'-ld (Ar. Milan, anything opposite), the 
point towards which a Mohammedan turns his face 
in prayer, being the direction of the temple at Mecca. 

kedge, n. kej (Scot, kedge, to toss about : Icel. kaggi, 
a cask fastened as a float to an anchor to show where 



it is), a small anchor used to keep a ship steady in a 
harbour or river, particularly at the time of the tide, 
or to remove her from one part to another : v. to moves 
a ship by means of a kedge, as in a river : kedg'ing, 
imp. : kedged, pp. kejd: kedg'er, n. -er, a small anchor 
used in a river ; a kedge. 

keel, n. kel (Icel. kiolr; Dut. kiel; F. quille, keel of 
a ship), the principal and lowest timber in a ship, ex- 
tending from stem to stern, and supporting the whole 
frame; a low flat-bott'.u" bot., a project- 

ing ridge, rising along the middle of a flat or curved 
surface ; the two lowermost, and more or less com- 
bined, petals of a papilionaceous corolla: v. to navi- 
gate; to turn keel upwards: keeling, imp.: keeled, 
pp. keld: adj. furnished with a keel: keelage, n. -aj, 
port-dues : keelson, n. kel'sun (Ban. kiol-svin), the 
piece of timber lying upon the keel into which the 
mast is stepped : false-keel, a strong piece of timber 
bolted to the bottom of the real keel : keel-hauling, a 
punishment formerly inflicted on seamen in the Dut. 
and Eng. navies, consisting in hauling the delinquent 
under the keel of the ship by ropes from one side to 
the other. 

keen, a. ken (Ger. kilhn, daring, bold: old Sw. kyn, 
quick, daring), eager; sharp; fine-edged; piercing; 
bitter; acute: keenly, ad. -li: keen'ness, n. -nes, 
acuteness of mind; eagerness; sharpness; rigour. 

keep, v. kep (AS. cepan, to observe : Fris. kijpen, to 
look), to hold; to retain, as a thing in one's power or 
possession; to hold in charge ; to protect ; to support; 
to feed ; to have the care of ; to solemnise, as a day ; to 
detain ; to observe ; to conceal ; to remain in any state ; 
to be durable ; to adhere strictly to : n. condition, as in 
good keep; a stronghold in the middle of a castle: 
keep'ing, imp. : n. care : custody ; just proportion or 
harmony ; in painting, an attention to the proper sub- 
serviency of tone and colour in every part of a picture : 
kept, pt. and pp. kept: adj. held; maintained; sup- 
ported: keep'er, n. -er, one who or that which keeps: 
keep'ership, n. the office of a keeper: keep'sake, n. 
a gift to be kept for the sake of the giver: to keep 
back, to withhold; to restrain: to keep company 
with, to associate with : to keep down, to restrain, to 
hinder: kept down, in painting, subdued in tone or 
tint: to keep from, to abstain: to keep on, to go for- 
ward : to keep to, to adhere strictly to : to keep in, to 
conceal ; to restrain : to keep off, to bear to a distance ; 
not to admit: to keep up, to maintain; to continue; 
to remain unsubdued: to keep under, to oppress - 
to subdue : Keeper of the Great Seal, an officer ol 
high dignity in the Engli h Constitution, who is a lord 
in virtue of his office, and whose duty is to hold the 
custody of the Great Seal— now always the Lord Chan- 
cellor, the speaker of the House of Lords. 

keeve, n. kev (AS. cyf; Ger. kufe; Sw. kyp), a large 
vessel for fern: uting liquors bing-tub: v. to 

set in a keeve for fermentation ; to tilt a cart : keev- 
ing, imp.: keeved, pp. kevd. 

keg, n. keg (Norm, kaggje, a small cask: Scot, cog, 
a hooped wooden vessel : Gael, cogan, a small drhik- 
ing-dish), a small cask or barrel; formerly and more 
properly written rag. 

kehul, n. Jce'-hvi ;nd rosin, used 

by the Arab women in darkening their eyelids and 
eyebrows. 

keil or keel, n. kel (Gael, cil, keil: F. chaille, a rocl . 
earth), reddle or red clay of a fine deep red, used for 
marking; decomposed ironstone. 

Kelloway rock. n. kel'-lo-wa-rok, in genl. , a calcareous 
member of the Middle Oolite, from three to five feet 
thick, abounding in fossil shells, often entirely made 



mate, m&t.fdr, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, mCve; 



KELP 

up of them, so called from its being well developed 
at Kelloway Bridge, Wiltshire. 

kelp, n. kelp (a probable corruption of kali), the 
alkaline produce of sea-weed or wrack when burned ; 
the sea-weed itself. 

kelpie, n. kil'-pl, in Scotch myth., a water-sprite ; a 



807 



KILL 



the headsman or executioner in the reign of James II. 
of Eng.), the hangman. 

ketchup, n. kech- up—see catchup. 

kettle, n. ket'l (Ger. kessel; Goth, katil; Russ. kot- 
el, a kettle), a round close metal vessel with a spout, 
used for heating water: kettle-drum, n. half of a " " 



ing: 



I foul ft 



t, n. kilt, sometimes a spelling of Celt, which see. 

ken, v. ken (Icel. kenna; Norm, kjenna, to perceive 
by sense), to see at a distance; to descry: n. view; 
reach of sight or knowledge : ken'ning, imp. : kenned, 
pp. kind. 

kennel, n. ken'il (F. chenil; It. canilo, a place where 
dogs are kept — from L. canis, a dog), a house or cot for 
d_>gs; a pack of hounds ; a haunt; a low or worthless 
habitation: v. to lodge or dwell as a dog or fox; to 
keep or confine in a kennel: ken'nelling, imp.: ken'- 
nelled, pp. -6ld. 

kennel, n. ken'il (old F. chenal, a gutter: L. canale, 
a channel, a water-conduit), the watercourse of a 
srreet ; a puddle. 

Kentish, a. kent'-ish, of or from Kent: Kentish-fire, 
a species of cheering : Kentish rag, a provincial term 
for a member of the Lower Greensand, consisting of 
highly fossiliferous, grey, cherty, or arenaceous lime- 
stone. 

Kent's hole, n. kints'hol, a celebrated ossiferous 
cavern situated in the Devonian limestone near Tor- 
quay. 

kentledge, n. kint'lej (Dut. kant, border, edge, and 
the termination ledge), pigs of iron laid on the floor of 
a ship for ballast. 

kept, pt. and pp. of keep, which see. 

kerargyrite, n. ki-rdr'jl-rlt (Gr. keras, horn, and 
arguros, silver), chloride of silver; horn-silver, so 
called from its capability of being cut like horn: also 
called kerate, n. ki'rdt (Gr. keras, horn). 

kerb, n. kerb, also kerb-stone (Ger. scherbe, a pot- 
sherd: Dut. kerf, a piece cut out: another spelling of 
curb, which see), a frame, as of stones, laid round 
the brim of a well ; a raised border of stones. 

kerchief, n. ker'chlf (old F. couvrechief, a covering 
for the head— from F. couvrir, to cover, and chef, the 
head), formerly, a cloth used as a head-dress; any 
separate piece of cloth used in dress ; now generally 
used in its compounds handkerchief and neckerchief— 
which see: kerchiefed, a. lcer'chlft, dressed; hooded. 

kennes, n. ker'miz (Ar. karrnas or kermes, little 
worms), a roundish body of the bigness of a pea, con- 
taining a multitude of little distinct granules, which, 
when crushed, yield a scarlet juice— now known to be 
the dried bodies of the females of certain insects: 
ker'mes, also kermesite, n. ker'mS-slt, one of the ores 
of antimony— so called from its deep cherry-red colour. 

kern or kerne, n. kern (Gael, ceatharnach, a stout 
trusty peasant, a soldier), in Ireland and Scotland in 
former times, a foot-soldier of the lowest class armed 
with inferior weapons ; an idle person or vagabond. 

kern, n. kern (Ger. kern, kernel), that part of a type 
which hangs over the body or shank : v. to form into 
a kern : kern'ing, imp. : kerned, pp. kernd. 

kernel, n. ker'-nil (Icel. kiarni, pith: F. cerneau, 
kernel of a nut : Ger. kern, pip of fruit— from korn, 
grain), the substance 1 1 i the shell of a 

nut or the stone of a fruit ; the central part of any- 
thing; a small mass around which other matter is 
concreted; in bot., the embryo enclosed in the seminal 
integuments: v. to harden or ripen into a kernel: 
ker'nelling, imp. : kernelled, pp. ker'neld: ker'nelly, 
ad. -It. 

kerolite, n. ker'6-llt (Gr. keros, wax, and lith^s, a 
stone), a native hydrated silicate of manganese, which 
occurs in kidney -shaped masses of a white, yellow, or 
green colour. 

kerosene oil, n. kir'6-sen-dyl (Gr. keros, wax, and oil), 
an oil distilled from bituminous minerals, and largely 
employed for lighting purposes in the United States. 

kersey, n. ker'zi (F. carisce; Sw. kersing), a cn»rsu» 
cloth woven from long wools: ker'seymere, n. 

(derived by 

for its fine i 
finest wools. 

kestrel, n. kis'tril (Norm. F. cresserelle), a bird of 
the hawk kind ; the wind-hover. 

ketch, n. kech (Dut. kits,- F. caiche), a strongly- 
binlt ship, with a main and mizen mast. 

Ketch, or Jack Ketch, n. jak-kech (from John Ketch, 



strata ; also a name applied to members of the New 
is tone formation. 

kevel, n. kev'-el (Icel. kefli; Dan. kievle, a short 
staff, a peg), in a ship, a piece of timber on which the 
sheets and larger ropes are belayed ; a species of ante- 
lope ; &, Derbyshire mining term for a sparry substance 
found in the veins or seams. 

key, n. ke (AS. cccg; Fris. kay ; Gr. kleis, the key of 
a lock: L. clavis, a key— from claudo, I close or shut 
up), a well-known instr. for shutting and opening 
locks; that which explains or solves a difficulty; 
the small lever in a musical instr.— as in a piano- 
forte; the fundamental note in a piece of music: 
keyed, a. kid, furnished with keys: key-board, the 
range of keys of an organ or pianoforte : key-hole, a 
hole in a door or lock for admitting a key : keys, n. plu. 
kit, small shoals or uninhabited islets : key-stone, the 
highest central stone of an arch: key of a position, in 
mil., a particular place, the possession of which is ne- 
cessary in order to render a camp or military district 
tenable: power of the keys, power of binding and 
loosing— that is, of excluding from or admitting into 
Paradise— claimed by the Pope in his character of St 
Peter's successor, grounded on Mat. xvi. 19; recog- 
nised and claimed also by other Churches, although 
it may be in a modified form. 

key, n. ki, a wharf, rather spelt quay— which see. 

khan, n. kan (Turk, khan), in Asia, a governor; a 
king; a prince; a chief: khanate, n. -at, the domin- 
ion or jurisdiction of a khan. 

khan, n. kan (Pers. khan, a house or tent), an East- 
ern inn or caravansary. 

kibble, n. kib'l, in mining, a large iron bucket in 
which ore is drawn to the surface. 

kick, n. klk (Bav. kickern, a word used to represent 
an abrupt sound— as a shout, cough, the cluck of a 
hen, &c. : Prov. F giguer, to throw about the legs), a 
blow with the foot: v. to strike with the foot; to 
thrust out the foot with violence ; to show opposition : 
kick'ing, imp.: n. the act of jerking out the foot with 
violence: kicked, pp. klkt: kicker, n. one who kicks. 

kickshaw, n. klk'shcffu (F. quelquechose, an unsub- 
stantial nicety in cooker}-— hence an unsubstantial 
gratification of another kind), something fantastical 
or uncommon. 

kid, n. kid (Icel. kid, a young goat: Ger. kitze, a fe- 
male cat, a goat), a young goat : v. to bring forth a 
young goat : kid'ding, imp. : kid'ded, pp. : kid'ling, 
h. -Una, a little kid. 

kiddle, n. kld'-l (F. quideau, a wicker engine for 
catching fish: Bret, kidel, a net at the mouth of a 
river fastened to two stakes), a kind of basket set in 
the opening of a weir or embankment in a river for 
catching fish ; sometimes spelt kittle or kettle— hence 
the proverb "A pretty kittle or kettle of fish," a fine 
mess. 

kidnap, v. kld'-ndp (from familiar slang kid ; Lith. 
kudikis, a child, and slang or prov. Eng. nap, to steal), 
to steal a human being— man, woman, or child; to 
seize and forcibly carry away: kid'napping, imp.: 
kidnapped, pp. -ndpt; adj. carried off forcibly, as a 
child : kidnapper, n. -err, one who steals men, women, 
or children. 

kidney, n. kld'nl, plu. kid'neys, -nXz (Latham sug- 



cclv, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, 



gests L. catena, a chain— from the linked appearance 
of a bullock's kidney: AS. quidh, the womb, and Eng. 
nigh) one of two oblong flattened bodies lying behind 
the intestines of an animal which secrete the urine ; 
disposition or habits, as "a man of my kidney:" 
kidney-shaped, a. having the form or shape of a kid- 
ney : kidney-bean, a sort of bean — so called from its 
shape : kidney-ore, a variety of iron ore : of the same 
kidney, of the same tribe or set. 

kilderkin, n. kil'-der-kln (Dut. kindeken), a small 
barrel containing 18 gallons. 

kill, v. kll (AS. cwellan, to kill; cwelan, to die: Dan. 
quale, to strangle : Ger. qualm, a suffocating fume), 
to deprive of life in any manner or by any means ; to 
put to death; to still: killing, imp,: adj. dangerous 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



KILL 3C 

to life; heart-breaking; effective: n. the act of depriv- 
ing of life : killed, pp. Mid : killer, n. -er, one who. 

killas, n. Ml'-ds, among the Cornish miners, clay- 
slate : killinite, n. Ml'ln-it, a green-grey or yellowish 
mineral beloii'jM, i-o i.in .vupar family. 

killow, n. Ml'-o, an earth of a blackish or deep-blue 
colour ; probably another name for killas. 

kiln, n. Ml (W. cylyn; old Sw. kolna, a kiln : Norm. 
Jcylna, a drying- house for corn), a large stove cr oven 
in which articles are dried, hardened, or burnt; a 
pile of dried clay-brick constructed for being hardened 
by fire : kiln-dry, v. to dry in a kiln : kiin-dried, a. 
dried in a kiln. 

kilogramme, n. kll'6-grdm (F.— from Gr. chilioi, a 
thousand, and F. gramme), a French weight of 1000 
grammes, and equal to 2-2016 lb. avoirdupois. 

kilolitre, n. kil'-o-le'tr (F.— from Gr. chilioi, a thou- 
sand, and litra, a Gr. weight of twelve ounces), a F. 
measure of 1000 litres, equal to a little more than 220 
gallons imperial ; also to 35-3171 Eng. cubic feet. 

kilometre, n. kil'o-me'tr {¥.— from Gr. chilioi, a thou- 
sand, and metron, a measure), a F. measure of 1000 

nicl.l <| , I ,, II I ,, , ' ' ,i ,,l 

kilostere, n. kll'6-star' (F.— from Gr. chilioi, a 
thousand, and stereos, solid) a F. measure equal to 
35317-41 Eng. cubic feet, 
kilt, n. MU (Sw. kylsa, a bunch or cluster: old Sw. 
■ opkilta; Dan. Mite, to kilt one's clothes, to truss or 
gather them up in a bunch), a kind of short petticoat 
worn by men in the Highlands of Scotland, and by 
• eita.in Highland regiments, called by the Highlanders 
a philibeg : v. to tuck or truss up as a petticoat or 
gown, &c, for convenience of walking : kilt'ing, imp. : 
kilt'ed, pp. 

kimbo, a. TcXm'dO | lee a kirribo), crooked; arched : to 
set the arms a-kimbo, to place the hands on the hips, 
with the elbows projecting outwards. 

kim-coal, n. Mm-kol' (contr. from kimmeridge), a 
provincial term for a highly bituminous shale : kim- 
meridge clay, Mm'er-ij-kla', in geol., a member of the 
Upper Oolite, consisting of thick beds of bluish-grey, 
slaty clay, and in great part of a bituminous charac- 
ter, which sometimes forms an impure coal known 
as kim-coal. 

kin, n. km (AS. cyn; Goth, kuni ; Icel. kyn, race, 
family: Dut. and Ger. kind, a child: AS. cennan, 
to beget), relationship by blood: adj. of the same 
nature: kind, n. kind, race; family; sort; produce; 
nature: adj. disposed to do good to others; indul- 
gent; favourable: kindly, ad. -li: adj. mild; benevo- 
lent : kind'ness, n, -n6s, goodwill ; benevolence : kin- 
dred, ri. Mn'drSd (kin, and AS. rcedan, condition), re- 
lationship by Lirth or marriage; affinity; relatives : 
kind-hearted, a. having much kindness of nature: 
kind-heartedness, n. benevolence: in kind, in pro- 
duce, or in some commodity as distinguished from 
money: to take it kind, to consider it a favour: kins- 
folk, n. Mnz'fok (kin and folk), relations ; persons of 
the same family: kins'man, n. -mdn, a man of the 
same race or family: kinswoman, n. fern. 

kindle, v. Mn'-dl (Icel. kynda, to set fire to : Norm. 
kvende, chips and shavings for kindling fire : L. can- 
dere, to shine, to glow), to set on fire; to cause to 
uurn with flame; to excite to action; to animate: 
kin'dling, imp. : adj. causing to burn with flame : kin- 
dled, pp. -did: kin'dler, n. -dltr, one who kindles. 
kindred— see under kin. 

kine, n. plu. kin (AS. cy, cows; cuna, of cows: Scot. 
kye, cows), cows in general ; a collective rather than a 
plural noun. 

kinematics, n. plu. Mn'8-mdt'lks (Gr. kinema, 
motion), the science of pure motion, as distinguished 
from the science of motion, viewed with reference to 
its causes: kin'emat'ic, a. -mat'lk, also kin'emat'ical, 
a. -l-kal, pert. to. 

kinesiatrics, n. plu. Mn'e-sl-dt'riks (Gr. kinesis, 
movement, and iatrikos, relating to a cure), a system 
of cure in which the treatment consisted of certain 
muscular movements as regulated by the nature of 
the disease ; also called kinesitherapy, n. Mn'e-sl- 
ther'd-pl (Gr. therapeuo, I heal). 

king, n. Mng (i > kSnig Icel. kongr ; AS. cyning, 
king) the ruler of a nation ; a sovereign : king less. a. 
without a king: kinglike, a. like a king: kingly, 
a. -II, suitable to the dignity of a king; royal : king'li- 
ness, n. -nes, the state of being kingly : king'craft, n. 
-kn'ift, the art of governing— used in a bad sense: 
kingdom, n. -diirn (AS. cynedom, a kingdom, dom 
meaning jurisdiction), the territory or country subject 



KITS 



king: kingship, n. the state, office, or dignity of a 
king : king-at-arms, one of the three principal heralds, 
railed respectively Garter, Clarencieux, and Norroy: 
king-crab, a crustacean, also called the " horse-shoe 
crab," from the shape of its carapace or shield : king'- 
fisher, a well-known bird frequenting fresh -water 
streams ; the halcyon, which see : king-post, the mid- 
dle post of a roof standing on the tie-beam, and reach- 
ing up to the ridge, also called crown-post: king's 
evil, a disease of a scrofulous nature, formerly be- 
lieved to be cured by the touch of a king: king's or 
queen's counsel, usually contracted Q.C., barristers 
who have been called within the bar, selected to be 
advocates for the Crown, against which they cannot 
act unless by special licence: king's or queen's evi- 
dence, in criminal proceedings, the evidence given by 
an accomplice against his fellows : court of king's 
bench, or queen's bench, one of the high courts of law 
in which the king formerly sat in person. 

kink, n. Mnk (Dut. and Sw. kink, a twist in a cable), 
the spontaneous twist of a rope or thread when 
doubled, or from stiffness: v. to double and twist 
spontaneously : kinking, imp. : kinked, pp. Mnkt. 

kino, n. ki'-no (F. kino), an astringent extract of 
a deep brownish-red colour, obtained from certain 
tropical trees. 

kinsfolk, kinsman, kinswoman— see under kin. 

kiosk, n. ke-osk' (Tur. kivshk; F. Mosque), a Turkish 
open summer-house or pavilion, supported by pillars. 

kipper, n. Mp'-tr (Icel. kep>pr, a hill, a protuberance, 
a knob ; the jaw of the salmon after spawning time is 
said to become hooked), a salmon after spawning, and 
as they were unfit to be eaten fresh in this state, they 
were cured; hence salmon split open and cured: v. 
to prepare or cure fish for keeping : kip'pering, imp. : 
kip'pered, pp. -perd, split open, salted, seasoned, 
and smoked for keeping— applied to fish, as kippered 
salmon or herring. 

kirk, n. kerk (AS. cyrc or cyrice; Ger. kirche ; Dan. 
kerk, a church: see church), the Church of Scotland 
as distinguished from other Reformed Churches, or 
from the R. Cath. Ch. ; a place of worship ; a church : 
kirk-session, the lowest court of the Kirk of Scot- 
land; in Scot., the lowest ecclesiastical court of a 
Presbyterian body, composed of the minister or in- 
cumbent, and a certain number of laymen, called 
elders. 

Kirkdale cave, a calebrated cavern at Kirkdale, 
Eng., remarkable for the variety and abundance of 
bones found embedded in the mud of its' floor. 

kirtle, n. ker'tl{AS. cyrtii; ban. kjnrtcl. a garment), 
an upper garment ; a short jacket : kir'tled, a. -tld, 
wearing a kirtle. 

kirwanite, n. ker'-ivdn-lt (after Kvrwan of Dublin), a 
mineral of a dark olive-green colour, with a radiating 
fibrous texture — probably only a variety of green earth. 

kiss, n. Ms (AS. cyssan ; Ger. kiissen ; W. cusaw, to 
kiss: Sans, kus; Icel. koss, a kiss), a salute with the 
lips : v. to salute with the lips ; to touch with the lips : 
kis'sing, imp. : kissed, pp. Mst. 

kistvaen or cistvaen, n. Mst'-vdn (Gr. kiste, a chest, 
and W.rnaen, a stone), in archo.ol., ai i enclosure formed 
of a few large stones placed on edge with a stone 
cover, used as a sepulchre at some remote time : see 
cist. 

kit, n. kit (Dut. kit, a hooped beer-can), a large 
bottle; a wooden vessel for holding salted butter; a 
collection of travelling necessaries, or of tools, as of a 
soldier or workman. 

Kit-cat, a. Mt'kdt, a famous London club of f< 
times, who assumed this designation fro 
cook's name, Christopher Cat ; applied to des 
canvas used for portraits of a peculiar size, £ 
by 36 inches— so called from that size being a 
in the portraits painted for the Kit-cat Club. 

kitchen, n. klch'en (L. coquina ; It. cucin , _ 
kiiche ; Dut. kokene, a kitchen — from L. coquere, to 
boil), the room in a house where the food is cooked : 
kitchen-garden, where vegetables used as food are 
raised : kitchen-stuff, refuse fat or dripping, &c. : 
kitchen-maid, a female servant whose duty is to at- 
tend to the work of the kitchen : kitchen-range, 
kitchen-grate. 

kitchen-middens, n. plu. klch'en-mld'nz (Dan. kjok 
ken-moddings ; Scot, midden, a dunghill), the ancient 
shell-mounds of Denmark and other northern shores. 

kite, n. Mt (AS. cyta; W. cud, a kite: Bret, kidel, 



mate, mdt, far, law; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



KITH 



309 



KNOT 



a hawk), a bird of prey; a light frame of wood 
covered with paper, &c, constructed by boys for flying 
in the air. 

kith, n. kith (AS. cuth ; Ger. kund, known— from 
.- Ger. kennen, to know), acquaintance: 
kith and kin, blood relations. 

kitten, n. kit'-n, also kit ling, n. -ling (Norm, kjetla, 
to bring forth young— said of rats : /..>'< fling, a kitten), 
a young cat: v. to bring : rth ki:t_ns: kittening, 
imp. kit'- nil' j: kittened, pp. klt'nd. 

kivi-kivi, n. ki'-ri-ki-a, the native name for the 
apteryx or wingless bird of New Zealand. 

kleptomania, n. kl(p-tO-,nd-ni-a (Gr. kleptes, a thief, 
and mania, madness), a morbid impulse or desire to 
steal. 

klick, n. klik, another spelling of click, which see. 

knack, n. ndk (Ger. knacken, to break : Ir. cnag, a 
knock, a crack), a readiness in performance : dexter- 
ity; adroitness; a toy: knick-knacks, n. nlk'ndks, 
trifles or toys ; articles of small value, for show, and 
not for use : knacker, n. -er, a maker of knacks or toys. 

knacker, n. ndk'ir (Icel. knacker, a saddle), one 
whose business is to slaughter old worn-out horses, 
an office which seemed to have fallen to the knacker 
or coarse harness maker : a dealer in worn-out horses 
and dog's meat : knacker's yard, a place where worn- 
out horses or diseased animals are destroyed, and cut 
up and boiled down for their commercial products. 

knag, n. ndg (Dan. knag, a crack: Sw. knaglig, 
liigged : It. nocco, any bunch or knob), a knot in wood ; 
a peg for things to hang on ; the shoot of a deer's horn ; 
the rugged ridge of a hill: knaggy, a. uag'-gi, full of 
knots; rugged. 

knap, v. nap (Ger. Tenappen, to crack, to gnaw: 
Fin. nappata, to snap at), to bite ; to break short; to 
make a short sharp noise : knapping, imp. : knapped, 
pp. mipt. 

knap, nap, for knob, which see. 

knapsack, a. ndp'sdk [Ger. kn vppsack— from Ger. 
and Dut. knappai, used in the sense of eating), a pro- 
vision-sack: a soldier's or traveller's bag carried on 
his back, containing food and necessaries of clothing. 

knave, n. ndo (AS. cnapa; Ger. knabe, a boy, a 
youth : Dut. knegt, a boy or servant), a false, dishonest 
man ; a petty rascal ; the court card in a pack next 
below the queen, marked with the figure of a knave 
or servant : knavery, n. nd'-ver-i, dishonesty; petty 
villany : kna'vish, a. fraudulent ; given to dishonesty : 
kna'vishly, ad. -li : kna vishness, n. -ncs, dishonesty. 

knead, v. ned (Icel. hnoda; Dut. kneeden ; Ger. 
kneten, to knead: Dan. guide, to rub), to work and 
press ingredients with the hand into a mass called 
dough : knead ing, imp. : n. the act of one who 
kneads : knead'ed, pp. : knead'er, n. -er, one who : 
kneading - trough, n. a hollow vessel in which the 
materials of dough are worked and mixed. 

knee, n. ne (Ger. knie ; Gr. gonu; L. genu, a knee), 
the joint formed at the junction of the leg and thigh ; 
anything in the shape of the angle formed by the leg 
and thigh when bent or inclined to each other : kneed, 
a, ned, having joints like the knees when bent ; hav- 
ing prominent or abnormal knees, as in-kneed: knee- 
cap, a capping on the knees of horses : knee-deep, 
a. rising to the knees; sunk to the knees: knee- 
holly, or knee-holm, the plant butchers' - broom : 
knee-pan, a little round bone on the knee, slightly 
convex on both sides: knee-rafter, a rafter whose 
lower end or foot is crooked downwards, so that it 
may rest more firmly on the walls : knee-timber, a 
natural bent piece, formed out of a tree that grows 
crooked : kneel, v. nel, to bend the knee ; to rest or 
fall on the knee or knees : kneeling, imp. : adj. falling 
or fallen on the knees : n. act of one who kneels : 
knelt, pt. or pp. ni.lt, also kneeled, neld : kneel er, n. 
-er, one who kneels. 

knell, n. nel (Sw. knall, explosion, loud noise : Norm. 
gnell, a shrill cry : AS. cnyll, a knell), the stroke or 
tolling of a bell ; the sound of a bell or bells rung at 
a person's death or funeral : knelling, n. a sounding 
or tolling, as a funeral bell. 

knelt, nelt, pt. and pp. of kneel, which see. 

knew, nu, pt. of know, which see. 

knick-knack— see under knack. 

knife, n. nlf, plu. knives, nlvz (Dut. knijf, a 
knife: Ger. kneif, a knife ; kneifen, to nip or pinch: 
F. can if. a penknife), a well-known cutting instrument, 
made of steel: knife-blade, the cutting part of a 
knife: war to the knife, ferocious and exterminat- 
ing war. 



knight, n. nit (AS. cniht, a boy: Swiss, knecht, a 
strong, active youth; knechten, to put forth strength », 
a title of rank next below that of a baronet, with the 
privilege of prefixing to the Christian name Sir, as 
"Sir John," "Sir James;" anciently, a young man 
admitted to the privilege of bearing arms, or to mili- 
tary rank : v. to dub or create a knight, which is clone 
by the sovereign, or the high officer acting in her 
name, giving the person to be knighted, who kneels at 
the ceremony, a touch with a sword, while the words 
are uttered, " Rise, Sir James," or " Sir John," as the 
person's name may he : knight ing, imp. : knight'ed, 
pp. created or made a knight : knightly, a. -II, also 
knightlike, a. becoming a "knight: knight-banneret, 
a knight who carried a banner, and who, possessed of 
superior fiefs, was obliged to bring into the field a 
greater number of attendants : knight-baronet, a bar- 
onet ; a hereditary knight : knight-errant, -e? 'rant, 
a knight who travelled in search of adventures : 
knight-errantry, -tr-rdut-ri, the practice of knights- 
errant : knighthood, n. -hd'ud, the character or dignity 
of a knight : a Knight of the Shire, an M.P. (Member 
of Parliament) for a county. 

knit, v. nit (from Eng. knot: Low Ger. knutte, a knot ; 
knutten, to make into a knot), to weave by the hand; 
to unite closely ; to tie or fasten ; to connect into a 
kind of network ; to draw together, as the brows : 
knit'ting, imp. : n. the forming of network ; junction 
or union : knitted, pp. : knitter, n. -ir, one who knits : 
knits, n. plu. nitz, in Derbyshire, a nuning term for 
small particles of lead ore': knitting-needle, a long- 
needle used in knitting, as thread or worsted into 
stockings. 

knob, n. nob (Dut. knoppe, a knot, a bud: Ger. 
knopf, a knob, a button— connected with knock, which 
see), a ball or lump at the end of anything; a hard 
protuberance: knobbed, a. nobd, full of knobs: 
knob'by, a. nob'-bl, fidl of knobs or hard protuber- 
ances: knobbily, ad. -It: knob'biness, n. -n6s, the 
quality of being full of knobs : knob'stick, n. -stlk, 
applied to one who refuses to join a trade-union, or 
who retires from one. 

knock, n. nok (Gael, cnap, to strike, to beat : W. 
cnwpa, a knob, a club: Low Ger. knobbe, a knotty 
stick), a blow or stroke with something hard or heavy ; 
a stroke on a door ; a rap : v. to strike with a noise ; 
to rap ; to drive against : knock'ing, imp : n. act of one 
who beats with a hard substance, as on a door: 
knocked, pp. nokt: knocker, n. a small hammer fas- 
tened on a door, used in seeking admittance by rap- 
ping : to knock down, to strike down; to prostrate 
by blows; to assign to the highest bidder, as at an 
auction: to knock off, to force off by beating; to 
cease, as from work: to knock on the head, to stun 
or kill by a blow on the head ; to put an end to ; to 
frustrate : to knock out, to force out by blows : to 
knock over, to upset ; to overturn : to knock under, 
to yield ; to acknowledge to be conquered ; humbly 
to submit : to knock up, to arouse by knocking ; to 
we.irymuch; to become fatigued. 

knoll, n. nol (Icel. kncdla, to beat with a stick; 
knallr, a cudgel: Ger. knollen, a knob, a bunch— see 
knob and knock), a little round hill ; a small eleva- 
tion. 

knoll, v. nol (see knell), to toll or ring a bell, as for 
a funeral: knoliing, imp. : knolled, pp. nOlcl. 

knop, n. nop (another spelling of knob, which see), 
a knob; a protuberance; a button; in arch., an orna- 
ment of a bunch of flowers or leaves ; foliage on the 
capitals of pillars: knopped, a, nopt, having knops. 

knorria, n. nor'-ri-d (alter Knorr), in gcol., a genus 
of Coal-Measure plants. 

knot, n. not (Dut. knodse, a club; knodde, a knot: 
Ger. knote; L. nodus, a knot— see knob and knock), a 
tie; an interweaving or uniting of thread, cord, or 
rope at one point; any bond of union; a dark hard 
part in wood; a collection; a group; a small band; a 
difficulty; something so intricate as not easily to be 
solved; among seamen, a division of the log-line, so 
called from the line being divided into equal parts of 
50 ft. (practically only 47-42 ft.), by pieces of string rove 
through the st i at which a ship sails at 

sea, the rate and measuri 5 by the knots 

run out in half a minute— thus nine knots run out in 
half a minute denote sailing at the rate of nine nauti- 
cal miles per hour ; a nautical mile ; in bot . , a swelling 
in some stems where the attachment of the leaves 
takes place: v. to tie; to unite; to form knots or 
joints : knotting, imp. : knot'ted, pt>. • adj. full of 



sou; boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



KNOU 

knots; in hot., swollen at intervals into knobs, as a 
stem: knot'less, a. -les, free from knots: knot'ty, a. 
•ti, containing knots ; difficult : knot'tiness, n. -nis, 
state of being full of knots ; difficulty of solution : 
knot-grass, a plant having numerous knots in the 
roots or underground stems. 

knout, n. nowt (Rus. knut), an instr. of punish- 
ment or torture used in Russia, consisting of a 
heavy leather whip intertwined with iron wire at the 
point, applied to the bare skin : v. to punish with the 
knout: knout'ing, imp. : knout'ed, pp. 

know, v. no (AS. cnawan; Sans, jna; Pol. znac, to 
know: Gr. gnoo; L. gnosco, I know), to understand 
clearly; to be informed of; to be familiar with; to 
recognise ; to distinguish : knowing, imp. : adj. 
cunning; skilful; well informed: knew, pt. nu, did 
know: known, pp. non, understood clearly: know- 
able, a. no'd-bl, capable of being known: know- 
ingly, ad. -H: knowledge, n. nol'ij {know, and Icel. 
leik; Norm, leikje, usually employed in the composi- 
tion of abstract nouns), certain perception ; learning; 
that which is known ; information ; skill in anything. 

known, pp. of know, which see. 

knubs, n. plu. nubs, the waste silk formed in wind- 
ing off the threads from the cocoons. 

knuckle, n. nuk'-l (Dut.knokel,tiie knotty or project- 
ing part of the joints ; knoke, a knot in a tree, a bone : 
Ger. knochel, a knuckle), the outer part of the joint of 
a finger when bent : v. to strike with the knuckles ; to 
bend the fingers : knuckling, imp. : knuckled, pp. 
-Id: knuckle-duster (slang), an iron instr. with nobs 
or projecting points, contrived to cover the knuckles 
and protect them from injury when striking a blow, 
but chiefly to mutilate and disfigure the person 
struck : to knuckle under, to yield or submit. 

knur, n. niir (Ger. knorren, a protuberance : Sw. 
knorla, to twist, to curl), a contorted knot in wood ; 
a knot : knurry, a. -rl, full of knurs or knots— con- 
nected with gnarl, which see. 

kobold, n. ko'bold, a German word signifying a spirit 
or spectre, whence Eng. goblin. 

kopeck or copeck, n. ko'plk, a Russian copper coin, 
a halfpenny nearly. 

Koran, n. kO'-rdn (Ar. alkoran, the book), the Mo- 
hammedan book of faith and worship— often written 
Alcoran. 

koth, n. koth, a name given by the Spaniards to an 
earthy slimy substance of a blackish-brown colour, 
ejected from the volcanoes of S. Amer. 

koumiss or kumiss, n. kO'mls (Russ. kumys), an in- 



.0 LABY 

toxicating drink obtained by fermenting the whey of 
mare's milk, made among the Calmucks. 

kousso, n. kos'so, also kosso or cusso, the dried 
flowers of an Abyssinian plant— a remedy for tape- 
worm. 

kraal, n. krawl (Dut. kraal, a village, an enclosure), 
a village or collection of huts among the Hottentots of 
Africa ; an enclosure for cattle in Cape Colony. 

kraken, n. krd'kn, the Norwegian for a fabulous 
water-animal of enormous bulk. 

kreasote— see creasote. 

kreatine— see creatine. 

Kremlin, n. krim'-lin (Russ. krem, a fortress), an ex- 
tensive fortress in Moscow, the former capital of 
Russia, including a palace, and several churches and 
convents. 

kreutzer, n. kroyt'ser, a Ger. coin of variable value, 
but always less than a penny sterling ; also kreuzer, 

kris, n. krls, a Malay dagger. 

Krishna, n. krlsh'nd, in Hindoo myth., one of the 
incarnations of the god Vishnu, holding the second 
place in the Hindoo Trinity. 

Kroomen, n. plu. krfj'men, labourers employed in 
boats and vessels at Sierra Leone— originally from the 
Kroo country. 

Kufic, a. ku'flk, said of the anc. letters of the 
Arabic— from Kufa on the Euphrates. 

kunkur, n. kon-Itxr, a Hindostanee term for a super- 
ficial accumulation spread over a very large proportion 
of India and the adjoining countries, and which seems 
in point of time to correspond with the Drift or Boul- 
der Clay of Europe ; also called kunker-clay. 

kupfer-nickel, n. kdbp'fer-nik'l (Ger. copper nickel), 
a term applied by the German miners to a native 
alloy of nickel and arsenic : kupfer-schiefer, n. -she- 
fir (Ger. copper slate), a dark, bituminous-looking, slaty 
marl-stone, richly imp lal id with copper pyrites. 

Kurilian.a. ku-ril'4-dn, applied to a chain of islands 
in the Pacific extending from the southern extremity 
of Kamschatka to Jesso : n. a native or inhabitant of 
the Kurile Islands. 

kyanise, v. kl'dn-lz (after Kyan, the discoverer), to 
preserve wood from dry-rot by steeping it in a solu- 
tion of corrosive sublimate or other suitable sub- 
stance : ky'ani'sing, imp. : ky'anised, pp. -Izd. 

kyanite— see cyanite under cyanate. 

Kyson Sands, n. kl'son sdndz, a bed of Eocene sand 
occurring at Kyson or Kingston, Suffolk, celebrated 
for its yielding the remains of the monkey tribes. 



la, Id (It. and F.), in the tonic sol-fa system of vocal 
music, the sixth note of the diatonic scale. 

la, int. Id (AS.) behold! see! look! 

labdanum— see ladanum. 

label, n. Id'bel (old F. lambel, a rag attached but 
slightly to the whole garment or main body: Ger. 
lappen, a rag, a lap), a small slip of paper or parch- 
ment attached to anything, on which a writing is 
Inscribed to tell its nature or contents, or on which 
an address is written ; a thin brass rule, having a 
sight at one end, used for taking altitudes ; a paper 
annexed to a will, as a codicil : v. to attach a label 
to : la'belling, imp. : labelled, pp. -beld. 

label, n. Id'bSl, also labellum, n. Id-bSl'lum (L. a 
little lip— from labium, a lip), in bot., a lip, or lower 
lip only ; the third of the inner petals of an orchid. 

labial, n. la'M-dl (L. labium, a lip), a letter whose 
sound is uttered by means of the lips, as b,p, and m.- 
adj. formed or uttered by the lips: laTnally, ad. -II: 
labiate, a. Id'bl-dt, also la'biated, a. formed with lips ; 
in bot., applied to irregular gamopetalous flowers with 
an upper and under portion separated more or less 
by a hiatus or gap : labium, n. ld'bi-um, the under lip 
of an insect ; the inner lip of a shell : la'bia, plu. -bi-d. 

labiodental, a. Id'bl-o-dSnt'dl (L. labium, a lip, and 
dens, a tooth— gen. dentis), pronounced by means of 
the lips and teeth, as the letters / and v. 

laboratory, n. ldb'6-rd-ter'i (F. laboratoire, a labo- 
ratory—from L. labor, labour), a place where chemi- 
cal preparations or medicines are manufactured or 
sold ; a druggist's shop ; the workroom of a chemist, 
a pyrotechnist, &c. 

labour, n. la'ber (L. labor, labour: It. labore; F. 
mate, mdt.fdr, Icvfo; mete, mSt, 



labeur), exertion, bodily or mental, producing fatigue ; 
toil ; effort ; the pangs and efforts of child-birth : v. 
to work at ; to exert one's powers of body or mind ; to 
toil ; to strive ; to pitch and roll, as a ship ; to struggle : 
la'bouring, imp. : adj. exerting bodily strength or in- 
tellectual power ; engaged at work not requiring skill ; 
toiling: n. the act of labouring; the pitching and 
rolling of a vessel in a heavy sea : la/boured, pp. 
-berd: adj. bearing marks of labour or effort in execu- 
tion ; opposed to easy or free : laborious, a. ld-bo'ri- 
us, requiring fatiguing exertion ; toilsome ; difficult : 
laboriously, ad. -li : labo'riousness, n.-nSs, the quality 
of being attended with toil : la'bourer, n. -er, one who 
is engaged at coarse and toilsome work requiring 
little skill : labour-saving, a. adapted to supersede or 
lessen human labour or toil. 

labradorite, n. Idb'rd-dor-it, also Labrador felspar 
(from locality where first fouHd), a variety of dissem- 
inated felspar having a peculiar pearly and iridescent 
play of colours when the light falls on it in "— " 



lips, 



» up). : 



labrum, n. la'brum (L. labrum, a lip), in e 
mouth-cover or lip-like shield of an insect's r 
the outer lip of a shell : la'bra, plu. -brd. 

laburnum, n. ld-ber'num (L.), a small tree with pen- 
dulous clusters of yellow flowers. 

labyrinth, n. Mb't-rlnth (L. labyrinthus; Gr. labur- 
inthos; F. labyrinthe), a place full of intricacies or 
inextricable windings ; a maze ; an inexplicable diffi- 
culty ; the internal ear, from its complex structure : 
lab'yTintn'ian, a. -rinth'l-dn, pert, to or resembling 

her; pine, pin; note, not, mOvs; 



LABY 



311 



LADL 



a labyrinth ; intricate ; winding ; also lab'yrinth'ine, 
a. -in : lab yrinth iform, u. -i-fawrm (L. forma, shape), 
formed like a labyrinth. 

labyrinthodon, n. lab'l-rlnth'6-don (Gr. laburin- 
thos, a labyrinth, and odous, a tooth— gen. odontos), 
in geol., a batracbian reptile of the New Red Sand- 
stone : lab yrinth odon tia. n. plu. -don'-shi-d, or lab- 
yrinth'odonts, n. plu. -duntz, one of the thirteen 
orders into which Professor Owen arranges the reptilia, 
living and extinct— so named from the complex struc- 
ture of the teeth as seen in section. 

lac, n. lak (Ger. lack; Dan. lak; Pers. lac; F. laque, 
rose or ruby colour), a resinous substance obtained 
from certain trees, used in the manufacture of seal- 
ing-wax, varnishes, dyes, &c. : shell-lac, lac in the 
form of a thin crust : laccic, a. lak'sik, applied to 
an acid produced from lac : lac'cine, n. sin, a yellow 
substance obtained from shell-lac. 

lac— see lakh. 

lace, n. Ids (L. laqueus; It. laccio; F. lacqs, a lace, 
a tie: Prov. lassar ; F. lacer, to bind), a fine kind of 
network, texture, or trimming ; a string or cord used 
for a fastening : v. to fasten or draw together with a 
lace or cord, as a boot or stays ; to trim with lace : 
lacing, imp : n. a fastening with a lace or cord ; the 
cord used in fastening : laced, pp. or a. last, fastened 
with a lace or cord : strait-laced, a. narrow-minded ; 
bigoted in opinion. 

lacerate, v. las'-ir-at (L. laceratum, to tear or mangle 
— from lacer, torn: It. lacerare: F. lucerer), to wound 
and tear ; to rend : lac'erating, imp. : lacerated, pp.: 
adj. rent; torn; appearing torn: lac'erable, a. -d-bl, 
capable of being lacerated or torn: laceration, n. 
-d-shiin, the marks made by wounding and tearing; 
the act of tearing or rending : lac erative, a. -tiv, hav- 
ing power to tear or rend. 

lacertian, a. hhsir'shi-dn, also lacertilian, a. Ids' 
er-til'idn (L. lacirtus. a lizard), pert, to the family of 
lizards: lacertine, a. las'-ir-tln, like a lizard. 

laches, n. lOch'iz or ldsh'62 (old F. lasche, slack, re- 
miss: F. lache, idle, sluggish: L. laras, loose), a law 
term, meaning neglect or negligence ; inexcusable 
delay. 

lachrymal, a. lak'-ri-mdl (L. lachryma, a tear), pert. 
to tears ; generating or c >rn> yii ■-■ tears : lach'rymary, 
a. -mdr-i, containing tears : lach ryma'tion, n. -ma'- 
shun, act of shedding tears ; a preternatural flow of 
tears : lach'ryma'tory, n. -ma'-ttr-i, a vessel anciently 
buried with the dead, and supposed to contain the 
tears shed for their loss, but whose real use was to 
hold perfumes or ointments: lachrymose, a. -mOs, 
generating or shedding tears; tearful; sad; doleful: 
lachrymosely, ad. -ft: lachrymal canals, the canals 
which convey the tears from the eye to the nasal 
ducts: lachrymal ducts, the ducts or small tubes 
which convey the tears from the laehrvmal gland to 
the eye : lachrymal gland, the gland "which secretes 
the tears. 

laciniate, a. M-sln'-i-at, also lacin'iated, a. -d-tSd (L. 
lacinia, a fragment of cloth), adorned with fringes ; 
in tot., irregularly cut into narrow segments ; slashed. 

lack, n. lak (Dut. lack, want, defect; laecken, to be- 
come deficient: Swab, lack, slow, faint), want; defici- 
ency; need: v. to want; to be destitute of; to be in 
want: lacking, imp.: lacked, pp. Wet. 

lack, Idk, another spelling of lac, which see. 

lack-a-day, int. ldk'-d-da' (a contr. of alack-a-day), 
an expression of sorrow or regret ; alas. 

lackadaisy, a. lak'-a -da'-zi, also lack'adai'sical, a. 
-zt-kdl, affectedly pensive ; sentimental. 

lacker— see lacquer. 

lackey, n. ldk'-i (F. laquais, a footman— from old F. 
naquais, an attendant at a tennis-court), an attending 
male servant; a footman: v. to attend servilely; to 
act as a lackey : lackeying, imp. : lackeyed, pp. lak'-ld. 

lack-lustre, a. lak'-lus-ter (lack, and lustre), wanting 
lustre or brightness ; void of expression. 

laconic, a. ld-kdn'-ik, also laconical, a. -X-kdl(Gr. 
lakonikos; L. laconicus, of or belonging to Laconia, a 
country of Greece, whose chief city was Sparta, and 
whose inhabitants were celebrated for their senten- 
tious brevity and gravity in discourse: F. laconique: 
It. laconico), short; brief; pithy; expressing much in 
few words: laconically, ad. -kbn'-i-kal-li : laconicism, 
n. ld-kdn'-l-sizm, or laconism.n. Idk'-on-izm, a laconic 
style ; a concise manner of expression. 

lacquer, n. ldk'-er (F. laque, rose or ruby colour— 

from lac, which see), a varnish consisting of a solution 

of shell -lac in alcohol, variously coloured : v. to var- 

cdiv, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, 



nish or cover with lacquer : lacqu'ering, imp. : n. the 
art of covering metallic surfaces with lacquer to im- 
prove their colour : lacquered, pp. a. Idk'-ird, covered 
with lacquer; varnished: lacqu'erer, n. -er-er, one 
who varnishes metals or woods : lacquered ware (Dut. 
lak-werk), ware covered with a varnish of lac. 

lactation, n. Idk-td'-shun (L. lactatum, to contain 
milk, to be able to give suck— from lac. milk), the 
time of suckling; the 'act of giving milk: lactate, 
a. Idk'-tdt, a salt of lactic acid with a base : lacta- 
rene, n. lak'-taren. a preparation of the curds 
of milk, used by calico-printers : lacteal, a. -te-dl, 
pert, to milk ; conveying milk : n. in animals, one 
of the small tubes which convey the chyle from 
the intestines to the thoracic ducts : lactescent, a. 
ldk-tes'-6nt, producing milk; milky: lactes'cence, n. 
-ens, milkiness, or milky colour; a state resembling 
milk: lac'tic, a. -tik, pen. to milk; 01 or from milk or 
whey, as lactic acid : lactiferous, a. -tif-er-ils (L.fcro, 
I bear orproduce), bearing or producing milk or milky 
juice: lactine, n. -tin, sugar of milk— a sweetish sub- 
stance existing in milk. 

lactometer, n. Idk-tom'-S-ter (L. lac, milk, and Gr. 
metron, a measure), an instr. for ascertaining the qua- 
lity of milk. 

lactucarium, n. Idk'-tu-ka'-ri-um (L. lactuca, a lettuce 
— from lac, milk), the thickened milky juice of the 
common lettuce: lactu'eic, a. -tu'-slk, denoting an 
acid obtained from the strong-scented lettuce : lactu- 
sine, n. -siti, the ;n rive principle of the wild lettuce. 

lacuna, n. la-ku-na, plu. lacu'nae, -ne (L. lacuna, a 
hollow : F. lacune, a gap), one of the hollows or pits on 
the upper surface of lichens, called the thallus or Jrond; 
a large opening or blank space in the midst of a group 
of cells : lacu'nal, a. -ndl, pert, to small pits or de- 
pressions ; having a blank space : lacu nar, n. -ner, a 
kind of arched ceiling, divided into compartments sunk 
or hollowed: adj. pert, to: lacu'nous, a. -nus, also 
lacu'nose, a. -nus, furrowed or pitted; containing 
cavities. 

lacustral, a. ld-kus'-trdl, also lacus'trine, a. -tri?i 
(L. lacus, a lake : It. laco), of or relating to swamps or 
lakes ; in bot., living in or on the margins of lakes : 



habitations, the remains of human habitations of e 
treme antiquity, found in certain lakes in Switzerland, 
Scotland, Ireland, &c. 

lad, n. lad (old Eng. laddes, a man of inferior sta- 
tion: W. lodes, a lass; llawd, a lad), a boy; a youth. 

ladanum, n. Idd'-d-niim (L.), a resinous juice of an 
agreeable odour which exudes from shrubs of the 
Cistus kind found growing in the island of Candia and 
Syria, used chiefly for making plasters ; also spelt lab- 
danum, lab'-dd-num. 

ladder, n. lad'dir (AS. hlcedre; Ger. leiter; Pol. letra, 
a ladder : W, llethr, the slope of a hill), a long frame 
consisting of two strong sides with fixed cross-pieces 
serving for steps ; anything by which one ascends or 

lade, n. lad (AS. lad; Dut. leyde, a canal, a conduit 
— from AS. lecdan; Dut. leyden, to lead), a passage for 
water ; the mouth of a river ; a drain : mill-lade, the 
cut or canal which brings the current to the water- 
wheel of a mill. 

lade, v. lad (old Eng. lade, to let in water; Ger. las- 
sen ; Dut. lade, to let), to throw out a liquid by repeat- 
edly dipping in it a receptacle of a smaller size : ladle, 
n. la'dl, the implement employed for that purpose. 

lade, v. lad (AS. hladan; Ger. laden, to load), to put 
on or in, as a burden ; to load or freight : la'ding, imp. : 
n. a load or cargo ; a weight : la'ded, pt. : laded or 
laden, pp. la'-dn, oppressed; burdentd: lademan, 
n. lad-man, in Scot., a man employed by a miller 
to return the loads of meal to the owners of the 
corn sent to be ground; a man having the charge 
of a pack-horse : bill of lading, a certified document 
or invoice, from the master of the ship, of certain 
goods received on board for transport, and which are 
to be delivered up only to the consignee or producer of 
the invoice. 

ladle, n. la'dl (see lade 2), a large spoon used for 
lifting out a liquid from a vessel ; the receptacle of 
a mill-wheel that receives the water which turns it ; 
an instr. for drawing charges from a cannon : v. to 
lift or serve out with a ladle: ladling, imp. UL'dlvng: 
ladled, pp. la'-dld: ladleful, n. la'-dl-fool, the quantity 
held by a ladle. 

lady, n. la-di (AS. hlcefdige, a mistress, a lady), a 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



L2EVT 



312 



LAM? 



woman of distinction or rank; the wife of a titled 
gentleman; the title of the daughters of peers of the 
first three grades ; a familiar term applied to the mis- 
tress or female head of a house of the better class ; 
a woman in any station of life who is possessed of 
refined manners and kindness of heart, and generally 
whose character is adorned with those Christian and 
social virtues which men most love and esteem in a 
woman; a term of courtesy applied to any r< i, riiM 
female: ladybird, n., also lady bug, the name of a 

well-known, small, spotted, I Lspnericalbeetle.de- 

dicated to Our Lady, la'dylike, a. elegant in appear- 
ance ; becoming or proper to a lady ; well-bred : la'dy- 
ship, n. the title of a lady whose husband is not of 
a lower rank than a knight : La'dy-day, n. the day of 
the annunciation of the Virgin Mary on 25th March ; 
one of the festivals of the Church ; one of the quarter- 
days: lady-love, n. a sweetheart: lady's-maid, the 
female personal attendant of a woman of wealth or 
rank : Our Lady, the Virgin Mary : lady's-bedstraw, 
a small yellow-flowering plant, common by road and 
ditch sides. 

lsevigatous, a. le'vl-gd'lus (L. Icevigatum, to make 
smooth— from levis, smooth), in lot, having a smooth 
polished appearance. 

lag, v. Idg (W. Hag, loose, slack: Gael, lag, feeble: 
Gr. lagaros, slack, pliant), to loiter; to fall behind; to 
delay: n. the rump or fag-end: lag'ging, imp.: adj. 
loitering; falling behind : lagged, pp. lagd: laggard, 
n. Idg'erd, also lag'ger, n. -er, a slow or tardy person ; 
a loiterer : lag'gingly, ad. -li. 

lager-beer, n. Id'ger-bcr' (Ger. lager, a bed, a store- 
house, and bier, beer), store-beer, or beer laid up or 
stored for some months before use ; a popular strong 
German beer: lager-wine, old bottled wine; wine 

' lu,;li 'iia ;..':. II I. i pi", ID I In ■'• ii:;> ', ,o.nr i,hjlo 

lagomys, n. Idg'-o-mls (Gr. lagos, a hare, and mus, a 
rat), a hare-rat ; a rat-like rodent or gnawer, found 
only in the northern regions of Asia and America. 

lagoon, n. Id-g6n', also lagune', n. -gun' (Sp. and It. 
laguna, ain.n m i, mora i inim 

lake or inlet of the sea. 

laical, a. Id'l-kdl, also laic, a. la'lk (Gr. laiJcos, of or 
belonging to the common people— from laos, the peo- 
ple: L. laicus; It. laico; F. laique, lay, secular), pert, 
to the people, as distinguished from the clergy: la'- 
ically, ad. -li: laity, n. ld'-i-ti, the people; not the 
clei ■—" 



aid, 



laid, Idd, pp. of lay, which see : laid-paper3, writing 
papers with a ribbed surface, called cream-hud, bloc- 
laid, &c., according to shade or colour. 

lain, Ian, pp. of lie, which see. 

lair, n. Idr (But. leger, a bed: Dan. leir, a camp: 
Dut. leggen, to lie • AS. leger, a lying), the resting-place 
or couch of a wild beast. 

laird, n. lard (Scot.: AS. hlaford, a lord), in Scot., a 
proprietor ; a landed gentleman. 

laity— see laical. 

lake, n. Idk (L. lacus, a lake : It. laco : F. lac), a 
body of water surrounded by land : lakelet, n. a little 
lake : lake-like, a. resembling a lake : laky, a. ld'-kl, 
pert, to a lake: lake-dwellings, dwellings in lakes, 
erected either on piles or on artificial islands. 

lake, n. Idk (old F. lacque, a rose or ruby colour— 
from lac, which see), a name applied to all those red 
colours which consist of a vegetable dye, combined by 
precipitation with a white earthy basis, which is usu- 
ally alumina. 

lakh or lac, n. Idk (E. I.), 100,000, as of rupees. 

lama, n. l&'mtf, (Tl I I Luna), a Tartar priest: 
Delai-Lama or Grand Lama, the chief or principal 
lama, worshipped as a god: lamaism, n. Iti'md-izm, 
the religion of the Asiatic Tartars who worship the 
Grand Lama. 

lamantin, n Iso lamen'tin, n. -mSn'tin 

(F. ), a herbivorous sea-animal ; the sea-cow. 

lamb, n. Idm (Esthon. lamba; Fin. lampaan; Lap. 
libbe, a lamb), the young of the sheep: v. to bring 
forth young, as a sheep : lambing, imp.: lambed, pp. 
ICimd: lamb 'kin, n. -kin, a little lamb: lamb-like, a. 
gentle ; innocent : lamb'skins, n. plu. skins of lambs 
dressed with the fleece on, and often variously 
coloured : Lamb of God, a title of the Saviour. 

lambdoidal, a. Idm-ddyd'dl, also lam'doid, a. -dojjd 
(from Gr. letter (A) lambda, and eidos, shape), having 
the form of the Greek letter A. 

lambent, a. Idm'bent (L. lambens, licking— gen. lam- 
bentis), playing about like flames ; touching lightly ; 
gliding over. 



lame, a. Idm (Dan. lam, palsied: Icel. lami, en- 
feebled, impaired; lama, to weaken), disabled in a 
limb; imperfect; not satisfactory: v. to make lame ; 
to cripple or disable : la'ming, imp. : lamed, pp. Idmd : 
lamely, ad. -li: lameness, n. lam'nes, state of being 
lame ; an impaired or weakened state of a limb : la - 
mish, a. -tsh, rather lame: lame duck, a slang term, 
applied to a member of the Stock Exchange who ha* 
failed to meet his engagements. 

lamella, n. ld-mel'ld, lamellae, n. plu. -U (L. and It. 
lamella; F. lamelle, a small plate of metal— from L. 
lamina, a plate, a leaf), thin plates or scales, as those 
composing certain shells or parts of fungi, or which 
are appended to the corolla, of certain plants; hibot,, 
the gills of an agaric : lamellar, a. -Idr, consisting of 
or disposed in thin plates or scales: lam'ellarly, ad. 
■It: lamellate, a. Idm'el-ldt, also lam'ellated, a. com- 
posed of very thin plates or scales; foliated. 

lamellibranchiate, a. ldm'& 1A '' 

ella, a small plate of metal, and Gr. brungchia, gills), 
having gills in symmetrical, emicircular layers. 

lamelliferous, a. Idm'-el-if-er-us (L. lamella, a small 
plate of metal, and fero, I bear), having a foliated 
structure. 

lamelliform, a. Idm-el'll-faTvrm (L. lamella, a small 
plate of metal, and forma, shape), having the form 
of a scale. 

lamellirostral, a. hlm'Sl-li-ros'lrtil (L. lamella, a 
small plate of metal, and rostrum, a beak), having the 
margins of the beak furnished with plates, as in the 
duck and goose. 

lament, v. Id-mSnt' (L. lamentor, I lament or be- 
wail: It. lamentare; F. lamenter, to bewail), to 
mourn; to grieve; to weep or wail; to bewail; to 
mourn for: lamenting, imp.: n. a mourning; lamen- 
tation: lament'ed, pp. a. bewailed; mourned for: 
lament'er, n. -er, one who : lamentation, n. Idm'in- 
id'sliun, sorrow or grief audibly expressed; outcry: 
Lam'enta'tions, n. plu. -shunz, a book of the Old Tes- 
tament: lamentable, a. lam'en-td-bl, to be lamented ; 
mournful; expressing sorrow; pitiful: lam'entably, 
ad. -bit: lamentlngly, ad. -11. 

lamia, n. ldm'l-d (L.), a kind of demon among the 
ancients under the form of a beautiful woman; a 
witch ; a hag. 

lamina, n. ldm'-l-nd, lam'inse, plu. -ni (L. lamina, 
a plate, a leaf), a thin plate or scale ; a thin layer or 
coat lying over another; in bot., the blade of a leaf; 
the broad part of a sepal or petal : laminar, a. -ndr, 
consisting of, or resembling, thin plates or scales : 
lam'inate, v. -ndt, to form into thin plates : adj. formed 
of thin plates disposed one over another; plated: 
lam'inatmg, imp.: lam'inated, pp.: adj. consisting of 
plates or layers disposed one over another ; applied to 
strata splitting up into thin layers : lam'inable, a. 
-nd-bl, capable of being beaten or rolled into plates : 
lam'ina'tion, n. -nd'shun, state of being laminated ; 
arrangement in layers or thin plates lying one over 
another; condition which allows of cleavage in one 
direction only : i ri an, pert, to 

sea-weeds of the genus lam'ina'ria, -ri-d; pert, to that 
belt or zone of marine life which commences at low- 
water mark, and extends to a depth of from 40 to 90 
feet: lamlnarites, n. plu. -ndr-itz, in geol., broad- 
leaved fossil algae : lam'inif'erous, a. -nif'-er-us (L. 
fero, I bear), having a structure consisting of plates or 
layers. 

Lammas, n. Idm'mds (AS. hlafmatsse, the loaf mass 
or feast— from hlaf, a loaf), the offering of the fii st- 
fruits of the harvest on 1st August; the first day of 
August, also called Lammas-day, or Lammas-tide. 

lammergeir, n. Idm'er-gir (Ger. lammergeier— -from 
lamm, a lamb, and geier, a vulture), the bearded vul- 
ture which inhabits the Alps. 

lamna, n. ldm'-nd (Gr. lamna, a thin plate), in geol., 
a genus of sharks having thin, sharp, plate -like 
teeth. 

lamp, n. Idmp (L. and Gr. lampas, a torch— from Gr. 
lampo, I shine: F. lampe), an article for containing 
oil and a wick to give light ; any contrivance for giv- 
ing light: lamplight, n. -lit, the light given by a 
lamp : lamp'light'er, n. -llt'er, the person employed to 
light the gas lamps : lamp'ic, a. -Ik, of or from a lamp : 
lamp-black, the fine soot formed by the condensation 
of the smoke from burning oil, pitch, or resinous sub- 
stances : safety-lamp, a lamp for giving the workmen 
light in coal-mines without the danger of causing an 
explosion : lamp-shell, a bivalve, deep-water shell-fish, 
so called from its shape. 



mate, mat, far, laTv; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, ndt, m6ves 



LAMP 



313 



LANT 



lampass, n. Idm'pds (F. lampc.s— from Gr. ktmpas, a 
lamp), a fleshy swelling in the roof of a horse's mouth, 
said to be so called as formerly removed by burning. 

lampern— see lamprey. 

lampoon, n. I0m-p6n' (old F. lamponner, to dally or 
play the fool with, to foist, to fib), personal satire in 
writing; written censure : v. to assail with personal 
satire; to satirise-, lampoon 'ing, imp.: lampooned', 
pp. -p6nd': lampooner, n. -er, one who writes lam- 
poons: lampoon'ry, n. -ri, written personal abuse or 
satire. 

lamprey, n. Idm'prl (F. lamprofe; AS. and It. lam- 
preda), a kind of fish resembling the eel: lampera, n. 
lam-pirn, the river-lamprey. 

lanarkite, n. Icln'drkU, a mineral consisting of sul- 
phate and carbonate of lead, occurring either massive 
or in long, slender, right-rhombic prisms, of a greenish- 
white or grey colour— first found at Leadhills in Lan- 
arkshire. 

lanate, a. Wndf, also lana'ted (L. lana, wool), 
woolly: covered with curly hair like wool. 

lance, n. Idas (L. lancea, a lance : F. lance, a lance— 
from lancer, to dart), a long shaft of wood with a spear- 
head, originally thrown, but in later times used for 
thrusting at each other, by combatants : v. to pierce 
with a lance ; to open with a lancet : lancing, imp. 
Idn'-slng : n. the act of one who uses a lancet : lanced, 
pp. Idnst: lan'cer, n. -sir, one who carries a lance, as 
a soldier: lan'ceolar, a. -se-o-lcr, tapering towards 
the end: lan'ceolate, a. -Idt, also lan'cedla'ted, a. 
gradually tapering towards the extremity; shaped 
like the head of a spear : lan'cifonn, a. -si-faTcrm (L. 
Joiina, shape), lance-shaped: lance-corporal, a sol- 
dier from the ranks doing the duties of a corporal 
with temporary rank as such : lance-wood, the wood 
of a tree, a native of Jamaica, possessing in a high 
degree toughness and elasticit}'. 

lancet, n. Idn'sit (F. luncette, dim. of lance, a lance), 
a small, sharp, two-edged knife used by surgeons to 
open veins, tumours, &c. 

lancinate, v. Idn'-sl-nat (L. lancinatum, to tear or 
rend to pieces), to tear ; to lacerate : lan'cinating, 
imp.: adj. piercing or seeming to pierce with a sudden 
shooting pain: lan'cinated, pp.: lan'cina'tion, n. -nd' 
tit tin, a tearing; laceration. 

land, n. Idnd (AS., Ger., and Icel. land, land— akin 
to W. glan; Cornish gland, shore, bank of a river), the 
dry solid portion of the earth ; a district, region, or 
country ; soil ; earth ; ground which any one posses- 
ses : v. to set on shore from a vessel ; to go on shore 
from a ship; to disembark: landing, imp. : adj. con- 
nected with or pert, to the process of unloading any- 
thing from a vessel, &c. : n. the act of going or setting 
on shore from a vessel ; a place for going or setting on 
shore, either for passengers or goods ; the broad level 
part of a staircase : land'ed, pp.: adj. having an estate 
inland; consisting in real estate or land: landless, 
a. without real estate or land: landed proprietor, 
an owner of real estate or land : land'er, n. one who 
makes a landing; in mining, one at the head of the 
shaft who receives the ore: landward, ad. land'-wird, 
towards the land or country : land-breeze, the wind 
blowing from the land : land-carriage, transportation 
by land : land-crab, a crab which lives much on the 
land : landfall, the first land discovered after a voy- 
age : land-flood, an inundation caused by the spread 
of water from a heavy rainfall : land-force, a body of 
soldiers operating on land : landing-net, a net used by 
anglers for landing large fish when caught by the litie : 
landing-place, a place for the landing of persons or 
goods from a vessel ; a landing : land-jobber, one who 
buys and sells land as a business, as in a colony : land- 
lady, a woman who has tenants holding from her ; the 
mistress of an inn or lodging-house: landlord, the mas- 
ter of a house ; the proprietor of houses or lands ; one 
who keeps an inn or tavern : landholder or landowner, 
a proprietor of land : landlock, v. Idnd'lok, to enclose 
or encompass with land: landlocking, imp.: land'- 
locked, pp. -lockt: adj. shut in or enclosed by land: 
land-lubber, n. -liib'er, also land-loper, -lo'per (pro- 
bably Dut. landlooper, land-runner— from land, land, 
and loopen, to run), one who has no settled habita- 
tion ; among seamen, applied in ridicule or contempt 
to persons who pass their lives on land : landmark, 
any fixed object to designate the boundary of land, or 
the limits of a farm or town ; any prominent object 
on land which serves as a guide to seamen : land- 
measure, a measure by which the superficial contents 
of a portion of land, as a field, a farm, &c, may be 



ascertained: land-measuring, the art of determining 
the superficial contents oi a portion of land : land-rail, 
-rdl, a bird, one of the no ;o.ii.l menting grass 

and corn fields : land slip, a portion of a hill or moun- 
tain which slides or slips down : lands'man, one who 
lives on land, as opposed to a seaman : land-steward, a 
person intrusted with the care of a landed estate : land- 
surveying, the art of determining the boundaries and 
superficial extent of a portion of land, as a farm, an 
estate, &c. : land-tax, a tax laid on land or buildings : 
land- waiter, -ivd-tir, or landing- waiter, an officer of 
the customs who attends on the landing of goods : 
headland, a cape; a point of land stretching out into 
the sea : to land a fish, among anglers, to bring a fish 
to land by skilful management, or by means of a land- 
ing-net. 

landamman, n. ldnd'dm-dn (Ger. landamtmann— 
from land, land, and umtmann, bailiff), in Switzer- 
land, the chief magistrate of a canton. 

landau, n. Idn-dalc' (Landau, a town in Germany), 
a light carriage a\1iosc top may be opened and tin own 
back. 

landes, n. plu. Idngdz (F.), extensive areas of sand- 
drift which stretch southward from the mouth of tha 
Garonne, along the Bay of Biscay, and inwards to- 
wards Bordeaux. 

landgrave, n. Idnd'grdv (F. landgrave; Ger. land- 
graf— from land, land, and graf, earl), a German 
nobleman : land'gravine, n. -grd-ven, the wife of a 
landgrave. 

landscape, n. Idnd'skdp (Ger. landschaft: AS. land, 
land, and sceapan, to shape or form), such a portion of 
country as the eye can view at a single glance ; a pic- 
ture representing rural scenery: landscape-garden- 
ing, the art of laying out and planting grounds so as 
to produce the mosl pleasing effect. 

landwehr, n. Idnd'vur (Ger. land, land, and wehr, 
defence), the Austrian or Prussian militia. 

lane, n. tan (Dut. laen, an alley: Scot, loan, an 
opening between fields of corn left uncultivated : Dan. 
laane, a bare place in a field), a narrow way between 
hedges ; any narrow road or street ; a narrow pas- 

langsyne, n. and ad. Idng-sln' (Scotch), time long 
ago ; long since. 

language, n. Idng'gwdj (F. Ian gage, language— from 
L. lingua, the tongue), the expression of ideas by 
means of words ; human speech ; style or manner of 
expression; the speech peculiar to a nation. 

languid, a. lang'gwid (L. lunguidus, faint, drooping 
—from langueo, I am faint: It. languido), faint; 
weary; exhausted; drooping; without animation or 
activity: languidly, ad. -li .- lan'guidness, n. -ncs, 
weakness from exhaustion: languish, v. Ktng'-gwish 
(F. languissant, languishing— from L. lunguesco, I be- 
come faint or languid), to lose strength or animation ; 
to look with softness or tenderness ; to pine ; to be- 
come feeble or spiritless ; to grow dull : languishing, 
imp. losing strength ; pining : adj. showing languor: 
n. feebleness ; loss of strength : languished, pp. 
-gwisht: lan'guishingly, ad. -li; lan'guishment, n. 
-mint, the state of languishing or pining ; softness of 
look with the head reclining to one side : languor, n. 
Idng'gwir (L. languor, faintness— from langueo, I am 
faint: It. languore: F. langueur), the condition or 
feeling induced by exhaustion of strength ; faiutues.- ; 
weariness ; lassitude. 

laniard or lanyard, n. lan'-ydrd (F. laniere, a strap, 
a thong— from longiere, a strip, a long narrow towel), 
a short piece of line or rope used for fastening soinc- 
u a ship. 

laniaries, n. plu. ldn'i-dr-iz (L. laniare, to tear or 
rend), the long, sharp, pointed teeth placed beii 010 i i 
incisors : lan'iary, a. -i-dr-i, lacerating or tearing, as 
laniary teeth : lan'iar'ifonn, a. -dr'-i-fawrm (L. forma, 
shape), shaped like the canine teeth of carnivorous 
animals. 

laniferous, a. Idn-if'er-us (L. lana, wool, and/ero, I 
produce), bearing or producing wool : lanig'erous, a. 
-ij'er-us (L. gero, I bear), producing or bearing wool. 

lank, a. Idngk (Dut. slank; Ger. schlank, slender, 

pliant : Dut. lank, the soft boneless part of the side), 

thin; slender; not plump; not full and firm : lankly, 

ad. -li: lank'ness, n. -nes, leanness ; flabbiness : lanky, 

ak'-i, tall and thin. 

lanner, n: Idn'ner (old F. lanier— from L. lanio, I 
tear or rend), a species of hawk : lan'neret, n. -n&r-et, 
a little hawk. 

lantern, n. Idn'tern (F. lanterne-; L. laterna, a lan- 



'> bo*i',fuct; pure, Md; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



LANT 



314 



tern, as if from AS. leoht, light, and em, place), a per- 
forated case for a candle or lamp ; the upper part of a 
lighthouse ; any erection on the top of a building or 
dome to give light : magic-lantern, an optical instr. 
by means of which small figures painted with trans- 
parent varnish, variously coloured, on slides of 
glass, are very largely magnified, seen in a darkened 
room on a wall or white screen: lantern-fly, an insect 
of S. Amer. which emits a strong light in the dark : 
dark-lantern, a lantern constructed so as to have its 
light concealed by a slide at pleasure : lantern-jaws, 
long lean jaws; a thin visage: lantern-jawed, a. 
having a thin visage. 

lanthanium, n. Idn-thd'-nl-um (Gr. lanthano, I lie 
hid), a very rare metal occurring with cerium, by 
which its properties are, as it were, concealed. 

lanthorn, n. Idn'-thorn, an obsolete spelling of lan- 
tern. 

lanuginous, a. ld-nu'-ji-nus (L. lanugo, a wool-like 
production, down— gen. lanuginis— from lana, wool), 
downy or woolly; covered with down, or fine, soft, 
interlaced hairs: lanugo, n. Id-nu'-gO, the first and 
temporary hair of an infant. 

lanyard— see laniard. 



senting the tragical fate of Laocoon and his two sons. 

Laodicean, a. ld'-dd-i-se-dn, of or resembling the 
Christians of Laodicea ; lukewarm in religion. 

laophis, n. ld'-o-fis (Gr. laas, a rock, and ophis, 
a serpent), in geol., a Tertiary serpent having some 
affinities to the rattlesnake. 

lap, n. Idp (Icel. lapa, to hang loose : Ger. lapp, 
slack ; lappen, anything hanging loose), the flap or 
loose skirt of a garment ; the knees and thighs, or the 
part of the clothes which cover them, in a sitting posi- 
tion, particularly those of a woman ; a roll or sliver 
of cotton for feeding the cards of a spinning-machine : 
v. (old Eng. lappyn, to wrap : F. envelopper, to wrap 
up), to bring the lap or flap of the garment round one ; 
to wrap or twist round ; to lay one thing partly over 
another: lapping, imp.: n. a kind of machine-blanket 
or wrapping-cloth used by calico - printers : lapped, 
pp. Idpt: lapful, n. Idp'- fool, as much as the lap can 
contain : lapel, n. ld-pil', the part of a coat or waist- 
coat which is turned back, forming the facing: la- 
pelled', a. -pSld', having lapels: lap'per, n. -er, one 
who laps : lappet, n. Idp'-St, a little loose flap ; part of 
a lady's head-dress: lap dog, n. a small dog fondled by 
a woman: lapping-engine, a doubling machine; an 
engine for making folds or welds : lap'stone, n. the 
stone on which a shoemaker beats his leather : lap'- 
wing, n. a bird that flaps its wings in a peculiar man- 
ner as it flies ; the plover— called also the peewit. 

lap, v. Idp (F. lapper, to lap or lick up : Gr. lapto, 
I lap, I drink greedily : L. lambere, to lick), to feed or 
drink with the tongue ; to lick up ; to cut or polish 
with a lap: n. a piece of brass, lead, or other soft 
metal, or a piece of wood or leather, in the form of a 
rapid revolving wheel or disc, used in polishing cut- 
lery, or, along with polishing - powder, in polishing 
gems or cutting glass : lap'ping, imp. : lapped, pp. 
Idpt: lap'per, n. -er, one who: lappior, n. ldp'-l-6r, a 
miner who dresses the refuse ores that are left. 

lapidary, n. ldp'4-der-l (L. lapidarius, of or belong- 
ing to stone— from lapis, a stone : It. lapidario : F. 
lapidaire), one who cuts, polishes, or engraves preci- 
ous stones ; a dealer in precious stones : adj. pert, to 
the art of the lapidary : lapid'eous, a. -6-us, stony : 
lap'ides'cent, a. -dSs'Snt, growing or turning to stone : 
lapidify, v. -l-fl (L. facio, I make), to form or convert 
into stone: lapidifying, imp. : lapidified, pp. -i-fid: 
lapid'ifica'tion, n. -kd-shun, the process by which 
soft, loose, or incohering substances, organic or inor- 
ganic, are converted into stony matter : lapilli, n. plu. 
ld-pll'll (L. lapillus, a little stone), fragments of lava 
thrown out by volcanoes and cooled into rounded drops 
in falling: lapis, n. Idp'-ls, a general termfor any kind 
of stone: lapis-lazuli, n. -Idz'-u-ll, a well-known min- 
eral of an ultramarine or fine azure-blue colour, of 
various intensity. 

lapper, lappet, and lapping— see lap. 

lapse, n. Idps (L. lapsus, slidden or fallen : F. laps ; 
Sp. lapso, lapse or course of time), a gliding ; a slight 
erroror mistake; a slip; a falling oi passing m ,.,i, n 
to present to a benefice in due tin whi h i iii 
right to another : v. to pass slowly, silently, or by de- 
grees ; to commit a fault by inadvertency or mistake ; 
to fall or pass from one to another by omission or 
m&te, mdt,fdr, law; mete, me~t, 



lapwing— see under lap 1. 

lar, n. lar, lares, n. plu. Id'-rez (L.), household 
gods. 

larboard, n. Idr'-bord (Dut. laager; old Eng. leer, 
left, and Eng. board), the left-hand side of a ship, 
looking towards the head: adj. pert, to the left-hand 
side of a ship. 

larceny, n. ldr'-se-ni (F. larcin, robbery— from L. 
latrocinium, robbery— from L. latro, a robber), taking 
or carrying away the goods of another without his 
knowledge or consent ; petty theft : lar'cenist, n. -se- 
nist, one who commits larceny ; a thief. 

larch, n. larch (L. and Gr. larix ; It. larice, a larch), 
a forest-tree of the fir tribe. 

lard, n. lard (F. lard ; L. lardum ; It. lardo, lard), 
the fat of swine after being melted and cooled : v. to 
fatten or enrich, as witli bacon ; to smear or cover 
with lard : larding, imp. : lar'ded, pp. : larder, n. 
Idr'der, the room or place in a house where meat or 
victuals are kept : lar'derer, n. -der-er, one who has 
the charge of the larder: lardaceous, a. lar-da'-shus, 
resembling lard or bacon : lardoons, n. plu. Idr-donz', 
in cookery, bits of bacon of about an inch square : 
lar'dy, a. -di, containing lard ; full of lard. 

large, a. Idrj (F. large; L. largus ; It. largo, large), 
of great size; bulky; copious; liberal: largely, ad. 
•lis large'ness, n. -nSs, bulk; magnitude; greatness: 
large-heart'ed, a. having a liberal spirit and wide 
sympathies; generous: large-heart'edness, n. the 
state of being large-hearted; liberality: at large, 
without restraint ; in the full extent. 

largess, n. Id i 'jar. ( F. In njrs, .r, a gilt— from L. largior, 
I give or bestow bountifully), a present; a gift or 
donation. 

larghetto, ad. Idr-get'-t6 (It. —from largo, broad, 
large), a musical term meaning " somewhat slowly" : 
largo, ad. Idr'-go, slowly. 

laridae, n. plu. ldr'-l-de (Gr. laros ; L. larus, a gull), 
the gull family, n Li id < ' I , terns, and petrels. 

lark, n. lark (AS. laferc ; Scot, laverock; Dut. lew- 
erck), a well-known singing, bird of various species ; 
fun, frolic, or joking, usually with mischief, as the 
result of secret plotting : v. to catch larks ; to do mis- 
chief by way of sport : larking, imp. : larked, pp. 
lurkt: lark'er, n. one who catches larks: larkspur, 
n. a plant with showy flowers, usually of a vivid 
blue : skylarking, n. ski- lark' ing, among seamen, 
mounting to the highest yards and sliding down the 
ropes for amusement ; fun or frolic— a convenient 
word covering much mischief. 

larmier, n. ldr'-mi-er (F.— from larme, a tear or 
drop), in arch., the corona; the eaves or drip of a 
house. 

larrup, v. Idr'-riip (Dut. larp, a lash; larpen, to 
thresh as corn, in a peculiar manner), in familiar lan- 
guage, to beat or thrash : lar'rupping, n. a good beat- 

farry, n. ldr'-rl, also lorry, n. ldr'-rl, a coal-truck on 
3 railwa a long low (vagg on without sides. 

larum, an abbreviation of alarum— see alarm. 

larva, n. lar'-vd, lar'vae, n. plu. -ve (L. and It. larva, 
a ghost, a mask: F. larve, larva), an insect in the 
caterpillar or grub state : lar'val, a. -vdl, of or pert, to 
larvae: lar'vated, a. -vd-tSd, masked ; clothed as in a 
mask: lar'viform, a. -vl-fonvrm (L. Jon-ma, shape), 
like a larva. 

larvipara, n. plu. ldr-vlp'-d-rd(L. larva, a mask, and 
pario, I bring forth), a name given to those insects 
which bring forth larvae or grubs instead of eggs : 
larvip'arous, a. -d-rus, producing young in the state 
of larvae or grubs. 

laryngoscope, n. Idr-ing'-go-skon (Gr. larungx, the 
upper part of the windpipe, and skopeo, I view or see), 
an instr. for examining the larynx : laryn'goscoplc, 
a. -skop'-lk, relating to the inspection of the larynx. 

laryngotomy, n. Idr'-in-got'-o-mi (Gr. larungx, the 
Tipper part of the windpipe, and tome, a cutting), the 
operation of cutting into the larynx to admit of 
breathing in cases of obstruction. 

larynx, n. Idr'-lngks (Gr. larungx, the upper part of 
the windpipe— gen. larunggos), the upper part of the 
trachea or windpipe: laryngeal, a. la-ring-gl-dl, pert, 
to the larynx; also laryn'gean, a. -gl-dn: lar'yngis'- 
mus, n. -ln-gls'-mus, the spasmodic action of the lar- 
ynx: laryngitis, n. Idr'-lng-gi'-tls, inflammation of the 
larynx. 
her; pine, pin; note, not, mCve; 



LASC 



315 



LATI 



lascar, n. ld*-hh J (Kmd. lashkar), in the East Indies, 
a term applied to a native sailor ; a labourer employed 
about arsenals, and with the menial work of the ar- 
tillery. 

lascivious, a. Ids-siv'l-Us (L. lascivia, wantonness: 
lascivus, waiiT"ii: Ir. lasrim: F. lascif), lewd; wan- 
ton; lustful: lasciviously, ad. -li: lascivlousness, n. 
•mis, the state or quality of being wanton or lustful. 

lash, v. lash (Ger. lasche, a slap, a flap : a word imi- 
tative of the sound : Esthon. laksuma, to sound like 
waves when they lash the shore), to strike with a 
sounding blow, as when a whale lashes the sea with 
its tail, or a lion his flanks ; to strike with a whip or 
scourge ; to dash against with sudden jerks ; to dash 
or beat against, as waves ; to censure with severity : 
n. a stroke, as with a whip ; an expression or retort 
which gives pain ; the tbong or flexible part of a whip : 
lash'ing, imp.: n. a whipping or chastisement : lashed, 
pp. lOsht: lash'er, n. -er, one who lashes: to lash out, 
to be extravasant or unruly. 

lash, v. Idsh (Dut. lasch, a piece let into a garment; 
lasschen, to join two pieces together: Dan. laske, to 
haste, to stitch, to mortise), to bind or fasten anything 
to the ship's sides; to secure or bind with a rope or 
cord to something else: lash'ing, imp.: n. the piece of 
rope or cord for binding one thing to another : lashed, 
pp. Idsht, made fast by a rope. 

lass, n. las {laddess, the old fern, of lad: W. lodes, 
a lass), a young woman ; a girl ; generally a country 
girl: lassie, n. lus'sl, a little lass. 

lassitude, n. Ids'si-tud (L. lassitudo, faintness, 
weariness— from lassus, faint, languid : It. lassitwiirtt. : 
F. lassitude), fatigue; weariness; languor of body or 
mind proceeding from exhaustion or from a distem- 
pered state. 

lasso, n. Ids'-sO (Sp. lazo, a slip-knot: F. laisse; It. 
lassa, a leash for dogs), in S. Amer., a long rope or 
cord with a noose or loop at the end of it, used for 
catching wild horses or other animals : v. to capture 
with a lasso: lassoing, imp.: lassoed, pp. -sod. 

last, a. last (contracted from latest: Ger. letzt; Bav. 
lesst ; Low Ger. lest, last), that comes after all the others 
in time, place, or order ; utmost ; final ; next before the 
present : lastly, ad. -li, in the last place ; in conclu- 
sion : at last, or at the last, at the end ; in the conclu- 
sion : to the last, to the end : to breathe one's last, 
to die ; to expire. 

last, n. Idst (Icel. Mass; AS. Mast; Dut. and Ger. 
last, a load), a burden ; a certain weight or measure of 
variable amount. 

last, n. last (Dut. leest, to make, to shape : Ger. leis- 
ten, a model, a mould), the form or model of the foot, 
usually of wood, on which boots and shoes are made : 
lasting, n. the process of drawing the upper leather 
smooth and straight in shoemaking; a worsted stuff 
used for uppers : to stick to one's last, to abide by 
one's own proper business. 

last, v. Idst (Ger. leisten, to fulfil, to carry out: 
Goth, laist; AS. last, a trace, a footstep), to perform 
the duty for which a thing is made ; to continue ; to 
remain unimpaired ; to hold out ; to endure : lasting, 
imp.: adj. durable ; of long continuance : lasted, pp.: 
lastingly, ad. -li: last'ingness, n. -nes, the quality or 
state of long continuance. 

Latakia, n. Idt'd-ke'd, a superior kind of Turkish 
tobacco, so called from the place where produced. 

latch, n. Idch (AS. laccan, to catch, to seize: F. lo- 
quet, the latch of a door: L. laqueus; F. lacs, a noose), 
a small bar of iron or wood moving on a pivot, used for 
fastening a door, and raised by a handle or string : v. 
to fasten with a latch: latching, imp.: latched, pp. 
Idcht: latch-key, n. a key used to raise the latch of a 
door : latche t luckle or string of a shoe. 

late, a. kit (Icel. latr; AS. Icct, slow: Dut. laat, 
tardy), coming after the usual time ; tardy ; long-de- 
layed ; deceased ; departed ; far in the day or night : 
ad. after the usual time ; in time not long past : lately, 
ad. -II : late'ness, n. state of being late or tardy ; com- 
paratively modem time : of late, in times past ; near 
the present : too late, after the proper time : la'ter, a. 
-ter, comparative degree of late ; longer delayed ; sub- 
sequent : la'test, a. superl. degree of late. 

lateen, a. I . us in vela latina, a Latin 

or lateen sail ; latino, broad, wide), broad and triangu- 
lar—applied to a sail, as a lateen sail. 

latent, a. la'tent (L. latens, concealing, hiding: It. 
latente: F. latent), concealed; hid; not -visible or ap- 
parent: latency, n. la'ten-sl, the state of being latent 
or concealed: la'tently, ad. -li: latent heat, the heat 

cow, toy, foot; pure, bud; chair, 



which exists in a body without producing any effect 
upon the thermometer. 

later and latest— see late. 

lateral, a. ldt'er-dl (L. lateralis, of or belonging to 
the side— from latus, a side : It. laterale : F. lateral), 
proceeding from the side, or inclined to it ; on, in, or 
of the side : laterally, ad. -li, in the direction of the 
side. 

Lateran, n. Idt'er-dn, one of the churches at Rome 
with a palace and other buildings annexed. 

laterifolious, a. Idt'cr-i-fo'-li-us (L. latus, a side— gen. 
lateris, and folium, a leaf), in hot., growing on the side 
of a leaf at the base. 

laterite, n. ldt'-er-it (L. later, a brick or tile), a com- 
pound of clay and oxide of iron, often arising from the 
decomposition of trap and volcanic rocks; a peculiar 
clayey deposit of Middle Tertiary age found in India, 
so named from being cut into bricks and used for 
building: lateritious, a. Idt'er-ish'us, of the colour of 
bricks. 

latex, n. la'teks (L. latex, a liquid or juice— gen. 
laticis), in bot., the proper juice or returning sap of 
plants; the granular fluid contained in laticiferous 
vessels: laticiferous, a. lot'i-sij"-ir-us{'L.fcro, I carry), 
conveying latex or elaborated sap. 

lath, n. lath, laths, n. plu. Idthz (F. and Dut. latte, 
a thin piece of cleft wood : Ger. latte, a pole or rod, a 
young slender tree: W. Hath, a yard or measure of 
three feet), a long thin slip of wood, used in lining roofs 
and walls of houses before the plaster is laid on : v. 
to cover or line with long thin slips of wood : lath- 
ing, imp.: n. a covering made of laths: lathed, pp. 
Idtht: adj. covered or lined with laths: lathy, a. lath'-i, 
thin or slender as a lath. 

lathe, n. lath (old Eng. lare: probably from lath), a 
machine used for turning wood, iron, &c, or for drill- 
ing and burnishing. 

lather, n. Idth'er (prov. Eng. lothcr, to splash in 
water: Icel. lodra, to foam; ludr, loam of the sea: 
Bav. loder, suds), the foam or froth formed by rub- 
bing soap moistened with water, used for shaving: v. 
to cover with soap- foam ; to become frothy : lath'er- 
ing, imp. : lathered, pp. -erd. 

laticiferous— see latex. 

Latin, n. Idt'ln, the language of the anc. Romans: 
adj. pert, to Rome ; composed in the language of the 
anc. Romans: lat'inism, n. -izm, a mode of speech 
peculiar to the Latins : lat'inist, n. -ist, one skilled in 
a knowledge of Latin: latinity, n. Id-tui'i-H, the Latin 
style or idiom : latinise, v. lut'-in-iz, to give to foreign 
words Latin terminations : lat'ini'sing, imp.: latin- 
ised, pp. -Izd : Latin Church, a name applied to the 
Church of Rome and the Churches in communion with 
her, as distinguished from the Greek or Eastern 
Church : Latin race, the nations of Western Europe, 
whose languages are closely allied to the Latin, as the 
Italians and French : dog Latin, Latin composed with 
a considerable degree of literal and grammatical ac- 
curacy, but neither elegant nor idiomatic : law Latin, 
a corrupt Latin largely interspersed with Latinised 
foreign words and non-classical words and phrases, 
used in law courts and in the preparation of deeds 
and instruments, now employed to a very limited ex- 
tent, unless in the use of particular words and phrases. 

latiseptae, n. plu. klt'i-sSp'-te (L. latus, broad, and 
septum, a hedge), in bot., cruciferous plants having the 
dissepiment broad in proportion to the thickness be- 
tween the valves. 

latitude, n. ldt'-l-tud (L. latitudo, breadth— from 
latus, broad: It. latitudine: F. latitude), on the earth, 
the distance of anyplace in a direct line north or south 
from the equator, measured in degrees, minutes, and 
seconds,— if in the northern hemisphere, it is said to 
be in north latitude, if in the southern, south lati- 
tude ; unrestrained meaning or freedom ; laxity : latl- 
tu'dinal, a. -tu'di-ndl, pert, to latitude : latltu'dina'- 
rian, a. -dl-na'ri-dn, unrestrained ; unconfined: n. one 
who indulges in unusual freedom, chiefly in religious 
opinions; one not orthodox : latltu'dina'rianism, n. 
-rt-dn-lzm, freedom or laxity of opinions, usually ap- 
plied to religious opinions: latitude of a heavenly 
body, the angular distance of the body from the eclip- 
tic: parallels of latitude, the small circles drawn 
parallel to the equator on the terrestrial globe, or on 
a map of the world: high latitudes, the parts of 
the earth's surface lying near or beyond the arctic 
circle in the northern, and the antarctic circle in the 
southern hemisphere : low latitudes, the parts of the 
earth's surface lying near the equator: middle lati- 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



LATR 



316 



LAW 



tudes, the parts of the earth's surface lying within the 
temperate zones. Note.— The terms longitude And. la- 
titude had their origin from the notion of the ancients, 
that the earth was longer from east to west (longitude) 
than from south to north (latitude),— these terms ex- 
:■'■• '•<■■ I 'Kj'ii ■mil breadth. 

latria, n. ld-trl'-d (mid. L. and It. latria; Gr. latreia, 
service, worship- -from Gr. latreuo, I serve), the highest 
worship, or that paid to God ; dulia, the inferior wor- 
ship paid to saints— a distinction used by the It. Cath. 
Church. 

latten, n. Idt'en, also leton, n. U'ton (F. laiton or 
leton, brass : It. latta^ tinned iron plate), fine sheet or 
plate brass, or thin plates of mixed metal, used for 
the brasses of sepulchral monuments, for crosses, &c. ; 
milled brass of different thicknesses; tinned iron: 
black latten, sheets of mixed metal, copper and zinc, 
used by braziers, and for drawing into wire : roll-lat- 
ten, latten polished on both sides ready for use: 
shaven latten, thinner sheets, very bright on both 
sides : white latten, a mixture of brass and tin : lat- 
ten wire, wire made from sheet brass. 

latter, a. Idt'-tir (comp. deg. of late), coming or hap- 
pening after something else ; opposite of former : lat' 
terly, ad. -II, lately; in time not long past: latter- 
day-saints, Mormons. 

lattice, n. Idt'is (P. lattis, a covering of laths— see 
lath), any interlaced framework of wood, metal, or 
other material, made by crossing rods or bars at short 
distances from each other: adj. made by crossing bars 
or rods, as lattice-work: v. to form into an open 
framework by crossing bars or rods: latticing, 
imp. : latticed, pp. -1st, covered with diagonal cross- 
bars. 

laud, v. luXud (L. laudo, I praise— from laus, praise : 
It. laude, praise), to praise ; to extol ; to celebrate : 
iaud'ing, imp. : laud ed, pp. : laud'able, a. -d-bl, 
praiseworthy; Commendable: laud'ably, ad. -Ml: 
laud'ablenes3, n. -binds, the quality of deserving 
praise: laudation, n. law-da'shun, praise; commen- 
dation: laudatory, a. lawd'-d-ter-i, containing piaisc : 
n. that which contains praise. 

laudanum, n. lawd'CL-nvm | L ladcmnm; Gr. ledanon, 
the resinous substance exuding from the shrub lada), 
a preparation of opium iu spirits ; tincture of opium. 

laugh, n. Zd/(Ger. lachen; Dut. lachachen, to laugh : 
an imitative word), the expression of sudden mirth 
peculiar to man: v. to exhibit the appearance of the 
features, and utter the sounds, caused by mirth ; to 
ridicule or deride: laughing, imp. : adj. expressing 
mirth; having the ch.n tci ghter: n. act of one 

who laughs : laughed, pp. la ft: laugher, n. -er, one 
who laughs: laxigh'able, a. -d-bl, of a kind to excite 
laughter; droll: laagh'ably, ad. -bli: laugh'ableness, 
n. -bl-it.es, the quality of being laughable : laughingly, 
ad. -li: laughing-stock, n. -stok, an object or butt of 
ridicule: laughing-gas, a gas, nitrous oxide, which 
causes involuntary laughing when inhaled into the 
lungs: laughter, n. Idf'-ter (AS. hleahtor; Ice! hlatr, 
laughter), an involuntary movement of the muscles of 
the face, and a peculiar expression of the eyes, accom- 
panied with convulsive sounds more or less loud, in- 
dicating mirth or great satisfaction : laughter'leES, a. 
-li'is, without laughter: to laugh at, to ridicule; to 
treat with contempt : to laugh in the sleeve, to laugh 
secretly, while apparently preserving a grave or seri- 
ous demeanour towards the person laughed at: to 
laugh to scorn, to deride ; to treat with mockery. 

laumonite, n. law'-mon-lt (after M. de Laumont), a 
mineral, one of the zeolites, occurring in druses in the 
trap-rocks— also called emorescent zeolite. 

launch, v. lawnsh (P. lancer; It. lanciare, violently 
to throw, to hurl), to dart or let fly ; to move or cause 
to move into the water, as a ship; to go or fly off; to 
go or send forth; to expatiate in language: n. the 

largest boat man-oi ax; the act of 

launching or putting a new-built ship off the stocks 
into the sea: launch'ing, imp.: launched, pp. 
IdXunsht. 

launder.n. laTmi'd/'r {<•'•< Enj lavandre, a launder— 
from L. lavare, to wash), a long hollow trough used by 
miners in washing powdered or broken ore: v. to 
wash, as ore: laun'dering, imp.: laun'dered, pp. 
-derd. 

laundress, n. fern. lawn'-drSs (old Eng. lavanderess, 
a laundress : F. lavandiere, a washerwoman : It. la- 
vanda, suds— from L. lavare, to wash), a woman 
whose employment is to wash and get up linen : 
laun'dry, n. -drl, a room where clothes are washed 



and done up : laun'dry-maid, a woman who attends 
■ bhi laundry. 

laureate, a. law'-redt (L. laureatus, decked with 
laurel— from laurus, a laurel : It. laureato; F. laureat, 
a poet-laureate), decked or invested with laurel: 

Poet-Laureate, a poet withi - .nyfromthe 

Crown, formerly required to compose an ode on the 
birthday of the sovereign, now only an honorary 
office or sinecure: lau'reatesbip, n. the office of a 
laureate. 

laurel, n. lor'dl (L. laurus, a laurel), a small ever- 
green tree; the sweet-hay, used in a.nc. times in mak- 
ing wreaths or garlands for victors : laur'elled, a. -eld, 
crowned with laurel: laurif'erous, a, -rlf'-er-us (L. 
fero, I carry), producing or bearing laurel : iaur'ine, n. 
-In, a bitter principle found in the laurel. 

Laurentian system, law-ren'shl-dn, in geol., a term 
employed to designate the highly crystalline strata 
which belong especially to the valley of the St Law- 
rence; the lowest fossiliferous schists wherever they 
occur. 

laurestine, n. law'res-tln, also lau'rustin, n. -rus-tin 
(L. laurus, the laurel, and tinus, the name of a plant), 
an evergreen shrub or tree of the south of Europe. 

lava, n. Id'-vd, (It. lava, lava— from L. lavare, to 
wash: F. lave), the melted rock-matter which fio^s 
from a volcano. 

lave, v. lav (L. lavare, to wash : It. lavare ; F. later, 
to wash), to wash ; to bathe : la'ving, imp. : laved, pp. 
Idvd: l&ver, n. Id'-ver, a vessel for washing: lavement, 
n. lav'-ment, a washing: lavatory, n. Idv'-d-ter-l, a 
place for washing: brazen laver, in Scrip, hist., a 
water-basin placed in the court of the Jewish taber- 
nacle at which tie.' pri< sts washed their hands and feet. 

lave, v. lav (L. levare, to raise, to free from any 
thing), to throw up or out ; to lade out. 

lavender, n. Idv-in-dir (It. lavendola, lavender : la- 
vanda, a washing— from L. lavare, to wash or bathe- 
so called from being formerly used in bathing and 
washing), an odoriferous plant ; a well-known tinc- 
ture and perfume made from it, called lavender water. 

laverock, n. ld'ver-dk, in Scot., the lark. 

lavish, a. Idv'lsh (F. lavasse, an inundation: or 
Eng. lave, to throw out), profuse ; prodigal ; wasteful : 
V. to expend or bestow with profusion ; to waste ; to 
squander: lavishing, imp. : lavished, pp. -isht: lav'- 
isher, n. -er, one who: lavishly, ad. -li: lavishment, 
n. -m6nt, profuse expenditure ; prodigality : lav'ish- 
ness, n. -nes, profusion ; prodigality. 

law, n. law (Icel. lag, order, custom, law— from 
leggia, to lay: AS. lagn, what is laid or fixed, a law), 
a rule of action imposed by some authority, or by the 
supreme power of a state ; a statute ; a rule of direc- 
tion ; a settled principle ; a rule or axiom of science : 
lawful, a. law-fool, conformable to law; allowed by 
law ; legal : law'fully, ad. -II : lawfulness, n. -?ics, 
the quality of being conformable to law : law'giver, n. 
one who makes laws ; a legislator : lawless, a. -lis, 
not subject to law ; unrestrained by law ; contrary to 
law, as a lawless proceeding : lawlessly, ad. -li: law'- 
lessness, n. -nSs, the state or quality of being lawless : 
law-breaker, n. one who violates the law: law-maker, 
n. one who enacts laws ; a legislator : by-laws or bye- 
laws, laws for regulating the affairs of a society or 
corporation in addition to the principal or the ordin- 
ary laws: canon law, ecclesiastical law: ceremonial 
law, the rites and ceremonies instituted by Moses: 
civil law, the written laws which regulate the ordin- 
ary rights and duties of men: club law, government 
by violence, or by the use of arms ; anarchy : commer- 
cial law, the rules or usages which regulate the inter- 
course between merchants and traders : common law, 
the unwritten law of a country, or that established 
by old usage : criminal law, the laws that regulate 
the nature and punishment of crimes against person 
or property: ecclesiastical law, laws or rules pre- 
scribed forthe government of a Church : international 
law, the laws which regulate the intercourse between 
nations : lynch law— see lynch : maritime law, the 
law of the sea; a branch of the commercial law: mar- 
tial law, rules for the government of an army; sum- 
mary laws superseding the ordinary law of a country 
in a disturbed or rebellious district, and administered 
by the military authorities: moral law, the laws 
which lay down to men their duties to God and to 
each other— appl i ly to the Ten Command- ' 

ments: Mosaic or Jewish law, "that given by Moses, 
contained in the first five books of the Old Test. Scrip.; 
municipal law, the ordinary law of a country, regu- 



mate, mat, far, hue; mete, met, her; x>lne,pln; note, not, i 



LAWN 



317 



LEAF 



latin? the civil conduct and affairs of its people : phys- 
ical laws or laws of nature, the properties, actions, 
tendencies, &e., impressed by the Creator on animals, 
vegetables, and matter generally, in all their varied 
conditions and forms : statute law, a law or rule 



duct or action; the whole body of the Jewish laws 
and doctrines contained in the Old Test. Scrip., as op- 
posed to the Gospel : the books of the Jewish laws and 
religion as opposed to the prophets: law Latin, the 
corrupt Latin in law and in legal documents- see 
Latin : law of nations— see international law : law- 
suit, n. luw'-sut, a process in law; a litigation: law- 
yer, n. -y&r (law, and AS. icer, a man), one skilled in 
law ; a solicitor or attorney. 

lawn, n. lawn (\Y. Uan, an open clear place: prov. 
Dan. Inane, a bare place in a field: Fris. lona, a nar- 
row way between gardens and houses — see lane), a 
small grassy plain in front of or around a house: 
lawny, a. laTcn'l, level like a lawn; smooth; grassy. 

lawn, n. laTen (Sp. lona, an open transparent tex- 
ture: L. lana, wool), a kind of very fine linen: adj. 
made of lawn: lawn-sleeve, a sleeve made of lawn; 
part of a bishop's official dress. 

lax, a. inks (L. laxus, loose, open), loose; flabby; 
not firm or rigid ; not strict ; not rigidly exact ; open 
in the bowels : lax ly, ad. -li : lax'ness, n. also laxity, 
\\. Idks'iti, looseness: want of exactness: laxa'tion, 
n. -d'shiin, the act of loosening: lax'ative, a. -d-tiv, 
loosening; mildly purgative: n. an opening or purga- 
tive medicine: lax'ativeness, n. -nes, the quality of 
relaxing: laxator, n. Idks-u'-tor, that which relaxes 
or makes loose, applied to certain muscles. 

lay, v. la, pt. of the verb lie (pres. lie, pt. lay, pp. 
lain or lien), often confounded with the verb lay: it 
is improper, for example, to say, "He lays in' bed 
too long;" it should be, "He lies in bed too long:" 
see lie. 

lay, v. Id (Icel. leqgia ; Ger. legen, to lay: Icel. lig- 
gia, to lie: pres. lay, pt. laid, pp. laid), to put or 
place ; to extend, as on the ground ; to still ; to 
keep from rising ; to impute ; to wager ; to fix 
deep; to produce, as eggs; among seamen, to take a 
position; to come or go, as to lay forward: n. that 
•which lies or is laid; a stratum: a layer: laying, 
imp. : adj. producing eggs, as a hen: n. the first coat 
of plaster where two coats are to be laid on ; the act or 
period of producing eggs ; the eggs laid: laid, pt. and 
pp. lad, did lay: to lay about, to strike or throw the 
arms on all sides: to lay along, to prostrate: to lay 
apart, to put away ; to reject : to lay aside, to put 
off or away; to discontinue: to lay at, to endeavour 
to strike at : to lay away, to deposit in store ; to lay 
aside for safe keeping: to lay bare, to make bare; 
to expose completely to view : to lay before, to pre- 
sent to view ; to show : to lay by, to put carefully 
aside for future use: to lay damages, to express 
the amount in money value : to lay down, to give as 
a pledge or satisfaction ; to resign; to relinquish ; to 
surrender; to offer or advance : to lay heads together, 
to compare opinions ; to deliberate : to lay hold of or 
on, to seize ; to catch : to lay in, to store : to lay on, to 
strike ; to apply with force ; to add to, as expenses : to 
lay one's self down, to retire to rest ; to commit to re- 
pose : to lay one's self out, to exert one's self earnest- 
ly : to lay open, to make bare ; to uncover : to lay 
over, to spread over : to lay out, to expend ; to dis- 
pose the several parts in order, as a garden; to dress 
in grave-clothes, as a coipse : to lay siege to, to sur- 
round with troops; to address one's self to "a thing 
pertinaciously : to lay to, to charge upon ; to impute ; 
to check the motion of a ship, so as to cause her to be- 
come stationary, or nearly so: to lay together, to 
collect; to bring into one view: to lay to heart, to 
allow to affect greatly ; to feel deeply : to lay up, to 
store; to put carefully aside for future use; to confine 
to one's bed or room : to lay upon, to wager upon : to 
lay wait for, to lie in ambush for ; to be prepared to 
fall upon and attack suddenly: to lay waste, to de- 
stroy ; to desolate. 

lay, a. la (Gr. laikos, pert, to the people— from laos, 
the people), not clerical: pert, to the people as distin- 
guished from the clergy: lay-brother, one received 
into a monastery of monks under certain vows, but 
not in holy orders : lay-sister, one attached to a female 
monastery, but not under the vows of a nun: lay-fig- 
ure, an artist's jointed model figure: layman, n. 
Id'-mdn, one not a minister or clergyman. 

cotv, boy, J 'Jot; pure, bud; chair, 



lay, n. Id (W. Vais; Icel. hliod, a sound, a note* 
Gael, laoidh; AS. leoth, a hymn, a poem: Ger. lied, a 
song), a song; a poem in a simple style; a metrical 
tale. 

lay, n. Id, the old spelling of lea, which see. 

layer, n. la-er (Dut. laag, a layer: Low Ger. lage, a 
row of things laid in order), a bed ; a stratum ; a coat, 
as of paint: a row or course, as of bricks; a shoot or 
twig of a plant for propagating : layering, n. the pro- 
pagation of plants by layers. 

fazar, n. Id'-zOr. (from Lamms in the parable), one 
affected with a filthy and dangerous disease: la'zar- 
house, a hospital for those affected with pestilential 
diseases: lazaretto, n. laz'-d-ret'-to lit.), a lazar- 
house: lazzaroni, n. phi. Idz'-za-ra'nl (It.), the poor of 
Naples who have no regular occupation, and who live 
in the streets. 

lazuli, n. ldz'u-ll (Pers. lazur; Sp. azur, azure, sky- 
blue: Sp. azul, blue), a mineral of a fine azure-blue 
colour; also called lapis-] i 

stone): lazulite, n. ldz'-u-llt (lazuli, and Gr. lithos, a 
stone), a stone of a light-blue colour. 

lazy, a. Id'zl (Bav. laz, slow: Dut. losig, loose in 
texture: Ger. lass, slack, dull), disinclined to exer- 
tion: indolent : unwilling to work : lazily, ad. Id'zi-li : 
la'ziness, n. -nes, indisposition to exertion or labour; 
habitual sloth. 

lea, n. le (Dut. ledig, empty, fallow : AS. leag, the 
unfilled field), land under grass; grass or meadow- 
land ; spelt also lay. 

leach— see letch. 

lead, n. led (AS. I, ad : Dut. load ; Dan. Tad, the metal 
lead), a soft metal of a bluish-grey colour ; the plum- 
met or piece of lead attached to a long string or 
cord, used in sounding at sea; a slip of type-metal: 
v. to cover with lead ; in printing, to widen the 
spaces between the lines by inserting h ads, or slips 
of type-metal : leading, imp. : lead ed, pp. : leads, 
n. plu. ISdz, a roof covered with sheets of lead ; the 
slips of metal employed by compositors for insert- 
ing between the lines of type : leaden, a. lid'-n, made 
of lead ; heavy : black-lead, a substance, known also as 
plumbago, much used in the manufacture of pencils; 
a preparation for blacking and cleaning grates, &c. : 
lead-arming, a lump of tallow, pressed into the lower 
end of the sounding-had. for the purpose of ascertain- 
ing the quality of the bottom : lead-glance, an early 
and familiar name for the sulphuret of lead nr galena: 
leadhillite, n. ICd-hil-lt, a mineral of a yellowish or 
greenish-white colour, occurring in tabular crystals 
or in foliated aggregates— so called from being first 
found in the Leadhills, Scot. : lead-ochre, a massive 
sulphur-yellow oxide of lead, occurring among vol- 
canic products: lead-pencil, a pencil containing a 
strip of black-lead or plumbago, used for writing with : 
lead-spar, the carbonate of lead, or cerusite : hand- 
lead, the sounding-lead for shallow water— so called 
from its being thrown by the hand : red-lead spar, the 
chromate of lead, or crocoisite: white-lead, oxide of 
lead of a white colour, used as the basis of white 
paint. 

lead, v. led (Icel. leida, to lead ; leid, a track, a 
way), to guide : to conduct ; to go before to show the 
way ; to have a tendency to; to spend or use, as to 
spend a pleasant life or day; to draw; to entice; to 
induce: lead'ing, imp. guiding ; conducting; passing: 
adj. chief; principal: n. guidance: led, pt. and pp. 
led, did lead : leader, n. led'ir, a conductor; a chief; 
the head of a party or faction ; that which leads or 
conducts; the principal article in a newspaper: 
lead ership, n. state or condition of a leader : lead'- 
ingly, ad. -II: leading-strings, strings bv which chil- 
dren are supported when beginning to walk : to be 
in leading-strings, to be in a state of dependence 
on, and under the control of, others : to lead off, to 
begin : a leading question, a question naturally con- 
ducting or leading to others, or which suggests to the 
person questioned the answer he is wished to make ; 
in politics, a matter or subject which engrosses much 
of public attention. 

leaf, n. lef, leaves, plu. levz (Ger. laub ; Dut. loaf, 
the leaves of trees), the thin, broad, and somewhat 
oval part of a plant ; anything resembling a leaf in 
thinness ; part of a book : v. to unfold or produce 
leaves : leafing, imp. : n. the process of unfolding 
leaves : leafed, pp. left: leaved, a. level, having leaves": 
leafless, a. lef'-les, without leaves : leaf'lessness, n. 
-nes, destitute of leaves : leaf-stalk, the stalk or small 
branch which supports a leaf : leafage, n. lef'aj, abun- 
game,jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



LEAG- 



318 



LEE 



dance of leaves ; season of leaves : leaflet, n. lef'let, a 
little leaf: leafy, a. le/'i, full of leaves: leafiness, n. 
-nes, state of being full of leaves : leaf-bud, a bud pro- 
ducing leaves. 

league, n. leg (F. ligue ; It. legua, an alliance— from 
L. ligare, to bind), a union or combination for interest, 
friendship, or party purposes ; an alliance : v. to unite 
or combine for mutual aid or defence, &c. : leaguing, 
imp. : leagued, pp. legd .- leagu'er, n. -er, one who en- 
ters into a league ; a confederate. 

league, n. leg (mid. L. leuca; F. lieue, a measure of 
distance : Gael, leug ; W. llech, a stone), a measure 
of length of 3 Eng. miles ; a sea league is nearly 34 
Eng. miles. 

leak, n. lek (Dut. lek, a leak ; lekken, to leak : Ger. 
leek, a leak : L. liquari, to melt away), a hole or other 
defect which permits the passage of a liquid ; the 
oozing out of a fluid through a hole or a joint : v. 
to let a liquid out of any vessel through a hole or de- 
fective part ; to let water in through a joint or defec- 
tive part, as a ship leaks ; leak'ing, imp. : n. the ooz- 
ing or passing of a liquid through a joint or an aper- 
ture: leaked, pp. le/ct : leak'age, n. -aj, the liquid 
which escapes by leaking ; an allowance for liquid 
lost by leaking : to leak out, to find vent ; to escape 
secrecy, as a fact or report : leaky, a. lek'i, that ad- 
mits a liquid, as water, to pass in or out : leak'iness, 
li. -ncs, state of being leaky. 

lean, a. len (AS. hlcene ; Low Ger. leen, slender, lean : 
It. leno, lean, feeble), thin ; slender ; not fat ; bare : 
n. flesh or muscle without fat : lean'ly, ad. -II : lean'- 
ness, n. -nSs, want of flesh ; want of fat ; thinness. 

lean, v. len (AS. hlynian ; Ger. lehnen ; Dan. lazne ; 
It. lenare, to bend towards), to deviate or move from 
a straight or perpendicular line ; to incline or tend to- 
wards ; to rest against or upon ; to trust to : lean'- 
ing, imp.: leaned, pp. lend: lean-to, n. ten' to, abuild- 
ing, or part of one, of which the rafters lean on another 
building, or against a wall. 

leap, v. tep (Icel. hlaupa, to run, to spring ; hleypa, 
to make a spring), lo spring or rise from the ground; 
to jump ; to pass over with a spring or bound : n. a 
jump ; a spring : a bound ; space passed by leaping : 
leaping, imp.: adj. springing; bounding: n. act oi 
jumping or skipping : leapt, pt. and pp. lept, did leap : 
leaper, n. lep'er, one who leaps or bounds : leap-frog, 
a boy's game, in which one stoops down and another 
leaps over him: leap year (Icel. hlaup-ar), every 
fourth year, containing 366 days— see bissextile : leap- 
ingly, ad. -li. 

learn, v. Urn (AS. Imran, to teach; leornian, to 
learn : Ger. lehren, to teach ; lernen, to learn : Goth. 
leisan, to know), to gain knowledge; to receive in- 
struction or knowledge; to acquire skill in anything: 
learning, imp. gaining knowledge ; acquiring skill : 
n. knowledge acquired by instruction or study: litera- 
ture: learned, pp. lemd, spelt also learnt, lernl: 
learn'er, n. -er, one who is acquiring learning or 
knowledge: learned, a. lern'ed, versed in litera- 
ture and science : learn'edly, ad. -Sd-ll: the learned, 
n. lern'dd, men who have great stores of that know- 
ledge which is gained by instruction and study from 
books. 

lease, n.lS&i'E la/h emera bhe instrument by which 
a holding of any kind is let to a tenant— from F. 
laisser ; Ger. lassen, to let), a letting of lands or 
houses for a certain number of years on certain con- 
ditions for a fixed rent ; the contract of such let- 
ting : v. to let for a number of years : leas'ing, imp. : 
leased, pp. lest: lease'hold, n. a property held by 
lease : adj. held by lease : leaseholder, n. a tenant 
by lease. 

leash, n. lesh (F. laisse-, a leash to hold a dog : Sp. 
lazo, a slip-knot), a thong or line by which a hawk or 
a hound is held ; a brace and a half ; three animals, 
as greyhounds, foxes, hares, &c. : v. to bind or hold 
by a string : leashing, imp. : leashed, pp. lesht. 
leasing, n. le'zlng (AS. leas, empty ; leasian, to lie : 

'oi Il I,,, I . I • j >l I HI I ' ll •: II . Il M|l 

least, a. lest (see less), superlative of little ; little 
beyond all others : ad. in the lowest degree ; in a de- 
gree below others : at least or at the least, at the 
lowest ; to say no more. 

leat, n. let (Ger. leiten, to lead), a trench or canal to 
conduct water to or from a mill. 

leather, n. leth'-er (AS. lether; Ger. leder; W. llethr, 

leather), the prepared skins of animals : v. in low 

language, to beat or thrash — from leathern belts being 

sometimes employed as weapons in street quarrels 

nMte, mdt,fdr, law; mete, mSt, 



-er-l, resembling leather ; tough. 

leave, n. lev (AS. leaf; Icel. lof, permission: AS. 
lyfan, to permit), grant of liberty ; permission : n. a 
farewell ; a formal parting : to take leave, to bid fare- 
well : leave-taking, a bidding farewell. 

leave, v. lev (Goth, laiba ; AS. laf; Icel. leifar; Gr. 
loipos, leavings, overplus— from Icel. leifa; Gr. leipein, 
to leave), to withdraw or depart from ; to quit ; to cease ; 
to abandon ; to forsake ; not to deprive of a thing ; to 
suffer to remain ; to reject ; to bequeath ; to give, as 
an inheritance; to permit without interposition; to 
cease to do ; to desist : leaving, imp. : left, pt. and 
pp. left, did leave : leavings, n. plu. lev'ingz, refuse ; 
offal : to leave off, to desist from ; to forbear ; to stop : 
to leave out, to omit ; to neglect : to be left to one's 
self, to be forsaken ; to be permitted to follow one's 
own way. 

leaved, a. levd (from leaf, which see), furnished with 
foliage or leaves : leaves, levz, plu. of leaf. 

leaven, n. tev'n (F. levain, yeast or ferment— from L. 
levare, to rise), sour dough for fermenting and raising 
in a spongy form new dough ; anything which makes 
a general change in the mass: v. to ferment with 
leaven ; to taint or imbue : leav'ening, imp. : leav- 
ened, pp. tev'end. 
leaves— see leaf : leavings— see leave 2. 
lecherous, a. IGch 'er-us (old F. lescheur, a glutton, 
an adulterer— from lescher, to lick : F. lecherie, to gor- 
mandise), addicted to debauchery; lustful: lech'er- 
ously, ad. -II: lech'erousness, n. -nSs, also lech' ery, n. 
-ir-i, lewdness ; the indulgence of lust. 

lectern, n. Ick'tern, also lec'turn, n. -tern, and let- 
tern, n. let'-tern (old F. lectrin; mid. L. lectrinum, a 
choir desk— from L. ledum, to read), a reading desk 
or stand for the larger service-books used in the R. 
Cath. Ch. service ; in the Ch. of England, the highest 
desk in the middle of the choir from whence the les- 
sons are read. 

lection, n. ISk'shun (L. lectio, a reading, as of a 
book— from lectum, to read), a difference or variety in 
some passages of the words in copies of the same MS. 
or book ; a reading ; a portion of Scripture read in 
divine service, and the list of lessons : lec'tionary, n. 
_. , a book containing the lessons : lector, n. lek'tvr 
(L.), a reader of Scripture in church. 

lecture, n. ISk'tui oi M ■ \Sbr (F. lecture; Sp. lec- 
tura, a reading, a lecture— from L. lectum, to read), a 
discourse read on any subject ; a formal discourse in- 
tended to instruct; a formal reproof; pedantic dis- 
course : v. to instruct formally or dogmatically ; to 
instruct by formal discourse or explanation, as an au- 
dience or a class of students ; to reprove : lec'turing, 
imp. : n. the act of one who lectures : lec'tured, pp. 
-turd or -choord: lec'turer, n. -tur-'er or -chobr-er, one 
who instructs by lecturing ; a preacher : lec'tureship, 
n. office of a lec'turer. 

led, v. Ud, pt. and pp. of the verb lead, which see : 
led-horse, n. a sumpter-horse: led- captain, n. a 
humble and obsequious follower. 

ledge, n. I6j (Icel. logg ; Sw. lagg; Scot, laggen, the 
projecting rim at the bottom of a cask), a narrow strip 
standing out from a flat surface ; a ridge of rock in 
the sea near the surface of the water ; a prominent 
part ; a small moulding ; a row ; a layer : ledger, a. 
ISj'er, applied in music to extra lines added to the 
stave. 

ledger, n. ISj'er (old Eng. leiger or ledger, a resident 
appointed to guard the interests of his master at a 
foreign court, an object that lies permanently in a 
place : Dut. legger, he who remains permanently in 
a certain place), the principal book of accounts in a 
merchant's office, to which the entries from the day- 
book or journal are carried and placed under separate 
headings. 

lee, n. le (AS. hleo, shade, shelter: Icel. hlifa, to 
protect, to shelter : Dut. luw, shelter from the wind), 
a calm or sheltered place ; a place defended from the 
wind : under the lee, on the side which is sheltered 
from the wind ; protected from the wind : lee shore, 
the shore not exposed to the wind— said by persons 
on the land; the shore or land to the leeward of a 
ship, that is, the land next the lee side— said by sailor3 
on board a ship : leeward, a. le'werd, in the direction 
of the part toward which the wind blows, that is, the 
part next the lee side— said of the position of a ship : 
ad. toward the part toward which the wind blows : 
lee'way, n. le'wa, the side movement of a ship to the 
, her; pine, pin; note, n6t, mOve; 






LEEC 



319 



LEMO 



leeward of her course : the lee side of a ship, the side 
or part not exposed to the wind, as distinguished from 
the weather side, which is the side or part against 
which the wind blows. 

leech, n. lech (Icel. Iccknir; Goth, leikeis, a leech— 
from Goth, leikinon, to heal : Bav. lek, medicine), 
formerly the name of a physician ; an aquatic worm 
of several species, one of which is employed to suck 



leek), a well-known pot-herb ; the national emblem of 
Wales : leek-green, in m in., the green colour which is 
peculiar to the leek. 

leelite, n. le'-llt (after Br Lee of Cambridge), a variety 
of compact felspar of a reddish culour, waxy texture, 
and horn-like translucency. 

leer, n. ler (Dut. loeren, to look askance, to wink : 
Sw. lur, a wink: Ger. lauern, to spy), a peculiar side- 
long glance or look, usually considered not reput- 
able: v. to look with a leer: leering, imp.: leered, 
pp. lerd: leer ingly, ad. -U. 

lees, n. plu. lez (F. lie, lees— from limns, slime, mud), 
the dregs or sediment from a liquor. 

leet, n. let (Dut. laet, the subject of a certain juris- 
diction), an anc. Anglo-Saxon court. 

leet, n. let (AS. hlet, a lot), in Scot., a selected list of 
candidates for any office. 

leeward and leeway— see under lee. 

left, n. left (Dut. lucht; L. Iccvus, left: probably light 
hand, in opposition to the stronger heavier right hand), 
opposed to right : left-handed, a. able to use the left 
hand with greater strength and dexterity than the 
right ; unluckv ; clumsy : left-handedness, n. the state 
or quality of being left-handed : a left-handed mar- 
riage, an irregular and not perfectly valid marriage ; 
in Germany, among princes and the higher nobility, 
marriage with a woman of inferior station who has 
neither the status nor privileges of a lawful wife— 
also called a Morganatic marriage: left off, a. that 
which is laid aside, as left off clothing : over the 
left, in familiar language, an expression indicating 
that what has been said is understood "in a contrary 
sense." 

left, v.— see under leave 2. 

leg, n. I6g (Icel. leggr, a stalk or stem), the limb of 
an animal which supports the body; that by which 
anything is supported, as the leg of a table : legged, a. 
legd, having legs : leggings, n. plu. leg'-gingz, coverings 
for the legs reaching to the knees: leggy, a. leg'-gi, 
having unusually Ions legs : legless, a. -lis, without 
legs : to stand oh one's own legs, to depend on one's 
own exertions : to take leg-bail (slang), to abscond or 
run away. 

legacy, n. Idg'd-si (It. legato; Sp. legado, a legacy— 
from L. legare, to bequeath), a gift by will of money, 
goods, or other movable property ; a bequest. 

legal, a. le'-gdl (L. legalis, legal— from lex, law— gen. 
legis: It. legale: F. legal), according to law, or in con- 
formity with it; created bylaw: legally, ad. le'-gal-li: 
legality, n. le-gdl'-i-ti, lawfulness : legalise, v. W-gal-iz, 
to render lawful or according to law: le'gali'sing, 
imp.: le'galised, pp. -izd: legal tender, the coins or 
medium of payment which can be lawfully offered in 
a country — copper coins are a legal tender to the ex- 
tent of a shilling ; silver to the extent of 40 shillings ; 
gold coins to any extent ; Bank of England notes to 
any extent, except by the Bank itself. 

legate, n. leg'at (L. legatum, to send: It. legato; Sp. 
legado, a legate), an ambassador or envoy, particularly 
of the Pope: leg'ateship, n. the office of a legate: 
legatine, a. leg'-d-tln, relating to a legate: legation, 
n. le-ga'-shiin, the person or persons sent as ambassa- 
dors or envoys ; an embassy. 

legatee, n. leg'a-te' (see legacy), one to whom a leg- 
acy is left. 

legato, ad. IS-gd'td (It. legato, united— from L. ligare, 
to bind), a term in music, meaning, "in a smooth or 
gliding manner." 

legend, n. lej'-end (F. ligende; It. leggenda, a legend 
—from L. legendus, to be read : mid. L. legenda, a book 
containing the acts of the saints), a story or narrative 
of a romantic or incredible kind; the words placed 
round the edge of a medal or coin: legendary, a. 
■dir-i, fabulous; romantic; consisting of legends: n. 
a book of legends. 

leger, n. Uj'er, another spelling of ledger, which see. 

legerdemain, n. lej'-ir-de-man' (F. leger, light, and 



de main, of hand), a deceptive performance which de- 
pends on dexterity of hand ; sleight of hand. 

legged, leggings— see under leg. 

leghorn, a. leg-horn (originally made at Leghorn), a 
kind of plait for bonnets and hats, prepared from the 
straw of a variety of bearded wheat. 

legible, a. lej'l-bl (L. legibilis, that can be read— from 
lego, I read: Sp. legible: It. leggibile), that may be 
read; clear and distinct : apparent : legibly, ad. '-hit: 
leg'ibleness, n. -bl-nes, also legibility, n. -bil'i-ti, the 
quality or state of being legible. 

legion, n. le'jiin (L. legio, a body of troops levied — 
gen. legionis— from lego, I gather or select : It. legione: 
F. legion), among the Bomans, a body of soldiers of 
about 5000 men ; a great number : legion of honour, 
a French order of merit instituted by Napoleon I. when 
First Constd of France : legion, as in the Scripture 
phrase, their name is legion, signifies " very many in 
number:" le'gionary, a. -er-l, relating to or consist- 
ing of a legion ; containing a great number : n. one of 
a legion. 

legislate, v. lej'is-lat (L. lex, a law— gen. legis— and 
latum, to carry: It. legislative • F. legislatij, having 
authority to make laws), to make or enact a law or 
laws: legislating, imp.: legislated, pp.: legislator, 
n. -la't&r, one who enacts laws; a lawgiver: legisla'- 
trix, n. -triks, a female who enacts laws: leglsla'- 
tion, n. -la'-shiin, the act of making a law or laws : leg'- 
isla'tive, a. -tiv, giving or enacting laws; done by 
enacting : legislature, n. -la'tur, the body in a state 
invested with the power of making or repealing laws ; 
the supreme power in a state: legist, n. le'-jist, one 
skilled in law. 

legitimate, a. tt-jU'-i-mCLt (L. legitimus, pert, to law 
—from lex, law— gen. legis: It. legitimo: F. legitime), 
lawful; born in wedlock; genuine; real; not false; 
fairly deducible : v. to render lawful : legit imating, 
imp.: legitimated, pp.: legit'imately, ad. -II: legit'- 
imateness, n. -nes, the state of being legitimate : le- 
gitimacy, n. -md-sl, accordance with law or estab- 
lished usage ; lawfulness of birth, as opposed to bas- 
tardy; regular sequence or deduction : legit'ima'tion, 
n. -r/ul'shun, the act of rendering legitimate or lawful: 
legitimise, v. -miz, to render legitimate or lawful: 
legitimising, imp. -mi'zing: legitimised, pp. -mlzcl: 
legitimist, n. -mist, a term now applied to those who 
support the pretensions of the elder Bourbons to the 
throne of France. 

legume, n. li-gum', also legumen, n. U-gu'min (L. 
legumen, that which is gathered, pulse— from lego, I 
gather: It. legume-. F. bourne) a seed-vessel of two 
valves, having its seeds fixed to one side only; apod : 
legumes', n. plu. -gums', the fruit of the pea kind; 
pulse : legu'mine, n. -mln, a peculiar substance ob- 
tained from peas, beans, and suchlike ; vegetable ca- 
seine: leguminous, a. le-gu'-ml-nus, pert, to the pea or 
bean tribe: leguminosites, n. plu. ie-gu'mi-nositz, in 
geol., fossils, apparently the seeds of pod-bearing plants. 

leister or lister, n. llst'er, in Scot., a spear armed 
with three or more prongs for striking fish. 

leisure, n. le'-zho'or (F. loisir, leisure time— from old 
F. loist, it is allowed— from L. licet, it is permitted), 
freedom from occupation, business, or hurry: con- 
venience of time : adj. free from employment or hurry ; 
not occupied or engaged : lei'surely, a. -li, done at lei- 
sure ; slow : ad. not in haste or hurry ; slowly : lei'- 
sured, a. -zhobrd, having leisure : at leisure, free from 
occupation ; not busy; at a convenient time. 

leman, n. le'-mdn (AS. leof, beloved, dear, and man, 
one of the human kind), a sweetheart ; a gallant ; a- 
mistress. 

lemma, n. ISm'md (Gr. lemma, anything received — 
from lambano, I take or assume), in math., a prepara- 
tory proposition. 

lemming, n. lem'lng, a kind of rat. 

Lemnian earth, n. lem'ni-dn erth', a variety of clay 
or aluminous earth from the Greek island Lemnos — 
used as a medicine from the time of Homer : Lemnian 
reddle, red'l, an ochre of a deep-red colour and firm 
consistence, used as a pigment— found in conjunction 
with Lemnian earth. 

lemniscata, n. lem'nis-kd'td, also lemnis'cate, n. 
-kat (L. lemniscatus, adorned with a pendent ribbon), 
in geom., a curve of the fourth order having the form 
of the figure 8. 

lemon, n. Um'-on (Sp. limon; It. limone ; Ax. lay- 
mun, a lemon), a well-known acid fruit of the orange 
kind : lem'onade, n. -ad, a sweetened water flavoured 
with lemon-juice. 



•J, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, (here, zeal. 



LEMU 



320 



LET 



lemur, n. le'mur(L. lemures, ghosts of the departed), 
a small nocturnal animal belonging to the quadru- 
mana or monkey order: lemures, n. plu. lem'u-rez, 
evil spirits ; hobgoblins. 

lend, v. Und (Goth, leihvan; Ger. lehen, to lend 
money at interest), to grant to another for a temporary 
use ; to grant or furnish in general : lending, imp. : 
lent, pt. and pp. lint, did lend .- lender, n. -er, one who 
lends ; one who makes it his business to put out money 
to interest. 

length, n. ISngth (AS. lengdth, length— from leng, 
more, longer: Dut. lengte, length), the measure of any 
thing from end to end ; extent either of space or time ; 
distance: lengthy, a. length'i, moderately long; not 
short: length'iness, n. -nes, state of being lengthy : 
length'ily, ad. -l-li: length'wise, ad. -wlz, in the direc- 
tion of the length : at length, at last ; in conclusion : 
lengthen, v. Unqth'en, to make longer ; to draw out ; 
to grow longer : lengthening, imp.: adj. increasing in 
length ; becoming longer : n. a continuation : length- 
ened, pp. length'- end. 

lenient, a. W-nl-Unt (L. leniens, rendering soft or 
gentle, moderating— from lenis, soft, mild: It. leni- 
ente, softening), softening; mitigating; not severe; 
mild, as a sentence: le'niently, ad. -II: le'niency, n. 
-£n-si, state of being lenient; clemency: lenity, n. ISn' 
i-tl, mildness of temper ortreatment; clemency; gentle- 
ness : len'itive, a. -i-tlv, having the power of softening 
or mitigating: n. a medicine or application which 
eases pain ; a palliative. 

lens, n. lenz, lenses, plu. ISn'zSs (L. lens, a lentil- 
gen, lentis: It. lente, a lentil, a lens— so called from 
the resemblance of its shape to the seed), in optical 
instruments, a piece of glass of a convex, concave, or 
other shape, for changing the direction of rays of light, 
ami i in..-: magnifying or diminishing objects. 

lent, v. lent, pt. and pp. of lend, which see. 

Lent, n. lent (AS. lenrten, the spring, lent: Dut. 
lente; Ger. lenz. spring), the fast of forty days, begin- 
ning at Ash Wednesday and extending to the day 
before Easter Sunday, a period really comprising six 
weeks and four days, but reduced exactly to forty 
days by omitting the intervening Sundays : Lenten, a. 
lent'en, pert, to lent ; sparing. 

lenticel, n. len'ti-stl, len'ticel'la, plu. -s&l'ld, or len'- 
ticels, plu. -selz (L. lenticula, a little lentil, a lentil 
shape— from lens, a lentil), small lens-shaped spots on 
the bark of many plants, from which roots issue un- 
der circumstances favourable to their development: 
lenticular, a. len-tlk'-u-ler, resembling a lens; in the 
form of a doubly convex lens: lentic'ularly, ad. -IX: 
len'tiform, a. -ti-fawrm (L. forma, shape), of the form 
of a double convex lens. 

lentigo, n. bin f i'gc> (I,, b-nlign, a lentil-shaped spot— 
from lens, a lentitj a freckTj eruption on the skin : len- 
tig'inous, a. -Uj't mis, fn ckly; scurfy. 

lentil, n. Un'-til (F. lentille— from L. lens, a lentil- 
gen, lentis), an annual plant of the bean kind culti- 
vated for its pods. 

lento, ad len' to (L I n low: It. lento), 

in music, slowly; smoothly: len'tor, n. -tor, tenacity; 
thickness of fluids; slowness— applied to the blood: 
len'tous, a. -tils, viscous; tenacious. 

leo, n. le'o (L. leo, a lion— gen. leonis), the lion, the 
fifth sign of the zodiac: leonine, a. le'-o-nin, of or like 
the lion: le'oninely, ad. -ll: le'onine or le'oni'na, n. 
■ni'-nd, a rare variety of agate of a pale-yellow colour, 
variegated with white, black, and green, and bearing 
some resemblance to a lion's skin. 

leopard, n. lep'drd (F. leopard— from L. leo, a lion, 
and pardus, a panther), a large beast of prey, having 
a beautiful spotted skin : leopard-stone, a variety of 
compact felspar, spotted with oxide of iron and man- 
ganese. 

leper, n. Up'er (Gr. lepra, leprosy—from lepros, 
rough, scaly: It. lepra; F. lepre, leprosy), one affected 
with leprosy: leprosy, n. lep'ro-sl, a disease of the 
skin characterised by the formation of whitish opaque 
scales: lep'rous, a. -rus, affected with leprosy; cov- 
ered with white scales : lep'rousness, n. -nils, state of 
being leprous : lepra, n. lep'rd, in med., a skin-disease, 
recognised in its simple state by circular patches, cov- 
ered with small shining scales encircled by a dry red 
border. 

lepidodendron, n. Up'i-do-din'dron (Gr. lepis, a 
scale— gen. lepidos, and dendron, a tree), in geol., an 
abundant family of fossil plants, so called from the 
scale-like arrangement of the leaf-scars on their 
stems. 

mate, mdt, far, law; mete, mGt, 



lepidoganoid, n. lcp'i-dd-gan'u~ifd(Gv. lepis, a scale, 
i/iinos, splendour, and eidos, appearance), in geol., a 
.sub-order of the ganoid or enamel-scaled fishes. 

lepidoids, n. l6p'i-do~ydz{(',r. I.rpis, a scale, and eidos, 
resemblance), in geol., a, family of ganoid fishes charac- 
terised by their strong, rliomboidal, bony scales. 

lepidolite, n. le-pld'-6-llt (Gr. lepis, a scale, and 

lithos, astone),a u , ma ; to the fine pink-coloured 

varieties of lithiu mica. 

lepidomelane, n. lep'-l-dom'-S-lan (Gr. lepis, a scale, 

and in, ■/,/,!, blaolrl, a ,/ai i. , ,. ,,i mica .,, . ,, eti-blacl 

colour, usually found in granitic veins in small six* 
sided tables, or an aggregation of minute opaque 
scales. 



of the lepidodendron, occurring abundantly in the 
shales of the Coal-Measures. 

lepidopter, n. Up'-X-dop'-ter, lep'idop'tera, n. plu. 
-Urd (Gr. lepis, a scale, and pteron, a wing), one of 
the butterfly or moth kind, whose wings are covered 
with minute feathery-looking scales : lep'idop'teral, 
a. -ter-dl, also lep'idop'terous, a. -ter-us, pert, to the 
butterfly kind. 

lepidosiren, n. Kp'-t-dO-si'-rhi (Gr. lepis, a scale, and 
seiren, a siren), an eel-shaped animal covered with 
rounded scales, inhabiting lakes in Africa which are 
liable to be dried up during the dry season. 

lepidosteus, n. ISp'i-dos'ti-us (Gr. lepis, a scale, and 
osteon, a bone), the bony-pike, a genus of soft-finned 
fishes, remarkable for t.bcir hard bony scales. 

lepidostrohus, n. lep'i-dos'tro-bus (Gr. lepis, a 
scale, and strobilos, a fir-cone), fossil cone-like or- 
ganisms, occurring abundantly throughout the Car- 
boniferous formation. 

lepidote, a. lep'bdot, also lep'idoted, a. (Gr. lepi- 
dotos, covered with scales— from lepis, a scale), in bob, 
covered with scales or scurf. 

leporine, a. Up'o-rln (L. leporinus, like a hare— from 
b pus, a hare), pert, to a hare. 

leprosy, leprous, &c— see under leper. 

leptolepis, n. lep'-to-le'-pls (Gr. leptos, slender, and 
lepis, a scale), in geol., a genus of small sauroid fishes. 

lesion, n. le'zhun (L. lozsurn, to hurt: It. lesione; 
F. lesion), a hurt or hurting; an injury. 

less, a. lis (It. lasso, faint: F. lasche, slack: Bav. 
lass; oldEng. In , i . < ■„ •.-;e— in all kinds of action, 
the idea of relaxation is identical with that of diminu- 
tion), comp. of little; smaller; not so large or great: 
adj. not so much; in a smaller or lower degree: n. 
the inferior; a smaller portion: lesser, a. lis- sir, 
another comp. of little; smaller; inferior. 

lessee, n. lis-se' (from lease, which see), the person 
who receives or holds a lease : lessor, n. one who 
grants a lease. 

lessen, v. lis'n (from less), to diminish ; to reduce ; 
to become less: lessening, imp. Us'-ning: lessened, 
pp. les'nd. 

lesser— see less. 

lesses, n. les'iz (F. laissdes, dung of wild animals— 
from laisser, to leave), the leavings or dung of beasts. 

lesson, n. les'n (F. lecon, a lesson: Ger. lesen, to 
read : L. lectio, a reading), that which a pupil learns, 
repeats, or does at one time ; a portion of Scripture 
read at divine service; reproof; instruction derived 
from experience. 

lessor— see lessee. 

lest, conj. h i i, i , ,h , the less, lest; 

or AS. leas, signifying abatement, privation), for fear 
that ; that not. 

let, v. let (AS. Icetan, to let, to suffer : Ger. lassen, 
to permit, to let : Icel. latr, lazy : Bav. letzen, to re- 
tard, to hinder— from laz, late), to allow, suffer, or 
permit ; to grant to a tenant ; to put to hire ; to give 
power or leave to ; to leave : let'ting, imp. : let, pt. and 
pp. lit: to let alone, to suffer to remain : to let be, to 
leave off; to discontinue; to let go: to let blood, to 
free it from its confinement ; to suffer it to flow out of 
the vein : to let down, to lower ; to permit to sink : 
to let drive or fly, to send forth or discharge with vio- 
lence, as a stone : to let in, to allow to enter ; to in- 
sert, as a piece of wood : to let into, to give admission; 
to make acquainted with : to let loose, to free from 
restraint : to let off, to discharge, as an arrow or gun ; 
to release, as from an engagement ; to surfer to escape : 
to let on, in Scot., to seem to observe anything; to 
mention a thing: to let out, to suffer to escape; to 
give to hire or farm. 

let, v. lit (AS. letlan; Dut. letten, to delay, to hia- 
Mr; pine, pin; note, n6t, m6ve; . 









LETC 



321 



der— see above), to impede; to obstruct ; to hinder- 
in this sense used as a noun, in the phrase, " -without 
let or hindrance." 

letch, n. lech (L. lix, ashes : AS. leak; Ger. lauge, an 
infusion of the salts of ashes), a tub or vat in which 
to make lye by causing water to pass through wood 
ashes in order to separate the alkali : v. to wash, as 
ashes, to separate the alkali : letch'ing, imp.: letched, 
pp. Ucht. 

lethal, a. le'thdl (L. lethalis, mortal— from lethum, 
death— from Gr. lethe, oblivion), deadly; mortal; 
fatal. 

lethargy, n. Uth'-dr-jl (L. and G. lethargia, drowsi- 
ness—from Gr. lethe, forgetfulness, and argos, idle: F. 
lethargic), heavy unnatural slumber ; morbid drowsi- 
ness; dulness; inattention; inaction: lethargic, a. 
ie-thiir'-jlk, also lethar'gical, a. -jl-kdl, preternaturally 
sleepv ; very drowsy : lethargically, ad. -II. 

Lethe, n. le'lhe (Gr. lethe, forgetfulness), in anc. 
myth., one of the rivers of Hades, whose waters, when 
drunk, caused forgetfulness of the past; oblivion: 
Lethean, a. le-the-dn, of or pert, to Lethe. 

letter, n. Ut'-tir (It. lettera; F. lettre.a, letter— from 
L. litera, a letter), a mark or character representing a 
sound or an element of speech ; a written or printed 
message ; an epistle ; a character formed of metal or 
wood, used in printing books : v. to stamp or mark 
with letters : let'tering, imp. : n. the act of im- 
pressing letters ; the letters impressed : let'tered, 
pp. -terd: adj. educated: let'terer, n. -er, one who 
impresses letters: let'ters, n. plu. -terz, learning: 
letters of administration, the instrument by which 
one is authorised to administer the goods and estate 
of a deceased person : letter of advice, a letter giving 
notice of a transaction : letter or power of attorney, 
a legal writing by which one person authorises another 
to act in his stead : letter of credit, a letter given by 
a bank or other person, authorising the bearer to re- 
ceive a specified suni of money at some distant place : 
letter of licence, a customs permit; permission or 
privilege granted : letter of marque, the permission or 
licence given by Government to a private ship in time 
of war tu seize on the ships of another state : letter- 
box, a box in which letters are deposited : letter-car- 
rier, a postman who delivers letters: letter-case, a 
box for letters ; a compositor's case of type : letter- 
paper, paper for writing letters on: letters patent, a 
written document granted by Government, authorising 
a person to do some act or to enjoy some right, to the 
exclusion of others : letterpress, printed matter from 
type: letters testamentary, a legal instrument 
granted to an executor after probate of a will, author- 
ising him to act : letter- writer, one who writes letters 
for others, a common profession in India and Turkey ; 
a machine for copying letters; a book containing 
directions for letter-writing : a dead letter, a term 
used at the post-office for a letter addressed to a per- 
son who cannot be found, or who is dead ; that which 
has lost its force or authority, generally by lapse of 
time ; that which has fallen into disuse or become in- 
effective, as the law has become a dead letter. 

lettuce, n. ISt'tls (L. lactuca, a lettuce— from lac, 
milk: Ger. lattich), a garden salad-plant of various 
kinds. 

leucine, n. lo'-sln (Gr. leukos, white), a peculiar 
white substance obtained from muscular fibre: leu- 
cite, n. I6'slt, a white stony substance, found among 
volcanic productions — known as "white spar" and 
" white garnet :" leucii I lining leucite. 

leucocythsemia, n. 16'ko-sl-the'ml-a (Gr. leukos, 
white, kutos, a cell, and haima, blood), in rued., a 
diseased state characterised by an excessive quantity 
of white corpuscles in the blood. 

leucophlegmatic, a, lo'-ko-fleg-mdt'lk (Gr. leukos, 
white, and phlegma, phlegm), in niecl., showing a ten- 
dency to dropsy: leu'cophlegma'sia, n. -md'si-d, a 
dropsical habi icterised by paleness and 

flabbiness, with an ex the blood. 

leucopyrite, n. 16-kdp'l-rit (Gr. leukos, white, 
Eng. pyrites), a mineral of a colour between white and 
steel-grey, with a metallic lustre, employed for the 
production of white arsenic, and also of artificial r~ 
piment. 

leucorrhea, n. lo'ko-re'd (Gr. leukos, white, and 
rheo, I flow), a female ailment ; the whites. 

Levant, n. le-vdnt' (F. levant, the East, the Levant— 
from lever, to rise or raise : It. levante, the East), the 
eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea, or those coun- 
tries washed by that part: adj. eastern; in geol, a 



fourth of the fifteen series into which he subdivides 
the Palaeozoic strata of the Appalachian chain, the 
sunrise of the N. Amer. Palaeozoics : Levant'er, n. -er, 
in the Mediterranean, a strong easterly wind : Levant- 
ine, a. -in, of or pert, to the Levant. 

levant, v. U-vdnf (Sp. levantar, to raise— see above), 
to run away without paying; to act as a levanter: 
levanting, imp. : levanted, pp. : levant'er, n. -er, 
one who bets at a horse-race, and runs away without 
paying the bets when he loses. 

levator, n. U-vd'-tor (L. levatum, to raise), in anat., 
a muscle which serves to raise some part, as the eye- 
lids or lips ; a surgical instr. for lifting up depressed 
parts of the skull. 

levee, n. ldv'6 (F. levee— from lever, to raise or rise : 
L. levo, I raise : original meaning being, the time to 
rise), an assembly of visitors received by a sovereign 
or prince, or their representative, on stated public oc- 
casions ; the embankment of a river. 

level, a. ISv'ei (AS. Icefel, a level : It. livella, a plum- 
met : L. libella, a level or line— dim. of libra, a level), 
even ; flat ; in the same line ; horizontal ; equal in rank 
or degree : n. a plane surface ; a plain ; state of equal- 
ity ; the usual height or elevation ; a carpenter's or ma- 
son's instr. : v. to make even ; to lay flat ; to bring to 
an equality ; to point in talcum aim; t o aim, as a gun ; 
to direct to an end ; to aim at : levelling, imp. : adj. 
making flat or even ; reducing to an equality of con- 
dition : n. the act of reducing to a plane or flat sur- 
face; in surv., the art or operation of finding a hori- 
zontal line, or of ascertaining the differences of level 
between the various points in a survey: levelled, pp. 
lev'Sld: adj. made even or flat; reduced to an equal 
state or condition ; brought down : lev'eller, n. -cr, 
one who aims at reducing all persons and things to a 
common level : lev'elness, n. -nSs, evenness ; equality 
of surface. 

lever, n. U'ver (F. levier, an instr. for raising weights 
-from lever, to raise : L. levo, I raise), a strong bar of 
iron or wood, turning on a support or prop called a 
fulcrum; one of the mechanical powers: leverage, n. 
le'ver-dj, the mechanical power gained by the use of 
the lever. 

leveret, n. lev'cr-it (F. levraut, a young hare ; levre- 
teau, a young hare still sucking— from lievre, a hare : 
L. I, pus, a hare), a young hare in the first year. 

leverock, n. l&v-er-ok, also lav'erock, in Scot., a 
lark. 

leviable— see under levy. 

leviathan, n. le-vl'd-thdn (Heb.), a huge aquatic 
animal alluded to in the Book of Job ; any very large 
sea animal, as a whale. 

levied— see under levy. 

levigate, v. lev'i-gdt (L. levigatum, to make smooth : 
It. levigare, to polish), in chein., to rub or grind to a 
very fine powder by means of water and a stone : 
lev'igating, imp.: lev'igated, pp.: lev'iga'tion, n. 
-gd'-shun, the act or process of grinding or rubbing a 
solid substance to an impalpable powder, with the aid 
of a little water,— trituration may be called the dry 
method. 

levirate, a. le-vl'rdt (L. levir ; Gr. daer, a brother- 
in-law), pert, to the Jewish law by which a widow 
without issue was to be married to the brother of her 
deceased husband. 

Levite, n. le'-vlt, one of the tribe of Levi, which was 
set apart for the public service of religion under the 
Mosaic law: Levitical, a. le-vit'i-kdl, belonging to 
the Levites ; priestly : Levit'ically, ad. -li. 

Leviticus, n. le-vit'i-kus, one of the books of the Old 
Testament Scriptures, containing the laws and regula- 
tions that relate to the priests and Levites. 

levity, n. lev'i-ti (L. levitas, lightness, fickleness— 
from levis, light: It. levita), lightness of temper or 
conduct ; frivolity ; idle pleasure ; want of serious- 
levy, v. ISv'l (F. lever ; L. levare, to raise), to raise ; to 
collect, said of troops or taxes : n. the act of collect- 
ing men for some service ; the men thus collected ; 
the act of raising money by assessment: levying, 
imp. -i-ing: levied, pp. lev-id: leviable, a. lev'i-d-bl, 
that may be collected or assessed : to levy war, to 
raise or begin war. 

levyne, n. ldv'-in (after Levy, the mineralogist), one 
of the zeolite family, occurring chiefly in amygdaloid 
and other trap rocks in white or yellowish hexagonal 
crystals. 

lewd, a. I6d (AS. Iceivd, or Iceivede, belonging to the- 



cdv>, boy, fool; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



LEXI 



322 



LICE 



freeman— from liber, free : It. liberate : F. libdral), free 
in giving or bestowing ; not mean ; becoming a gentle- 
man ; generous ; not narrow-minded ; tolerant of the 
opinions and practices of others ; not strict : n. a 
party name, denoting one who advocates the exten- 
sion of popular rights or influence : lib'erally, ad. 
■li, largely; bountifully: liberality, n. -l-ti, the dis- 
position of mind to give freely or largely according 
to means; generosity; impartiality; candour: liber- 
alism, n. -izm, the principles or tenets of a liberal : 
liberalise, v. -iz, to make liberal ; to imbue with a 
large and catholic spirit ; to free from narrow views 
and prejudices : liberali'sing, imp. : adj. having the 
tendency to free from narrow views and prejudices : 
liberalised, pp. -izd. 

liberate, v. lib'er-at (L. librratum, to make or set 
free— from liber, free), to free; to release from re- 
straint : liberating, imp. : liberated, pp. : liberator, 
n. -a-ter, one who frees or delivers : libera'tion, n. 
-a'-shun, the act of delivering, or state of being deliv- 
ered, from restraint. 

libertarian— see under liberty. 

liberticide, n. lib-er'tl-sid (L. libertas, liberty, and 
coedo, I cut or kill), a destroyer of liberty ; destruction 
of liberty. 

libertine, n. lib'er-tin (L. libertinus, pert, toafreed- 
man— from libero, I set free: It. libertino ; F. Ubertiu, 
a freedman), a man who leads a licentious life ; one 
living without restraint ; in anc. times, a freedman : 
adj. unrestrained; licentious: libertinism, n. -Izm, 
debauchery ; licentiousness of opinion or practice. 

liberty, n. lib'&r-tl (L. libertas, liberty— from liber, 
free: It. liberta: F. liberie), freedom from restraint; 
the enjoyment of civil, political, and religious rights ; 
privilege ; leave ; freedom or power of choice, as op- 
posed to necessity; neglect of the observance of the 
laws of propriety and com tesy : the liberties, -tiz, as of 
a city, the limits within which certain privileges or im- 
munities are enjoyed: at liberty, free; unrestrained : 
liberty of the press, freedom to print and publish 
without legal control and interference : libertarian, 
a. -ta'-ri-dn, pert, to the doctrine of free-will, as op- 
posed to the doctrine of necessity : n. one who holds 
to the doctrine of free-will : liberta'rianism, n. -an- 
Izm, the principles or doctrines of free-will. 

libethenite, n. U-bSth'i-nit (from Libethen, in Hun- 
gary), phosphate of copper, occurring in many copper- 
.niiir.', in rhombic p] isms, oi in cadiati d masses of an 
olive-green colour, resinous lustre, and brittle. 

libidinous, a. ll-bld'l-nus (L. libidinosus, full of lust 
—from libido, inordinate desire : It. libidinoso : F. lib- 
idineux), lewd; lustful: libid'inously, ad. -II: libid'- 
inousness, n. -nSs, state or quality of being lustful. 

libra, n. li'-brd (L. libra, a level or balance), the bal- 
ance ; the seventh sign in the zodiac, which the sun 
enters at the autumnal equinox in September; in 
rned., when the abbreviation for libra is preceded by 
Arabic figures, avoirdupois weight is meant, and when 
by Roman numerals, troy weight or pint measure; in 
some countries a pound weight. 

library, n. li'brd-rl (L. librarium, a place to keep 
books in— from liber, a book : It. libraria, a library : 
F. libraire, a bookseller), a collection of books arranged 
in order ; the room or building containing them : li- 
brarian, n. -bra'ri-dn, one who has the care of a 
library or collection of books: libra'rianship, n. the 
office. 

librate, v. ll'brat (L. libratum, to level, to balance 
—from libra, a balance: It. librare, to balance), to 
poise ; to balance ; to move, as a balance : li'brating, 
imp.: li'brated, pp.: libra'tion, n. -bra'shun, the act 
of balancing or state of being balanced, as a balance 
before coming to rest; in astron., the balancing mo- 
tion or trepidation in the firmament whereby the de- 
clination of the sun and the latitude of the stars 
change from time to time ; an apparent irregularity in 
the moon's motion: libratory, a. li'brd-ter-l, moving 
like a balance, as it tends to an equipoise or level. 

libretto, n. ll-brdt'to (It. libretto, a little book— from 
libro, a book), a book having the words of an opera or 
other extensive piece of music ; the words themselves. 

lice, lis, the plu. of louse, which see. 

license, n., also licence, n. li'sens (L. licentia, free- 
dom, liberty— from licet, it is permitted: F. licence), 
leave ; permission ; authority ; excess ; contempt of law 
or of necessary restraint ; permission to sell excis- 
able articles, or to keep a house for the sale of malt 
liquors and spirits: v. to permit by authority; to 
authorise to act in a particular character : licensing, 
mate, mdt, far, law; mete, mCt, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, mdve; 



laity— originally, illiterate, as opposed to the edu- 
cated clergy, then inferior, bad, lustful), given to lust- 
ful indulgence ; dissolute licentious; impure: lewdly, 
ad. -li: lewd'ness, n. -nes, lustful licentiousness; de- 
bauchery; unchastity. 

lexical, a. Uks'4-kOl (from lexicon, which see), pert, 
to a lexicon; settled by lexicography: lexically, 
ad. -li. 

lexicography, n. I8k& i i I lexikon, a dic- 

tionary, and <■ • i < . ' i rt oi composing 

dictionaries, or the act of writing one ; the principles 
according to which dictionaries should be compiled : 
lexicography / il o lexicograph- 

ical, a. -i-kCd, pert, to the writing of dictionaries: 
lexlcog'rapher, n. -kog'-rd-fer, the author or compiler 
of a dictionary. 

lexicology, n. Uks'i-kol'o-jl (Gr. lexikon, a diction- 
ary, and logos, discourse), the science of the derivation 
and signification of words ; that branch of learning 
which treats of the proper meaning and application 
of words : lexlcol'ogist, n. -jist, one skilled in. 

lexicon, n. leks'i-kon (Gr. lexikon, a dictionary — 
from lexis, a speaking, diction), a dictionary ; a diction- 
ary of words of a foreign language, as of Latin, Greek, 
Hebrew, or German. 

lexigraphy, n. Uks-ig'-ra-fi (fir. b-xis, a speaking, a 
word, and grapho, I writi j. bhe definition of words: 
i i 

ley, n. le, a different spelling of lye, which see. 

ley, n. le, another spelling of lea or lee, pasture- 
land. , 

Leyden-jar, n. la'dn-jar (after the inventor), a jar or 
bottle, coated usually with tinfoil, used to accumulate 
electricity. 

leze-majesty, n. lez-mdj'Ss-ti (L. Icesce majestatis, 
the injury or hurt of majesty), any crime committed 
against the sovereign power in a state ; also lese- 
majesty. 

liable, a. li'd-bl (F. Her; L. ligare, to bind), respon- 
sible; obligedinlaw on im n-roum ible ; exposed; 
subject, as, liable to fall: liability, n. -bll'i-tl, also 
li^bleness, n. -bl-nSs, the state of being bound or 
obliged in law or equity ; responsibility ; the state of 
being subject, as to ruin.:"! diseasi inabilities, n. 
plu. -l-tiz, debts: limited liability, obligation or re- 
sponsibility only to a certain limited extent— a term 
applied to a joint-stock company enrolled under the 
provisions of an Act of Parliament, whose partners or 
shareholders are each only liable for the debts of the 
company to the extent of the amount of their shares, 
as distinguished from a company whose partners are 
responsible for its debts to the full extent of their 
private fortunes. 

liaison, n. le'd-zdng' (F. liaison— from L. ligare, to 
bind), connection ; union ; an illicit or secret intimacy 
between a man and a woman. 

lianas, n. plu. li-a'naz, or lianes, n. plu. ll-anz', in 

hot, luxuriant i >,e met with in 

tropical forests. 

liar, n. li'er— from lie, n. which see. 

lias, n. ll'ds (a probable corruption of lyers or layers: 
F. lias), a term originally applied to the thin-bedded 
limestones occurring at the base of the oolitic system ; 
in geol., that group or series of strata which in Eng- 
land immediately overlies the Trias or Upper New 
Red Sandstone ; hydraulic cement made from calcare- 
ous nodules and bands of the lias strata ; liassic, a. 
li-ds'sik, pert, to the lias formation ; of the age of 
the lias. 

libation, n. ll-ba'shun (L. libatio, a drink-offering, a 
libation— from libare ; Gr. leibein, to pour out, as in 
honour of some god : F. libation), the act of pouring 
out wine or other liguor in honour of a deity ; the wine 
bo poured out ; a drink-offering. 

libel, n. li'bel (F. libelle, a libel, a lampoon : L. libel- 
lus, a little book— from liber, a book), a malicious or 
defamatory writing, reflecting on the character of a 
person, and punishable by law ; a declaration or charge 
in writing in an action at law : v. to expose to public 
ridicule or hatred in writing, or by a picture ; to ex- 
hibit a charge against in a court of law : labelling, 
imp. : n. the act of defaming or exposing to public con- 
tempt in writing : li belled, pp. -bid : libeller, n. -er, one 
who libels: libellous, a. U'bSl-^s, containing m.-iu-i 
which exposes a person to public ridicule or hatred ; 
defamatory : lrbellously, ad. -li. 

liber, n. ll'-ber (L. liber, the inner bark of a tree, a 
book), the fibrous inner bark of trees or plants. 

liberal, a. llb'er-al (L. liberalis, of or belonging to a 






LICE 



323 



LIFE 



imp.: adj. granting a license to ; that gives power or 
authority to sell "alcoholic liquors: li'censed, pp. 
-siiist: adj. applied to an occupation which requires 
legal authority for its exercise, as a ?i tsed hav ker : 
licenser, n. -er, one who grants permission: li censable, 
a. -d-bl, that may be permitted or authorised leg-ally : 
licentiate, n. U-'sen'shi-dt, one who holds a license to 
exercise a profession ; a medical man licensed by the 
College of Physicians : licensed victualler, one who 
sells wines and spirits by authority : licensing court, 
the court where the magistrates sit to grant licenses 
to publicans, grocers, &c. 

licentious, a. li-sen'-shus (L. licentiosus, unrestrained 
—from licentia, freedom : F. licencieux), immoral ; 
profligate; unrestrained by law or decency: licen- 
tiously, ad. -U : licentiousness, n. -shus-nes, the state 
of being licentious ; dissoluteness. 

lichen, n. li'ken or llch'Sn (L. lichen; Gr. leichen, the 
lichen), one of the order of flowerless or cryptogamie 
plants found upon rocks and various bodies, common- 
ly called rock or tree moss; a disease of the skin: 
lichenic, a. U-kSn'ik, of or pert, to lichens: lichenin, 
11. li'-ken-ln, the peculiar starch of Iceland moss. 

lichenography, n. IVken-og'rd-fl (Ens:, lichen, and 
Gr. yrajjho. I write), a description of lichens : li'chen- 
og'raphist, n. -ru-fist, one who writes on the natural 
history of lichens; also li ehenol'ogy, n. -ol'o-ji, and 
li'chenol'ogist, n. -jist (Gr. logos, discourse), with the 
same meanings. 

lich-gate, n. Uch'gat (Goth, leik; Ger. leiche; AS. 
lice, a corpse, and Eng. gate), the gate at the entrance 
to a churchyard where the corpse is set down to await 
the arrival of the clergyman. 

lick, n. Ilk (Ger. lecktn ; Gr. leichein : It. leccare, to 
lick or lap), a passing or drawing of the tongue over ; 
a taste by drawing the tongue over; in U. S., a salt 
marsh or salt spring to which wild animals resort: 
v. to pass the tongue over ; to sup up liquids with the 
tongue; to take in with the tongue : licking, imp.: n. 



battle; to be completely prostrated: to lick into 
shape or form, to impart shape or method to— which 
expression is supposed to have arisen from the belief 
that the bear licked its young into shape : to lick up, 
to devour entirely: lickspittle, n. -splt'-l, an abject 
flatterer or parasite. 

lick, v. lik (W. llach, a slap; llachio, to slap), in fa- 
miliar language, to beat ; to conquer in a fight : n. a 
blow; a buffet: licking, imp.: n. a beating: licked, 
pp. llkt. 

lickerish, a. lik'er-lsh (F. let her, to lick, to lap : Ger. 
leckerer, a dainty-mouthed man), nice in the choice of 
food ; greedy to swallow ; tempting the appetite ; hav- 
ing a keen relish : lick'erishly, ad. -II : lick'erishness, 
n. -nis, daintiness of taste; niceness of taste. 

licorice, n. lik'-ir-is—see liquorice. 

lictor, n. lik'ter (L. lictor— from ligare, to bind), 
among the anc. Hoinans, an attendant of the consuls, 
who carried an axe amidst a bundle of rods as an en- 
sign of his office. 

lid, n. lid (AS. and Icel. Mid; old H. Ger. hlit, a lid, 
a cover: AS. lith; old H. Ger. lid, a joint), a movable 
cover ; the cover of the eye. 

lie, n. ll (Goth, liugan ; Ger. lugen, to lie : AS. lyg- 
nian, to deny; lyge, a lie), a statement not true; a 
falsehood : v. to state that which is not the truth ; to 
tell a falsehood : lying, imp. ll'-ing : adj. telling false- 
hoods: n. th o 'ids: lied, pp. 
lid: liar, n. li'-er, one who habitually tells falsehoods: 
to give the lie to, to charge with falsehood. 

lie, v. li (AS. licgan, to lie down; lecgan, to put or 
set down : Goth, ligan, to lie ; lagjan, to lay : Icel. 
liggia, to lie ; leggia, to lay), to rest lengthwise on or 
against ; to press upon ; to rest ; to remain ; to be situ- 
ated; to sleep; in law, to be sustainable; to be re- 
corded for trial: n. in geol., the manner in which 
strata are disposed : lying, imp.: lay, pt. la, did lie: 
lain, Ian, or lien, pp. lin : li'er, n. -er, one who rests or 
remains : to lie at any one's mercy, to depend upon : 
to lie at any ones door, to be imputable to any one : 
to lie at the heart, to be fixed in the mind, as an ob- 
ject of affection or of deep anxiety or concern: to lie 
by, to be remaining with ; to rest : to lie down, to dis- 
pose one's self for rest ; to sink into the grave : to lie 
in, to be in childbed : to lie in one, to be in the power 
of: to lie in the way, to be an impediment ; to be in 
one's power, as, if it lies in my way: to lie in wait, 
to watch for an opportunity to attack or seize: to 
cow, box/, foot; pure, bud; chair, 



lie on or upon, to be a matter of obligation or duty: 
to lie on hand, to remain in possession without occa- 
sion for use : to lie on the hands, to remain unoccu- 
pied or unemployed : to lie on any one's head, to be 
imputable to any one: to lie over, to remain unpaid; 
to be deferred to some future occasion : to lie to, to 
have progress checked, as a ship : to lie under, to suf- 
fer; to be oppressed by: to lie under arms, in mil, 
to be in a state prepared for immediate action : to lie 
with, to sleep with ; to have carnal knowledge of ; to 
belong to. Note.— Lie and lay— there seems to be an 
increasing tendency to confound these two verbs in 
their present and past tenses even among respectable 
writers. The error is a gross one, and ought to be 
carefully avoided. Lie is intransitire— that ■ is, it can- 
not, as a rule, admit of an object after it without the 
intervention of a preposition. We say lie, v., lay, pt., 
laid, pp. On the other hand lay is transitive— that is, 
it can admit of an object after it. We say lay, v., 
laid, pt., laid, pp. He told me to lie down, and I lay 
down; he told me to lay it down, and I laid it down, 
are correct expressions. He told me to lay down, he 
lays in his bed too long, here lays the body, are incor- 
rect expressions. They should' be— he told me to lie 
down; he lies in his bed too long; here lies the body. 
lieberkuhn, n. le'-ber-kon (after the inventor, Lieber- 



lief, a. Zc/ (AS. leofa ; Dut. lief, dear, pleasing), dear: 
ad. willingly : as lief, as soon. 

liege, a. iej (mid. L. ligius, or F. lige, a term of the 
feudal law signifying the absolute nature of the duty 
of a tenant to his lord— from mid. L. litus, a man be- 
tween a serf and a freeman, and bound to the soil), 
obliged to be faithful ami loyal to a superior, as a vas- 
sal to his lord: n. a vassal ; and by a false application 
of the word, a superior or sovereign : liege-lord, the 
lord of liegemen ; the lord entitled to claim fidelity 
and certain duties from his tenants. 

lien, n. ll'en (F. lien, a band, a ligament— from L. 
ligamen, a band, a tie), an obligation, tie, or claim an- 
nexed to, or attaching upon, any property, without 
satisfying which such property cannot be demanded 
by its owner. 

lientery, n. li'en-ter-l (Gr. leios, smooth, soft, and 
enteron, an intestine), a disease in which the food is 
discharged undigested from the bowels : lienteric, a. 
ll'in-ter'ik, having the nature of, or displaying the 
symptoms of, a lientery. 

lieu, n. 10 (F. lieu, place— from L. locus, a place), 
place; room; stead; used only inthi pi 

lieutenant, n. leften'dnt (F. lieutenant— from lieu, 
a place, and tenir, to hold), a deputy ; one holding a 
place next in rank to a superior; the second officer of 
a company of soldiers or man-of-war ; a commissioned 
officer next in rank to a captain: lieuten'ancy, n. 
■ten'-dn-si, the office or commission of a lieutenant; 
the body of lieutenants : lieuten'antship, n. the office 
of a lieutenant : lieutenant-colonel, an officer next in 
rank above a major and below a colonel: lieutenant- 
general, an officer in rank next above a major-general : 
lord lieutenant, the chief executive officer of Ireland, 
who ill some respects represents the person of the 
sovereign, and maintains a certain amount of regal 
state; in counties, an officer appointed by the sove- 
reign, and empowered by Parliament to call out for 
training the militia. 

lievrite, n. liv'rit (after the discoverer, Le Lievre), a 
brownish-black mineral, occurring in long, vertically- 
striated, prismatic crystals. 

lif, n. lif, also lief, lif, or loof, lOf, the fibre by 
which the petioles of the date-palm are bound to- 
gether, frOTU \ : \\ ■....-.'. .M .■,■'.. ■_ : 

life, n. lif, plu. lives, livz (Goth, liban, to live: Ger. 
leben, to live; leib, body: Dut. liif, body, life), the 
vital force or state of an organised being ; manner of 
living; human affairs; course of things; conduct; 
period of existence ; time between birth and death ; 
spirit or animation ; living form, as opposed to a copy ; 
general state of man ; a narrative or history of a per- 
son ; animated existence ; eternal happiness in heaven ; 
position or rank in society: lifelike, a. like a living 
person: lifeless, a. lif'les, without activity or vigour ; 
spiritless; dead: life'lessly, ad. -li: life'iessness, n. 
■nes, destitution of life or vigour : to the life, with 
exact resemblance : lifelong, a. lasting or continu- 
ing through life : life-annuity, a sum of money paid 
yearly to a person during life : life-assurance, a cer- 



game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



324 



LIKE 



tain amount of money, payable after death to repre- 
sentatives, secured by a yearly premium paid during 
tbe life of the assured : life-belt, a belt capable of being 
inflated with air, or filled with cork, to keep a person 
from sinking in the water: life-blood, vital blood; 
,;wi.vi.h'm.'-', ;i.li:;ui[ii-,pi.i <:;:;< ni.wl : life-boat, a boat of pe- 
culiar construction for saving life in cases of ship- 
wreck: life-buoy, an article for keeping a person 
floating in water: life-estate, an estate to be enjoyed 
for life only : life-giving, a. having the power to give 
life : life-guard, a company of soldiers that attend a 

Srince or a person of eminence for honour or safety : 
.fe-interest, an interest during life in an estate or 
money: life-lines, ropes carried along yards, booms, 
&c, or any part of a vessel for the men to hold on by : 
life-preserver, a life-buoy; a short flexible weapon, 
loaded at both ends with lead, used for defence or 
attack : life-rent, the rent of an estate that continues 
for life: lifetime, duration of life. 

lift, v. lift (AS. hlifian, to rise up, to raise or lift: 
Low Ger. luften, to raise into the lift or air— from Low 
Ger. lucht; old Eng. luft, the sky, the air), to raise 
from the ground ; to elevate ; to raise in dignity, in- 
tellect, or spirit ; to strive to raise by strength ; n. 

theact of lifting ; as.a. <■■>><•■ ■ ■■ li m- . < led; •- bich 

is to be raised; anything that lifts: lifting, imp.: 
lift'ed, pp.: lift'er, n. one who or that which lifts or 
raises; used in a bad sense, as in shop-lifter, a thief: 
shop -lifting, removing goods clandestinely from a 
shop: to lift a debt, in Scot., to collect an account: 
dead lift, a heavy body lifted or raised at the utmost 
disadvantage: lifting-gear, the apparatus for lifting 
the safety-valves from wi1 bin a boiler: lifts, n. plu. in 
nav., the ropes at the yard-arms used to make the 
yards hang higher or lower, as required. 

ligament, n. llg'd-ment (L. ligamentum, a band, a 
tie— from Vigo, I bind: It. ligamento: F. ligament), 
anything which ties or unites ; the strong fibrous sub- 
stance which connects the ends of the movable bones : 
lig'ament'al, a. -mint'dl, also ligamentous, a. -us, 
binding; composing or resembling a ligament. 

ligan, n. U ■ binding or tying), goods 

sunk in the sea, but tied to a buoy with the view of 
being recovered again. 

ligation, n. li-gd'shun (L. ligatum, to bind, to tie), 
the act of binding ; the state ofbeing bound : ligature, 
n. llg'd-tilr, anything that ties or binds ; a bandage. 

light, n hi i, Ger licht, light: AS. 

liht, bright: L. lucere; F. luire, to shine: Gr. luchnos, 
a light, a lamp), the agent or medium by which ob- 
jects are rendered visible to the eye; day; anything 
which gives light ; a candle ; a lamp ; knowledge ; 
means of knowing; explanation; aspect; point to 
which the view may be directed ; existence ; time of 
prosperity; in painting, the illuminated part of a 
picture, as opposed to shade : adj. not dark or obscure ; 
bright; clear: v. to set on fire; to kindle or ignite: 
lighting, imp. : n. the act of that which lights : 
light'ed, pp., also lit, pt. and pp. lit, did light: 
light' er, n. llt'er, one who or that which lights : to 
bring to light, to reveal; to discover: to come to 
light, to be discovered : the light of the countenance, 
favour ; smiles : to light on a thing, to fall in with 
it— that is, to have light on it : to see the light, to be 
born ; to come into existence : to stand in one's own 
light, to be the means of hjndering one's own ad- 
vancement or one's own good : light-dues, tolls levied 
on ships for the maintenance of lighthouses : light- 
house, a building or tower built on a rock in the sea, 
or on a promontory, in which a light is exhibited 
during the night to warn mariners of danger : light- 
ship, a vessel bearing a light at night, anchored on a 
bank or near shoals, to guide vessels ; Northern 
lights, the aurora borealis. 

light, a. lit (Ger. leicht ; Dut. licht ; L. levis, of small 
weight), easy to be lifted or carried; not difficult; 
easy to be borne ; active ; nimble ; swift ; not dense or 
heavy ; not grave or serious ; loose ; not chaste : 
lightly, ad. -li, without weight ; easily ; readily ; 
without reason; cheerfully: light'ness, n. -«Ss, want 
of weight; nimbleness; agility; levity; inconstancy; 
giddiness ; wantonness : lights, n. plu. lltz, the lungs 
in animals, as being the lightest part of the body : 
light-armed, a. not heavily armed: light-fingered, a. 
nimble at lifting or conveying with the fingers ; in a 
bad sense, applied to a pickpocket: light-footed, a. 
nimble with the feet : light-headed, a. giddy ; thought- 
less; wandering, as in a fever: light-hearted, a. free 
from anxiety; gay: light infantry, troops lightly 



armed: light-minded, a. unsettled; unsteady: to 
make light of, to treat as of little consequence : to 
set light by, to undervalue ; to slight. 

light, v. lit (from Eng. alight: old Eng. lift; Ger. 
lucht, the sky, the air), to descend from a horse or 
carriage; to settle; to stoop from flight; to fall in a 
particular direction; to fall; to strike on: lighting, 
imp.: lighted, pp. llt'-ed. 

lighten, v. llt'n (Goth, liuhath, light: Ger. licht, 
■'I'd.i I. nrhi-r,, m, ji.jhi,.,,), (,, ;,n ■.■ ; 1 1 i ignt ; to shine 
like lightning; to flash; to ilhnnin.de: lightening, 
imp. llt'n-lng: lightened, pp. lit'nd: lightning, n. lit' 
nlng, the electric dad. ubie.li precedes thunder: light- 
ning rod or conductor, a metallic rod which protects 

Ci.iMe;.. ' '.; '..i' ill! i.Oi; le , ; ,,■.,■;•■. I I I ,, :■■■::, i,! . 

lighten, v. llt'n (Low Ger. licht en; AS. lihtan, to 
lift, to lighten), to make lighter or less heavy ; to make 
less burdensome or afflictive; to cheer; to alleviate: 
lightening or lightning, imp. llt'-nlng: lightened, pp. 
lit'nd. 

lighten, v. IW-n (from Eng. light, to fall, which see), 
to fall ; to descend. 

lighter, n. Ht'-cr (from Eng. light, of small weight, 
which see), a large flat-bottomed boat used in loading 
and unloading vessels : light'erage, n. -dj, the price 
paid for the use of a lighter: light'ermah, n. -man, 
one who assists to manage a lighter, and the loading 
and unloading of ships. 

lightning— see under lighten 1. 

lightsome, a. lit'sihn (light, and .tome), not dark; 
gay; cheerful; airy: light'somely, ad. -II: light'some- 
ness, n. -n6s, quality of being light ; cheerfulness. 

lignaloes, n. lig-ndl'oz (L. lignum, wood, and Eng. 

«/<«>■), aloes-WOOd. 

ligneous, a. llg'ne-us (L. ligneus, of wood— -from lig- 
num, wood: It. ligneo), woody ; made of wood; resem- 
bling wood: lignine, n. llg'-nin, pure woody fibre; in 
hot., woody matter which thickens the cell-walls, con- 
stituting the essental part of the structure of plants : 
lignite, n. llg'nlt, wood-coal or fossil wood not having 
its structure wholly obliterated : lignitic,a. Ug-nlt'llc, 
containing or resembling lignite. 

ligniferous, a. llg-nlf'er-us (L. lignum, wood, and 
fero.I bear), yielding pri ;ing'wood. 

ligniform, a. lig'ni-fawrm (L. lignum, wood, and 
forma, shape), resembling wood. 

lignify, v. ttg ni-j (1 lignum, wood, and facio, I 
make), to convert into wood; to become wood or 



woody : lig'nif ying, imp. : lig'nified, pp. -fid ; lig'nin- 

ca'tion, n. -ka'shun, the process of co 

wood. 



lignine— see ligneous. 

ligniperdous, a. l%g'n%-pt ■ ' - i{L lignum, wood, and 
perdere, to destroy), a name applied to insects which 
destroy wood, 

lignite— see ligneous. 

lignitiferous, a lig'-ni Vtj 'ir-Us (Eng. lignite, and L. 
fero, I bear or yield), in geol., applied to strata or for- 
mations which contain subordinate beds of lignite or 
brown coal. 

lignum vitae, n. lig'num vl'te (L. lignum, wood, and 
vitcs, of life), a tree whose wood is extremely hard and 
very durable, a native of the W. Indies and S. Amer. ; 

alc.'i called ijiHiitn-irm-iruiid. 



plied to strap-shaped florets, as in the dandelion : lig- 
ule, n. llg'ul, a tie ; the flat part of the leaf of grasses. 

ligure, n. llg'ur (Gr. ligurion. a species of amber), a 
precious stone mentioned in Exodus, xxviii. 19— pro- 
bably tho jacinth or hyacinth. 

ligurite, n. llg'u'nt (from Liguria, the country 
where found), a variety of sphene, a mineral of an 
apple-green colour, considered superior as a gem to 
chrysolite in colour, hardness, and transparency. 

like, a. Ilk (from the termination, Goth, leiks; Gr. 
likos; L. lis; Ger. lich, used to indicate the nature, 



ble expectations : n. some person or thing resembling 
another: ad. in the same manner as; equally or 
nearly so: likely, a. llk'll, probable; that may be 
thought more reasonable than the contrary ; such as 
may be liked; pleasing; promising: ad. probably: 
like'liness, n. -nes, also likelihood, n. -hood, proba- 
bility ; appearance of truth : likeness, n. llk'nds, re- 
semblance; a portrait; one who resembles another; 
a copy: form: like-minded, a. of the same mind: 
had like, had nearly ; come little short of. 



•mate, mdt, far, law; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



I 



LIKE 



325 



LINE 



like, v. Ilk (Norm, lika; Lap. likot, to be to one's 
taste : AS. gelician, to please, to delight), to be pleased 
with; to approve; to choose: liking, imp. being 
pleased with: n. inclination; preference; desire; 
delight in: liked, pp. Wet: likes and dislikes, feel- 
ings of attachment and aversion. 

liken, v. lik'-n (from Eng. like , similar), to compare ; 
to represent as having resemblance : likening, imp. 
lik'-ning: likened, pip. llk'nd. 

likewise, ad. llk'-wiz (like, and wise), in like manner; 
moreover; also. 

lilac, n. n^iic(Sp. lilac; F. Was), a flowering shrub : 
adj. of a purple colour like the lilac. 

liliputian, n. Ul-i-pu'shdn (Liliput, a fabled coun- 
try, inhabited by exceedingly diminutive men and 
women), a dwarf; any very diminutive person or 
thing: adj. very diminutive. 

lilt, v. Hit (ltuss. //,//../, a cradle: Esthon. ZauZ, a 
song: Ger. lalt n, to sing without words), as a prov. 
Eng. word, to do a thing with dcxteritv or quickness; 
in Scot., to sing cheerfully and merrily: to do with 
spirit and gaiety : n. a cheerful air ; a lay or song : 
lilting, imp.: lift'ed, pp. -id. 

lily, n. Ul'l (L. lilium, a lily), a beautiful flowering 
plant of many species: liliaceous, a. Ul'-i-a'-shi'is, pert". 
to lilies or resembling them : lily-handed, a. having 
hands white and pure as the lily: lily-white, a. white 
as the petals of a lily: lily of the valley, a native 
stemless plant having a raceme of fragrant flowers : 
lily-stone or lily-encrinite, familiar terms for the 
common encrinite of geologists, from the fanciful re- 
semblance of its stalk and clustered tentacles to the 
stem and flower of a lily. 

limacious, a. ll-mCi-shiis (L. Umax, a slug, a snail- 
gen, limacis: F. liiiutct). of or resembling the slug or 
naked snail: Umax, n. Wmiiks, a genus of air-breath- 
ing molluscs without shells ; the slug or snail. 

limb, n. lim (AS. lira, a limb— from lime, to join : 
Icel. lim, a limb; Urn, glue), the part of an animal 
joined, as it were, to the body, as an arm or a leg : the 
branch of a tree; in bot., the blade of the leaf; the 
broad part of a sepal or petal : v. to supply with limbs ; 
to dismember: limbing, imp.: limbed, pp. limbd: 
adj. having limbs: limbless, a. -Ids, without limbs. 

limb, n- U"i (L. limbus, a border that surrounds 
anything: It. lemho, skirt, border), the bonier or edge 
of the disc of a heavenly body, particularly of the 
sun or moon ; the edge of a graduated circle in an 
instrument. 

limbat, n. llm'bdt, a name in the island of Cyprus 
applied to a cooling wind, blowing from 8 A.M. till 
mid-day or later ; the local sea-breeze. 

limber, a. lim'btr (Swiss, lampen, to hang loose: 
Icel. limpiaz, to faint, to become slack), not having 
Strength to stand stiff ; supple; pliant; easily bent. 

limbers n. plu. Um'-birz (Norm. F. liarnen, a tie, a 
packet— from L. ligamen, a bandage, a tie), a two- 
wheeled cart bearing boxes of ammunition, to which 
a field-piece or cannon supported by two wheels is 
attached by means of a strong pole; m a, ship, holes 
in the floor leading to the pump : limber, v. lim'btr, 
to attach a cannon to the limbers: limbering, imp.: 
limbered, pp. Hm'berd: to unlimber, to detach from 
the limbers : unlimTDering, imp. detaching or unhook- 
ing the gun when i in lught into action : limbering up, 
attaching the gun to the limbers. 

limbo, n. lim -ho (L. limbus, ahem or edge: It. 
lembo, the skirt of a garment, the hem or border ; 
limbo, limbo), the frontier or border of hell where 
there is neither pleasure nor pain ; the place in hell 
said to be appropriated to those who are stained with 
original sin only, or for the souls of unbaptised in- 
fants; a place of restraint : in limbo, in prison; under 
restraint. 

limbus, n. lim'-bus (L. limbus, aborder or edge), in 
bot., the border or expanded part of a petal or flower ; 

Ialso called the limb, 
lime.n. Urn (Ger. leim; Dirt, lijm, glue, any viscous 
substance which joins bodies together: L. limns, 
slime, mud : Dut. Item, clay), the white caustic earth, 
used, when mixed with water, and most commonly 
with sand, as mortar or cement, obtained by burning 
limestone, chalk, marble, &c. ; a species of lemon- 
tree and its fruit, so called from the glutinous juice of 
its young shoots : v. to cover or manure with lime ; 
to entangle ; to ensnare : li'ming, imp. : n. dressing 
with lime : limed, pp. limd : adj. dressed with lime : 
limy,a.7i . me ; glutinous : lim'iness, n. 

-nes, state of being limy : lime-burner, one who pre- 



pares the limestone for being slaked for mortar : lime- 
juice, the juice of the fruit of the lime-tree, contain- 
ing citric acid, important as a remedy for scurvy, or 
as a specific against the attacks of scurvy at sea : lime- 
kiln, n. -Ml, a place for burning limestone : lime- 
plant, the may-apple : lime-water, water tinctured 
with lime : limestone, the familiar as well as tech- 
nical term for all rocks and rock -masses that are 
mainly composed of carbonate of lime : bird-lime- 
see bird. 

limit, n. llm'it (L. limes, a limit— gen. limitis: It. 
andF. limite), utmost extent; bound or border; the 
thing which bounds ; restraint ; hindrance : v. to set 
bounds to ; to circumscribe ; to restrain : limiting, 
imp. : adj. circumscribing ; restricting : limited, 
pp. : adj. narrow ; restricted : lim itless, a. -les, un- 
bounded ; immense : lim itable, a. -d-bl, that may be 
bounded : limitary, a, -ter-l, restrictive : limlter, n. 
-tcr, one who limits: limitation, n. -til'shun, the 
act of bounding; restriction: limltedly, ad. -ll: 
limltedness, n. -nc's, the state of being limited: lim- 
ited liability— see liable. 

limn, v. lim (F. i nUnn incr, to illuminate, to limn : 
L. illumincire, to illuminate), to draw or paint; to 
paint in water-colours— chiefly restricted to portrait 
or figure painting : limning, imp. lim-lng: n. the art or 
act of drawing orpaintinn in water-colours: limned, 
pp. limd: limner, n. llm'nir, one who paints on can- 
vas or paper ; a portrait-painter. 

limonite, n. li'-mon-lt (Gr. leimon, a moist grassy 
place: F. limonite), a term applied to brown iron 
ore— so called because allied varieties are found in 
bogs. 

hmous, a. li'miis (L. limns, slime), muddy ; slimy ; 
thick. 

limp, v. limp (Low Ger. Ivmpien, to limp: Dan. 
lumpe, to limp, to go lame), to walk as with a slight 
lameness ; to halt : n. a halt in walking : limping, 
imp. limp'ing: adj. halting; walking lamely : limped, 
pp. Umpt: Ump'er, n. -ir, one who walks lamely: 
limplngly, ad. -li. 

limp, a. limp (Swiss, lampen, to hang loose: see 
limber), wanting stillness ; flexible. 

limpet, n. lim-pet (L. lepas, a limpet), a conical shell- 
fish found adhering to rocks. 

limpid, a. lim'pid (L. limpidus, clear, bright: It, 
limpido : F. limpide), clear ; transparent : lim pidness, 
n. -ne~s, also limpidity, n. -pid'i-ti, clearness ; trans- 
parency ; purity. 

limulus, n. lim'-ii-his (L. limuhts, somewhat askance 
—from limns, looking sidewise), the Molucca crab, 
the king crab, or horse-shoe crab, a creature of singu- 
lar form, having a long spear-shaped tail. 

limy— see under lime. 

lin or lyn, n. lln (AS. hlynna a torrent : W. llyn, a 
pool), a fall of water ; a cataract; the face of a preci- 
pice. 

linch-pin, n. linsh'pln (Ger. lundse ; Dut. lundsch ; 
Dan. lundstikke, a linch-pin), a pin which fastens a 
wheel on the axle-tree. 

lincture, n. llngk'tiir, also linctus, n. Ung'tus (L. 
linctus, licked), a medicine of the consistence of honey 
or treacle, to be taken by licking. 

linden, n. lln'clen, also lind, n. lind (AS. and Dan. 
lind ; Ger. linde), the lime-tree. 

line, n. I'm (L. linea, a line— from linum, flax : It. 
linea : F. ligne), length without breadth ; a string or 
cord ; a lineament or mark in the hand or face ; out- 
line ; as much as is written from the one margin to 
the opposite one ; a single row ; a series or succession ; 
course or direction ; in poetry, a verse or part of a 
verse ; family ascending or descending ; line of busi- 
ness ; twelfth part of an inch : the line, the equator 
or equinoctial circle ; applied to the largest war- 
ships, as a ship of the line : liner, n. lin'er, one of 
a regular line of trading or passenger ships, gener- 
ally steam-vessels : line of battle, disposition or 
order of ships or soldiers in an engagement : troops of 
the line, the regular infantry regiments numbered as 
such : line men, men employed on a railway : hori- 
zontal line, a line drawn parallel to the horizon ; a 
line lengthwise and level : line of beauty, a certain 
curved line tun ■:.■.-•.; !--tn.-. 



S: line of defence, in mil., the line of fire of the 
flank of a bastion ; the line of the face of a bastion 
produced until it meets the corner of the curtain 
angle : line of dip, in geol., the direction in which 
strata dip or incline from the horizon : line of fire, 
the direction in which the shot from the guns of a 
cow, boy, f Sot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



direction taken, as by an army : line of operations, 
in mil., the different points operated upon, and over 
which an army passes in attaining its object : right 
line, the shortest line that can be drawn between two 
points: lines, n. plu. l%v,z, inl rcnchmcnts ; aconnected 
series of military works thrown up ; delineation of the 
intended vessel supplied to the shipbuilder ; bound- 
ary ; place of abode : hard lines, unfortunate fate or 
lot. 

line, v. Un (L. linum, flax, linen), to cover the inside 
of a garment, originally with linen, but now with any 
other texture ; to cover on the inside ; to strengthen 
with a guard within ; to strengthen with anything 
added ; to impregnate— applied to the lower animals : 
li'ning, imp. covering on the inside ; drawing lines on : 
n. the inside covering of anything ; the act of marking 
with lines: lined, pp. lind, covered on the inside: 
adj. traced out ; striated. 

lineage, n. lin'-e-aj (F. lignage— from F. ligne; L. 
linea, a line), descendants in a line from a common 
progenitor ; race ; progeny. 

lineal, a. lin'5-al (L. linea, a line), of or relating to 
a line or length ; in a direct line from an ancestor ; 
hereditary: lin'eally, ad. -II: lineament, n. lln'e-d- 
merit, feature ; outline : lin'eaments, n. plu. -m6ntz, 
distinguishing marks in the form of the face : lin'ear, 
a. e-llr, consisting of lines ; having the form of lines : 
lin'early, ad. -li, with lines; in hot., applied to very 
narrow leaves in which the length great! ■ -• ■<■(•<•< ic. iii<; 
breadth : linear numbers, those numbers which have 
relation to length only: linear perspective, that 
which regards only the forms, magnitudes, and posi- 
tions of the objects delineated, in reference to the van- 
ishing point. 

lineate, a. lln'6-dt (L. lineatus, reduced to a straight 
line— from linea, a line), in tot., applied to a leaf 
marked lengthwise wit 1 1 i lines: lineolate,a. 

lin'e-o-lat, in bot., marked longitudinally with fine 
lines. 

linen, n. lln'-6n(L. linum; Ger.lein; Icel. tin, flax), 
a cloth made of flax; underclothing: adj. made of 
linen : linen-draper, one who sells linen cloth. 

ling, n. ling (Dan. lange; Dut. leng, a ling: Ger. 
lang, long), a fish of the cod kind, having a slender 
body and a flattish head. 

ling, n. ling (Icel. ling, any small shrub), a common 
heather; heath. 

lingel, n. llng'g&l (L, lingula; F. ligule, a little 
tongue), a little tongue oi I hong of leather : (F. ligneul, 

Mil x;UKi,].-ri:-;' Hi i <■;«(!), :i lor. makers' thread. 

linger, v. llng'ger (AS. langian, to draw out : Icel. 
langr, long : F. languir, to droop, to linger), to delay ; 
to loiter ; to be slow in action or decision ; to be pro- 
tracted: lin'garing, imp.: adj. protracted; drawing 
out in time: n. a delaying; a remaining long: lin'- 
gered, pp. -gerd : lin'gerer, n. -er, one who : fin'ger- 
ingly, ad. -II. 

lingo, n. Ung'go (L. and It. lingua, tongue), in slang, 
talk; language; speech. 

linguadental, a. Un • (L. lingua, a 

tongue, and dens, a tooth— gen. dentis), formed or 
uttered by the joint action of the tongue and teeth, 
as d and t : n. a sound formed by the tongue and teeth ; 
the letter representing the sound: lln'guiform, a. 
-gwi-fawrm (L. forma, a shape), tongue-shaped : lin'- 
gual, a. -</?«</ f 1 ' lie), formed by the tongue: 

lin'gually, ad. -li : lin'guist, n. -gioist, a person skilled 
in languages : linguis'tic, a. -gwls-tlk, relating to lan- 
guages, or to the affinities of languages : linguis'tics, 
n. plu. -tlks, the science of languages; the general 
study of languages for the purpose of classification. 

lingula, n. / g • ■ lingula, a little tongue), in 
geol., a genus of brachiopodous mollusca— so called 
from the tongue-like form of their valves : lin'gulate, 
a. -gu-lat, tongue-shaped. 

liniment, n. lln'-l-mint (L. linimentum, an ointment 
—from linere, to besmear : F. liniment), an oily com- 
position for rubbing into the skin ; a balsamic lotion. 

lining— see under line, v. 

link, n. llngk (Icel. hleckr, a chain: Norm, lekk, a 
link ; lekkja, a chain : Ger. gelenk, a joint), a single 
ring of a chain ; a single part of a connected series : v. 
to unite or connect as by a link ; to be joined or con- 
nected: linking, imp. : linked, pp. llngkt: adj. con- 
nected by links : link-motion, an apparatus for revers- 
ing steam-engines. 

link, n. llngk (seemingly from Gris. liangia, a 
sausage— from liar, a tie), a sausage. 



5 LIQU 

link, n. llngk (Dut. lompe, a gunner's match of 
twisted tow), a torch of pitched rope or paper: link- 
boy, the bearer of a light or torch in foggy weather or 
hi dark nights. 

Linnsean, a. Un-ne'dn, pert, to Linnaeus, the great 
Swedish naturalist, or to his system. 

linnet, n. ttrinet (F. linotte, the linnet: It. linosa, 
flax-seed, a linnet), a singing-bird common in Britain 
—so called from feeding on linseed, I In seed of flax. 

linseed, n. also lintseed, n. lln'scd, (lint and seed: 
AS. linseed), the seed of lint or flax: linseed-cake, 
the solid mass or cake which remains after the oil has 
been expressed from flax-seed : linseed-oil, a yellow 
oil obtained from the seed of the flax-plant. 

linsey-woolsey, n. Un'-zl-wobl'zi (corruption of linen 
and wool), a stuff made of linen and wool mixed; a 
light coarse cloth: adj. made of linen and wool; 
poor; mean. 

linstock, n. Un' stock (lint and stock ; Sw. lant stake, 
a gunner's match), a staff pointed at one end and 
forked at the other for holding a lighted match, for- 
merly used for firing cannon ; a slow match. 

lint, n. (AS. linet, flax, hemp: L. linteum, linen), 
linen scraped into a soft substance, or a soft woollen 
fabric of linen, used for dressing wounds or sores ; the 
flax-plant. 

lintel, n. lin'tSl (Sp. lintel; F. linteau, the head- 
piece of a door or window), the stone or wood head- 
piece across the top of a door or window. 

lion, n. ll'on (F. lion— from L. leo, a lion— gen. 
leonis: It. leone), a very strong and fierce heast of 
prey ; a sign of the zodiac : Irons, n. plu. the objects 
of interest or curiosity, or the noted persons, in a 
place: li'onel, n. -el, a young lion: lioness, n. -6s, the 
female lion: li'onise, v. -iz, to show the lions to, 
that is, the noted persons, and the principal objects of 
interest and curiosity; to treat as a lion or an object 
of interest : li'oni'sing, imp. : adj. showing or inspect- 
ing the objects of interest and curiosity in a place : 
li'onised, pp. -izd. Note.— The expression " to see the 
lions " dates from the times when the royal lions at 
the Tower of London, before the existence of the 
Zoological Garden or of menageries, were a London 
'.Minder, i.."i which trangers were usually taken : 

lion-hearted, a. courageous: lion's-share, the whole 
or a disproportionate share. 

lip, n. lip (L. labium; Gael. Hob; prov. Ger. labbe, 
lip, mouth— an imitative word), one of the two edges 
or borders of the mouth; the edge of any thing: 
lip'less, a. 16s, withoul ip lipped, a. llpt, having 
lips : liplet, n. -let, a little lip : lip-devotion, not a real 
attachment or devotion ; mere words : lip-labour, or 
lip-service, labour or action of the lips which does not 
convey the sentiments of the heart; words without 
deeds : lip-wisdom , wisdom in the words of the mouth 
only. 

lipic-acid, n. I p'W ds lipos, fat), an acid pro- 

duced by the action of nitric acid upon oleic acid : 
lipoma, n. ll-po'-ma, the most common form of fatty 
tumour. 

lipogram, n. U'po-grdm (Gr. leipo, I leave, and 
gramma, a letter), a writing in which a particular 
letter is wholly omitted throughout : li'pogrammat- 
ic, a. -grd-mdt'ik, pert. to. 

lipothymous, a. U-poth'4-mus (Gr. leipo, I fail, and 
thumos, mind or soul), swooning; fainting: li- 
poth'ymy, n. -l-ml, a swoon ; a fainting. 

liquation, n. Ivkwu'shun (L. liquatum, to make 
liquid, to melt), the act or operation of melting or 
sweating out ; the capacity of being melted : liquefac- 
tion, n. Uk'-iv6-fak'-shun (L. f actus, made or done), the 
act or operation of melting or dissolving; the state 
of being dissolved : liq'uefa'ciant, n. -fa'shi-dnt, 
that promotes liquefaction: liquefy, v. Uk'n-c-fi, to 
melt or make liquid ; to change a solid into a fluid ; to 
be melted: liq'uefying, imp. -Ji-lng: liq'uefied, pp. 
-fid: liq'uefier, n h-e> thatwfiich liquefies or melts : 
liq'uefi'able, a. -fi'd-bl, that may be melted: liques- 
cent, a. ll-kwes'ent (L. liquescens, becoming fluid, 
melting), melting; becoming fluid— more frequently 
dilequescent. 

liqueur, n. /> ,- vw: see Eng. liquor), a 

compound of water, alcohol, and sugar, flavoured with 
some aromatic extract; a cordial; a name given to a 
great variety oi foreign compounded spirits. 

liquid, n. Hk'wld (L. liquidus, flowing, liquid— from 
liqueo, I melt), any substance flowing or capable of 
flowing; a letter which h:is a smooth flowing sound: 
adj. fluid, or capable of flowing ; in the form of water ; 



mate, mdt,fdr, law; mete, m6t, her; pine, pin; note, not, mCve; 



LIQU 



327 



LITH 






soft: smooth: liq'uidly, ad. -II: liquidate, v. Ilk- 
rel-ddt, to clear away, as a debt; to settle or adjust; 
to pay; to diminish or lessen: liquidating, imp.: 
liq uidated, pp. settled ; paid : liquidator, n. -da'-ter, 
one who adjusts and settles: liquidation, n. -da- 
skUn, the act or process of diminishing or lessening; 
the act of adjusting and settling debts: liquidity, n. 
lik-wid'-l-tl, also liq'uidness, n. -nes, quality of being 
fluid or liquid; thinness: liquidise, v. likUcld-lz, to 
reduce to a liquid state : liq'uidi sing, imp. : liq'uid- 
ised, pp. -izd. 

liquor n. llk'-ir (L. liquor, a fluid— from liqueo, I 
melt: F. liqueur), a fluid; an intoxicating liquid, gen- 
erally applied to spirits ; a fluid extract : v. to take 
intoxicating drinks, an Americanism, and a slang ex- 
pression: liqu'oring, imp.: liquored, pp. llk-trd: in 
liquor, intoxicated: liquor sanguinis, li'ker-sdng' 
givln-is (L. liquor of the blood), the transparent col- 
ourless fluid part of the blood, in which the corpuscles 
float. 

liquorice, n. lik'-cr-ls (L. glycyrrhiza, liquorice-root 
—from Gr. glukus, sweet, and rrhiza, a root), the root 
of a plant, having purplish flowers, growing wild in 
many parts of Europe — from the root of which a sweet 
juice" is extracted ; called also Spanish juice. 

lirella, n. ll-rel'ld (L. dim. of lira, a ridge of land), 
in hot. the sessile linear apothecium of lichens. 

liroconite, n. ll-rok'-O-nlt (Gr. leiros, pale, and konia, 
dust), a hydrated arseniate of copper, occurring in 
several copper-mines in obtuse pyramidal crystals of 
a sky-blue or verdigris-green colour 

Lisbon, a. lls'-bou, of or from Lisbon, capital of 
Portugal. 

lisp, v. lisp (Dut. lispen ; Sw. laspia., to lisp, to speak 
imperfectly), to speak with the tongue against the teeth 
or gums in such a way as to make s or z sound th— 
most common among children ; to utter feebly or im- 
perfectly as a child : n. the imperfect utterance of s or 
2; lisping, imp. : adj. uttering with a lisp : n. the act 
of speaking with a lisp: lisped, pp. llspt : lispingly, 
ad. -II, in a lisping manner ; imperfectly ; affectedly : 
lisp'er, n. -er, one who lisps. 

lissom, a. lls'sum, a colloquial form of lithesome, 
which see. 

list, n. list (It. lista, any kind of list or selvage, a bor- 
der about a garment, the lists of tilting, a row or 
rank of anything set in order: Ger. leiste, a stripe: 
Dut. lijst, border, catalogue), a catalogue; a roll or 
register; the border of cloth; ground enclosed for a 
race or combat, generally in the plu. lists : v. to regis- 
ter; to enrol; to engage for the public service as sol- 
diers by entering the name in a list or register: list'- 
ing, imp. : list'ed, pp. : adj. particoloured in long 
streaks; enclosed for tournaments; engaged in the 
public service ; enrolled : to enter the lists, to engage 
in combat, or in a controversy : civil list, the servants 
of government, not military, as judges, ambassadors, 
secretaries, &c, or the money appropriated for their 
support— ii. only to the reigning sov- 

ereign's household expenses. 

list, v. list (AS. lystan, to have pleasure in, to raise 
desire: Dan. lyste, to desire: Icel. lyst, pleasure, 
desire), to choose ; to desire ; to be disposed : n. desire ; 
pleasure: list'ing, imp. : list'ed, pp.: listless, a. -Ics, 
denoting the condition of one who has no pleasure in 
his work, and who therefore acts without energy; 
heedless; careless: listlessly, ad. -Ii: list'lessness, 
n. -n6s, heedlessness; carelessness; indifference to 
what is passing. 

list, v. list, a contr. for listen, which see. 

listen, v. lls'-n (AS. hlystan, to listen: Icel. Must, an 
ear: Dut. luysteren, to" whisper, to listen), to hear- 
ken ; to give ear ; to obey ; to attend : listening, imp. 
Jis'en-lng: adj. giving attention: n. the act of listen- 
ing or giving attention : listened, pp. lls'-end: listener, 
ii. "lu'-in-ir, one who listens. 

lit, v. pp. of light, which see. 

litany, n. lit'd-nl (Gr. litaneia, supplication: F. 
litanie), a solemn form of supplication used in public 
worship. 

literal, a. llt'er-dl (L. literalis; It. litterale, literal 
—from L. litera, a letter), according to the letter or 
exact words ; real ; not figurative : lit'erally, ad. -Ii : 
lit'eralness, n. -nes, the state of being literal. 

literary, a. lit'er-d-rl (L. literarius, belonging to 
learning— from litera, a letter: It. letter ario : F. lit- 
teraire), pert, to, or connected with, literature or men 
of letters; respecting learned men; consisting in 
written or printed compositions : lit'erate, a. -at, 
cdw, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, 



learned: n. one who is ordained without having pre- 
viously passed through a college or university course : 
lit'era'ti, n. plu. -a'-ti (L.I, learned men ; the learned: 
lit'erature, n. -a-tur, written compositions, except 
those on science or art ; writings or productions on a 
given subject ; acquaintance with books ; learning : 
light literature, works of fiction, and that class of 
literary productions in general, meant to beguile idle 
moments : polite literature, literary works of elegance 
and taste, such as poetry, the lighter phases of history, 
ic. ; belles lettres. 

litharge, n. llth'drj (Gr. litharguros, the spume or 
scum of silver— from lithos, a stone, and arguros, sil- 
ver), partially fused or vitrified protoxide of lead, 
which enters largely into the composition of flint- 
glass, and which, if added to boiling linseed and other 
oils, imparts to them the property of drying. 

lithate, n. lith'at (Gr. lithos, a stone), a salt formed 
bv lithic acid with a base. 

lithe, a. lith (Goth, lithus; AS. lith; Ger. glied, a 
limb: Norm, lidr, a joint; lidig, that which bends or 
s with easel, flexible; easiiv bent: lithe'ness, 
»\ flexibility; pli; ' "'" 

„ e ; nimble : lithe 
quality of being lithesc 

lithia, n. lith'-i-d (Gr. lithos, a stone), an alkali, first 
found in a mineral called pelalite : lithium, n. -l-um, 
a white metal obtained from lithia: lith'ic, a. -ik, 
belonging to a stone or calculus ; applied to an acid 
liable to be formed in the kidney or the bladder, and 
to concrete into calculi : lith'ics, n. plu. -iks, medi- 
cines that tend to prevent stone in the bladder. 

lithocarp, n. lith-6-kdrp (Gr. lithos, a stone, and 
karpos, fruit), a fossil fruit, now usually called a 
carpolite. 

lithochromatics, n. plu. lith'6-kro-mdt'lks (Gr. 
lithos, a stone, and chroma, colour), the art of painting 
in oil upon stone, and taking impressions therefrom 
upon canvas. 

lithodomi, n. plu. lith-od'6-ml (Gr. lithos, a stone, 
and domvs, a house), certain mollusca which bore into 
rocks and stones, and form for themselves permanent 
lodgments: lithod'omous, a. -mils, pert. to. 

lithogenous, a. lith-oj'-e-nus (Gr. lithos, a stone, and 
genein, to beget), applied to polypes which secrete or 
bail. I up stony structures, as the coral-polype. 

lithograph, n. llth-ogrdf (Gr. lithos, a stone, and 
grapho, I engrave or write), a print from lettering, 
or irorn a drawing, which has been impressed on a 
prepared stone of a particular description: v. to 
place or impress letters or drawings on stone and 
then transfer them to paper by printing with a 
press : lith'ographing, imp. : lith'ographed, pp. -graft -. 
lithographic, a. -yrdf-lk, also lith'ograph'ical, a. 
-grdj-l-kal, pert, to lithography: lithographically, 
ad. -kdldi: lithography, n. lltli-og'-rdfi, the art of 
placing or impressing on stone either letters or draw- 
ings in a manner suitable for printing from : lithog"- 
rapher, \\. -rCi-fev, a writer or designer on stone; a 
workman who takes impressions from lithographic 
stones : lithographic limestone or slate, a peculiar 
magnesian limestone, slaty, compact, and tine-grained, 
usually obtained from the Lia= and Oolite, and exten- 
sively employed in lithography. 

lithoidal, a. lUh-dy'dal (Gr. lithos, a stone, and 
eidos, resembi. ; i ic arance or structure. 

lithology, ii. ( ii os, a stone, and logos, 

discourse), a treatise on the physical charaeteristies of 
rocks and stral ace to the fossils they 

may contain : lithologic, a, lith'o-loj'lk, also lith olog'- 
ical, a. -I0j-l-kdl, pert, to: lith'ologlcally, ad. -kdl-ll: 
lithol'ogist, n. -61-6-jlst, one who is skilled in the 



clay or fine-grained silica arisinginsc. 

cases from the decomposition of felspathic rocks, as in 
kaolin or China clay, and in others from the deposi- 
tion of aluminous springs. 

lithontriptic, a. lith'oi ithos, a stone, 

and tribo, I grind or wear by friction), having the 
quality of dissolving or destroying the stone in the 
bladder or kidneys : lith'ontrip'tor, n. -ter, an instru- 
ment for destroying the stone in the bladder by crush- 
ing it ; also called Hth'otri'tor, n. -tri'ter. 

lithophagous, a, llth-of'd-gus (Gr. lithos, a stone, and 
phago, I eat), eating or swallowing stones or gravel as- 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



LITH 



828 



LLAN 



a stone, phos, light, and grapho, I write), the art of 
i < i ues by means of 

photographic pii uri d Loped on their surface. 

lithophyl, n. llth'6-fll (Gr. lithos, a stone, andphul- 
Ion, a leaf), the figure of a leaf on fossils. 

lithophytes, n. plu. llth'6-fltz, also lithophyta, n. 
plu. lith'6-ft'ta (Gr. lithos, a stone, and phuton, a 
plant), stone-plants, applied to those polypes which 
secrete a stony axis, as the corals : lith'ophyt'ic, a. 
-fit'lk, or lith'ophy'tous, a. -fl'tus, pert, to stone-coral. 

lithornis, n. llth-or'nls (Gr. lithos, a stone, and ornis, 
ahird), in geol., a, teem applied wm-oi i.-i in bird remains 
from the London or Eocene clay of the Isle of Sheppey. 

lithotomy, n. llth-ot'-o-ml (Gr. lithos, a stone, and 
temno, I cut), the operation or art of cutting for stone 
in the bladder: lithotomic, a. llth'o-tom'-ik, pert, to 
lithotomy: lithot'omist, n. -mist, a surgeon who ex- 
tracts stones iVom the bladder by cutting it. 

lithotripsy, n. lith'o-trlp-sl, also lithotrity, n. llth- 
vf'-fi-ti, and lith'ontrip'ty, n. -6n4r1sp'ti (Gr. lithos, a 
stone, and tribo, I grind or wear by friction), the opera- 
tion of crushing a stone in the bladder in order that it 
may be carried off with the urine : lith'otrip'tic, a. -trip- 
tlk, pert, to : lith'otrip'tist, n. -ttst, lith'ontrip'tist, n. 
or lithot'ritist, n. one skilled in operating for stone in 
the bladder. 

lithotrity, n. llth-ot'rl-tl (Gr. lithos, a stone, and L. 
Iritas, bruised or ground), the operation of breaking 
and crushing a stone in the bladder so that its frag- 
ments may be discharged with the urine : lith'otrite, 
n. -trlt, the instr. for doing this. 

litigate, v. lit'4-gtlt (L. litigatum, to dispute, to quar- 
rel: It. litigare), to contest 0] dispute in law; to en- 
gage in a lawsuit: lit'igating, imp.: lit'igated, pp.: 
lit igant, n. -gclnt, one who contends in law : lit'iga'- 
tion, n. -ga'-shun, the act of carrying on a suit in a 
court of law for the recovery of a right or claim : li- 
tigious, a. li-tlj'us, given to carrying on lawsuits ; con- 
tentious: litigi'ously, ad. -II: litigi'ousness, n. -nis, 
the disposition of being prone to carry on lawsuits. 

litmus, n. llt'mus (Dut. lakmoes, an infusion of a 
lake or purple colour), a purple colouring matter pre- 
pared from certain lichens: litmus paper, unsized 
paper, coloured with litmus, and used as a delicate 
test of the presence of acids, the feeblest acid turning 
litmus paper to a red colour. 

litorn, n. llt'ern, a species of thrush. 

litrameter, n. ll-trdm'S-tcr (Gr. litra, a pound weight, 
and metron, a measure), an instrument for ascertain- 
ing the specific gravity of fluids. 

litre, n. U'-tr (F.), a French liquid measure, about 
1-76 Eng. pints. 

litter, n. llt'-er (F. litiere, the bedding of cattle, a 
covered couch— from lit, a bed: L. lectica, a couch), 
straw, hay, and suchlike, used as a bed for horses, 
&c. ; a framework supporting a sort of bed which may 
be borne by men or a horse ; a brood of young pigs, 
kittens, &c. ; things strewed about in confusion ; a 
condition of disorder or confusion : v. to bring forth, 
as small quadrupeds ; to cover or supply with straw 
or litter: littering, imp.: littered, pp. lit'-erd. 

little, a. Hi / oth. leihls; Icel. litill; 

Dut. luttik, little), small in bulk, extent, or size; low 
in degree; trifling: n. a small portion or quantity; 
small space ; not much : ad. in a small degree or quan- 
tity ; in some degree but not great ; not much : comp. 
less or lesser, les or ISs'-er: superl. least, lest: little- 
ness, n. -nes, smallness of bulk ; meanness ; want of 
dignity : a little, by a small degree ; to a limited ex- 
tent; for a short time: by little and little, slowly 
! ceasing or increasing. 



littoral), of or relating to the sea-shore; in geol., ap- 
plied to oper.it i its which take place near 
the shore, in contradistinction to those of a deep-water 
character; in hot., growing on the sea-shore or on the 
banks of a river : littoral concrete, in geol., a particu- 
lar variety of rock formed by the cementation of sea- 
sand or shells : littoral zone, that zone of marine life 
which lies between high and low water mark, varying 
in extent according to the rise and fall of the tide, and 
the shallowness of the shore. 

lituites, n. plu. llt-u-lfz (L. lituus, a trumpet), in 
geol., a genus of chambered shells whose whorls are 
partially coiled up at the smaller end, and the last 



chamber is produced into a straight trumpet-like 
tube: lituolite, n. lit'fi-o-W, a genus of minute fora- 
imnifera having a spiral form, and straight prolonged 
outer whorl. 

liturgy, n. llt'-er-jl (Gr. leitourgia, a public service— 
from leitos, public, and ergon, work, service), the 



jlk, also litur'gical, a. -jl-kal, pert, to a liturgy. 

live, v. llv (from life, which see : Ger. leben, to live), 
to exist or have being ; to feed or subsist ; to continue 
in ; to dwell ; to have a settled residence in any place ; 
to reside with ; to continue or endure ; to flourish ; to 
remain undestroyed; in Scrip., to be exempt from 
spiritual death ; to attain or approach to Innnm laid y 
hv'ing, imp.: adj. not dead; existing; continuing; 
running; flowing; producing animation and vigour; 
quickening: n. means of subsistence; maintenance; 
power of continuing life ; manner of life ; benefice of a 
clergyman : the living, those who are alive as distin- 
guished from the dead: lived, pp. Kvd: liv'er, n. one 
who lives : live, a.hv, having life ; not dead ; active ; live 
stock, llv-, animals for rearing or exportation : liveli- 
':■• < "', " / n i ■>!•■ -"■. /( lode, way of 

life— from Icel. leid; AS. lad, way), means of living or 
support ; maintenance : livelong, a. llv'ldng, that lives 
or endures long; tedious: lively, a. llv'll, vigorous; 
active; sprightly; animated; energetic: ad. briskly; 
vigorously : liveliness, n. -nSs, sprightliness ; anima- 
tion ; activity : to live down, to live in such a manner 
as to cause people to forget, or not remember unplea- 
santly, some slur on the character or reputation for- 
merly incurred : to live with, to dwell with ; to cohabit. 

liver, n. liv'er (AS. lifere; Ger. leber, liver: Russ. 
liver', the pluck or liver), the organ of the body of a 
deep-red colour lying under the ribs which secretes 
bile : liver-coloured, a. dark or brownish red : liver- 
wort, n. -icert, Iceland moss : liver ore, a dark liver- 
coloured variety of sulphuret of mercury : liver pyr- 
ites, a familiar term for a liver-coloured concretion- 
ary variety of sulphuret of iron. 

livery, n. llv'er-l (F. livrie, something given out in 
stated quantities at stated times to servants, as clothes, 
or the supply of victuals or horse provender— from 
livrer, to deliver), the uniform worn by servants ; the 
state of being kept and fed at a certain rate, as horses ; 
the body of liverymen in the city of London : liv'eried, 
a. -er-ld, wearing a livery : liv'eryman, n. -l-mdn, a 
servant who wears a livery ; a freeman of the city of 
London , entitled to wear th e d i s t. ; > i g 1 1 j : , iiin g 1 i very -gown 
of his company on certain occasions, and to enjoy cer- 
tain privileges : livery-stable, n. a stable where horses 
are kept and mainiain <i in. hire 

lives, n. llvz, plu. of life, which see. 

livid, a. llv'ld (L. lividus, livid : It. livido : F. livide), 
discoloured in the flesh, as from a blow ; black and 
blue; of a lead colour: liv'idness, n. -nes, state or 
quality of being of a black and blue colour. 

living— see under live. 

livraison, n. liv'ru-i6iuj'(F.— from livrer, to deliver), 
a part of a book which is published in successive por- 
tions or numbers ; a commercial term for a partial 
transfer of goods. 

livre, n. le'-vr (F.) the integer of account in the old 
system of France, the name being changed into franc 
at the Revolution. 

lixivial, a. lllts-lv'l-dl (L. lixivius, made into lye — 
from lix, lye), conta the lalt extracted from wood- 
ashes ; resembling lye : lixiviate, v. -l-at, to dissolve 

■ , ni e-;i raei i,l|e Saline niai i (a iV.,m ,vood-,'i.siie:-; .. try 

form lye : adj. making a li ivium v iating, imp. : 



the water imbibing the s; 

water which has been impregnated with alkaline salts 

from wood-ashes. 

lizard, n. liz'-erd (F. lizard; It. lucerta; L. lacerta, 
a lizard), a general name for such animals of the ser- 
pent kind as the crocodile, alligator, chameleon, &c. t 
which have tails and legs, and are covered with scales. 



lazars, or persons afflicted with leprosy. 

llama, n. la'-ma (Peruvian), an animal of the camel 
land, more lightly built, and without a hump, peculiar 
to S. Amer. 

Llandovery Rocks, Mn-dov'er-l, in geol., a, name 
applied to certain sandstones and shales which seem 






m&te, mdt,fdr, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, mdve; 



LLAN 



329 



LOCU 



to form a connecting link between the Lower and 
Upper Silurian series of South Wales. 

llanos, n. la'-noz (Sp.), the flat treeless plains which 
extend along the hanks of the Orinoco, in S. Amer. 

Lloyd's, o. loydz (from Lloyd's Coffee-house, where 
rooms were set apart for the same purpose), a part of 
the Royal Exchange, London, set apart for brokers 
and others engaged in the insurance of ships, &c. : 
Lloyd's list, a daily sheet chiefly containing shipping 
intelligence: Lloyd's agents, persons who act in va- 
rious parts of the world for the committee of under- 
writers at Lloyd's, and \ kinds of infor- 
mation connected with shipping, and discharge other 
duties in their interest. 

lo, int. 10 (AS. la), look; behold. 

loach or loche, n. loch (F. loche), a small river-fish 
found in clear streams. 

load, n. lod (AS. Mad, a load; hladan, to load: Icel. 
hladi, aheap), a burden; a cargo; that which is borne 
with inconvenience, difficulty, or pain ; weight ; pres- 
sure ; a weight, or defined quantities of different com- 
modities or bulky merchandise : v. to burden ; to lay 
on or in for conveyance; to make heavy by some- 
thing added ; to charge, as a gun ; to bestow or confer 
abundantly: loading, imp. burdening; charging, as 
a gun : n. a burden ; a cargo : load'ed, pp. also laden, 
pp. la'dn: adj. charged with a load or cargo; bur- 
dened or oppressed, as with a load. Note.—" When we 
view an object already provided with a load so as to 
fix our attention on its present condition rather than 
the process by which that condition was brought about, 
the object is laden; when we look at the process of 
laying on a load, rather than its effect of leaving 
another object laden, the participle is loaded."— La- 
tham. We say "a loaded gun," but "a laden ship," 
and " laden with death:" loader, n. -er, one who, or 
that which. 

loadstone, n. lOd'stOn (AS. lad ; Icel. leid, a way, a 
journey, and Eng. stone: Icel. leidarstein, a stone of 
the way or of conduct, a loadstone), an ore of iron 
possessing magnetic properties; the magnet: load- 
star, n. -st&r (Icel. leidarstiarna. a star of conduct), 
the pole-star; the leading or guiding star. 

loaf, n. 16/ (AS. hlaf; Goth, hlaibs; Fin. laipe, 
bread, loaf), a mass or lump of baked bread; a coni- 
cal mass of refined sugar : plu. loaves, lovz. 

loafer, n. lof-er (Sp. gallofear, to saunter about and 
live upon alms), a slang Amer. term, signifying an 
idle lounger; a vagrant: loafing, a. wandering idly; 
lounging. 

loam, n. 10m (AS. lam; Dut. leem; Ger. leim, clay: L. 
limns, mud, clay), a soil consisting of clay mixed with 
sand and vegetable mould: loamy, a. lo'ml, consisting 
of loam ; partaking of the nature of loam, or like it. 

loan, n. Ion (Icel. Ian; Dan. laan, anything lent: 
Sw. lana, to lend), anything given for temporary use ; 
sum of money lent for a time at interest ; grant of the 
use : v. to grant the use of for a time ; to lend : loan'- 
ing. imp. : loaned, pp. lond: loan-monger, a dealer 
in loans; a money-lender: loan-office, a place where 
small sums of money are lent at high interest to be 
repaid by instalments ; a pawnbroking office. 

loan, n. Ion (Scot.), a lane; a quiet, shady, winding 
path ; also loaning, n. lon'ing. 

loathe, v. loth (AS. lath, hateful, evil: Ger. leid, what 
is offensive to the feelings : F. laid, ugly), to regard 
with mingled hatred and disgust; to feel disgust at, 
as at food or drink: loath, a. loth, filled with aver- 
sion ; unwilling ; backward ; reluctant : loathing, imp. 
loth'lng: n. disgust; nausea; aversion: loathed, pp. 
lotkd: loath'er, n. -er, one who feels disgust: loath- 
ful, a. -fool, disgusting ; exciting abhorrence : loath- 
ingly, ad. -II: loathsome, a. loth-sum, disgusting; 
hateful: loath'somely, ad. -II: loath'someness, n. 
-nes, the quality of exi or abhorrence. 

loaves, n. lovz, the plu. of loaf, which see. 

lobate — see under lobe. 

lobby, n. lob'bi (Ger. laube, an arbour— from laub, 
foliage: mid. L. lobia, an open portico), an ante- 
chamber or gallery; a hall or passage serving as a 
common entrance to different apartments. 

lobe, n. lob (F. lobe, a lobe : Gr. lobos, the tip of the 
ear: It. lobo), a part or division of the lungs, liver, 
&c. ; the lower soft part of the ear ; in bot. , a large 
division of a leaf, or of a seed— often applied to the 
divisions of the anther: lobed, a. lobd, also lobate, 
a. lo'bat, having lobes or divisions : lobule, n. lob'-ul, 
alittle lobe, or the subdivision of a lobe : lob'ular, a. 
-U-ler, belonging to or affecting a lobe. 



lobelia, n. lo-be'U-Ci (said to be after Lobel, a botan- 
ist of King James I.), the name of an extensive genus 
of beautiful plants; Indian tobacco, used in medicine 
as an emetic, an expectorant, &c. 

loblolly, n. ISb-lol'U (old Eng. lob, something not 
having strength to support itself— as a verb, to hang 
down, and loll), among seamen, gruel or spoon meat. 

lobster, n. lob' stir (AS. lopustre; L. locusta, a lob- 
ster), a well-known crustacean, having a many-jointed 



local, a. lo'kal (L. localis, pert, to a place— from locus, 
a place: F. local; It. locale, local), pert, to or limited 
tea particular spot or place: lo'cally, ad. -II: locality, 
n. W-kdV-btl, existence in a place ; limitation to a cer- 
tain district; situation: localise, v. lo'kdl-lz, to make 
local ; to limit to a particular place : lo'cali sing, imp. : 
localised, pp. -izd: localisation, n. lo-kdl-bza'shun, 
the act of fixing or limiting to a particular place. 

locate, v. lo-kat' (L. locatum, to set or dispose — from 
locus, a place), to set in a particular place or position ; 
in U. S., to select or survey for settlement: loca'ting, 
imp. : loca'ted, pp. : location, n. lo-ka'slnhi, situation 
with respect to place ; that which is located ; state of 
being placed; a colonial name for surveyed land; a 
settlement. 

loch, n. lok (Gael, loch, an arm of the sea: W, 
Ihvch, a lake), in Scot., a lake ; a bay ; an inlet or ami 
of the sea. Note.— The ch in Scotch is guttural. 

Lochaber-axe, n. lo-kab'ir-aks (from Lochaber, a 
district of Scotland), a formidable weapon of war, 
formerly used by the Highlanders of Scotland, consist- 
ing of a short pole with a sharp axe at one end. Note. 
—The Scotch pronunciation of ch is guttural. 

lochia, n. lo-ki'd (Gr. locheia, child-birth), in med., 
the discharge that flows from the uterus and vagina 
after child-birth while the mucous membrane is re- 
turning to its former condition: lochial, a. lo'kl-dl, 
pert, to or connected with the lochia. 

lock, n. lok (Icel. loka, a bolt— from loka, to shut: 
AS. loc, a place shut in), a machine for fastening doors, 
&c, by means of a key; the part of a gun or rifle by 
— hich it is discharged ; the part of a canal confined 



fast; to embrace closely; to become fast: locking, 
imp.: locked, pp. lockt: adj. made fast; furnished 
with a lock; closely embraced: lockage, n. lok'O.j, the 
whole locks on a canal ; a toll paid for passing 
through : lock-fast, a. -fdst, made close and secure by 
a lock: lock-jaw or locked-jaw, n. lokt-, rigidity or 
stiffness of the lower jaw, which adheres so firmly to 
the upper that it cannot be separated : lock-smith, one 
who constructs locks or repairs them: lock-up, a 
temporary prison : dead-lock, a complication or 
counteraction of things producing an entire stoppage. 

lock, n. lok (Dut. locke, a lock or flock of wool : Icel. 
lockr, a lock of hair), a tuft of hair ; a small bunch or 
tuft of wool ; ringlets or straggling tufts of hair around 
the forehead. 

locker, n. lok'er (Dut. loker, a case or cover— from 
loken, to shut), a shut receptacle along the side of a 
ship ; a drawer or cupboard which may be closed by 
a lock ; a custom-house officer of the water-side : Davy- 
Jones's locker, among sailors, a familiar nickname for 
the bottom of the sea: not a shot in the locker, 
among sailors, a familiar phrase for being without 
money. 

locket, n. lok'-et (dim. of Eng. lock: F. locquet), a 
little case, generally of gold or silver, attached to a 
necklace or guard, containing hair, a miniature, or 
other memento. 

locomotion, n. lo'kd-mo'shwi (L. locus, place, and 
rnotum, to move : F. locomotion), the act or power of 
moving from place to place: lo'como'tive, n. -tiv, a 
steam-engine on a railway which draws the carriages 
and moves along with them : adj. moving from place 
to place; not stationary: lo'comotiv'ity, n. -tiv'l-ti, 
the power of changing place. 

loculament, n. lok'u-ld-ment (L. loculamentum, a 
case, a receptacle— from loculus, a little place), in 
bot., a cavity in the pericarp containing the seed; one 
of the cells of the anther: locular, a. lok'u-Ur, relat- 
ing to the seed-cell or compartment of an ovary : loc- 
ulous, a. -lus, divided internally into cells. 

loculicidal, a. lok'u-li-si'ddl (L. loculus, a cell, and 
cozdere, to cut), in bot., applied to fruit dehiscing 
through the back of the carpels. 
.locus, n. lo'-kus (L. locus, a place), in anc. geom., a 



cow, bdy,/o~bt; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



LOCU 



330 



LOME 



line, right or curved, every point of which satisfies 
given conditions; in mod. geom., the curve described 
by a variable point, and also the surface generated by 
a variable curve. 

locust, n. lo'kiist (L. locusta, a cray-fish, a locust: 
It. locusta: F. locuste), a migratory winged insect, very 
destructive to vegetation ; a name applied to several 
plants or trees : locusta, n. lo-kus'-ta, in hot., a spikelet 
of grasses formed of one or several flowers: locust- 
beans, a name for the sweet pods of the carob-tree. 

lode, n. lod(AB. lad; Icel. leid, a way: AS. Icedan; 
Icel. leida, to lead, to conduct), among miners, a 
metalliferous or ore-producing mineral vein: lode- 
stone, tin-stone ; magnetic iron ore ; another spelling 
of loadstone. 

lodge, n. Idj (F. loge, a hut or small apartment; 
loner, to sojourn: Rus. logit', to place, to lay), a small 
house or cottage at the entrance to the park of a man- 
sion-house; a meeting or club of freemasons: v. to 
lay or deposit for safe keeping; to plant; to fix or 
settle in the mind ; to furnish with a temporary dwel- 
ling; to reside: lodging, imp.: n. a place of rest or 
temporary residence; plu. a room or rooms hired in 
the house of another: lodged, pp. lojd: lodger, n. 
loj'er, one who lives in a hired room or rooms in the 
house of another : lodg'ment, u. -meat, a being placed 
or deposited at rest for keeping for a time ; accumula- 
tion ; collection ; in mil., a work thrown up by besieg- 
ers during their approaches in some dangerous post to 
secure it from being retaken, and to protect the troops 
from the enemy's fire: lodging-house, a house in 
which a room or rooms furnished are let: to lodge an 
information, to make a complaint. 

lodicule, n. lod'i-kul (L. lodicula, a small coverlet), 
in bot., a scale at the base of the ovary of grasses. 

loess, n. lo'cs, a German term for an ancient loamy 
deposit in the basin of the lthine, abounding in fresh- 
water shells of existing species. 

loft, 11. loft (Icel. lopt, the sky or air: Dan. loft, 
ceiling, loft— see lift), a floor above another, especially 
one where anything is stored, commonly under the 
roof; a gallery in a hall or church: lofty, a. I6f'-ti, 
elevated in place, condition, character, sentiment, or 
diction ; dignified ; proud ; haughty ; sublime : loftily, 
ad. -II: loftiness, n. -nas, height; elevation, as in 
place or position; pride ; dignity ; haughtiness: rood- 
loft, aloft or gallery in a chun-h on which the rood — 
i.e., a representation of the crucified Saviour or of the 
Trinity— was set up to view. 

log, n. log (Dut. log, unwieldy, heavy), an unhewn 
or undressed piece of timber not adapted to any special 
purpose; a large heavy piece of firewood; among 
seamen (probably from old Eng. log, to oscillate : Dan. 
logre, to wag thfl tail : W. Hag, loose, Slack), a little 
board so fixed as to remain upright and motionless 
in the water, while the ship moves on, for the purpose 
of ascertaining the rate of sailing ; a school register 
of daily proceedings, progress, and remarks: the 
log or log-book, a book i > i ng the rate of 

a ship's velocity, as indicated by the log, with notes 
on the state of the weather and incidents of the 
voyage, &c: log-line, the line which is thrown over 
the stern of a ship with the float or log attached, for 
the purpose of measuring the rate at which she is 
proceeding, and which is marked into divisions of the 
120th part of a mile each by knots : logman, one who 
hews timber : logwood, a red heavy wood, being the 
heart- wood of a tree of the W. I. and S. Amer., em- 
ployed in dyeing and calico-printing: logged, a. logd, 
or water-logged, a. rendered motionless as a log ; dis- 
abled from motion or action by water, as a ship : log- 
house, a house built of rough-hewn logs, as in the 
backwoods of N. Amer. 

log, n. log (Heb. ), a Jewish liquid measure, containing 
about five-sixths of a pint. 

log. log, contr. for logarithm, which see. 

logan-'stones, n. plu. lo'gdn-stonz, properly logging- 
stones, n. 10': (ol log, to oscillate: Dan. 

logre, to wag the tail : W. Hag, loose), weather-worn 
blocks of stones so finely balanced on their pivot-like 
bases, that a very ordinary force suffices to make them 
rock from side to side ; also called rocking-stones. 

logarithms, n. plu. log'd-rithmz : log'arithm, n. 
sing, -rlthm (Gr. logos, a word, a ratio, and arithmos, 
number), a system of artificial numbers which greatly 
facilitate certain calculations, in such a way that 
while the natural numbers increase in geometrical 
progression, their logarithms increase in arithmetical 
progression only ; thus, while 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 are 
mate, m&t.f&r, law; mete, m6t, 



natural numbers, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 are their correspond- 
ing logarithms: logarithmic, a. I0g'-d-rith'-mik, also 
log arith'mical, a. -ml-kul, consisting of or done by 
logarithms : logarithmically, ad. -II. 

logger-head, n. log'ger-hed (Dut. log, unwieldy, 
heavy, and Eng. head), a dunce; a blockhead; a 
species of sea-turtle : at or to logger-heads, quarrel- 
ling; disputing. 

logic, n. loj'ik (Gr. logike, with techne understood, 
the art of reasoning ; logos, speech, reason : L. and It. 
logica ; Fr. logique, the art of logic), the examination of 
that part of reasoning which depends upon tin; manner 
in which inferences are formed, and the investigations 
of general maxims and rules for constructing argu- 
ments, so that the conclusion may contain no inac- 
curacy which was not previously inserted in the pre- 
mises ; the science of the laws of thought, as thought ; 
the art of using reason well in our inquiries after 
truth, and the coimnunica.tioti of it to others: logical, 
a. loj'i-kdl, according to the rules of logic ; founded on 
reason ; clear ; rational ; discriminating: logically, ad. 
-li: logician, n. lO-jlsWan, a person skilled in logic. 

logistics, n. plu. lo-jU'-til.i (Gr. lo<ii:;likos, skilled in 
calculating— from logos, a word, a number), a system 
of arithmetic in which numbers are expressed in a 
scale of sixty: logis'tic, a. -tlk, also logistical, a. 
-tl-kdl, made on the scale of sixty. 

logography, n. lo gug'-rd-fi (Gr. logos, a word, and 
graphe, a writing), a method of printing in which a 
type represents a word instead of a letter: logogra- 
phic, a. log'o-grdf'ik, also log'ographlcal, a. -l-kdl, 
pert, to logography. 

logomachy, n. lo-gom'd-ki (Gr. logos, a word, and 
mache, a fight, a contest), contention about words ; a 
— x of words. 



measure or ascertain chemical equivalents. 

logotype, n. log'-0-tip (Gr. logos, a word, and tuj)os, 
a mark impressed, a stamp), a type embracing a word; 
two or more letters cast in one piece. 

logwood— see log. 

loin, n. Idyn, usually in the plu. loins, Idynz (old F. 
logne; Scot, lunyie, loin: L. lumbus, a loin), the lower 
or hinder half of the trunk of an animal ; the reins. 

loiter, v. Wj/^Jr (Swiss, lottt-rn, to .joggle: Bav. lot- 
ter, a lazy or loose-living man : Fin. lotto, anything 
dangling : Low Ger. luddern, to be lazy), to linger J " 
be slow in moving ; to spend time idly ; to saur 
loi'tering, imp.: adj. lingering; moving slowly 
tered, pp. Idy'terd: loiterer, n. -ter-er, one who d 
an idler: loi'teringly, ad. -li. 

Lok, n. Idle, also Loki, n. lok'-l (Icel. loki— -from lok . 
to allure: Ger. locken, to allure), in Scand. myth., the 
evil deity, the author of all calamities. 

loll, v. 161 (Dut. lollen, to warm one's self over the 
coals: Icel. lall, the first imperfect walk of a child; 
lolla, to move or act slowly ; loll, sloth), to lounge ; to 
give way to sloth ; to rest lazily against anything ; to 
hang out loosely, as the tongue ; to thrust out, as the 
tongue : lolling, imp. : lolled, pp. lold. 

Lollard, n. lol'erd (old Eng. loll, to wander idly 
about and live at the cost of others: lollere, and 
lollaerd, a sluggard, an idle wanderer : old Ger. lollen, 
to sing: mid. L. Lollardus, a Lollard), one of a sect of 
early reformers in Germany in the 13th and 14th cen- 
turies who went, about preaching reformation of life, 
and having excited the indignation of the Church by 
not joining any of the regular orders of the clergy or 
monks, were so called in contempt; in Eng., a fol- 
lower of Wickliffe. Note.— The origin of the term 
Lollard is very much disputed, but the above appears 
to the author as the most probable. 

lollipop, n. 161 : l ■/•(>)> (Bav. In//ea, to suck, and pajxz, 
the infantine expression for eating : prov. Ger. pappe, 
anything nice to eat), a coarse common kind of sweet- 
meat. 

Lombard, n. lom'bcrd, a native of Lombardy, in 
Italy; on the Continent, a banker or money-lender: 
Lombardic, a. lom-bdrd'lk, pert, to the Lombards or 
Lombardy: Lombardy house, lom'berd-i, a public 
pawnbroking establishment : Lombard Street, in Lon- 
don, the chief street for banks, discount-brokers, and 
bullion-dealers ; the money market. 

loment, n. lo'ment, also lomentum, n. 16-mSnt'nm 
(L. lomentum, bean-meal), in bot. , a legume or pod with 
transverse partitions, each division containing one 
seed: lomentaceous.a. lo'-mSn-ta'-shus, furnished with 
a loment ; bearing loments. 






Mr; pine, pin; note, not, move; 



LONC 



331 



LOOP 



lonchopteris, n. lon-kop'-ter-ls (Gr. longche, a spear, 
andj'tt rig, a tern), in giol., a fossil fern-like frond, occur- 
ring in the Coal-measures, having leaves many times 
pinnate. 

Londoner, n. lun'-diin-er, a native or inhabitant of 
London : Londonism, n. liin '-dun-tern, a form of speech 
peculiar to London : London clay, one of the members 
of the Lower Tertiary or Eocene beds of the London 
basin. 

lone, a. Ion fan abbreviated form of alone), solitary; 
retired; without a companion; single: lonely, a. 
lon'-ll, solitary ; retired ; addicted to solitude : lone'li- 
ness, n. -ll-nes, solitude ; retirement: lonesome, a. Ion'- 
sum, solitary; secluded from society; dismal: lone'- 
somely, ad. -II : lone'someness, n. -nes, state of being 
lonesome or solitary. 

long, a. long (Icel. langr ; L. longus, long: F. long), 
not short ; drawn out in length or time : continued, as 
in time or sound ; extending far in space or prospect : 
ad. to a great length or extent ; not for a sbort time ; 
throughout, as all his life long : longish, a. l&ng'-gUh, 
rather long: long ago, at a point of duration far dis- 
tant in the past: long-boat, the largest boat belong- 
ing to a ship of war : long-bow, a bow of the height 
of the archer : long dozen, one more than a dozen : 
long-headed, a. endowed with forethought and saga- 
city ; in an unfavourable sense, cunning or overreach- 
ing: long home, the grave: long hundred, six score 
or 120: long-lived, a. living or lasting long: long 
measure, a measure of length : longprimer, a printing- 
type: long range, the greatest distance to which shot 
or shells may be projected by guns or mortars effect- 
ively: long-shanked, a. -shankt, having long legs: 
long-sighted, a. far-seeing ; sagacious : long stop, at 
cricket, one who is set behind the wicket-keeper to 
stop balls sent a long distance : long-spun, a. ex- 
tended to a great length; tedious: long-suffering, a. 
not easily provoked ; patient : n. patience of offence ; 
clemency : long Tom, a sort of cradle used for washing 
out gold by miners at the gold-fields: long-tongued, 
a. babbling ; talking overmuch : long vacation, in the 
Eng. courts, a recess extending from 10th August to 
about the end of October: long'ways, ad. I6ng'-waz, 
also long'wise, ad. -u-lz, in the direction of its length : 
long-winded, a. tedious ; protracted : long yarn, an 
incredible story ; a sailor's tale : in the long-run, the 
•whole course of things taken together ; in the final 
result: not long, soon: the long and short of any- 
thing, the whole ; the details as well as the general 
view : to draw the long-bow, to exaggerate ; to tell 
lies. 

long, v. long— followed by after or for (AS. langian, 
to increase, to lengthen— from lang, long: Ger. ver- 
langen, to long for), to desire or wish for earnestly ; 
to wish for eagerly: long'ing, imp.: adj. having an 
earnest de?ire; having a preternatural era vino:: n. an 
earnest desire ; a continual wish or craving : longed, 
pp. longd. 

longer, a. long'-ger (from long, which see), comp. deg. 
of long; of greater length : ad. for a greater duration: 
long'est, a -gest, superl. deg. of long ; of the greatest 
extent. 

longeval, a. lon-je'-val, also longe'vous, a. -je'-vus (L. 
longus, long, and ccvicm, an age), long-lived : longev- 
ity, n. I6n-j6v'-l-tx, great length of life ; old age. 

longimetry, n. lon-jlm'-e-trl (L. longus, long, and Gr. 
metron, a measure), the art or practice of measuring 
distances or lengths. 

longing, longingly— see long. 

longipennate, a. Idn'-jl-prn'-nat (L. longus, long, and 
penna, a wing or feather), long-winged— applied to 
birds. 

longirostral, a. lon'-jl-ros'-trCil (L. longus, long, and 
rostrum, a beak or bill), long-beaked — applied to 
birds: Ion giros'tres, n. plu. -trez, a family of wading 
birds having long bills. 

longitude, n. lon'-ji-tud (L. longitudo, length of time 
or space— from longus, long: It. longitudine: F. lon- 
gitude), the distance east or west of any place on the 
earth's surface from a certain fixed point — in Eng. 
that point is .the Royal Observatory, at Greenwich, 
near London— that of France is in Paris : lon'gitu'di- 
nal, a. -tu'di-nal, pert, to longitude or length ; ex- 
tending or running lengthwise : lon'gitu'dinally, ad. 
-II: longitude from, the lonsritude of the place sailed 
from : longitude in, the longitude of the place sailed 
to : the longitude of a heavenly body, the arc of the 
ecliptic intercepted between the first point of Aries, 
and the secondary circle to the ecliptic, which passes 
cow, boy, foot; pure, oud; chair, 



through the place of the body : circles of celestial lon- 
gitude, great circles of the celestial concave passing 
through the poles of the ecliptic, and so called because 
they severally mark out all points which have the 
same longitude— also called circles of latitude, be- 
cause latitudes are measured upon them. 

longmynd rocks, n. plu. long'-mind-roks, in geol., 
" bottom rocks," including all those unfossiliferous, 
or but sparingly fossiliferous, conglomerates, grits, 
schists, and slates, which lie at the base of the Silurian 
system— so called because typically developed in the 
Longmynd Hills, Sliropshire. 

loo, n. 16 (F. lot, a lot, a prize), a game at cards: v. 
to beat at the game of loo : loo'ing, imp. : looed, pp. 
Ivd: loo-table, a round table for a sitting-room— so 
called from being conveniently adapted for a circle of 
persons playing at the game of loo. 

looby, n. loob'-i (Icel. iubbaz, to loiter about ; lubbi, 
a dog having a shaggy coat and hanging ears, a lazy 
servant: W. llabi, a long lubberly" fellow), a dull, 
lumpish, lazy fellow ; an awkward, clumsy person : 
loob'ily, a. -i-li, awkward ; clumsy : ad. in an awk- 
ward, clumsy manner. 

loof, n. I6f (see luff), the after part of a ship's how. 

look, v. look (Bav. luegen, to look : Swiss, Vugen, to 
look; lugen, eyes: old F. louquer, to look askance), 
to direct the eye to or from anything ; to con- 
sider; to apply the mind or understanding; to ex- 
amine; to have any particular appearance; to have 
any air or manner ; to face or front— usually followed 
by on, at, for, after, tenvards: n. the act of looking ; 
air of the face ; sight ; glance ; appearance ; view : 
int. see; behold : looking, imp. : adj. having appear- 
ance, as in good-looking : n. expectation, followed by 
for: looked, pp. Idbkt: look'er, n. -er, one who looks; 
a spectator: to look about one, to be vigilant: to 
look after, to attend to or take care of: to look black, 
to frown; to show signs of strong dislike: to look 
blank, to have a stupid bewildered appearance, arising 
from the sudden and unexpected announcement of 
something of an unpleasaut nature: to look down on or 
upon,to treat with indilference or contempt: to lookfor, 
to expect ; to search : to look in the face, to face or 
meet with boldness : to look into, to inspect closely ; 
to examine : to look on or upon, to respect or esteem ; 
to regard as good or bad ; to consider ; to view ; to be 
a mere idle spectator : to look out, to be on the watch ; 
to search for and discover ; to choose : to look over, 
to examine one by one : to look to or unto, to watch ; 
to take care of : to look up, to search for and find ; to 
show a tendency to rise or improve, as prices are look- 
ing up : to look up to, to respect : looking-glass, a 
mirror: look-out, n. a small watch-tower, or an eleva- 
tion, on the roof of a bulding ; a view ; a prospect ; 
watch. 

lool, n. 161, a vessel used to receive the washings of 
ores in mining districts. 

loom, n. 16m (AS. geloma or loma, utensils, house- 
hold stuff: Gael. lamp, a hand or handle), a utensil; 
a tool ; a machine in which cloth is woven ; the part 
of an oar lying within the boat when rowing : hand- 
loom, a loom wrought by the hand: heir-loom, see 
heir : power-loom, a loom wrought by steam : jac- 
quard-loom,irtA- : «cd- or ja-kdrd'-, a machine invented 
by M. Jacquard of Lyons for weaving figured goods. 

loom, v. 16m (Dut. luimen, to look covertly, to 
watch : AS. leoma, a ray of light, a beam), to be seen 
imperfectly, as a ship on the horizon, or when seen 
through a mist ; to appear indistinctly above the sur- 
face either of sea or land ; to appear larger than the 
real size, and indistinctly ; to appear to the mind's eye 
faintly or obscurely, or, as it were, in the distance : 
loom'ing, imp. : n. the indistinct appearance of a dis- 
tant object, as in a mist, or particular state of the at- 
mosphere : loomed, pp. l&md. 

loon, n. I6n (Dut. loen, a stupid, silly man), a lazy, 
good-for-nothing fellow ; a sorry fellow. 

loop, n. lop (Gael, lub, to bend, to loop; lubach, 
crooked), a folding or doubling of one part of a string 
or cord through which another part may be run for 
fastening ; an ornamental doubling in fringes ; a noose: 
v. to form with loops ; to fasten the loops of: loop'- 
ing, imp. : looped, pp. lopt: adj. having loops: loop- 
line, a connecting line in a railway, having each end 
joined to the main line. 

looping, n. lop'-ing (Dut. loopen, to run), the run- 
ning together, or semi-fusion, of pieces of ore, when 
heated for calcination only. 

loop-hole, n. lop'-hol (Lang, loup, a small window 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



LOOS 



332 



LOUN 



in a roof: Dut. luipen, to peep, to lurk), a peep-hole 
in the wall of a castle from hem e bo shoot in safety 
at the enemy ; a small hole in the bulk-head of a ship ; 

;•;<'<■! d means oi -scape; a hole into or through which 
one may slip ; figuratively, evasion or shift : loop- 
holed, a. full of holes or openings. 

loose, a. 16s (Dut. los, loose: Goth, laus, empty), 
unbound ; not fastened or confined : slack ; not tight 
or close ; not precise or exact ; vague ; rambling ; lax, 
as the bowels; not concise; not accurati . 'it in>< i. ; , , 
wanton; inattentive: v. to untie or unbind; to re- 
lease or set at liberty ; to let go ; to remit or absolve ; 
to set sail: loosing, imp. : loosad, pp. lost : loosely, 
ad. -II, not firmly ; without connection ; negligently ; 
irregularly ; wantonly ; dissolutely : loose'ness, n. 
-n8s, the state of being loose ; slackness ; the opposite 
ii i i i nl mty; habit- 

ual lewdness; diarrhoea: to break loose, to escape 
from confinement or restraint : to let loose, to set at 
liberty: loose-box, a compartment for horses ; a stall 
where they are not tied : loose cash, small change of 
which no strict reckoning is kept : to play fast and 
loose, to be so uncertain as to do, now one thing, now 



from tightness; to render less tight or compact; to 
relax; to become loose: loosening, imp. 16'sSn-lng : 
loosened, pp. Id'-snd, freed from tightness or close- 
ness ; rendered loose. 

loot, n. Idt (Hind.), in & J., theft or plunder ; plun- 
der taken in war : v. to carry off as plunder ; to ran- 
sack houses for plunder : looting, imp. : loot'ed, pp. 

lop, v. lop (It. lappare, to lop trees : Ger. laub, foli- 
age), to cut off, as branches from a tree ; to prune : 
lop'prng. imp. : n. the act of cutting off; that which 
is cut off : lopped, pp. I6pt. 

n,mg or dang- 
ling : Icel. lapa, to hang loose), dependent ; hanging 
down : lop-eared, a. having hanging ears : lop-sided, 
a. heavier on one side I I Kb as a ship. 

lophiodon, n. 16-fl'o-don (Gr. lophia, a ridge, a 
crest, and odous, a tooth), in geol., an extinct tapir- 
like pachyderm of the Tertiary epoch, having crested 
teeth. 

lophobranchiate, a. lof'-d-brdng'kl-at (Gr. lophia, a 
ridge, a crest., and brniigkia, gills), having gills ar- 
ranged in tufts, applied to an order of fishes. 

loquacious, a. 16-kwd'shils (L. loquax, full of words, 

talkative— gen. loquacis : It. and F. loquace), given to 

much talking; garrulous: loqua'ciousness, n. -shus- 

nes, also loquacity, n. Id kwti I tl, I tie habit of exces- 

' mi i uility: loqua'ciously, ad. -11. 

lorate, a. lb-rat (L. lorum, a thong or strap), in hot. 
and zool., applied to organs or members having the 
form of a thong or strap. 

lorcha, n. Ur'chd, a light coasting vessel used in 
China, and the Eastern seas, having the hull built on 
a European model, but rigged like a Chinese junk. 

lord, n. lnTr i i. ii > i /, : Icel. lavardr, a master, 
a lord: Scot, laird, a landholder, a proprietor), one 
who possesses the highest power or authority ; a hus- 
band ; a master ; a sovereign ; a ruler ; a baron in 
the British peerage ; any peer of the realm ; any son of 
a duke or marquess, or the eldest son of an earl ; an 
honorary title of chief magistrates of certain cities or 
towns in England, Scotland, and Ireland, and some 

1 1 'ii> i i ii cllor, lord jus- 

tice-clerk, &c: Lord, tin Su|>r< .■nn 'Bring: v. to domi- 
neer or tyrannise: lording, imp.: lord'ed, pp.: lordly, 
a.-ll, also lord-like, a. becoming a lord; haughty; proud ; 
insolent ; arrogant : ad. proudly ; imperiously : lordli- 
ness, n. -ll-nr trig] station; pride; haughtiness: 
lordling, n. a little lord ; a would-be lord : my lord, 
your lordship, forms of expression used in addressing 
a lord : lord'ship, n. a title of address to a nobleman 
or high officer ; the territory or jurisdiction of a lord ; 
amanor; domin'u i • < ity: Lord's day, n. lordz' 
dd, the Christian Sabbath ; the first day of the week, 
or Sunday : Lord's Supper, the Holy Communion ; 
the Eucharist : Our Lord, Jesus Christ ; the Saviour : 
Lord Advocate, the chief law officer of the Crown in 
Scotland, usually a Cabinet Minister and an M.P. : 
Lord High Chancellor, the highest judicial officer of 
the Crown, the presiding judge in the Court of Chan- 
cery, and the Speaker of the House of Lords : Lord 
Justice-Clerk, the second in rank of the two highest 
judges of the Supreme Court of Scotland : Lord Lieu- 
tenant—see lieutenant: Lord Justice - General or 
Lord President, the highest in rank of the judges of 

mate, mti,t, far, law ; mete, mSt, 



the Supreme Court of Scotland: Lords Spiritual, the 
archbishops and bishops having seats in the House of 
Lords: Lords Temporal, bhepee] of] ngland, sixteen 
representatives of the Scotc] md nty-eight of the 
Irish, peerage : House of Lords, one of the constituent 
parts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, con- 
sisting of the Louis Spiritual and Temporal. 

lore, n. lor (AS. lare, teaching), learning; erudition; 
instruction. 

lore, n. lor (L. lorum, a strap or thong), in birds, the 
space between the bill and the eye ; a corneous angu- 
lar machine observable in the mouths of certain in- 
sects. 

loricate, v. Idr'i-kat (L. loricatum, to cover with a 
breastplate of metal— from lorica, a coat of mail), to 
cover with a coat of mail ; to plate over ; to cover with 
a crust or coating: lor'icating, imp.: lorlcated, pp.: 
adj. covered or clad with horny or bony plates or 
scutes, like the crocodile : lorlca'tion, n. -ka'shun, 
the operation of covering anything with a plate or 
crust for defence. 

loriot, n. lor'i-6t(F. loriot— from L. aureolus, golden 
— from aurum, gold), a bird called witwall ; the oriole. 

lorry, n. lor'ri, a four-wheeled waggon without 
sides, for the carriage of heavy or bulky goods ; a coal- 
truck. 

lory, n. lo'-rl (Hind, luri, a parrot), a bird of the par- 
rot kind, usually of a red colour. 

lose, v. loz (AS. lesan; Goth, fraliusan, to lose), to 
mislay ; to lay or drop so as not to be able to find ; not 
to gain or win ; to be deprived of; to fail to obtain ; 
to miss; to wander from; to bewilder; to waste, as 
time ; to squander or throw away ; to ruin or destroy ; 
not to employ or enjoy; to suffer loss: losing, imp.: 
adj. causing or bringing loss: n. loss: lost, pt. pp. 
lost, did lose : adj. laid or dropt so as not to he able to 
find or recover; gone from our possession or view; 
not visible ; mislaid ; that cannot be found ; destroyed ; 
ruined; wasted; bewildered; perplexed; alienated: 
loser, n. lo'zer, one who is deprived of anything, as by 
defeat, &c; one who fails to gain in a transaction: 
lo'singly, ad. -II: to lose ground, to fall behind; to 
suffer gradual loss : to lose heart, to become timid or 
.discouraged : to lose one's self, to become bewildered ; 
to miss or be ignorant of one's way. 

loss, n. Ids (from lose, which see), deprivation; de- 
struction; injury; failure; waste; leakage; that 
which is lost : at a loss, puzzled ; perplexed. 

lost — see under lose. 

lot, n. lot (Goth, hlauts; Ger. loss, lot: Icel. hlutr, 
lot ; hluti, portion : F. lot), that which falls to any one 
as his fortune ; fate ; fortune ; chance ; anything used 
in determining chances, as to cast or draw lots ; a par- 
cel ; a piece or division of land ; in familiar language, 
collection, as, they are a sorry lot ; abundaijce, as, we 
have a lot of money: v. to sort in lots; to catalogue: 
lofting, imp.: lofted, pp.: to cast lots, to use or 
throw a die, or to employ other means of chance, in 
order to determine an event : to draw lots, to deter- 
mine a matter by drawing one from two or more 
things, marked with symbols agreed upon, but which 
are concealed from the drawer while drawing: to pay 
scot and lot (AS. scot, payment), to pay taxes accord- 
ing to ability. 

Iote, n. lot, also lotus, n. lo'tus (Gr. and L. lotos; L. 
lotus; It. loto, lotus), a genus of leguminous creeping 
plants, found in different countries, and of different 

■ ii ii *ia ii plant; a small tree. 

lotion, n. lo-shun (L. lotio, a washing: F. lotion), a 
medicated solution or watery mixture for external 
use ; a medicinal wash. 

loth, a. loth, another spelling of loath— see loathe. 

lottery, n. lot'er-i (Eng. lot, chance: It. lotteria; F. 
loterie; Sp. loteria, a lottery), a distribution of money 
or goods by chance or lot ; the distribution itself. 

lotus— see lote. 

loud, a. lowd (Icel. hliod, sound: Ger. laut, sound; 
laut, loud), having a strong sound ; noisy ; clamorous ; 
turbulent: ad. with loudness: loudly, ad. lovri'-ii: 
loudness, n. -nes, a great noise or sound ; clamour ; 
uproar. 

lough, n. 16k, the Irish spelling of Scotch loch; a 
loch ; an arm of the sea. 

louis d'or, n. 16'4-dor (F. a Louis of gold), a French 
:j.'il<( r<iiii in :i strurk in Kiin, v.alito about 20s. 

lounge, v. lotriij())ui, limdcrcn, to dawdle; leuteren, 
to vacillate, to loiter : Low Ger. lungern, to lie abed : 



Mr; pine, pin; note, not, mOve; 



LOUR 31 

idle gait ; a stroll ; a place which idlers frequent ; a 
kind of sofa: loung'ing, imp.: adj. spending the time 
in loitering ; reclining at ease: lounged, pp. hXvnjd: 
lounger, n. loivnj'tr, one who strolls or moves lazily 
about ; an idler. 

lour— see lower 2. 

louse, n. loios, plu. lice, lis (\Y. llau; Ger. Ictus, a 
louse), a small insect of different species which infests 
the bodies of men and animals : louse, v. loivz, to clean 
from lice : lou'sing, imp. : loused, pp. loiczd : lousy, a, 
hjic'-zi, infested with lice; very mean ; contemptible: 
lou'sily, ad. -li: lou'siness, n. -zi-nSs, state of abound- 
ing in lice. 

lout, n. Idict (Dut. loete, a rustic: Milan, lotta, a 
clod : Prov. l.t, heavy, slow) a moan awkward fell >w ; 
a bumpkin: loutish, a, lowt'ish, rude; clownish: 
lout ishly, ad. -li, in a rude, clumsy, awkward man- 
ner : lout'isnness, n. -nes, clownishness ; behaviour of 
a bumpkin. 

louvre or louver, n. 16'ver (F. Vouvert, the opening), 
in anc. buildings, an opening in the roof for the escape 
of smoke— often in the form of a turret or lantern : 
louver-window, an open window having flat cross- 
bars so placed as to exclude the rain— the bars being 
called louver-boards, corrupted into lufier-boards. 

Louvre, n. 16'ver, one of the anc. palaces of Fiance. 

love, n. liiv (Ger. lieben, to love : L. libet, it pleases ; 
libido, pleasure, desire: Pol. lubic, to have an inclina- 
tion for: Russ. liobif, to love; lobzat', to kiss), an 
affection of the mind excited by qualities in an object 
which are capable of communicating pleasure; the 
passion of the sexes; courtship; the object beloved; 
goodwill ; benevolence ; strong liking or inclination ; 
fondness ; tenderness or regard ; poetical personifica- 
tion ; dutiful reverence to God : v. to delight or take 
pleasure in an object ; to regard with strong and tender 
affection, as that of one sex for the other ; to regard 
with parental tenderness ; to regard with goodwill or 
benevolence ; to be pleased with ; to like : lov'ing, 
imp.: adj. fond; affectionate ; expressing love or kind- 
ness: loved, pp. liivd: adj. possessing the affection ef 
anyone: lover, n. luc'-. r, one who is in love: lovable, a. 
luv'd-bl, worthy of love ; amiable ; that may be loved : 
love'less.a. -Ms, without love; without tenderness; des- 
titute of kindness : lovely, a. luv'll, possessing qualities 
that excite love, admiration, or esteem ; amiable ; beau- 
tiful; delightful : lovelily, ad. -ll-li, in a loving manner : 
loveliness, n. -li-nis, possession of qualities that ex- 
cite love: lov'ingly, ad. -li, affectionately; with kind- 
ness: lov'ingness, n. -nSs, kindness; affection: lov- 
ing-kindness, tender regard; mercy; favour: love- 
apple, a vegetable, also called tomato : love-charm, 
a supposed charm by which love may be excited: 
love-favour, something given that may be worn in 
token of love: love-feast, among Wesleyan Metho- 
dists, a religious repast held quarterly : love-knot, a 
complicated figure by which an interchange of affec- 
tion is supposed to be figured: love-letter, a letter 
written in courtship: love-lock, a particular sort of 
curl worn by men of fashion in the reigns of Elizabeth 
and James I.: love-lorn, a. (love, and old Eng. lorn, 
lost), forsaken by one's love : love-making, courtship : 
love-sick, a. languishing from love: love-token, a 
present in token of love : love-lies-bleeding, a flower, 
a kind of amaranth: love-potion, a compounded 
draught administered to excite feelings of love. 

low, a. 16 (Icel. lagr, short, low: Sw. log; Dut. 
leigh, low), not high or elevated ; placed below in re- 
lation to another thing ; not rising to the usual level, 
height, or standard ; shallow ; descending far down- 
wards ; below the usual rate, price, or value ; soft ; 
not loud or noisy ; mean or humble in rank ; reduced ; 
dejected or depressed ; humble ; vulgar ; unrefined ; 
mean; dishonourable : ad. not on high; near the 
ground ; under the usual price or value ; in a time ap- 
proaching our own, as, such were the usages of war as 
loie down as the 19th century ; in a mean or degraded 
state; softly;down: low'er, a. -Cr, comp. of low; less high 
or elevated : low'est. a. -est, superl. of low ; least high or 
elevated: lowly, a. -II, humble; free from pride; meek; 
mild; not high or exalted: ad. in a low condition; 
humbly ; meekly : lowliness, n. -ll-nes, freedom from 
pride ; humility : low'ness, n. -nes, state of being low ; 
meanness of condition or character ; depression, as of 
mind or spirits : low-born, a, born in humble life : low- 
church, a. applied to the party in the Church of Eng- 
land which does not assert Episcopacy to be the only 
form of Church government, or attach the same 
value and importance to the sacraments as the high- 



13 LUBB 

church party— opposed to high-church : low life, life 
among the poorer classes of a country : low-minded, 
a. mean in mind or disposition : low water, lowest 
point of the tide at ebb : low-water mark, the lowest 
point to which the tide recedes : low-pressure, a. ap- 
plied to the condensing steam-engine: low-spirited, 
a. dejected; depressed; wanting in liveliness : low- 
Sunday, the Sunday next after Easter: low-wines, 
the first run of the still ; the first liquor produced by 
distilling molasses or fermented liquors. 

low, v. 16 (an mutative word: AS. hlowan; Dut. 
loeien; Ger. luien, to low), to bellow as an ox or cow : 
low'ing, imp. : adj. uttering sounds as cattle : n. the 
sounds uttered by cattle : lowed, pp. lod. 

low-bell, n. lo'-bil (prov. Eng. low; Icel. logi, a 
flame, and Eng. bell), night-fowling in which a bell 
and lights are used: v. to scare as with a low-bell. 

lower, v. lo'ir (from low, which see), to bring low ; 
to cause to descend; to bring down; to lessen; to 
humble or degrade ; to enfeeble ; to sink : lowering, 
imp.: adj. depressing; enfeebling; degrading: n.the 
act of bringing down or lessening: lowered, pp. 
lo'erd: lower-case, among printers, the case which 
contains the small letters of the alphabet : lower-level 
gravels, in geol., a term applied to the sands and 
gravels that occur in the lower terraces of valleys, in 
contradistinction to the high-level gravels. 

lower, v. also lour, v. lolcr (Dut. loeren, to frown: 
Low Ger. luren, to look displeased: Ger. lauern, 
to spy), to look sour or grim ; to begin to be overcast 
with clouds; to appear dark, gloomy, or threatening 
—applied to the weather, or to the' countenance; to 
look sullen or angry: lowering, imp. : adj. appearim; 
dark or threatening; gloomv: lowered, pp. kuvrd: 
lower ingly, ad. -ll: lowery, a. lolcr'-i, cloudy; 
gloomy. * 

lowermost, a. lo'-Cr-most [loicer, and most), superl. 
deg. of loir; another form of lowest — see low 1. 

lowlands, n. plu. l6'-landz(loiv, and land), the flat or 
level districts of a hilly or mountainous country : low- 
land, a. pert, to the level districts : low'lander, n. -er, 
an inhabitant of the low or level districts— a term 
used in Scotland. 

loxoclase, n. loks'6-kldz (Gr. loxos, oblique, and 
klasis, cleavage), a variety of orthoelase, eontainiim. a 
large proportion of soda. 

loxodromic, a. loks'o-drom'-lk (Gr. loxos, oblique, 
and dromos, a course), pert, to oblique sailing by the 
rhumb-line : loxodromic curve, a curve on the earth's 
surface which makes a constant angle or slant to the 
meridian ; the path of a ship when her course is con- 
stantly directed towards the same point of the com- 
pass, in an oblique direction : lox'odrom'ics, n. plu. 
•Iks, the art of oblique sailing by the rhumb-line. 

loxodon, n. ldks'6-ddn (Gr. loxos, oblique, and odous 
a tooth), one of the sub-genera into which the fossil 
elephants are divided. 

loxomma, n. loks-om'md (Gr. loxos, oblique, ami 
omnia, the eye), in geol., a genus of labyrinthodont 
reptiles. 

loxonema, n. loks'-6-ne'-m(b (Gr. loxos, oblique, and 
nema, a thread), a fossil genus of pyramidal-shaped 
shells— so named in allusion to the thread-like stria} 



galis, legal— from lex, law), faithful to a prince c 
superior; true; devoted: loy'ally, ad. -II: loyalty, 1 
loy'-dl-ti, fidelity toa prince or sovereign ; thedevotion 
of a wife to her husband; fidelity to a cause or one's 
word : loyalist, n. -1st, a person who adheres to his 
sovereign, particularly in times of civil commotion. 

lozenge, n. loz'enj (F. lozange, a square cake of pre- 
served herbs, a quarry of glass: Sp. losa; Lang. 
laouza, a slate), a figure with four equal sicks having 
two acute and two obtuse angles, commonly called a 
diamond ; a common sweetmeat in the shape of a small 
round or oval cake : lozenged, a. loz'enjd, or lozenge- 
shaped, a. made in the shape of a lozenge : lozengy, a. 
loz'-en-jl, in her., divided into lozenge-shaped com- 
partments. 

lubber, n. liib'er (Dut. loboor, a pig or dog with 
hanging ears, a raw silly youth: Icel. lubbaz, to loiter 
about: Gael, leobhar, clu ..■■■ lnmsy fellow; 

a name given in contempt by sailors to those un- 
acquainted with the duties of a seaman : lub'berly, a. 
■II, tall and clumsy ; lazy : ad. awkwardly ; clumsily : 
lubberVhole, a hole in the top of a vessel next to the 
mast: lubber's-point, the mark on the inside of the 
compass-case indicating the direction of the ship's 



'. boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shim, thing, there, zeal. 



LUBR 



334 



LUNA 



head— so called, as a land-lubber only would depend 
upon it in steering. 

lubricate, v. lo'-bri-kat (L. lubricatum, to render 
slippery— from licbricus, slippery: It. lubricare), to 
make smooth or slippery, as by oil, mucus, and such- 
like, smeared over : lu'bricating, imp. : lu'bricated, 
Ep. : lu'bricator, n. one who or that which lubricates : 
i'brica'tion, n. ka'-shun, also lu'brifica'tion, n. 
■fi-ka'shiln, the act or operation of making smooth 
and slippery, as machinery by oil: lubricity, n. Id- 
bris'-i-ti, smoothness; slipperiness ; aptness to glide 
over any part; the projM n oi i n iin i.ting the motion 
ii iio'iii ■: i" contact; instability. 

luce, n. Ids (L. lucius, a fish, supposed to be the 
pike), a pike full grown. 

lucent, a. Id-sent (L. lucens, shining), bright ; shin- 
ing; splendid. 

lucern or lucerne, n. Id'-sern (F. lucerne), a grass- 
:>i;; ii nun li cultii ated as food for cattle. 

lucid, a. Id'-sid (L. lucidus, bright, clear: It. lucido: 
F. lucide), clear; distinct; easily understood; not 
darkened or confused, applied to the intellect : lu'cid- 
ly, ad. -II: lu'cidness, n. -nes, also lucidity, n. Id- 
sid'-i-ti, brightness; clearness. 

lucifer, n. ld'-si-fer (L. lux, light— gen. lucis, and 
fero, I bring), the morning or evening star; Satan, 
on account <>f i is mpposed pride; a friction-match. 

luck, n. luk (Ger. gluck; Dut. luk, happiness, for- 
tune : Dan. lykke, luck), an event, good or ill, affecting 
any one; fortune; chance; casual event: lucky, a. 
luk'-i, successful; fortunate: luck'ily, ad. -i-li, for- 
tunately ; by good hap : luckiness, n. -i-nes, good for- 
iiuu: c;i..sual happiness: luckless, a. -las, without 
good luck; unsuccessful: lucklessly, ad. -II: luck'- 
lessness, n. -nes, state of being unlucky. 

lucrative, a. Id'krd-tiv (L. lucrativus ; It. lucrativo; 

F.lucratiJ\pr<> tahi< -( 1, in, rum, gain: It. lucro; 

F. lucre, lucre), gainful ; profitable : lucratively, ad. 
■It: lucre, n. Id'-ker, profit; gain in money— always in 

lucubration, n. Id'-ku-brd'-shun (L. lucubratio, a 
working by lamp-light, or at night— from lucubrare, 
to compose by lamp-light— from lux, light), study in 
the night by lamp or candle light ; any composition 
produced by meditation in retirement: lucubratory, a. 
Id'-ku-brd-ter-i, composed by night or by candle-light. 

lucullite, n. ld-kul'-lit, a variety of black marble- 
so called because it was first brought by Lucullus to 
Rome from an island in the Nile. 

ludicrous, a. ld'-di-krus (L. ludicrus, sportive, in jest 
—from Indus, play, sport), adapted to raise laughter ; 
droll; burlesque: lu'dicrously, ad. -li, in a manner 
that may excite laughter : lu'dicrousness, n. -nes, the 
quality of exciting laughter. 

Ludlow rock:, n. plu. lud'-ld roks, the uppermost 
group of the Silurian system— so called from its being 
developed near Ludlow, Shropshire. 

lues, n. ld'-ez (L. lues, pestilence in man or beast), 
poison; pestilence; disease. 

luff, n. luf (Dut. loef, a rowlock or oar-pin: oldEng. 
loof, the large oar used by way of a rudder), the part 
of a ship toward the wind ; the weather gage ; the 
foremost edge of a foiv-an.l-a.it sail: v. to turn the 
head of a ship toward the wind : luffing, imp. : n. the 
act of sailing a ship close to the wind : luffed, pp. liift: 
luff-tackle, a large movable tackle : to luff round, or 
to luff a-lee, to throw the ship's head into the wind: 
to spring her luff, to yield to the helm by sailing 
nearer the wind. 

luffer, n. lu/'-er— see louvre. 

lug, n. lug (Swiss, lug, loose, slark; luggen, to be 
slack: Sw. lugga, to pull one by the hair — from lug, 
the forelock or hanging hair in front of the head: Icel. 
loka, to hang or drag), that which flaps or hangs loose ; 
the flap or hanging portion of the ear; the ear itself; 
that which projects, as an ear ; a small fish ; a sea- 
shore worm : v. to haul ; to drag; to pull along by an 
ear, or any loose part employed as a handle : lug'ging, 
imp.: lugged, pp. lugd: luggage, n. lug'-gaj, anything 
cumbersome and heavy to be carried; the trunks, 
packages, &c, of a traveller: lugger, n. lug'-ger (Dut. 
logger), a ship with two or three masts and lug-sails : 
lug-sail, a certain squan ail in a ship. 

lugubrious, a. ld-gu'brl-ns (L. lugubris, mournful : 
It. and F. lugubre), mournful ; sorrowful ; indicating 
sorrow : lugu'briously, ad. -li. 

lukewarm, a. Idk'-wawrm (Low Ger. slukwarm, luke- 
warm: W. Hug, partly, half: Manx, lieh; Gael, leath, 
half), only moderately warm; tepid; not zealous: 



cool ; indifferent : luke'warmly, ad. -li ; luke'warm- 
- ess, n. -nils, a moderate heat ; indifference ; coldness. 

lull, v. lul (Norm, lulla, to sing to sleep : Ger. lallen, 
to sing by only repeating la, la : Serv. lyu, cry to a 
child while rocking it : Esthon. laul, a song : L. lallo, I 
sing la, la, to put a child to sleep), to compose to sleep 
by pleasing sounds ; to cause to rest ; to compose ; to 
cease ; to quiet ; to become calm : n. a season of quiet ; 
cessation; abatement: lul'ling, imp.: lulled, pp. luld: 
lullaby, n. lul-ld-bi, a song to quiet babes or set them 
to sleep ; that which quiets : lullabies, n. plu. -biz. 

lumachel, n. Id'-mu-kel, also lu'machella, n. -kel'-ld 
(It. lumachella, a little snail), a variety of marble full 
of fossil shells, exhibiting beautiful iridescent colours, 
sometimes a deep red or orange; also called fire- 
marble. 

lumbago, n. lum-bd'-go (L. lumbus, the loin or 
haunch), arheumaH-an -ii , -i,< , ,,.,,;, ., m in the loins 
and small of the back : lumbaginous, a. lum-bdj'-i-nus, 
pert, to lumbago: lumbar, a. lum'-bdr, pert, to the 
loins : lumbar region, the lower part of the trunk. 

lumber, n. lum'ber (old Dut. lammer, a hindrance : 
Dut. belemmern, to encumber, to impede : prov. Dan. 
lummer, anything of a semi-fluid consistency), what- 
ever causes to stumble ; that which offers an impedi- 
ment to free motion; anything nearly useless and 
cumbersome; bulky things thrown aside; timber 
sawn or split for use : v. to heap together in disorder ; 
to move heavily and laboriously ; in Canada, to cut 
timber for market: lumbering, imp.: adj. moving 
heavily ; filling with lumber : n. the motion or jolt- 
ing of anything that moves heavily ; in Canada, the 
act or employment of cutting down timber : lumbered, 
pp. lum'berd: lumberer, n. -b&r-er, one who fells and 
shapes timber ; in N. Amer. , a backwoodsman : lum- 
ber-dealer, a wood-merchant : lumber-room, a room 
for the reception of useless or unneeded things. 

lumbric, n. lum'brik (L. lumbricus, a worm), a 
worm: lumbrlcal a Iwm'bH kdl, resembling a worm : 
n. a muscle of the fingers and toes— so named from its 
resembling a worm : lumbricales, n. plu. lum'-bri-kd- 
lez, in anat., four muscles of the fingers and toes re- 
sembling worms. 

luminary, n. lo'-ml-ner-i (Sp. and It. luminaria; F. 
luminaire, a luminary— from L. lumen, light), any 
body or thing which gives light ; one of the celestial 
orbs; any one who enlightens or instructs: lu'mi- 
nous, a. -nils, shining; emitting light; clear; lucid: 
lu'minously, ad. -II: lu'minousness, n. -nus-nis, also 
lu'minos'ity, n. -nos'-i-ti, the quality of being bright 
or shining ; clearness. 

luminiferous, a. Id'-mi-nif-er-iis (L. lumen, light, 
and/ero, I produce), conveying or producing light. 

lump, n. lump (Norm, lump, a thick piece: Icel. 
klumbr; Dan. klump, a lump : Dut. lompe, a rag, a 
lump), a small mass of solid matter having no definite 
shape; the whole taken together; a cluster: v. to 
throw into a mass ; to take in the gross without the 
distinction of particulars : lumping, imp. : adj. large ; 
heavy; great: lumped, pp. lumpt: adj. thrown into 
a mass or sum : lumpers, n. plu. lump'-erz, labourers 
employed by merchant -ships to load and unload: 
lumpen, n. lump-en, a long fish of a greenish colour, 
and marked with lines : lumpish, a. -ish, heavy ; like 
a lump; gross; inactive: lumplshly, ad. -li: lump'- 
ishness, n. -nes, state of being lumpish : lumpy, a. 
lUmp'i, full of lumps: lumplness, n. -nes, state of 
being full of lumps : lumps, n. plu. lumps, a kind of 
bricks or tiles; dockyard barges: lump-fish, a sea- 
fish, having a head and body, deep, thick, and short, 
without scales, but covered with firm homy spines— 
also called lump-sucker: lump-sugar, loaf-sugar 
broken into pieces. 

lunacy, n. 16-nd-si (L. luna, the moon: It. lunatico, 
a madman), mental derangement, formerly supposed 
to be dependent upon the moon's changes ; insanity ; 
madness in general : lunar, a. Id'-ner, also lu'nary, a. 
■ner-i, pert, to the moon ; caused or influenced by the 
moon: lunarian, n. Id-na'-n.-au. an inhabitant of the; 
moon: lunate, a. lo'-nat, also lu'nated, a. formed like 
a half-moon; crescent-shaped: lunatic, n. Id'-nd-tik, 
one affected with lunacy ; an insane or mad person : 
adj. mad; insane: luna'tion, n. -na'-shun, one re- 
volution of the moon ; a lunar month : lunar-caustic 
(L. luna, the moon, being the old alchemical name for 
silver), a name for nitrate of silver, used surgically: 
lunar month, the time of one revolution of the moon, 
equal to 29 days, 13 hours, nearly: lunatic asylum, a 
house specially built and set apart for the insane. 



mate, v(dt,fdr, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, move; 



LUNC 



335 



LUXU 



lunch, n. Tiinsh, also luncheon, n. lun'-shun (old Eng. 
lunchc, the sound of a blow: Prov. F. lochon, a lump 
of omul taken from the loaf: lunch is closely related 
to lump), a lump of something eatable ; a light meal 
between breakfast and dinner. 

lune, n. lOn (L. luna, the moon: It. luna: F. lune), 
anything in the shape of a half-moon ; a figure cres- 
cent-shaped ; a geometrical figure formed of two inter- 
secting arcs of a circle. 

lunette, n. lob-net' (F. lunette; It. lunetta, a little 
moon— from L. luna, the moon), anything in the shape 
of a small moon ; an opening in a concave ceiling for 
the admission of light; a semicircular window, or a 
space above a square window, bounded by a circular 
roof ; an advanced work for the defence of a fortress, 
composed of two faces and two flanks ; a watch-glass 
flattened. 

lung, n. lung, usually in the plu. lungs, tungz (Icel. 
lunga ; Ger. lunge ; Dut. longhe, lungs: Bav. lung, loose), 
the organs of respiration in mammals, birds, and rep- 
tiles: lunged, a. lungd, having lungs: lung'less,a. -les, 
without lungs : lung'wort, n. -wert, a plant— so called 
from the darker and lighter hues of the leaf resembling 
the surface of a lung. 

lunge, v. lunj (F. allonger, to lengthen, to thrust), 
another spelling for longi or allonge; to make a sud- 
den pass or thrust in fencing : lunging, imp.: lunged, 
pp. lunjil. 

luniform, a. 16-nl-fawrm (L. luna, the moon, and 
forma, shape), moon-shaped. 

lunisolar, a. Io'-nl-s0'-ldr (L. luna, the moon, and sol, 
the sun), resulting from the united revolutions of the 
sun and moon. 

lunt, n. hint (Dan. and Ger. lunte, a match), a quick 
match for firing cannon. 

lunula, u. lo-nu-ld (L. lunula, a little moon— from 
luna, the moon: It. lunula: F. lunule), alittlemoon; 
the portion of the human nail, near the root, which is 
whiter than the rest; one of the thinner portions of 
the arterial valves of the heart: lu'nular, a. -Ur, 
shaped like a small crescent: lu'nulated, a. -la-ted, 
resembling a small crescent: lunule, n. 10'nul, acres- 
cent-like mark or spot. 

lupercal, a. lu'-pir-kdl, pert, to the lu'perca'lia, n. 
plu. -kd'-li-d, or feasts of the anc. Romans in honour of 
their god Pan : n. the feast itself. 

lupin, n. lO'-pin (L. Iwpinus, a kind of pulse: It. lu- 
pino; F. lupin, a lupin), a flowering plant of many 
kinds, producing a kind of pulse. 

lupulin, n. lopu-Un (L. lajmlus, the hop— dim. of 
L. lupus, the hop-plant), the bitter aromatic princi- 
ple of hops. 

lupus, n. 16'piis (L. lupus, a wolf), in ined., a tuber- 
cular disease, occurring especially about the face, 
tisually ending in ragged ulcerations of the nose, 
cheeks, forehead, eyelids, and lips, which it destroys 
like a wolf. 

lurch, n. Urch (It. lurcio; F. lourche; Ger. lurtsch, 
a game at tables : a metaphor from the gaming- 
table), a term used when one party gains every 
point before the other makes one— he is then said 
to be left in the lurch; a forlorn or difficult position: 
to leave in the lurch, to leave in a difficult situation, 
or in a state of embarrassment. 

lurch, v. Urch (Norm, lurka, to lie in wait: Dan. 
lirke, to handle gently with a thievish intent: Ger. 
lauschen, to listen ; lauscher, an eavesdropper), to take 
away privily ; to pilfer ; to withdraw to one side ; to 
lie in ambush ; to lurk ; to dodge ; to play tricks ; to 
defeat ; to evade ; to roll or pass suddenly to one side, 
as a ship in a heavy sea : n. the sudden roll or shifting 
of a vessel to one side in a heavy sea : lurching, imp. 
rolling or shifting suddenly to one side ; lying in wait: 
lurched, pp. lercht, rolled or shifted suddenly to one 
side, as a ship at sea : lurcher, n. lerch'er, one who 
lurks or lies in wait; one who watches to pilfer; a 
poacher ; a dog that lurks or lies in wait for game. 

lure, n. lor (Ger. luder, a carcass, a bait for wild 
animals: It. ludro; F. leurre, a bait, a lure), anything 
which attracts by the hope of advantage or pleasure ; 
an enticement : v. to attract by anything >■! i m ■ : i , , ,-. . ■ , ■ 
ises advantage or pleasure ; to entice or attract, as 
by a bait : lu'ring, imp. enticing : lured, pp. lord, at- 
tracted by the prospect of advantage or pleasure. 

lurid, a. Idr'-id (L. luridus, pale, wavy : It. lurido), 
gloomy ; dismal ; having the colours of a tempestuous 
sky ; in hot., of a dingy brown. 

lurk, v. Urk (Norm, lurka or luska ; Dan. luske, to 
lurk, to skulk— see lurch 2, with which lurk seems to 



be identical), to lie hid or concealed ; to lie in wait ; 
to keep out of public view: lurking, imp.: adj. lying 
concealed: lurked, pp. lirkt: lurker, n. lerk'-er, one 
who lurks: lurking-place, a secret place; a hiding- 
place. 

luscious, a. Iftsh'-us (Swiss, fluss, abundance: It. 
lussare, to wallow in worldly pleasure), very sweet ; 
grateful to the taste; sweet to excess: lusci'ously, 
ad. -II : lusci'ousness, n. -nes, state or quality of being 
luscious ; immoderately sweet. 

Lusiad, n. lo'-zi-dd, the great Portuguese epic poem 
of Camoens. 

lust, n. liist (G"ih. lustus, will, desire: AS. lystan, 
to have pleasure in : Icel lyst , pleasure, desire : Low 
Ger. lusten, to desire), longing desire ; violent or irreg- 
ular desire to possess or enjoy ; carnal appetite : v. to 
desire eagerly or to long after ; to have a violent long- 
ing desire after carnal pleasure ; to have any depraved 
or irregular desires : lusting, imp.: adj. having eager 
desire after : n. any depraved or irregular desire ; a 
violent desire for carnal gratification: lust'ed, pp.: 
lustful, a. lust-fool, having eager desire for carnal 
gratification ; sensual : lust'fully, ad. -ll: lust'fulness, 
u. -ui's, state of being lustful; libidiiiousness. 

lustily, lustiness— see lusty. 

lustral, a. lus'-trdl(L. lustralis, relating to purifica- 
tion— from lustro, I purify: It. lustrale:F. lust ml), pert. 
toorusedin purification : lustralia, n. plu. lus-trd'-li-d, 
the purifying sacrifices or feasts of the anc. Romans, 
held every fifth year: lustrate, v. liis'-trat, to cleanse 
or purify: lus'trating, imp.: lus'trated, pp. : lustra' - 
tion, n. -tra-shun, the act of cleansing or purifying by 
water. 

lustre, n. lus'-tr (F. lustre; It. lustro; Dut. luister, 
lustre, splendour: L. lustratum, to make bright or 
clear), brightness ; splendour ; fame ; renown ; a 
candlestick or gas pendant, ornamented with drops, 
&c; in min., a term intended to describe the in- 
tensity and quality of the light reflected from the 
newly-fractured surfaces of rocks and minerals, as a 
mineral of a splendent, shining, metallic, vitreous, or 
pearly lustre : lustreless, a. -les, destitute of lustre: 
lustrous, a. liis'tr&s, bright; shining; luminous: 
lustrously, ad. -II. 

lustring, n. liis'-tring (F. lustrine, lustring— see lus- 
tre), a stout glossy kind of silk cloth. 

lustrum, n. his'trthii (L.), in anc. Rome, the space of 
about five years, or the interval between the lustra- 
tions— see lustral. 

lusty, a. lus'-tl (Dan. lystig; Ger. lustig, merry, 
jovial: It. lesto, agile) stout; vigorous; healthful; 
able of body: lus'tily, ad. -tl-ll: lus'tiness, n. -nes, 
vigour of body; stoutness; robustness: lus'tihead, 
n. also lus'tihed, n. -lied {lusty, and head), vigour of 
body; also lus'tihood, n. -hood. 

lutarious, a. lo-ta'-rl-iis (L. lutarivs, that lives in 
the mud— from lutum, mud), pert, to or resembling 
mud. 

lute, n. I6t (Ar. id ltd, a lute or harp), a musical in- 
strument with strings: lute-string, the string of a 
lute. 

lute, n. I6t, also luting, n. lo'-ting (L. lutum, mud), 
a composition used for securing the joints of vessels ; 
a coating of clay or sand applied by chemists to 
strengthen their retorts : v. to coat with lute : lu'ting, 
imp.: lu'ted, pp.: lutation, n. lo-td'-shun, the act or 
method of applying lute. 

lutestring, n. lot-string (It. lustrino), a kind of 
stout shining silk; the same as lustring. 

Lutheran, a. 16'ther-an, pert, to Luther or his doc- 
trines: n. a follower or disciple of Luther: Lu'ther- 
anism, n. -izm, the doctrines of Luther. 

luthern, n. lo'-them (F. lucarne, a dormer-window— 



jlaee, as a joint; to put out of joint; to dislocate: 
luxating, imp.: lux'ated.pp.: adj. put out of joint; 
sprained: luxation, n. luks-d'-shun, a putting out 
of joint; a dislocation. 

luxuriant, a. Ivg-zu'-rhanl (L, luiurians, growing 
rank, increasing in size— from luxuria, luxury, ex- 
cess), very abundant ; exuberant in growth; superflu- 
ous in abundance : luxuriantly, ad. -H : luxu'riance, 
n. -rl-dns, also luxu'riancy, n. -dn-si, strong, vigorous 
growth; exuberance; excessive growth: luxuriate, 
v. lug-zu'-ri-dt, to grow to superfluous abundance ; to 
live luxuriously ; to revel without restraint in descrip- 
tion or fancy: luxu'riating, imp.: luxuriated, pp.; 



cow, bo~y,fobt; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



LYCA 3 

lux'uria'tion, n. -shun, the act of luxuriating ; the pro- 
cess of growing exuberantly : luxurious, a. lug-zu- 
ri-us, indulging freely or excessively in the pleasures 
of the table ; excessive indulgence of the appetite, or 
in rich and expensive dress and furniture ; effemin- 
ate ; voluptuous ; enslaved to pleasure : luxuriously, 
ad. -ll: luxu'riousness, n. -nes, state of being luxuri- 
ous; voluptuousness: luxury, n. luks'u-rl, a free or 
excessive indulgence in rich food, dress, or furniture ; 
anything delightful or grateful to the senses ; a dainty 
or delicacy ; any delicious food or drink. 

lycanthropy, n. li-kdn'-thro-pl (Gr. lukos, a wolf, 
and anthropos, a man), a kind of melancholy or mad- 
ness in which men fancy themselves changed into 
wolves. 

lyceum, n. U-sS'um (L. lyceurn; Gr. lulceion, a place 
at Athens when; Ami.oi,l<; taimlit philosophy), apart- 
ments appropriated to instruction by lectures, &c. ; 
a higher school which prepares for the university. 

lycopodiaceae, n. plu. ll'-ko-po-dl-d'-sl-e (new L. lyco- 
podiiim, club-moss— from Gr. lupos, a wolf, and pous, 



the club-mosses : ly'copodia'cious, a. -d'sl-us, pert, to 
the lycopodiaceie : lycopodfum, n. U'-kCt-piY-iH-ihn, a 
genus of moss-Iiko pla uts ; club-moss ; its fine yellow 
dust or seed: lycopodites, n. plu. ll-kop'o-dltz, fossil 
plants apparently allied to the club-mosses of the 
present day. 

Lydian, a. lid'l-dn (L. Lydia; Gr. Ludia, an anc. 
kingdom of Asia Minor), pert, to Lydia or its inha- 
bitants; soft and slow in music; effeminate; soft: 
Lydian stone, a compact variety of flinty slate, of a 
velvet-black colour, with a flat-conchoidal fracture 
and keen cutting grain, long used as a touchstone for 
gold, whose purity is shown by the colour of the streak 
left on its smoothed surface. 

lye, n. ll (L. lix; Ger. lauge, lye-ashes: Lap. ligge, 
mud: Bohem. lauh, lye), water impregnated with an 
alkaline salt, obtained by steeping wood-ashes amongst 
water ; also spelt ley, ll. 

lye, n. ll (from Eng. lie, to rest), a short railway sid- 
ing on which carriages or waggons may rest for a time. 



6 MACH 

lying, n. ll'-ing (from Eng. lie, a falsehood), the habit 
or practice of telling lies : adj. addicted to falsehoods ; 
deceptive : ly'ingly, ad. -ll. 

lying, imp. li'-lng (Eng. lie, to recline), reclining ; 
being prostrate : n. position of one who lies down : 
lying to, the state of a ship when the sails are so dis- 
posed as to retard or stop its progressive motion : 
lying in, confinement of women in childbed. 

lymph, n. UmfCL, lympha, water-nymph : F. lymphe), 
a nearly colourless fluid in animal bodies, found in 
vessels called lymphatics: lymphatic, a. llm-fdt'-lk, 
pert, to lymph : lymphatics, n. plu. -Iks, the minute 
absorbent vessels which carry lymph from all parts 
of the body : lymphy, a. llm'fl, containing or resem- 
bling lymph. 

lyncean, a. Hn'se-tln (L. lynx, a lynx— gen. lyncis), 
pert, to the lynx. 

lynch, v. linsh (after Lynch, a person in the U.S. 
said to have been much addicted to taking the law 
into his own hands), to inflict pain or punishment 
without the forms of law, as by a mob : lynching, 
imp.: lynched, pp. llnsht: lynch-law, popular ven- 
geance inflicted by a mob; mob-law, as in U. S. of 
America. 

lynx, n. links (L. lynx— see lyncean), a wild animal 
of the cat kind, noted for its keen sight: lynx-eyed, 



lyrate, a. li'rdt, also ly'rated, a. -Sd (L. lyra, a lyre), 
in hot., applied to a leaf having a large terminal lobe 
and several pairs of smaller lobes decreasing in size 
towards the base. 

lyre, n. llr (L. lyra; Gr. lura, a harp: It. and Sp. 
lira: F. lyre), a musical 3tring< I instrument, much 
used by the anc. Egyptians and Greeks : lyric, a. llr'lk, 
also lyrical, a. lir'-l-kai, sung, or fitted to be sung, to 
the harp or lyre ; applied to that kind of poetry, un- 
equal in measure, which is adapted to musical recita- 
tive, or which may express the emotions of the writer : 
lyric, n. a lyrical composition: lyrist, n. Wrist, one 
who plays on the harp or lyre : lyre pheasant or bird, 
an Australian bird remarkable for having its long tail- 
feathers displayed perpendicularly in the form of a 
lyre. 



M 



ma, n. ma, mother— a contracted form of mamma, 
child's name for mother. 

ma'am, n. mdm, madam— the usual colloquial con- 
traction of madam. 

' Mab, n. mdb, the queen of the fairies in northern 
mythology. 

Mac, a. mdk, a common Scotch prefix of proper 
names, signifying "son; " synonymous with Fitz in 
England, and 0' in Ireland. 

macacus n I rmet-apes, or ape-baboons 

—a genus of Old World monkeys. 

macadamise, v. mak-tid'dm-lz (from the inventor 
Macadam), to cover a road or path with small broken 
stones, which, uniting by pressure, form a hard 
smooth surface: macad'ami'sing, imp.: macad'am- 
ised, pp. -Izd. 

macaroni, n ' lit. maccheroni, a sort of 

paste, originally of flour, cheese, and butter— from 
maccare, to bruise or crush), fine wheaten flour 
formed into a paste and made in the form of long 
hollow tubes of the thickness of a goose-quill, used as 
an article of diet— first prepared in Italy ; a medley ; 
something fanciful and extravagant ; a fool ; a fine 
gentleman ; a fop : macaronic, a. m&k'd-ron'ik, pert. 
to or resembling macaroni; empty; trifling; a kind 
of burlesque poetry: macaroon, n. mdk-d-r6n' (F. 
macaron, a sort of pastry), a small sweet cake or biscuit 
with almonds. 

macaw, n. md-kdW (the native name in the Antilles), 
the name of a race of beautiful birds of the parrot 
kind : macaw-tree, a kind of palm-tree. 

Maccabees, n. plu mal ' <l by some from 

M.C.B.I., the initial letters of the Heb. words sismify- 
ing, "Who is like unto Thee among the gods, Jeho- 
vah?" which was their motto), a heroic Jewish family 
who freed their nation from the oppression and perse- 
cution of the Syrians, and restored the worship of the 
God of Israel, B.C. 163; the name of four books of the 



Apocrypha, containing the history of the Maccabean 
princes, two of which are received into the canon of 
Scripture by the R. Cath. Ch. : Mac'cabe'an, a. -be'dn, 
pert, to the Maccabees. 

mace, n. mas (F. masse, a lump, a club : It. mazza, 
a mallet or club), the insignia of authority in the form 
of a club, and generally surmounted by a crown, borne 
before high officials, as mayors, lord provosts, the 
Speaker of the House of Commons, the Lord Chancel- 
lor, &c. ; anciently, a weapon of war in the form of a 
club ; the heavy rod used at billiards : mace-bearer, 
also macer, n. md'ser, an officer who carries the mace 
before persons in authority. 

mace, n. rnds (L. macis, a spice : F. macis), a spice ; 
the aril or second coat of the nutmeg : mace-ale, ale 
flavoured with mace. 

macerate, v. mds'ser-dt (L. maceratum, to soften by 
steeping— from macer, lean, thin: It. macer are: F. 
macerer), to mortify ; to inflict corporal hardships ; to 
make lean ; to steep in any cold liquid for the purpose 
of softening the texture, or of extracting the soluble 
portion; to steep almost to solution: mae'erating, 
imp.: mae'erated, pp.: adj. steeped in a cold liquid: 
mae'erator, n. -d-ter, one who macerates : mae'era- 
tion, n. -d'shun, the act of wasting or making lean ; 
mortification ; corporal hardship ; the process or ope- 
ration of softening or extracting the soluble portion 
of anything by steeping in a cold liquid, as water. 
Note —Infusion is performed by pouring a hot liquid 
over a substance, as tea ; decoction, by boiling a sub- 
stance in a liquid. 

machairodus, o m& to r6-diis (Gr.machaira, a ssibre, 
and odous, a tooth), in geol., a genus of carnivorous 
mammals found in certain Tertiaries and bone-caves 
of Europe— so called from the trenchant, sharp-point- 
ed, and sabre-shape of its upper canines. 

Machiavelian, a. mak'l-d-ve'll-dn (after Machiavel, 
a famous political writer of Florence, in Italy, in the 



mate, mdt,fdr, law; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, move; 



loth century), denoting the principles of Machiavel, 
who taught the ; rh icy as opposed 

to right in his system of politics or statesmanship; 
cunning or crafty in politics and government: n, 
one who adopts the principles of Machiavel: Mach'i- 
avel'ism, n. -izm, political cunning and artifice in- 
tended to advance arbitrary power. 

machicolated, a. md-chik-6-ld-ted (mid. L. machi- 
colamentum; F. machicoulis, machicolation— from 
F. meche, a match, and couler, to flow : old F. coulis, 
flowing), in anc. -unifications, having pierced para- 
pets of galleries piy ie'Tlim n> an the laces of the walls, 
from which pitch and offensive missiles might be 
thrown upon the besiegers below: machicolations, 
n. plu. mach'-i-ko-ld'-shuhs, projecting galleries in cas- 
tellated buildings. 

machinal, machinate— see machine. 

machine, n. md-shen' (L. machina; Gr. mechane, a 
contrivance, a stratagem, a machine: It. rnachina: 
F. machine), any contrivance or thing which serves 
to increase or regulate the effects of a given force, as 
steam, water, or wind; a complex structure or 
instrument contrived to lessen or supersede human 
labour; an engine; a coach or light conveyance: 
machining, n. md-she'nXtig, the working off newspaper 
or book sheets from a steam-press: machinery, n. 
mdshe'ner-t, the works or component parts of a 
machine ; machines in general ; complicated routine 
or management ; the superhuman beings introduced 
into a poem, &c, to solve a difficulty: machinal, a. 
vidshe'ndl, pert, to machines: machinate, v. mak- 
i-ndt, to plan or contrive; to form a scheme; to plot: 
machinating, imp.: machinated, pp.: mach'ina'tor, 
n. -na'trr, one who contrives a scheme for an evil pur- 
pose: machination, n. mdk'-l-nd'-shun, aplot or scheme 
formed for some evil purpose ; an artful design : 
machinist, n. md-shC'-nUt, a constructor of machines; 
one skilled in machines : machine-work, work done 
by a machine in contradistinction to that done by 
manual or hand labour. 

macintosh, n. mdk'-ln-tosh (called after the invent- 
or), a waterproof overcoat or cape. 

mackerel, n. mdk'-er-Sl (Dut. mackreel; F. maqucr- 
eau; It. maccarello, a mackerel — from L. macula : It. 
maccola, a spot, a stain— so called from the dark 
blotches with wlii.-h the fish is marked), awell-known 
sea-fish: mackerel-gale, a gale which only ripples the 
sea, or one suitable for catching mackerel : mackerel- 
sky, a sky streaked or marked like mackerel. 

ma.cled,A. mdk'ld [L.macula, a spot, a stain), in min., 
a name applied to surfaces that are covered with spots 
of a hue deeper than, or different from, the main 
ground of the substance : macles, n. plu. mdk'-ls, a 
term applied to " twin crystals " which are united by 
simple contact of their faces by interpenetration, or 
by incorporation, these twin forms being often re- 
peated so as to form groups: macle, n. mdk'l, another 
name for chiastolite, from the twin form of its crystals. 

maclurea, n. mdk-16'red (after Dr Maclure), in geol., 
a genus of flatly-spiral and operculated shells, often of 
large dimensions, especially characteristic of Lower 
Silurian strata. 

macrauchenia, n. mdk'raw-ke'nl-d (Gr. makros, 
long, and auchen, the neck), in geol., an extinct Ter- 
tiary mammal of S. Amer. resembling the llama, but 
much larger. ■ 

macrocephalous, a. mdk'ro-sef'-d-liis (Gr. makros, 
long, and kephale, the head), having a large head ; in 
cot., having the cotyledons of a dicotyledonous em- 
bryo confluent, and forming a large mass compared 
with the rest of the body. 

macrocosm, n. mdk'-ro-kozm (Gr. makros, lon<_ 
great, and kosmos, the world), the great world ; the 
visible system of worlds. 

macrodactyles, n. plu. mdk'ro-ddk'tllz, aLso mac'r 
dac'tyli, -til-l (Gr. makros, long, and daktulos, 
finger), a family of birds having very long toes : mac'- 
rodactyl'ic, a. -tll'ik, having long toes. 

macrodiagonal, n. mdk'ro-dl-dg'6-ndl (Gr. makros, 
long, dia, through, and gonia, an angle), the longer 
diagonal of a rhombic prism. 

macrometer, n. md-krom'e-ter (Gr. makros, long, 
and metron, a measure), an optical instrument for 
: - : 

macropodous, a. md.-krfip-o-d.u* (Gr. makros, long, 

and pous, a foot— gen. podos), applied to a family of 

crustaceans, the macropods, having enormously long 

.aire in proportion to 

the rest of the body: macropua, n. mdk'-ro-pus, the 



kangaroo, in allusion to the great length of its hind 
"3et. 

macropoma, n. md-krop'o-md (Gr. makros, long or 
.arge, and poma, a cover or lid), in geol, a genus of 
sauroid fishes peculiar to the Chalk and Wealden— so 
named from its large opercula, the head being equal 
to one-fourth of the entire length of the body. 

macropterous, a, md-krop'-ter-us (Gr. makros, great, 
and pteron, a wing, the blade of an oar), long-finned; 
long-winged. 

macrotherium, n. mdk'-ro-the'-rX-um (Gr. makros, 
large, a.ndtherion, a wild beast), in geol, a genus of 
edentate mammals from the Miocene Tertiaries of 
Europe, haviii. 
' or eight times larger. 

. lacrotous, a. md-krO'-i As (Gr. makros, long, and oils, 
an ear— gen. oris), in zoul., long-eared. 

macroura or macrura, n. plu. md-kro'-rd, also ma- 
crou'rans, n. plu. -ram (Gr. makros, long, and oura, 
the tail), a family of decapod crustaceans having 
long tails, as the lobster, prawn, shrimp, &c: macrou- 
rous, a. -kro'-riis, long-tailed. 

mactra, n. mdk'-tr,/ (Gr. wukira. a kneading-trough), 
a well-known littoral bivalve, inhabiting sandy and 
muddy shores— so named from a fanciful allusion to 
its shape. 

macula, n. mdk'-u-ld, plu. mac'ulae, -le (L. macida, 
a spot), a spot, as on the skin, or on the face of the 
sun or moon : maculate, v. -Idt (L. maculatum, to 
spot), to stain ; to spot ; to sully or defile : adj. in hot., 
spotted; blotched: maculating, imp.: maculated, 
pp.: mac'ula'tion, n. -Wslain, the act of spotting; a 
stain or spot. 

mad, a. mdd (old Eng. mad, to rave: Swiss, ma- 
deln, to mutter : Bav. maden, to chatter : Dut. mal ; 
It. matto, foolish, mad), disordered in the mind; in- 
sane ; wild ; furious ; excited with a violent or unrea- 
sonable passion, desire, or appetite; enraged: madly, 
ad. -lit mad'ness, n. the state of being mad ; astate of 
disordered mind , insanity ; extreme folly ; headstrong 
wildness of passion; distraction: madcap, n. mdd' 
kdp, a wild, thoughtless, rash person: madhouse, n. 
a house for the treatment and cure of the insane: mad'- 
like, a. exceedingly rash ; without reason or under- 
standing: mad'man, n. one deprived of his under- 
standing; one who acts contrary to reason ; a lunatic: 
like mad, in the manner of a person deprived of rea- 
son: to run mad, to act as one who is deprived of 

madam, n. mdd'dm, colloquially contracted ma'am, 
mdm (F. ma, my, and dame, lady), a title used in 
addressing women of every degree above the lowest ; 
colloquially, a term of address for mistress or lady ; 
not complimentary, as " she is a proud madam." 

madden, v. mdd'-n (from mad, which see), to make 
mad ; to become mad ; to act as one mad : madden- 
ing, imp. mdd'-ning, making mad or very angry : mad- 
dened, pp. mdd'-nd, rendered mad. 

madder, n. mdd'-der (AS. maddere), the name of a 
plant, the root of which is much used in dyeing red, 
several valuable pigments of different colours being 
also prepared from the colouring matter of the root : 
mad'dering, n. the process of dyeing with madder : 
madder-lake, a colour obtained from madder. 

made, pt. or pp. of make, which see. 

madeira, n. md-de'rd. a highly-esteemed wine pro- 
duced in the island of Madeira. 

mademoiselle, n. mdd- mo-d-zeT (F. ma, my, and 
demoiselle, damsel, young lady), the title given to 
a young unmarried Frenchwoman in France ; a miss. 

madonna or madona, n. md-don'nd (It. madonna, 
my lady— from mia, my, and donna, lady), a term 
equivalent to madam; applied particularly to the 
Virgin Mary, and to the pictures representing her. 

madrepore, n. mdd'-re-por (F. madrepore— from 
madre, spotted, and pore, a pore), a genus of corals, 
characterised by its spreading branching form, and 
by the numerous star-shaped cavities that dot its 
surface: madreporite, n. mdd'-re-pd'-nt , fossil madre- 
pore ; a variety of limestone having a small prismatic 
or columnar structure which looks like the pore ar- 
rangement of coral, but which is only a species of 
crystallisation. 

madrier, n. mdd'-rl-er (F. madrier— from L. mate- 
ria, stuff, material), a thick board or plank used 
for supporting the earth in mines, and for other mili- 
tary purposes. 

madrigal, n. mdd'-ri-gdl (It. madrigale ; Sp. man- 
drial, a kind of irregular lyric poem, properly a pasto- 



coiv, boy, /dot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



MAEL 3 

ral— from L. mandra ; It. mandria, a fold), a pastoral 
song ; a little song on some light or amatory subject ; 
a vocal composition in five or six parts. 

maelstrom, n. mdl'-strom, the name of a celebrated 
whirlpool on the coast of Norway ; a violent storm of 
temper. 

maestoso, n. ma'es-to'zO (It.) a direction in music, 
to give grandeur and strength to a passage. 

Msestricht beds, n. plu. md'-strlkt-bedz, in geol., a 
calcareous formation about 100 feet thick, regarded as 
the uppermost member of the Chalk formation in 
Europe, the fossils of which are on the whole very pe- 
culiar, and all distinct from Tertiary species— so called 
from being found at Maastricht on the banks of the 
Meuse. 

magazine, n. mdg'd-zen (F. magasin; Sp. magacen; 
Port, armazen, a magazine, a storehouse— from Ar. 
makhzen, a storehouse: Alb. raaqazoid, I bring to- 
gether), a building in which to store provisions, arms, 
or ammunition; astrong building in u liich to store gun- 
powder safely ; a pamphlet published at regular inter- 
vals containing compositions of a miscellaneous char- 
acter: magazine-day, the day on which monthlies and 
serials are published and supplied to the trade. 

magdalen, n. mdg'dd-len, a reformed prostitute- 
so called after Mary Magdalene of Scripture. 

Magdeburg hemispheres, n. plu. mdg'da-berg- 
hcm'i-sfcrz, an apparatus tor illustrating atmospheric 
pressure, consisting of a sphere in two halves.made to 
fit air-tight, which, when the air is withdrawn from the 
interior, cannot be easily separated. 

Magellanic clouds, n. plu. mdg'Sl-dn'ik-klowdz, the 
two whitish nebulae or cloud-like substances near the 
south pole of the heavens— so called from Magellan 
the navigator. l 

maggiore, a. mdj-yd'rd (It.) in music, greater. 

maggot, n. mdg'-ot (W. magu, to breed; magad, a 
brood, a multitude), a worm or grub, particularly of 
the flesh-fly ; a whim or fancy: mag'goty, a. -ot-i, full 
of maggots; whimsical; capricious. 

magi, n. plu. md'ji, also magians, n. plu. md'jl-dnz 
(L. magus; Gr. magos, a magian), the learned men and 
priests among the Persians who worshipped light or 
fire as the emblem of the invisible God, who cultivat- 
ed a knowledge of astronomy and the secrets of 
nature, and to whom were attributed the wielding of 
mysterious powers, and the practice of divination; 
the followers of Zoroaster, who held two principles, 
one of good, and the other of evil: ma'gianism, n. 
■dn-lzm, the philosophy or doctrines of the magi. 

magic, n. mdj'lk{L. magicus; Gr. magikos, belong- 
ing to magic -from L. magus, a magian : Gr. mageia, 
enchantment, the rites of the ancient Persian magi), 
the pretended uxt or science of working by the aid or 
power of spirits ; sorcery ; enchantment ; the secret 

Operation Of lia I m , I . - ,. i 11 m I ill 

a. mdj'ik, also magical, a. mdj'i-kdl, pert, to magic ; 
used in magic ; performed by spirits or the invisible 
powers of nature: magically, ad. -It: magician, n. 
md-jish'dn, one professedly skilled in magic: magic- 
lantern, an instr. or machine by which small ob- 
jects painted on glass are reproduced and magnified 
to any size on a wall or screen : magic-square, a square 
divided into smaller squares, in which a series of 
figures is so placed that in whatever way they are 
added the sum produced is always the same : magic 
wand, the rod of a magician. 

magilp, n. md-gilp', a mixture of linseed -oil and 
mastic varnish, used by artists as a vehicle for colours. 

magistrate, n. mdj'is-trdt (L. magistratus, the office 
or rank of a master or chief— from magister, a mas- 
ter: F. magistral) a public civil officer invested with 

executive or judicial an i d v a. jnsi ice of the peace: 

magisterial, a. mdj'ls-te'ri-dl, pert, to a magistrate ; 
authoritative; lofty; despotic: mag 'iste'rially, ad. 
■II: mag'iste'rialness, n. -nSs, the air and manner of 
a master; imperiousness : magistracy, n. maj'is-trd- 
si, the office or dignity of a magistrate ; the body of 
magistrates. 

magistral, n. mdj'is-tidl (Sp .magistral, masterly— 
from L. magister, a master), among the Spanish smelt- 
ers of S. Amer. and Mexico, the roasted and powdered 
copper pyrites added to certain ores of silver for re- 
ducing them. 

magma, n. mdg'md (L. and Gr. magma, the dregs of 
an unguent), dregs ; a crude mixture of mineral or 
organic matter in a pasty state. 

Magna Charta, n. mdg'vd-kdr'td (L. magna, great, 

and charta, paper, a charter), the great charter ob- 

mdte, mdt,fdr, law ; mete, mSt, 



8 MAGN 

tained by the Eng. barons from King John, A.D. 1215, 
repeatedly confirmed by Henry III. and by Edward I. 

magnanimous, a. mdg-ndn'-l-mus (L. magnanimus, 
great-souled— from magnus, great, and animus, soul, 
mind: It. magnanimo: F. magnanime), great of 
mind ; elevated in soul or sentiment ; not selfish ; dis- 
interested: magnanimously, ad. II: magnanimity, n. 
mdg'nd-nim'iti, greatness of mind; elevation in soul 
or in sentiment ; great generosity. 

magnate, n. mdg'ndt, plu. magnates, -ndtz (F. 
magnats, grandees of Poland or Hungary— from L. 
magnus, great), a noble or grandee ; a man of rank 
and wealth. 

magnesia, n. m&g-n&sh a country of 

Thessaly: F. magnc'sie, magnesia: Gr. magnes, the 
loadstone or magnet), one of the primitive earths, used 
in the form of a white, light, tasieiess powder: magne- 
sian, a. mdg-ne'-shl-dn, resembling or containing mag- 
nesia: magnesite, n. mdg'ne-zit, a native carbonate of 
magnesia occurring in white, hard, stony masses : mag- 
ne'sium, n. -shi-um, the metallic base of magnesia: 
magnesium light, a brilliant light produced by burn- 
ing magnesium wire : sulphate of magnesia, the well- 
known Epsom salt: magnesia alum, a substance 
occurring in white fibrous masses and efflorescences 
in S. Amer. : magnesian limestone, any limestone 
containing upwards of 20 per cent of magnesia. 

magnet, n. mdg'nSt (L. and Gr. magnes, the load- 
stone—gen. magnetis; said to be so called from the 
Magnesia in Thessaly, where first found : It. magnete, 
a magnet), the loadstone, which has the property 
of attracting iron, and of pointing to the poles 
when freely suspended ; a bar of steel, to which the 
properties of the loadstone are imparted by contact ; 
any piece of iron rendered powerfully attractive by 
a galvanic current; any powerful attraction: mag- 
netic, a. mdg-net'ik, also magnet'ical, a. -i-kdl, pos- 
sessing the property of attracting iron; attractive; 
having the peculiar property of turning due north 
and south when left freely suspended : magnetically, 
ad. -kdl-ll: magnetlcalness, n. -nes, the quality of 
being magnetic: magnetics, n. plu. mdg-net'iks, the 
science or principles of magnetism: magnetise, v. 
mdg'-n&t-iz, to render magnetic ; to affect with mag- 
netism: magnetising, imp.: mag'netised, pp. -izd: 
mag'netiser, n. -iz-er, one who or that which imparts 
magnetism : mag'netism, n. -izm, the peculiar attrac- 
tive and repulsive power of the natural magnet or 
loadstone ; the peculiar property or power possessed 
by many mineral bodies, by which, under certain cir- 
cumstances, they attract and repel one another ac- 
cording to determinate laws ; the cause of the attrac- 
tive power of the magnet ; the science which investi- 
gates the phenomena and laws of the attractive power 
of the magnet, and other bodies in a magnetic state : 
magnetisation, n. mdg'ndt-l-zd'shun, the bringing into 
a magnetic condition; the state of the object so 
brought: magnetite, n. mdg'net-it, one of the richest 
and most important of the ores of iron, and that from 
which the finest kinds of steel are made— also called 
magnetic iron: magnetic battery, a combination of 
magnets with the like poles similarly disposed so as to 
act together with great power : magnetic dip, see dip : 
magnetic equator, the line around the equatorial parts 
of the earth where the dipping-needle rests horizon- 
tally : magnetic fluid, the hypothetical fluid to which 
the various phenomena of magnetism are usually re- 
ferred : magnetic meridian, the mean direction which 
a freely-suspended horizontal needle assumes when left 
to itself: magnetic needle, the magnetised steel needle 
of the mariner's compass : magnetic poles, the two 
points in the higher northern and southern regions, 
where the needle dips and becomes vertical or perpen- 
dicular to the horizon— the north pole of the needle 
dipping in the north, and the south pole in the south : 
magnetic telegraph, a telegraph worked by electro- 
magnetism: magneto-electricity, n. mdg-net'o-, the 
electric phenomena produced by magnetism: mag- 
neto-electric, a. pert, to or exhibiting magneto-electric- 
ity: animal magnetism, a supposed agent of a mys- 
terious nature, which is said to have a powerful influ- 
ence on a person through contact with an operator, or 
by the exertion of will on the part of another ; mes- 
merism: terrestrial magnetism, the magnetic influ- 
ence exerted by the earth. 

magnetometer, n. mdg'-net-om'e-ter (Gr. magnes, the 
loadstone, and matron, a measure), an instr. for meas- 
uring the intensity of magnetic force. 

magnetomotor, n. mdg'-net-o-mo'-tir (Gr. magnes, the 

her; pine, pin; note, not, mCve; 



MAGN 



339 



MAJO 



loadstone, and L. motor, a mover), a voltaic series of 
two or more large plates, which produces a great quan- 
tity of electricity of low tension, adapted for electro- 
magnetic purposes. 

magnificent, a. mdg-nlf'i-sent(L. magnus, great, and 
facio, I make), grand in appearance; pompous; fond 
of splendour: magnificently, ad. -li: magnificence, 
n. -l-sens, grandeur of appearance; splendour: mag- 
nif'ico, n. -i-ko (It.), a grandee ornoble of Venice : mag- 
nify, v. mdg'-ni-ji, to increase the apparent size of a 
body; to praise or extol highly; to exaggerate; to 
amplify ; to raise in pride or pretensions : mag'nify- 
ing, imp. : adj. enlarging apparent size ; extolling : 
magnified, pp. -Jul: magnifier, n. -fi-er, one who 
magnifies ; a glass or lens which increases the magni- 
tude of a body to the eye : mag'nifiable, a. -fi'-a-bl, 
that may be magnified. 

magniloquent, a. mdg-nll'o-kwdnt (L. magnus, great, 
and luquens. speaking), pompous in words or style ; ex- 
pressing lofty pretensions : magnil'oquence, n. -kwens, 
a loftv inflated manner of speaking : magnil'oquently, 
ad. -II. 

magnitude, n. mdg'nl-tud (L. magnitudo, greatness 
—from magnus, great: It. magnitudine), bulk; size; 
extent of "dimensions or parts; greatness; import- 
ance. 

magnolia, n. mdg-nO'-U-d (after Pierre Magnol of 
Montpelier), a genus of plants; the laurel - leaved 
tulip-tree of America. 

magnum, n. mdg'num (L. magnus or magnum, 
great), a large wine-bottle, which holds double the 
quantity of an ordinary one : magnum bonum, -bo- 
itiltn (L. magnum, great, and bonum, good), a plum so 
called ; an epithet denoting excellence in the highest 
degree. 

magpie, n. mdg'pl (L. pica; It. pica; F. pie, a 
chatterer, a pie, and mog. for Margaret), a well-known, 
chattering, particoloured bird of the crow kind. 

Magyar, n. mdd'-ydr, a name for a Hungarian, or 
one of the dominant class in Hungary. 

Mahabharatam, n. ma'-hd-bd'-rd-idm, the name of 
one of the great Indian epic poems, the chief sub- 
ject of which is a long civil war between two dynasties 
of anc. India, the Kurus and Pandus. 

Maharajah, n. md'hd-rd'jd, a Hindoo sovereign 
prince. 

maharmah, n. md-har'-md, a muslin wrapper worn 
over the head, and across the mouth and chin, by 
Turkish and Armenian women, when they go abroad. 

mahl-stick, n. mawl'sHk (Ger. maler-stock— from 
maler, a painter, and stock, stick), the stick used by 
painters to serve as a rest to the right hand while 
painting,— also written maul-stick. 

mahogany, n. md-Jidg'd-nl (W. I. mahagoni), a 
forest-tree of tropical Amer.— also its wood, of a red- 
dish or brown colour. 

Mahomet, n. md'-hom-St, spelt also Moham'med, the 
author and founder of a new system of religion and 
civil polity, born at Mecca, in Arabia, a.d. "571: Ma- 
hometan, n. -i-tdn, a follower of Mahomet ; a Mussul- 
man ; also Mohammedan : adj. of or pert, to Ma- 
homet: Mahom'etanism, n. -tdn-izm, the religion 
established by Mahomet; also Mohammedanism: 
Mahom'etanise, v. -tdn-iz, to convert to the religion 
or customs of the Mahometans : Mahom'etani'sing, 
imp. : Mahom'etanised, pp. -izd. 

maid, n. mad (Goth, magus, a boy; magaths, a 
maid: old H. Ger. magad; Ger. magd, a maid: W. 
magu; Bret, maga, to breed), a virgin; an unmarried 
woman ; a female servant : maid-servant, u. a female 
servant: maiden, n. mdd'n, a maid; a young unmar- 
ried woman; a guillotine formerly used in Scotland: 
adj. pert, to a maid or to the unmarried state ; fresh ; 
new; unpolluted; first, as a ma idea speech: maiden- 
ly, a. -II, like a maid ; gentle; modest: ad. in a maiden- 
like manner: maiden-like, a. like a maiden: maiden- 
hood, n. mdd'-n-hdbd, or maidenhead, n. -hid (AS. 
inozdenhad), virginity; newness: freshness; virgin 
purity: maid'enliness, n. -ll-nes, the quality of being 
maidenly; modesty: maiden assize, an assize at 
■which there is no criminal to try. 

mail, n. mal (F. maille ; It. maglia, the mesh of a 
net, a ring — from L. macula, a spot, a hole), defensive 
covering for soldiers, consisting of steel-ringed or net 
work ; defensive armour ; an article composed of rings 
interwoven, used in ships for rubbing off loose hemp 
from the cordage: mail-clad, also mailed, a. maid, 
covered with defensive armour. 

mail, n. mal (AS. mal; Icel. mala, tribute), in Scotch 



law, a term signifying rent; tribute: black-mail, a 
tax paid to freebooters for protection of property. 

mail, n. mal (AS. mal or mal, a spot, a blot : prov. 
Eng. mail, a speck on the feathers of a bird), a spoton 
cloth, especia U led by iron. 

mail, n. mal (Norm. F. male, a large budget : old H. 
Ger. malaha; It. mala; Bret, mal, a trunk, a case: 
Gael, mala, a bag, a purse), a bag for the conveyance 
of letters ; any conveyance by which letters are for- 
warded to their destination ; the letters themselves : 
v. to prepare for transmission by mail ; to post letters 
or parcels: mailing, imp.: mailed, pp. maid, trans- 
mitted by mail : mailable, a. mdl'-d-bl, that may be 
sent by post: mail-coach, a carriage for conveying 
letters, &c, from one place to another: mail-train, 
on a railway, a fast train by which mails are con- 
veyed. 

maim, v. mam (old F. mahain, a defect: mid. L. 
mahannare, to maim; mahamium, a blemish: old 
Eng. maym, a hurt), to deprive of any necessary part 
of the body; to disable; to cripple; to disfigure: n. 
an injury done to the body by depriving it of a neces- 
sary part; a crippling: maiming, imp.: maimed, pp. 
mdmd: adj. disabled in limbs ; crippled : maimedness, 
n. mam'ed-nes, state of being maimed. 

main, a. man (Goth, magan, to be able: Icel. mega, 
to be able ; megin, strength, the principal part of a 
thing), chief; principal; first, as in size, rank, or im- 
portance; leading; important: n. the gross bulk or 
whole ; violence, force, or effort, as, he fought with 
might and main; the greater part; the ocean or sea; 
the land as distinguished from adjoining islands; a 
chief drain or pipe: mainly, ad. -li, chiefly; princi- 
pally : main-deck, the principal deck of a ship : main- 
keel, the keel as distinguished from the false keel: 
mainland, n. nuln'ldnd, the continent; the principal 
land as opposed to an island : main'mast, n. the prin- 
cipal or middle mast in a ship : main'sail, n. the prin- 
cipal sail in a ship : main-sheets, the ropes used for 
fastening the mainsails : mainspring, the principal 
spring in a watch or timepiece : mainstay, n. man- 
sta, chief support: main-top, a platform over the 
head of the mainmast : main-yard, the yard on which 
the main'sail is extended. 

mainpernor, n. man'per-ner (F. main, hand, and 
old F. perner ; F. prendre, to take ; jirise, a taking: L. 
prehendere, to take), in lau\ a surety into whose hands 
a person charged with an offence was given to answer 
for his appearance when required: main'prise, n. 
-prlz, a committal to the care of such a surety. 

maintain, v. mdu-tdn' (F. main, hand, and tenir, to 
hold: L. manu tenere, to hold by the hand), to hold or 
preserve in some particular state or condition; to de- 
fend; to vindicate; to support by argument; to jus- 
tify ; to support with food, clothing, &c. ; to affirm or 



that maybe maintained or upheld: maintenance, n. 

man'-ten-dns, means of support; vindication ; defence; 
continuance; assistance to another in a suit at law: 
cap of maintenance, n. a cap of dignity anciently 
belonging to the rank of a duke, and worn even by 
kings ; a symbol of high dignity. 

maize, n. maz (Sp. maiz; F. mais— from mahiz, a 
native word of the island of Hayti), Indian corn or 
wheat; an Amer. corn-plant, the Zea mays of botan- 
ists. 

majesty, n. mdj-cs-ti (L. majestas, grandeur, majesty 
— from majus, great: F. majeste), greatness of appear- 
ance; dignity; grandeur; elevation of manner or 
style; sovereignty; title or address of kings or em- 
perors: majestic, a. md-je's'-tik, also majes'tical, a. 
■tl-kdl, stately; pompous; sublime; having dignity of 
person or appearance: majestically, ad. -li. 

majolica, n. md-jdl'i-kd (old Ger. magele, a mug), 
a term for soft enamelled pottery, first introduced 
into Italy from Majorca about the twelfth century. 

major, a. md'jer (L. major, greater— from majus, 
great: F. majeur), greater in number, quantity, or 
extent: n. an officer in rank above a captain and 
below a lieutenant-colonel ; a head or superior ; a per- 
son of full age : mayorship, n. the office or rank of 
major: majority, n. md-jdr'-l-ti, full age or end of 
minority; the greater number ; more than a half ; the 
number by which the votes for the successful candi- 
date exceed those of the unsuccessful one ; the mili- 
tary rank of a major: major-domo, -dd'-mo (Sp. mayor- 
domo— from L. major, greater, and domus, a house), a 
man who holds the place of the master of a house ; a 



Hi, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



MAKE 



340 



MALI 



steward : major-general, an officer next in rank below 
a lieutenant-general : drum-major, the principal 
drummer in a regiment : serjeant-major, a non-com- 
missioned officer subordinate to the adjutant: major 
interval, in music, an interval greater by half a tone 
or semitone than the minor interval of the same de- 
nomination : major mode, in music, that mode in 
which the third and sixth tones of the scale form 
major intervals with the tonic or key-note: major 
premise, in logic, the premise of a syllogism which 
contains the major term : major term, the term of a 
syllogism which forms the predicate of the conclu- 
sion. 

make, v. mdk (Ger. machen; Dut. maecken, to make), 
to form ; to fashion ; to mould ; to compel ; to pro- 
duce or effect ; to do ; to perform ; to commit ; to cause 
to have a particular quality ; to bring into any state 
or condition ; to raise, as profit ; to gain ; to reach or 
arrive at ; to proceed ; to move ; to operate ; to con- 
tribute : n. form ; structure ; composition : making, 
imp. : n. the act of forming or constituting ; work- 
manship ; composition; structure; form: made, pt. 
pp. mad, did make. Note.— The very many senses of 
this word are determined by the context, ma'ker, n. 
-er, one who makes ; the Creator ; to make account 
of, to esteem ; to regard : to make a man, to make 
the fortune of a person: to make as if, to pretend; 
to make show that : to make away with, to kill ; to 
destroy: to make bold, to take liberty; to dare: to 
make for, to move toward: to make free with, to 
treat without ceremony: to make good or make 
amends, to defend; to maintain; to compensate for : 
to make land, to arrive near or at land, as a ship : to 
make light of, to treat with indifference or con- 
tempt : to make love to, to attempt to gain the affec- 
tions of; to court: to make merry, to be joyful or 
jovial in feasting: to make much of, to treat with 
fondness or esteem : to make no doubt, to have no 
doubt ; to be confident : to make of, to understand ; 
to effect : to make out, to form or draw out ; to under- 
stand clearly : to make over, to transfer ; to alienate : 
to make sail, to increase speed by extending more 
sails : to make suit to, to endeavour to gain the favour 
of; to court: to make sure of, to consider as certain ; 
to secure to one's possession : to make up, to collect 
into a sum or mass ; to reconcile ; to compensate ; to 
settle or adjust : to make up for,' to supply by an 
equivalent ; to compensate : to make up with, to be- 
come friendly to : to make way, to make progress ; 
to advance: make-believe, a. fictitious: n. a mere 
pretence: make -shift, n. a temporary substitute; 
something adopted or constructed to serve a present 
purpose: make-weight, n. any small thing thrown in 
to make up weight : to make shift, to contrive to do. 

mal, mdl, also male, mdl'-e (L. male, badly, ill ; malus, 
bad, evil : F. mal, evil, ill), a prefix signifying evil ; 
ill ; badly, as in ??iaZformation, malediction. 

malachite, n. mdl'-d-klt (Gr. malache, a mallow), a 
highly-prized mineral, being a green carbonate of cop- 
per—so called from its colour resembling that of the 
green leaves of mallows, used for a variety of ornamen- 
tal purposes, and as a green pigment under the name 
emerald-green. 

malacholite, n. mdl'-d-kollt (Gr. malakos, soft, and 
lithos, a stone), a mineral, a variety of aiigite of various 
shades of green, and of a vitreous or sub-pearly lustre. 

malacology, n. mdl'd-kol'dji (> ■ ,,i.ih,i. ,s, s,>n, 
tender, and /« ural history of 

molluscs or soft-bodied animals : mal'acol'ogist, n. 
-jist, one versed in malacology. 

malacopterygious, a. mdl'-d-kop-ter-ij'l-us (Gr. mala- 
kos, soft, tender, and pterugion, a small feather, the 
fin of a fish), having bony rays or fins, not sharp- 
pointed, as in certain fishes : mal'acopteryg'ii, n. plu. 
-lf-l-i, also mal'acopteryglans, n. plu. -ij'-i-dnz, Cuv- 
ier's second great order or division of osseous fishes, 
having the rays of the fins soft or jointed. 

malacosteon, n. mdl'-d-kos'-te-on (Gr. malakos, soft, 
and osteon, a bone), softness of the bones ; atrophy of 

malacostomous, a. mdl'-d-kos'-tO-mus (Gr. malakos, 
soft, and stoma, a mouth), having soft jaws without 
teeth, as most fish. 

malacostracology, n. mdl'-d-kos'drd-kol'-o-jl (Gr. 
malakos, soft, and logos, a discourse), the natural his- 
tory of the Crustacea. 

malacostracous, a. mdl'-d-kos'trd-kus (Gr. malakos, 
soft, and ostrakon, a hard shell), belonging to crusta- 
ceous animals, called mal'acos traca, -trd-kd, as the 



shrimp, lobster, &c. : mal'acos'tracan, n. -trd-kdn, a 
crustacean — generally those having soft shells. 

maladjustment, n. m&l'&d-just'-ment (L. malus, evil, 
and adjustment), an evil or wrong adjustment. 

maladministration, n. mal'-dd-mlnis-trd'shun (L. 
malus, evil, and udm misf ration), bad management of 
public affairs; bad management of business which 
has been intrusted to one. 

maladroitness, n. mCU'-d-drdyt'nSs (L. malus, evil, 
and atlroitm.ss), bad dexterity; awkwardness. 

malady, n mdl'd-dl (F. maladie, disease— from L. 
mains, evil), any sickness or disease of the human 
body ; depravity ; moral disorder. 

Malaga, n. mdl'-d-gd, a wine imported from Malaga, 
in Spain. 

malaise, n. md-ia i' (F. malaise, uneasiness), in med., 
an indefinite feeling of uneasiness ; ill at ease. 

malanders, n. plu. rndl'-dn-dirz (F. mabnidres) 
chaps or scabs on the lowest parts of a horse's ' 

malapert, a. mdl'-d-pirt (F. mal, ill, and 
ready, nimble in that he does: It. aperto, 
fident), bold and forward in speech or action"; 
impudent: mal'apertly, ad. -II, impudently ; 
malapert'ness, n. -?i6s, quick impudence. 

malapropos, ad. mdl-dp'-pro-pO' (F. mal, evil, and 
a propos, to the purpose), unseasonably ; ill to the 
purpose. 

malar, a. md'-ler (L. mala, the cheek: It. malare, 
the cheek-bone), pert, to the cheek. 

malaria, n. md-ld'-ri-d (It. male, ill, bad, and aria, 
air), peculiar exhalations from marshy districrs which 
produce fevers and ague: mala'rial, a. -rl-dl, also 
mala'rious, a. -ri-us, affected by malaria; unhealthy. 

malate, n. mdl'-dt (F. malate— from L. malum, an 
apple), a salt of malic acid. 

malconformation, n. mdl'kon-for-md'-shun (L. 
malus, evil, and conformation), ill form; dispropor- 
tion of parts. 

malcontent, n. mdl'-kon-tcnt (L. mains, evil, and 
content), one discontented or dissatisfied, particularly 
with political affairs : mal'content or mal'content'ed, 
a. -tent'-ed, discontented; dissatisfied : mal'content'- 
edly, ad. -li: mal'content'edness, n. -Ms, discontent- 
edness. 

male, a. mal (old F. masle ; F. male, male— from L. 
masculus, of the male kind, manly), relating to the 
sex that begets young; bearing stamens only ; having 
the thread on the outside, as a screw : n. a male ani- 
mal or plant; in hot., a plant or flower which bears 
stamens and no pistil. 

malediction, n. mdl'-S-dlk'-shun (L. maledictio, evil- 
speaking— fi-om mains, evil, ami dictum, to speak: F. 
malediction), evil-speaking; denunciation of evil; 
curse or execration. 

malefactor, n. mdl'-e- J dk'-ter (L. malefactor, an evil- 
doer—from malus, evil, and factum, to do), an evil- 
doer ; a criminal. 

maleic or malseic, a, mu-le-ik (L. malum, an apple), 
denoting an acid obtained from malic acid. 

malevolent, a., md-lev'6-lent (L. malevolens, ill-dis- 
posed—from mains, evil, and volens, willing), ill-dis- 
posed and spiteful towards others; prompted by per- 
sonal hate or malice to do injury: malevolence, n. 
-lens, evil disposition and spite towards another ; a 
hatred that prompts to injure another : malevolently, 

malfeasance, n. m&l-fd'-zdns (F. malfaisance, mal- 
evolence), evil-doing ; illegal deed. 

malformation, n. mdl'-for-md'shvn (L. mains, evil, 
and formation), ill or wrong formation : malformed, 
a, mabi'inrimd', ill-formed. 

malic, a. mdl'-lk (L. malum, an apple), of or from 
apples, as malic acid. 

malice, n. mal'-isiL. m rd it ia, ill-will— from malus, 
evil: It. malizia: F. malice), extreme enmity of heart; 
a disposition to injure others unjustly for personal 
gratification or from a spirit of revenge ; spite; J " 
erate mischief: malicious, a. md-llsh'-us, har" 
enmity without cause; proceeding from i 
hatred or ill-will: malici'ously, ad. -If: ma 
ness, n. -nSs, extreme enmity or disposition t< 
malice prepense, -pre-pens' (L. pre, before, a 
sum, to weigh), malice previously and d '" 



entertained. 

malign, a. md-lln' (L. malignus, envious, s 

from malus, bad, and g/.no, I produce: It. r 

F. malin), having violent hatred or enmity t( 

others; unfavourable; pernicious; tendingto' 

v. to regard with envy or malice ; to defame ; 

mate, mdt,fdr, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, ngt, mOxe; 



MALI 3 

with extreme enmity: malign'ing, imp.: maligned', 
pp. -llnd': malign'er, n. -er, one who maligns : a sar- 
castic censurer: malignly, ad. -li: malignant, a. 
ynd-lig'-na/it. actuated by extreme enmity or malice; 
virulent ; dangerous to life ; extremely heinous : n. in 
Eng. hist., one of the adherents of the house of Stuart 
—so called by the opposite party: malignantly, ad. 
■li: malignancy, n. md-lig'nda-si, bitter enmity; state 
of being malignant : malignity, n. md-lig'ni-tl, bitter 
enmity towards another ; malice without provocation ; 
deep-rooted spite ; extreme evilness of nature. 

malinger, v. ma-Vuf-nir iF. malingre, lingering, 
sickly), to feign illness ; in mil. or nav. lang., to pro- 
tract or pretend disease in order to avoid duty: n. act 
of one who feigns himself sick in order to escape duty : 
malingering, imp. : malin'gered, pp. -ling'gerd: ma- 
lin'gerer, n. -ger-er, a soldier who feigns himself sick. 

malison, n. mdl'-i-sn (Norm. F. malison, a curse), a 
curse ; a malediction ; execration ; the opposite of 
benison. 

malkin, n. mcuv'kin (from Mall or Moll, the shortened 
form for Mary, the kitchen-wench), a mop made of 
clouts for sweeping an oven ; a dirty wench. 

mall, n. mawl, mal, or mil (L. malleus, a hammer : 
It. malleo: F. mail), a heavy wooden beetle ; an in- 
strument for driving anything with force ; a public 
walk ; a level shaded walk, so called from being ori- 
ginally a walk where they played with malls and 
balls : v. to beat with something heavy ; to bruise : 
mailing, imp. : mailed, pp. ablA— see maul. 

mallard, n. mdl'-ird (F. malard, a drake), the wild 
duck — often restricted to the male or drake. 

malleable, a, mdl'-l6-d-bl (F. malleable; It. mallea- 
bile, malleable— from L. malleus, a hammer), that may 
be drawn out or extended by hammering : mal lea- 
bility, n. -bil'i-ti, also mal'leableness, n. -bine's, that 
property of most metals of being capable of extension 
under blows of a hammer : malleableise, v. mCtl'16- 
d-bl-iz', to render any substance capable of extension 
under blows of a hammer: mal'leablei sing, imp.: 
mal leableised', pp. -Izd' -. malleate, v. mal-16-at, to 
extend by hammering: mal'leating, imp.-: mal'le- 
ated, pp. 

malleolar, a. mal-le'6-Idr (L. malleolus, a small 
hammer— from malleus, a hammer), in anat., belong- 
ing to the ankle— applied to certain small arteries : 
malleolus, u. md'.-lC-o-hu-, the joint formed with the 
legs on each side of the foot ; an ankle ; in hot., a ham- 
mer-shaped slip ; the layer by which gardeners prop- 
agate plants. 

mallet, n. mai-U'f (F. maillet, a mallet— L. malleus, 
a hammer), a wooden hammer, chiefly used by stone- 
cutters and carpenters. 

mallotus, n. mdl-lo'tus (Gr. mallotos, fleecy— from 
mallos, a lock of wool), the capelan, a small soft-finned 
fish, rather larger than a sprat, inhabiting the coasts 
of northern seas. 

mallow, n. mdl'ld, or mallows, n. -loz (L. malva; 
Gr. malache, mallows— from Gr. malasso, I soften), 
a wild plant, the roots and leaves of which are used 
medicinally— so called Iran it> emollient qualities. 

malm-rock, n. mam-rok', a local term for a calca- 
reous sandstone, which forms portions of the Upper 
Greensand in Surrey and Sussex— known also as fore- 
stone ; a kind of brick, soft and yellow. 

malmsey, n. mdm'-zi (Malvasia, in Greece), a rich 
kind of grape ; a strong, rich-flavoured, sweet wine. 

malpighiaceous, a. mdl-phj'i-d'shus (see next entry), 

in bot., applied to hairs formed as in the genus mal- 

pig'hia, -pig'-i-d. which are attached by the middle, and 

llel to the surface on which they grow. 

malpighian, a. mdl-phj-i-an (after the anatomist 
Malpighi), in anat., a term applied to certain parts, 
especially of the kidneys, as, to the numerous secret- 
ing tubes where they are collected into conical 1 -undies. 

malpractice, n. mdl-prdk'-tis (L. malus, evil, and 
practice), evil practice ; illegal or immoral conduct. 

malt, n. maXclt (Ger. malz; Icel. malt, malt— from 
Icel. melta, to digest, to rot ; maltr, rotten), barley, 
or any other grain, rendered sweet by artificial ger- 
mination, the sweetness being preserved by checking 
the germination and drying in a kiln: v. to make 
grain into malt : malt'ing, imp. : n. the act or process 
of making barley into malt: malt'ed, pp.: maltster, 
n. muwWster. one whose trade is to make malt: malt- 
dust, n. siftings of malt: malt-liquor, n. ale and por- 
ter ;beer as made from malt : malt'man, n. the work- 
man engaged in making malt. 

maltha, n. mdl'thd (L. and Gr. maltha, a kind of 



solid asphalt. 

Malthusian, a. mdhthd'zX-dn, pert, to Malthus, who 
taught that population increased more rapidly than 
the means of subsistence could be made to increase, 
and consequently the undue increase of population 
should be checked, and early marriages discouraged. 

maltreat, v. mdl-tref (L. mains, evil, and treat), to 
abuse; to treat roughly or rudely: maltreating, 
imp. : maltreated, pp. : maltreat'ment, n. -ment, ill- 
usage; abuse. 

malva, n. mdl'vdlL. malva, the herb mallows), mal- 
lows, a common plant found in every quarter of the 
world, and much used medicinally: malvacese, n. plu. 
mdl-vd'se-e, the mallow tribe or order of plants : 
malva'ceous, a. -shiis, pert, to mallows. 

malversation, n. mdl'.ver-sd'-shiin (L. malus, evil, 
and versatio, a turning round, a changing: It. malver- 
sazione: F. malversation), evil conduct f improper be- 
haviour ; fraudulent practices. 

Mamaluke, n. mdm'd-look, also Mam'eluke (Ar. 
memaluk, a purchased slave), the chief military force 
of Egypt, destroyed in 1811. 

mamelon, n. mdm'e-lon (L. mamma, a breast, a 
swelling or protuberance, as on the bark of a tree), in 
mil., a slightly-rising mound. 

mamilla, n. plu. md-mil'ld (L. mamilla, a pap, a 
teat— from mamma, a mother: F. mamelle), in bot., 
little granular prominences on the surface of certain 
pollen : mam'illated, a., also mam'millated, a. applied 
to a wart-like projection which surmounts a hemi- 
spherical body— see mammillary. 

mamma, n. nuun'md (L. mamma, a breast), inmed., 
a nipple ; a teat ; a breast. 

mamma, sometimes mama, n. md-md' (L. mamma, 
the breast, a nipple or teat : It. mamma: F. maman: 
Dut. mamme: Fin. mamma), a familiar word for 
mother used by all ranks above the lowest— often con- 
tracted into mam, mdm, or ma, ma: mammal, n. 
mdm'mdl, an animal that suckles its young : mam- 
mals, n. plu. -mdlz, also mammalia, n. plu. mam-md- 
ll-d, the great class of animals which suckle their 
vouiilc bv teats or nipples : mammalian, a. -li-dn, pert. 
to the mammalia: mammary, n. -er-l, pert, to the 
breasts. 

mammaliferous, a. mdm'mrtl-if-er-us (Eng. mam- 
malia, and L. fero, I bear or carry), containing fossil 
remains of mammals. 

mammalogy, n. mdm-mdl'o-jl (L. mamma, the 
breast, and Gr. logos, discourse), the branch of natural 
history which relates to mammals: mammal'ogist, n. 
-0-jlst, one skilled in the knowledge of mammals and 
their classification. 

mammifer, n. mdm'ml-fer (L. mamma, the breast, 
and/ero, I bear), one of the mammals : mammif erous, 
a. -nu/'ir-us, having breasts ormam'mae, -mi. 

mammiform, a, mdm'-mi-fdirrm (L. mamma, the 
lava-a, and forma, shape), formed as breasts. 

mammillary, a. mdm-md-Kr-i (L. mammilla or ma- 
milla, a little breast or teat), pert, to or resembling 
the breast or nipples: mam'milla'ted, a, -ld'-1ed, hav- 
ing small nipples ; rounded like a teat ; studded with 
rounded or pap-like projections. 

mammon, n. mdm'mon (Syr. mamona; Chal. ma- 
mon, the god of riches), riches ; wealth : mam'monist, 
n. -1st, a person who devotes himself to the attain- 
ment of riches ; a worldling. 

mammoth, n. mdin'-moth (Russ. mamant— from Tar- 
tar mamma, the earth: Latham suggests that mam- 
moth is a corruption of Ar. Behemoth), the great fossil 
elephant of Siberia ; a species of very large elephant 
now extinct: adj. very large. 

man, n. mdn, plu. men, mSn (AS. and Goth, man, 
man: Sans, man, to think), a human being; the hu- 
man race ; the male sex, as distinguished from woman ; 
adult, as opposed to boy; a male servant or attendant ; 
in a general sense, any one : v. to furnish or guard 
with men; to i gthen: man'ning, imp.: 

manned, pp. mdnd: adj. furnished with men; guarded 
with men : man'ful, a. -fool, courageous ; brave ; be- 
coming a man: man'fully, ad. -li: man'fulness, n. 
-n&s, the quality of being manful; courageousness : 
manlike, a. -Ilk, having the form or appearance of a 
man ; possessing the nature of a man : manly, a. -li, 
becoming a mai . nified ; noble ; not boyish 

or womanish: manliness, n. -ll-nes, the qualities of a 
man; bravery: mantood, n. -hood (man, and postfix 
hood: AS. manhad), state of one who is advanced be- 



cdic, bo~ii, foot ; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shim, thing, there, zeaL 



MANA 



342 



MANG 



yond boyhood; human nature; the qualities of a man; 
courage : man-hater, one who hates mankind ; a mis- 
anthrope : man'nish, a. -ish, having the appearance of 
a man ; masculine : mankind', n. -kind' (man and 
kind), the race of human beings ; the males of the 
human race : man-pleaser, a flatterer of man : man- 
servant, a male attendant or servant: man-stealer, 
one who steals and sells men as slaves : to make a 
man of, to place in circumstances favourable for ad- 
vancement in life : man-midwife, a medical man who 
attends women in child-birth : man-of-straw, a mere 
puppet or nominee; in commercial language, one 
without sufficient means or substance to undertake 
moneyed obligations ; a poor man : man-of-war, an 
armed vessel belonging to a state: men-at-arms, a 
term formerly applied to the better class of soldiers 
who were fully and heavily armed. 

manacle, n. mdn'd-kl (F. manicles, hand-fetters— 
from main, the hand: L. manica, the sleeve of a gar- 
ment, a handcuff— from manus, the hand), a shackle 
or tie for fastening the hands together; a handcuff: 
commonly used in the plu. man'acles, -klz, hand- 
cuffs: v. to handcuff; to put on fastenings for con- 
fining the hands: manacling, imp. mdn'd-klivg .- 
man'acled, pp. -kid: adj. having the hands fastened 
as with manacles. 

manage, v. mdn'dj (It. maneggiare, to manage, to 
exercise: mid. L. mainagiiuv, occupation, the furni- 
ture requisite for the occupation of a house : F. man- 
ier, to handle— from main, the hand), to carry on 
the concerns of, as a house or business ; to conduct 
or direct; to move or use easily; to control; to 
govern with address ; to contrive : man'aging, imp. : 
adj. that conducts or carries on; governing; con- 
ducting with frugality and prudence; intriguing: 
man'aged, pp. -ajd: manager, n. mdn'-d-jer, one who 
conducts or directs anything; one who conducts with 
frugality and prudence : manageable, a. mdn'aj-d-bl, 
easy to be used, directed, or moved ; that may be 
controlled; tractable: man'ageableness, n. -bl-nis, 
the quality of being manageable: man'agement, n. 
-aj-mSnt, manner of treating, directing, or carrying 
on; conduct directed by prudence or contrivance; 
cunning practice. 

manakin, n ! I Mid Ger. manakin: pro- 

bably a native name), a genus of beautiful small birds, 
found in warm climates. 

manatee, also manati, n mttm tetnewli.manatus; 
Sp. manati — from L. manus, a hand), the sea-cow, 
having limbs like hands by which they creep or move ; 
also called manatus, m&n-a'tus : manatidse, n. plu. 
mdn-dt'-l-de, a family of aquatic herbivorous mam- 
mals, including the manatee. 

manchineel, n. mdn'shln-el (It. mancinello; Sp. 
manzanillo), a large West India tree, the wood of 
which is hard and durable, and beautifully clouded, 
but whose sap is very* poisonous, particularly that 
of the bark. 

manciple, n. mdn'-sl-pl (L. manceps, a head con- 
tractor—gen. mancipis), the steward of a community; 
a purveyor. 

mandamus, n. m&n-a iraus, we com- 

mand), a writ or command issued by the Court of 
King's Bench in the name of the king— so called from 
its initial word. 

mandarin, n. mdn'dd-ren' (Port, mandarim— from 
mandar, to hold authority : mid. L. mandaria, juris- 
diction—from L. mando, I command), the general 
name given by Europeans to any one of the titled and 
governing body in China; a Chinese magistrate or 
governor. 

mandate, n. mdn'dat (L. mandatum, to enjoin, to 
command: F. mandat, a charge, a mandate: It. ma- 
dare ; F. mander, to send, to order), a command ; an 
order ; written authority to act for another ; a rescript 
of the Pope : mandatory, n. also mandatary, n. man' 
dd-ter-i, a person to whom the Pope has given a man- 
date or order for a benefice ; one to whom a command 
or charge is given; one who undertakes underwritten 
authority to do something for another : mandatory, 
a. containing a command : preceptive ; directory. 

mandible, n. mdn'dl-bl(L. mandibulum, a jaw— from 
mando, I chew), the jaw ; the instrument of chewing ; 
either jaw of a bird; the jaw of an insect; the beak- 
like jaw of a cuttle-fish: mandibular, a. mdn-dib'il- 
ler, pert, to the jaw: mandib'ulate, a. -u-lat, having 
mandibles ; jaw-shaped. 

mandioc, n. mdn'dl-ok (manihot, the native Indian 
name), a plant cultivated within the tropics of Amer. 



for the sake of the faecula contained in the stems, tapi- 
oca being one of its products ; also called cassava. 

mandolin, n. man' do -li it (it. ■ntandula), a very small 
instrument in the form of a violin with lour strings, 
played with a quill. 

mandore, n. man-dor' (F.), a sort of four-stringed 
lute or guitar. 

mandragora, n. mdn-drdg'6-rd or mdn'drd-go'rd, 
the Latin form of the mandrake, which see. 

mandrake, n. mdn'drak (L. and Gr. mandragoras, 
the plant mandrake), a plant and its roots of several 

:.i>< nr.:, tr 'i i i: .,. , ■. : ■en assigned; 

the mandrake of Scripture is a different plant, but 
what is uncertain. 

mandrel, n. mdn'-dril (F. mandrin), the revolving 
shank of a lathe to which turners affix their work; a 

oOjni. I,;,, : !,i,;|, ,, ,1 . I ,,,,-,,',,., 

mandrill, n. mdn'drll (F. mandrille ; Sp. mandril), 
a species of monkey attaining nearly the height of a 
man, and of an extraordinary and hideous appear- 
ance. 

manducate, v. mdn'du-kat (L. manducatum, to 
chew), to eat by chewing : man'ducating, imp. : man'- 
ducated, pp. : man'ducable, a. -kd-bl, that cannot be 
chewed: man'duca'tion, n. -kd'-shun, the act of eating 
or chewing : man'duca'tory, a. -ka'-ter-l, pert, to or 
employed in chewing. 

mane, n. man (Icel. mon; W. mwng, a mane), the 
long hair on the upper part of the neck of a horse or 
other animal : maned, a. mdnd, having a mane. 

manege, n. mdn-dzh' (F. manege, the management 
of a horse— from F. main; L. manus, the hand), a 
school for teaching horsemanship, or for training 
horses ; a riding-school. 

maneh, n. mdn'd (Heb.), a Scrip, weight equal to 
about 2 lb. 3 oz. troy ; in money, equal to 60 shekels 
of silver, and to 100 shekels of gold. 

manequin.n. mdn'e-kia (a corruption ofthefamiliar 
term manikin, a little man), an artist's model of wood 
or wax. 

manes, n. plu. md'nez (L. manes), the ghosts, shades, 
or souls of departed persons. 

manful, manfully, manfulness— see man. 

manganese, n. mdn'gdn-ez (new L. manganesia— 
from L. magnes, the magnet, so called from its pre- 
sumed resemblance to the magnet : F. manganese), a 
metal of a greyish-white colour, very hard and difficult 
to fuse— often applied to the black oxide of the metal : 
manganesian, a. mdn'-gd-ne'-zl-dn, pert, to or consist- 
ing of manganese: man'gane'sium, n. -ne'-zl-um, the 
chemical term for the metal manganese : man'gane'- 
sia, n. -ne'zl-d, the oxide of manganesium: man- 
ganic, a. mdn-gdn'dk, denoting the acid obtained from 
manganesium: man'ganate, n. -at, a compound of 
manganic acid with a base : manganite, n. mdn'-gdn-it, 
the purest and most beautifully crystallised ore of 
manganese, of a dark steel-grey colour, passing into 
iron black. 

mange, n. manj(l Umang r, to itch— from manger, 
to gnaw), the scab or itch in dogs, cattle, &c: mangy, 
a. mdn'jl, scabby : man'giness, n. -jl-nes, the quality 
or condition of being mancry. 

mangel-wurzel, n. m • (Ger. mangel, 

want, scarcity, and ivurzel, root), a plant of the beet 
kind, having a large root, cultivated as food for cattle; 
sometimes, but incorrectly, spelt mangold; the field- 
beet. 

manger, n. man'jer (F. mangeoire, an eating-place 
—from F. manger, to eat : L. manducare, to chew, to 
eat), a fixed feeding-trough for horses and cattle ; a 
sort of trough in ships, to prevent the water that enters 
the hawse-holes from overflowing the decks. 

mangle, n. mdng'gl (It. manganella, a machine for 
casting great weights: mod. Gr. mangganon; Ger. 
mangel, a calender, a mangle : Icel. mondull, the axis 
of a wheel), a machine for smoothing linen: v. to 
smooth linen with a mangle : mangling, imp. mdng- 
gllng: n. the act or business of i mo ithing linen with 
a mangle: mangled, pp. mdng'gld: adj. smoothed 
with a mangle. 

mangle, v. n i wngel, a defect, a bodily 

injury : mid. L. mangulare, to do one an injury— from 
Ger. mackel; Dut. mccckel ; L. macula, a stain, a 
blemish), to cut, hew, or hack with a dull instrument ; 
to lacerate ; to tear piecemeal ; to hack ; to curtail : 
mangling, imp. mdng'-gling ■, n. the act of cutting and 
slashing: man'gled, pp. -gld: adj. torn and hacked in 
cutting: man'gler, n. -gler, one who tears in cutting. 

mango, n. mdng'go '(mangos marum in the Tamul 



mate, mat, far, ItiXv; mete, met, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, move; 



MANG 



343 



MANT 



language), a very large tree and its fruit, a native of 
the "tropical parts of Asia, and extensively cultivated ; 
a small fish eight or nine inches in length. 

mangosteen, n. mdng'go-sten (Malay, mangusta), a 
tree and its fruit of the size of an orange, and of' de- 
licious flavour, growing in Java and the Molucca 
Islands. 

mangrove, n. mdn'grov (a corruption of Malay, 
mangle, and Eng. grove), a remarkable tree inhabiting 
the muddy shores and deltas of the tropics, and well 
known for the dense groves which it forms, down into 
the water itself. 

mangy— see mange. 

manhood — see man. 

mania, n. ma'ni-d (Gr. mania, madness : It. and 
Sp. mania: F. manie), a kind of delirium in which 
both the judgment and memory are impaired; a kind 
of madness having' much of the character of frolic and 
boisterous excitement. Note.— Mania is used with 
reference to anything which happens to be the rage. 
maniac, n. md'-nl-dk, a madman ; one raving with 
madness : maniacal, a. md-ni'd-kl, affected with 
madness : mani'acally, ad. -ll. 

manicate, a. man'l-kdt (L. manicatus, furnished with 
long sleeves— from manica, a long sleeve), in hot., ap- 
plied to pubescence which is so much matted and in- 
terwoven that it may be easily removed from a sur- 
face in one mass. 

Manichean, a. mdn'4-ke'dn, pert, to Manes or his 
doctrine : Manichean, Man'ichee, n. -ke, or Manlche'- 
ist, n. -ke'lst, a follower of Manes: Manlchelsm, n. 
•kc'-lzm.xhe doctrines of Manes, a Persian, who taught 
that there were two supreme principles, the one good 
(light), the author of all good; the other evil (dark- 
ness i, The author of all evil. 

manichord, n. man'i-kaTrrd (L. manus, the hand, 
and Eng. chord), a musical stringed instr. whose strings 
were covered with little pieces of cloth to soften or 
subdue the sounds. 

manifest, a, mdn'i-fSst (L. manifest-as, clear, plain— 
from manus, the hand : It. manifesto.- F. manifeste), 
clear; evident; plain; apparent: n. an invoice of a 
cargo of goods for examination at the custom-house : 
v. to show plainly ; to reveal or declare : manifesting, 
imp.: manifested, pp.: man'ifestible, a. -l-bl, that may 
be manifested : manifestation, n. -td'shun, the act 
of disclosing what is secret or obscure ; clear evidence : 
manifestly, ad. -ll, clearly; plainly: manifesto, n. 
mdn'l-fes'to (It. manifesto, a public declaration of a 
prince or state), a public written declaration of motives 
or intentions, particularly before commencing war. 

manifold, a. mdn'l/Old (many, and fold), many 
in number ; of various kinds ; oft repeated ; compli- 
cated : manifoldly, ad. -li : manifold-writer, a writing 
apparatus for taking several copies of a letter or other 
document at once. 

manihot, n. mdn'l-hot— see mandioc. 

manikin, n. mdn'l-kin (dim. of man: man, and kin, 
little), a little man, generally in contempt ; an ana- 
tomical model. 

manilio, n. md-nil'yo, also manilla, n. -?<J(Sp. man- 
ilia, a small band, a handcuff), a ring or bracelet worn 
by persons in Africa ; a piece of copper somewhat like 
a horseshoe, used as money on some parts of the African 
coast. 

manilla, n. md-nil'-d, a coarse fabric woven from 
cocoa or palm fibre— so called from Manilla, one of the 
Philippine Islands. 

manioc, n. md'-nl-dk, another spelling of mandioc— 
which see. 

maniple, n. mdn -l-pl (L. manipulus, a handful, acom- 
pany of soldiers— from manus, the hand, and pleo, I fill: 
It. mar, ipulo: F. manipule),\i\ anc. Rome, a small band 
of soldiers; an ornament like a scarf worn about the 
left arm of a priest at mass : manipular, a. md-nip'-u- 
ler, pert, to the maniple or to the hand : manip'ulate, 
v. -u-ldt, to treat, operate, or work by means of the 
hand: manip'ulating, imp.: manip'ulated, pp.: man- 
ip'ula'tion, n. -Id'shiin, work by hand; manual opera- 
tion or treatment, particularly in an artistic or skilful 
manner: manip'ulative, a. -ld-tiv, pert, to or done by 
the hand: manipulator, n. -Id'-ter, one who manipu- 
lates : manipulatory, a. -ld'-ter-i, of or pert, to manip- 
ulation. 

manitrunk, n. mdn'-l-trunk (I., manus, the hand, 
and truncv.s, a trunk or stem), a term applied to the 
anterior segment of the trunk or thorax in insects. 

mankind, manly, manliness — see under man. 

manna, n. mun'-nd (Heb. man hu, what is this? L. 
cow, oo~j,fobt; pure, oud; chair, 



and Gr. manna), food miraculously supplied to the 
Israelites in the wilderness of Arabia : the sweet juice 
of several species of ash growing in the S. of Europe: 
mannite.n. »n«« : lr', the peculiar variety of sugar which 

manned — see man. 

manner, n. mdn'-ner (It. maniero, well trained— 
from L. manuarius, that may be handled : It. maniera ; 
F. maniere, the handling of a thing, manner— from L. 
ynanus, the hand), form ; method ; habit ; sort or kind ; 
way of performing or doing ; peculiar carriage or de- 
portment. Note.— As applied to art, manner has two 
quite different significations ; in the one, it signifies a 
peculiarity of habit, and implies a kind of reproach 
against an artist; in the other, it is the artist's pecu- 
liar way of choosing, imagining, and representing his 
subjects, including what are called his style and hand- 
ling, man'ners, n. plu. -nerz, course of life ; deport- 
ment or bearing towards others; behaviour: man'- 
nered, a. -nerd, having manners; exhibiting the pe- 
culiar style of an artist or author, particularly in its 
objectionable form: mannerism, n. -nir-izm, a taste- 
less peculiarity; a peculiar mode of treatment carried 
to excess; a characteristic bearing or treatment: man'- 
nerist, n. -1st, one who executes his works in one un- 
varied and peculiar style, as an artist : mannerly, a. 
-ll, well-behaved; civil; respectful: ad. with civility ; 
respectfully : man'nerliness, n. -ll-nes, quality of being 
mannerly : in a manner, in a certain degree. 

manning, manned, mannish — see man. 

mannite— see manna. 

manoeuvre, n. md-no'-ver (F. manoeuvre, a man- 
oeuvre— from F. main ; L. manus, the hand, and F. 
ceuvre; L. opera, work), management with address 
or artful design ; adroit proceeding; stratagem; dex- 
terous movement or operation, as with troops or ships : 
v. to move dexterously troops or ships for attacking 
or defending with advantage, or as an exercise in tac- 
tics ; to change the position of troops or ships ; to 
manage with address or art : manoeuvring, imp. -ver- ' 
l>tg: mauceu'vred, pp. -verd: manoeuvres n. -ver- 
er, one who manoeuvres. 

manometer, n. mdn-dm'-e-ttr (Gr. manos, rare, thin, 
and metron, a measure), an instrument for ascertain- 
ing the density of air from its elastic force : man'o- 
met'rical, a. -met'ri-kdl, pert, to: also called a mano- 
scope, n. mdn'6-skop (Gr. skopeo, I view). 

manor, n. mdn'-er (F. manoir, mansion-house of the 
lord of a feudal estate, the estate itself: mid. L. man- 
sus, a residence— from L. man ere, to remain), the dis- 
trict over which a lord has feudal authority; so much 
land as a lord or other great person formerly kept in 
his own possession and for his own use : manorial, a. 
md-n6'-ri-dl, belonging to a manor: manor-house, the 
house of the lord of the manor: lord of the manor, 
the proprietor, titled or otherwise, of the manor or 
estate. 

manoscope, n. mdn'6-skop (Gr. manos, rare or thin, 
and skopeo, I view), a manometer. 

mansard-roof, n. mdn'sdrd-r6f (after the F. archi- 
tect Mansard), a roof formed of an upper and under 
set of rafters. 

manse, n. mans (Norm. F. manse; mid. L. mansus, 
a residence— from L. manere, to remain), in Scot., the 
dwelling-house of a parochial clergyman : mansion, n. 
man' shun, any place of residence ; a large house or 
residence. 

manslaughter, n. mdn'-slaw-ter (man, and si an < /li- 
ter), the destruction of the human species ; the killing 
of any person in sudden heat or excitement, and with- 
out malice : man-slayer, one that has killed another. 

mantel, n. mdn'-tl (L. mantellum, a means of cover- 
ing or hiding : mantel and mantle, though from the 
same root and primarily having the same signification, 
are differently spelt in order to distinguish the one 
from the other), the shelf, slab, or other ornamental 
:■!.'■■ i fh place, to conceal the chimney ; also 
called mantelpiece. 

mantellia, n. mdn-tel-li-d (after Dr Mantell), in 
geol., fossil stems of a sub-cylindrical shape, covered 
with rhomboidal leaf -sears— termed " crow's nests " by 
the quarrymen. 

mantiger, n. mdn'-ti-jer (L. mantichora, a beast hav- 
ing the face of a man, and the body of a lion), a large 
variety of baboon. 

mantilla, n. mdn-til'-ld (Sp.), a sort of scarf or short 
mantle. 

mantis, n. m&r, mantis, aprophet), agenus 

of voracious insects, remarkable for their slender gro- 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



MANT 



344 



MARC 



tesque forms; one species having a pair of leg ■ ■:■ : i -_■■ > 
resembles a person's hands as folded in prayer. 

mantissa, n. mdn-tis'-sd (L. mantissa, overmeasure, 
increase), the decimal part of a logarithm : mantis'- 
sse, n. plu. -se. 

mantle, n. mdn'-tl (L. mantellum, a cloak: It. man- 
tello;, F. mantille. a cloak: F. mante, a covering), a 
loose outer garment ; a cloak ; a cover or shade ; that 
which conceals ; the outer soft membrane of the body 
of a mollusc : v. to cover ; to disguise ; to rush to and 
overspread the face, as the blood, with a crimson 

' < ::']i r:ni on . ,.:•. mil Ill •; rnrnin I" 

gant manner ; to be expanded ; to froth : mantling, 
imp. mdnt'-ling: adj. spreading; investing; brought 
up to the top ; fermenting : n. in her. , representation 
of a mantle or any drapery: mantled, pp. mdn'-tld: 
adj. covered as with a mantle. Note.— When connected 
with the fireplace mantel should be the spelling, and 
mantle when a cloak or covering is signified. 

mantua, n. man'til (F. manteau, a cloak), a lady's 
cloak or gown : mantua-maker, a lady's dressmaker. 

manual, a. mdn'-u-dl (L. manualis, used by or with 
the hand— from manus, the hand: It. manuale: F. 
manuel), performed, made, or used by the hand: n. 
a compendium, or a handbook ; a small book that may 
be conveniently handled ; service-book of the R. Cath. 
Ch. ; the key -board of an organ or harmonium : man'- 
ually, ad. -II: manual exercise, the exercise of soldiers 
with their arms: manual labour, physical employ- 
ment and with the hands, as distinguish <<! i ■- 

mental or professional labour : sign-manual, the royal 
signature subscribed at the top of bills, &c. 

manufacture, n. mdn'-u-fdk'tur (F. manufacture; 
Sp. manufactura, manufacture— from L. manus, the 
hand, and factum, to make), the conversion of raw 
materials by the hand, or by machinery, into articles 
suitable for the use of man : v. to work raw materials 
into articles suitable for use by the hand, or by machi- 
nery ; to make by art or labour ; to be occupied in 
manufactures: man'ufac'turing, imp.: adj. pert, to 
or occupied in manufactures : man'ufac'tured, pp. 
■turd: adj. made from raw materials into articles for 
use : man'ufac'turer, n. -tur-er, one who works raw 
materials into articles of use : man'ufac'tory, n. -ter-1, 
the house or place where goods are made for use : adj. 
employed in any manufacture : often contracted into 
factory. 

manumit, v. mdn'-u-mW (L. manumittere, to set at 
liberty, to emancipate— from manus, the hand, and 
mitto, I send), to release from slavery or bondage ; to 
emancipate : man'umit'ting, imp.: man'umit'ted, pp.: 
man'umissi'on, n. -mish'-un, the act of giving a slave 
his freedom. ■ ■» 

manure, n. tnd-nur' (old F. manouvrer, to hold or 
possess— from F. main; L. manus, the hand, and F. 
ouvrer; L. operari, to work: old Eng. manure, to 
occupy or cultivate land), any matter or substance 
added to the soil to fertilise it : v. to apply any fertil- 
ising matter to land; to fertilise: manu'ring, imp.: 
n. a dressing of manure on land ; the act or practice 
of applying manure to land: manured^ pp. -nurd', 
dressed with manure: manu'rer, n. -rer, one who 
applies manure. 

manuscript, n. mdn-u-skript (L. manus, the hand, 
and scriptus, written : F. manuscrit), writings of any 
kind by the hand, on paper, or on other material; 
contracted into MS. ; plu. MSS. 

Manx, n. mdnks, the old language of the Island of 
Man : adj. belonging to the Isle of Man, as Manx cat. 

many, a. mSn-i (Goth, manags, much; ma'nagei, a 
multitude : Ger. mancher ; F. maint, many), consist- 
ing of a great number ; numerous ; not a few ; used 
as a common prefix, as many to ; 6 manifold:. n. a 
great number of individuals ; a multitude ; the people : 
many- times, ad. often : too many, more than enough ; 
over-powerful: the many, the greater number; the 
crowd. 

Maori, n. md'o-rl, one of the native inhabitants of 
New Zealand: adj. belonging to. 

map, n. mdp (Sp. mapa, a map : L. mappa, a table- 
napkin: It. mappa: F. mappe), a picture of the earth, 
or a part of it, on a flat surface— usually on paper or 
cloth: v. to draw or delineate any portion of land: 
mapping, imp. : n. the art or practice of planning or 
drawing maps : mapped, pp. mdpt. 

maple, n. md'-pl, or maple-tree (AS. mapel-treo : old 
Eng. medle-tree), a tree of several species, one or two 
of which are much used in Amer. in house-carpentry, 
for furniture, and for ornamental work and small ar- 



ticles of daily use : maple-sugar, sugar obtained from 
a maple-tree, common in North America. 

mar, v. m.dr (probably derived from the figure of a 
person wrying his mouth or making ugly faces, and 
so temporarily disfiguring his face: Swab, marren, 
to growl angrily, as a dog: F. marrir, to complain: 
Dut. merren, to obstruct, to delay), to injure; to 
blot ; to spoil ; to disfigure : marring, imp. : marred, 
pp. mdrd. 

marabuts or maraboots, n. plu. mdr'-d-b6tz (Ar.), 
: ■'• ■■""■ ii.e Vorth [fricans, a kind of saints or sor- 
cerers held in high estimal ion : maraboot feathers or 
marabou, -bo, fine delicate feathers, the white kind 
being very valuable, much used in the dress of ladies, 
obtained from a large crane of Asia and Africa. 

maracan, n. mdr'd-kdn, a species of parrot in 
Brazil. 

marai, n. md-rd', in the Pacific Islands, a sacred 
enclosure or temple. 

marajah, n. mdr-d'-jd, or maharajah, n. md'-hd- 
rd'-jd, a Hindoo sovereign prince. 

maranatha, n. mdr'd-nd'-thd (Syr.), a word mean- 
ing "The Lord has or will come," and connected by St 
Paul with anathema — see 1 Cor. xvi. 22. 

maraschino, n. mdr'ds-ke'nO (It. maraschino: F. 
marasquin), a spirit or liqueur made from the mar- 
a.vca cherry of Dalmatia. 

marasmus, n. md-rdz'mus (Gr. marasmos, decay, 
weakness), a wasting of flesh without fever or appa- 
rent disease ; a kind of consumption. 

maraud, v. md-rawd' (F. maraud, a tom-cat, an 
animal notorious for its prowling habits, a rogue; 
marauder, to play the rogue, to beg), to rove in quest 
of plunder; to plunder: maraud'ing, imp : adj. rov- 
ing in search of plunder : n. acting as a marauder : 
maraud'ed, pp.: maraud'er, n. -er, a freebooter; a 
plunderer. 

maravedi, n. mdr'd-ve'di (Sp.), a Spanish copper 
coin less than a farthing. 

marble, n. mdr'-bl (F. marbre; L. mevrmor; Dut. 
marmer, marble), a calcareous stone susceptible of a 
high polish ; anything made of marble ; any rock sus- 
ceptible of a fine polish ; a little stone ball used by 
boys in play ; a stone remarkable for some inscription 
or sculpture : v. to variegate or vein in imitation of 
marble: adj. made of marble; variegated or veined 
like marble; hard; insensible: marbling, imp. mar- 
bling: n. the art or practice of colouring in imitation 
of marble: mar'bled, pp. -bid : adj. stained with irreg- 
ular streaks or veins of colour: mar'bler, n. -bier, 
one who veins paper-work, wood, stone, &c, in imita- 
tion of marble : martriy, ad. -bit, in the manner of 
marble : marble-hearted, a. hard-hearted ; cold ; cruel. 

marc, n. mdrk (F. marc), the refuse matter of grapes 
or other fruit from which the juice has been expressed. 

marcasite, n. mdr'ka-sif (said to be from Ar. mawr- 
kjassidd, like a shining, fire-giving stone), iron pyrites, 
occurring crystallised in modified rhombic prisms, in 
stalactite crusts, &c, nearly tin -white, and more 
strongly metallic in lustre than ordinary pyrites, used 
in the manufacture of sulphur and sulphuric acid, 
also for ornamental purposes : mar'casit ic, a. -slt'-ik, 
pert, to or resembling marcasite. 

marcescent, a. mdr-ses'-sint (L. marcescens, pining 
away or decaying), decaying; fading; in hot., gra- 
dually withering, but not falling off until the part 
bearing it is perfected: marces'cible, a. -sl-bl, liable 
to decay or fade. 

March, n. mdrch (L. Mars, the god of war), the third 
month of the year : march-mad, a. rash to an extreme 
—in allusion to March being the rutting time of hares, 
when they are very excitable. 

march, n. mdrch (It. marciare; F. marcher, to walk 
—from Bret, marc'h: W. march, ahorse), a deliber- 
ate, regular, stately walk ; the journey of troops from 
one place to another; the movement of soldiers in 
order ; a deliberate or laborious walk ; movement ; 
progression ; signal to move ; a piece of music fitted 
to accompany the movement of troops, or composed 
after the measure of the march of troops : v. to move 
in order by steps ; to cause to move ; to walk in a 
stately, deliberate manner : march'ing, imp. : adj. 
under orders for marching: n. military movement; 
passage of soldiers : marched, pp. mdrcht. 

marches, n. plu. mdrch'-cz (AS. mearc, a mark: 
Goth, marka, a border), borders of a country ; fron- 
tiers : march, v. mdrch, to join, as a frontier; to bor- 
der: march'ing, imp.: marched, pp. mdrcht: march'- 
er, n. -er, the officer who defends the borders of a 






mate, mat, far, law; mete, mtt, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, move; 



MARC 



345 



MARL 



ship, not much in use now. 

marchioness, n. feru. mdr'shon-Ss (It. marchesa; 
mid. L. marchionissa, a marchioness), the wife of a 
marquis or marquess; a lady having the rank of a 
marquess. 

mare, n. mar (AS. mare; Dut. merrie, a mare: Icel. 
mar; W. march, a horse), the female of the horse: 
night-mare, n. nlt'mar (Icel. mara: Dan. mare; Ger. 
mahr; Dut. nagt-merrie, the night-mare), a sense of 
pressure over the chest in sleep at night, accompanied 
with suffocative panting; the incubus : mare's-nest, 
some fancied discovery "which turns out to be some- 
thing very absurd or ludicrous, or a hoax: mare's- 
tail, a common marsh-plant. 

marechal, n. mdr-d'-shdl (F.) the highest military 
title in the French army. 

maremme, n. md-rcm'-mc (It. maremma, a country 
by the sea-shore — from ma re, the sea), an Italian term 
for those unwholesome sea-marshes which diffuse with 
more or less virulence pestilential exhalations along 
the whole west coast of Italy. 

mareschal, n. mdr'shdl (F. marechal; old F. mare- 
schel), a military officer of the highest rank, now usu- 
ally written marshal. 

margaric, a. margdr'tk (L. margarita ,- Gr. margar- 
ites, a pearl), pert, to pearls, or the pearl-like substance 
called margarine: applied to the most important and 
most widely distributed of the oily acids : margarate, 
n. mdr'gd-rdt, a compound of margaric acid with a 
base: margarine, n. mdr'-gd-rln, the pearly solid por- 
tion of oils and fats, obtained from them when exposed 
to cold: mar'garite, n. -rlt, one of the mica family— 
also called jjearl-viica ; a pearly-grey mineral. 

margarone, n. mdr'gd-ron, a solid white fatty mat- 
ter obtained from margaric acid. 

margin, n. mdr'-jin (L. margo, brink, border— gen. 
marginis: It. margin?-. F. marge), the border, brink, 
edge, or verge of anything ; the blank edge of a leaf 
or page ; what is written or printed on the margin ; 
the .difference between the price of purchase and sale 
of an article, out of which the merchant or trader de- 
rives his profit ; something left or put to for meeting 
casualties; in hot., the boundary-line or contour of a 
body traced by the union of opposite plain surfaces; 
latitude — as, this must be taken with a wide margin : 
v. to furnish with a margin ; to enter in the margin of a 
page: mar'gining, imp. : mar'gined, pp. -jlncl: mar- 
ginal, a. -jln-dl, pert, to or placed in the margin; 
placed upon or attached to the edge of anything: 
marginally, ad. -II: mar'ginate, a. -j'ln-at, also mar'- 
ginated, a. -d-tid, having a prominent or well-defined 
margin. 

margrave, n. mdr'grav (Ger. markgraf, count of the 
march— from mark, boundary, and graf, count: F. 
margrave), a German title of nobility: margravine, 
11. fern, -ven, the wife of a margrave. 

marigold, n. mdr'l-golJ (the Virgin Mary, and gold), 
a common garden -plant, bearing a showy yellow 
flower: marigold-window, a cathedral window cir- 
cular in form — called also a Catharine-wheel window. 

marine, a. md-ren' (L. marinus, belonging to the 
sea— from mare, the sea: It. marina, the sea-coast: 
F. marin, marine), of or pert, to the sea ; near or in 
view of the sea ; representing the sea ; naval : n. a 
soldier who serves on shipboard ; the navy or collec- 
tive shipping of a kingdom or state ; naval affairs or 
interests in general: mariner, n. mdr'l-ner, a seaman 
or sailor : mariner's compass, a compass fitted for use 
on board ship— see compass : marine-engine, a form 
of steam-engine commonly used in sea-going steam- 
ers: marine-glue, a composition of tar and shellac: 
marine-soap, a soap chiefly made of cocoa-nut oil, 
adapted for washing with sea-water: marine-store, a 
place where old ships' materials, as canvas, iron, junk, 
&c, are bought and sold ; now applied to shops where 
any old articles, as iron, bottles, grease, &c, are 
bought and sold. 

mariolatry, n. md'ri-61'd-trl (L. and Gr. Maria, the 
Virgin Mary, and latreia, worship), the worship of the 
Virgin Mary : ma'riol'ater, n. -d-ter, one who worships 
the Virgin Mary. 

marionnette, n. mdr'i-6-ndf (F. a puppet), a puppet ; 
plu., a puppet-show. 

mariput, n. mdr'i-put, the zoril, an animal of the 
skunk kind. 

marish, n. mar'ish (AS. mersc, a marsh), low wet 
ground ; a marsh. 



marital, a. mdr'ltcil (It. marilale; F. marital, mar- 
ital—from L. maritus; F. mart, a husband), pert, to a 
husband. 

maritime, a. mdr'itlm (L. maritimus, belonging to 
the sea— from mare, the sea : It. maritimo .- F. mari- 
time), pert, to or connected with the sea ; done on the 
sea; having a navy and commerce by ships; situ- 
ated near the sea : maritime law— see law : maritime 
nations, nations that have seaports, a navy, and 
commerce by ships. Note.— Maritime denotes "bor- 
dering on the sea," as a maritime town or nation ; 
" belon^im? to those bordering on the sea," as mari- 
time laws or rights: marim denotes "of or pert, to 
the sea," as marine productions, a marine shell ; 
"transacted at sea," or "doing duty on it," as marine 
service, marine forces. 

marjoram, n. mdr'jd-rdm (Ger. marjoran; It. ma- 
jorana), an aromatic plant of several species, used as 
a seasoning in cookery. 

mark, n. mark (AS. mearc, a mark, a boundary: 
Icel. merkia, to mark, to signify), any visible impres- 
sion, as a line, streak, or channel ; any sign of distinc- 
tion ; a print ; a stamp ; evidence ; sign ; notice taken ; 
an object; that at which a missile is directed; con- 
spicuous character, as a man of mark; impression 
produced by ability or character, as "he has made his 
mark ; " the X made by a person who cannot write his 
name : v. to draw or make an impression on or in ; to 
impress with a token ; to denote ; to heed or regard ; 
to observe: mark'ing, imp.: marked, pp. mdrkt': 
mark'er, n.-er, on..- wh" marks; one who registers the 
scores at billiard-tables : marks, n. plu. marks, the 
depths of the lead-line, which are marked by having 
a distinguishing piece of leather, cord, or bunting rove 
through the strands : marking-ink, indelible ink, used 
for putting private marks on linen : marks' man, n. 
he who shoots well : trade-mark— see trade : to mark 
out, to notify by a mark; to point out; to desig- 
nate : to mark time, in mil., to notify the rate of step 
by the movements of the foot ; in music, to notify the 
time by the movement of the foot, hand, or other 

mark, n. mdrk (AS. marc, a piece of money : Icel. 
mork, a measure, 8 oz. of silver), an ancient piece of 
money, equal to 13s. 4d. 

market, n. mdr'-kCt (L. mercatvs, trade, market — 
from mercari, to traffic: Icel. markadr, a market), a 
public place or building for buying and selling; pur- 
chase and sale : v. to deal in a market ; to buy or sell : 
marketing, imp.: adj. bargaining at a market; at- 
tendance upon a market: mar'keted, pp.: market- 
bell, a bell which rings at the opening and close of a 
market: market-cross, the place where a market is 
held, sometimes marked by an anc. cross : market- 
gardener, one who raises vegetables and fruits for 
sale: market-place, the place where goods are ex- 
posed for sale: market price or rate, the current 
price of goods at any given time : market-town, a 
town having the privilege of holding a market : mar- 
ketable, a. -d-bl, fit for the market; saleable: mar'- 
ketableness, n. -U-nSs, the state of being fit for mar- 
ket. 

marl, n. marl (Dut. marghelen, to fatten land— from 
margh, marrow: It. and L. marga, marl), a natural 
mixture of lime and clay in variable proportions, 
used for the fertilising cf land ; a soil that falls readily 
to pieces on exposure to the air: v. to manure with 
marl: marling, imp.: marled, pp. mdrld, manured 
with marl: marly, a. mdr'll, consisting of or abound- 
ing with marl: marlaceous, a. mdr-ld'-shxis, resem- 
bling marl ; partaking of the qualities of marl : clay- 
marl, when the clay predominates : marl-clay, when 
the lime is most abundant : shell-marl, when it con- 
tains fresh-water shells : marlstone, in geol., the 
middle member of the Lias formation, consisting of 
arenaceous shales, laminated sandy limestones, and 
several bands of stratified and nodular limestone— the 
whole series being peculiarly rich in fossils. 

marl, v. marl (see marline), among seamen, to wind 
or twist a small line or rope round another : marling, 
imp.: marled, pp. mdrld. 

marline, n. mdr'lin (Dut. marten, to marl, to fasten 
the sail to the bolt-rope: Dut. marlyn; F. merlin, 
marline : Dut. marren, to moor), small rope of two 
loose strands either tarred or white, used for twisting 
or winding round rope : v. to wind marline round a rope 
or cable to prevent its being fretted by the blocks, 
&c. : marline-spike or marling-spike, a pointed tool 
used in splicing ropes. 



yy,fobt; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, (here, zeal. 



MARM Zi 

marmalade, n. mdr'md-ldd (F. marmelade ; Port. 
marmaleda—from Port, marmelo, a quince), a common 
preserve of Seville or bitter oranges with sugar; a 
jam or conserve of quinces. 

marmolite, n. mar-mo-llt (Gr. marmairo, I shine, 
ami lit/ins, a stone), a variety of foliated serpentine of 
a pale-green, yellow, or lighl gn y <-oi >a 

marmoraceous, a. mdr'-mo-rd'shus (L. marmor, 
marble— gen. marmoris), pert, to or like marble : mar- 
morate, a. -rat, enclosed in marble ; marbled : mar'- 
moratum, n. -rd'-tum (L. to encrust with marble), a 
cement or plaster of marble-dust and lime. 

marmose, n. mdr'-moz, an animal resembling the 
opossum, but less in size. 

marmoset, n. mdr'mo-zet (F. marmouset, a monkey 
— from marmotter, to mutter), the smallest of the mon- 
key kind— so called from its chattering cry. 

marmot, n. mdr'-mM (F. marmotte: It. marmotta), 
the Alpine or mountain rat. 

maroon, n. md-ron' (Sp. cimarron or simaron, a 
run-away slave— probably from sima, a cave), a name 
given to the blacks living in the central and mountain- 
ous parts of Jamaica in a state of freedom, when 
slavery existed; a negro escaped to the woods: v. 
to put a sailor ashore on a desolate island by way 
of punishment: maroon'ing, imp.: marooned', pp. 
-r6nd'. 

maroon, a. md-ron' (F. marron, chestnut-coloured 
—from marron, a large French chestnut), brownish- 
crimson ; of a claret colour. 

marplot, n. mar-plot (mar, and plot), one who spoils 

'«■ Mi;!, a. <le, igu Ir, an oii'n ions nu.c i'ercnce or d- 

dling. 

marque, n. mark (mid. L. marcha; F. marque, the 
authority given by a prince to any of his subjects to do 
himself right in a border quarrel by seizing the pro- 
perty or persons of the countrymen of the wrong-doer 
—see marches), only now used in letters of marque, 
a licence or commission granted by a sovereign to the 
commander or owner of a private vessel in time of 
war to seize the ships of his enemy ; the ship so com- 
missioned is usually called a p> irni, < , 

marquee, n. mdr-ke' (F. marquise, the tilt over a 
tent), a large field-tent. 

marquess, n. mdr'kwSs (F. marquis), now the com- 
mon spelling of marquis, which see. 

marquetry, n. mdr'-ket-ri (F. marqueterie — from 
marqueter, to checker, to inlay), ornamental inlaid 
work on wood; a kind of mosaic, executed in hard 
and curiously grained wood, and other material, inlaid 
and arranged in an infinite variety of patterns. 

marquis, n. mdr'-kwis (F. marquis; It. marchese; 
Ger. markgraf, originally count of the marches or 
border territories), a title of nobility next in rank be- 
low that of duke ; now usually spelt marquess : fern. 
marchioness: mar'quisate, n. -kwiz-dt, the dignity or 
lordship of a marquess. 

marriage, n. mdr'-ij (F. mariage, marriage— from 
mari, a husband : L. maritus, a husband— see marry), 
the contract or ceremony by which a man and woman 
become husband and wife; wedlock: marriageable, 
a. -d-bl, of an age suitable for marriage : mar'ried, a. 
•Id, united in marriage ; wedded. 

marrow, n. mdr'-ro (Icel. mergr; Dan. marg; Dut. 
maryh; Ger. mark, marrow, pith: Icel. mor, lard— 
from meria, to bruise), the soft, fatty matter contained 
in the cavities of bones ; the pith of certain plants ; 
the essence ; the best part : mar'rowish, a. -ish, hav- 
ing the nature of marrow: mar'rowy, a. -ro-i, full of 
marrow : mar'rowless, a. -les, without marrow : mar- 
row-bones, bones boiled for their marrow ; the knee 
or leg bones : marrow-fat, a choice but late variety of 

marry, v. mdr'ri (F. marier, to marry — from 
mari, a husband: L. maritus, a husband— see mar- 
riage), to unite a man and woman as husband and 
wife ; to give or dispose of in marriage ; to enter into 
wedlock; among seamen, to splice ropes, that is, to 
interweave one end of a rope into that of another: 
marrying, imp. mdr'-rl-ing : mar'ried, pp. -rid: adj. 
united in marriage ; wedded. 

marry, int. mdr'ri, term of asseveration, from the 
Virgin Mary ; by Mary ; indeed ; forsooth. 

Mars, n. mdrz (L. Mars, god of war), one of the 
planets, next in size to Venus, situated between the 
earth and Jupiter. 

marsala, n. mdr'sa-ld, a Sicilian wine. 

Marseillaise hymn, n. m.dr'sdl-ydz, a French re- 
volutionary hymn— so called as first sung by the men 



MART 

of Marseilles who came to Paris to aid in the Revolu- 
tion of August 1792. 

marsh, n. mdrsh (F. marais, a marsh— from mare, 
a pool : old Eng. mareis ; Dut. maerasch ; It. marese, 
a marsh, a moorish or fenny place), a tract of low land 
too wet for tillage ; a fen : marsh'y, a. -I, wet ; fenny : 
marshiness, n. -n&s, state of being marshy : marsh- 
elder, the guelder-rose: marsh-mallow, a plant: 
marsh-gas, the lire-damp, or light carburetted hydro- 
gen, which is evolved from marshes and stagnant 
pools. 

marshal, n. mdr'shdl (mid. L. marescalcus, the mas- 
ter of the horse— from old Ger. mahre, a horse, and 
schalk, a servant : F. marichal, a blacksmith, a shoer 
of horses), anciently, the officer under whose cognis- 
ance fell everything pert, to the use of arms, the regu- 
lation of tournaments, &c. ; an officer of the highest 
military rank; a master of ceremonies; in U. S., 
a civil official of a district, corresponding to the 
sheriff of a county in Eng. : v. to dispose or arrange 
in order : mar'shalling, imp. : n. act of arranging in 
proper order: mar'shalled, pp. -shdld: adj. arranged 
in proper order : mar'shaller, n. one who disposes in 
proper order : mar'shalship, n. the office of a marshal : 
earl-marshal, in Eng., the eighth great officer of state, 
hereditary in the family of the Duke of Norfolk : field- 
marshal, the highest military rank in the .British 
army, only dating from the reign of George I. 

marsupial, a. mdr-su'-pl-dl (F. and Sp. marsupial— 
from L. marsupium, a pouch), having a pouch : marsu'- 
pials, n. plu. -pl-dlz, animals that carry their young in 
a pouch, as the opossum and kangaroo : marsu'pia lia, 
pi-d'-li-d, also marsu'pia'ta, n. plu. -pi-d'-td, an order of 
mammalia having a sack or pouch under the belly in 
which they carry their young, as the kangaroo : mar- 
su'pium, n. -pi-um, the pouch of marsupial animals ; 
a dark-coloured membrane in the vitreous body of the 
eyes of birds: marsupite, n. mdr'-su-plt, in geol., a 
genus of free-floating crinoidea, found in the Chalk 
formation, having a bag-like shape when closed— called 
by the quarrymen, " cluster stones." 

mart, n. mart (contr. for market : Swiss, marcht, a 
market ; marten, to traffic), a place of public sale or 
traffic. 

martagon, n. mdr'td-gon (F.), a plant called moun- 
tain-lily, or Turk's cap. 

martello, n. mdr-tei'-lo (from a fort in Corsica so 
named), a small circular-shaped fort, meant to defend 
the seaboard. 

marten, n. mdr'ten(F. mart re, ■ L ■mnrtes, a marten), 
an animal of the weasel kind, valued for its fur. 

martial, a. mdr'shdl (L. martialis, belonging to 
Mars— from Mars, the god of war: F. martial), pert, 
to war ; suited to war ; warlike ; brave : mar'tially, 
ad. -1% -. martial law— see law. 

martin, n. mdr'-ttn (named after St Martin: F. mar- 
tinet), the swallow kind in general. 

martinet, n. mdr'tln-et, in mil. language, a strict 
disciplinarian ; a teasing pedant in .the minutiae of 
dress and discipline.— a term derived from General 
Martinet, of the time of Louis XIV. of France. 

martinets, n. plu. mdr'tin-its (F. martinet), small 
lines fastened to the back of a sail. 

martingale, n. mdr'-tin-gdl (F. ), a strap passing from 
the nose-band of a horse, between the fore legs, to the 
girth ; part of a ship's rigging. 

Martinmas, n. mdr'-tin-mds \Lart1m. and mass), the 
11th November, the feast of St Martin. 

martlet, n. mdrt'-let (F. martinet), a kind of swal- 
low ; in her., a fanciful bird, shaped like a martin or 
swallow. 

martyr, n. mdr'-ter (Gr. martur, a witness : It. marr 
tire ; Sp. martir ; F. and AS. martyr, a martyr), one 
who bears witness to his belief by suffering persecu- 
tion or death for it, especially applied to religious 
belief; one who suffers persecution or death in defence 
of any cause ; one suffering from some severe bodily 
disease beyond ordinary : v. to subject to extreme per- 
secution, or to put to death, on account of belief or 
opinions; to torment; to murder: mar'tyring, imp.: 
mar'tyred, pp. -terd : adj. persecuted or put to death 
for one's belief, especially for one's religious opinions : 
martyrdom, n. mdr'-ter-dum, the death or sufferings 
of a martyr. 

martyrdlogy, n. mdr'-ter -61- 5 -ji (Gr. martur, a wit- 
ness, and logos, a discourse), a history or register of 
martyrs: mar'tyrolog'ic j a ' pert, to mar- 

tyrs : mar'tyrol'ogist, n. -61'6-jlst, a writer of an ac- 
count of martyrs. 



mate, mdt,fdr, law; mete, m8t, her; pine, pin; note, not, mdve ; 



MARV 



347 



MAST 



marvel, n. mdr'vdl (F. merveille, a marvel— from L. 
mirabilia, wonderful things), something' astonishing or 
wonderful: v. to wonder; to be astonished: mar- 
velling, imp.: marvelled, pp. -veld: mar'vellous, a. 
-vel-us, wonderful; astonishing ; surpassing credit 
or belief : marvellously, ad. -us-li: mar'vellousness, 
n. -nes, the quality ot being wonderful or strange : the 
marvellous, that which exceeds nature, or is im- 
probable. 

mary-bud, n. ma'ri-Md, also mary-gold, the mari- 
gold, which see. 

mascle, n. mds'kl (old F. mascle ; F. made— from L. 
macula, a spot, the mesh of a net), in her., a bearing 
in the form of a perforated lozenge : mascled, a. mas' 
kid, composed of or covered with small lozenge-shap- 
ed plates or divisions. 

masculine, a. mds'ku-lin iL, masculinus, masculine 
—from mas, a male : F. masculin), having the qualities 
of a man ; in gram., denoting the gender appropriated 
to the male kind ; strong; robust; coarse, as opposed 
to delicate : mas'culinely, ad. -lin-U. 

mash, n. mash (L. masticare; Sp. masticar; F. 
mascher, to chew : Bav. maischen ; Ger. meischen, to 
stir the malt in hot water: Sw. maska, to mash for 
beer: Scot, mask, to infuse, as tea), a mixture of in- 
gredients beaten or blended together; a mixture of 
malt and hot water : v. to crush or bruise into a mass ; 
to steep crashed malt in hot water: mash'ing, imp.: 
mashed, pp. rnasht: adj. mixed into a mass ; bruised ; 
crushed: mashy, a. mdsh'i, produced by crushing or 
bruising : mash-tub or mashing-tub, a large deep tub 
for containing the mash in the brew-house. 

mask, n. mask (F. masque; Ger. maske, a mask, a 
veil: Piedm. masche, ghosts: It. maschera; Sp. mas- 
cara, a mask), a cover or disguise for the face ; any- 
thing which disguises ; a pretence : v. to cover the 
face with a mask or visor; to hide or conceal : mask- 
ing, imp.: masked, pp. mdskt: adj. concealed; dis- 
guised: mask'er, n. -tr, one who wears a mask: 
masked battery— see battery. 

maslin, n. muslin (old F. /» stillon; F. mc'teil, maslin : 
It. mescolare, to mix), a mixed corn crop, as wheat 
and rye ; brass, as composed of copper and zinc— also 
spelt meslin and mastlin: adj. composed of different 
sorts, as maslin bread. 

mason, n. md'sn (F. macon; old H. Ger. meizo ; 
mid. L. matio, a mason— from old H. Ger. meizan; 
Goth, maitan, to cut), a builder in stone; one who 
dresses or cuts stones with a chisel for building; a 
freemason — which see: masonic, a. md-sdn'lk, of or 
relating to freemasonry: masonry, n. ma'sn-ri, the 
trade or craft of a mason ; the art of building in stone ; 
the craft or mysteries of freemasons— see free. 

masorah, n. 7nds'o-rd (Heb. — from masar, to hand 
down), a Hebrew critical work on the text of the" 
Bible by several Rabbins of the 8th or 9th century : 
mas oret'ic, a. -ret'-lk, or mas'oret'ical, a, -i-kdl, pert. 
to the masorah, or its authors: masorite, n. mds'-o- 
rlt, one of the writers of the masorah. 

masque, n. mdsk (F. masque — see mask), a cover 
for the face ; a piece of sculpture representing some 
grotesque form; a dra 

so called : masquerade, n. mds'ker-dd', a nocturnal 
meeting of persons wearing masks, at which they 
amuse themselves with dancing, &c. ; disguise ; a 
Spanish equestrian diversion : v. to put into disguise ; 
to go in disguise : mas'quera'ding, imp. : n. the assem- 
bling in masks : masqueraded, pp. : mas'quera'der, 
n. -der, one who wears a mask ; one disguised. 

mass, n. m&s (L. massa, that which adheres together 
like dough, a lump : It. massa ; F. masse, a mass : Gr. 
masso, I knead), a body or lump; a large quantity; a 
heap ; the quantity of matter in any body : v. to form 
into a mass; to form into a collective body; to as- 
semble: mas'sing, imp.: massed, pp. mdst: massive, 
a. m&s'slv, weighty; ponderous; bulky and heavy: 
massively, ad. -li: mas'siveness, n. -siv-nes, state of 
being massive; great weight, with bulk: mas'sy, a. 
-si, weighty; heavy; ponderous; massive: mas'si- 
ness, n. -si-nSs, great weight, with bulk; ponderous- 
ness : mass-meeting, a large public meeting for politi- 
cal discussion. 

mass, n. mas (F. messe; It. messa; Sp. misa, the sac- 
rifice of the mass— from L. missa, for missio, dismis- 
- sion, in the phrase, " ite missa est, vou are dismissed," 
being the words employed at that part of the ser- 
vice when the catechumens were dismissed, and the 
celebration of the Eucharist began), the celebration 
of the Eucharist in the R. Cath. Ch. ; the sacrifice of 



the mass, or the celebration of the Lord's Supper in 
the R. Cath. Ch.: high mass, that which is sung or 
chanted, low mass being only read: mass-book, the 
R. rath, missal. 

massacre, n. mds'-sa-ker (F. massacrer, to slaughter: 
old F. macecrier, a butcher— probably connected with 
L. macdlum, a meat market), the indiscriminate 
slaughter of human beings ; butchery : v. to put hu- 
man beings to death without the forms of law or on 
insufficient grounds; to slaughter iudiseriminatelv; 
to butcher human beings : mas'sacring, imp. -kring: 
mas'sacred, pp. -kird: adj. barbarously murdered. 

masseter, n. mds'e-ter (Gr. maseter, one that chews). 
a muscle that raises the under jaw. 

massicot, n. mds'-l-kot, also masticot, n. mds'ti-ldt 
(F. massicot), a yellow oxide of lead ; the dross that 
forms on melted lead exposed to a current of air, and 
roasted till it acquires a uniform yellow colour— used 
as a pigment. 

massive, massively, massiveness : massy, massiness 
—see mass, a body or lump. 

mast, n. mast (Icel. mastr; Ger. mast ; It. masto, 
the mast of a ship), one of the large upright timbers 
or poles which support the rigging of a ship : mast'ed, 
a. having masts: master, n.-A'r, a vessel having masts : 
mast less, a. having no masts. 

mast, n. mdst (Dut. mesten, to feed, to fatten: Ger. 
mast, the fattening of animals ; most en, to fatten), the 
fruit of oaks or beech-trees used i>>r fattening hogs: 
mastful, a. fool, abounding in the. fruit of the oak, 
beech, or chestnut. 

master, n. mds'ter (L. magistcr, a master or chief: 
It. maestro; old F. maistre; F. maitre, a master), a 
man who has rule or government over others ; a lord ; 
a ruler; a chief; the head of a household; a director; 
an owner; a possessor; one very skilful in anything; 
one uncontrolled; a teacher or instructor; an em- 
ployer ; the commander of a merchant ship ; an officer 
in a ship of war under the direction of the captain ; 
a title of address to a young gentleman ; title of dig- 
nity in the universities, as master of arts : v. to 
subdue ; to conquer ; to bring under control ; to over- 
come; to excel in anything: mastering, imp.: mas- 
tered, pp. mds'-terd: mas'terful, a. -tCr-fuvl, impe- 
rious; employing violence : mas terless, a. -Ms, with- 
out a master: mas'terly, a. -li, done with the skill 
of a master ; most excellent : ad. with the skill of a 
master: mastery, n. 4, rule ; superiority ; victory ; 
eminent skill: mastership, n. the office of a master; 
dominion; rule: master-builder, the chief builder: 
master-hand, the hand of a man eminently skilful : 
master-joints, in geol., a term applied to the large 
planes of division which pass through rock-masses, 
and which run regularly parallel to each other for 
considerable distances, the smaller joints traversing 
the rocks in all directions— among quarrymen the 
former are called backs, and the latter cutters : mas- 
ter-key, a key that opens many locks : master-pas- 
sion, a predominant passion : masterpiece, a capital 
or excellent performance; anything done or made 
with superior excellence ; chief excellence : master- 
stroke, an act or performance which excels in ability 
and skill: master-work, the work or performance 
that excels all others : master of the horse, the third 
great officer in the British Court : master of the rolls, 
the head or chief master in Chanceiy ; to be master 
of one's self, to have entire self-control; not to be 
governed by passion. Note.— Master, as a prefix, is 
placed before the Christian name and surname of a 
man, and is then contracted into Mr, and pronounced 
mis'ter, used as a title of courtesy and respect, but 
inferior to that of esquire, as Mr William Thompson: 
master, written in full, and pronounced mds'ter, is 
placed before the names of boys and youths of the 
better classes as a mark of respect, as M aster Robert 
Lowe. 

mastic, n. also mastich, n. mds'fflc (L. and Gr. mas- 
tiche, an odoriferous gum from the mastic - tree : It. 
mastice : F. mastic), a resin obtained from the lentisk 
or mastic tree ; a cement or plaster for walls. 

masticate, v. mas'-tl-kat (L. masticatum, to masti- 
cate : Gr. rnastax, the jaw — gen. mastakos), to chew, 
as food ; to grind food with the teeth, thus preparing 
it for swallowing and digestion : mas'ticating, imp. : 
mas'ticated, pp.: adj. chewed: mas'ticator, n. -kdt- 
or, a kneading-trough for India-rubber or gutta- 
percha: masticable, a. mds'tl-kd-bl, that can be 
chewed: mas'tica'tion, n. -kd'shun, the act of chewing 
solid food: masticatory, a. mds'tl-ka'ter-i, adapted 



cd(v, boy, f dot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



MAST 



348 



MATE 



for chewing : n. a substance to be chewed to increase 
the saliva. 

masticin, n. mds'tl-sln (from mastic, which see), 
the portion of mastic insoluble in alcohol. 

masticot, n. mds'tl-kot—see massicot. 

mastiff, n. mds'tlf (Venet. mastino, large-limbed : 
prov. Eng. rnasty, very large and big— from Ger. 
masten, to fatten), a large and strong ■ .< i i< i ■, <•< |; > ■ 

mastitis, n. ■mds-ti-tis (Gr. mastos, an udder, a 
breast, and itis, denoting inflammation), in med., in- 
liammation of the breast. 

mastodon, n. mds'to-don{GT. mastos, a breast or nip- 
ple, and odous, a tooth— gen. odontos), in geol., a genus 
of Tertiary and post-Tertiary elephantine mammals— 
so called from the nipple-like protuberances on the 
grinding surfaces of their teeth. 

mastodynia, n. mds'to-dln'l-d (Gr mastos, the 
breast, and odune, pain), in med., pain of the breast. 

mastoid, a. mds'-toyd (Gr. mastos, a breast, and 
eidos, appearance), nipple-like. 

mastology, n. mds-tdl'6-jl (Gr hm-i,,.-.. a iivonai umi 
/Oflfos, discourse), that braneh of zoology which treats 
of animals that suckle their young. 

mat, n. mat (L. matta; F. natte; Ger. matte, a 
mat, properly a bunch or tuft of rushes or suchlike : 
Sp. mata, a bush), a thick texture formed by weaving 
or plaiting together rushes, straw, rope-yarn, or such- 
like substances, used for laying down at the entrance 
of a house or apartment that the boots or shoes of 
those about to enter may be cleaned or rubbed on it ; 
an article woven Hr plaited of straw, &c, for putting 
beneath dishes at table ; an ornamental article of 
worsted or other matei-ial to put beneath a drawing- 
room ornament: v. to twist together or interweave 
like a mat; to felt or entangle; to grow thick to- 
gether : mat'ting, imp. : n. a thick texture formed 
of straw, rope, jute, and suchlike, used for purposes 
of cleanliness, for packing, and for covering the 
floors of houses: mat'ted, pp. : adj. laid with mats; 
entangled. 

matadore, n. mdt'd-dor (Sp. matador, a murderer), 
one of the three principal cards at ombre and quad- 
rille; in Sp. bull-fights, he who is appointed to kill 
the disabled bull. 

match, n. mdch (F. meiche, the wick or snuff of a 
candle— from L metaxa ; It. metassa, askein of thread 
or yarn), anything that readily takes fire.and is capa- 
ble of setting fire to, or giving light ; a slender piece 
of wood or piece of twisted libra for igniting a candle 
or lamp ; a lucifer : matchlock, the old musket which 
was fired by a match : matchmaker, one who makes 
or manufactures matches for burning. 

match, n. much (AS. maca, a companion: Icel. 
maki, a spouse . Norm, makje, a mate), one equal to 
another in strength or in some other quality ; any- 
thing that equals another or tallies with LI a ■■'.n ■■■ i 
a game ; union by marriage ; one about to be married : 
v. to equal ; to oppose or set against as equal ; to suit ; 
to give in marriage ; to be married ; to tally : match'- 
ing, imp.: matched, pp. mdcht: match'able, a. -d-bl, 
joined or compared; suitable ; equal : match'er, n. -er, 
one who matches : matchless, a. -Us, having no equal : 
matchlessly, ad. -II: match'lessness, n. -nes, the state 
or quality of being without an equal : matchmaker, 
one who endeavours to effect unions by marriage. 

mate, n. mat (Icel. mati, an equal, a fellow: Dut. 

maet, a comrade: old H. Ger. gamazi iabi- <■ 

panion— from old H. Ger. maz; Icel. mata, food), a 
companion ; an associate; one who associates with one 
and eats at the same table, sails in the same ship, or 
is employed at the same place ; an officer of a ship ; the 
male or female of two animals which associate for the 
propagation of their species: v. to match; to marry; 
to equal, or be equal to: ma'ting, imp.: ma'ted, pp.: 
mateless, a. -Us, having no mate or companion. 

mate, n. mat (F. mat, subdued: Dut. mat, over- 
come: Sp. mate, faded: Pers. scJiach mat h ; i >.-•, 
dead), in the game of chess, the state of the king 
when he cannot escape, called checkmate— see under 
check. 

mate, n. md'ta, the leaves of a tree used in Paraguay 
and S. Amer. as tea ; Paraguay tea. 

mater, n. mCL'tcr (L. mater ; Gr. meter or mater, a 
mother), a name given to two of the membranes which 
cover the brain, called respectively the dura-mater 
and pia-mater— so named because formerly supposed 
to be the source of all other membranes : alma mater 
—see alma. 

materia medica, n. md-te'rl-d-mSd'-l-kd (L. mate- 



ria, substance, and medica, medical), in med., the 
various substances, natural and artificial, which are 
employed in the preparation of medicine; the sci- 
ence which describes these substances and their pro- 
perties, &c. 

material, a. md-te'rl-dl (L. materialis, belonging to 
matter— from materia, matter : It. materiule : F. ma- 
teriel), consisting of matter ; not spiritual ; corporeal ; 
important; essential; not merely formal : n..anything 
composed of matter ; that of which anything is made : 
materially, ad. -U, importantly; essentially: mate- 
rialness, n. -n6s, the state of being material : mate- 
rial'ity, n. -al'-i-ti, material existence ; not spirituality : 
materialise, v. md-te'rl-dl-iz, to render material; to 
reduce to matter or to regard as such ; to have a ten- 
dency towards materialism: mate'riali'sing, imp.: 
adj. having a tendency towards materialism: mate'- 
rialised, pp. -izd: mate'rialist, n. -1st, one who main- 
tains that the soul of man, and even all existence and 
consciousness, is but the result <<i a, pa rtieular organ- 
isation of the matter of which the body is composed : 
mate'rialism, n. -dl-lzm, the doctrine or belief of a 
materialist: mate'rialis'tic, a. -dl-ls'tlk. having aten- 
dtency to materialism; materiel, n. md-te'ri-el {¥.), 
the materials or instruments used in any object or 
design, particularly the munitions, baggage, &c, of 
an army. 

maternal, a. md-ter'ndl (L. maternus, belonging to 
a mother— from L. and Gr. mater; Gr. meter, a mo- 
ther: It. materno), pert, to a mother; befitting a 
o;ih m . , , i ; 1 1 ■ , i ■. mater'nally , ad. -II : maternity, 
n. md-ter'nl-tl, the character or relationship of a 
mother. 

math, n. mdth (AS. mccdh, a mowing— from mawan, 
to mow), a mowing ; a crop, as in aftermath. 

mathematics, n. plu. mdth'e-mat'iks (L. mathema- 
tica; Gr. mathematike, mathematical science: F. 
mathdmatiques, mathematics), the science which treats 
of whatever can be measured or numbered, embracing 
the three departments of arithmetic, geometry, and 
analysis, with their subdivisions : mathematical, a. 
-mdt'-l-kal, also math'emat'ic, a. -Ik, according to or 
done by mathematics ; demonstrative : math emat'- 
ically, ad. -ll: mathematician, n. -md-tlsh'dn, one 
who is skilled in mathematics: pure mathematics 
considers quantity and number without reference to 
matter: mixed mathematics treats of magnitudes 
as subsisting in material bodies. 

mathesis, n. mdth'S-sis (Gr. mathesis, learning), 
learning ; the doctrine of mathematics. 

matico, n. mdt'l-ko, the leaves of a Peruvian plant, 
used as a stimulant. 

maties, n. plu. mdt'iz, a name for the first quality 
of Scotch cured herrings. 

matin, n. mdt'ln (F. matin; It. mattino, morning— 
from L. matutinum, the morning), pert, to or used in 
themorning: matins, n. plu. mat'-lnz, morning service 
or prayers ; the first canonical hour for prayers in the 
R. Cath, Ch.: matinal, a. mdt'i-ndl, pert, to the morn- 
ing. 

matinee, n. mdt'i-na (F. m atinde— from matin, the 
morning), a reception or musical entertainment, held 
in the early part of the day. 

matrass, n. mdt'rds (F. matrass, a long narrow- 
necked bottle), a chemical vessel in the shape of an 
egg with a tapering neck, used for distilling, &c. 

matrice, n. plu. matrices, ma'tri-sez—see matrix. 

matricide, n. mdt'-ri-sid (L. matricidium, a matri- 
cide—from mater, a mother, and cccdere, to cut down, 
to kill: It. matricidio : F. matricide), the murder of 
a mother; the killer or murderer of a mother: mat'- 
rici'dal, a. -sl'dal, pert, to a matricide. 

matriculate, v. md-trik'u-lat (L. matricula, a roll 
or register), to admit into a society or college as a 
member by enrolling the name in the register, usually 
restricted to enrolment in a university : matriculat- 
ing, imp. : matric'ulated, pp.: adj. entered or admit- 
ted, as a student into a university : matric'ula'tion, 
n. -la'- shun, the act of registering and admitting as a 
member of a university- 
matrimony, n. mdt'H-mon | Hmonivtm, mar- 
riage— from mater, a mother: It. matrimonio), mar- 
riage; the married state : mat'rimo'nial, a. -mo'nt-al, 
of or relating to marriage; conjugal: mat'rimo'nially, 
ad. -II. 

matrix, n. md'triks, also matrice, n. md'-trXs (L. 
matrix, the womb— gen. matricis: It. and F. matrice), 
the womb ; the hollow or cavity in which any thing is 
i formed or cast ; a mould ; in dyeing, the five colours, 



mdte, mdt, far, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, move; 



MATE, 3 

black, white, blue, red, and yellow: in geol, the rock 
or main substance in which a crystal, mineral, or fossil 
is embedded. 

matron, n. md'-t.-On iL m 'trona, a wife— from mater, 
a mother: It. matroiui: F. matrone), a wife; the 
mother of a family; an elderly woman; a nurse or 
female superintendent in a hospital : matron-like, a. 
becoming a wife or matron ; sedate ; modest : ma'- 
tronly, a. -li, motherly; sedate; elderly: matronal, 
a. md'-tron-dl, of or relating to a mother ; suitable to 
amatron: matronise, v. ma'tron-iz, to render matron- 
like : ma tronising, imp. : ma'tronised, pp. -izd. 

matted, matting— see mat. 

matter, n. mdt'-ter (L. materia, matter or stuff of 
which anything is made— from mater, a mother: It. 
materia: F. matiere), substance extended ; body ; x nat 
which is visible or tangible ; that of which anything 
is composed; subject; thing treated or spoken of : ob- 
ject ; question considered ; that about which we think 
or write; event; business; in logic, substantial as 
opposed to formal truth ; cause of disl irbaB thing 
nearly computed, as a matter of five miles; thing 
limited to fact, as opposed to a flight of the imagina- 
tion; in printing, set-up type: v. to be of import- 
ance; to signit'v: mattering, imp.: mat'tered, pp. 
•terd: mat'terless, a. -lis, without matter: matter 
of fact, a reality : no matter, no consequence or im- 
portance; 

matter, n. mdt'-ter (F. matiere; Sp. materia; Dut. 
materif, pus: W. madra, to fester— connected with 
F. matunr; L. maturare, to ripen, to bring to a 
head), the moisture from a sore; pus: v. to generate 
pus or matter, as a sore : mat tering, imp.: mattered, 
pp. -ird: mattery, a. mdt'-ter-l, full of matter or pus; 
generating matter. 

mattock, n. mdt'-tdk (lath, m itikkas, a grubbing- 
axe: Serv. motika, a hoe: Gael, madog, a piek-axei. a 
kind of pick-axe having one end flat ; a tool to grub 

mattress, n. mdt'rSs (It. materazzo; F. materas, a 
quilted cushion, a mattress— see mati, a bed stuffed 
with hair or other soft material and quilted. 

mattulla, n. mdt-tul-ld, in hot., the fibrous matter 
covering the petioles of palms. 

matnrate, v. mat'-u-rdt (L. -mat urns, ripe: L. matu- 
ratum; F. maturer, to ripen), to ripen; to hasten .\- 
promote suppuration; to grow ripe: mat'urating, 
imp.: maturated, pp.: mat'urative, a. -rd-tir, rip- 
ening; conducive to ripeness: maturation, n. -rd- 
shun, state of growing ripe; act of ripening : mature, 
a. md-tur', ripe; arrived at fulness or completion; 
well digested and ready for execution, as a scheme: 
V. to promote ripeness; to advance toward ripeness 
or perfection ; to become ripe: matu ring, imp. ; ma- 
tured', pp. -turd' : maturely, ad. -II: maturity, n. 
mdtu'ri-tl, also mature ness, n. -nes, state of perfec- 
tion or completeness; ripeness: maturescent, a. 
wdt'u-resCiit, approaching to maturity. 

matutinal, a. mdt'u-ti-ndl (L. matutinus, in the 
morning, early: It. matutino), pert, to the morning; 
early. 

maud, n. maTcd (Scot.), a wrapping plaid or shawl 
made of undyed wool ; a grey-striped plaid worn by 
shepherds in the S. of Scotland. 

maudlin, a. mdivd'Un (corrupted from Magdalen, 
who is drawn by painters with swollen eyes and dis- 
ordered look), crying, or sentimentally drunk; fud- 
dled; approaching to intoxication; stupid: n. - 
plant. 

maugre, prep, mouc'ger (F. malgre, against the will 
—from mat, ill, and gre, will), in spite of; in opposi- 
tion to ; notwithstanding. 

maukin, n. maw'-kin—see malkin. 

maul, n. maTcl (L. malleus, a hammer: F. mailler, 
to beat with a mallet), a heavy wooden hammer— also 
written mall. 

maul, v. mawl (Icel. vial; Ger. maid, a mark, a 
stain: prov. Eng. mawl, to cover with dirt), to disfig- 
ure by ill-usage ; to hurt coarsely or roughly : maul- 
ing, imp. : n. a rough beating, as with a cudgel : 
mauled, pp. maiild. 

maul-stick, n. maTcl-siik (Ger. malen, to paint, and 
Eng. stick), the stick on which an artist rests and 
steadies the hand while painting. 

maund, n. mawnd (F. mande, an open basket: Fris. 
maujnn, a turf or wood chest), a hand-basket ; a round 
hamper without a cover. 

maund, n. mawnd (Hind, man), in East Indies, a 
weight varying in different localities. 

ctfiv, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, 



MAZE 

maunder, v. matcn'der (Bav. maudern, to murmur: 
cot. mount, to mutter: Gael, manndoxh. stuttering), 
to mutter; to grumble ; to wander in talking: maun'- 
dering, imp. : maun dered, pp. -derd. 

maundril, n. maicn-drll, in coal-mining, a pick with 
two shanks. 

maundy, n. maTcn'-dl (L. man datum; F. mande, 
being the first word of the L. sentence, " mandatum 
novum do vobis"), the name applied to the office ap- 
pointed to be read during the ceremony of washing 
the feet of poor persons, in imitation of our Lord when 
he washed his disciples' feet after supper, saying, 
''Mandatum novum do vobis"— a new commandment 
_ give to you: Maundy Thursday, in Eng., the day 
kept in memory of the Maundy by the distributkra 
of small silver coins and clothes by the Royal Al- 
roner; the Thursday before Good Friday. 

mausoleum, u.m a u-'-sO. !<:'■ u m i in an the li". n'geous tomb 
of Mausolus, king of Carta, which his widow erected), 
a stately tomb or monument: mau sole'an, a. -Ic'an, 
pert, to a mausoleum. 

mauve, n. mov (F. mauve; L. malva, a mallow, 
the petals of which have purple markings), a purple 
dye obtained from aniline and benzol, two of the con- 
stituents of coal-tar. 

mavis, n. md'vls (F. mauvis, the mavis), a bird, also 
called the song-thrush ; the red-wing. 

maw, n. mau- (Dut. nw.ag : Ger.magen; old H. Ger. 
tago, the stomach : Fin. mako, stomach ; maku, taste), 
the stomach, used only of animals, except in contempt ; 
the craw of a fowl : maw-worm, a worm that infests 
the stomach and bowels. 

mawkish, a. mauk'ish (Scot, maul; a maggot : Sw. 
mask; Norm, makk, a grub, a worm), apt to cause' 
satiety or loathing; disgusting; insipid: mawkishly, 
ad. -II: mawk'ishness, n. -nSs, aptness to cause loath- 
ing. 

maxilla, n. mdks-il'-ld, plu. maxil'lse, -le(L. maxilla, 
a jaw), the upper jaw; a jaw-bone ; among articulate 
animals, the lower pair of horizontal jaws: maxillar, 
a. mdks'il-lir, also max illary, a. -l>'r-i, pert, to the jaw 
or jaw-bone : maxilliform, a. m&ks-ll'll-faurm (L. 
forma, shape), jaw-shaped. 

maxilliped, n. maks-U'li-ped (L. maxilla, a jaw, and 
pes, a foot— gen. pidis), a jaw-foot; the footlike ap- 
pendage of the mouth of a crab or lobster, or such- 
like. 

maxim, n. maks'im (F. maxime; Sp. maxima, a 
maxim — from L. maxima, with sententia, the greatest 
sentiment or sentence— that is, the weightiest), a lead- 
ing or established truth ; an adage ; a proverb. 

maximum, n. mdks'l-mum (L. maximum, the great- 
est), the greatest number, quantity, or degree attain- 
able, in any given case; opposed to minimum, the 
smallest ; the highest, as fixed by some law or regula- 
tion : adj. the greatest : maximise, v. mdks'i-mlz, to 
carry up to a maximum: max'imising, imp.: max- 
imised, pp. -mlzd. 

May, n. md (L. Mains, the month dedicated to 
Maia, the mother of Mercury : F. and Ger. Mai), the 
fifth month of the year: Maying, n. a celebration of 
the 1st of May : May-blossom or -flower, hawthorn- 
flower: May-bug, the chafer: May-day, the first day 
of May : May-dew, dew gathered on 1st of May : May- 
duke, a variety of cherry: May-fly, a fly first' appear- 
ing in May: May-morn, freshness; vigour: May- 
pole, a pole round which dances are held in May: 
May-queen, a girl crowned with flowers on May -day. 

may, v. ma (Goth, magan; Icel. mega; Sw. ma, to 
be able), an auxiliary verb expressing liberty, desire, 
or wish ; to be able ; to be possible, as it may be so ; 
to be permitted or allowed ; to be by chance, as how 
old may he be: maybe, perhaps; by chance: might, 
pt. mit. 

mayhem— see maim. 

mayor, n. wu'«-(old F. maieur, the chief magistrate 
of a town— from L. major, greater : F. maire), the chief 
magistrate of a city or corporation: mayoralty, n. 
ma'-ir -dl-ti, theofficeof a mayor: may'oress, n. -er-ds, 
the wife of a mayor. 

mazard, mdz'erd, a variety of black cherry. 

mazard— see mazer. 

mazarine, n. mdz'd-ren' (said to be after Cardinal 
Mazarin), a deep-blue colour; a method of dressing 
fowls ; a little dish set in a large one. 

maze, n. mdz (from incoherent senseless chatter 
being the most obvious symptom of a confused or 
unsettled mind — Swiss, mausen, to speak unin- 
1 telligibly: Icel. masa, to jabber, to chatter: Norm. 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



MAZE 



350 



MECH 



v. to wind or flow round ; to flow in a winding course 
or passage: mean'dering, imp.-dir-itig : adj. winding 
in its course or current : n. a winding course : mean'- 
dered, pp. -derd: mean'drian. a. -dri-dn. having 
many turns: meandrina, n. me'dn-dri-nd, large hemi- 
spherical corals having their surfaces covered with 
serpentine ridges and depressions, resembling the 
convolutions of the human brain. 

meaning, means, meant, meantime, meanwhile— 
see under mean 2. 

measles, n. plu. me'zlz (Dut. mceselen, measles— 
from maese, a spot, a stain : old F mesel, a leper), a 



masast, to begin to dream), a network of paths con- 
trived to perplex those who enter it, and hinder their 
finding the way out; a perplexed state of things ; con- 
fusion of thought; a labyrinth: v. to bewilder; to 
perplex; to amaze: ma'zing, imp.: mazed, pp. mazd: 
adj. confused in thought ; silly : mazy, a. ma'zi, per- 
plexed; intricate: ma'zily, ad. -II: ma'ziness, n. -zi- 
ncs, intricacy; perplexity. 

mazer, n. ma'-zer (old H. Ger. masen, a spot, a scar: 
Dut. maese, a spot, a stain : Bav. maser, a knotted ex- 
crescence on a tree), a broad standing-up cup or drink- 
ing-bowl— so called because made of wood having a 
spotted or speckled grain: mazard, n. mdz-erd, a bur- 
lesque word for the head or skull— from its likeness to 
a bowl : v. to knock on the liead ; to brain one. 

me, pron. me (AS. me; Ger. mich; Icel. mik; L. 
me, me), the objective case of the pron. I. 

mead, n. med (W. medd; Ger. meth; Dut. rnede, 
drink made of honey and water : Gr. methe, strong 
drink), a liquor made of honey and water fermented 
and flavoured. 

mead, n. mad, a poetic form for meadow, which 
see. 

meadow, n. med'6 (Dut. mceyland, meadow-land— 
from maeden ; L. metere, to mow: Bret, medi, to cut, 
to mow : Bav. mad, hay-harvest), land affording hay ; 
flat grass-land: meadowy, a. med'-O-i, containing or 
resembling meadow : meadow-ore, bog iron ore. 

meagre, a., also spelt meager, me'ger (F. maigre; 
L. macer, lean), lean ; hungry; poor; scanty; without 
strength or richness ; barren : mea'grely, ad. -II: mea - 
greness, n. -gjr-nes, leanness; poorness; scantiness. 

meal, n. mel (Dut. mael, flour— from maelen, to grind: 
Goth, malan; Ger. mahlen;W. main; L. molere, to 
grind: W. mal, what is ground or bruised), ground 
grain not sifted from the bran or coarser portion: 
mealy, a. mel'l, having the qualities of meal; dry and 
friable ; like meal ; besprinkled as with meal : meal- 
iness, n.-?ie.s, dryness and friableness: mealy-mouthed, 
a. affectedly delicate in speech ; speaking of things in 
softer terms than the truth warrants, from interested 
motives; disingenuous; hypocritical. 

meal, n. mel (Scot, mail, an amount of money to be 
paid at a fixed time : Icel. mal, the time of doing any- 
thing, especially for taking food: AS. mael, what is 
marked out, separate part), the food taken at one 
time; a repast; a part; a fragment: piecemeal, by 
separate pieces ; by fragments. 

mean, a. men (old H. Ger. main, a spot, a stain, im- 
pure: Lap. maine, a bodily failing, sickness: Icel. mein, 
sore, injury : AS. gemcene; Ger. gemein, common), low- 
minded ; base ; wanting in dignity or honour; low in 
rank or birth; poor; pitiful; stingy: meanly, ad. 
men'-li, moderately ; without dignity ; without re- 
spect : mean'ness, n. -nes, low state ; poorness ; want 
of dignity or excellence ; want of liberality : mean- 
spirited, a. having a low, grovelling, and abject dis- 
position. 

mean, a. men (It. mezzano, any middle thing, 
a mediator— from It. mezzo; L. medius, the middle: 
1 uimi. „ ].iii,r|, at an equal distance from the 

i''"i ■■•■ moderate; without excess; intermediate: 
n. the middle point or place; in math., a quantity 
having an intermediate value between several others; 
the average of resultant value; the middle rate or 
degree : means, n. sing, or plu. menz, the intermedi- 
ate path between the agent and the object to be accom- 
plished ; that which is used to effect an end ; instru- 
ment ; resources ; income, or that by which we live : 
by all means, certainly; without fail: by no means, 
not in any way; not in any degree: by any means, 
in any way: the meantime, the time between the 
present and that when the thing spoken of is to be 
done: meantime, ad. men'tlm, also meanwhile, ad. 
men'hwll, in the intervening time; for the present 
time : mean time, time as measured by a perfect clock, 
or as reckoned on the supposition that all the days of 
the year are of a uniform length, 

mean, v. men (Onth. unman, to think, to intend: 
Icel. muna, to remember: Ger. meinen; Dut.meenen, 
to think: L. meminisse, to remember), to intend, pur- 
pose, or design; to signify: meaning, imp.: adj. sig- 
nificant : n. purpose ; intention ; aim ; the sense, as of 
words or expressions; signification; import: meant, 
pt. and pp. ment, did mean : mean'ingless, a.-Zes, devoid 
of meaning : meaningly, ad. -li, significantly. 

meander, n. me-dn'der (L. mozander; Gr. maiandros, 
the name of a winding river in Phrygia), a winding 
course ; a winding or turning in a passage or current : 

mate, m&t,fdr, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, mOxe, 



the skin, 



manifested by a crimson rash c 

chiefly affecting children ; a disease of swine or trees : 
measled, a. me'-zld, infected or spotted with measles: 
measly, a. me'zlt, infected with measles or eruptions, 
as swine. 

measure, n. mezh'-obr (F. mesure; Sp. mesura; L. 
mensura, a measure— see mete), the whole extent or 
dimensions of a thing ; the unit or standard by which 
the extent or volume of anything is ascertained; in 
arith., a division that leaves no remainder ; settled or 
stated quantity; limit; degree; allotment; modera- 
tion; metre in poetry; movement regulated by the 
time of music; stately dance ; the division of the time 
by which the air and motion of music are regulated ; 
any act by which a final object or end may be at- 
tained, as a legislative measure ; in plu., means to an 
end ; proceedings ; in geol. , beds or strata : v. to com- 
pute or ascertain the extent, size, or capacity of any- 
thing by means of a certain unit or standard ; to judge 
of quantity, extent, or greatness ; to proportion ; to 
be of a certain extent: meas'uring, imp.: adj. used 
in taking the measure or extent: measured, pp. 
mezh'-obrd: adj. uniform; steady; limited or restrict- 
ed: measurer, n. -oo-rer, one who measures : measu- 
rable, a.-oo-rd-bl, that may be measured : meas'urably, 
ad. -Mi: meas'urableness, n. -bl-nes, the quality of 
being measurable: measureless, a. -les, that cannot 
be measured ; immense : measurement, n. -ment, the 
act of measuring; the result of measuring: to have 
hard measure, to be harshly or oppressively dealt 
with: to take measures, to begin proceedings to ac- 
complish an object in view: without measure, un- 
limited in quantity or amount. 

meat, n. met (Goth, mats, food; matjan, to take 
food: Icel. mata, food: F. mets, a mess), food in gen- 
eral; anything eaten for nourishment; flesh of ani- 
mals, to which the word is now generally restricted : 
meat-offering, an offering consisting of meat or food : 
meat-salesman, an agent in a town who receives and 
sells the carcasses of cattle and sheep, &c, sent to 
him by country dealers : sweetmeat— see sweet. 

meatus, n. me-a'tiis (L. meatus, a going, a passing), 
in anat., a natural passage or canal wider" than a duct. 

mechanic, a. me-kan'ik, also mechanical, -l-kdl (L. 
mechanicus; Gr. mechanikos, of or belonging to me- 
chanics—from Gr. mechane, a machine : F. mecanique), 
pert, to machines ; constructed or performed according 
to the laws of mechanics ; physical, or not chemical ; 
manual, or not mental; done by a machine; done 
by mere force of habit : mechanically, ad. -k&hll : 
mechanlcalness, n. -nes, the state of being mechani- 
cal: mechanic, n. me-kdn'lk, a skilled workman; an 
artisan: mechanician, n. mek'dn-ish'dn, one skilled 
in mechanics; a machine -maker : mechanics, n. plu. 
me-kdn'-iks, the science which treats of the forces and 
powers and their action on bodies, either directly or 
by the intervention of machinery: mechanism, n. 
mek'dn-lzm, the structure of the parts of a machine, 
and the manner in which these are put together to 
answer its design ; the parts composing a machine : 
mech'anist, n. -ist, one skilled in the structure of 
machines; one of a sect of philosophers who refer 
all the changes in the universe to the effect of the 
mechanical forces: mechanical philosophy, that 
which explains the phenomena of nature*, founded on 
observation and experiment : mechanical powers, the 
simple instruments entering into the construction of 
everv machine, however complicated— viz., the lever, 
the wheel and axle, the pulley, the screw, the inclined 
plane, and wedge : mechanical solution, the solution 
of a problem by any contrivance not strictly geometri- 
cal, as by means of the ruler and compasses. 

mechanography, n. mek'dn-og'rd-fl (Gr. mechane, a 
machine, and grapho, I write), the art of multiplying 
copies of any writing or work of art by the use of a 
machine : mech'anog'raphist, n. -og'-ra-fist, one who 
is skilled in mechanography. 



MECH 



351 



mechlin, n. mgk'-lln, a beautiful light Belgium lace 
made at Mechlin. 

mechoacan, n. mS-ko'-d-kdn. the root of a species of 
convolvulus producing a kind of white jalap — from 
Mechoacan. in Mexico. 

meconic, a. mS-kdn'Oc (Gr. mekon, a poppy), belong- 
ing to the poppy; applied to a peculiar acid contained 
in opium: meebnate, n. nuk-0-ndt, a salt consisting 
of meconic acid and a base: mec onine, n. -6-nin, a 
white substance contained in opium: meconium, n. 
mi-kO'nl-iim (L. meconium), the thickened juice of the 
poppy, called opium; the first faeces of infants. 

medal, n. med'dl (F. medaille; It. medaglia; mid. 
L. medalia, any ancient coin, but originally simply a 
coin in value between one of a lower and a higher de- 
nomination—from L. medius, middle: Icel. midla, to 
divide), a piece of metal in the form of a coin on 
which some figure or device is stamped— usually be- 
stowed as an honorary reward for merit; an ancient 
coin : med'alet, n. -let, a small medal : med'allist, n. 
-list, one who has gained a medal as a reward of 
merit ; one versed in ancient coins or medals : medal- 
lie, a. me-ddl-ik. pert, to medals: medallion, n. me- 
ddl'yun (F. medallion), a large antique medal ; the re- 
presentation in a cast of a medallion ; any circular or 
oval tablet bearing embossed figures. 

medallurgy, n. mSd'-dl-er'jl (Eug. medal, and Gr. 
ergon, a work), the act of making and striking medals 
and coins. 

meddle, v. we; prov. Sp. mesclar; 

F. mesler, to meddle, to mingle), to interpose and act 
in the concerns of others officiously; to touch or handle: 
meddling, imp. -ling: adj. interposing officiously 
and impertinently: meddled, pp. -Id: meddler, n. 
4er, one who interferes officiously : meddlesome, a. 
-sum, given to meddling; officious: meddlingly, 
ad. -It 

media— see medium. 

mediaeval, a., also medieval, me'di-e'v&l (L. medius, 
middle, and azvum, an age), of or relating to the mid- 
dle ages— a period extending from the eighth to the 
fifteenth century of the christian era. 

medial, a. me'dl-al (F. medial, medial— from L. 
raolius, middle), middle ; denoting a mean or average : 
median, a. me'-di-dn, relating to or in connection with 
the middle of anything: mediant, n. me'dl-ant, in 
7nusic, the third above the key-note : medium plane 
or line, an ideal line or plane dividing a body longi- 
tudinally into two equal parts. 

mediastine, n. mt-di-ds'-tin. also mediastinum, n. 
-tl'num[F. mediastin, mediastine: L. mediastinus, one 
standing in the middle, a servant— from medius, mid- 
dle, and sto, I stand), a membraneous partition which 
divides the cavity of the chest into two parts, separat- 
ing the two lungs from each other ; a continuation of 
the pleura. 

mediate, a. mi'di-dt (L. medius, middle), middle; 
being between the two extremes; intervening: v. to 
interpose between parties at variance as the equal 
friend of both; to intercede: mediating, imp.: me- 
diated, pp.: me'diately, ad. -U, in such a manner that 
something acts between the first cause and the last 
effect: me'diateness, n. -nes, the state or quality of 
• being mediate : mediation, n. mi'di-d'-shun, the act of 
mediating or interposing ; the acting between parties 
at variance with a view to reconcile them : mediatise, 
v. me'dl-d-ttz' , to change from an immediate or direct 
relationship to an indirect one ; to annex, as a smaller 
state to a larger contiguous one, said of the states of 
the German empire : mediatising, imp.: me'diatised, 
pp. -flzd: adj. placed in a mediate relation to the em- 
peror, said of the German empire: me diatisa tion, n. 
■ti-zd':<hun, the name given to the annexation of the 
smaller German states to larger contiguous ones in 
1806: mediator, n. me'di-d'tor~, one who interposes be- 
tween parties at variance in order to reconcile them ; 
an intercessor; by way of eminence, a title of Christ 
Jesus as our intercessor with God the Father : me'dia'- 
trix, n. fem. -trlks, a woman who mediates or inter- 
poses for reconciliation: mediatorial, a. -to'ri-al, 
pert, to a mediator or to mediation ; having the char- 
acter of a mediator: me'dia'torship, n. -ship, the office 
of a mediator: me'diatory, a. -ter-i, mediatorial. 

medical, a. med'l-kdl (F. medical, medical— from L. 
medicus, a physician— from L. medico, I heal or cure : 
It. and Sp. medico, a physician), of or relating to the 
art of healirj. inote the study of medi- 

cine: med'ically, ad. -II: medicament, n. -kd-mint, 
anything used for healing diseases or wounds : med'- 



icament'al, a. -ment'dl, relating to healing applica- 
tions: medicamentally, ad. -II: medicate, v. mid'-i- 
kat, to give medicinal qualities to ; to heal: medicat- 
ing, imp.: medicated, pp.: adj. tinctured or impreg- 
nated with m. med icable, a, -kd-bl, 
curable: medication, n. ■kd'-shun, the act or process 
of impregnating with medicinal substances : med ica- 
tive, a. -kd-tiv, tending to cure: medicinal, a. me-dls'- 
l-ndl, having the properties of medicine ; used in med- 
icine: medic inally, ad. -ndldl: medicine, n. mod-i-sin, 
familiarly med-sin, anything administered for the 
cure or mitigation of disease ; the art of curing or alle- 
viating disease : medical jurisprudence, the science 
which applies the principles of evidence derived from 
medical diagnosis to the determination of certain ques- 
tions in courts of law: medicalman, a physician ; a sur- 
geon : medicated spirits, alcohol mixed or flavoured 
with some strong ingredient: medicinal waters, 
natural springs impregnated with certain medicinal 
-ualities, and drunk by inval*' , ~ ■ 

ed'-i-ko-, pert, to law as affectt 

medieval, a.— see mediaeval. 

mediocre, a. me'di-o'-ker (L. ?nediocris, middling, 
tolerable— from medius, middle: It. mediocre: F. me- 
diocre), of moderate degree; middle rate: n. a person 
of middling or but indifferent talents or merit: me- 
dioe'rity, n. -ok'rl-tl, a moderate degree or rate; a 
. ■ 

meditate, v. mSd-lddt (L. meditatus, considered, 
meditated upon: It. meditare: F. mediter), to think 
on ; to revolve or plan in the mind ; to think ; to muse ; 
to employ the thoughts closely: meditating, imp.: 
meditated, pp.: adj. thought over; planned: med'- 
ita tion, n. -td'-shun, close and deep thought; a series 
of thoughts occasioned by any subject; continued 
serious thought: meditative, a, -ta'-tlv, addicted to 
meditation; expressing meditation or design: med'- 
itatively, ad. -tiv-li: medltativeness, n. 

Mediterranean, a. med'i-ter-rd'ne-dn (L. medius, 
middle, and terra, land or earth), lying between 
two lands; enclosed by land: n. the sea lying between 
Europe and Africa : mediterra'neous, a. -ni-us, med- 
iterranean ; inland. 

medium, n. mi-dl-iim (L. medium, the middle of a 
thing), the middle place or degree between two ex- 
tremes; means by which anything is accomplished, 
conveyed, or carried on ; the space or substance in 
which bodies exist, or through which they move in 
passing from one point to another; in painting, the 
liquid vehicle with which the dry pigments are ground 
and made ready for the artist's use ; in animal mag- 
netism and spiritualism, the person through whom it 
is alleged certain spirits manifest themselves and 
transmit their communications to others: me'diums, 
-iimz, or media, -i-d, n. plu.: circulating medium, the 
instruments of exchange, as representing value in buy- 
ing and selling — usually coin, and bank-notes conver- 
tible into coin on demand : medium-sized, a. being a 
size nearly between the smallest and largest. 

medlar, n. med'-Ur (old Eng. m>_<JU -tree ; old. F. 
meslier, the medlar-tree), the name of a tree or its 
fruit. 

medley, n. med'li (F. meUe; mid. L. melleia, medley, 
confusion), a mixture; a mingled and confused mass 
of different ingredients; a miscellany: chance-med- 
ley—see chance. 

medulla, n. mc-dul'-ld (L. medulla, the marrow in the 
bones), the fat substance or marrow in the long bones; 
the pith of a plant : medullar, a., also medullary, a. 
me-diV.'-^r-i, pert, to marrow or pith: medulla oblon- 
gata, -ob'long-gd'td (L. oblongus, long, oblong), in 
anat., the lengthened or prolonged marrow, the con- 
tinuation of the spinal cord within the skull: medulla 
spinalis, -spi-nd'lis (L. spina, the backbone), the spinal 
marrow or cord : medullary rays, in hot., the rays of 
cellular tissue seen in a transverse section of exogen- 
ous wood, and which connects the pith with the bark : 
medullary sheath, in hot., a thin layer of vascular 
tissue which surrounds the pith in exogenous stems : 
medullary substance, the interior white portion of 
the brain. 

Medusa, n. me-diVsd, medusae, plu. me-du'-sc (L, 
Medusa, in anc. myth., a beautiful woman, having 
fine hair, which was turned into snakes), sea-animals, 
usually called sea-blubber, sea-nettles, or jelly-fish, 
whose usual form is that of a hemisphere with a 
marginal membrane and many trailing feelers. 

meed, n. med (Gr. misthos; Goth, mizdo, reward, 
recompense: Ger. miethe, hire), reward; recompense. 



nv, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



MEEK 



352 



MELO 



meek, a. mek (Goth, muks; Icel. miukr; Dut. muyck, 
soft, mild : Norm, mykja, to soften), mild of temper ; 
given to forbearance under injuries; gentle; submis- 
sive : meek'ly, ad. -II : meekness, n. -nes, mildness ; 
gentleness. 

meerschaum, n. mer'shum (Ger. sea-foam — from 
meer, the sea, and schuum, foam), magnesian earth 
combined with silex, manufactured into the bowls of 
tobacco-pipes ; a tobacco-pipe made of the same. 

meet, a. met (AS. mete; Icel. mati, measure: AS. 
gemet, fit), fit ; according to measure; suitable: meet'- 
ly, ad. -li, fitly: meet'ness, n. -nis, fitness. 

meet, v. met (led. mot, against; mceta, to meet: 
Goth, (jamotjan, to meet: AS. gemot, a meeting), to 
come together ; to come face to face ; to come in con- 
tact ; to encounter ; to find or light upon : n. a meet- 
ing or assembly of huntsmen: meeting, imp.: n. an 
interview ; an assembly or congregation of people ; a 
joining; a junction; a coming together for the pur- 
pose of fighting a duel : met, pt. or pp. met, did meet : 
meet'er, n. -er, one who meets: meeting-house, a 
place of worship. 

mega, mig'd (Gr. ' megas, great ; fern, form, megale, 
great), a prefix in many scientific twins signifying 
great; large size; sometimes megal, meg'-dl. 

megaceros, n. me-gds'er-os (Gr. megas, great, and 
keras, a horn), the fossil or sub-fossil gigantic deer of 
our Pleistocene marls and peat-bogs ; often but erron- 
eously termed the "Irish elk." 

megalanea, n. mig'-ddd'-ne-d (Gr. megas, great, and 
lugnon, lace), a name given to a gigantic sub-fossil 
land-lizard, discovered in the Post-tertiary deposits 
of Australia, and allied to the existing lace-lizard. 

megalesian, a. mig'dde'zhl-dn(L.— from Gr. megale, 
great), pert, to games in honour of Cybele, the mother 
of flic gnds, in nuc. Rome. 

megalichthys, n. mig'-d-llk'thls (Gr. megale, great, 
and iehthus, a fish), in geol., a large sauroid fish of the 
Carboniferous period, characterised by its minutely- 
[imietineil, enamelled, lozenge-shaped scales. 

megalonyx, n. mSg'd-lon'il.:s (dr. megale, great, and 
onux, a nail or claw), in geol., a huge edentate mam- 
mal, found chiefly in the Upper Tertiaries of S. Amer., 
so named from the great size of its claw-bones. 

megalosaurus, n. meg'd-lo-saw'rus (Gr. megale, 
great, and smi,<, e a. ti/,ajd) v in geol., a huge animal of 
the lizard kind, whose remains occur in the Oolite and 
Wi alden strata. 

megaphytum, n. mSg'd-fl'tum (Gr. megas, great, and 
phuton, a shoot or plant), a genus of Coal-measure 
stems— so call* o , ii, i , i >> 1 heir leaf-scars. 

megatherium , n. mri/'il the'rl-um (Gr. megas, great, 
and therion, a wild beast), in geol., a gigantic animal 
allied to the sloth, whose remains occur abundantly 
in the Upper Tertiary deposits of S. Amer., larger than 
the largest rhinoceros. 

megrim, n. me'grim (F. migraine, megrim: Gr. 
hemicrania — from hemi, half, and kranion, the skull), 
a neuralgic pain confined to one side of the head; a 
brow ague or headache. 

megylp, n. me-gllp', a compound of linseed-oil and 
mastic varnish, &c, used by artists as a vehicle for 
their colours. 

meiocene— see miocene. 

meiosis, n. mi-o'sls (Gr. meiosis, decrease), a rhet- 
orical figure, a species of hyperbole, representing a 
thing less than it is. 

meiostemonous, a., also miostemonous, a. ml'6- 
stem'6-nus (Gr. meion, less, and stemon, a stamen), in 
hot., a term applied to stamens less in number than 
the parts of the corolla. 

melaconite, n. mil-dk'dn-lt, also melac'onise, n. 
-on-lz (Gr. melas, black, and konis, powder), an impure 
black oxide of copper, occurring in veins in powdery 
masses, arising probably from the decomposition of 
other ores. 

melaena, n. mSl-e'nd (Gr. melan, black), in med., the 
discharge of black blood from the bowels. 

melancholy, n. mel'dn-kol-l (Gr. melangcholia, black 
bile— from melan, black, and chole bile : p nehu, 
colia: F. melancolie), dejection or depression of 
spirits; a gloomy state of mind : adj. dismal ; ealaini- 
tous; low-spirited: mel'anchoric, a. -kol'ik, de- 
pressed; dejected: mel'ancho'lia, n. -ko'll-d, a kind 
of madness. 

melange, n • V (] ), a mixture ; a medley. 

melanite, n. mel'dn-lt (Gr. melan, black), a variety 
of garnet of a greyish-black colour: melanitic, a. mil' 
un-lt'-lk, pert, to melanite. 

mate, mdt./dr, law; mite, i 



melanochroite, n. mil'dn-ok'rO-lt (Gr. melan, black, 
and chroa, colour), a mineral, chromateof lead, occur- 
ring in rhombic prisms, and massive, of a deep hya- 
cinth red. 

melanosis, n. mil'- an- 6'- sis (Gr. melan, black), in 
med., a disease characterised by a deposit of black or 
blackish-brown matter, occurring in various forms in 
different parts of the body : mel'anot'ic, a. -ot'-ik, pert. 
to or ha.viug l.lic character of melanosis. 

melanterite, n. me-ldn'-U.ril (Gr. melan, black), the 
11 raJogical term for tin; native sulphate of iron. 

melanure, n. mel'-dn-ur (F. milanure — from Gr. 
melan, black, and our a, a tail), a small fish of the 
Mediterranean. 

melasma, n. mi-lds'md (Gr. melasma, a black spot), 
a blackening or darkening; in med., a black spot on 
the lower extremities, especially of old people. 

melasses— see molasses. 

melee, n. md'-ld (F. melie), a crowding and confused 
fighting; a scuffle between a number of persons; a 
confused debate. 

melena— see melsena. 

meliceris, n. mel'-l-se'-rls (Gr. melikeris, a tumour on 
the head— from meli, honey, and keros, wax), in surg., 
a tumour inclosed in a cystis, and consisting of 
matter like honey: adj. pert, to a tumour containing 
matter like honey. ' 

melilot, n. mel'4-lot (L. and Gr. melilotos, a species 
of clover— from Gr. meli, honey, and lotos, the lotus : 
F. mililot), a kind of trefoil ; the honey-lotus. 

meliorate, v. mel'-yo-rdt (F. ameliorer, to improve— 
from mid. L. melioratum, to improve — from melior, 
better), to improve; to make better: mel'iorating, 
imp. : meliorated, pp. : mel'iora'tion, n. -rd'-shun, 
improvement. 

meliphagous, a. mil-if'-d-gus (Gr. meli, honey, and 
phagcin, to eat or consume), honey-sucking— applied 
to certain birds. 

mellate, n. mil'-ldt, also mellitate, n. mil'-li-tdt (L. 
mel, honey— gen. mellis : Gr. meli, honey), a salt of 
mellic or meliitic acid : mellic, a. mel'llk, also mellitic, 
a. mel-lit'-ik, containing saccharine matter; pert, to or 
derived from honey-stone. 

melliferous, a. mel-Uf-Cr-us (L. mel, honey— gen. 
mellis, and fero, I carry or produce), producing honey. 

melliflcation, n. mil'-K-fl-kd'-shun (L. mel, honey, 
and/acio, I make), the making or production of honey. 

mellifluous, a. mel-llf'-ldb-us, also mellifluent, a. 
-loo-int (L. mel, honey, and fiuo, I flow), flowing, as 
with honey; sweetly-Mowing; soothing: mellifluous- 
ly, ad. -II, also mellif luently, ad. -li : mellifluence, n. 
■ens, a Mow of sweetness. 

melligenous, a. mel-lij'-i-nus (Gr. meli, honey, and 
genos, stock, kind), having the qualities of honey ; 
producing honey. 

mellit, n. mel'llt (L. mel, honey— gen. mellis), a dry 
scab on the forehead of a horse, said to be cured by a 
mixture of honey and vinegar. 

mellitate— see mellate. 

mellite, n. mel'llt (L. mel; Gr. meli, honey), honey- 
stone. 

mellitic— see mellate. 

mellow, a. mel'-lo (Ger. moll, soft, ripe; molich, 
mellow : Dut. molen, to decay : F. molle, mellow, over- 
ripe : W. mallu, to rot), mature ; soft with ripeness ; 
pleasing by softness, as sound, light, or flavour ; soft, 
jovial, as a person slightly intoxicated: v. to ripen; 
to soften, as by maturity or age ; to grow or become 
mature or soft : mellowing, imp. : mellowed, pp. 
mel'-lod, ripened ; brought to maturity : mellowly, 
ad. -II: mellowness, n. -nes, ripeness; softness; ma- 
turity : mel'lowy, a. -I, soft. 

melodrama, n. mil'-o-drdm'-d, also spelt mel'o- 
drame, n. -drdm (Gr. melos, a song or tune, and 
drama, a drama : It. melodramma : F. milodrame), a 
dramatic performance in which songs are intermixed : 
mel'odramatlc, a. -drd-mdt'-ik, having the character 
of a melodrama: mel'odram'atist, n, -drdm'-d-tist, one 
skilled in. 

melody, n. mil'-o-dl (Gr. melodia, musical measure, 
sweet singing— from melos, a tune, an air, and ode, a 
poem or song: It. melodia: F. melodie), an agreeable 
succession and modulation of a single series of sounds, 
as by one voice, one string of a piano, one pipe of an 
organ, &c— harmony, the pleasing concord of a suc- 
cession of simultaneous sounds ; a tune or air ; sweet- 
ness of sound: melodious, a. mido'-di-us, musical; 
agreeable to the ear by a sweet succession of sounds : 
melo'diously, ad. -lis melo'diousness, n. -nis, the 
', her; pine, pin; note, not, move; 



MELO 



353 



MENS 



quality of being melodious: melodise, v. mtl'o-dlz, 
to make melodious; to form into melody: melodi- 
sing, imp.: melodised, pp. -dud: melodist, n. -dist, 
a composer or singer of melodies. 

melon, n. mel'-on (Gr. melon, an apple: F. and Sp. 
melon, a melon), a well-known fruit; also the plant, 
which is a climbing or trailing annual: melon-frame, 
a glazed frame for raising melons. 

Melpomene, n. mel-pom'-e-ne (Gr. melpomene, the 
songstress— from melpomai, I sing praises), the muse 
who presides over tragedy. 

melrose, n. mel'ros Tl. mel, honey, and rosa, a rose), 
honey of roses. 

melt, v. melt (Icel. melta, to digest : Dut. smelten, 
to melt: AS. molsnian, to rot: Gr. meldo, I make 
liquid), to make liquid by heat ; to soften or subdue, 
as the heart or feelings ; to liquefy ; to thaw ; to dis- 
solve ; to become liquid ; to be softened to love, pity, 
or tenderness ; to be subdued by grief or affliction ; to 
faint: melting, imp.: adj. dissolving; liquefying; 
softening into tenderness : n. the act of dissolving or 
melting ; the act of softening: melt'ed, pp.: adj. made 
liquid ; dissolved : also molten, pp. molt'-n : adj. made 
of melted metal : melt'er, n. -er, one who melts. 

melt, n. melt, another spelling of milt, which see. 

member, n. mem'ber (F. membre; It. membro, a 
member— from L. membrum, a limb, a part of any- 
thing), a limb or part of an animal, as a leg, an arm, 
an ear, &c; a part of a discourse; a period or sen- 
tence; one of a society or community; in Scrip., the 
appetites or passions : membered, a. mCm'-berd, hav- 
ing limbs: mem bership, n. state of being a member; 
society ; union : Member of Parliament, usually con- 
tracted into M.P., one elected by a city, town, or 
county to represent it in that branch of the legislature 
called the Commons' House of Parliament. 

membrane, n. mem'bran (L. membrana, skin or 
membrane, a film: It. membrana: F. membrane), a 
thin transparent layer or skin, serving to cover some 
part of an animal or of a plant: membraneous, a, 
irtcm-bra'-nl-iis, also membranous, a. mem'brd-nus, 
consisting of membranes: membranaceous, a, -na- 
shus, resembling membrane; having the consistence, 
aspect, and structure of a membrane: membrana 
tympani, n. mdm'-bra-nd tim'pdn-l (L. membrana, a 
membrane, and tympanum, a drum), the membrane 
which separates the external from the internal ear 
— called the drum of the ear: Jacob's membrane, the 
membrane lining the retina of the eye: the mucous 
membrane, the membrane which lines any natural 
open cavity of the body, and which secretes mucus : 
serous membrane, amembrane which lines any closed 
cavity of the body, and winch secretes a lubricating 
fluid. 

membraniferous, a. mUm'bra-nif'ir-us (L. mem- 
brana, a membrane or film, and fero, I carry or pro- 
duce), producing membranes. 

membraniform, a. mem-brdn'-l-fau-rm (L. mem- 
brana, a membrane, and forma, a shape), haying the 
form of a membrane or of parchment. 

membranology, n. meiii'hni-iud'-d-ji (L. membrana, 
a membrane, and Gr. logos, a discourse), a description 
of the animal membranes. 

memento, n. me-men'-to (L. memento, remember or 
beware), that which reminds ; a hint or suggestion ; a 
souvenir. 

memoir, n. mem'wawr (F. memoire, memory : L. rne- 
moria, memory— from memor, mindful), a biographi- 
cal history, generally written by one who had taken a 
part in the transactions recorded; a written account; 
a register of facts : mem'oirs, n. plu. -waters, notices 
and remarks respecting contemporary persons and 
events, written in a fai just as they are 

remembered by the writer : mem'oirist, n. -1st, one 
who writes memoirs : memorabilia, n. plu. mim'-o-rd- 
btt'-l-d (L.), things memorable ; things remarkable and 
•worthy of remembrance : memorable, a. mem'-o-rd-bl 
(L. memorabilis, remarkable— from memor, mindful : 
It. memorabile: F. memorable), worthy of being re- 
membered ; illustrious ; remarkable : mem'orably, ad. 
•bli: mem'orabil'ity, n. -bil'-i-ti, state of being mem- 
orable: memorandum, n. mim'-o-rdn'-dum, mem'- 
oran'da, -da, also memorandums, -dums, n. plu. (L. 
—from memor, mindful), notes to help the memory: 
memorial, n. me-mo'ri-dl, anything that serves to pre- 
serve the memory of ; a monumental record ; a writ- 
ten address of solicitation or complaint ; a state paper 
or note in which there is neither subscription nor 
address— much used in negotiation : memorialise, v. 



-H-dl-lz, to petition by memorial; to present a me- 
morial to: memorialising, imp.: memorialised, pp. 
-Izd: memorialist, n. -1st, one who presents a me- 
morial : memory, n. mem'-o-rl, the faculty of the mind 
by which it retains, and reproduces at will, past 
events ; acquired knowledge or ideas ; the time within 
which past events can be remembered; exemption 
from oblivion ; monumental record. 

Memphian, a. mem'fl-dn, pert, to Memphis, an anc. 
Egyptian city; dark; obscure. 

men, plu. of man, which see. 

menace, n. men'-ds (F. menace; It. minaccia, a 
threat : L. minacioe, threats), a threat ; a threatening : 

v. to threaten, in any sense ; to ins] i ;1 ; ■ i '■■■■■. > 

sion : men'acing, imp. -a-slng : adj. threatening : n. a 
threat : men'aced, pp. -dst: menacingly, ad. -ll: men- 
acer, n. -d-ser, one who or that which threatens. 

menage— see manege. 

menagerie, n. men-dzh'dr-i (F. menagerie, a place 
for keeping foreign animals— from menage, a house, a 
family), a collection of foreign and wild beasts ; the 
place where they are kept ; also spelt menag'ery, n. 
■er-%. 

mend, v. mind (L. emendare, to correct— from men- 
da, a blemish: It. rimendare; Milanese, menda, to 
mend clothes), to repair, as a defect or injury ; to set 
right ; to rectify or correct ; to improve or make bet- 
ter; to hasten; to grow better : mending, imp.: adj. 
repairing ; improving : n. the act of repairing : mend- 
ed, pp. : mend'er, n. -er, one who mends. 

mendacious, a. min-dd'shils (L. mendacium, a false- 
hood — from mendax, lying : It. rnendacio, falsehood), 
false; lying: mendaciously, ad. -II: mendacity, n. 
■dds'-i-ti, deceit ; falsehood. 

mendicant, n. mdn'di-kdnt (L. mendicans, begging 
—from mendicus, needy: It. mendicante; F. mendi- 
ant, a beggar), one of a religious fraternity in the R. 
Cath. Ch. who lived by begging; a beggar: adj. beg- 
Irelig' 



beggars ; for assisting beggars, as mendicity society : 
n. the life of a beggar. 

menial, a. me'ni-dl (mid. L. mansus, the smallhold- 
ing that a peasant could cultivate with a pair of oxen 
— from manere, to dwell: mid. L. manentes ; F. man- 
ans, the tenants who had these small holdings : mid. 
L. mainada; old F. mesnie, the dependants on the 
head of the family), belonging to the office of a ser- 
vant ; low ; servile ; mean, as an office or employment: 
n. a servant ; any servile cringing person : me'nially, 
ad. -dlli. . 

meninges, n. plu. men-in'-jSz (Gr. meningx, a mem- 
brane), the membranes which envelop the brain- 
called the pia-mutrr and darn-mater: meningitis, n. 
men'in-jl'tls, inllammation of the membranes covering 
the brain. 

meniscus, n. mSn-is'Ms (Gr. meniskos, a little moon 
— fromwtene, the moon), a lens, convex on one side and 
concave on the other, with a sharp edge, resembling 
the appearance of the new moon : menis'cuses, n. plu. 
-kus-es : menis'cal, a. -kdl, pert, to a meniscus : men- 
is'coid, a. -kdijd (Gr. eidos, resemblance), having the 
form of a meniscus ; crescent-shaped. 

menispermic, a. men'i-sper'mlk (Gr. mene, the moon, 
and sperma, seed — from the crescent-like form of the 
seed of the plant menispermum cocculus or cocculus 
Indicus), denoting an acid obtained from the seeds of 
the plant menispermum cocculus or cocculus Indicus : 
men'isper'mine, n. -sper'-min, an alkali obtained from 
the cocculus Indicus. 

menever— see minever. 

menology, n. mcn-ol'-O-ji (Gr. men, a month, and 
logos, a discourse), in the Gr. Ch., a calendar of saints 
or martyrs ; a register of months. 

menses, n. plu. min'sez (L. mensis, a month), the 
monthly discharges of women. 

menstrual, a. men'strdo-al (L. menstrualis, every 
month— from mensis, a month : F. menstruel), hap- 
pening once a-month ; lasting a month ; pert, to a men- 
struum: men'struant, a. -ant, subject to monthly 
flowings: men'struous, a. -us, pert, to the monthly 
discharges of women. 

menstruum, n. men'-strdb-um, men'strua, -trob-d, or 
men'struums, n. plu. -umz (L. menstruum, that which 
lasts or continues a month— from mensis, a month), a 
solvent; any liquor used in dissolving. Note.— So 
called because the old chemists supposed that the 



cov-'i boy, fool; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



MENS 



354 



MERO 



moon had a mysterious influence on the making of 
their preparations for dissolving metals, &c. 

mensurable, a. min'-shoo-rd-bl (It. mensurabile; F. 
and Sp. mensurable, mensurable— from L. mensura, a 
measure), that can or maybe measured : men'surabil'- 
ity, n. -Ml'i-ti, also men'surableness, n. -bl-nes, tbe 
quality of being measurable : men'sural, a. -shdb-rdl, 
pert, to measure : men'sura'tion, n. -rd'-shiln, the act 
or art of measuring or taking the dimensions of any- 
thing ; a branch of the mathematics which gives rules 
for finding the lengths and areas of surfaces and the 
volumes of solids. 

mentagra, n. mSn-tdg'rd (L. mentum, the chin, and 
Gr. agra, a seizure). ;il1 eruption on the chin and upper 
lip, somewhat resembling the soft pulp of the fig. 

mental, a. men'tdl (L. mens, the mind— gen. menu's.- 
It. mentale: F. mental), pert, to the mind; intellectual: 
men'tally, ad. -II, in the mind; in thought or medita- 
tion. 

mention, n. rnSn'shun (L. mentio, a mentioning— 
gen. mentionis— -from memini, I remember : It. men- 
tion : F. mention), a hint or suggestion ; a brief state- 
ment in words or writing : v. to write or express in 
words ; to utter a brief remark ; to name : mention- 
ing, imp.: men'tioned, pp. -shund: men'tionabla, 
a. -d-bl, that can or may be mentioned. 

Mentor, n. mdn'ter (name of a wise Greek), a wise 
and faithful monitor or adviser : mento'rial, a. -to' 
ri-dl, containing advice. 

mephitic, a. me-fit'ik (L. mephitis, a noxious pesti- 
lential exhalation), offensive to the smell; noxious; 
deadly: mephitis, n. mi-fl'tis, or mephitism, n. 
mS/'i-tizm, any foul or noxious exhalation— applied 
to carbonic acid gas. 

mercantile, a. mer'kdn-tll (It. and F. mercantile, 
connected with trade— from L. mercatus, trade, traffic ; 
mercans, a purchaser), relating to trade ; trading ; 
carrying on commerce ; commercial. 

mercaptan, n. mer-kdp'tdn (newL. mercurius, mer- 
cury, and L. captans, taking or seizing), a chemical 
substance in the form of a liquid, composed of sulphur, 
carbon, and hydrogen — so named from its very ener- 
getic action on mercury. 

Mercator*s chart or projection, mer'kd-ters chart 
(after Mercator, a Flemish geographer), a chart or 
map on which the surface of tbe earth is represented 
as a plane surface, with the meridians and lines of 
latitude all straight lines. 

mercenary, a. mer'se-ndr-i (L. mercenarius, one 
working for wages— from merces, hire or wages: It. 
mercenario : F. mercenaire), actuated by the hope of 
gain ; venal ; greedy of gain ; mean ; selfish : n. one 
who is hired; a soldier hired into foreign service: 
mercenarily, ad. -ndr-i-li. 

mercer, n. mer'ser (F. mercier, a mercer— from L. 
merx, goods, wares— gen. mercis), a dealer in silks, 
woollen cloths, and laces : mercery, n. mer'ser-X, the 
goods sold by a mercer : mer'cership, n. the business 
of a mercer : mercer's company, one of the twelve 
great livery companies of London. 

merchant, n. mer'chdnt (old Y.marchant; It. mer- 
catante, a trafficker : It. mercatare, to buy and sell ; 
mercato, a market— from L. mercari, to bargain, to 
buy), one who buys and sells goods of any kind, espe- 
cially upon a large scale ; one carrying on trade with 
foreign countries ; a wholesale dealer: merchantable, 
a. mer'chdnt-d-bl, fit for market; such as may be 
bought and sold in market at current prices : mer- 
chandise, n. mer'-chdn-dlz, anything bought and sold 
in trade; goods; wares: merchant-man, a trading 
ship or vessel : merchant service, the mercantile mar- 
ine of the country: merchant-ship, a trading-ship; a 
ship carrying passengers or cargo, or both. 

mercury, n. mer'ku-ri (L. Mercurius, in anc. myth., 
the son of Jupiter and Maia, the messenger of the 
gods), a metal white like silver, but in a liquid 
state at common temperatures, congealing or becom- 
ing solid at 40 degrees below zero Fahr. ; a salt, a pre- 
paration of mercury, extensively used in medicine; 
one of the planets, being the one nearest the sun ; a 
carrier of tidings ; a newspaper : mercurial, a. mer- 
ku'-ri-dl, active ; sprightly ; versatile ; consisting of 
or containing mercury or quicksilver : mercurialise, 
v. mir-ku'ri-dl-lz, to affect the system with mercury: 
mercu'riali'sing, imp. : mercurialised', pp. -izd' ; 
mercu'rialist, n. -1st, one under the influence of mer- 
cury ; one resembling the god Mercury in variety of 
character. 

mercy, n. mer'si (F. merci, a benefit or favour, par- 

mate, mdt.fdr, law; mete, m£t, her; pine, pin; note, not, mOve; 



don : It. mercede, reward, mercy : L. merces, earnings, 
desert), pity; compassion; willingness to spare and 
save ; clemency ; pardon ; discretion, or the power of 
acting at pleasure, as, he is at his mercy: mer'ciful, 
a. -si-fool, compassionate; tender; humane; willing 
to pity and spare: mer'cifully, ad. -II: mercifulness, 
n. -n6s, tenderness; willingness to spare ; readiness to 
forgive: mer'ciless, a. -si-Us, without mercy; hard- 
hearted; cruel; unsparing: mer'cilessly, ad. -II: mer y - 
cilessness, n. -nes, w.-mtoi mercy orpity: mercy-seat, 
the covering of the ark of the covenant among the 
Jews; God's throne: to be at the mercy of, to be 
wholly in the power of: Sisters of Mercy, a religious 
order of women in the R. Oath. Ch., founded in Dublin 
A.D. 1827, who devote themselves to the succour and 
protection of the sick and destitute, and to visit hos- 
pitals and prisons. 

mere, a. mer (L. merus; It. mero, alone, unmixed: 
Dut. maar, only, no more than), this or that only; 
distinct from ami hing else ; simple ; absolute : mere'- 
ly, ad. -II, simply ; solely. 

mere, n. mer (F. mare : Dut. maer, a pool— from L. 
mare, the sea), a pool or lake. 

merenchyma, n. mSr-eng'-kl-md (Gr. meris, a part, 
a particle, and engchuma, what is poured in), in hot., 
tissue composed of rounded cells. 

meretricious, a. m6r'ei> > \h-ite (L meretricius, pert. 
to a harlot— from meretrix, a harlot), that is practised 
by harlots ; alluring by false show ; having a gaudy 
but deceitful appearance: mer'etrici'ously, ad. -li: 
mer'etrici'ousness, n. -nis, the quality of being mere- 
tricious. 

merge, v. merj (L. mergere, to dip or plunge under 
water : It. mergere), to sink ; to cause to be swallowed 
up ; to be swallowed up or lost : merging, imp. : 
merged, pp. merjd. 

mericarp, n. m&r'-i-kdrp (Gr. meris, a part, and 
kavpos, fruit), the half of the fruit of an umbelliferous 
plant, like the hemlock. 

meridian, n. me-rid'-i-dn (F. miridien, circle in 
astronomy— from L. meridies, mid-day — from me- 
dius, middle, and dies, day), in geog., an imaginary 
great circle on the surface of the earth, supposed to 
pass through the poles and any given place, cutting 
the equator. at right angles; in astron., a great circle 
of the sphere passing through the poles of the heavens 
and the zenith of the spectator which is crossed at 
mid-day; the brass ring surrounding a globe on 
which the degrees are marked— meridians are so called 
because they mark all places that have noon at the 
same instant ; mid-day or noon ; the highest point of 
anything: adj. being on the meridian or at mid-day; 
pert, to the highest point: meridional, a. me-rid'-l-o- 
not, pert, to the meridian ; southerly ; having a south- 
ern aspect : merid'ionally, ad. -li. 

merino, n. me-re'no (Sp. merino, moving from pas- 
ture to pasture, as the sheep do which produce the 
wool), a breed of sheep once peculiar to Spain ; a fabric 
made from the wool of the merino sheep. 

merismatic, a. mSr'is-mdi M | •'.■ rm • ismos, division 
—from meris, a part), taking place by division or 
separation, as into cells or segments. 

merit, n. m&r'-lt (L. meritum, to earn, to deserve : 
F. nitrite ; It. merito, merit, desert), goodness or excel- 
lence entitling to honour or reward; value or excel- 
lence; that which is earned or deserved; desert: v. 
to deserve, in a good or bad sense ; to have a just title 
to; to earn: meriting, imp. : merited, pp. : adj. de- 
served: meritorious, a. mSr'146 praiseworthy; 
deserving of reward: mer'ito'riously, ad. -us-li: mer- 
ito'riousness, n. -nes, state or quality of deserving a 
reward. 

merithal, n. mSr'i-thdl (Gr. meris, a portion, and 
thallos, a bough), in tot., a term used in place of inter- 
'iu<)( ;, i. rm 1 1 j ,1 1 i i . ,i to the different parts of the leaf. 

merk, n. merk, an old Scotch silver coin, value 13|d. 
sterling. 

merle, n. merl (F. merle; L. merula, a blackbird), 
the blackbird. 

merlin, n. mer'-lin (F. esmerillon: It. smeriglio), a 
species of hawk. 

merlon, n. mer'lon (F. and Sp. merlon), the part of 
an embattled parapet lying between two embrasures, 

mermaid, n. mer'mdd (F. mer; L. mare, the sea, 
and Eng. maid: Ger. meer; W. mor, the sea), the 
fabled sea-woman, the upper half in the shape of a 
woman and the lower the tail of a fish. 

merops, n. mer'ops (L. and Gr. merops, the bee- 
eater), a genus of birds called bee-eaters. 



MERR 



355 



META 



merry, a. wcr'n' (AS. inii-ig, merry, pleasant: Lap. 
murrc, delight: Gael, mir, to sport), loudly cheerful ; 
gay of heart; causing laughter or mirth ; delightful: 
merrily, ad. 41: mer riness, n. -n6s, also mer'riment, 
n. -mint, gaiety, with laughter or noise; hilarity: 
merry-andrew, mer'-ri-dnklro (supposed to have ori- 
ginated from a facetious physician in the time of 
Henry VIII.), one who makes sport for others ; a buf- 
foon or clown: to make merry, to be jovial: merry- 
meeting or making, a meeting for mirth; a festival: 
merry-thought, the forked bone of the breast of a fowl. 

merycotherium, n. mer'-l-ko-the'-rl-um (Gr. meruko, 
I ruminate, and therion, a beast), in geol., a huge 
ruminant found along with the mammoth and. rhino- 
ceros in the Drift or Upper Tertiary beds of Siberia- 
allied to the Bactrian camel. 

mesentery, n. mez'en-tir-i (Gr. mesenterion— from 
mesos, middle, and enteron, intestine), a membrane 
in tlie cavity of the abdomen which serves to retain 
the intestines and then- appendages in their position : 
mesenteric, a. -ter'-ik, belonging to the mesentery: 
meseraic, a. m^z'-ir-O'-lk iGr. mesaraion, mesentery), 
belonging to the mesentery. 

mesh, n. mesh (Lith. mazgas, a knot; megsti, to 
knit : Ger. masche, a noose : AS. maesce ; Dan. maske, 
a mesh : Dut. masche, a blot, a stain), one of the open- 
ings or spaces between the threads of a net: v. to 
catch in a net; to ensnare: mesh ing, imp.: meshed, 
pp. mesht: meshy, a. mish'-l, formed like network: 
meshwork, network. 

mesial, a. mesial (Gr. mews, middle), in anat., 
middle; dividing into two equal parts: mesial line, 
an imaginary plane dividing the head, neck, and 
trunk into similar halves towards right and left. 

meslin— see maslin. 

mesmerism, n. mez'-mtr-izm tF. mesmirisme— from 
?-f:'snur, who first brought it into notice about A. D. 
lTTi!), the art of inducing a state of complete coma or 
insensibility, or of somnambulism, in which the oper- 
ator claims to control the actions, and communicate 
directly with the mind, of the recipient ; the doctrine 
of animal magnetism: mesmeric, a. miz-mer'ik, also 
mesmer ical, a. -l-kdl, pert, to mesmerism: mesmer- 
ise, v. mSz'mer-iz, to influence by external agency 
so as to cause a state of complete insensibility, or a 
state of somnambulism : mesmerising, imp.: mes- 
merised, pp. -}zd: adj. being in the mesmeric state: 
mes'merisa'tion, n. -zd'sliiin, the act of mesmerising: 
mes'meri'ser, n. -I'zcr, one who practises mesmerism : 
mes'merist, n. -1st, one who practises mesmerism or 
believes in it. 

mesne, n. men (Xorm. F. mesne, middle), in law, 
middle; intervening— applied to a writ issued during 
the progress of an action. 

meso, mSz'6 (Gr. mesos, the middle), a common 
prefix in scientific compound terms, signifying inter- 
mediate ; that which holds a middle place between 
others. 

mesocaecum, n. mSz'6-se-kum (Gr. mesos, middle, 
and L. caecum, a portion of the large intestines), in 
anat., a duplicate of the peritoneum at the posterior 
part of the ca;cum. 

mesocarp, n. mez'6-kdrp (Gr. mesos, middle, and 
karpos, fruit), in bot., the middle of the three layers 
in fruits. 

mesochihum, n. mcz'okil'l-um (Gr. mesos, middle, 
and chele, a claw, a lobe), in hot., the middle portion 
of the labellum of orchids. 

mesocolon, n. mez'o-ko'-lon (Gr. mesos, middle, and 
Eng. colon, a part of the intestines), in anat., that 
part of the mesentery to which the ,v,ion i s attached. 

mesogastric, a. mcz'-o-n'/s-trik (Gr. mesos, middle, 
and gaster, the belly), that which attaches the stomach 
to the walls of the abdomen. 

mesole, n. mez'ol (Gr. mesos, middle), a mineral of 
a greyish -white or reddish colour, occurring in im- 
planted globules with a flat columnar or fibrous struc- 
ture: mesolite, n. mez'-o-lit (Gr. lithos, a stone), a 
mineral, a lime and soda mesotype, of a dead-white or 
greyish coloui ng slender crystals, and 

qnassive. 

mesophloeum, n. mez'o-fle'um (Gr. mesos, middle, 
and phloios, bark), in hot., the middle layer of the 
hark. 

mesophyllum, n. mez'-o-fil'Mm (Gr. mesos, middle, 
and phullon, a leaf), in bot., the whole inner portion 
or parenchyma of leaves, situated between the 
upper and under epidermis. 

mesopithecus, n. mez-opithe'Ms (Gr. mesos, mid- 



dle, and pi thekos, an ape), in geol, a term applied to 
the remains of a quadruman, regaided as inter- 
mediate between the long-armed apes and the tailed 
monkeys. 

mesosperm, n. mez'o-sperm (Gr. mesos, middle, and 
sperma, seed), in bot., the second membrane or middle 
coat of a seed. 

mesosternum, n. miz'o-ster'num (Gr. mesos, middle, 
and sternon, the breast), the lower half of the middle 
segment of the thorax in insects. 

mesothorax, n. mez'u-thu'rdks (Gr. mesos, middle, 
and thorax, the breast), a middle thorax or trunk ; the 
middle part of the thorax in insects. 

mesotype, n. mcz'-o-tlp (Gr. mesos, middle, and 
tvpos, form, type), a mineral prismatic zeolite, a 
silicate of soda and alumina, occurring abundantly 
in trap-rocks— known also as natrolite. 

mesozoic, a. mez'-o-zo'lk (Gr. mesos, middle, and 
zoe, life), in geol., the great division of the stratified 
formations, holding the middle forms of life, as differ- 
ing from the Palreozoic and Cainozoic. 

mess, n. mis (F. mes, a service of meat: It. 7nessa, 
a mess of meat— from L. missus, sent, in the sense of 
served up or dished), a dish of food; a quantity of 
food prepared for a certain number of persons; a 
mixed mass ; in the army and navy, a number of per- 
sons who eat together : v. to eat together at a common 
table; to supply with a mess: mes sing, imp. : messed, 
pp. mest: mess-mate, n. one eating at the same table. 

mess, n. mes (Ger. meischen, to stir the malt in hot 
water: Gael, measg, to mix: old Eng. mesh, a disagree- 
able mixture : It. mescolare, to mix), a mixture dis- 
agreeable to the sight or taste ; untidiness; disorder; 
a situation of distress or difficulty. 

message, n. mSs'saj (mid. L. missaticum; old F. 
messatge, a message— from L. missus, sent: F. mes- 
sage, a message), any notice or communication, writ- 
ten or verbal, sent from one person to another; an 
errand: messenger, n. mes'sen-jer, the bearer of a 
message or errand ; a harbinger ; in a ship, a cable 
iiM-d in weighing the anchor. 

Messiah, n. mes-sl'd (Heb. mashiarh, anointed— 
from mushach, to anoint), Christ, the anointed ; the 
Saviour: Messi'ahship, n. the office of the Messiah: 
Messianic, a. mds'si-dn'-ik, pert, to the Messiah: Mes- 
sias, n. mes-sl'ds, the Messiah. 

Messieurs, n. plu. mdsh'yerz (F., plu. of monsieur), 
sirs; gentlemen; contracted Messrs, mes'-trz, which is 
used as the plu. of Mr; put before the designations of 
firms or commercial houses that conduct their business 
under more than one name, when speaking of them 
or addressing them by letter, as Messrs Wm. Black- 
wood & Sons, Messrs T. B. Campbell & Co.— see mas- 
ter. 

messuage, n. mSs'ivdj (old F. mesuage— from L. 
mansum, to stay, to remain), in law, a dwelling-house 
and offices, with the land attached ; a tenement. 

mestee, n. mes'-te, also mustee, n. mus'-te, in the W. 
Indies, a person of mixed breed. 

mestizo, n. mes-te-zo (Sp. mestizo; F. mestis, of a 
mixed race — from L. mixtus, mixed), in S. Amer., the 
offspring of a Spaniard or a Creole and a native Indian. 

met, pt, and pp. of meet, which see. 

meta, met'd (Gr.), a prefix in words of Greek origin, 
meaning beyond; after; over; a change or trans- 
ference. 

metabasis, n. mS-tdb'd-sis (Gr. metabasis, a transi- 
tion— from meta, beyond, and baino, I go), in rhet., 
a passing from one thing to another ; ■ transition. 

metacarpal, a. met'- u ■!;<), '-pal (Gr. meta, beyond, and 
karpos, the wrist), pert, to the part of the hand be- 
tween the wrist and the fingers— called the met'acar'- 
pus, -kar'pus. 

metacentre, n. mSt'a-sen'ter (Gr. meta, beyond, 
and kentron, the centre), a certain point in a floating 
body, upon the position of which the stability of the 
body depends. 

metacetone, n. md-tds'S-tdn (Gr. meta, change, and 
Eng. acetone), a colourless liquid of a pleasant odour, 
obtained by distilling a mixture of sugar or starch 
klime. , 

metachronism, n. me-tdk'-ron-izm (Gr. meta, be- 
yond, and chronos, time), an error in chronology by 
al time. 

metagallic, a. met'd-gdl'ik (Gr. m eta, beyond, over, 
and Eng. gallic), pert, to or derived from gallic acid. 

metage, n. me'taj (from mete, which see), measure- 
ment of coal ; the price of measuring. 

metagenesis, n. met'd-jen'e-sis (Gr. meta, beyond, 



cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



META 



356 



METE 



and genesis, a beginning), the changes of form which 
the representative of a species undergoes in passing, 
by a species of successively generated individuals, 
from the egg to the perfect or imago state ; the suc- 
cession of individuals which present the same form 
only at every alternate gi aeration . "< mate :.•,' umi- 
tion: metagenetic, a. met'-a-je-net'-ik, pert, to meta- 
genesis ; referring to the production of changes in a 
species after its first origin, as it goes on to a more per- 
fect state. 

metagrammatism, n. met'-d-grdm-md-tizm (Gr. 
met a, beyond, and gramma, a letter), the change or 
transposition of the letters of a name into such a posi- 
tion as to express sense ; also called anagrammatism. 

metal, n. m&t'-dl (F. metal, a metal— from L. metal- 
lum; Gr. metallon, a mine whence metals are dug, a 
metal), awell-i; nownbodj Buch as gold, silver, copper, 
iron, &c. ; broken stones used for roads ; broken glass 
for the melting-pot: metallic, a. me-tdl'-ik, pert, to 
metals; like a metal; consisting of metal: metal- 
refiner, a smelter of ores ; one who separates copper, 
lead, or other metal, from the dross or refuse with 
which it is mixed : the perfect metals, those which 
are not easily oxidised, as platinum, gold, and silver: 
the base or imperfect metals, those which readily 



alloy made into sheets, used for sheathing ships and 
for other purposes, consisting of 50 per cent of cop- 
per, 41 of zinc, and 4 of lead : metallic currency, the 
coins forming the circulating medium of a country: 
white metal, German or nickel silver. 

metal— see mettle. 

metalepsis, n. m&t'd-Up'-sis (Gr. meta, beyond, and 
lepsis, a receiving or taking), in rhet., the union of 
two or more figures of speech of different kinds in the 
same word: met'alep'tic, a. -Up'-tik, also met'alep'ti- 
cal, a. -ti-kdl, pert, to a metalepsis ; transverse ; trans- 
posed: met'alep'tically, ad. -kdl-li. 

metalliferous, a. met-dl-if-er-us (L. metallum, a 
metal, and fero, I produce), producing or yielding 
metals, as strata or districts. 

metalliform, a. me~-tdl-li-fawrm (L. metallum, a 
metal, said forma, shape), in the form of metals; like 
metaL 

metalline, a. mSt'dl-in (L. metallum, metal— see 
metal), consisting of metal ; impregnated with metal : 
metalling, n. met'-dl-ing, the act of forming the surface 
of a road with broken stones : metalled, a. met'-dld, 
covered or laid over with broken stones, as a public 
road : met'allise, v. -iz, to render metallic ; to cover 
or impregnate with metal : met'allising, imp. : met'- 
allised, pp. -Wl: metallisation, n. mit'-dl-li-za'shun, 
the process of forming into a metal: metallist, n. 
m&'-dl-ist, a worker in metal. 

metallochromes, n. plu. mf-tdl'-lO-krOmz (Gr. metal- 
Ion, a mine whence metals are dug, and chroma, 
colour), the beautiful prismatic tints produced by de- 
positing a film of peroxide of lead on polished steel by 
means of the electrotype. 

metallography, n. mW-dl-og'-rd-fi (Gr. metallon, a 
mine, and grapho, I write), a treatise on metals or 
metallic substances. 

metalloid, n. met-dl-oyd (Gr. metallon, a mine, and 
eidos, a form), a term applied to the metallic bases of 
the alkalies and earths, as calcium, potassium, 
sodium, &c. ; the non-metallic inflammable bodies, 
as sulphur, phosphorus, &c. : met'alloid, a., also 
met'alloid'al, a. -dyd'-dl, having the form or appear- 
ance of a metal. 

metallurgy, n. mSt'-dl-ir'-jl (Gr. metallon, a mine, a 
metal, and ergon, work), the art of obtaining metals 
from their ores ; the art of working metals : met'al- 
lur'gic, a. -er'-jlk, pert, to the art of working metals: 
met allur'gist, n. -jlst, one whose occupation is to 
work in metals. 

metameric, a. m8t'-d-mSr'4k (Gr. meta, change, and 
meros, a part), having different characters and pro- 
neriies, but the same ultimate elements and atomic 
weight with another body. 

metamorphosis, n. m&t'-d-mor'-fo-sis, met'amor'pho- 
ses, n. plu. -fo-sez (L. and Gr. metamorphosis, a trans- 
formation—from Gr. meta, beyond, over, and morphe, 
form, shape: F. mdtamorphose), change of form or 
shape ; a transformation ; a change in the form of 
being, as insects : met'amor'phic, a. -fik, pert, to the 
changes in the earth's strata since their first deposi- 
tion, by some external or internal agency ; applied to 
the power or forcecausing thechange ; a transforming : 
mate, mat, far, law; mete, mSt, 



met'amor'phism, n. -fizm, the state or quality of being 
metamorpnic; the process of transformation; in 
geol., that change of structure, or of texture, which 
has been effected on many rocks by the agency of 
heat, chemical action, or otherwise: metamorphose, 
v. m&ia-mdr'fOz, to change into a different form; to 
transform: met'amor'phosing, imp. -fo-zing-. meta- 
morphosed, pp. -fozd: adj. changed into a different 
form; transformed: metamorpnic system, in geol., 
those crystal]))] i^s, quartz-rock, mica- 

schist, and clay-slate, which underlie all the lossilif- 
erous strata, and in which no trace of organic remains 
has yet been detected. 

metaphor, n. met'-d-fer (Gr. metaphora, a change of 
one thing for another— from meta, over, and phero, I 
carry), a figure of speech expressed in a single word— 
for example, "the man is a fox," is a metaphor; "the 
man is as crafty as a fox," is a simile; words used in 
a figurative sense, as opposed to tLeir literal meaning, 
are used in metaphor, and the language is called 
metaphorical : metaphorist, n. m&t'd-forlst, one who 
uses metaphors: met'aphor'ical, a. -for'-i-kai, also 
mefaphorlc, a. -fdr'-lk, not literal; containing meta- 
phor ; figurative : met'aphor'ically, ad. -kdl-li. 

metaphosphoric, a. «</ t -. meta, over, 

and Eng. phosphoric), a term employed to designate 
an acid produced by burning phosphorus among 
oxygen or enclosed air. 

metaphrase, n. met'-d-frdz (Gr. meta, over, and 
phrasis, a phrase), a verbal or literal translation of a 
language : met'aphrast, n. -frdst, one who translates 
verbally : met'aphras'tic, a. -tik, literal. 

metaphysics, n. sing, met'-d-fiz'-iks (Gr. meta- 
phusika, after those things which relate to external 
nature, that is, after physics— from meta, beyond, 
after, and phusikos, relating to nature— from pjhusis, 
nature: F. metaphysique : It. metaftsica), the science 
of mind or intelligence, as distinguished from the 
science of natural bodies or matter; philosophy in 
the general sense of the term, together with psycho- 
logy. Note.— So called by the ancients, because they 
considered the science of natural bodies or physics 
the first in order of study, and the science of mind 
the second ; but the name more probably arose from 
the simple fact that the writings of the first philosophy 
came after the physical treatises of the author, met'- 

aphys'ical, a. -/ g only in thought and 

not in reality ; abstract ; pert, to metaphysics : met'- 
aphys'ically, ad. -kdl-li: met'aphysici'an, n. -ft-zish' 
dn, one versed in the science of metaphysics. 

metaplasm, n. mW-d-pldzm (Gr. meta, beyond, over, 
and plasso, I form), in gram, or rhet., a general term 
used to embrace all those figures of speech which des- 
ignate changes in the letters or syllables of a word. 

metastasis, n. me-tds'-td-sis (Gr. meta, over, and 
stasis, a placing or setting, a posture), the removal of 
a disease from one part to another. 

metatarsus, n. mW-d-tar'-sus (Gr. meta, beyond, 
over, and tarsos, the sole of the foot), the part of the 
foot between the ankle and the toes: metatarsal, 
a. met'-d-tdr'-sdl, pert, to the metatarsus or instep: 
n. the metatarsal bone. 

metathesis, n. m8-tdth'S-sls (Gr. meta, beyond, over, 
and tithemi, I put or place ; thesis, a placing), a figure 
of speech designating the transposing of the letters or 
syllables of a word. 

metathorax, n. mSt'd-tho'-rdks (Gr. meta, beyond, 
over, and thorax, the chest), in insects, the third and 
last segment of the thorax— the second being called 
mesothorax. 

metayer, n. me-td-yer (F. mitayer, a farmer), one 
who tills the land for a landlord on condition of re- 
ceiving half the produce. 

mete, v. met (Goth, mitan; Ger. messen; L. metiri, 
to measure: Gr. metron; L. metrum, a measure, a 
poetical measure: It. metro-. F. metre), to measure; 
to ascertain the dimensions or capacity of by a rule or 
standard : me'ting, imp. : me'ted, pp. : meter, n. 'me- 
ter, an instrument that measures, as gas-meter: mete- 
stick, on shipboard, a measure used to preserve proper 
levels in storing the cargo. 

metempsychosis, n. me-tgm'-si-ko'-sis (Gr. metempsu- 
chosis, the passage of the soul from one body to another 
—from meta, beyond, over, and psuche, life), the pass- 
ing of the soul of a man after death into the body of a 
lower animal, or through a succession of them. 

metemptosis 1 Is (Gr. meta, after, and 

emptosis, a falling upon), the solar equation necessary 
to prevent the new moon from happening a day too 
her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



METE 



357 



MEZE 



late— proemptosis, the addition of a day every 300 years, 
and another every -iOO years. 

meteor, n. me'-te-or (Gr. meteoros, raised high above 
the earth, sublime: It. mctcora: F. meteore), any nat- 
ural phenomenon or appearance of a transitory nature 
taking place in the atmosphere; a luminous body or 
appearance in the sky-; a falling star: meteoric, a. 
-Or'-ik, pert, to meteors ; of or belonging to the atmo- 
sphere ; produced in or falling from the atmosphere ; 
applied figuratively to any person or thing on account 
of brilliancy or irregularity, or both: meteorite, n. 
me'te-or-it, a stone or body falling lrom the higher 
regions of the atmosphere; also me teor'olite, n. -or- 
Cllt (Gr. lithos, a stone) : meteoric iron, the iron fotmd 
native or in meteoric stones, principally an alloy of 
iron and nickel: meteoric stones, those masses of 
hard matter which occasionally fall on the earth from 
the upper regions ; aerolites. 

meteorological, a. me'-teor-o-loj'i-kdl (Gr. meteoros, 
raised high above the earth, and logos, a discourse), 
relating to the atmosphere and its phenomena ; pert, 
to a register or table of the state of the air and its tem- 
perature, Ac; also me'teorolog'ic, a. -loj'-ik: me'teor- 
ol'ogy, n. -Ol'-oji, the science which explains the vari- 
ous phenomena which have their origin in the atmo- 
sphere: meteorologist, n. -fist, one versed in the va- 
rious phenomena appearing in the atmosphere. 

meteoromancy, n. me'tc-or'-o-mdn'-si (Gr. meteoros, 
raised high abr- " 
divination by i 
by the Rornam 

meter, a measure— see mete : meter, poetical mea- 
sure—see metre. 

metheglin, n. mi-thig'-lm (W. meddyglyn — from 
medd, mead, and llyn, liquor, juice), a beverage made 
of honey and water, fermented with yeast, and often 
spiced; mead. 

methinks, v. me-thingks' [me, and think), it seems 
to me ; it appears to me : methought, pt. me-thawt ', it 
did seem to me. 

method, n. meth'od (Gr. methodos; L. methodus, a 
proceeding in regular order, a mode— from Gr. meta, 
with, and hodos, a way: It. metodo: F. methode), a 
suitable arrangement of things, proceedings, or ideas, 
to prevent confusion ; a regular mode or manner of 
doing anything; orderly arrangement ; system of ar- 
rangement peculiar to an individual ; ord'er ; system ; 
■way; manner: methodic, a. me-thod'-ik, also method- 
ical, a -l-kal, arranged or disposed with regularity; 
orderly; systematic; precise: methodically, ad. 
•kdlll: methodise, v. mcth'0-dlz, to dispose in due 
order; to reduce to method: methodising, imp.: 
methodised, pp. -dizd-. meth odisa'tion, n. -dlzd- 
shun, reduction to method : Methodist, n. melh'd-dist, 
one of a sect of Christians founded by John Wesley— 
so called from the regularity of their lives and the 
strictness of their rules ; one who observes method : 
meth odism, n. -dizm, the doctrines and worship of the 
Methodists: meth'odis tic, a. -dis'tlk, also methodis - 
tical, a. -dls'-ti-kai, relating to method or the Method- 
ists, in this last sense used contemptuously: meth- 
odis tically, ad. -kal-li. 

methought— see methinks. 

methyl, n. meth'il (Gr. methit, wine, and hide, ma- 
terial), the hydro-carbon radical of methylic alcohol, 
being a colourless inflammable gas burning with a 
luminous flame: methylamine, n. me-thil'-a-mln, am- 
monia in which one atom of hydrogen is replaced by 
methyl: methylated, a. mcth'-lldt-cd. impregnated or 
mixed with methyl : methylene, n. meth'-i-len, a highly 
volatile and inflammable liquid procured from the de- 
structive distillation of wood: methylic, a. mi-thil'-ik, 
of or pert, to methyl : methylated spirit, spirit of wine 
or alcohol mixed with one-tenth of its volume of 
naphtha or wood-spirit to prevent its consumption 
as a beverage, admitted duty free for use in manu- 
factures. 

Metis, n. me'-tis, one of the asteroids or minor 
planets. 

metoche, n. met'o-ke (Gr. metecho, I am a partaker 
of), in arch., the interval or space between two dentils. 

metonic, a. me-ton-ik (from Meton, an Athenian, its 
discoverer). an epithet applied to the cycle of the moon : 
metonic cycle or metonic year, a period of nineteen 
years in which the lunations of the moon return to the 
same days of the month. 

metonymy, n. met'-o-nim-l or me-ton'-l-mi (Gr. meto- 

numia, a change of name— from meta, beyond, over, 

and onoma, a name : F. meton ■ymie), in rhet., a figure of 

Colo, toy, foot; pure, oud; chair, 



speech in which one word is substituted for another to 
which it has some relation— as, " I have read Milton," 
that is, his works; "they have Moses and the pro- 
phets," that is, their writings: metonymic, a. met'6- 
nim'-ik, also met'onym'ical, a. -l-kal, used byway of 
metonymy ; putting one word for another : met onym - 
ically, ad. -li. 

metope, n. met'-o-pe (Gr. metope— from meta, with, 
between, and ope, an opening), in arch., the space be- 
tween the triglyphs cf the Doric frieze. 

metoposcopy, n. mit'-o-pos'-kd-pi (Gr. metopon, the 
forehead, and skopeo, I view), the pretended art of dis- 
covering the character or disposition of individuals by 
the features or lines of the forehead. 

metre, n. meter (Gr. metron, a measure— see mete), 
in poetry, the quality of the measured tread which dis- 
tinguishes poetry from prose, and the harmony of 
which pleases and delights the ear; the number of 
syllables in a verse, as a psalm or hymn: metrical, a. 
mit'-rl-k&l, pert, to metre; having rhythm ; consisting 
of verses : met'rically, ad. -S. 

metre, n. ma'-tr (¥.). a French measure of length 
equal to 39-371 inches English. 

metric, a. met'-rlk (F. metre, a measure: Eng. mete, 
to measure), denoting measurement : metric system, 
the system of weights and measures first adopted in 
France, the two most important points in which are— 
1. that it is a decimal system; 2. that the units of 
length, superficies, solidity, and weight are correlated, 
two data only being employed, the metre, and the 
weight of a cube of water whose side is the 100th part 
of a metre. 

metrograph, n. met-r6-grdf (Gr. metron, a measure, 
and grapho, I write), an apparatus on a railway-engine 
which indicates at any moment the speed per mile at 
which the train is travelling, and the time of arrival 
and departure at each station. 

metrology, n. metrol'-o-jl (Gr. metron, a measure, 
and logos, discourse), the science of weights and mea- 
sures, or a treatise on them. 

metronome, n. m&t'-ro-nom (Gr. metron, a measure, 
and nomos, a law; nome, division, partition), an in- 
genious instrument that measures and beats musical 
time: metronomy, n. me-tr6n'-6-ml,%]io measurement 
of time by an instrument. 

metropolis, n. me-tr6p'-0-lls(Gi.metropolis, a parent 
state, a chief city— from meter, a mother, and pulis, a 
city), mother city; the chief city or capital of a king- 
dom or state ; among ■naturalists, the district of great- 
est number, either of typical or specific forms, amongst 
the generic assemblages or areas of plants and animals 
that exist within definite geographical limits : metro- 
politan, n. met'rd-pdl'-i-tan, the bishop of the mother 
church— that is, the church from which others have 
branched off; an archbishop: adj. having the rank 
of a metropolis or pert, to it; pert, to the mother 
church: me'tropolit'anate, n. -llt'a-nat, the office or 
see of a metropolitan bishop: metropolite, n. me- 
trop'6-Ut, archbishop; bishop of the mother church. 

mettle, n. mit'-l (a metaphor taken from the metal 
of a blade, upon the temper of which its power de- 
pends), natural ardour; spirit; sprightliness ; cour- 
age ; warmth of temperament ; substance : mettled, 
a. mSt'-ld, high-spirited : ardent ; brisk ; full of tht : 
mettlesome, a, met'l-sum, high-spirited; brisk; full 
of mettle. 

mew, n. mu (AS. mccw : Dut. meeuio, a gull or sea- 
swallow), a sea-bird ; a species of gull. 

mew, v. mu (F. miauler; Ger. miauen, to cry as a 
cat), to cry as a cat : n. the cry of a cat : mew'ing, 
imp. : mewed, pp. mud : mewl, v. mid, to cry as a 
child from uneasiness ; to squall : mewling, imp. : 
adj. crying or screaming as a child: mewled, pp. 
milld: mewl'er, n. -er, one that mewls. 

mew, v. mil (Ger. mausen; Low Ger. muten, to 
moult : Norm, muta, to lurk or seek covert, as a bird 
moulting: Dut. muiten, to mutter, to moult; muyte, 
a cage, the time a bird is kept in the dark to prevent 
its singing : F. musser, to lurk, to keep close), to shut 
up ; to confine ; to enclose ; to shed the feathers ; to 
moult : mew'ing, imp. : n. act of moulting : mewed, 
pp. mud: mews, n. phi. muz, the royal stables in 
London, so called from having been the place where 
the hawks were kept ; any range of buildings occupied 
as stables ; any place of confinement. , 

meyeria, n. 'mi-e-ri-a i after Von Meyer), in geol., a 
small lobster-like crustacean, having its crust 'highly 
ornamented with minute bead-like tubercles. 

mezereon, n. me-ze'-re-on (F. me'zereon), a flowering 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



MEZZ 358 

shrub whose extremely acrid bark is used in medi- 

mezzanine, n. mez'-zd-nin (It. mezzanino— from 
mezzano, middle), a low intermediate story between 
two higher ones. 

mezzo, a. met'-zo (It. mezzo, middle— from L. medius, 
middle), in music, middle; mean: mezzo-relievo, n. 
mSt'-zo-ra'-le-vo (It. — see relievo), middle or demi- 
relief: mezzo-soprano, n. met'-zo-so-prd'-no, a medium 
or half soprano— see soprano; the female voice so 
called; the person having such a voice: adj. having a 
medium compass of voice, between the soprano and 
contralto, said of a female voice. 

mezzotint, n. mez'-zo-tlnt or met'-zo-tint, also mez'- 
zotin'to, n. -tln'-to (It.— from mezzo, middle, half, and 
Unto, tint — from L. tinctus, dyed, tinged), a style of 
engraving on copper in imitation of Indian ink; a 
certain style of drawing. 

mi, me, in the tonic sol-fa system, the third note of 
the musical scale in ascending. 

miaskite, also miascite, n. mS-ds'klt (Miask, in Si- 
beria), a granite rock, consisting of cleavable white 
felspar, black mica, and greyish or yellowish-white 
elasolite with some hornblende. 

miasma, n. mids'-ma, also miasm, n. mi-dzm' (Gr. 
miasma, defilement— from miainein, to stain, to pol- 
lute: It. miasma: F. miasme), infection or pollution 
floating in the air, arising in mi dimmed, putrefying, 
or poisonous bodies : more usually in the plural mias- 
mata, mi-ds'-md-td, malaria: mias'mal, a. -mdl, con- 
taining miasma: miasmatic, a. ml'-ds-mat'lk, pert, to 
miasma, or containing it. 

mica, n. ml'-kd (L. miotre, to sparkle, to glitter: Sp. 
and F. mica), a mineral having a metallic lustre, and 
iji i iii<- into bhin glistening plates or scales, used as 
glass; called also Muscovy glass: micaceous, a. ml- 
ka-shds, pert, to or containing mica : mica-schist or 
-slate (Ger. schisma, a splitting), a kind of foliated 
rock consisting of mica and quartz, the two ingredients 
occurring in alternate folia with jrreatei oi !.■■::■ n---.ii 
larity: mica'ceo-calca'reous, ml-kd'-shi-o-, partaking 
of the nature of, or consisting of, mica and lime, 
applied to mica-schist containing carbonate of lime. 

mice, mis, plu. of mouse, which see. 

Michaelmas, n. mik- el-mas (after St Michael, the 
archangel), the feast of the archangel Michael, cele- 
brated on 29th Sept. ; a regular term in England, 29th 
Sept. ; autumn : Michaelmas term, among lawyers, 
the interval between 2d and 25th November. 

miche, n. mich (Swiss, mauchen, to conceal: F. 
musser; prov. F. mucher, to hide, to skulk), to skulk; 
to lie hid out of view: mich'ing, imp. : miched, pp. 
mlcht: mich'er, n. -er, one who. 

mickle, a. mik'l (AS. micel; Scot, meikle or muckle, 
much, great), much ; great. 

mico, n. mi'ku (Sp mim), n. small S. Amer. monkey. 

micraster, n. mi-krds'ter (Gr. mikros, small, and 
astron, a star), in geol., a genus of sea-urchins 
abounding in the chalk, and so termed from the star- 
like arrangement of its small or incomplete ambula- 
cral furrows. 

micro, mi'-kro (Gr. mikros, small), a prefix in scien- 
tific words signifying " smillness." 

microcosm, n. mi'-kro-kozm (Gr. mikros, small, and 
kosmos, the world), the little world, applied to man, 
supposed to be an epitome of the universe or great 
world: mi'crocos'mic, a. -koz'-mik, also mi'crocos'- 
mical, a. -koz'-mi-kdl, pert, to the microcosm : micro- 
cosmic salt, a triple salt of soda, ammonia, and phos- 
phoric acid, so called as having been originally ob- 
tained from human urine. 

micrography, n. ml-krog'-rd-fl (Gr. mikros, small, 
and grapho, I describe), a description of microscopical 
objects. 

microlestes, n. mi'-kro-Us'-tez (Gr. mikros, small, 
and testes, a robber), in geol., a small fossil insectivor- 
ous quadruped. 

micrometer, n. ml-krdm'5-ter (Gr. mikros, small, 
and metron, a measure), an instrument employed in 
measuring small objects, spaces, or small angles 
formed by bodies at a remote distance: mi'cromet'ri- 
cal, a. -mSt'rl-kdl, pert, to the micrometer: microm'- 
etry, n. -e-trl, the art of measuring minute objects or 
small angular distances with a micrometer. 

microphone, n. ml'-kro-fon (Gr. mikros, small, and 
•phone, sound), an instrument for making low sounds 
more distinctly audible. 

microphyta, n. plu. vfi'-l.-ro /T/<<, a iso microphytes, 
n. plu. ml'-kro-J'ltz (Gr. mikros, small, and phuton, a 



MIDD 

plant), in geol, a term applied to minute forms of 
vegetable life : mi'crophy'tal, a -fi'-tdl, applied to de- 
posits of minute forms of life, chiefly of vegetable ori- 
gin. 

micropyle, n. ml'-krO-pll (Gr. mikros, small, and 
pule, a gate), in lot., the opening or foramen of the 
ripened seed for the escape <>i the root of the embryo. 

microscope, n. mi'-kro-skop (Gr. mikros, small, and 
skopeo, I view), an instrument for viewing minute ob- 
jects : mi'croscop'ic, a. -skop'-ik, also mi'croscop'ical, 
a. -i-kdl, very small ; visible only by the aid of a micro- 
scope: mi'croscop'ically, ad. -It: mi'croscop'ist, n. 
-ist, one who is skilled in the use of a microscope : 
microscopy, n. ml-kros'-ko-pl, the use of the micro- 
scu|ic , in-..- ; igui inn;.- -.. ii I. i I,.- microscope. 

microtome, n. mi'-kro-tom (Gr. mikros, small, and 
temno, I cut), an instrument fur making very fine sec- 
tions for the purpose of being examined under the 
microscope. 

microzoa, n. ml-kro-zo'-d (Gr. mikros, small, and 
zoon, an animal), a term employed to denote minute 
animal organisms whose forms can only be defined by 
the aid of the microscope. 

micturition, n. mlk-tu-rish'-un (L. micturitum, to 
desire to make water), the act of making water, or 
the desire to pass the urine ; a too frequent passing of 
urine in consequence of disease. 

mid, a. mid (Goth, midja; Gr. mesos; Sans, mad- 
hya; L. medius; Icel. midr ; Ger. mittel, middle: 
Icel. midill, means— from midla, to divide), at an 
equal distance from the extremes ; middle : mid-day, 
n. noon : adj. pert, to noon ; meridional : mid-feather, 
in a steam-engine, a vertical sratej pace in afire-box 
or combustion-chamber: mid-heaven, also mid-air, 
the middle part of the heaven or sky ; the state of 
being raised and suspended considerably above the 
surface of the earth: midland, a. being in the inte- 
rior ; distant from the sea : mid-Lent, the middle of 
Lent : mid-life, the middle of the age of man, or the 
period of life about 50 : midnight, the middle of the 
night: mid-rib, in hot., the principal nerve or vein 
which extends from the base of the leaf to its apex : 
mid-ship, a. pert, to the middle part of a ship : mid- 
shipman, a junior naval officer in a ship of war or 
a first-class merchant vessel : mid-summer, the middle 
of summer ; the time about 21st June : mid-summer's 
day, one of the quarter days of the year, falling on 
24th June : midway, a. being in the middle of the 
way or distance : n. the middle of the distance : ad. 
half-way : mid- winter, the middle of the winter, about 
21st December ; the middle of severe winter weather. 

mida, n. ml'-dd (Gr. midas, a destructive insect in 
pulse), the grub of the bean-fly. 

midden, n. mid'n (Icel >an. modding, 

a dunghill— from Icel. mod, refuse, and dyngia, a 
heap), a dunghill ; a manure-heap. 

middle, a. mld'-l (from mid, which see), equally dis- 
tant from the extremes ; intervening : n. the point or 
part equally distant from the extremities ; the time 
which passes, or the events which happen, between 
h Im -inning and He end: middle-aged, a. between 
youth and age: middle ages, the period of time from 
the fall of the Roman empire of the West, from about 
a.d. 500, till the revival of learning, about a.d. 1500: 
middle class, a name used to designate the classes 
of society which include professional men, untitled 
landed proprietors, merchants and traders, bankers, 
and suchlike; the classes between mechanics and 
the aristocracy: middle-deck, in a ship having three 
decks, that situated between the other two: middle 
ground, in painting, the central portion of a land- 
scape : middle-man, an agent between two parties ; in 
Ireland, one who rents large tracts of land from the 
proprietor and lets out small portions to the peasant- 
ry : mid'dlemost, a. in the middle or nearest the mid- 
dle: middle passage, in the slave trade, the part of 
the Atlantic Ocean lying between Africa and the West 
Indies: middle-post, in arch., the same as king-post: 
middle-sized, a. neither very large nor very small: 
middle term, in logic, the term of a syllogism by which 
the two extremes are separately compared: middle 
tint, in painting, a mixed tint in which bright col- 
ours do not predominate : middle voice, in the Gr. 
verb, a mood in which the agent is represented as 
performing some act to or upon himself, as, / struck 



middletonite, n. mld'l-ton-lt, a mineral resin found 
in the older Coal-formations, and occurring in layers, 
or in rounded pea-like masses, of a reddish-brown 

mate, mtit.fdr, law; mete, m8t, her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



MLDD 



359 



MILL 



colour— so called from Middleton collieries, near Leeds, 
where it was first discovered. 

middling, a. mid'-llng (from middle, -which see), of 
middle rank or degree ; neither high nor low ; of mid- 
cLe average qualitj- ; of moderate capacity ; mediocre : 
middlings, n. plu. mid'-llngs. the coarser part of the 
flour left in the dressing-machine. 

midge, n. my (Ger. mucke, a small fly— from mucken, 
to hum: Bohem. maucha; L. musca; F. mouche, a 
fly), generally the common gnat, and such minute 
insects. 

midriff, n. mid'-rlf(k$. hrif. entrails: Dut. middel- 
rift, the diaphragm: old H. Ger. hreve, the belly), in 
anat., the diaphragm; a muscular partition which 
separates the cavity of the chest from the belly. 

midst, n. midst (superl. of mid, which see), the 
middle; the very centre: ad. in the middle: in our 
midst, amongst us, as neighbours, fellow-citizens, or 
fellow-countrymen : in the midst of, among ; involved 
in; in the thickest of: in our midst, in their midst, 
in the midst of us, in the midst of them, are common 
colloquial phrases, which at the best are but of doubt- 
ful propriety. 

midwife, n. mid'wlf (AS. mid, with, and wif, 
•woman, wife), a female who assists women in child- 
birth: midwifery, n. mld'-wif-rl, the profession of a 
midwife ; the art of assisting women in child-birth. 

mien, n. men (F. mine, air, look: Bret, min, beak 
of a bird: W. min, the lip or mouth), the whole ex- 
ternal appearance ; aspect ; air ; manner. 

might, v. mlt, pt. of may, which see. 

might, n. mlt (Goth, mahts; Ger. macht; Swiss, 
mucht; Bohem. moc, might, power— see may), strength, 
force, or power in general ; ability : mighty, a. mlt'i, 
strong ; powerful ; very forcible ; very great ; moment- 
ous : ad. in very great degree : might'ily, ad. -i-li, 
powerfully; efficaciously; vehemently; in a great de- 
gree: mightiness, n. -nis, power; greatness; title of 
dignity : might and main, utmost effort ; highest de- 
rength. 

mignonnette, n. mWySn-nSf (F., a diminutive of 
■miijnon. darling), literally "little darling"; a common 
and favourite garden plant bearing fragrant flowers. 

migrate, v. ml'grat (L. migratum, to remove from 
one place to another: It. migrare), to remove from 
one country to settle or reside in another : migrating, 
imp.: mi'grated, pp.: migration, n. mi-gru'shun, the 
act of removing from one country to another ; the 
instinctive periodical change of abode from one cli- 
mate to another, common to many species of animals, 
especially birds: migratory, a. mi'grd-ter-i, accus- 
tomed to migrate; passing from one climate to 
another; roving. 

Mikado, n. mi-ka'do— see Tycoon. 

milch, a. milch (Ger. much, milk; mVken, to milk: 
Gr. amelgo, I milk: Lith. milzu, to stroke, to milk a 
cow), giving milk— applied to cows only. 

mild, a. mild (Ger. niild, soft: Icel. mildr, lenient; 
milda, to soothe : AS. mild, merciful), soft, smooth, or 
gentle; affecting the senses gently and agreeably; 
acting or operating gently; not stern, rough, or 
angry ; not acrid ; sweet and mellow ; not sharp : 
mildly, ad. -li: mild'ness, n. -nes, quality of being 
mild ; softness ; tenderness ; gentleness of operation ; 
pleasant condition. 

mildew, n. mil'-dii (Ger. mehlthau; old H. Ger. mili- 
tou, rust on corn: GaeL mill-cheo, mildew— from mil, 
to injure, and ceo, a mist), a disease which attacks 
plants; rust; blight; mouldiness; spots of mould 
caused by moisture on linen, paper, &c. : v. to taint 
with mildew; mil'dewing, imp. : mildewed, pp. 
mU'dad: adj. affected with mildew. 

mile, n. mil (F. mille, a mile : L. mille passuum, a 
thousand paces, a mile), an Eng. measure of length 
or distance of 1760 yards — also called the statute 
mile, from having been incidentally defined in a stat- 
ute of Queen Elizabeth ; a measure of length differing 
widely in European countries : mileage, n. mU'-aj, fares 
paid for travelling by the mile in a conveyance : geo- 
graphical or nautical mile, a measure of length, one- 
sixtieth of a degree, about 2026-5 yards : milepost or 
milestone, a mark placed on a roadside to indicate 
the distance of a traveller from a town or central 
placp : anc. Roman mile, equal to 161i Eng. yards. 

milesian, n. mhlezhi-dn, a native or inhabitant of 
Miletus, an anc. city of Asia Minor ; a native of Ire- 
land, descended, according to the legend, from Mi- 
lesius of Spain: adj. pert, to Miletus; descending 
from or relating to King Milesius. 



milfoil, n. miV-fdyl (L. mille, a thousand, and folium, 
a leaf), the herb yarrow, found growing on roadsides, 
having small white flowers, and numerous narrow- 
pointed leaves. 

miliary, a. mil'i-er-l (F. miliaire, miliary: L. mili- 
aria, a weed destructive to millet; — from milium, a 
kind of small grain called millet), in med., applied to 
an eruption accompanied with innumerable white 
pimples resembling millet-seeds : miliary glands, the 
sebaceous glands of the skin. 

miliola.n. mtl'i-o'ld (L. milium, millet), in geol., a 
genus of minute foraininiferous shells— so called from 
their occurring in myriads in certain Tertiary strata : 
miliolite, n. mll'i-6-llt (Gr. lithos, a stone), a fossil 
shell of the genus miliola-. mil'iolit'ic, a. -lit'-ik, also 
mil'iolite, a. of or pert, to or containing miliolites : 
miliolite limestone, a building-stone, one of the group 
of the Paris basin, almost entirely made up of these 
many-chambered microscopic shells. 

militant, a. mU'-l-tant (L. militans, serving as a 
soldier ; militatum, to serve as a soldier— from L. 
miles; It. milite, a soldier), serving as a soldier; fight- 
ing ; engaged in warfare : the Church militant, the 
Christian Church on earth, as engaged in constant 
warfare against her enemies— Church triumphant, the 
Christian Church in heaven: military, a. mU'i-tir-l 
(F. militaire ; L. militaris, of or belonging to a soldier), 
pert, to soldiery or to arms; engaged as a soldier; 
derived from services or exploits as a soldier ; warlike ; 
martial: n. the soldiery; the army: militate, v. mil' 
i-tat, to operate unfavourably; to act in opposition, 
followed by against: militating, imp.: militated, pp.: 
militia, n. mi-lish'-d, citizens embodied and trained as 
soldiers, liable to serve for the internal defence of a 
country; a body of men trained and disciplined in 
military tactics, but not regular soldiers : militi'aman, 
n. -a-mdn, one who serves in the militia ; one not a 
regular soldier. 

milk, n. milk (see milch), the white fluid drawn 
from the breasts of females for the nourishment of 
their young ; the white fluid yielded by the cow ; the 
white juice of plants : v. to draw or press out the milk 
of; to draw from the udder of a cow ; to add milk to : 
milking, imp.: milked, pp. mllkt: milk'er, n. -er, one 
who milks: milky, a. mllk'i, yielding milk; full of 
milk; juicy; whitish, as milky 'fluid ; gentle : milkily, 
ad. milk'-i-ll: milk'iness, n. -n&s, qualities like those 
of milk : milk-maid, a woman that milks cows, or is 
employed in the dairy: milk-quartz, a compact vitreous 
variety of quartz, occurring in veins of the older rocks, 
of a milk-white colour and somewhat greasy lustre : 
milksop, a piece of bread dipped in milk ; a soft effem- 
inate man : milk-teeth, the first or deciduous teeth : 
milk-tree, a tree yielding a milky juice fit for food ; 
the cow-tree: milk-white, a. white as milk: milky- 
way, the broad white zone or belt seen in the heavens, 
slightly luminous, ascertained to be formed of innu- 
merable stars : sugar of milk, a sweet substance ob- 
tained from milk. 

mill, n. mil (AS. mylen; W. melyn; Dut. molen ; 
Ger. miihle; Gr. mule; L. mola, a millstone or mill: 
L. molere-, Ger. mahlen; Goth, maicm; W. malu, to 
grind), a machine in which corn and other substances 
are ground into meal or flour; a machine for spin- 
ning, weaving, sawing, or for performing other opera- 
tions ; the building in which such operations are car- 
ried on : v. to grind ; to press or stamp, as the edges 
of coins ; to full, as cloth : milling, imp. : n. the act or 
employment of grinding ; the act of being operated 
on by machinery ; the act of making indented or rough 
edges on coins ; the rough edges thus made : milled, 
pp. mild: adj. passed through a mill; operated on by 
machinery, as coins: miller, n. mil'er, one who keeps 
or attends a corn-mill; a certain winged insect: 
mill-board, a stout pasteboard made in a mill in the 
same way as ordinary paper: mill-dam, the barrier 
of stone and wood placed in the bed of a stream to 
retain the water and raise its level for the purpose of 
turning a mill-wheel : mill-pond, a reservoir of water 
to turn a mill: mill-race, the stream that drives a 
mill : millstone, one of the grinding-stones of a mill : 
millstone-grit, a hard gritty variety of Carboniferous 
sandstone, so called from its being extensively used 
for millstones ; a division of the Carboniferous system : 
mill-wright, one who constructs and repairs mills: 
milled lead, mild Ud, lead rolled out into sheets by 
machinery : to see into or through a millstone, to see 
with acuteness ; to be sharp-sighted. 

mill, n. mil (L. mille, a thousand), in the U. S., an 



cow, toy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



MILL 3' 

imaginary money of account, the tenth of a cent, or 
the thousandth of a dollar. 

millennium, n. mil-l6ii-i-um(L. mille, athousand, and 
annus, a year), the period of one thousand years be- 
fore the end of the world, during which many suppose 
Christ will reign in person on the earth, and Satan 
shall be bound: millenarian, a. mll'-U-nd'-rl-dn, con- 
sisting of a thousand ; millennial : n. one who believes 
in the millennium: mil'lenarianism, n. -ri-dn-izm, 
the doctrine of the millenarians : millenary, a. mil' 
len-dr-l, consisting of a thousand : n. the space of one 
thousand years : millennial, a. mil-len'-ni-dl, pert, to 
the millennium or one thousand years : millen'nialist, 
n. -1st, one who believes that Christ will reign on the 
earth in person for one thousand years. 



plu. -ri'-de, and mil'lepores, n. plu. -porz (L. mille, 
thousand, and porus, a pore), in geol., a genus and 
family of branching corals, whose cells or pores are ex- 
tremely numerous and minute: mil'lepo'rite, n. -rlt, 
a fossil millepore. 

miller— see under mill. 

millerite, n. mil'-er-lt (after Professor Miller of Cam- 
bridge), a mineral, sulphate of nickel, occurring in 
delicate six-sided prisms of a bronze yellow. 

millesimal, a. mU-les'l-mdl (L. millesimus, the thou- 
sandth—from mille, a thousand), consisting of thou- 
sandth parts : milles'imally, ad. -II. 

millet, n. mll'-lU (F. millet or mil; L. millium, mil- 
let), a grain-bearing plant, consisting of a jointed stem 
having a large head containing abundance of small 
edible grains ; Guinea corn. 

milligramme, n. mll'-ll-grdm (F.— from L. mille, a 
thousand, and Gr. gramma, a letter of the alphabet, a 
figure), in Fran thi thou andth part of a gramme. 

millilitre, n. mll'-ll-le'-tr (F.— from L. mille, a thou- 
sand, and F. litre, a unit of measure), the one-thou- 
sandth of a litre. 

millimetre, n. mll'-li-ma'-tr (F.— from L. mille. a 
thousand, and metrum, a measure), a French lineal 
measure containing the thousandth part of a metre. 

milliner, n. mil'-ln-er (supposed to be from Milan, 
a town in Italy— that is, a dealer in Milan wares), 
one who makes and sells bonnets, head-dresses, &c, 
for females: millinery, n. -er-l, bonnets, caps, &c, 
worn by females ; the materials composing them ; the 
business. 

million, n. n ' Hon; Sp. millon; It. mil- 

ione, a million— from L. mille, a thousand), ten hun- 
dred thousand: a very great number: millionth, a. 
mil-yunth, the ten hundred thousandth ; constituting 
one of a million : millionaire, n. mil'-yun-dr' (F. ), a 
man worth a million of money ; a very rich man : 
mil'lionary, a. -er-l, consisting of millions : the mil- 
lion, the great body of the people ; the public, as dis- 
tinguished from a select class. 

milreis, n., also milrea, n., or milree, n. mll'-re (Port. 
mil reis, one thousand reis), a Portuguese coin equal 
to about 2s. 3d. 

milt, n. milt (It. milza; Icel. milti, the spleen: Pol. 
mleko, milk ; melcz, milt of fish : connected with Eng. 
milk), the soft whitish substance found in male fish, 
as the roe is found in female fish ; the spleen : v. to 
impregnate eggs or spawn, as a fish: milt'ing, imp.: 
milted, pp.: milt'er, n. -er, a male fish. 

mime, n. mlm (L. mimus; Gr. mimos, a farcical en- 
tertainment, the actor in it, a mime : Gr. mimo, an 
ape : Basque, mama, to mask one's self in a hideous 
manner), a kind of farce; a dramatic performance 
among the anc. Greeks and Romans ; an actor in such : 
mimetic, a. ml-mW-ik, also mimet'ical, a. -i-kdl, apt 
to imitate; imitative: mimic, a. mim'-ik, also mim'- 
ical, a. -l-kdl, inclined to imitate the manners and pe- 
culiarities of another : mimic, n. one who imitates the 
voice, gestures, and manner of another, in order to 
excite laughter ; an actor : v. to speak or act like an- 
other in order to excite laugh I <t <>r ridicule : mimick- 
ing, imp. mlm'-ik-lng: mimicked, pp. mlm'-lkt: mim' 
ically, ad. -II: mimicry, n. mlm-ik-rl, the imitation of 
the voice, gestures, and manner of another, for sport 
or ridicule. 

mimetite, n. mim'-e-tlt, also mimetesite, n. ml-m.et' 
S-slt (Gr. mimetes, an imitator), a mineral, arseniate 
of lead, occurring in regular six-sided prisms, of 
yellowish-brown colour— so called from its reser 
blauce to pyromorphite. 

mate, mdt, far, lav) ; mete, m&t, 



) MINE 

nomographer, n. mlm-og'rd-fcr (Gr. mimos, a mim- 
ic, a player), a writer or actor of farces. 

mimosa, n. mi-mo'zd (Gr. mimos, an imitator), a 
genus of leguminous plants including many species, 
one of which is the sensitive plant, which is so called 
from the leaves being more or less sensitive to the 
touch: mimosites, n. plu. ml'mo-sitz, in grot, fossil 
seed-pods, apparently belonging to plants of the mi- 
mosa family. 

mina, n. ml'-nd (Gr. mna; L. mina), among the 
anc. Greeks, Romans, or Jews, a weight ; a coin ; the 
Old Test, mina valued at fifty shekels, the Greek at 
about £3. 

minaret, n. min-d-ret (At. manarat, a lamp, a lan- 
tern), the lofty turret of a Mohammedan mosque, from 
which the priests summon the people to prayers at 
stated hours— the use of bells being disallowed by the 
Mohammedan religion. 

minatory, a. mln'-d-ter-l (L. minatorius, threaten- 
ing—from minari, to threaten), threatening; men- 
acing. 

mince, v. mins (F. mincer, to cut into small pieces: 
It. minuzzare; F. menuiser, to break or cut small), 
to cut or chop into small pieces ; to walk with affected 
nicety ; to omit a part for the purpose of suppressing 



minced, pp. minst: adj. chopped into very small 
pieces : min'cingly, ad. -II, in small parts ; not fully ; 
affectedly: mince-meat, a sweetmeat whose principal 
ingredients are raisins, currants, brandy, &c, and a 
small portion of finely-cut meat : minced-meat, meat 
cut or chopped fine: mince-pie, a pie or pastry con- 
taining mince-meat: not to mince matters, neither 
to suppress, extenuate, or weaken the force of, as of 
the words of another. 

mind, n. mind (L. mens, the faculty of memory and 
thought— gen. mentis: Icel. minnaz, to remember: 
Ger. meinen, to think : Gael, meinn, mind), intelligent 
power; the understanding; the power by which we 
perceive, think, or reason ; intention ; choice ; pur- 
pose; thoughts; opinions; remembrance; recollec- 
tions: v. to attend to; to regard with attention; to 
obey; to incline: minding, imp.: minded, pp.: adj, 
disposed; inclined— much used in composition, as in 
high-minded, low-minded, feeble-minded, double- 
minded: mindless, a. -Us, stupid; heedless: mind'- 
edness, n. -n6s, inclination toward anything': mind- 
ful, a. mlnd'-fool, attentive ; heedful ; observant : 
mind'fully, ad. -II: mindfulness, n. -n6s, the quality 
of being mindful; regard: to make up one's mind, 
to come to a decision ; to determine : never mind, do 
not regard ; it is of no consequence. 

mine, pron. mln (AS. Sw. and Dan. min; Icel. 
minn ; Goth, meins ; Ger. mein, my or mine), the pos- 
sessive case of the pronoun of the first person ; belong- 
ing to me ; my; that which belongs to me ; in Scrip, 
language and in old style, mine is put before a noun 
beginning with a vowel, as, mine iniquity. 

mine, n. mm (Gael, meinn; W. mwyn, ore, a mine: 
It. mina; F. mine, amine: It. minare; F. miner, to 
dig under ground), a pit or excavation in the earth 
from which ores are dug; any rich source of wealth or 
good; an excavation filled with gunpowder for the 
purpose of blasting rocks, or in war, for blowing up an 
enemy's works : v. to sap ; to form mines under ; to 
excavate: mi'ning, imp.: adj. pert, to or connected 
with the forming of mines: n. the art of making pits 
for the discovery of ores, &c, and everything relating 
to their systematic management: mined, pp. mind: 
miner, n. ml'-ner, one who works in a mine : mi'ny, a. 
•ni, abounding with mines or excavations. 

mineral, n. mln'-er-al (F. mineral; Sp. mineral, a 
mineral : from Eng. mine, which see), any inorganic 
body which is found on the surface or within the earth; 
a rock or stone ; a metal : adj. of or relating to miner- 
als ; impregnated with minerals; formed in or dug out 
of the earth : mineralise, v. min'-er-dl-lz, to impreg- 
nate with mineral matter ; to convert into a mineral : 
min'erali'sing, imp.: min'eralised, pp. -izd: min'er- 
ali'ser, n. -I'-zer, a substance which combines in an 
ore : min'eralisa'tion, n. -l-zd'-shun, the process of con- 
verting any substance into a mineral : min'eralist, n. 
-ist, one versed in or employed about minerals : min- 
eral-blue, the name usually given to azurite when re- 
duced to an impai|iai>ii i -.ni,- 1. Mil mm i,,urmg purposes: 
mineral-caoutchouc, an elastic mineral pitch, a varie- 
ty of bitumen, resembling caoutchouc in elasticity and 
Mr; pine, pin; note, not, m&ve; 



MINE 



361 



MIOC 



softness— also called elacterite: mineral-charcoal, a 
tenn applied to silky fibrous layers of charcoal, which 
are interlaminated in beds of ordinary bituminous 
coal — known to miners as mother-of-coal : mineral- 
green, a native green carbonate of copper: mineral- 
oil, a familiar term for petroleum or rock-oil, which is 
found oozing out from strata of all ages, from the 
Silurian and Devonian upwards: mineral-tallow, a 
familiar term for hatcheiine, from its fatty or sperma- 
ceti-like appearance: mineral-water, water impreg- 
nated with mineral matter. 

mineralogy, n. min'-er-ai'-o-ji (Eng. mineral, and Gr. 
logos, discourse), the science which treats of the pro- 
perties and relations of the various mineral substances 
which enter into the composition of the crust of the 
globe ; the art of classifying and describing mineral 
bodies: min'eralog ical, a. -d-log'-l-kdl, pert, to miner- 
als: min'eralog'ically, ad. -li: mineralogist, n. -al- 
6-jist. one versed in the science of minerals. 

Minerva, n. min-er'vd (L. Minerva — from L. root 
men; Sans, man, to think), in anc. myth., the goddess 
of wisdom, of war, and of the liberal arts. 

minever, n. min'S-ver, an animal, a variety of the 
ermine ; also its fur. 

mingle, v. ming'-gl (Ger. and Dut. mengen; AS. men- 
gian: Gr. mignuein, to mix), to unite into one body 
by mixing; to mix; to blend; to join in mutual 
intercourse or in society: min'gling, imp. -gling: 
mln'gled, pp. -gld : min'gledly, ad. -gld-li : min'gler, 
n. -gler, one who mingles: mingle-mangle, a medley; 
a hotch-potch. 

miniature, n. min'-i-tur (F. miniature; It. and 
Sp. miniatura, a miniature— from L. miniatum, to 
colour with m in i um or red-lead, as the ornaments of 
MSS.), any minute picture ; a portrait of small dimen- 
sions; a nam ; to portraits painted on 
a very small scale on ivory, &c, and in water-colours ; 
red letter: adj. on a very small compass; minute. 

minikin , n. min'-i-kin (AS. minicni, a nun, a mini- 
kin— from menen, a damsel), a favourite; a darling: 
adj. diminutive ; small 

minim, n. min'-im {L. minimum, the least: Y.min- 
ime, extremely small : It. m in imo), in m usic, a note of 
the value of half a semibreve; the smallest liquid 
measure, about equal to one drop : minimum, n. min- 
i-mum, the least quantity or degree ; the opposite of 
maximum. 

minion, n. min'-yun (F. mignon; It. mignone, a dar- 
ling, a favourite: Dut. minnen, to love), a favourite, 
particularly of a prince ; a low or unprincipled depend- 
ant or flatterer; among printers, a letter of a particu- 
lar size: minion-like, daintily. 

minish, v. min'-ish, another and now obsolete spel- 
ling of diminish, which see. 

minister, n. min'-is-ter (L. minister, an attendant, a 
servant— from minus, less; opposed to magister, the 
person in superior place — from magis, more), a pastor ; 
a clergyman ; in any country, the head of a. depart- 
ment of government appointed by the sovereign ; a 
sovereign's representative at a foreign state, but with- 
out the dignity of an ambassador: v. to give aid or 
relief, as to the sick or poor ; to perform, as the duties 
of an office: ministering, imp. -ls-tring: adj. attend- 
ing and serving ; affording aid or things needfid : min- 
istered, pn.-ttrd .- ministration, n. min'istra : sh u w. the 
office of a minister, or the service performed by him ; 
agency: min'istra'tive, a. -tiv, affording service; 
assisting: ministerial, a. -te'rl-dl, pert, to ministers 
of religion, or to the chief servants of a sovereign ; 
official; executive: ministerialist, n. -dl-lst, in poli- 
tics, a supporter of the ministry holding office : min'- 
iste'rialiy, ad. -K: min'istrant, a. -trdnt, performing 
service as a minister ; attendant on service : ministry, 
n. mln'-is-trl (L. ministerium, service, attendance), 
agency or service of a minister of religion ; the office, 
duties, or functions of the chief ministers of a sove- 
reign ; the body of ministers of a state ; the clergy col- 
lectively; agency; interposition. 

minium, n. min'-l-um (L. minium, red-lead or ver- 
milion), a preparation of common lead, called red- 
lead : red-lead ore. 

miniver — see minever. 

mink, n. mingk, also minx, n. minks, a quadruped 
that burrows in the earth by the side of a pond or 
river, valued for its fur, common in Amer. and in 
many parts of Europe; one of the weasel family. 

minnow, n. min'-no (Gael, meanbh, little, small: F. 
menu, small: L. minimum, the least), a small British 
fish inhabiting fresh water. 



minor, a. ml'-ner (L. minor, less), less; smaller; in- 
considerable; petty; unimportant; in music, lower 
by a semitone : n. a person under age ; one under 21 
years; in logic, the second proposition of a regular 
syllogism, called the minor term: minority, n, mi- 
nor'-l-ti, the period from birth till 21 years of age ; the 
smaller number, as distinguished from the majority: 
minor key, in music, a key that takes a minor third ; 
that arrangement of tones and semitones in a piece 
of music, which is chiefly employed for solemn and 
mournful subjects. 

minotaur, n. min'-d-taler (Gr. minotauros ; L. mino- 
taurus— from Minos, Minos, and Gr. tauros, a bull), in 
anc. myth., a monster with the head of a bull and the 
body of a man, said to have been the fruit of the in- 
tercourse of Pasiphae, the wife of Minos, with a bull. 

minster, n. min'-stir (mid. I,, monasterium : AS. myn- 
stre; old F. inonstier, a monastery, then the church 
attached to it), the church of a monastery or convent ; 
a cathedral church. 

minstrel, n. mln'-strel (mid. L. ministerium ; F. min- 
istere, occupation, art : old F. menestrel, a workman), 
in the middle ages, one of a body of men whose pro- 
fession it was to recount heroic deeds in verse, often 
composed by themselves, and to sing them to the 
harp ; a national poet who writes poetry recounting 
the heroic deeds of the past ; a portrayer in verse of 
national deeds and character, and of home life in the 
past; a musician: minstrelsy, n. min'-strel-si, the art 
or occupation of a minstrel; system of ballads re- 
stricted to certain events, or to a certain age ; music, 
generally instrumental ; a number of musicians. 

mint, n. mint (Dut. munte; Ger. miinze; L. moneta, 
money, the stamp with which it was struck: Dut. 
munten, to mint, to strike money), the place where 
money is coined by authority of the Crown ; a source 
of abundant supply: v.tocoin; to invent or fabricate: 
mint'ing, imp. : mint'ed, pp. coined : mintage, n. 
mlnt'-aj, that which is coined or stamped; duty paid 
for coining : master of the mint, the officer who pre- 
sides over the mint. 

mint, n. mint (AS. mynfe; L. mintha ,- Gr. minthe, 
mint), a well-known aromatic plant, two species of 
which are popularly called spearmint and pepper- 
mint: mint-julep, a liquor made of brandy, sugar, and 
pounded ice, and flavoured with mint, partaken of by 
being sucked through a straw or small tube. 

minuend, n. min'-u-end (L. minuo, I lessen), in 
arith., the number that is to be lessened; the number 
from which another number is to be subtracted. 

minuet, n. min'-u-it (F. memtet, a dance— from menu, 
small), a slow graceful dance ; the tune or air for it. 

minus, n. ml'-nus (L. minus, less), in arith. and alg., 
the sign of subtraction, thus (— ), which, placed be- 
tween two quantities, means that the latter is to be 
subtracted from the former. 

minute, a. mi-nuf (L. minutus, little, small— from 
minuo, I make less : It. minuto, slender : F. minute, 
a minute), extremely small or slender; little; dimin- 
utive; attentive to small things; exact in details: 
minutely, ad. -II: minuteness, n. -nes, smallness; 
slenderness ; great exactness. 

minute, n. min'-it (L. minutim, in little pieces or 
morsels— from minuo, I lessen: It. minuto; F. min- 
ute, a minute), a small portion of time or duration ; 
the sixtieth part of an hour; the sixtieth part of a, 
degree; a small space of time; in arch., the sixtieth 
part of the lower portion of a column ; a short sketch 
or note of an agreement ; an outline or brief report 
in writing of the proceedings of any meeting or so- 
ciety: v. to put down in writing an outline of the 
proceedings of a meeting or society: min'uting, imp.: 
min'uted, pp. : min'utely, ad. -li, happening every 
minute: minute-book, the book in which the min- 
utes are written: minute-glass, a small sand-glass: 
minute-guns, guns fired at short intervals, as signals 
of distress at sea, or of mourning: minute-hand, the 
hand of a clock pointing out the minutes. 

minutia, a. ml-nu'shi-a, minu'tiae, n. plu. -sM-e 
(L. minutia, smallness, fineness— from minutus, lit- 
tle, small: F. minutie), the smaller particulars or 
details. 

minx, n. minks (contracted from minikin), a pert 
girl ; a pert wanton girl. 

miny— see mine, an excavation. 

miocene, n. ml'-o-sen (Gr. meion, less, and kainos, 
recent), in geol., a term applied to the Middle Ter- 
tiaries, as holding a less percentage of recent shells 



than the Pliocene or Upper Tertiaries. 
coic; hoy, foot; pure, oud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, (here, zeal. 



MIRA 3 

miracle, n. mir'd-M (L. miraculum, a wonder— 
from miror, I wonder or marvel at : It. miracolo : F. 
miracle), something beyond human power to do ; a 
supernatural event ; an event contrary to the estab- 
lished course of things ; a marvel ; a wonder : mirac- 
ulous, a. mi-r&k'-u-lus, of the nature of a miracle ; done 
by superhuman power ; effected by Almighty power, 
and not by natural causes: mirac'ulously, ad. -li: 
mirac'ulousness, n. -n&s, state of being effected by a 
miracle : miracle-play, an old dramatic entertainment, 
the subject of which was taken from the histories of 
the Old and New Testament, or from the legends of 
saints and martyrs. 

mirage, n. m ■ ' ' ■ ,<>rjt>— from mirer, to look 
at carefully), a curious natural illusion by which ob- 
jects are seen double— natural objects being seen sus- 
pended in the air, generally in a i bica] 

if reflected in a lake ; in the desert, the mirage as- 
sumes the appearances of a lake ; sometimes called 
looming. 

mire, n. raw- (Icel. myri, marsh : Dut. moeyer, mire 
—from moer, a bog), deep mud ; earth very wet and 
soft : v. to sink deep or fix in mud ; to soil : mi'ring, 
imp.: mired, pp. mird: miry, a. mi'-ri, covered with 
mire; muddy: mi'riness, n. -ri-nSs, state of being 
miry. 

mirror, n. mir'-er (F. miroir, a mirror— from L. 
miror, I wonder, I admire), any polished body capable 
of reflecting images of objects ; a looking-glass ; a pat- 
tern or example, as, " she was a mirror of grace ": v. 
to reflect or shadow forth as in a mirror : mirror- 
ing, imp. mir'-er-ing : mir'rored, pp. a. -erd, reflected 
as in a mirror. 

mirth, n. mirth (Lap. murre, delight: Gael, mir, to 
sport, to play: connected with Eng. merry), social 
merriment ; the excitement of pleasurable feelings in 
company ; noisy gaiety : mirthful, a. mirth-fool, mer- 
ry; jovial: mirth'fully, ad. -II: mirth'fulness, n. -nSs, 
state or quality of being mirthful : mirthless, a. -lis, 
without mirth. 

miry— see mire. 

mirza, n. mer'-zd (Pers. mirza, corrupted from 
Emirzadeh, sons of the prince), in Persia, a common 
title of honour preceding the surname— following it, 
the meaning is prince. 

mis, mis (Goth, mis, implying error, separation : 
Icel. a mis, astray, in turns ; missa, to lose : AS, mis), 



misadventure, n. mi "is, error, and 

adventure), a mishap ; ill luck ; unlucky accident. 

misadvised, a. mis'-dd-vizd' (mis, wrong, and ad- 
vised), ill-advised ; ill-directed. 

misalliance, n. mis'-dl-li'-ans (mis, wronu, ;<n0 '•> 
liance), a disparaging or improper connection by mar- 
riage ; a marriage below one's rank ; any wrong al- 
liance—also written mesalliance. 

misanthrope, n. mis'-dn-throp (Gr. miseo, I hate, 
and anthropos, man : F. misanthrope), a hater of man- 
kind ; also misanthropist, n. mis-dn'-thro-pist -. mis'an- 
throp'ic, a. -throp'-ik, also mis'anthrop'ical, a. -i-kdl, 
hating or having a dislike to mankind : misanthropy, 
n. mis-dn'-thro-pi, hatred or dislike to mankind— op- 
posite of vhilanthroph >> 

misapply, v. mis-dp-pli' (mis, wrong, and apply), 
to apply to a wrong purpose: misapplying, imp. : 
misapplied', pp. -plid' : misapplication, n. mis-dp- 
pli-ka'-shun, an application to a wrong purpose. 

misapprehend, v. ??i 1 
apprehend), to take in a wrong sense ; to misunder- 
stand: mis'apprehen'ding, imp.: mis'apprehen'ded, 
pp.: mis'apprehen'sion, n. -hen'-shun, a mistake. 

misappropriate, v. mis'-dp-pro'-pri-dt (mis, wrong, 
and appropriate), to use for a purpose for which it 
was not designed : misappropriating, imp.: mis'ap- 
pro'priated, pp. : mis'appro'pria'tion, n. -pri-a'-shun, 
wrong- appropriation. 

misbecome, v. mis'h, »Tong, and "be- 

come), to suit ill ; not to become : mis'becom'ing.imp.: 
adj. unseemly; improper: mis'becom'ingly, ad. -II. 

misbegotten, a. mis'-bS-got'-n (mis, wrong, and be- 
gotten), unlawfully begotten. 

misbehave, v. mis'-bS-hd 1 ' (mis, . ] ong, and behave), 
to conduct oiii 1 1 1 rlv: mis'beha'ving, imp.: 
misbehaved', pp. -havd': mis'behav'iour, n. -hav'yer, 
ill conduct ; rude or uncivil behaviour. 

misbelief, n. mis'be-lef (mis, wrong, and belief), 
wrong belief; false religion. 

mate, mdt.fdr, laiv; m&te, met, 



2 MISE 

misbelieve, v. mis'b5-lev' (mis, wrong, and believe), 
to believe erroneously : mis'believ'ing, imp. : mis'be- 
lieved', pp. -Uvd": mis'believ'er, n. one who believes 
erroneously. 

miscalculate, v. mis-kdl'-ku-ldt (mis, wrong, and 
calculate), to calculate wrongly: miscalculating, 
imp.: miscalculated, pp.: miscarcula'tion, n. -la- 
shun, an erroneous calculation. 

miscall, v. mis-kawl' (miss, wrong, and call), to call 
by a wrong name ; to abuse or revile : miscalling, 
imp.: miscalled', pp. -kawld': adj. misnamed. 

miscarriage, n. mis-kdr'-ij (mis, wrong, and car- 
'""/ 1. i;ii)un unfortu ati - isue of an undertaking; 
the bringing forth of young before the time; prema- 
ture birth. 

miscarry, v. mis-kdr'-i (mis, wrong, and carry), to 
fail of the intended effect; not to reach its destina- 
tion ; to bring forth young before the time : miscar'- 
rying, imp.: miscar'ried, pp. -kdr'-id. 

miscellany, n. mls-sel'ldai (L. mi.:-nilanea, a hash, 
of different sorts of broken meat— from misceo, I mix ; 
It. miscellanea: F. miscellanies), a mass or mixture, 
generally; a book containing a variety of literary 
compositions : miscel'lana'rian, n. -nd'-rl-dn, a writer 
of miscellanies: adj. pert, to: mis'cella'neous, a. -la- 
nl-us, consisting of several kinds mixed: miscella- 
neously, ad. -li: mis'cella'neousness, 11. -us-nSs, the 
state of being miscellaneous : miscel'lanist, n. -ld-nist, 
a writer in a miscellany, or of miscellanies. 

mischance, n. mis-chdns' (mis, wrong, and chance), 
ill fortune ; mishap. 

mischief, n. mis'-chif (old F. meschef, misfortune— 
from mes, error, and chef, the head : Sp. menoscabo, 
loss— from menos, less, and cabo, the head : L. minus, 
less, and caput, the head), what turns out ill; harm; 
hurt; injury, v.ln rhor mt")nlr<l or not; inconsequence: 
mischievous, a, mis'-chiv-iis, injurious ; hurtful; pro- 
ducing harm or injury ; spiteful ; prone to do mis- 
chief; wicked: mis'chievously, ad. -li : mis'chiev- 
ousness, n. -nSs, the quality of being mischievous; 
hurtfulness. 

miscompute, v. mis-kdm-put mi ong, and com- 
pute), to compute or reckon wrongly : mis'compu'ting, 
imp.: mis'compu'ted, pp.: miscom'puta'tion, n. -ta- 
shun, erroneous computation. 

misconceive, v. mis'-kon-sev' (mis, wrong, and con- 
ceive), to have or receive a false notion of ; to inter- 
pret incorrectly : mis'conceiv'ing, imp. : miscon- 
ceived', pp. -sevd'. 

misconception, n. mis -kdn-sep' shun (mis, wrong, 
and conception), wrong notion or understanding of a 
thing ; false opinion. 

misconduct, n. mts-kon'-dukt (mis, wrong, and 
conduct), ill behaviour: v. mis'-kon-dukt', to mis- 
manage; to conduct amiss; to misbehave: mis'con- 
duct'ing, imp. : misconducted, pp. 

misconstrue, v. mis-kon'strd (mis, wrong, and 
construe), to interpret in a wrong sense either worda 
or things : miscon'struing, imp. : miscon'strued, pp. 
-strod: mis'construc'tion, n. -struk'shun, wrong inter- 
pretation of words or things. 

miscount, v. mis-kownf (mis, wrong, and count), 
to mistake in counting: miscounting, imp.: mis- 
count'ed, pp. 

miscreant, n. mis'kre-tint (old F. mescriant, mis- 
believing—from L. minus credere, to believe amiss: 
F. mecreant, a miscreant: It. miscredente, an un- 

I 1 1 1 ;i .11 ,1 !, . I 1 ■' • 

faith; avileunpi niMni ( 1 < n h : adj. unbelieving. 

misdate, n. mis-ddt' (mis, wrong, and date), 
wrong date: v. to date wrongly: misda'ting, imp.: 
misdated, pp. 

misdeed, n. m.is-ded' (mis, wrong, and deed), aa 
evil deed ; a wicked action. 

misdemeanour, n. mis'-d.i-men'-er (mis, wrong, 
and demeanour), ill behaviour ; evil conduct ; a petty 
crime. 

misdirect, v. mis'di-rekt' (mis, wrong, and direct), 
to give a wrong direction to ; to direct to a wrong 
person or place : mis'direct'ing, imp. : mis'direct'ed, 
pp.: mis'direc'tion, n. -rek'shun. 

misdo, v. mis-do' (mis, wrong, and do), to do wrong; 
to do amiss : misdo'ing, imp. doing wrong: n. an of- 
fence : misdo'er, n. -er, one who commits a fault or 
crime. 

misemploy, v. mis'-em-ploy' (mis, wrong, and em- 
ploy), to employ to no purpose, or to a bad purpose ; 
to use amiss: misemploying, imp.: misemployed' ,- 
pp. -pldyd '. 
her; pine, pin; note, not, mdve: 






MISE 3 

miser, n. ml'zer (L. miser, miserable: It. and Sp. 
?;>•'-■ :.-.■. wretched, miserable 1 , one whose chief pleas- 
ure is the acquirement and hoarding up of money : 
mi'serly, a. -li, very covetous ; very mean ; sordid ; 
niggardly. . 

miserable, a. mlz'-er-d-bl (L. miserabilis, deserving 
of pity— from miseror, I pity— from miser, wretched: 
It. miserabile-. F. miserable), very unhappy ; wretch- 
ed ; extremely poor or mean : despicable ; barren : 
miserably, ad. -d-bll: mis'erableness, n. -bl-w's, the 
state of being miserable : misery, n. mlz'er-i, extreme 
pain of body or mind ; great unhappiness ; distress ; 
calamity. 

misfeasance, n. mXs-fa-z'ms (oldF. mes, wrong, and 
faisance, manner, method: F. faisances, manorial 
services), a trespass; a wrong done; the improper 
doing of an act which a person might lawfully do. 

misfit, n. mis-fit' (mis, wrong, and fit), a bad fit. 

misform, v. ml-faTrr,,)' [mis, wrong, and form), to 
make of an ill form : misforming, imp. misfor'mlng : 
misformed', pp. -faXcrmd'. 

misfortune, n. mis-for'-tun or chobn (mis, wrong, 
and fortune), ill fortune; adversity; mishap; disas- 
ter; calamity. 

misgive, v. mis-glv' (mis, wrong, and give), to fill 
• with doubt; to deprive of confidence ; to fail, applied 
to the heart, as, my heart misgave me: misgiving, 
imp.: n. a failing "of confidence ; doubt ; mistrust: 
misgave', pt. -gdv' : misgiven, pp. -glv'-n. 

misgovern, v. mls-guv'-ern(mis, wrong, and govern), 
to govern ill ; to administer unfaithfully : misgovern- 
ing, imp.: misgoverned, pp. -ernd ; misgov'ernment, 
n. -meat, ill management either of publicor of private 
affairs; disorder; irregularity. 

misguide, v. mls-yid' (mis, wrong, and guide), to 
lead or guide into error; to direct ill: misguiding, 
imp. : misguid'ed, pp. : misguidance, n. -gid'-dns, the 
act of leading into error; false direction: misguid- 
ingly, ad. -U. 

misflap, n. mishap' (mis, wrong, and hap), ill 
chance ; an accident. 

mishappen, v. mU-Mp'-n (mis, wrong, and happen), 
to h ippen ill. 

Mishna, n., also Mischna, tntsh'nd (Heb. misJinah, 
repetition, explanation — from shanah, to repeat), 
various traditions of the Jews and interpretations of 
passages of Scripture, colleeted and reduced to writ- 
ing, forming the text of the Talmud : mish'nic, a, 
-nlk, pert, to or relating to the Mishna. 

misimprove, v. mis'-im-prov', (mis, wrong, and im- 
prove), to abuse ; to improve to a bad purpose : mis'- 
Improv'ing, imp.: mislmproved', pp. -provd'.- mis'- 
improve'ment, n. -prov'-mint, ill use or employment. 

misinform, v. mU'-ln-fawrm' (mis, wrong, and in- 
form), to give wrong information to: misinforming, 
imp. -forming: misinformed', pp. -fawrmd'. 

misinterpret, v. mls-in-ter'prSt [mis, wrong, and 
interpret), to understand or explain in a wrong sense ; 
to form false opinions or notions : mis 'interpreting, 
imp. : mis interpreted, pp. : mis'inter'preter, n. one 
■who interprets wrongly: misinterpretation, n. 
-sliiin, a mistaken or false interpretation. 

misjudge, v. mls-juf (>yiis, wrong, and judge), to 
judge erroneously; to form false opinions or notions 
of; to mistake: misjudging, imp. : misjudged', pp. 
-jujd : misjudg'ment, u. -mint, an unjust judgment 
or determination. 

mislay, v. mis-la' (mis, wrong, and lay), to put 
aside and not afterwards to recollect where ; to lose ; 
to lay in a wrong place, or out of its proper place : 
mislaying, imp. -la ing -. mislaid', pt. and pp. -lad'. 

misle, v. miz'-l (from mist— see mizzle), to rain in 
very fine drops like a thick mist : mis'ling, imp. : 
misled, pp. mlz'-ld. 

mislead, v. mis-led' (mis, wrong, and lead), to lead 
astray or into error; to deceive : misleading, imp. : 
n. act of one who misleads : misled', pt. and pp. -led' : 
mislead'er, n. -er, one who leads to ill. 

mislearned, pt. and pp. mU-lernd' (mis, wrong, and 
learned , not accurately or properly learned. 

misled, pt. and pp. of mislead, which see. 

misletoe, n. m<<'l-tu (Icel. mistelteinn; AS. mistel- 
tan; Dut. and Ger. vnistel, the misletoe— the latter 
part is the Icel. teinn, a prong of metal : Norm, tein, 
the shoot of a tree), a parasitic evergreen plant crow- 
ing on apple and oak trees, held in .great veneration 
by the ancient Druids; spelt also misleto, miseltoe, 
and misseltoe. 

misiin — see maslin. 



3 MISS 

mismanage, v. mis-mdn'-dj (mis, wrong, and man- 
age), to manage or conduct ill, as any matter of busi- 
ness: mismanaging, imp.: mismanaged, pp. -djd: 
mismanagement, n. -aj-mint, improper or wrong 
management of any matter or affair. 

misname, v. mis-nam [mis. wrong, and name), to 
call by the wrong name : misnaming, imp. : mis- 
named', pp. -namd'. 

misnomer, n. mls-nohner (old F. mes, wrong, and 
F. nommer, to name: mis, wrong, and L. nominare, 
to name), a wrong name ; a misnaming. 

misogamist, n. "mls-og'-d-mlst (Gr. mis,:,;. I hate, and 
aamos, marriage), abater of marriage ; misog'amy, n. 
'-d-m>. hatred or aversion to marriage. 

misogyny, n. mls-Og'i-nl (Gr. miseo, I hate, and 
gune, a woman), hatred or aversion to women: mis- 
ogynist, n. -i-nist, a woman-hater. 

mispickel, n. mls'-pik-l (said to be from old Ger. 
mispiickel). arsenical pyrites, an arsenide with sul- 
phide of iron, of a tin-white colour and strong metal- 
lic lustre. 

misplace, v. mis-plds' (m is, wrong, and place), to 
put in a WTong place ; to set or place on an improper 
object, as confidence oraffections: misplacing, imp., 
misplaced', pp. -plrlsf: misplacement, n. -phis'-mcat : 
the state of being misplaced ; the act of putting in a 
WTong place. 

misprint, v. mis-print' (mis, wrong, and print), 
to mistake in printing; to print wiom;: n. mis-jiri nt, 
a mistake in printing : misprint ing, imp. : misprint- 
ed, pp. 

misprision, n. mls-prlzh'-un (old F. mespris, a ne- 
glect or contempt; mesprison, error, offence— from 
mesprendre. to mistake, to transgress!, in taw, a term- 
applied to all such high offenees'as are under the de- 
gree of capital, but nearly bordering thereon ; neglect, 
negligence, or contempt. 

misprize, v. m Isprlzf (L. mis, wrong, and prize), to 
slight or undervalue. 

mispronounce, v. mls'-pro-ndivns' (mis, wrong, and 
pronounce), to speak incorrectly ; to pronounce wron g- 
ly: mis'pronoun'cing, imp.: mispronounced', pp. 
■novmsf: mis'pronun'cia'tion, n. -nun'-sld'-shun, 
wrong or improper pronunciation. 

misquote, v. mis-kicot' (mis. wrong, and quote), to 
cite or quote incorrectly: misquoting, imp. : mis- 
quo 'ted, pp. : misquotation, n. -laco-ta'-shnn, the act 
of quoting wrongly ; the wrong quotation itself. 

misrate, v. ml<-rdt' (mis. wron-, and rate), to reckon 
or estimate incorrectly : misra ting, imp. : misra'ted, 
pp. 

misreckon, v. mis-rek-n (mis, wrong, andm-A-orcl.to 
compute incorrectly: misreck'oning, Imp. : misreck'- 
oned, pp. -rek'-nd. 

misreport, v. mis'-ri-pOrt' (mis, wrong, and report), 
to give an incorrect account of; to make a wrong re- 
port: n. a false or incorrect account of : mis'report'ing, 
imp. : mis'report'ed pp. 

misrepresent, v. misrS&r&s&ntf {mis, wrong, and 
represent), to represent falsely or incorrectly : misrep- 
resenting, imp. : misrep're'sent'ed, pp. : misrep're- 
senta'tion, n. -zcn-td •>/< n n, a false or inei >rrect account 
given from mistake, carelessness, or malice; a soft- 
ened expression for a lie or falsehood. 

misreputed, a. pp. mis-re-pu'-ted (mis, wrong, and 
reputed), wrongly reputed. 

misrule, v. mls-r6l' (mis, wrong, and rule), to rule 
wrongly or badly: n. unjust rule; disorder; confu- 
sion : miaru'ling, imp. : misruled', pp. -r6ld'. 

miss, n. mis (contraction of mistress), a title of ad- 
dress conferred on young unmarried women, prefixed 
to the name, as Miss Brown, or Miss Jane Brown; a 
young girl; a kept mistress; plu. misses, mls'sez : 
missy, n. mls'-sl, a little miss. 

miss, v. mis (Icel. missa, to lose : Dut. missen, to 
fail, to miss: Dan. misse, to wink or blink), to fail in 
hitting or reaching, as a mark; to fail in obtaining, 
finding, or keeping ; to discover something to be want- 
ing; to perceive the want of; to mistake; to omit; 
to be wanting: n. loss; want; mistake: mis'sing, 
imp. : adj. lost ; wanting ; absent : n. failing to hit the 
mark : missed, pp. mist. 

missal, n. missal (F. missel; mid. L.missale, mass- 
book— from missa, the mass, which, see), the R. Cath. 
Ch. ritual or mass-book. 

missel, n. m is'sel, a bird of the thrush kind— so called 
from feeding on the berries of the misletoe. 

misseltoe— see misletoe. 

misshape, v. mis-shap' (mis, wrong, and shape), to 



cdiv, boy, f Jot; pure, bud ; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal, 



MISS 



364 



MITT 



give an ill form to; to shape ill: missha'ping, imp.: 
misshaped', pp. -shdpt': missha'pen, a. -shd-pn, ill- 
formed; ugly. 

missile, 11. mis'-ll (L. missile, a missile; missilis, 
that is thrown or cast— from missus, sent), a weapon 
or thing thrown, or intended to be thrown, to hurt or 
injure, as a lance, a spear, a bullet, a stone: adj. that 
may be thrown or sent. 

mission, n. mish'-un (L. missum, to send : It. mis- 
sions : F. mission), state of being sent by authority on 
some special business ; persons sent on some special 
business or with some particular object in view; pur- 
pose of life ; message ; a station of missionaries in a 
heathen country: missionary, a. mish'un-dr-i, pert, 
to missions : n. one sent to preach the Gospel to the 
heathen or the poor ; one labouring to spread the Gos- 
pel, especially among a neglected population, in con- 
nection with some church or society. 

missive, n. mis'slv (P. missive, a letter— from L. 
missus, sent : It. missiva, a missive), a letter sent ; a 
message : adj. intended to be sent ; prepared for send- 
ing out. 

misspel, v. mis-spSV (mis, wrong, and spell), to 
write with wrong letters ; to spell wrongly : misspel'- 
ling, imp. : n. a wrong spelling : misspelled', pp. 
•speld', also misspelt', pp. -spilt': adj. wrongly spelt. 
misspend, v. mis-sp6nd' (mis, wrong, and spend), to 
waste and consume to no purpose ; to spend ill : mis- 
spending, imp.: misspent', pt. pp. -spent': adj. ill- 
spent ; consumed to no purpose. 

misstate, v. mis-stdt' {mis, wrong, and state), to state 
wrongly; to represent falsely: missta'ting, imp.: 
missta'ted, pp. : misstatement, n. -mint, an errone- 
ous representation, whether verbal or written, 
missy— see miss. 

mist, n. mist (Icel. mistr, a foggy darkness in the 
air : Dut. mist, mist ; mieselen, to exhale a mist, to 
rain fine), the vapour of water hanging over sea or 
land, less dense than a fog; vapour floating and 
falling in fine particles in the form of very small 
rain; that which dims, or obscures, or intercepts 
vision, as if it were vapour or a mist: mist-like, a. 
having the appearance of mist; misty: misty, a. 
mist'-l, overspread with mist; dim or obscure: mist'- 
ful, a. -fool, clouded with mist: mist'ily, ad. -i-ll, 
darkly ; obscurely : mistiness, n. -1-nSs, state of being 
misty. 

mista'en, pp. mis-tan', a poetic spelling for mis- 
taken. 

mistake, v. mls-tdk' (mis, wrong, and take), to mis- 
understand ; to conceive wrongly ; to take one person 
or thing for another ; to err in opinion or judgment : 
n. an error of any kind ; a misconception ; a blunder ; 
an oversight : mistaking, imp.: mistaken, pp. -td'-kn, 
wrong or in error ; misunderstood : adj. erroneous ; 
wrongly judging; incorrect: mistook, pt. mis-took', 
did mistake : mistakable, a. mls-td'-kd-bl, that may 
be mistaken: mista'kenly, ad. 41: mista'kingly, 
ad. -II. 

mistaught, v. mls-tawf (mis, wrong, and taught), 
pt. and pp. of misteach ; wrongly taught. 

misteaeh, v. mis-tech' (mis, wrong, and teach), to in- 
struct wrongly : misteach'ing, imp. : mistaught', pt. 
and pp., which see. 

mister, n. mls'-ter (a misspelling of master— from L. 
magister, a master), a common title of address to any 
adult male, contracted into Mr. 
mistily— see mist. 

mistime, v. mls-tlm' (mis, wrong, and time), to 
arrange ill as to time ; not to adapt to the time : mis- 
ti'ming, imp.: n. the doing at a wrong time, or unsea- 
sonably: mistimed', pp. -tlmd': adj. done out of 
season. 
. mistitle, v. mis-tl'-tl (mis, wrong, and title), to desig- 
nate by a wrong title or name : misti'tling, imp. -tl' 
tling : misti'tled, pp. -tl'-tld. 
mistletoe, n. mlz'-l-to— see misletoe. 
mistook, pt. of mistake, which see. 
mistral, n. mis'-trdl (F.), the name given to a cold 
north wind, which blows with great violence from the 
Alps in winter and spring over Provence and the val- 
ley of the Rhone. 

mistranslate, v. mls'-trdns-ldt' (mis, wrong, and 
■ mnr.hii, ), to translate erroneously : mis'transla'ting, 
imp.: mis'transla'ted, pp.: mis'transla'ticn, n. -la- 
shun, an erroneous version or translation. 

mistreat, v. mis- tret' (mis, wrong, and treat), to ill- 
treat; to abuse: mistreating, imp.: mistreat'ed, pp.: 



mistress, n. mls'tres (old F. maistresse; F. mait- 
resse, fern, of maitre, master: L. magistra, a mistress), 
the fern, of master; a woman who instructs or governs 
a school ; a female teacher ; a woman who governs or 
holds authority ; a woman beloved and courted ; a title 
or term of address applied to a married untitled wo- 
man, now contracted into and written Mrs ; the female 
head of a family ; a concubine ; a woman who holds 
something in possession ; a woman who has skill in 
something. 

mistrust, n. mis-trust' (mis, wrong, and trust), want 
of confidence or trust; suspicion : v. to doubt; to sus- 
pect; to regard with suspicion: mistrusting, imp.: 
mistrust'ed, pp. : mistrust'ful, a. -fool, suspicious ; 
wanting confidence in : mistrust'fully, ad. -li. 

mistune, v. mis-tun' (mis, wrong, and tune), to put 
out of tune ; to tune wrongly : mistu'ning, imp. : 

istuned', pp. -tuna". 

misty, mistily, mistiness— see mist. 

misunderstand, v. mls'-un-der-stdnd' (mis, wrong, 
and understand), to take in a wrong sense; to mis- 
conceive: mis'understandlng, imp. : n. disagreement; 
dissension or slight difference; a softer name for a 
quarrel : mis'understood', pt. and pp. -stood', did take 
in a wrong sense. 

misusage, n. mis-uz'-dj (mis, wrong, and usage), ill 
usage; abuse. 

misuse, v. mls-uz' (mis, wrong, and use), to treat or 
use improperly; to treat ill; to use to a bad pur- 
pose : n. mis-us', improper use ; ill treatment ; wrong 
application: misu'sing, imp. -zing: misused, pp. 
mls-uzd'. 

misy, n. ml'-sl (a miner's name), an impure sulphate 
of peroxide of iron, a mineral of a fine bright-yellow 
colour, and of friable structure. 



insect not easily seen by the naked eye, found in 
cheese and many other substances: mity, a. ml'-tl, 
containing mites. 

mite, n. mlt (F. mite, the smallest of coins— from 
minute, very small : old Eng. mynutis, a very small 
coin: Port, miudo, little), in Scrip., a small coin, a 
little less than one-third of a farthing ; a very little 
thing; a minute particle. 

mitigate, v. mit'-l-gdt (L. mitigatum, to soften, to 
allay or ease— from w-itis, soft, mild: It. mitigare: F. 
mitiger), to alleviate or ease, as sufferings ; to reduce 
or lessen, as a penalty or a disease ; to soften ; to ap- 
pease; to soothe: mitigating, imp. : adj. alleviating; 
moderating: mitigated, pp. : adj. ailei iateii m >. , 
ated: mitigant, a. mtt'-l-g&iti ofti ning; diminishing 
or easing, as pain: mitlgator, n. -gd-tir, one who or 
that which mitigates: mitigable, a. mit'-i-gd-bl, that 
may be alleviated or lessened: mit'iga'tion, n. -gd'-shun, 
the act of mitigating ; the diminution or lessening of 
anything painful, severe, or calamitous : mitlgative, 
a. -gd-tlv, tending to lessen or alleviate. 

mitrailleuse, n. mit'-rdl-ydz', plu. mit'railleus'es, 
ydz'Sz (F.— from mitraille, case or grape shot: mit- 
railler, to fire with grape or case shot), a many-bar- 
relled gun, having the barrels laid together like a 
fagot of sticks, and securely attached and welded to 
each other, loaded with great quickness by an ap- 
paratus at the breech, and each barrel can be dis- 
charged singly, or the whole nearly simultaneously. 

mitre, n. ml'-ter (F. mitre, an episcopal crown— from 
L. and 6r. mitra, a headband, a turban : It. mitra), a 
sort of crown worn on solemn occasions by cardinals, 
archbishops, bishops, and sometimes by abbots ; epis- 
copal dignity; the junction of objects, as of mouldings, 
at an angle of 45° : v. to adorn with a mitre ; to unite 
at an angle of 45°: mitring, imp. mi-trlng: mitred, 
pp. ml'-terd: adj. wearing or possessing a mitre; 
episcopal ; cut or jointed at an angle of 45° : mitral, 
a. ml'-trdl, mitre-shaped ; pert, to a mitre : mitre-box, 
a box or trough with vertical cuts through the sides 
to guide the saw in cutting work to form mitre-joints : 
mitre-square, an immovable bevel for striking an 
angle: mitre-wheels, in mech., a pair of bevel-wheels 
of equal diameter working into each other, usually 

tvil ll I I 

mitriform, a. ml'trl-foiA [I mitra, a headband, 
and/orma, shape), in hot., shaped like a mitre; coni- 
cal ; hollow and open at the base. 

mittens, n. plu. mlt'-nz (F. mitaine, a winter glove : 
Gael, mutan, a muff, a thick glove ; mutug, a glove 
without fingers), rough coverings for the hands to pro- 
tect them from the cold ; gloves without a separate 



mistreat'ment, n, -ment, ill treatment ; abuse. 

mdte, mdt, far, law; mete, m6t, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, mCve, 



MITT 3( 

coverinsr for each finger ; gloves without fingers : to 
handle without mittens, to use roughly. 

mittimus, u. mit-ti-uals (L. mittimus, we send), in 
law, a warrant of commitment to prison, given by a 
magistrate; a writ for removing records from one 
court to another. 

mitts, n. plu. mltz (contracted from mittens), gloves 
which do not cover each ringer separately. 

mity— see mite. 

mix, v. mlks (L. mixtum, to mingle or mix: Ger. 
mis-:h'.n; Bohem. misyti; Gr. misgein, to mix: Gael. 
masg, to infuse, to mix), to mingle or blend two or 
more substances into one mass ; to join or unite, as 
with a crowd ; to become muted or blended ; to be 
joined or associated: mixing, imp.: mixed, pp. 
mikst: adj. consisting of various kinds ; promiscuous ; 
not pure: mixer, n. miks'-er, one who or that which 
mixes: mix'edly, ad. -ed-li: mixture, n. mlks'-tur or 
-chobr (L. mixtura, a mingling together), act of mix- 
ing ; state of being mixed ; a mass or compound formed 
by mixing two or more substances together ; a liquid 
medicine formed of various ingredients. 

mixtilineal, a. mlks'-ti-lXn'e-al, also mix'tilin'ear, a. 
■e-ir (L. mixtum, to mix, and linea, a line), containing 
or consisting of hues of various kinds, as straight and 
curved. 

mizzen, n. mXz'n (F. misaine, the foresail of a ship: 
It. mezzana, a triangular sail with a long sloping yard 
unequally divided, so that a small part at the lower 
end is before the mast— from mezzo, middle), the after- 
most of the fixed sails of a ship: adj. hindmost; 
nearest the stern: mizzen-mast, in a three-masted 
ship, the mast that stands nearest the stern, and 
which supports the mizzen. 

mizzle, v. mlz'l (Dut. mist, fog; mieselen, to rain 
fine : Low Ger. musseln, to mizzle), to rain in very fine 
drops: mizzling, imp. miz'ling: mizzled, pp. miz'ld. 

mnemonic, a. ne-mon'-lk, also mnemon'ical, a. -i-kdl 
<Gr. mneme, memory, remembrance; mnemonikos, 
having a good memory), assisting the memory: 
mnemonics, n. plu. -iks, the art of assisting the 
memory by certain rules and precepts. 

moa, n. mo'-d, the native name for the deinornis, or 
gigantic, extinct, cursorial bird of New Zealand. 

moan, v. mon (AS. mcenan, to moan : Swab, maunen, 
to speak with the mouth nearly shut; muunzen, to 
speak in a whining tone), to give expression to sorrow 
or pain in prolonged audible sounds ; to lament ; to 
utter moans : n. an audible expression of grief or suf- 
ering ; a low cry of sorrow : moaning, imp.: n. the act 
of one who moans : moaned, pp. mond: moan'ful, a. 
-fdbl, sorrowful : moan'fully, ad. -li. 

moat, n. mot (F. mothe, a little earthen fortress; 
motte, a lump of earth ; mote, a dyke : It. mota, a moat 
about a house : mid. L. mota, a hill or mound on which 
a fort was built), a ditch or deep trench around a castle 
or other fortified place, sometimes filled with water : 
v. to surround with a ditch for defence : moat'ing, 
imp. : moat'ed, pp. 

mob, n. mob (L. mobile, easily moved, variable, as 
inL. mobile vulgus, the fickle common people), a crowd 
or multitude of people rude and disorderly ; a crowd ; 
the populace : v. to attack in a disorderly crowd ; to 
harass or overbear tumultuously : mobbing, imp. : 
mobbed, pp. mobd: mobbish, a. mob'blsh, done after 
the manner of a mob : mob-law, a rough and off-hand 
way of administering justice undertaken by a mob ; 
lynch-law. 

mob-cap, n. mob-kdp' (old Eng. mobble, to muffle 
up : old lJut. moppen, to wrap up : Low Ger. mopp, a 
woman's cap), a kind of female undress for the head. 

mobile, a. mO'-bllfL. mobile, easily moved, variable), 
susceptible of motion; fluid: mobility, n. mo-bU'-l-ti, 
capacity of being moved; fluidity; fickleness. 

mobilise, v. mob'U-iz (F. mobiliser, to make mov- 
able^ — from L. mobilis, easily moved), to call into ac- 
tive service, said of troops not previously on the war 
establishment : mobilising, imp. : mobilised, pp. 
iiiob'-l'.-Xzd : mobilisation, n. mob'U-i-zd'shun (F. 
Eton), the calling out and putting into a state 
of readiness for active service in the field troops not 
previously on the war establishment. 

mobocracy, n. mob-ok'ra-sl (Eng. mob, and Gr. 
krateo, I rule), the rule or ascendancy of the mob. 

moccasin, n. mok'd-sin (an Indian'word), a shoe or 
cover for the feet made of deerskin, but without a 
sole ; the shoe worn by the American Indians ; in 
the southern United States of America, a poisonous 
water-serpent 



5 MODE 

Mocha, n. mo'-kd (from Mocha, in Arabia), a fine de- 
scription of coffee: mocha-stone, a white translucent 
variety of agate, containing brown markings resem- 
bling vegetable filaments or mosses — chiefly brought 
from Arabia ; moss-agate. 

mock, v. mok (Ger. mucken, to make mouths at one : 
Sp. mucca, a grimace: It. mocca, a mocking mouth: 
Gr. 7nokos, mockery), to laugh at ; to deride ; to mim- 
ic in contempt ; to subject to unnecessary disappoint- 
ment ; to fool ; to tantalise ; to make contemptuous 
sport of: adj. assumed ; not real ; false : n. any act of 
contempt or derision ; a sneer ; insult : mocking, imp.: 
adj. imitating in contempt or ridicule ; treating with 
sneers: n. derision; insult: mocked, pp. mokt: mock- 
er, n. mok'ir, one who mocks ; a scoffer ; a deceiver : 
mock'ery, n. -er-l, the act of deriding and exposing to 
contempt by imitation or mimicry; derision; sportive 
insult or contempt; false show; imitation ; subject of 
lausrhter or derision ; vain effort : mockingly, ad. -ll .- 
mocking-bird, a N. Amer. bird, having the wonder- 
ful faculty of imitating the notes and cries of every 
bird of the forest : mock-lead or -ore, a sulphuret of 
zinc : to make a mock of, to turn any person or tiling 
into ridicule. 

moco, n. mo'ko, a S. Amer. animal, allied to ths 
guinea-pig, but larger. 

mode, n. mod (L. modus, a measure, manner, 
method: It. modo ; F. mode; Gael, modh, manner, 
method: Icel. mot, type: Lap. muoto, face, counte- 
nance), manner of existing or being ; manner ; fashion ; 
custom; usual way or course; in music, the peculiar 
melody of the octave in its divisions, as the minor 
mode, the major mode: modal, a. mo'ddl (It. and F. 
module; Sp. modal, modal), relating to form or mode ; 
having the form without the essence or reality : mo'- 
dalist, n. -1st, in theol., one who views the Father, 
Son, and Holy Spirit as modes of being, and not as 
having distinct personality: mo'dally, ad. -K; mo- 
dality, n. mo-dai'i-tt, the quality of being in form 
only; in logic, a term ap e propositions 

in which the copula is accompanied by some phrasa 
which adds to or restricts its meaning. 

model, n. mod'el (L. modulus, a size or measure of a 
small thing— from modus, a measure: It. modello: F. 
modele), a pattern of something to be made ; a pattern 
in miniature ; any object which an artist proposes to 
imitate ; a copy or object for imitation ; that by which 
anything is measured or formed : v. to shape ; to make 
a pattern or copy of in some plastic substance : mod'- 
elling, imp.: n. the art of constructing representations 
of things in clay or other plastic materials, as a pattern 
for a work of art, or as a mould for reproductions : 
mod'elled, pp. -eld: adj. shaped; formed: modeller, 
n. -er, one who practises modelling; a moulder or 
designer in clay, plaster, or wax. 

moderate, a. mod'er-at (L. moderatus, kept within 
limits or bounds, temperate : It. moderato : F. mode- 
re), temperate; observing reasonable bounds, as in 
the indulgence of the appetites, in expressing opinions, 
&c; not excessive, as in price or value; not extreme, 
as in opinions : v. to restrain from excess of any kind ; 
to regulate ; to reduce or lessen in violence or inten- 
sity; to allay; to pacify; to become less violent or in- 
tense: moderating, imp.: mod'erated, pp.: moder- 
ately, ad. -li : moderateness, n. -nes, state of being 
moderate ; a mean or middle state : mod'erator, n. 
-d-ter, a president or chairman; in the Presbyterian 
Churches, the chairman of any Church court; that 
which regulates: mod eratorship, n. -ship, the office 
of a moderator: mod'era'tion, n. -u'-shun, state of 
being moderate ; restraint in indulgence ; temperance ; 
calmness of mind ; equanimity; forbearance : mod'er- 
a'to, ad. -d'-to (It.), in music, denoting a movement be- 
tween andante and allegro ; moderately. 

modern, a. mod'irn (F. moderne, modern— from L. 
modo, just now, but of late : It. and Sp. moderno, late, 
recent), pert, to the present, or time not long past ; 
late ; recent ; not ancient : n. one of modern times, as 
opposed to one of anc. times, used in plu. : mod'ernness, 
n. -nes, the state of being modern : mod'ernise, v. -iz, 
to render modern ; to give a modern form to : mod'- 
erni'sing, imp. : mod'ernised, pp. -%zd, rendered suit- 
able for modern usage or style: mod'erni'ser, n. -i-zer, 
one who renders modern: mod'ernisa'tion, n. -l-za' 
shun, the rendering conformable to modern usage 
that which is ancient or antiquated : mod'ernism, n. 
-Izrn, modern practice; something recently formed, as 
in language ; origin not remote : mod'ernist, n. -1st, an 
admirer of the moderns: modern epoch, in geol., the 



cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



MODE 3 

existing period, embracing 1 all formations which owe 
their origin to causes now in action. 

modest, a. mod'-Sst (L. modestus, that keeps within 
due bounds— from modus, measure, limit: It. modes- 
to : F. modeste), restrained by a due sense of propriety; 
not forward or bold ; unobtrusive ; diffident ; becom- 
ing; not excessive; reasonable; not lewd; chaste: 
mod'estly, ad. -U-. mod'esty, n. -Ss-tl, the lowly esti- 
mation of one's own merits, importance, or powers ; 
unassuming conduct; propriety of manner or be- 
haviour; decency; decorum; chastity. 



tity. 

modify, v. mod'-l-fl (L. modiflcatum, to measure, to 
restrict, to modify— from modus, a measure, a limit, 
and factum, to make: It. modificare: F. modifier), 
slightly to change, as in the form or in the external 
qualities of a thing ; to reshape ; to vary ; to moder- 
ate; to lower: modifying, imp.: adj. changing the 
form or external qualities: n. the act of slightly 
changing : modified, pp. -fid .• ad j ■■ i :• ■. i u i ,.■ • ■ 1 1 .■ n i ■.■ , , i • 
qualified in certain parts: modifier, n. -fl-er, one 
who or that which modifies : modifiable, a. -fl'-d-bl, 
;ii,-if ■■'. • h,' 'li'-iii i- iii:,iiv.i'ii '»•' nii-'ivd in external 
appearance or in qualities : modlfi'abillty, n. -fl'-d- 
bil'-i-ti, capability of being modified: modification, n. 
mod- l-fl-kd- shun, the act of modifying; a slight change 

inform; any pai i,i,'nl:ir ;,>> in ,n m: ,'i 

modillion, n. mo-dil'-yun (F. modillon— from L. mod- 
ulus, a measure of proportion), in arch., a rich orna- 
mented bracket, placed at regular intervals under the 
cornice of the Corinthian composite entablature. 

modiola, n. mo-dx'-o-ld (L. modiolus, a small corn- 
measure), a genus of bivalves, living and fossil, distin- 
guished from the mussels by their habit of burrowing 
or spinning a nest", so called in reference to the shape 
of the shell, which is obi ongand infl ed in front. 

modiolopsis, n. mo'-di-o-lop'-sis (L. modiolus, a small 
corn-mea3iire, and Gr. opsis, sight), in geol. , a bivalved 
shell somewhat like the modiola. 

modish, a. mo' dish (from mode), according to the 
mode or customary manner; in the mode; fashiona- 
ble: mo'dishly, ad. -II: mo'dishness, n. -nes, state or 
quality of being modish or fashionable: modist, n. 
mo'dist, a follower of the fashion: modiste, n. mo- 
dest' (F.— see mode), a woman who deals in articles of 
fashion, particularly of dress ; a woman who makes 
ladies' dresses in the style and mode of fashion. 

modulate, v. mod'-u-ldt (L. modulatus, brought within 
the rules of rhythm or harmony, musical— from modus, 
a measure: It. modulare: F. moduler), to vary the voice 
or musical sounds in a natural and pleasing manner ; 
to vary or inflect the pitch of the voice in reading or 
speaking, in a pleasing manner; in music, to change 
the key or mode : mod'ulating, imp.: modulated, pp.: 
adj. varied; inflected; formed to a certain key : mod'- 
ula'tor, n. -Id'-ter, that which modulates: mod'ula'tion, 
n. -la-shun,, the act of varying or inflecting the pitch 
of the voice in speaking or reading, in a pleasing man- 
ner ; in music, the art of conducting the air and the 
harmony through the requisite keys and modes in a 
manner agreeable to the ear ; the art of changing the 
key, or of passing from one key to another. 

module, n. mod-id (L. modulus, a small measure), in 
arch., a measure or standard taken to regulate the 



MOLE 



aiding, as the diameter or semi-diameter of the base 
of a shaft. 

modulus, n. mod'-u-lus (L. modulus, a small mea- 
sure), in math., the constant coefficient or multiplier 
in a function of a variable quantity. 

modus, n. mo'-dus (L. modus, a measure), a mode or 
manner; a compensation given in I eat of tithes. 

modwall, n. mud'wdl, a bird that feeds on bees. 

Mceso-Gothic, a. me'-zo-goth'-lk (from M oesia, a name 
formerly given to the two modern Turkish provinces 
of Servia and Bulgaria), of or pertaining to the Goths 
who settled in Mcesia : n. the language of the Mceso- 
Goths. 

Mogul, n. md-gul', or Great Mogul, the name given 
to the emperor of the former empire of Hindostan. 

mohair, n. mo'-hdr (Ger. mohr: F. moire), a sort of 
camlet ; the hair of the Angora goat, a native of Asia 
Minor ; the cloth made of its hair ; a general term for 
cloth made of hair— see moire. 

Mohammed, n. mo-ham'-ed, the founder of the Mo- 
hammedan religion: Mohammedan, a. mo-hdm'-c-ddn, 
of or relating to Mohammed or to his religion : n. a 



believer in Mohammed : Moham'medanise, v. -lz, to 
convert or make conformable to the religion of Mo- 
hammed : Mohammedanism, n. -izm, the system of 
religion founded by Mohammed, the principles of 
which are contained in the Koran. Note.— The above 
words are also spelt, Mahonu'l, iMahumrtun, Muhume- 
dan, Mahometanism, &c. 

Mohawk, n. mO'huwk—also Mohock, an Amer. In- 
dian of a tribe of the same name ; during last century, 



mohur, n. mo'- h "~ Pers. muhr, a gold coin), a gold 
coin of British Inuia, equal to 15 rupees. 

Mohurrum, n. mO-hur'-rum, a Mohammedan festival 
in memory of Hossein and Houssein, nephews of the 
prophet. 

moidore, n. moy'-dor (F. moidore, a spelling of the 
Port, moeda d'ouro, money of gold), a Portuguese 
gold coin, equal to 27s. sterling. 

moiety, n. moy-6-tl (F. moitie, half— from L. medie- 
tas, the place in the middle), the half; one of two 
equal parts. 

moil, v. mdyl (F. mouiller, to wet : It. mollare, to 
soak), to wet ; to daub with dirt. 

moil, v. mdyl (Gr. molos, labour, toil : L. molior, I 
toil), to toil or labour ; to drudge : moiling, imp. : 
moiled, pp. mdyld. 

moire, n. mwawr (F. moire, same as mohair, which 
see), a clouded or mottled appearance on metallic or 
textile fabrics; watered or clouded silk; mohair: 
moire-antique, asuperioi byleol rei l silk : moire- 
metallique (F.), -md'-tdl-lek', a frosted or crystalline 
appearance produced for ornamental purposes on tin- 
iiie tin-plate thus prepared. 

moist, a. moyst (old F. moiste; Gris. muost; Milan. 
moisc, wet, damp: Sw. must, juice), damp; wet in a 
small degree ; juicy ; containing water or other liquid : 
moist'ness, n. -Tie's, dampness ; a slight degree of wet- 
ness: moisten, v. moys'-n, to wet in a small degree; 
to damp : moistening, imp. mdys'-nlng: moistened, pp. 
mdys'nd: moistener, n. mm/s'ner, that which mois- 
tens: moisture, n. mdys'-tilr or -cluiur, a moderate de- 
gree of wetness ; humidity ; dampness ; mois'tureless, 
a. -les, without moisture. 

molar, n. mo-ler (L. mola, a mill ; molaris, a mill- 
stone: It. molare; F. molairr, molar), a double tooth 
or grinder: adj. grinding; used for grinding, as a 
molar tooth. 

molasse, n. mo-Ids' (F. mollasse, flabby, flimsy: L. 
mollis, soft), in geol., a term applied to those soft are- 
naceous beds which constitute the middle Tertiaries 
of Switzerland. 

molasses, n. mO-lds'Sz (F. melasse; It. melassa, mo- 
lasses: Sp. melaza, the dregs of honey, the drainings 
of sugar— from Gr. meli, honey— gen. melitos), syrup 
which drains from raw sugar when cooling ; treacle. 

mole, n. mol (Ger. mahl, a stain, a spot: Scot, mail, 
a spot in cloth : Sw. mal, a mark : L. macula, a spot or 
blemish), a spot or permanent mark on some part of 
the human skin. 

mole, n. mol (L. moles, a huge mass or pile : It. 
mole: F. mole), a massive work of stones formed in 
the sea to protect a harbour from the violence of the 
waves ; a huge shapeless mass. 

mole, n. mol (Dut. mol, a mole: Ger. mauhverf— 
from its habit of casting up little hillocks of mould or 
■.: i-i iii a sniaj) ;,inin:i a'hii. ii i hi .n . >w'\ 111 the ground 
and throws up mould or earth : mole-bat, a lumpy 
sea-fish : mole-cast, a mole-hill : mole-cricket, a cer- 
tain burrowing insect : mole-eyed. a. nearly blind : 
mole-hill, a little hillock thrown up by moles ; any- 
thing very small, or of infinitely less importance than 
represented, as, "to make a mountain of a mole- 
hill:" moleskin, n. mol'-skin (mole, and skin), a stout 
twilled cotton cloth having a close-cropped pile, some- 
what of the appearance of the fur of a mole, used 
for the ordinary dress of working men : mole-track, 
the underground course of a mole. 

mole, n. mol (L. mola, a false conception : It. mola: 
F. mole), in med., a mass of fleshy matter generated 
in the uterus. 

molecule, n. mol'-e-kul (F. molecule, a particle of 
matter or air— from L. moles, a mass), a small mass ; 
a very minute particle of matter ; one of the element- 
ary particles into which all bodies are supposed to be 
resolvable: molecular, a. mo-lek'-u-ler, pert, to or con- 
sisting of molecules: molec'ularlty, n. -lar'-i-ti, the 
state of being molecular ; the state of consisting of 
molecules : molecular attraction, that force or power 



mute, mdt,fdr, law ; mete, met, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



MOLE 3i 

by which the particles or molecules that compose a 
body are kept together in one mass. 

molest, v. mo-lest' (L. molestus, troublesome, offen- 
sive: It. molestare; F. molester, to molest), to disturb, 
trouble, or vex; to annoy ; to render uneasy : molest'- 
ing, imp. : molest'ed, pp. : molester, n. -er, one who 
molests: molestation, n. mol'-es-td'-shun, annoyance; 
uneasiness given: molestful, a. mo-ltst-fdbl, trouble- 

Molinist, n. mo'-lln-lst, in the R. Cath. Ch., a fol- 
lower of the religious opinions of Molina, a Spanish 
Jesuit, who taught a system of opinions on grace and 
predestination somewhat resembling those of the Ar- 
niinians among Protestants. 

mollah, n. mol'-ld (Ar. mania; Turk, molla— from 
walai, to rule), the title of the highest order of judges 
in the Turkish empire. 

mollify, v. mol'-ll-fl (F. mollifier; It. mollificare, to 
render sort or supple, to mollify— from L. mollis, soft, 
and facio, I make), to calm; to pacify; to soften; to 
mitigate : mollifying, imp. : adj. softening ; mitiga- 
ting : mollified, pp. -fid .- mollifi'er, n. -fl'-tr, one who 
or that which softens or appeases : mollifi'able, a. -d- 
bl, that may be softened : capable of being mollified : 
mol'lifica'tion, n. -fi-kd'-shun, the act of mollifying; 
the state of being mollified. 

mollities, n. mo-lish'-i-Sz (L. mollities, softness), in 
med., a diseased softening of an organ, or part of an 
organ. 

mollusc, n. mol'-lusk, molluscs, n. plu. -liisks (L. mol- 
luscus, soft — from mollis, soft ; mollusca, a nut with 
a soft shell ; molluscum, a species of fungus growing 
on the maple-tree), one of a class of animals whose 
bodies are soft and destitute of a bony skeleton— as 
snails, oysters, and shell-fish in general: mollusca, 
n. plu. mol-liis-kd, one of Cuvier's grand divisions of 
the animal kingdom, which includes all the shell-fish 
proper— so called in reference to the circumstance that 
all these creatures have soft bodies, and are unsup- 
ported by any internal framework sufficient to merit 
the name of a skeleton: molluscan, a. mol-lns'-kiin, 
also mollus'cous, a. -kus, pert, to or resembling the 
mollusca: molluskite, n. mol-lus'-kit, in geol., a dark- 
brown carbonaceous substance occurring in shelly 
marbles, originating from the mineral transmutation 
of the soft bodies of the mollusca. 

molluscoida, n. plu. mol'-lus-kdy'-dd (L. molluscus, 
soft, and Gr. eidos, appearance), a term applied to 
those molluscs which have coriaceous or horny integu- 
ments. 

Moloch, n. m6'-ldk (Heb. molech, king), the chief 
god of the anc. Phenicians and Ammonites ; a genus of 
lizards found in Australia. 

molossus, n. mo-los'sus (Gr. Molossos,- belonging to 
the Molossians, in Epirus), in Gr. verse, a metrical 
verse consisting of three long syllables. 

molten, a. mol'-tn (pp. of melt, which see), made of 
melted metal. 

moly, n. mo'-ll (Gr. molu ; L. moly, moly), wild gar- 
lic; a fabulous herb having a white flower and a 
black root, mentioned by Homer as possessing secret 
power. 

molybdena, n. rnol'-lb-de'-nd, also molybdenite, n. 
mol-lb'-dgn-it (Gr. molubdaina, a mass of lead— from 
molubdos, lead : L. molybdazna), an ore found in vari- 
ous rocks, and in veins with tin and other ores, closely 
resembling in colour that of fresh-cut metallic lead : 
molybdenum, n. mol'-ib-de-num, a very rare, white, 
brittle metal, obtained with difficulty from its ore, 
molybdenite: molybdenous, a. mol-ib'-de-niis, also 
molyb'dic, a. -dlk, pert, to molybdena, or obtained 
from it: molybdenic acid, an acid having a sharp 
metallic taste, and forming certain salts called molyb- 
dates: molybdate, n. mol-ib'-ddt, a compound of 
molybdic acid with a base : molyb'dine, n. -din, a 
mineral, occurring as an incrustation, of various 
shades of yellow to pale green, only used in labora- 
tories for "yielding molybdenum, and for making 
molybdic acid. 

moment, n. mo'-mSnt (L. momentum, movement, a 
very small portion of anything— from moveo, I move : 
It. momento:F. moment), the smallest possible portion 
of time ; an instant ; one-sixtieth part of a minute ; im- 
portance; value; force: momentary, a. mo'ment-er-i, 
done in an instant; lasting an extremely short time: 
mo'mentar'ily, ad. -cr'-i-U, also mo'mently, ad. -li, for 
a moment ; every moment : momentous, a. mo-mint'- 
us, important ; weighty ; of great consequence : mo- 
ment'ously, ad, -li: moment' ousness, n. -nes, state of 
cow, boy, foot; 'pure, bud; chair, 



7 MONE 

being of the utmost consequence : momentum, n. mO- 
ment'-thn, impetus ; in mech., quantity of motion in a 
moving body. 

momier, n. mom'-i-er (F. momier — from old F. 
momer, to mumm— see mumm), on the Continent, a 
term of reproach or contempt — applied to certain 
sectaries among Protestants, particularly in Switzer- 
land. 

Momus, n. mo-mils (Gr. momos, derision), in anc. 
myth., the god presiding over ridicule, mirth, and rail- 
lery. 

mon, mon, also mono, mon'-o (Gr. monos, alone), 
a prefix, signifying alone ; single; solitary; only one. 

monachal, a. mon'-d-kdl (Gr. monachos, a monk — 
from monos, alone: It. monacale: F. monacal), pert. 
to monks or a monastic life; living alone; solitary: 
mon'achism, n. -kizm, the system, the influences, and 
the state, of a monastic lile. 

monad, n. mon'-dd (Gr. monas, unity, a monad— gen. 
mo/unlus — from monos, alone: It. and F. monadc), an 
indivisible thing; that which is one; an ultimate 
atom; the simplest and extremely minute kind of 
microscopic animalcules : monadic, a. mon-ad'-lk, also 
monad'ical, a. -l-kal, resembling a monad. 

monadelphia, n. nwn'-d-del'-fl-d (Gr. monos, alone, 
and adelphos, a brother), in bot., a class of plants hav- 
ing hermaphrodite flowers, in which all the stamens 
are united into one bundle by union oftheir filaments, 
through which the pistil passes : mon'adelph, n. -dSlf, 
one of the monadelphia: mon'adel'phian, a. -fi-dn, 
also mon'adelphous, a. -Jus, pert, to the monadelphia ; 
having the stamens united into one bundle by union 
of their filaments. 

monandria, n. mon-dn'drl-d (Gr. monos, alone, and 
aner, a man— gen. andros), in bot., a class of plants 
which have only one stamen : monan'drian, a. -dri-dn, 
also monan'drous, a. -driis, having one stamen only. 

monarch, n. mon'-drk {Gr. monarchos, one who reigns 
alone, a monarch— from monos, alone, and archein, to 
rule : F. monarque : It. monarca), the prince or ruler of 
a country ; a king ; a sovereign ; a person or thing su- 
perior to others of the same kind: adj. supreme ; rul- 
ing: monarchal, a, mo-ndr'kdl, regal; suitable to a 
monarch: monar'chic, a. -klk, also monarchical, a. 
-kl-kdl, of or relating to a monarch ; vested in a single 
ruler: monar / chically, ad. -II: monarchise, v. mon' 
erklz, to rule over as a monarch ; to play the monarch : 
mon'archi'sing, imp.: mon'archised, pp. -kizd: mon'- 
archism, n. -klzm, principles of monarchy ; preference 
or love of monarchy : monarchist, n. -klst, an advocate 
of monarchy : mon'archy, n. -kl, a state or govern- 
ment in which the supreme power is vested in a 
single person, being either limited or absolute; a king- 
dom ; an empire. 

monastery, n. mon'-ds-Ur-i, ornwn'-ds-trl (Gr. monas- 
terion, a place where one ma. v live in si 'li tude— fromGr. 
monos, alone: It. monastero : F. monastere), a re- 
ligious house for retirement ; an abbey ; a convent, 
for either monks or nuns, but more usually the for- 
mer: monastic, a. mo-nds'-tlk, also monas'tical, a. 
-tl-kdl, pert, to monks or to monasteries; secluded 
from the world ; devoted to religion : monas'tically, 
ad. -II: monas'tic, n. -tlk, a monk: monas'ticism, n. 
-tl-slzm, monastic life: monas'ticon, n. -ti-kon, a 
book on monasteries. 

Monday, n. mnn'-dd (AS. monandccg, the day sacred 
to the moon— from raona, the moon, and daeg, a day), 
the second day of the week. 

monde, n. mongd (F. world), a number or circle of 
people who know and visit each other ; the world ; 
society: beau-monde, n. bo-mongd' (F.), the fashion- 
able world: demi-monde, dim'-i-, a genteel name for 
the so-called higher class of prostitutes in every large 
town and city. 

money, n. miin'-l (F. monnaie, money: L. moneta, a 
surname of Juno, in whose temple at Rome money 
was coined, the mint : It. moneta), coin in gold, silver, 
or copper ; stamped metallic pieces, being the legal- 
ised currency of a country ; anything which passes as 
a money equivalent, in commercial dealings, as hank- 
notes ; wealth; affluence: moneys, n. plu. mun'-iz, the 
various sums included in one total ; different sums of 
money: moneyed or monied, a. mun'-id— the former 
preferable— rich in money; consisting in money: 
moneyers, n. plu. mun'-l-erz, officers of the royal mint 
who superintend the coining of money ; the men em- 
ployed in the making of coins for money : mon'eyless, 
a. -les, destitute of money: monetary, a. mfin'e-trr-i, 
relating to money or moneyed affairs : money bill, in 
ame, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



MONG 



money or exchanges: money-lender, one who lends 
money on interest : money -making, a. acquiring or 
gaining wealth: money market, a general term for 
transactions in money, in discounts, loans, and pay- 
ments, in such places as Lombard Street, London, the 
Stock Exchange, the Bank of England, and other banks : 
money matters, affairs about money : money order, 
in Great Britain and Ireland, an order, payable at 
sight, granted by a post-office for any small sum of 
money, and made payable at any post-office wished in 
the United Kingdom, or in certain of the colonies, on 
depositing the sum named and the payment of a small 
commission : money-scrivener, a person who procures 
the loan of money for others : money's worth, full 
value. 

monger, n. mung'-ger (Icel. manga, to chaffer, to 
trade; mangari, a dealer: Dut. manghelen, to ex- 
change), a dealer ; a trader— now used only as the sec- 
ond element in a compound, as fishmonger. 

Mongolian, n. mon-go'-ll-dn, a native or inhabitant 
of Mongolia: adj. a term applied to one of the great 
divisions of mankind, having the Mongols and Chin- 
ese as the type. 

mongrel, a. miing'grel (It. mongrellino, of mixed 
breed : Dut. menghan, to mingle— with the dim. ter- 
mination rel), of a mixed breed ; of different kinds : 
n. an animal of a mixed breed, particularly a dog. 

monied— see money. 

moniliform, a. mdn-tt'l-fawrm (L. rnonile, a neck- 
lace, and forma, shape), like a necklace; jointed or 
united so as to resemble a string of beads. 

monition, n. m6-nlsh'un (L. monitio, counsel, ad- 
vice : F. monition), instruction given by way of cau- 
tion; warning: monitive, a. mon'i-tlv, warning; ad- 
monitory: monitor, n. mon'i-ter, one who warns of 
faults or gives instruction in regard to duty ; an older 
boy in a school who assists the master— the girl who 
does so is called a monitress, mon'4-tres; one of a 
family of lizards ; an iron steam-vessel of war of pecu- 
liar construction: mon'ito'rial, a. -to'rl-dl, of or re- 
lating to a monitor ; teaching by monitors : mon'ito'- 
rially, ad. -II .- mon'itor3hip, n. -ship, the office of a 
monitor: monitory, a. mon'-i-ter-i, giving or contain- 
ing friendly warning and advice. 

monk, n. mungk (Ger. monch; L. monachus; Gr. 
monachos, a solitary, a monk— from Gr. monos, alone), 
one who devotes his life exclusively to religious con- 
cerns and lives under a certain rule or discipline- 
generally in a community or order ; a recluse; a soli- 
tary one: monkish, a. mungk'lsh, pert, to a monk, or 
like one: monk'hood, n. -h »><l, condition or character 
of a monk: monkery, n. miingk'er-i, monastic life, in 
reproach : monk's-hood, n. a poisonous plant — so 
named from the cowl-like shape of the flowers; the 
aconite. 

monkey, n. mungk'l (Bret, mounika, a female ape : 
old It. monicchio, a monkey— a dim. of It. monna, a 
poor or old woman, a dame in ridicule, a monkey), 
awell-known animal having a long tail— baboons have 
short ones, apes have none ; a term of contempt or re- 
proach for a mischievous person ; an apparatus for 
disengaging and for securing in turns the ram of a 
pile-driving machine : monk'eyism, n. -Izm, the qua- 
lities of a monkey : monkey-block, a small single block 
strapped with a swivel : monkey-bread, a plant, the 
slightly acrid pulp of whose fruit is used as an article 
of food by the natives of Africa : monkey-jacket, a short 
spencer or thick pea-jacket: monkey-rail, a second 
and lighter rail raised about six inches above the quar- 
ter-rail of a ship : monkey-wrench, a wrench or span- 
ner having a movable jaw. 

mono, mo'-no, a prefix — see mon. 

monobasic, a. mon'o-ba'-zik (Gr. monos, alone, and 
basis, a base), in chem., having only one part of base 
to one of acid; in hot., applied to a root reduced to a 
small unbranched portion, as though it formed merely 
the base of the stem. 

monocardian, a. mdn'6 kdo 'd\ fl/n (Gr. monos, alone, 
and kardia, the heart), having a single heart, as fishes : 
n. an animal having a single heart. 

monocarpon, n. mdn'-o-kar'pon (Gr. monos, alone, 
and karpos, fruit), in bot., a plant bearing fruit but 
once and then perishing; an annual plant: mon'- 
ocar'pous, a. -kar'pus, also mon'ocar'pic, a. -kdr'pik, 
bearing fruit but once and then perishing, as wheat, 
oats, &c. 



iS MONO 

monocerous, a. md-nos'cr-us (Gr. monos, alone, and 
keras, a horn, a tusk), having only one horn or tusk. 

monochlamydeous, a. mon'-o-klam-id'-i-us (Gr. mo- 
nos, alone, and chlamus, a military cloak, a scarf- 
gen, chlamudos), in bot., having a single floral envel- 
ope or covering, which is the calyx. 

monochord, n. mon'o-kawrd (Gr. monos, alone, and 
chorde, a gut or string), a musical instrument of only 
one string, used for experimenting upon the mathe- 
matical relations of musical sounds. 

monochrome, n. mdn'0-krOm (Gr. monos, alone, and 
chroma, colour, complexion), a painting of only one 
colour: mon'ochromat'ic, a. -mdt'ik, consisting of one 
colour ; exhibiting light only of one colour. 

monoclinate, a. mo-ndk'lln-at (Gr. monos, alone, and 
klino, I bend), having one of the axes obliquely in- 
clined; in min., applied to certain crystals: monoc- 
linous, a. mo-nok'-ll-mis, in bot., having both stamens 
and pistils in every flower : monoclinal, a. mon'o-kli' 
ndl, in geol., applied to strata that dip for an unknown 
length in one direction. 

monocotyledon, n. mon'O-kdt'l-le'don (Gr. monos, 
alone, and kotuledon, the hollow of a cup, cup-shaped), 
a plant with only one cotyledon or seed-lobe, as in 
oats or wheat, the seeds of which are entire : mon'- 
ocot' yle'donous, a. -U'-do-nus, having only one coty- 
ledon or seed-lobe. 

monocracy, n. mo-nok'rd-si (Gr. monos, alone, and 
krateo, I govern), government by a single person: 
mon'ocrat, n. -krdt, one who rules alone. 

monocular, a. m6-n6k'u-ler, also monoc'ulons, a. 
-Ms (Gr. monos, alone, and L. oculus, the eye), one- 
eyed : monocule, n. mon'0-kul, a one-eyed insect. 

monodactylous, a. m6n'6-ddk'ti\ (Gr. monos, 
alone, and daktulos, a finger or toe), having only one 
finger or toe. 

monodon, n. mon'6-ddn (Gr monos, alone, and 
odous, a tooth), a one-toothed animal; the narwhal 
or sea-unicorn. 

monody, n. mon'0-di (Gr. monos, alone, and ode, a 
song), a poem or song chanted or sung by a single 
person, and in which he is supposed to bewail him- 
self: monodical, a. md-nod'l-kal, pert, to a monody: 
mon'odist, n. -dist, a writer of monodies. 

monoecia, n. mo-ne'shl-d (Gr. monos, alone, and 
oikia, a house), a class of plants having the stamens 
and pistils in distinct flowers on the same plant: 
monce'cian, a. -sM-dn, also monoecious, a. -shl-us, in 
bot., having stamens and pistils on different flowers on 
the same plant. 

monogamy, n. mo-nog'd-ml (Gr. monos, alone, and 
gamos, marriage, wedlock), the marriage of one wife 
only; the condition or restraint of not marrying a 
second wife after the death of the first ; the opposite of 
polygamy: monog'amist, n. -d-mlst, one who dis- 
allows second marriages: monog'amous, a. -d-miis, 
not permitted to marry a second wife after the death 
of the first ; as applied to animals, abiding by one fe- 
male, as the dove. 

monogram, n. mdn'6-grdm (Gr. monos," alone, and 
gramma, a letter), a cipher, or a single device, formed 
by the intertexture of two or more letters ; the private 
mark of an artist: mon'ogram'mal, a. -rndl, also 
mon'ogram'mic, a. -mik, resembling or pert, to a 
monogram. 

monograph, n. mon'6-grdf (Gr. monos, alone, and 
grapho, I write), a treatise or description limited to a 
single thing or object, or to a single branch of a sub- 
ject: monographer, n. mo-nog'rd-fer, also monog'- 
raphist, n. -fist, a writer of monographs: mon- 
ographic, a. -grdf-ik, also mon'ograph'ical, a. -grdf- 
l-kdl, of or pert, to a monograph : mon'ograph'ically, 
ad. -li: monography, n. i ru ae art or prac- 

tice of writing monographs ; description or represen- 
tation simply by lines without colours. 

monogynia, n. mon'6-jin'i-d (Gr. monos, alone, and 
gune, afemale, a woman), an orderof plants, including 
such as have only one pistil or stigma in a flower : 
monogyn, n. mon'o-jin, a plant having only one pistil: 
mon'ogyn'ian, a. -jin'i-dn, also monogynous, a. mO- 
noj'4-nus, having only one pistil or stigma in a flower ; 
also applied to planl ;>•■■ ing onestyle: monogynce- 
cial, a. mon'o-jin-e'shi-al (Gr. oikia, a house), in bot., 
applied to simple fruits formed by the pistil of one 
flower. 

monolith, n. mon'6-llth (Gr. monos, alone, and lithos, 

stone), a pillar or column consisting of a single stone : 



mate, m&t,fdr, Icub; mete, mil, Mr; pine, pXn; note, not, mdve; 



MONO 



369 



MONT 



monologue, n. m&n'-O-log (Gr. monos, alone, and 
logos, speech), a speech or poem uttered by a person 
alone; a soliloquy: monologist, n. mo-nol-6-jist, a 
writer or performer of monologues : monol'ogy, n. -jl, 
the habit of soliloquising, or of monopolising conver- 
sation. 

monomania, n. mon'0-md'ni-d (Gr. monos, alone, 
and mania, madness), madness confined to one par- 
ticular subject : monomaniac, n. -ni-dk, one affected 
with monomania: adj. affected with monomania: 
mo'nomani'acal, a. -ma-ni'd-Ml, having the character 
of monomania, or affected with it. 

monome, n. mon'om, also monomial, n. md-no'ml-dl 
(Gr. monos, alone, and onoma, a name), in alg., a quan- 
tity or expression of one term only, as 2 ab. 

monometer, n. mo-iwm'e-ter (Gr. monos, alone, and 
metron, a measure), a rhythmical series consisting of a 
single metre: mon'omet'ric, a. -rik, having the axes 
equal or similar, said of certain systems of crystalli- 
sation. 

monomial— see under monome. 

monomorphous, a. mdn'Omor'fus (Gr. monos, alone, 
and morphe, form), having but a single form— said of 
insects which, in their larval state, are nearly the same 
as in the perfect condition, except as regards wings. 

monomyaria, n. plu. mon'dmi-d'rl-d, also mon'- 
omy'aries, n. plu. -ml'driz (Gr. monos, single, and 
muan, to close the lips— from mus, a muscle), a term 
employed to distinguish those bivalves whose shells are 
closed by a single adductor muscle, such as the oysters 
and clam-shells : mon'omy'ary, n. -ml'-d-ri, a bivalve 
of the order monomyaria : adj. having but one muscle 
for closing the shell. 

monopathy, n. mo-nop'd-thi (Gr. monos, alone, and 
pathos, suffering), solitary suffering or sensibility. 

monopetalous, a. mon'o-pit'-d-liis (Gr. monos, alone, 
and petalon, a leaf), having the corolla in one piece, 
formed by the union of several petals, cohering so as 
to form a tube ; gamopetalous. 

monophthong, n. mon'df-tfwng (Gr. monos, alone, 
and phthonggos, a sound), a simple vowel-sound ; two 
vowels pronounced as one : mon'ophthon'gal, a. con- 
sisting of a simple vowel-sound. 

monophyllous, a. mo-nof-lhlus or mon'o-fll'lus (Gr. 
monos, alone, and phullon, a leaf or blade), in oof., 
monosepalous ; having an involucrum composed of a 
single piece ; one-leaved. 

monophysite, n. mo -nof'-l-slt (Gr. monos, alone, and 
phusis, nature), one who maintains that Christ had 
one nature only. 

monopolise, v. mo-ndp'O-llz (F. monopoliser; Sp. 
monopolizar, to monopolise— from Gr. monos, alone, 
and poleo, I sell), to purchase or obtain possession of 
the whole of anything with the view of selling at an 
advanced price and controlling the market ; to obtain 
or engross the whole: monopolizing, imp.: adj. ob- 
taining the sole power or right ; engrossing: monop'- 
olised, pp. -llzd: monop'oli'ser, n. -ll'-zer, also mo- 
nopolist, n. -list, one who has obtained the exclusive 
power to trade in a certain article, or who has the 
command of the market: monopoly, n. mo-ndp'0-li, 
the sole power of selling any article by purchase, by 
superior manufacture, or by patent. 

monopteral, a. mo-nop'tir-dl (Gr. monos, alone, 
and pteron, a wing), one- winged, used to designate a 
temple without a cella, composed of columns arranged 
in a circle and supporting a conical roof. 

monoptote, n. mon'-op-tot (Gr. monos, alone, ptotis, 
fallen, or apt to fall), in gram., a noun having but 
one oblique case-ending. 

monorganic, a. mon'dr-gdn'ik (Gr. monos, alone, 
and organon, an organ), in med., belonging to or 
affecting one organ, or a set of organs. 

monosepalous, a. mdn'O-sep'd-lus (Gr. monos, alone, 
and sepalon, a sepal), having the sepals which com- 
pose a flower united at their edges or margins so as to 
form a tube ; gamosepalous. 

monospermous, a. m . monos, alone, 

&ndsperma,seed), one-seeded; applied to a fruit having 
only one seed: mon'osperm, n. -sperm, a plant of one 
seed only. 

monospherical, a. rru -. monos, alone, 

aaid sphaira, a sphere or globe), consisting of one 
sphere or globe. 

monostich, n. mon'6-stik (Gr. monos, alone, and 
stichos, a verse), a poem complete in one verse. 

monostrophic, a. mdn'o-strdf'-ik (Gr. monos, alone, 
and strophe, a turning), not varied in measure ; hav- 
ing one strophe only. 



syllable, a. -Idb'-ik, consisting of words of one syllable. 

monothalamous, a. mon-o-thdl'-d-mus (Gr. 'monos, 
single, and thalamos, a chamber), one-chambered— ap- 
plied to shells. 

monothecal, a. mdn'0-the'kdl(Gr. monos, single, and 
theke, a sheath), in dot., having a single loculament. 

monotheism, n. mon'6-the-lzm (Gr. monos, alone, 
and Theos, God), the belief in the existence of only 
one God : mon'othe'ist, n. -the'-ist, one who believes 
that there is but one God : mon'otheis'tic, a. -Is'tik, 
pert, to monotheism. 

monotomous, a. md-ndt'6-mus (Gr. memos, alone, 
and temno, I cut), in min., having its cleavage distinct 
in one direction only. 

monotone, n. mon'6-tSn (Gr. monos, alone, and 
tonos, a sound), a succession of sounds having the 
same pitch ; an unvaried tone of voice : monotonous, 
a. mo-not'o-nus, having a continued sameness of 
sound; continued with dull uniformity: monot'o- 
nously, ad. -II: monotony, n. mo-not'-o-ni, dull uni- 
formity of tone or sound in speaking, reading, or sing- 
ing ; a sameness ; a want of variety. 

monotrematous, a. mon'o-tr&m'd-tus (Gr. monos, 
single, and trema, a hole or opening), having only 
one external outlet for the passsage of excrements, as 
certain animals: monotreme, n. m6n'-6-trem, one of 
the mon'otrem'ata, -trSm'd-td, or monotrematous 
animals. 

monotriglyph, n. mon'o-trl'glif (Gr. monos, alone, 
and Eng. triglyph), such an intercolunmiation in the 
Doric order as brings only one triglyph over each 
column. 

monseigneur, n. mong-sen-yer' (F. monseigneur — 
from mon, my, and seigneur, lord), in France, a title 
of courtesy prefixed to names of persons of high 
rank, or to titles of noblemen ; my lord ; your grace 
or highness : messeigneurs, n. plu. mes-sen-yers', my 
lords. 

monsieur, n. mSs'su (F. monsieur— from mon, my, 
and sieur, sir, master), sir ; Mr ; a Frenchman, in slight 
contempt: messieurs, n. plu. mis'-su, sirs. 

monsoon, n. mon-s6n' (F. monson ; Port, moncao 
—from Ar. maasaan or mausim, season), a periodical 
wind of the Indian and Arabian seas, blowing regularly 
from the south-west from April to October, and from 
the north-east during the other half of the year. 

monster, n. mon'ster (L. monstmm, anything strange 
orwonderful: F. monstre: Sp. monstro), anything out 
of the common order of nature ; a creature with parts 
not natural ; a person looked upon with horror on 
account of extraordinary crimes, or of deformity, or 
power to do harm ; anything uncommonly large : 
monstrous, a. mon'-sirus, unnatural in form ; huge ; 
enormous ; shocking ; hateful ; horrible : ad. in a mon- 
strous manner ; exceedingly; very much: mon'strous- 
ly, ad. -II : mon'strousness, n. -ne~s, the state of being 
monstrous: monstrosity, n. mon-strds'i-tl, an unnat- 
ural production ; that which is monstrous ; a monster. 

monstrance, n. mon'strdns (L. monstrans, shew- 
ing), in the JR. Cath. Ch., a highly-ornamented article, 
consisting of a hollow transparent headpiece and 
stand, in which the consecrated wafer is placed for 
the view of the congregation. 

montanic, a. mon-tdn'ik (L. montanus, dwelling 
upon the mountains— from mons, a mountain), pert, 
to or consisting of mountains. 

montanist, n. mon'tdn-ist, a follower of Montanus, 
a Phrygian bishop of the 2d century, who pretended 
that he was inspired by the Holy Ghost to instruct, 
men in several points not revealed to the apostles : 
mon'tanis'tic, a. -is'tik, pert, to the doctrines of 
Montanus : mon'tanism, n. -izm, the tenets of Mon- 
tanus. 

montant, n. mon'tdnt (F.— from monter, to mount 
—from L. mons, a mountain), a term in fencing ; any 
upright piece in framework. 

mont de piete, n. mo :F. mount of 

piety: It. monte di pieta), a pawnbroking establish- 
ment in France and other parts on the Continent, 
generally kept by the Government, where money is 
lent to necessitous persons at a low rate of interest. 

Monte Bolca, n. mont'S-bol'-kd, a locality near Ve- 
rona, in Italy, celebrated for its fossil fishes, found in 
a fissile cream-coloured limestone of the Upper Ter- 
tiary age. 

monteith, n. mon-teth' (after the inventor), a vessel 
in which glasses are washed. 
cow, boy, foot; pure, lud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



2A 



MONT 



370 



MORA 



montem, n. mon'tSm (L. mons, a mountain— gen. 
montis), an anc. custom among the scholars of Eton 
School of making a procession every third year on 
Whit-Tuesday to a tumulus {ad montem) near the 

Bath road, and ii>ii(ri,i,i; : , .jinn asou: .>. <;. ;i -i i r 

or passing, now abolished. 

month, n. munth (AS. monath, a month— from 
mona, the moon : L. mensis ; Gr. men ; Ger. monat, 
the period of the moon's revolution : Goth, mena ; Icel. 
mana; Ger. mond; Gr. mene, the moon), the twelfth 
part of the year; in popular usage, four weeks: 
monthly, a. -li, happening once a-month, or every 
month ; lasting a mouth : ad. in every month : n. a 
monthly publication: calendar month, one of the 
twelve divisions of the year, from 28 to 31 days in 
each : lunar month, one revolution of the moon. 

monticle, n. mdn'tl-kl, also monticule, n. -kul (a 
dim.— from L. mons, a mountain or great hill— gen. 
montis), a little mount; a hillock: monticulate, a. 
mOu-tik'il-lat, having many small projections: mon- 
ton, n. mon'ton, among miners, aheap of ore ; a mass 
under the process of amalgamation. 

monument, n. mon'-a-ment (L. monumentum, a 
memorial— from moneo, I admonish or remind : It. 
monumento : F. monument), anything which serves to 
recall to mind, or which preserves the remembrance of 
any person or thing ; a structure, as a pillar or mau- 
soleum, erected as a memorial ; a tomb ; any enduring 
evidence or example, as, a monument of folly or wis- 
dom: mon'ument'al, a. -mint'dl, of or relating to a 
tomb or monument ; memorial; preserving memory : 
mon'ument'ally, ad. -II. 

mood, n. mod (Dut. moed; Ger. muth; Icel. modr, 
spirit, courage), disposition of mind ; temper of mind ; 
disposition: moody, a. mod'l, peevish; fretful; out 
of humour ; sad ; gloomy : mood'ily, ad. -li : moodi- 
ness, n. -n&s, sullenness ; peevishness. 

mood, n. mod (F. mode, fashion, way, mood in 
grammar : L. modus, a measure, quantity — see 
mode), in gram., a certain form of inflection indicat- 
ing the 'mode or manner, as regards action, in which 
the meaning of the verb is presented to the learner, 
as indicative mooti, impera. mood; in logic, the form of 
asyllogism, as determined by the quantity and quality 
of the three propositions by which it is formed ; style 
of music. 

moon, n. mdn (see month), the luminary of the 
night which revolves round the earth ; the satellite of 
the earth; a month: moonet, n. mon'et, a little moon: 
moony, a. mon'i, pert, to the moon: moonless, a. -les, 
without moonlight : moonbeam, a ray of light from 
the moon : moon-calf, a mass of fleshy matter gener- 
ated in the uterus ; a do] t a il : i] w : moon-fish, 

a fish so called from the shape of its tail-fin : moon- 
light, a. illuminated by the moon ; occurring during 
or by moonlight : n. the light of the moon : moonlit, 
a. -lit, illumined by the moon: moonshine, the light 
of the moon ; mere show without substance or reality : 
moonstone, a stone, also named adularia, of a white 
colour, or of a yellowish or greenish white— so called 
from the beautiful play of light which it exhibits: 
moon-struck, a. affected by the influence of the moon ; 
silly; lunatic. 

moonshee, n. mdn'shS (Ar. munshi, a writer), a 
Mohammedan professor or teacher of languages— so 
called in the E. Indies ; a Mussulman interpreter or 
scribe. 

moor, n. mdr (Icel. mor, peat, turf, moor ; myri, a 
marsh : Dut. moer, a bleak swamp or marsh), an ex- 
tensive tract of waste land, covered with patches of 
heath, and having a poor light soil, sometimes marshy 
and peaty : moorish, a. -ish, marshy ; fenny : moor'v, 
a. -I, sterile ; marshy : moor-buzzard, a moor-bird : 
moor-cock, moor-fowl, or moor-hen, red game or 
grouse: moor'land, n. heath-covered and marshy 
land : moor'stone, n. granite found on the surface of a 
moor. 

Moor, n. mor (L. Maurus, an inhabitant of the 
eastern part of Africa— from Gr. mauros, black: Bo- 
hem, maur, coal-dust : F. maure or more, a Moor), a 
native of the northern part of Africa— called by the 
anc. Romans, Mauritania, from the colour of the 
people, the word meaning literally "dark-complex- 
ioned people"; one of the people from Africa who 
conquered Spain in the eighth century— these were, 
however, strictly Arabs, the Moors crossing much 
later: Moorish, a. -ish, pert, to the people called 
Moors. 

moor, v. m6r (Sp. amarrar; F. amarrer, to fasten, 



to moor: Dut. marren, to tie), to confine or make fast 
a ship, by means of cables or chains and anchors, in a 
particular station ; to be confined to a particular sta- 
tion, as a ship : mooring, imp. : n. the act of securing 
aship to one po I mgside a landing-place; 

moored, pp. mord, made fast in a station : moorage, 
n. mor'-aj, a place for mooring : moorings, n. plu. 
-ingz, the anchors or buoys laid in a river or harbour 
in order that a ship may confine itself to one posi- 
tion ; said of a ship lying with more than one anchor 
out. 

moose, n. m6s (an Indian name), the largest of the 
deer kind : moose-deer, the Amer. elk. 

moot, v. mot (AS. mot or gemot, an assembly ; 
motan, to cite before the moot, or court of justice- 
see meet), to bring forward a subject for discussion ; 
to discuss a question, as in a court of justice ; to argue 
or plead on a supposed cause by way of exercise : adj. 
unsettled ; disputable : mooting, imp. : mooting or 
moot-case, n. exercise of pleading a mock cause: 
moot'ed, pp. -6d: adj. debated; disputed: moot'er, 
n. -er, one who moots: moot'able, a. -a-bl, capable of 
being mooted or debated: moot-hill, a mound or 
height on which justice was anciently administered : 
moot-point, a doubtful point ; a point which admits 
of being mooted or argued on opposite sides. 

mop, n. mop (L. mappa, a table-napkin : Gael, mob, 
a tuft ; mobach, shaggy : prov. Eng. mop, a napkin, a 
tuft of grass), a bunch of strips of cloth or coarse yarn, 
fastened to a stick or handle, and used for cleaning 
floors : v. to clean or rub with a mop : mop 'ping, imp. : 
mopped, pp. mdpt : moppet, n. mop'-it, also mop'sey, 
n. -si (dim. of mop), a child's baby made up of ni_'s ; a 
puppet made of rags; a term of fondness a polled to 
little girls. 

mope, v. mop (Dut. moppen, to make wry faces, to 
pout : prov. Eng. mop, a fool ; maups, a silly fellow), 
to be dull, stupid, or drowsy; to be spiritless or 
gloomy from discontent : n. a person low in spirits : 
moping, imp. mo' ping : adj. inactive and affected 
with dulness : gloomy : moped, pp. mopt : mo'pingly, 
ad. -li: mopish, a. -pish, dull; stupid; spiritless: 
mo'pishly, ad. -li: mo'pishness, n. -nis, the state of 
being silent, inactive, and dispirited, 

moppet and mopsey— see mop. 

mora, n. mo'rd, a valuable S. Amer. wood, pecu- 
liarly adapted for ship's timbers and planks, for which 
it is extensively used ; also the tree. 

moraine, n. mo-ran', moraines, n. plu. mo-ranzf (F. 
moraine, a moraine : It. mora, a heap of stones), ac- 
cumulations of stones, earth, or debris, found at the 



or manners— from mos, manner, way— gen. moris : It. 
morale : F. moral), pert, to or founded on the practices 
or conduct of men with reference to right and wrong, 
in their intercourse with others ; right ; just ; sup- 
ported by the evidence of reason or probability ; found- 
ed on experience, as a moral certainty : n. the lesson 
taught by a fiction or fable ; the practical lesson which 
a thing is fitted or designed to convey : mor'ally, ad. -It, 
according to the rules of morality ; according to the 
divine law ; according to the usual course of things 
and of human judgment: moralise, v. mdr'&l-iz, to 
think, speak, or write on subjects relating to right 
and wrong ; to make reflections or remarks on good 
or evil, or on virtue or vice among men ; to furnish 
with a moral : mor'ali'sing, imp.: moralised, pp. -izd: 
mor'ali'ser, n. -I'zer, also mor'alist, n. -al-ist, one who 
moralises ; one who teaches the duties of life : mor'- 
alisa'tion, n. -l-zd'shun, the act of moralising ; ex- 
planation in a moral sense: morality, n. rno-ral'i-ti, 
the doctrine or science of man's duties ; the quality of 
an action which renders it good or bad : morals, n. 
plu. mor'alz, the practice of the duties of life; course 
of behaviour with respect to others ; course of life in 
regard to good or evil : moral agent, a person capable 
ofunderstanding the distinction between right and 
wrong : moral philosophy, the science which treats of 
man's social relations and duties ; ethics : moral sense, 
the feelings with which we regard the conduct and dis- 
positions of others. 

morale, n. mo-ral' (F.), moral condition with respect 
to zeal, spirit, hope, and confidence ; mental state. 

morass, n. mo-rds' (Dan. morads; Ger. morast, a 
morass: Icel. myri, a marsh— from mor, peat, turf: 
ciiinecied wii h ,,<,„,,, ; i . .. , . , .-. en land), a tract of 
soft wet moor or bog; fenny ground; a marsh: mo- 
ras'sy, a. -rds'-si, marshy; fenny. 



mate, mdt,fdr, law; mete, m&t, her; pine, pin; note, not, mCve; 



MORA 



371 



MORT 



Moravian, a. mO-ra'vi-dn, pert, to the country of 
Moravia, or to the Christian sect or society called 
Moravians or United Brethren: n. one of the sect: 
Mora vianism, n. 4zm, the religious system of the 
Moravians. 

morbid, a. mor'bld (L. morbidus, sickly, diseased 
—from niorbus, disease: It. morbido: F. morbide), 
diseased; not sound and healthful : morbidly, ad. -II: 
morbidness, n. -n&s, the state of being diseased or 
unsound: morbid anatomy, the study of the altera- 
tions in the structure of the body produced by disease. 

morbific, a. mor-blf-ik, also morbif'ical, a. -i-kdl 
(L. morbus, disease, and facio, I make), causing a 

- - .:..:!_■ i.. .:iy -late 

morbilfous, a. mor-bll'-lus (mid. L.morbilli, mensles: 
It. morbilloso, belonging to the measles— from L. nior- 
bus, disease), pert, to the measles; measly: morbilli, 
n. plu. rnor-bU'-ll, the measles. 

morceau, n. mor-so" (F. ). a bit ; a morsel. 

mordacious, a. mor-d&'shus (L. mordax, biting or 
given to bite— gen. mordacis — from mordeo, I bite: 
It. mordace), apt to bite; biting; snappish; sarcastic: 
morda'ciously, ad. -VI: mordacity, n. rnor-dds'i-ti, 
the power or quality of biting : mordant, n. mor'ddnt 
(F. mordant, biting), any substance employed to fix 
and give permanency or brilliancy to the colour pro- 



duced by dye-stuffs ; any adhesive matter by which 
gold-leaf is mad " 
biting; caustic. 



gold-leaf is made to adhere : adj . serving to fix colours ; 



more, a. mOr (AS. ma, more : mara, greater, more : 
Gael, md, mdr, mdid, great, many, much: W. maivr, 
much), comparative degree of much ; greater in num- 
ber, quantity, quality, or degree ; additional : ad. 
to a greater degree ; a second or another time : n. a 
greater quantity, number, or degree ; other thing, as, 
we can do no more: no more, existing no longer: 
much more, in a greater degree, or with more readi- 
ness : more and more, with continual increase. 

moreen, n. mo-ren'(from mohair : F. moire, clouded 
woollen stuff, as moreen), a stout woollen stuff used 
for curtains, &c. 

morel, n. mo-reT (F. morelle), a plant; a sort of 
cherry. 

morel, n. mO-rel' (F. morille: Ger. morchel), an 
edible fungus abounding with little holes, generally 
of the size of a walnut. 

moreover, ad. mor-0'ver (more, and over), beyond 
what has been said ; further; besides. 

moresque, a. md-resK (F. moresque, Moorish— from 
It. moresco, Moorish— from moro, a Moor), done after 
the manner of the Moors; arabesque; architectural 
decoration in the Moorish st3 r le: n. architecture or 
decoration after the Moorish style. 

morganatic, a. mor'-ganat'-ik (Ger. morgengabe, 
morning-gift— from morgen, morning, and gabe, gift, 
endowment; Latinised into morganaticum), among 
the feudatories of the Lombards and other branches of 
Teutonic race, a name applied to the endowment of a 
wife, on the morning after marriage, with a limit- 
ed portion of her husband's fortune ; subsequently, 
a name applied to a marriage between a man of 
exalted rank and a woman of inferior position, she 
being only, however, entitled to the morgen gabe, with- 
out partaking of his rank, or having the same or 
any rights in the inheritance of the husband trans- 
mitted to her children; left-handed, as an irregular 
marriage. 

morgay, n. mor'gd (W. morgi, the sea-dog), the small 
spotted dog-fish ; the bounce or hound-fish, found in 
the Mediterranean. 

morgue, n. morg (F.), the place in some French 
towns where the bodies of persons found dead are 
placed, in order to be identified and claimed by their 
friends. 

moribund, a. mor'l-bund (L. moribundus, dying— 
from mori, to die : F. moribond), in a state of dying. 

moril, same as morel, which see. 

morillon, n. mo-ril'-un or -yun (F.), the immature 
golden-eye duck ; a fine black grape. 

moringa, n. nUi-ring ggi), a strong- 

scented tree which yields the ben-nut, a native of 
Egypt and the East Indies. 

morion, n. mo'ri-un (F. and Sp. morrion; It. mor- 
ione, a kind of helmet— from It. moro, a Moor), a par- 
ticular shape of helmet copied by the Spaniards from 
the Moors, having no visor or beaver ; a name given 
by lapidaries to rock-crystal of a brownish-black or 
charcoal-black tint. 

morisco, n. mo-ris'ko (Sp. morisco — from moro, a 



Moor), anything Moorish ; the Moorish language ; a 
dance: plu. moris'coes, -koz, a name given to the 
Moors who r lie taking of 

Granada, a.d. U92. 

morling, n. mor'ling, also mortling, n. mort'-llng (F. 
mort; L. mori nation, ling), 

wool plucked from a dead sheep. 

Mormon, n. mor'-mon, one of the sect founded by an 
American, Joseph Smith, who claimed to be inspired, 
so called from the Book of Mormon, asserted to have 
been found by him: Mor'monites, n. plu. -its, also 
Mormons, n. plu. -monz, the followers of Joseph 
Smith, and believers in his mission, and in the com- 
munications of the angel Mormon : Mor monism, n. 
-Izm, the doctrines and practices of the Mormons. 

morn, n. mom (see morning), the first part of the 
day; contracted for morning. 

morning, n. hiurn'-iioi iGoth. r.iaurqins ; Ger. mor- 
gen; Icel. morgun, morn: Wal. murgu, grey; mur- 
gitu, twilight), the first part of the day; the period 
from 12 at night to noon ; in popular phr -use, the time 
between dawn and the middle of the forenoon ; in 
fashionable life, all the part of the day before dinner; 
the first or early part, as of life : adj. done, occurring, 
or being in the morning: morning star, any planet 
seen shining in the morning— generally the planet 
Venus when she rises before the sun : morning gown, 
a loose robe worn in the morning before being dressed. 

morocco, n. mo-rok'ku (first prepared in Morocco, in 
Africa), a fine kind of grained leather prepared from 
goat skin or sheep skin. 

morone, n. mo-ron', a deep crimson colour like the 
unripe mulberry ; maroon. 

morose, a. mo-ros' (L. morosus, hard to be pleased, 
capricious— from mos, usage, custom : It. moroso : F. 
mo/-ose), of a sour temper ; gloomy ; sullen : morosely, 
ad. -II: morose'ness, n. -nes, the state or quality of 
being morose; sullenness. 

Morpheus, n. morfus (Gr. Morpheus— from morphe, 
form, shape), in anr. myth., the god of dreams. 

morphia, n. mor'-fi-d, also morphine, n. mdr'fin 

(Gr. Morpheus, the god of dreams : F. morphine), ape- 

aloid, the narcotic principle of opium. 

morphology, n. mor-fdl'O-jl (Gr. morphe, form, and 
logos, description), that department of botany which 
treats of the forms that the different organs of plants 
assume, and the laws that regulate their metamor- 
phoses ; also applied to animals in same sense : mor- 
phological, a. mor'fd-loj'l-kdl, connected with or relat- 
ing to morphology : morphol ogist, n. -ojist, one 
versed in morphology. 

morris, n., also morrice, n. mor'rls (F. moresque; 
It. moresca, a Moorish dance— from moro, a Moor), 
originally a Moorish dance ; a dance performed with 
bells, castanets, tambours, &c: nine-men's-morrice, 
a kind of play with nine holes in the ground. 

morrow, n. mor'ro (Goth, maurgins, morn — see 
morning), the first day after the present one: good 
morrow or good morning, a term of salutation : to- 
morrow, on the next day. 

morse, n. mors (Russ. morj), the sea-horse or walrus, 

morse, n. mors (L. morsum, to bite), in eccles. cos- 
tume, the clasp or fastening of a cope, frequently made 
of the precious metals and set with jewels. 

morsel, n. mor'sel (L. morsus, a bite : It. morsello, a 
bite : F. morceau ; old F. morcel, a morsel), a bite ; a 
mouthful ; a small piece. 

mort, n. mort (F. mort, death), in hunting, notes 
sounded at the death of game. 

mort, n. mort (Icel. margt, much), a great quantity; 
a large amount ; a salmon in its third year. 

mortal, a. mor'tal (L. mortalis, mortal— from mors, 
death: It. mortale: F. mortel), subject to death; des- 
tined to die; bringing death; belonging to man; 
deadly; punishable with death; not venial, applied 
to sin ; extreme ; violent : n. a human being ; a crea- 
ture subject to death : mor'tally, ad. -II, in a manner 
to cause death ; in the highest possible degree : mor- 
tality, n. mor-tdl'i-ti, state of being mortal ; subjec- 
tion to death; frequency of death ; human nature. 

mortar, n. mor'ter (L. mortarium; It. mortar o; F. 
mortier, a mortar : Low Ger. mart, what is crushed or 
ground; marten, to crush, to mash), a strong vessel 
in which substances are bruised or pounded with a 
pestle ; a short piece of ordnance of large bore, used 
for throwing bombs and shells. 

mortar, n. mor'ter (L. mortarium; F. mortier; Ger. 
mortel, mortar— so called from the materials being 
pounded up together : Dut. mortel, gravel, brick-dust), 



cow, bo'j,fo~bt; pure, lud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



MOET 



372 



MOTH 



a mixture of lime, sand, and water, used as a cement 
for building with stones or bricks. 

mortgage, n. mor'gdj (F. mart, dead, and gage, a 
token or pledge), the grant of lands or houses to a 
creditor in security for the repayment of his money, 
with the condition that in case of non-payment at a 
certain time the estate becomes dead— that is, passes 
wholly into the hands of the creditor ; state of being 
pledged : v. to convey or make over, as property to a 
creditor in security for a debt ; to pledge ; to put 
to pledge: mort'gaging, imp. -Ing: mort'gaged, pp. 
-giljd: adj. conveyed or granted, as real property in 
security for a debt: mortgager, n. mor'ga-jir, thy 
person who grants lands or houses in security for 
debt : mort'gagee', n. -ga-je, the person to whom an 
estate is mortgaged. 

mortiferous, a. mor-tlf'-er-us (L. mortifer, death- 
bringing— from mors, death, and fero, I bear), bring- 
ing or producing death ; deadly ; fatal. 

mortify, v. mor'ti-fl (It. and mid. L. mortificare, to 
mortify— from L. mors, death, and facio, I make : F. 
mortifler), to destroy vital qualities; to subdue or 
bring into subjection, as the appetites or passions ; to 
subdue the body to the mind, as by abstinence or se- 
verities ; to humble or depress ; to vex ; to lose vitality, 
as flesh; to become corrupt: mor'tifying, imp.: adj. 
that tends to humble or abase; humbling; vexing; 
becoming mortified: mortified, pp. -fid: adj. hum- 
bled ; vexed ; subdued ; affected with gangrene : mor'- 
tifier, n. -fi-er, one who: mor'tifica'tion, n. -fl-kd' 
in ailiatioi vexation ; depression by disap- 
pointment; subj i passions; the death of a 
part of a living body: mor'tifyingly, ad. -It. 

mortise, n. mor'tls (F. mortaise, a mortise— from L. 
morsum, to bite), the hole cut in one piece of wood to 
receive the tenon or projection by which another piece 
is made to hold it : v. to cut or make a mortise in : 
mor'tising, imp.: mor'tised, pp. -tist: adj. joined by 
a mortise and tenon. 

mortling— see morling. 

mortmain, n. mdrt'miln (F. mort, dead, and main, 
hand— from L. mors, death, and manus, the hand), 
originally, the transfer or conveyance of land to an 
ecclesiastical body, being, as it were, a hand which 
could never part with it again ; in law, possession of 
lands or tenements in dead hands, or such as cannot 
alienate, as of a corporation or fraternity. 

mortuary, n. mor'-tu-dr-l (L. mortuus, the dead), a 
gift, claimed by, and due to, the minister in very 
many parishes, on the death of a parishoner ; a gift 
left by a man at his death to his parish church; a 
burial-place • adj. pert to the burial of the dead. 

morus.n. mo'rus{L. moms: It. moro), the mulberry- 
tree. 

mosaesaurus, n. rwos'e-saw'rus, or mos'asau'rus (L. 
mosa, the river Meuse, on which Maastricht is situated, 
and Gr. sauros, a lizard), in geol., a gigantic marine 
reptile of the Upper Chalk, allied to the crocodile— so 
called from its first being found in the Maastricht beds. 

Mosaic, a. mo-zd'ik, also Mosa'ical, a. -i-k&l, pert, 
to Moses or his writings : Mosalcally, ad. -li. 

mosaic, n. mo'za'ik, or mosaic-work (mid. L. mu- 
sivum, musaicum, or mosaicum opus, mosaic-work : 
F. mosai'que, mosaic— origin not known, but supposed 
to be from Gr. mouseion, a place dedicated to study 
and the muses, a museum), designs formed with small 
pieces of coloured glass, stones, or pebbles, cemented 
on a ground of stucco or inlaid upon metal ; the art of 
so designing: mosa'ic, a., also mosa'ical, a. -zd'i-kdl, 
relating to or composed of mosaic-work : mosalcally, 
ad. -li: mosaic-gold, a fine gold-coloured variety of 
brass ; an alloy of copper, zinc, and gold. 

mosasaurns, mos'a-scuvo'rus— see mossesaurus. 

moschatel, n. mos'M-tSl (Gr. mosrhos, a tender shoot : 
L. muscus, moss or musk), a small British plant hav- 
ing pale-green flowers, and whose leaves and flowers 
smell like musk. 

moschus, n. mos'kus (Gr. moschos; L. mu. 
musk), a genus of animals ; the musk-deer ; the musk 
used as a remedial i\ by homceopathists. 

Moselle, n. mo-zel', a white wine from Moselle, in 
France. 

Moslem, n. mos'lSm (Ar. muslim, a true believer), 
an orthodox Mohammedan ; a Mussulman. 

mosque, n. mask (F. mosquee: Ar. masjid), a Mo- 
hammedan place of worship. 

mosquito, n mos-ke'to (Sp. mosquito— from mosca; 
L. musca, a fly : F. moustique), a gnat-like fly, common 
in the marshes and low grounds of many "countries, 



very annoying from its stinging powers ; also written 
musquito. 
~ iss, n. mos (F. mousse; It. musco; L. muscus; Gr. 
:, moss: Dut. mos, mould: Icel. mosi, a swampy 
or mossy place), a family of plants with simple branch- 
ing stems and numerous narrow leaves, found grow- 
~ig on rocks, trees, amongst grass, &c. ; a bog; a mo- 
ss : v. to cover with moss : mos'sing, imp. : mossed, 
pp. most: mossy, a. mos'-sl, overgrown with or abound- 
ing in moss : mossiness, n. m6s'i-nSs, the state of being 
overgrown with moss : moss-agate, a variety of agate 
which, on being cut and polished, exhibits numerous 
minute tree-like branchings of various shades, like 
the filaments of moss : moss-berry, cranberry : moss- 
capped, moss-clad, or moss-grown, covered with 
moss: moss-land, land abounding in peat -moss: 
i-rose, a beautiful variety of the rose, having a 
moss-like growth on the envelope of the flower : moss- 
troopers, a name given to the robbers or banditti who 
infested the borders between England and Scotland 
before the union of the two crowns. 

most, a. most (AS. mcest; Scot, maist; Goth, maists; 
Dut. meest, most — see more), superl. degree of 
much ; consisting of the greatest number or quantity : 
n. the greatest number, part, or quantity ; the utmost 
value or extent — when used as a noun, the noun is 
usually understood: most, ad., also mostly, ad. -II, 
in the greatest or highest degree; for the greatest 
-jart: at most, or at the most, within the furthest 
imits ; the utmost extent : to make the most of, to 
derive the greatest benefit or advantage from. 

mostick, n. mos'tik (contr. from Ger. malerstock), 
the stick or staff on which a painter rests his hand 
when painting; also written mahl-stick and maul- 
stick—see the former. 

mot, n. mo (F. mot, word, expression), a saying; a 
motto. 

mote, n. mot (Icel. mod, chaff; moda, dust: Dut. 
mot, sweepings : Bohem. metu, to sweep), a small par- 
ticle, as of dust ; anything proverbially small. 

motet, n. mo-tef(lt. mottetto, a motet— from motto, 
a word, device: F. motet), a short piece of sacred 
music ; a hymn. 

moth, n. mdth (Dut. mot, dust, a moth: Norm, motf, 
a moth), a winged insect of several species, somewhat 
like, and akin to the butterfly, generally seen in the 
twilight; a worm, the grub of a moth, that breeds in 
and consumes cloths, &c, laid up from the air ; figura- 
tively, that which gradually and silently consumes or 
eats away anything : mothy, a. moth'i, full of moths : 
to moth-eat, to eat or prey upon, as a moth eats a 
garment: moth-eaten, a. mdth-et'-n, full of holes by 
moths. 

mother, n. muth'er (Sans, m&tar; Gr. meter; L. 
mater; Gael, mathair; Buss, mater; Icel. modir, a 
mother), a woman that has borne offspring ; a female 
parent ; that which has produced anything ; that which 
is oldest and chief; a familiar term of address to an 
elderly woman ; the dregs from certain liquids, as vine- 
gar: adj. native; natural; received from parents or 
ancestors : v. to adopt or ascribe to, as a son or daugh- 
ter : moth'ering, imp. : moth'ered, pp. -erd : moth'erly, 
a. -li, pert, to a mother ; becoming a mother ; affection- 
ate; tender: ad. in the manner of a mother: moth'- 
erliness, n. -nes, the quality of being a mother, or 
acting as a mother : moth'erless, a, -18 s, having lost a 
mother: moth'erhood, n. -hood, state of being a 
mother: moth'ery, a. -er-l, containing thick slimy 
matter, as a liquid : Mother Carey's chickens, -kd'-riz 
chik'Snz, the name given by sailors to the ocean birds 
called stormy-petrels: mother church, the oldest 
church in a large parish which has been subdivided 
into smaller ones ; the B. Cath. Ch.; one's own church : 
mother country, the country from which a new coun- 
try has chiefly been colonised: mother tongue, one's 
native language : mother water or liquor, the liquid 
after crystals have been obtained from it : mother wit, 
native wit; shrewd common - sense : mother -wort, 
mother-of-thyme, plants : mother-in-law, the mother 
of husband orwife : mother-of-coal, the name given by 
the miners to the fine silky-fibrous lamina? of carbon or 
mineral charcoal, which occur embedded in the seams 
of ordinary coal: mother-of-pearl, the hard, silvery, 
internal layer of several kinds of shells, much used in 
the arts for inlaid work. Note.— Mother, as applied to 
the dregs of vinegar, oil, wine, Ac. (Ger. mutter; 
Bohem. matka, mother, or dregs of vinegar), is the 
same word, and " the expression appears to be taken 
from the process of distillation or of salt-making, 



mate, mat, far, laTu; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



MOTI 



373 



MOUR 



Where the mother waters are the original source from 
which the spirits of the salts are produced. The turbid 
residue is the mother, after parting with the child, to 
Which the process of manufacture has given birth. 
Bo in wine-making the crushed grapes are the wine in 
the Toother's womb ; after separation, the husks and 
Stones are regarded as the mother from which the pure 
(vine has been produced, the sediment subsequently 
formed from the wine being still regarded as part of 
the parent substance. " — Wedgewood. 

motiflc, a. mo-tif-ik (L. motum, to move, and facio, 
I make), producing motion. 

motility, n. mo-til'-l-tl (F. motilite, facility of mov- 
ing— from L. motum, to move), capability of moving ; 
the faculty of moving. 

motion, n. mo'-shiin (L. motio, a moving— gen. mo- 
tionis: It. mozione: F. motion), change of place or of 
local position ; animal life and action ; the passing of 
a body from one place to another, as opposed to rest ; 
manner of moving the body ; change of posture ; im- 
pulse communicated; tendency of the mind; internal 
action, as of the bowels ; a proposal made at a meeting 
or an assembly ; in a locomotive engine, the cross-head, 
cross-head guides, and the blocks, taken as a whole, 
are called "the motion": v. to make a significant 
movement with the hands: motioning, imp.-, mo- 
tioned, pp. mo'-shund: mo'tionless, a. -Ms, being at 
rest : motive, a. mo'-tiv (F. motif), causing motion ; 
able or tending to move : n. that which actuates or 
influences ; that which determines the choice ; induce- 
ment; cause; reason; in art, that which produces 
conception, invention, or creation in the mind of the 
artist, when undertaking a subject : motivity, n. mo- 
tlv'-i-ti, the power of producing motion. 

motley, a. mot'-ll (W. ysmot, a patch, a spot ; ysmo- 
tio, to mottle: Bohem. matlati, to smear, to daub), 
speckled; covered with spots of different colours; 
composed of various parts or characters. 

motor, n. mo'tor (L. motum, to move), that which 
gives motion; a mover: adj. in anat., producing or 
regulating motion, applied to certain nerves and mus- 
cles : motory, a. mO'torl, also motorial, a. moto'rl-al, 
giving motion. 

mottle, v. mot'l (from motley, which see), to mark 
with spots of different colours ; to mark with shades 
of different colours, as if stained : mottling, imp. mot- 
ling: mottled, pp. mot'hl: adj. marked with irregular 
spots or st, i colours. 

motto, n. mot'to (It. motto: F. mot, a word, a 
motto), a short sentence or phrase added to a device, 
or prefixed to anything written, as to an essay or dis- 
course. 

mould, n. mold (Flem. mul, dust : Dut. mullen, to 
crumble away: Goth, mulda, dust: Icel. mold, earth; 
molda, to commit to earth ; molna, to moulder away), 
fine soft earth such as constitutes soil ; friable earth ; 
garden -soil; matter of which anything is formed: 
moulder, v. mold'er, to turn to dust, or crumble by 
natural decay ; to waste away gradually : mould'er- 
ing, imp. : adj. turning to dust : wasting or crumbling 
away: mouldered, pp. mold'erd: adj . turned to dust ; 
wasted away: mouldery, a. mdld'-er-i, partaking of 
the nature of mould: mould-board, the part of a 
plough above the share which turns over the earth : 
mould-warp, n. -wawrp (AS. molde, earth, and iceor- 
pan, to throw or cast), a mole, so named from its cast- 
ing up earth. 

mould, n. mold (Bav. mauckelen, to smell close and 
musty; maunken, to look sour, to smell ill: Dut. 
monckelen, to look gloomy or sour: Dan. muggen, 
sulky, musty), the thread-like fungi or down-like sub- 
stance which forms on bodies, particularly when ex- 
posed to warm or clamp air, and which prey upon them 
and destroy their valuable properties : v. to cause to 
contract mould ; to become mouldy : moulding, imp. : 
mould'ed, pp.: mould y, a. -i, covered with mould: 
mould'iness, n. -nes, state of beingmouldy; the minute 
fungi which appear on organic bodies under certain 
conditions : iron-mould— see iron. 

mould, n. mold (F. moule: Sp. molde, a mould, a 
model: It. modolo, a model— from L. modulus, a small 
measure), that ibing is cast and receives 

its form; the matrix; a shape for confectionery; the 
cast or form given : v. to form into a particular shape : 
to fashion ; to knead : moulding, imp. : n. anything 
formed in a mould ; an ornamental form in wood or 
stone ; the contour given to the angles of cornices, 
capitals, window jambs, &c a small border or edging 
to a panel, or to a picture -frame: mould'ed, pp.: 



mould'able, a. -d-bl, that may be moulded or formed: 
moulder, n. -er, one who moulds or forms into shape. 

moult, v. molt (Ger. ma ■■_• Dut muiten, to mew 
or moult : Norm, muta, to lurk or seek covert, as a 
bird casting its feathers— see mew), to cast or shed the 
feathers, as a bird at a particular season; to shed or 
cast, as the hair, skin, horns, &c. , of animals : moult- 
ing, imp. : n. the time when birds cast their feathers ; 
the act or process of casting the feathers : mouit'ed, 
pp. 

mound, n. mmond (AS. s '.band, a pro- 

tection or defence: AS. jnundian, to protect), an arti- 
ficial bank of earth or stone, raised for defence or orna- 
ment: shell-mounds, masses of refuse shells found 
along many shores, and marking the feasting-places 
of the early and savage inhabitants. 

mount, n. mdivnt (F. mont, a hill; monter, to rise 
up— from L. mons, a mountain— gen, mo?itis), a hill or 
mountain ; an artificial elevation ; the paper or card- 
board upon which a drawing is placed, and to which 
it is attached : v. to ascend ; to rise on high ; to get 
or place on horseback ; to raise aloft ; to set in frame- 
work; to tower; to climb; to scale; to furnish with 
horses ; to embellish ; to adapt or fit to, or to set upon, 
as to mount a gun, that is, to set it upon a carriage ; 
to mount a precious stone, that is, to set it in a frame- 
work of metal, as in a ring or brooch : mount'ing, imp.: 
n. the act of mounting ; the act of preparing for use ; 
that by which anything is equipped or embellished : 
mounted, pp. : adj. raised ; seated on horseback; em- 
bellished; furnished with, as with guns : mount'er, n. 
•er, one who or that which mounts : mount'ingly, ad. 
-II: to mount guard, to do duty and watch at a partic- 
ular post for a limited time. 

mountain, n. mdivnt'-in or -an (L. montanns, belong- 
ing to a mountain— from mons, a mountain : It. mon- 
tagna; F. montagne), a very high hill, usually applied 
to heights of nearly and above 2000 feet ; anything pro- 
verbially large: adj. pert, to a m mntaii ■'■ ■■••>■'! ; 
mountains : mount'aineer', n. -er', an inhabitant of a 
mountainous district: mount'ainous, a. -iis, full of 
mountains; huge: mount ainousness, n. -nes, state of 
being full of mountains : mountain-ash, a tree pro- 
ducing large bunches of red berries : mountain cork, 
leather, wood, and paper, all varieties of asbestos : 
mountain-dew, Scotch whisky, esp> nM, rji.-u >,•, lu< i> 
has paid no duty : mountain green and blue, the fa- 
miliar terms for the green and blue carbonates of cop- 
per, mountain being at one time used as synonymous 
with mineral: mountain-limestone, carboniferous lime- 
stone, familiarly applied to thatfound on hills, in con- 
tradistinction to that found in the low-lying districts : 
mountain-meal, an infusorial earth, called also berg- 
mahl: mountain-milk, a soft variety of carbonate of 
lime : mountain parsley and rose, plants : mountain- 
soap, a variety of soapstone or silicate of magnesia: 
mountain-tallow, a tallow-like mineral : a mountain 
chain or range, a series of elevations, more or less lofty, 
having their bases in contact and continuous over a 
considerable extent of country : to make a mountain 
of a molehill, to make great out of little difficulties : 
mountain in labour, much and varied preparation with 
but little result, adopted from the fable. 

Mountain, n. mownt'ln or -an (F. la montagne), in 
French history, a popular name given in 1793 to the 
party of extreme Jacobins in the Convention, who 
occupied the highest rows of seats. 

mountebank, n. mdivnt'-e-bangk (It. montare, to 
mount, and banco, a bench ; montare in banco, to play 
the mountebank), a quack-doctor who mounts a bench 
or stage in a public place to boast of his skill in curing 
diseases ; any boastful or false pretender. 

mourn, v. morn (Gael, mairgnich, to groan, to sob: 
F. morne, dull, lowering : Goth, maurnan, to be troub- 
led about : old H. Ger. mornen, to grieve), to grieve 
for; to lament; to be sorrowful: mourning, imp.: 
adj. employed to' express sorrow or grief; worn, as 
appropriate to the condition of one mourning: n. the 
act of sorrowing or expressing grief; lamentation ; in 
the plu., the dress assumed on th d •' fam i 
relative: mourned, pp. mornd: mourner, n. morn- 
er, one who is grieved at any loss or misfortune ; one 
who attends a funeral in the habit of mourning: 
mourn'ingly, ad. -II, with the appearance of sorrow- 
ing: mournful, a. -fool, expressive of grief; having 
the appearance of sorrow ; sorrowful ; doleful ; sad : 
mournfully, ad. -II , in a mourning manner : mourn'- 
fulness, n. -nes, the state of being mournful: mourn- 
ing-coach, a dark-coloured carriage with black horses 



cow, boy, fcibt; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



MOUS 



374 



MUD 



and trappings for the accommodation of mourners 
attending a funeral : mourning right, a broad metal 
bordering for mourning columns or paragraphs in 
newspapers. 

mouse, n. mows, mice, n. plu. mis (Gr. and L. mus ; 
Ger. maws, a mouse), a well-known little animal that 
infests houses, granaries, &c. : v. molvz, to watch lor 
and catch mice, as a cat : mous'ing, imp. : adj. 
stealthy; sneaking; cat-like: moused, pp. mowzd: 
mousy, a. mdwz'-i, abounding in mice: mouser, n. 
imnrz'-ir, a cat that is a good catcher of mice : mouse- 
buttock, a term applied to certain parts of beef: 
mouse-ear, a plant so called from the shape and vel- 
vety surface of the leaves: mouse-hawk, a bird that 
feeds on mice : mouse-hole, the nest or den of a mouse : 
mouse-trap, a contrivance for catching mice. 

mousseline-de-laine, n. mobs-len'dS-lan' (F. muslin 
of wool), a woollen fabric of very light texture, used 
for ladies' dresses. 

moustache, n. mdbs-t&sh' (mod. Gr. mustax, mous- 
,, taches; mustaki, whiskers: Gr. mustax, the upper 
' lip ; mastax, the mouth : It. mostazzo, snout, face : F. 
moustache), hair worn over the upper lip by men; 
usually in the plu. moustach'e3, -tasK-ez; also spelt 
mustache. 

mouth, n. mowth, plu. mouths, mdwthz (Goth. 
munths; Icel. munnr; Ger. mund; Scot, munds, the 
mouth: Swiss, munzen; L. mandere, to chew), the 
opening in the head of an animal by which food is re- 
ceived, and containing the organs of mastication and 
of voice ; the instr. of speech ; any opening or channel 
by which a thing is received or discharged; an en- 
trance ; the part of a river or creek where its waters 
join those of a sea or other large body of water: v. 
mowth, to utter with an affected swelling voice ; to 
utter a word fully and roundly ; to vociferate ; to seize 
in the mouth ; to attack with reproachful language : 
mouth'ing, imp. -Ing : adj. uttering with an affected 
swelling mouth: n. an affected swelling manner of 
speaking: mouthed, pp, mowthd: mouther, n. mowtJt,'- 
6r, an affected speaker : mouthless, a. mowth'les, with- 
out a mouth: mouth'ful, n. rfobl, as much as the 
mouth can contain ; a small quantity : mouth'piece, 
n. in a wind-instrument of music, the piece for the 
mouth ; one who utters opinions on behalf of others ; 
a spokesman: to make mouths, ,mdwthz, to make 
grimaces or wry faces : down in the mouth, mortified ; 
dejected : to stop the mouth, to silence or confound. 

move, v. m6v (L. movere, to move or stir : It. movere, 
to move : F. mouver, to stir the mould in a garden ; 
mouvoir, to move, to stir), to carry or convey from 
one place to another; to pass from one place to 
another ; to walk ; to change the posture of the 
body or the position of a part; to put into mo- 
tion ; to arouse ; to provoke ; to affect ; to agitate ; to 
prevail on; to persuade; to touch pathetically; to 
walk or march ; to change a residence ; to propose or 
bring forward for consideration or acceptance ; to have 
vital action— as, "in Him we live, and move, and have 
our being": n. the act of transferring from one place 
or spot to another, as in chess or draughts ; a move- 
ment ; in familiar language, a scheme ; an artifice : 
mo'ving, imp.: adj. changing place; having motion; 
impelling; persuading; stirring the passions or affec- 
tions; touching: fitted to excite the passions or the 
affections: movings, n. plu. md'vingz, motives; im- 
pulse : moved, pp. mdvd : mo'ver, n. -ver, one who or 
that which moves ; a proposer : moveless, a. -Us, not 
to be put out of place; movement, n. mOv'ment, the 
act or manner of moving ; a passing ; any change of 
position; motion; excitement; any single part in 
music; the wheel-work of a watch; an agitation or 
proceeding undertaken to accomplish certain pur- 
poses, or to effect desired changes, as in political or 
ecclesiastical affairs, or in matters affecting social life : 
mo'vingly, ad. -li, in a moving manner ; pathetically ; in 
a manner to excite or affect the passions : mo'vingness, 
n. -tie's, power to affect the passions : moving-power, 
an agent used to impart motion to machinery, as 
water, steam, wind, &c: moving or motive force, in 
mech., the cause of the change of velocity in the mo- 
tion of a body ; a force equal to the product of the 
mass of a body into the accelerating force : mo'vable, 
a. -vd-bl, that may be moved or carried from one 
place to another ; susceptible of motion ; shifting from 
one time to another; portable: mo'vably, ad. -bli: 
mo'vableness, n. -bl-nSs, the state or quality of being 
movable ; susceptibility of motion : mo'vables, n. plu. 
od-blz, any kind of property which can be carried 
mate, m&t.fdr, latv; mite, met, 



about, as distinguished from houses or lands; goods? 
furniture: movable feasts, certain Church festivals 
which are reckoned backward and forward from the 
Resurrection, the celebration of that event depending 
on the time of the full moon. 

mow, v. mo (AS. mawan; Dut. maeden; Ger. mahen, 
to mow— see meadow), to cut the grass from, as a field ; 
to destroy sweepingly or in great numbers ; to cut and 
make grass into hay : mow'ing, imp. : n. act of cutting 
down with a scythe : mowed, pp. mod, also mown, pp. 
mon : mow'er, n. -er, one who mows. 

mow, n. mo (AS. mucg or mowe, a heap, a stack: 
Icel. mugr, a row of hay : Norm, muga, a heap of hay ; 
muga, to gather into heaps), a pile of hay or sheaves 
of grain stored in a barn ; the place where corn or hay 
is stored : mow-burnt, a. applied to hay that has 
heated by bein^ hr;,,,,,! ;,,...«•; i„ T in a, damp state. 

moxa, n. moks'-d (F. moxa: probably a word of 
Eastern origin), the down of a Chinese plant ; in med., 
a small cone of inflammable matter, used in Eastern 
countries as a cure for the gout or deep-seated pain 
by burning it on the skin; a small mass of combus- 
tible vegetable matter, employed for effecting cauter- 
isation. 

moya, n. moy'-d (Sp.), in S. Amer., a term applied to 
the fetid sulphurous mud poured out from certain 
volcanoes. 

Mr, n. mls'ter, a contr. of master, prefixed to the 
names of men : Mrs, n, mis'tres, contr. for mistress, 
prefixed to the names of married or elderly women- 
see master. 

much, a. miich (Icel. miok; Dan. megen; Swiss, 
michel; L. magnus, much, great), great in quantity or 
amount ; long in time : ad. to a great degree ; greatly ; 
nearly: n. a great deal; a great quantity; a heavy 
service or burden; comp. more; superl. most: to make 
much of, to treat with regard ; to pamper ; to fondle : 
much at one, nearly of equal value; equal influence. 

mucic, a. mu'slk (F. mucigue— from L. mucus, mu- 
cus), of or from gum: mucic acid, an acid formed by 
the action of nitric acid on sugar of milk, gum, &c. 

mucilage, n. mu'-si-laj (F. mucilage; Sp. mucilago; 
It. mucilaggine, mucilage— from L. mucus, the dis- 
charge from the nose), a solution in water of gummy 
matter; a slimy substance found in many vegetables : 
mucilaginous, a. mu'-sl-ldj'-l-nus, pert* to or resem- 
bling mucilage ; slimy : mu'cilag'inousness, n. -nes. 
the state of being mucilaginous. 

muciparous, a. mu-sip'-dr-us (L. mucus, the dis- 
charge from the nose, and pario, I produce), secreting 
or producing mucus. 

muck, n. muk (Norm, mokkok, a muck-heap— from 
moka, to cast aside with a shovel : Dan. muge, to clear 
away the dung in stables), the cleansings of cattle- 
stalls ; dung in a moist state ; filth : v. to manure 
with dung: muck'ing, imp.: mucked, pp. mukt: 
muck-heap, a dunghill : muck-worm, a worm bred in 
muck; a miser, 

muck, n. muk (Malay, amok, signifying to kill— see 
amuck, which is properly one word, and an adverb), a 
sudden wild attack upon every one met with, as 
among the Malays and Javanese, hence to run amuck: 
running amuck, an indiscriminate murderous attack 
upon friends and enemies, as the inhabitants of Java 
and other Asiatic islands often do under the influence 
of a remarkable frenzy, in which fits they aim at in- 
discriminate destruction. 

mucor, n. mu'-kor (L. mucor, a moisture from vines, 
which is injurious to them), mouldiness ; a certain fila- 
mentous fungus. 

mucous, a. mu'kiis (L. mucus, discharge from the 
nose : It. muco : F. mucus), pert, to mucus ; secreting 
mucus ; slimy : mu'eousness, n. -nes, the state of being 
mucous: mucous membrane, the membranous slimy 
lining of the canals and cavities of the body. 

mucro, n. mu'kro (L. mucro, a sharp point— gen. 
mucronis), in bot., a straight, stiff, and sharp point: 
mucronate, a. mu'-kro-nut, abruptly pointed by a 
sharp spinous process: mucronulate, a. mu-krou'-u- 
Kit, having a little, hard, sharp point. 

mucus, n. mu'-kus (L. mucus, the discharge from the 
nose— see mucous), the slimy substance secreted from 
the mucous membrane; in bot., a peculiar matter 
forming a covering of certain sea- weeds : muculent, 
a. mu'ku-leni, mucus-like ; slimy. 

mud, n. mud, (Low Ger. mudde : It. mota; Fin. mvta, 
mud : Sw. modd, snow trod by cattle into slush : prov. 
Eng. mudge, mud, dirt), soft slimy earth or debris ; 
the wet filth of roads : v. to bury among mud; to soil 
Mr; pine, pin; note, not, move: 



MUDD 



375 



MULT 



with mud; to render muddy: mud'ding, imp.: mud'- 
ded, pp.: muddy, a. -di, consisting of mud; tur- 
bid; dirty; impure; soiled or besmeared with mud; 
cloudv in mind ; dull or stupid : v. to soil with mud ; 
to dirty; to cloud: muddying, imp.: mud'died, pp. 
-did: adj. soiled with mud; rendered turbid: mud- 
dily, ad. -di-ll: mud'diness, n. -ties, foulness caused 
by mud or sediment : mud-cart, a cart for removing 
rubbish and filth from the streets: mud-fish, a species 
of fish living among mud, somewhat between a reptile 
and a fish: mud-lark, one who cleans out common 
sewers, or who searches for articles lost in such places, 
or for things lost among mud or slime : mud-sill, the 
sill or timber of a bridge which is laid at the bottom 
of a river, lake, &c: mud-stone, a name applied to 
those shales which return to mud on exposure to the 
air : mud-sucker, a sea-fowl : mud-wall, a wall built 
of dried mud. 

muddle, v. miid'l (from Eng. mud ; Low Ger. musseln, 
to daub, to dirty: prov. Dan. mossel, confusion), to 
root out with the bill, as geese and ducks do ; to make 
foul or turbid; to cloud or stupefy with drink; to 
contract filth : n. in familiar language, confused or 
turbid state: muddling, imp. mud -ling: muddled, pp. 
mud'hl: adj. in a half-intoxicated or stupefied state. 

muezzin, n. mu-ez'-zin (Ar. mmzzin— from azana, to 
hear, to listen), in Mohammedan countries, a clerk or 
crier who proclaims from the minaret of a mosque the 
hour of prayer. 

muff, n. muf (Dan. muffe ; Ger. muff, a muff: Dut. 
mvffel, a winter glove or sleeve: F. mufle, the snout 
or muzzle; mouffle, the chaps), a cover, usually in the 
form of a cylinder, generally made of fur, into which 
the hands may be placed for warmth. 

muff, n. wu(/(Dut. mar', dull, lazv: prov. Eng. muf- 
fling, a simpleton), a fool; a stupid fellow. 

m uffin , n. mufin (from Eng. muff, a cover for the 
hands, so called in allusion to its lightness), a light, 
round, spongy cake. 

muffle, u. mvfl (Sp. mufla : F. moufle), in assaying, 
an arched vessel with a flat bottom, placed in the fur- 
nace to receive the cupels. 

muffle, v. muf'd (from Eng:. muff, a warm cover for 
the hands— see muff 1), to cover or wrap up closely, as 
the neck or face ; to cover or conceal ; to deaden the 
sound of by winding something around: muffling, 
imp. : muffled, pp. muf-ld: adj. covered closely, espe- 
cially the face or neck for warmth ; blindfolded ; cov- 
ered with a substance to deaden sound, as oars : muf- 
fler, n. muf'ler, a warm covering for the neck and 
face; a kind of mask; part of a woman's dress by 
which the face is wholly or partially concealed. 

mufti, n. miif'tl (Ar. mufti), among the Turks, a 
doctor or expounder of the law of the Koran. 

mug, n. mug (old Ger. magele ; Swiss, mayel; Milan- 
ese, miola, a cup, a mug: Gris. majola, earthen- 
ware: It. majolica, ornamental earthenware), an 
earthen or metal vessel for drinking from ; a cup. 

mug, n. mug (It. mocca, a mocking or apish mouth : 
Esthon. mok, a snout, the mouth: Gael, smuig, a snout, 
a face in ridicule), in slang, a face ; the countenance ; 
an ugly face. 

muggy, a. miig'gl, alsomug'gish, a.-jffs7i(Icel. mugga, 
darkness caused by rain: Bret, mouga, to stifle: W. 
nw:g, smoke: Gael, muig, to smother), warm; damp 
and close, as the air; murky: mug'giness, n. -gl-n6s, 
the state of being muggy. 

mugil, n, a sea-fish), mullet. 

mulatto, n. muAdt'-to (Sp. mulato, of a mixed breed 
—from L. midus, a mule), the offspring of a white and 
a black person. 

mulberry, n. mul'bSr-ri (Ger. maulbeere; Sw. mul- 
baer, the mulberry— from L. morus; Gr. morea, the 
mulberry, probably so called from the dark purple of 
the fruit), the berry and the fruit of a well-known tree ; 
the tree itself— the leaves of one species form the food 
of silk-worms. 

mulch, n. mulch (Low Ger. molsch; Bav. molschet, 
soft through decay: AS. molsnad, decayed), rotten 
straw or litter ; straw half rotten. 

mulct, n. mulkt (L. mulcta, a fine or penalty in 
cattle, a fine in money), a fine ; a pecuniary penalty : 
v. to fine ; to punish with fine or forfeiture : mulct'- 
ing, imp. : mulct'ed, pp : mulctuary, a. mulk'tu-er-i, 
imposing a pecuniary penalty ; punishing with fine or 
forfeiture. 

mule, n. mul (L. mulus, a mule : It. mulo, a mule : 
F. mule, a female mule), the offspring of a male ass 
and a mare ; a hybrid ; a machine used in spinning 



cotton, so named as being the offspring, so to spealr, 
of the jenny and water frame: mulish, a. mu'llsh, re- 
sembling a mule; sullen; obstinate: mu lishly. ad. 
■II : mu lishness, n. -lie's, obstinacy like that of a mule : 
mule-like, a. like a mule: muleteer, n. mu'-let-er', a 
mule-driver. 

muliebrity, n. mu'li-Sb'rl-ti (L. muliebris, pert, to a 
woman— from mulier, a woman), the state of being a 



mull, v. mill (Scot, mule or modi, to crumble; to 
mule in, to crumble bread into a vessel for being 
soaked: Icel. molva; Low Ger. mullen, to rub down, 
to reduce to powder: F. molette, a stone used by 
painters and apothecaries for grinding colours; moul- 
leur, a grinder), to reduce the strength of by warming 
and enriching with sugar, spice, &c, as wine: n. a 
powder formed by pounding the small roots and husks 
and bark of large madder ; a very thin and soft mus- 
lin, used for dresses and trimmings, of which various 
kinds are made: mul'ling, imp. -ling: mulled, pp. 
miikl: adj. sweetened and enriched with spices: 
mul'ler, n. -ler, a hand-stone for grinding down oil- 
paint on a slab, or for reducing any substance to pow- 
der ; a vessel for heating wine over a fire. 

mull, n. mul (Icel. muli; Gael, maol, the brow of a 
mountain), in Scot., a cape or headland; a snuff-box 
made of the end of a horn. 

mulla or mullah, n. mfd'ld—see mollah. 

mullein, n. mul'-lin (F. mouleine or molene; Dan. 
mol, a moth), a wild hedge-plant whose seed was con- 
sidered good against moths in clothes. 

mulier— see under mull 1. 

mullet, n. mul'let (F. mulet— from L. mullus, the 
mullet), a sea-fish of several species having two long 
appendages hanging from the under lip. 

mullet, n. mul'let (F. mollette, the rowel of a spur), 
in her., a figure resembling the rowel of a spur. 

mulligatawny, n. miil'ligd-taw'ni, a kind of curry 
soup or stew. 

mullion, n. mul'-yun (It. mugnone, a carpenter's 
trunnion: Sp. munon ; F.moignon, the stump of an 
arm or leg), one of the upright bars which divide 
the several lights in a window-frame, being the stump 
of the division before it breaks off into the tracery of 
the window: v. to fit with mullions: mul'lioning, 

imp.: mvdlioned, pp. vnil inn/,! : adj to ins 'i 

Note.— The short upright bars are called mullions or 
munnions, and the cross or horizontal ones transoms. 

mulse, n. miils (L. mulsus, mixed with honey), wine 
boiled and mixed with honey. 

mult-, midt, or multi-, m'ul'tl (L. multus, many), a 
prefix in many words which are mostly technical or 
scientific. 

multangular, a. multdng'-gu-ler (L. multus, many, 
and angulus, an angle), having many angles: mul- 
tan'gularly, ad. -II. 

multarticulate, a. mul'-tdr-tlk'u-ldt (L. multus, 
many, and articulus, a joint), a term applied to the 
antennas of insects, and to the legs of crustaceans, &c, 
when composed of a great many joints; many-jointed. 

multicapsular, a, mul'-t l-kdp'-su-ler (L. multus, many, 
and capsula, a chest), having many capsules. 

multicarinate, a. mul'-tl-kdr'-l-nat (L. multus, many, 
carina, a keel), a term applied to a shell traversed by 
many keel-like ridges. 

multicavous, a. mid'-tl-kd'-vus (L. multus, many, and 
covus, holb.iwi, having many cavities. 

multicepital, a. mul'-tt-sep'-i-t&l (L. multus, many, 
and caput, the head— gen. capitis), many -headed. 

multicostate, a. miil'tl-kds'tdt (L. multus, many, 
and costa, a rib), in hot. , many-ribbed. 

multidentate, a. mul'ti-den-tat (L. multus, many, 
and dens, a tooth— gen. dentis), armed with many 
teeth, or teeth-like processes. 

multidigitate, a. mul'-tl-dij'i-tdt (L. multus, many, 
and digitus, a finger), many-fingered ; having many 
fingers, or finger-like processes. 

multifarious, a. mul'tl-fa'ri-us (L. multifarius, 
manifold— from multus, many), having many varieties 
or great diversity ; of many and various kinds : mul- 
tifariously, ad. -II: mul'tifariousness, n. -nes, multi- 
plied diversity. 

multifid, a. mul'ti-fld, also multifidous, a. mul-tif- 
1-dus (L. multifidus, cleft or split into many parts— 
from multus, many, and findo, I cleave or divide), 
having many clefts or divisions ; in hot., applied to a 
simple leaf divided laterally to about the middle into 
numerous portions : when the divisions extend deeper 
it is called multipartite. 



cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, ihere, zeal. 



MULT 



376 



MUMP 



multiflorous, a. mul'tl-flo'rus, also mul'tiflo'ral, a. 
-rOl (L. multus, many, aminos, a flower— gen. floris), 
having many flowers. 

multifoil, n. mul'-tl-fdyl (L. multus, many, and 
folium, a leaf), in arch., a leaf-ornament consisting of 
more than five divisions or foils. 

multiform, a. mul'-tl-fawrm, also mult'iform'ous, a. 
-form'us (L. multus, many, and forma, shape), having 
many forms or shapes : mul'tiform'ity, n. -l-tl, diver- 
sity of forms or shapes. 

multigenerous, a. mul'tl-jUn'er-us (L. multus, many, 
and genus, a kind— gen. generis), having many kinds. 

multilateral, a. mul'-tl-ldt'-er-dl (L. multus, many, 
and latus, a side— gen. lateris), having many, or more 
than four, sides. 

multilineal, a. muV-tl-lin'6-dl, also mul'tilin'ear, a. 
-Sdr (L. multus, many, and linea, a line), having 
many lines. 

multilocular, a. mul'ti-ldk'-u-lir (L. multus, many, 
and loculus, a cell), having many cells or chambers. 

multiloquent, a. mul-ttl'-o-kwent (L. multus, many, 
and loquens, speaking), loquacious ; containing many 
words: multil'oquence, n. -o-kwens, use of many 
words ; talkativeness. 

multinominal, a. mul'-ti-nom'-l-ndl, also mul tinom'- 
inous, a. -l-nus (L. multus, many, and nomen, a name 
— gen. nominis), having many names or terms : mul- 
tino'mial, a. -no'-ml-dl, having many names or terms; 
in dig., applied to quantities consisting of several 
names or terms. 

multiparous, a. mul-Up'd-rus (L. multus, many, 
pario, I produce), producing many at a birth. 

multipartite, a. mul-Up-dr-tit (L. multus, many, 
and partitus, divided), divided into or having many 
parts; in hot., deeply divided into several strips or 
portions. 

multiped, n. mul'-tl-pgd (L. multus, many, and pes, 
a foot— gen. pedis), an insect that has many feet : adj. 
having many feet. 

multiple, n. mul'ti-pl (L. multus, many, and plico, 
I fold : F. multiple), a quantity or number which con- 
tains another an exact number of times without a 
remainder— thus 8 is a multiple of 2, and 9 of 3: 
adj. containing many times; numerous: common 
multiple, one that is a multiple of two or more 
numbers— thus 12, 24, or 36 is a common multiple of 
4, 3, and 2: least common multiple, the least num- 
ber that will contain other numbers exactly— thus 
12 is the least common multiple of i, 3, and 2 : mul- 
tiple fruits, in hot, masses or aggregations of fruits, 
springing from several distinct blossoms, united into 
one body. 

multiplex, a. mul'ti-pleks (L. multiplex, that has 
many folds— from multus, many, and plico, I fold), 
in hot., having many folds ; having many of the same 
parts or organs occurring together. 

multiply, v. mul'ti-pll (L. multiplicare, to make 
many or numerous— from multus, many, and plico, I 
fold: It. multiplicare: F. multiplier), to increase in 
number ; to make more by addition or by natural 
production ; to grow in number ; to increase ; to per- 
form the process in arithmetic of repeating or adding 
a number to itself a given number of times : mul'ti- 
plying, imp.: adj. increasing: multiplied, pp. mul' 
ti-plid, increased in number ; numerous : mul'tiplier, 
n. -pli-er, one who or that which multiplies; the 
number which shows how often another is to be mul- 
tiplied or increased; in physics, an instrument for 
multiplying or increasing the intensity of a force or 
action by repetition, as an electric current by being 
conducted several times round a magnetic needle: 
mul'tipli'able, a. -pli'a-bl, also mul'tiplicable, a. 
-pll-kd-bl, that maybe multiplied: mul'tipU'ableness, 
n. -bl-nes, capacity of being multiplied : mul'tipli- 
cand', n. -pll-fa V(L.muli •> squiring to be 

knit together many times), in arith., the number to 
be, or requiring to be, multiplied : mul'tiplicate, 



ing a number any given number of times; in arith., 
a short operation or process by which a number or 
quantity is increased any given number of times: 
mul'tipiica'tive, a. -ka'tiv, tending or able to multi- 
ply or increase -. mul'tiplica'tor, n. -ka'ter, the num- 
ber by which another number is multiplied; a multi- 
plier : mul'tiplic'ity, n. -plls'i-ti (F. multipHcite', a 
multitude), many of the same kind; the state of 
being manifold or various ; a great or large number : 



multiplying-glass, an optical toy by which objects 
are increased in number to the eye. 

multipotent, a. mul'-tip'-o-tent (L. multus, many, 
and potens, powerful), having manifold powers ; hav- 
ing power to do many different things, 

multipresent, a. mul'-tl-prez'ent (L. multus, many, 
and prcesens, present), having the power of being 
present in many places at once : mul'tipres'ence. n. 
-priz'-ens, power of being present in more places than 
one at the same time. 

multisiliquous, a. mul'ti-sil'l-kwus (L. multus, 
many, and siliqua, a pod), many-podded ; applied to 
plants whose fruits contain many seed-vessels. 

multisonous, a. mul-tts'o-nus (L. multus, many, 
and sonus, sound), having many sounds, or much 
sound. 

multispiral, a. mul'-tt-spl'-rdl (L. multus, many, 
and spira, a wreath), applied to a shell having many 
wreaths or whorls. 

multistriate, a. mul'tl-strl'-at (L. multus, many, 
and stria, a streak), applied to the part of an animal 
or plant marked with many streaks. 

multitude, n. mul'tl-lud (L. multitudo, a great 
number— from multus, many: It. multitudine: F. 
multitude), a great number ; a crowd ; a throng ; the 
populaco ; multitudinous, a. -tu'dl-nus, consisting 
of a great number ; very numerous ; manifold : muT- 
titu'dinously, ad. -II. 

multivalve, n. mul'-tl-vdlv (L. multus, many, and 
valvce, valves or folding doors), a shell composed of 
more valves or pieces than two : mul'tival'vular, a. 
•vdl'-vu-ler, having many valves or pieces. 

multoca, n. mul-to'kd (Turk, multeka), the Turkish 
code of law. 

multocular, a. multok'-u-Ur (L. multus, many, and 
oculus, an eye), having many eyes, or more than 
two. 

multum, n. mixl'tum (L. multum, much), a mixture 
of the extracts of quassia and liquorice, used to adul- 
terate beer. 

multungulate, a. mubtung'gu-ldt (L. multus, many, 
and ungula, a hoof), having the hoof divided into 
more than two parts. 

multure, n. mul'tur or -choor (L. molitura, a grind- 
ing), a grinding ; the toll or emolument paid to the 
miller for grinding. 

mum, a. mum (an imitative word ; the sound made 
with the lips closed, being the least articulate sound 
a person can make), silent; not speaking: int. be 
silent or secret. 

mum, n. mum (Ger. mumme, a thick strong beer 
brewed at Brunswick: prov. Dan. mcem, mash for 
beer: Bav. mampf, thick soup), ale or beer brewed 
from wheaten malt. 

mumble, v. mum'bl (Low Ger. mummelen, to make 
the sound mum mum in eating or speaking: Dut. 
mommelen; Icel. mumla, to mutter), to speak with 
the lips partly closed; to suppress or utter imper- 
fectly ; to mutter ; to chew ; to eat with the lips close : 
mum'bling, imp. -bling : adj. uttering with a low 
imperfect articulation; muttering: mumbled, pp. 
•bid: adj. uttered with a low imperfect articulation: 
mumtler, n. -bier, one who speaks or utters words 
imperfectly : munrblingly, ad. -li. 

mumm, v. rnum (F. mommeur ; It. mommeo, one 
that goes a-mumming : It. rnomineare, to mumm : Dut. 
momme ; Ger. mumme, a masker, a mask, a bugbear : 
Ger. mumme ; Gr. mormo, a cry to frighten children 
with), to sport as a masker in silence and disguise ; to 
mask: mum'ming, imp.: adj. pert, to the sports of 
mummers : n. a masked entertainment : mummed, pp. 
mumd: mum'mer, n. -mer, one who plays at a theatre 
in disguise ; a masker ; a buffoon : mummery, n. mum' 
mer 'l, ill-managed acting ; a masquerading ; buf- 
foonery ; hypocritical disguise and parade. 

mummy, n. murn'mi (Ar. mumia, a kind of bitumen 
— from mum, wax: It. mummia: F. mumie), a dead 
body embalmed after the manner of the anc. Egyp- 
tians ; a dead body preserved from decay by any 
means; a liquor whii-h «lisl il- from mummies; agum ; 
a sort of wax used in the grafting of trees : to beat 
to a mummy, to beat soundly: mummify, v. mum- 
ml-fl (L. facio, I make), to prepare as a mummy by 
embalming; to make a mummy of: mum'mifying, 
imp. : mum'mified, pp. -fid : mum'mifica'tion, n. -k& 
shun, the act of making into a mummy: mummi- 
form, a. mum'ml-fawrm (L. forma, shape), mummy- 
shaped. 

mump, v. mump (Scot, mump, to speak indistinctly, 

mate, mdt,f&r, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin ; note, not, m6ve; 



MUMP 



377 



MUSC 



to hint at : Icel. mumpa, to eat voraciously : Swiss, 
mumpfeln, to eat with full mouth), to bite the lip like 
a rabbit; to move the lips while closed or almost 
closed ; to make faces as if chewing or nibbling ; to 
nibble ; to talk with indistinctness, as if the lips were 
closed ; to make mouths ; to beg ; to implore with 
a beggar's look and manner; to trick: mumping, 
imp: adj. nibbling; begging: n. begging tricks : 
mumped, pp. miimpt : mumper, n. -er, a beggar: 
mump'ish, a. -Ish, sullenly silent ; sullen ; sour : 
mumpishiy, ad. -II: mump'ishness, n. -nis, sullen 
Bilence ; sullenness. 

mumps, n. plu. miimps (LowGer. mumms, a swelling 
of the glands of the neck— see mump), inflammation 
and swelling of the salivary glands, and of the par- 
otid glands in particular. 

munch, v. miinsh (F. manger; It. mangiare— from 
L. manducare, to chew, to eat), to chew by great 
mouthfuls: munch'ing, imp. : munched, pp. munsht: 
munch er, n. -er, one who munches. 

mundane, a,.mun'-dan (L. mu7ida7ius, belonging to 
the world— from mundus, the world), belonging to 
the world ; earthly ; terrestrial : mundanely, ad. -li. 

mundic, n. mun'dik, common or yellow iron pyrites, 
so called by the Cornish miners. 

mungo, n. mung'-go, woollen cloth manufactured 
from the rags and cast-off clothing of fine woollen 
goods ; shoddy is the material from rags of coarser 
goods. 

mungrel, a mung'-grSl—see mongrel. 

municipal, a. mil-nis'i-pdl (L. municipalis, of or 
belonging to a free town— from municipium, a town 
or city, other than a Roman city, whose citizens pos- 
sessed the privileges of Roman citizenship, a free 
town: F. municipal: It. municipale), pert, to a city, 
corporation, or state: municipally, ad. -II: munici- 
pality, n. -pdl'l-tl, the corporation of a city ; a small 
territorial district ; a ward or district. 

munificent, a. mii-nlf'l-se'nt (L. munificens, present- 
ing with anything— from L. munus, a gift, and facio, 
I make : It. munificente : F. munificent), marked by 
great liberality in giving; very liberal; generous: 
munificently, ad. -It: munificence, n. mu-nlf'4-sens, 
a high degree of generosity or liberality. 

muniment, n. mu'-nl-ment (L. munimentum, any- 
thing constructed for defence, a protection— from 
munio, I fortify), that which protects or defends ; a 
Btronghold ; a deed, charter, or record, by which rights, 
&c., are defended or maintained. 

munition, n. mH-nish'-un (L. munitio, a fortification 
—from munio, I fortify: F. munition), materials used 
in war. 

munjeet, n. mtfnyeV.akindofmadderobtainedfrom 
the root of an East Indian plant. 

munnion — see mullion. 

Muntz metal, n. mrintshnSt'-dl, an alloy consist- 
ing of 60 parts of copper and 40 of zinc, used in the 
form of thin plates for the sheathing of ships— named 
after the inventor. 

murage, n. mu'-rdj (L. murus, a wall), money paid 
for keeping the walls of a city in repair. 

mural, a. mu'rdl (L. muralis, belonging to a wall— 
from murus, a wall : It. murale: F. mural), pert, to or 
resembling walls: mural circle, the principal iixed 
instrument in an observatory, consisting of a large 
graduated circle fixed on a solid perpendicular wall : 
mural crown, in anc. Rome, the crown bestowed on 
him who first mounted the wall of a besieged town. 

murchisonia, n. mer'ki-so'ni-d (after Sir R. Murchi- 
son), an elongated spiral shell, having the outer lip 
deeply notched : mur'chisonite, n. -son-it, a golden or 
greyish yellow variety of felspar. 

murder, n. mer'der (Goth, mauthrjan ; Ger. mor- 
den, to slay: Icel. morel, a secret slaying: Bohem. 
mord, slaughter: connected with Swiss morden; Low 
Ger. murten, to crush), the killing of a human being 
by a person of a sound mind, and with premeditated 
malice : int. a cry of alarm arising from bodily fear : 
old spelling, murther, n. mer'ther: v. to kill or slay 
with premeditated malice ; to put an end to : mur'der- 



fully kills a human being : mur'deress, n. -es, a woman 
who kills a human being unlawfully : mur'derous, a. 
-its, done with intent to murder ; bloody ; sanguinary : 
mur'derously, ad. -li : to murder the Queen's English, 

in familiar l ait improprieties in gram- 

mar or spelling ; to spoil, 
murex, n. mu'-reks (L. murex, the shell-fish yielding 



a purple dye), a genus of rock-shells : murexan, n. 
mu-reks'-dn, purpuric acid: murex'ide, n. -id, purpur- 
ate of ammonia, an organic compound, forming a pur- 
ple colour with a solution of potash. 

muriacite, n. mu'-ri-«-sif (L. muria, brine, sea- 
water), a term applied to the crystalline varieties of 
anhydrous sulphate of lime: muriate, n. m Ci'-ri-at, a salt 
formed by the combination of muriatic or hydro- 
chloric acid with a base, as muriate of soda, common 
salt: muriat ic, a, -dt'-lk, from or resembling brine or 
sea-salt : muriatic acid, an acid consisting of chlor- 
ine and hydrogen, obtained from sea-water, emitted 
in a gaseous form from the craters of active volca- 
noes, and sometimes found in solution in crevices 
about their slopes. 

muriatiferous, a. mu'-ri-d-tif'-ir-us (L. muria, sea- 
water, and/ero, I produce), producing brine or sea- 
salt. 

muricalcite, n. mu'-rl-kcd'-slt (L. muria, sea- water, 
and calx, lime— gen. cede is), a mineral consisting of 
the carbonates of lime and magnesia. 

muricate, a. mu'rl-kat, also^mu'rica'ted, a. -k&'tSd 
(L. muricutus, full of sharp points— from murex, a 
shell-fish armed with sharp prickles), formed with 
sharp points ; covered with firm short points or ex- 
crescences. 

muridae, n. plu. mft'ri-de (L. mus, a mouse— gen. 
muris), the rat family: murine, a. mu'-rin, pert, to 
mice. 

muriform, a. mu'-rl-fawrm (L. murus, a wall, and 
forma, a shape), in hot., wall like, applied to tissues 
pn seiiting the appearance of bricks in a wall. 

murky, a. mer'-kl (Icel. myrkr, darkness, myrka, to 
darken : Bohem. mrak, darkness : Lap. murko, mist, 
fog), dark; obscure; gloomy: murkily, ad. -II: mur- 
kiness, n. -ne~s, the state of being dark or gloomy. 

murmur, n. mer-mer (the representation of a 'sound 
like that of running waters, wind among branches of 
trees, the hum of bees, and the like: L.mitrmurare, 
to give out a low murmuring or hollow sound: Gr. 
mormurein; It. mormorare : F. murmurer, to mur- 
mur), a low continually-repeated sound or sounds; a 
complaint uttered in a low suppressed tone: v. to 
give forth or utter low suppressed sounds ; to com- 
plain: murmuring, imp. : adj. uttering complaints in 
low half-suppressed tones; giving forth low suppressed 
tones, as a murmuring brook: n. the utterance of 
complaints in half- suppressed tones; low confused 
noise: murmured, pp. mir'-mird: murmurer, n. -er, 
one who complains or grumbles : mur'muringly, ad. 
■li: mur'murous, a. -us, attended with murmurs; ex- 
citing complaints. 

murrain, n. mur'rdn (Sp. morriria, a disease among 
cattle: old F. marine, the carcass of a dead beast: 
Icel. morkinn, rotten; morkna, to rot: L. morticians, 
that dies of itself— from morior, I die ; mors, death), 
an infectious and fatal disease among cattle: adj. 
infected with murrain: int. used as an impreca- 
tion, as, " murrain take thee ! " 

murrey, a. mur'-rl (F. more'e ,• Sp. morado, mulberry- 
coloured— from L. morum, a mulberry), of a dark-red 
colour. 

murrhine, n. mUr'rln (L. murrhinus, belonging to 
the stone murrha — from murrha, a stone of which 
costly vessels are made), among the ancients, a name 
applied to a delicate sort of ware of great value and 
beauty. 

murrion, n. mur'-rX-on — see morion. 

murther, n. mer'ther, an old spelling of murder, 
which see. 

murza, n. mer'-zd, the second grade of Tartar no- 
bility. 

muscadel, n. mus'-kd-cUT ', also muscadine', n. -din', 
(see muscatel), a rich grape, and the wine made from 
it ; a fine kind of pear. 

muscardin, n. mus'kdr-din (F. muscardin: It. mos- 
cardino), the dormouse. 

muscardine, n. mus'kdr-din (¥.), a disease affecting 
silk-worms, and very destructive to them ; the fungus 
by which it is caused. 

muscat, n. mus'-kdt, same as muscatel, which see. 

muscatel, n. mus'l-n-tei ". alsomus'cadel', n. -del', and 
muscadine, n. -din' (mid. L. muscatellus, the tree; 
muscatellum, the wine— from musca, a fly— so named 
from flies and bees being attracted by the fruit or its 
flowers : F. muscadel— from mouche, a fly : It. and Sp. 
moscatello— from mosca, a fly), a very rich grape, and 
the wine made from it ; the grapes dried oh the vine 
for fine table-raisins ; a pear. 



cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



MUSC 



373 



MUST 



muschel-kalk, mdbsh'Sl-kdlk (Ger. muschel, shell, and 
kalk, lime), shell limestone of the new red sandstone 
series, found in Germany, rich in fossil remains. 

muscites, n. plu. mus'sitz (L. muscus, moss), agene- 
:.>i irnn i'oi fossil plants of the moss family: muscos- 
(■../. H mih; i.-ii.-.'-i h, mossiness. 

muscle, n. mus'l (L. musculus, a little mouse, a 
muscle of the hody, a shell-fish— from Gr. mus, used in 
the same sense : It. muscolo : F. muscle), one of the 
organs of motion in the body— the muscles form the 
red fleshy portions of land animals ; a shell-fish— but 
this now generally spelt mussel, which see : muscled, 
a. mils'ld, having large muscles : muscular, a. raws' 
ku-ler, full of muscles ; performed by or dependent 
on muscles ; strong ; brawny ; vigorous : mus'cularly, 
ad. -II: mus'cular'ity, n. -lur'4-tl, the state of being 
muscular: muscular tissue, the tissue which forms 
the substance of muscles. 

muscoid, a. mus'kdyd (L. muscus, moss, and Gr. 
eidos, likeness), moss-liki- : n. a moss-like plant. 

muscology, n. mus-kol'6-ji (L. muscus, moss, and Gr. 
loiftt,;, discourse), that part of botany which treats of 
the mosses. 

muscovado, n. mus'ko-vd'-do (Sp. mascabado, a 
term applied to inferior sugar), raw or unrefined 
sugar. 

Muscovy, a. mus'ko-vi, of or from Moscow, in Russia: 
Muscovite, n. mus'ko-vlt, a native or inhabitant of 
that small part of Russia which formerly alone consti- 
tuted Russia : Muscovy-duck, a large species of duck : 
Muscovy-glass, or Muscovite, -vit, a variety of mica, 
semi-transparent, often found in masses, capable of 
being split into plates, and used as glass, occurring of 
various colours, abundant in granite, of which it forms 
one of the constituents. 

muscular— see muscle. 

muse, n. muz (L. Musa : Gr. Mousa, one of the nine 
goddesses of poetry or song: It. musa: F. muse), the 
inspiration or power of song: muse'les3, a. -les, having 
no power of poetry; unpoetical: Muses, n. plu. mu'zSz, 
in unc. myth.. , ii.>c i. . < • ...i. ;,-.■.... . .. )■,■■ < ■ ..i. 1 .-.; n .. 

the liberal arts, the daughters of Zeus (Jupiter) and 
Mnemosyne (memory),— viz., Calliope, kai-li'o-pe, elo- 
quence and heroic poetry : Clio, klv 6, history: Erato, 
6r'd-to, lyric and love poetry: Euterpe, u-ter'pe, 
music: Melpomene, mSl < bragedy: Poly&ym- 

nia, pdl'i-Mm'-ni singi ij and rhe ic: Terpsichore, 
terp-slk'-o-re, dancing: Thalia, tha-li'd, pastoral and 
comic poetry: Urania, u-ru'ni-d, astronomy. 

muse, v. muz (F. muser, to muse, to dream : Norm. 
mussa, to whisper, to mutter : L. mussare, to buzz, to 
brood over: Gr. muzein, to murmur: Bret, mouza, to 
sulk : Swiss, mvsen, to mope : Dut. muizen, to ponder, 
to muse), to ponder ; to think closely ; to study in si- 
lence ; to think on ; to be absent of mind : mu'sing, 
imp.: adj. meditative: n. act of one who muses; medi- 
tation ; contemplation ; familiarly, a brown - study : 
mused, pp. milzd: mu'ser, n. -zer, one who is apt to be 
absent in mind : muse'fully, ad. -li: mu'singly, ad. -II. 

museum, n. mu-ze'um (L. museum; Gr. mouseion, a 
place dedicated to study and to the muses : It. museo . 
F. musee), a building set apart for curiosities in na- 
ture and art, where they are systematically arranged 
for the inspection of the curious or the studious. 

mush, n. mush (Ger. mus, pap), the meal of maize 
boiled in water. 

mushroom, n. mush'-rdm (F. mousseron, the small 
white mushroom ; mousse, moss— from the nature l '. 
the ground on which they grow), an edible fungus 
which grows rapidly, used for making sauces ; figur- 
atively, an upstart: mushroom-ketchup (see catch- 
up), a sauce made from mushrooms : mushroom- 
spawn, the seed of mushrooms in a mass. 

music, n. mu'-zik (L. musica: Gr. mousike, the art of 
music : L. mussare, to buzz, to hum : Wal. muzer, to 
hum a tune: It. musica: F. musique), any succession 
of sounds, or combination of soiu id oicb i.i< ;t ■■<■ n 
delight the ear; the science of harmonical sounds: 
musical, a. rnu'zikdl, pert, to or consisting of music; 
pleasing to the ear ; melodious ; sweet-sounding ; 
skilled in music, as "he is very musical;" containing 
music, as a musical voice: mu'sically, ad. -li: mu'- 
sicalness,. n. -nes, the quality of being musical : mu- 
sician, n. mu-zlsh'dn, a skilled musical performer: 
music of the spheres, a supposed harmony caused by 
the motions of the heavenly bodies : musical-glasses, 
a number of small glass vessels so arranged that a 
skilful performer can produce sweet music from them : 
music-seller, a shopkeeper who sells printed music 



generally, and such musical instrs. as pianofortes, 
-rgans, harps, &c. 
musk, n. musk (Gr. moschos; Ar. mesk; It. muschio ; 
. muse, musk), a strong-scented substance obtained 
from an animal inhabiting Central Asia, and con- 
tained in a bag situated on the belly of the male ; a 
small musk-scented plant : v. to perfume with musk : 
musk'ing, imp. : musked, pp. muskt : musky, a. musk'-i, 
having the odour of musk : musk'iness, n. -l-n6s, the 
quality of being musky; the scent of musk: musk- 
deer, the animal itself: musk-apple, musk-melon, 
musk-rose, musk-mallow, plants, so called from their 
odour: musk-cat, musk-duck, musk-ox, musk-rat, 
animals, so called from their odour. 

musket, n. mus'kSt (mid. L. muschetta, a bolt shot 
from any old warlike instr. for casting stones— from 
Prov. mosquet; F. mouchet; AS. mushafoc, asparrow- 
hawk— the implements of shooting being commonly 
named after different kinds of hawks : It. mosquetto : 
F. mousquet), the firearm formerly used by soldiers of 
the line; a young male sparrow-hawk: musket-proof, 
that cannot be injured or penetrated by a ball from a 
musket or hand-gun : musketeer', n. -ket-er', a soldier 
armed with a musket: mus'ketoon', n. -Mt-6n' (F. 
mousqueton), a kind of blunderbuss, not now in use : 
musketry, n. miis'ket-ri, the art or science of firing 
small-arms ; the firing of muskets, or a volley from 
them ; hand-guns in general. 

muslin, n. muz'lln (F. mousseline— said to be from 
Moussul, in Asiatic Turkey, where first made : Venet. 
musolin; mod. Gr. mousouli, muslin), a fine thin 
cotton cloth of any kind: adj. made of muslin: mus'- 
linet, n. -lin-6t (dim.), a coarser variety of muslin: 
muslin-de-laine— see mousseline-de-laine. 

musmon, n. mus'mon, also moufflon, n. m6f'lon 
(L. musmo : Gr. mousmon), an animal said to be the 
sheep in a wild state, and the parent of the domestic 
sheep, about the size of the common ram, still found 
in the mountains of Corsica and Sardinia. 
musquash, n. mus'kwdsh, the musk-rat. 
musquito, n. mus-ke'to—see mosquito, 
musrole, n.,also musrol, muz'-rol (F. muserolle— from 
museau, a muzzle), the nose-band of a horse's bridle. 

mussel, n. mus'61 (L. musculus, a little mouse, the 
shell -fish— see muscle, of -which mussel is only another 
spelling), a well-known bivalve shell-fish : mussel-band, 
among miners, a thin layer or stratum of iron ore, al- 
most wholly composed of shells resembling the exist- 
ing mussels : mussel-beds, the areas, in tidal estuaries, 

edby the mussel. 

Mussulman, n. mus'-ul-mdn (Turk, musslim, a fol- 
lower of Islam, a true believer ; musslimin or mussli- 
man, Moslems), a follower of Mohammed; a true 
believer: Mus'sulmans, n. plu. -mnnz: Mus'sulman'ic, 
a. -mdn'ik, pert, to : Mus'sulman'ly, ad. -li. 

must, v. must (Ger. miissen; Dut. moeten, to be 
forced : Sw. maste, must : Bohem. musyti, to be forced 
to do), an auxiliary verb which implies necessity or 
obligation. 

must, n. must (L. mustum; F. moust, the juice of 
grapes, new wine: Russ. mest; Ger. most, juice Of 
fruits : Sw. must, juice, sap), the unfermented juice of 
ripe grapes ; new wine. 

mustache, n. mus-tdsh', mustach'es, n. plu. -tdsh'tz 
(see moustache), hair on the upper lip : mustached, a. 
miXs-tdshf, having moustaches: mustachio, n. mus- 
tdsh'i-6 (Sp. and It. mustacchio), hair of the upper 
lip— another spelling, mustache: mustachioed, a. -i-6d, 
having mustachios. 

mustang, n. mus'tdng, the wild horse of the prairie3 
of Mexico, California, &c, small and hardy. 

mustard, n. mus'terd (Venet. mostarda, a sauce: 
Sp. mostaza, thickened must; mostazo, mustard: F. 
moutarde), a plant ; also its seed ground, forming a 
common condiment of our tables. 

mustee, n. mus'-U, in the Indies, the child of a white 
and a quadroon. 

musteline, a. mus'-tS-lln (L. mustela, a weasel), pert, 
to animals of the weasel kind. 

muster, n. mus'ter (Ger. mustern, to muster or re- 
view : F. monstrer, to show ; monstre, a view, a sight), 
an assembling of troops for review ; any assembling or 
gathering ; the act of collecting : v. to collect or as- 
semble for military duty or review ; to bring together ; 
to assemble : mus'tering, imp. : mus'tered, pp. -terd, 
assembled or gathered together : muster-book, a book, 
in which troops are registered : muster-roll, an author-, 
ised list of the officers and men in a company, regiT 
ment, &c. : muster-master, one who superintends a, 



mate, mtit t far, law; mete, met, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, mOve; 



MUST 3 ; 

nmster of troops : to muster up, to gather or obtain 
with some effort : to pass muster, to pass inspection 
with' it censure or blame. 

musty, a. miis'tl (Gael, musg, matter that gathers 
round the eyes; musgach, mouldy: prov. Dan. mus- 
ken, musty), spoiled with damp, mould, or age ; hav- 
ing an ill* flavour; stale; dull; heavy: mus'tily, ad. 
-tl-ll: mus'tiness, n. -n6s, the quality of being musty 
or ill-flavoured. 

mutable, a. mu'td-bl (L. mutabilis, that is easily or 
often changed— from muto, I change: It. mutabile), 
subject to change ; changeable; alterable; unsettled; 
inconstant: mutably, ad. -td-bll: mutableness, n. 
-bl-nes, also mu'tabii'ity, n. -bil'-i-ti, the quality of 
being mutable; changeableness ; instability: muta- 
tion, n. milta'shun, change; alteration. 

mutage, n. mu'-tdj (F. muter, to improve with sul- 
phur, said of wine— from L. muto, I change), the pro- 
cess of sulphuring grape-must to prevent or arrest 
fermentation. 

mutchkin, n. miich'-kln (Soot.), a Scotch liquid mea- 
sure, equal to four gills, or an imperial pint. 

mute, a. mut (L. mutus, silent, speechless— from 
mutire, to murmur, to mutter: Serv. muk, silent; 
muchati, to be silent: It. muto: F. muet), silent; ut- 
tering no sound ; not having the power of utterance ; 
not sounded, as a letter: n. one naturally unable to 
speak; one remaining wilfully silent; in gram., ap- 
plied to those consonants which intercept the voice in 
utterance, as k, p, and t; an attendant at a funeral; 
in Turkey, a dumb executioner ; a little instr. of wood 
or brass used on a violin to soften or deaden the 
sounds. 

mute, n. mut (F. mufir, to mute, as a hawk ; esmeut, 
the droppings of a bird: IceL smelta, to liquefy), dung 
of birds : v. to cast out the contents of the bowels, as 
birds: muting, imp. mu'ting: n. the dung of birds: 
muted, pp. 

muticus, a,, or muticous, a. mu'-tl-kus (L. mutilus, 
maimed), in bot., without any pointed process or awn; 
pointless. 

mutilate, v. mu'tl-ldt (L. mutilatum, to maim or 
mangle: Gr. mutilos, curtailed: It. mutilare: F. mu- 
tiler), to maim or mangle; to cut off any important or 
material part ; to render imperfect ; to garble or only 
partially represent : mutilating, imp. : mu tilated, 
pp. : adj. maimed or mangled : mu tila'tor, n. -Id'tir, 
one who mutilates : mutilation, n. -Id'-shun, the act 
of depriving of a limb or an essential part ; the state 
of being mutilated. 

mutiny, n. mu'tt-nl (F. mutiner, to mutiny or rise 
inarms— from mutin, turbulent, unquiet: Dut. muy- 
ten, to mutter, to murmur: Fin. mutista, to whisper), 
in the army or navy, a refusal of obedience to lawful 
authority by a subordinate ; an insurrection of sol- 
diers or sailors against their officers : v. to rise in in- 
surrection against the authority of their officers, or 
against the head of the state, by soldiers or sailors: 
mu'tinying, imp.: mutinied, pp. -nld: mutineer', n. 
-tier', one who mutinies : mutinous, a. -mis, disposed 
toorgtiiltyofmutiny; seditious: mutinously, ad. -U: 
mu'tinousness, n. -nes, the state of being mutinous ; 
a spirit of insubordination to superiors: Mutiny 
Act, the Parliamentary sanction given to the articles 
of war or military code, necessary to the existence 
of a standing army in the United Kingdom and her 
dependencies ;— the first Act passed in 1689 has ever 
since been renewed annually, with one exception. 

mutter, v. mut'-ttr (~L. muttire, to mutter, to utter 
low sounds: Swab, mottern, to make sour faces), to 
speak in a low tone with compressed lips ; to murmur ; 
to grumble : n. an obscure or imperfect utterance ; a 
murmur : mut'tering, imp. : adj. uttering words in low 
suppressed tones: muttered, pp. -terd: adj. uttered 
in low suppressed tones : mut'terer, n. -ter-er, one who 
mutters : mut'teringly, ad. -ll. 

mutton, n. mut'-n (F. mouton, a wether, a sheep), 
the flesh of sheep : mutton-chop, a rib chopped from 
the loin. 

mutual, a mu'tu-dl (L. mutuus, equal on both sides : 
It. mutuo : F. mutuel : Sp. mutual), interchanged ; 
given and received; each acting in return or corre- 
spondence to the other ; reciprocal: mutually, ad. -U. 
mutule, n. mu'-tul (F. mutule, a corbel, a bracket), 
in arch., a projecting block worked under the corona 
of the Doric cornice, in the same situation as the 
modillons in the Corinthian and composite orders: 
mu tuled, a. tuld, ornamented with mutules. 
muzzle, n. muz'-l (F. museau ; It. muso, the muzzle 



MYEI 

or snout of a beast : It. musoliera, a muzzle : F. 
museliere, a muzzle or provender-bag), the projecting' 
nose and mouth of an animal ; a sin nit ; a depreciatory 
term for the jaws and mouth ; a fastening or cover lor 
the mouth of a dog, &c, to prevent biting; the open 
end of a tube, as of a gun : v. to put a muzzle on, as 
a dog; to restrain from doing mischief: muzzling, 
imp. -ling: muzz'led, pp. -Id, having the mouth fas- 
tened to prevent eating or biting. 

muzzy; a. muz'-zi (It. muso, thoughtful : L. mussare, 
to mutter), familiarly, bewildered ; confused with 
drink. 

my, pron. ml (AS. min, my— see mine), one of the 
possessive forms of the personal pron. I, the other 
1 -"- r mine,— my is used before a word beginning with 
wel or a consonant, and mine usually before 
a vowel only; in common usage my is put before the 
noun, but mine follows it, and usually stands alone, 
as, this is my coat, that coat is mine. 

myadae, n. plu. mi'd-de, also myacidse, n. plu. ml- 
ds'i-de (Gr. muax, the common edible mussel— gen. 
muakos), in tool., a family of molluscs known as the 
gaping bivalves. 

mycelium, n. ml-se'lliim ,myce'lia,, n. plu. -ll-d (Gr. 
mukes, a mushroom, a fungus), the cellular spawn of 
fungi ; the rudimentary body from which a fungus is 
developed. 

mycology, n. ml-kol'd-ji (Gr. mukes, a fungus, and 
logos, a discourse), the study of the fungi or mush- 
rooms, or a description of them : mycologist, n. -ji~t, 
one versed in mycology : mycologic, a ml'-ko-loj'-ik, 
also my'colog'ical, a. -i-kdl, relating to. 

myelitis, n. ml'e-ll'tls (Gr. muelos, marrow, and itis, 
denoting inflammation), inflammation of the sub- 
stance of the spinal cord: myeloid tumour, ml'-e- 
lo~yd (Gr. muelos, marrow, and eidos, likeness), a mar- 
row-like tumour. 

myliobatis, n. ml'tt-6-bd'tis (Gr. mulias, a mill- 
stone, and bat it, the tliornliack, a species of skate), a 
genus of fossil ray-fish having, instead of the usual 
pointed teeth, peculiar wide flat grinding teeth : my'- 
lioba tes, n. plu. -bd-tez. 

mylodon, n. ml'-lOdon (Gr. midos, a mill, and odous, 
a tooth— gen. odontos), a gigantic fossil animal, so 
called in allusion to the flat grinding surfaces of its 
molar teeth. 

mynheer, n. min-heY (Dut.), sir; my lord; the style 
of address among the Dutch ; a Dutchman. 

myocaris, n. tnl-ok'nr-is ((ir. mus, a bivalved shell 
— gen. muos, and karis, a shrimp or prawn), a genus 
of bivalved crustaceans having the valves marked 
with concentric streaks. 

myography, n. ml-dg'-rd-fl (Gr. mus, a muscle of the 
body, and grapho, I write), an anatomical description 
of the muscles : my'ograph'ical, a. -grdj "4-kdl, pert, to : 
myog raphist, n. -fist, one who writes on, or is versed 
in, myography. 

myology, n. ml-dl'6-ji (Gr. mus, a muscle, and logos, 
a discourse), the doctrine of the muscles : myography : 
my'olog'ical, a. -IQj'-i-kdl, pert, to : myol'ogi'st, n. -jist, 
one versed in. 

myomancy, n. ml'o-mdn'-si (Gr. mus, a mouse, and 
manteia, divination), a kind of divination by means of 
mice. 

myopy, n. ml'o-pi, also myopia, n. ml-6'pl-d (Gr. 
muo, I shut the eyes, and ops, the eye), short or near- 
sightedness: my ope, n. ml'-op, or my'ops, n. -ops, a 
short-sighted person : myopic, a. ml-op'-lk, short- 
sighted. 

myositis, n. mV-Q-sl'-tis (Gr. mvs, a muscle, and itis, 
deni'ting inflammation), inflammation of muscles. 

myotomy, n. ml-dt'6-mi (Gr. mus, a muscle, and 
temno, I cut), the anatomy of the muscles ; the divi- 
sion of a muscle in surgical operations. 

myriacanthus, n. mlr'-i-d-kan'-thus (Gr. murios, in- 
numerable, and akantha, a thorn or spine), a genus of 
fossil ray-fish having innumerable spines : myr'iacan - 
thous, a. -thus, myriad-spined. 

myriad, n. mlr'i-dd (Gr. murios, innumerable; 
murioi, ten thousand, a myriad), any immense num- 
ber ; a countless number. 

myriagramme, n. mlr'4-a-gram (F.— from Gr. mu- 
rioi, ten thousand, and F.- gramme), ten thousand 
grammes, about 22 lb. avoirdupois. 

myrialitre, n. mir'-l-d-le'tr (F.— from Gr. murioi, 
ten thousand, and F. litre), a French measure of capac- 
ity containing ten thousand litres, equal to about 
610,280 cubic inches, 
myriametre, n. mlr-l-d-md'-tr (F.— from Gr. murioi, 



cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



MYRI 31 

ten thousand, and F. metre), ten thousand metres, 
<jqual to 6£ miles nearly. 

myriapod, n. mir'i-d-p6d, plu. myr'iap'oda, -dp-o- 
dd (Gr. mwrios, innumerable, and pous, a foot— gen. 
podos), an order of ringed animals, including centi- 
pedes and millepedes, having many feet. 

myricine, n. , or myric in a m sin ( F. myricine— 
from L. myrica; Gr. murike, the tamarisk, a kind of 
shrub), the portion of bee's-wax which is insoluble in 
alcohol ; a medical substance obtained from the bark 
of the root of the wax-myrtle or bayberry. 

myriophyllites, n. plu. mir'i-o-fil'-Utz (Gr. mwrios, 
innumerable, and phullon, a leaf), in geol., coal-mea- 
sure stems or roots surrounded by numerous fibres. 

myriorama, n. mi/r'l-6-rd'md (Gr. murios, innum- 
erable, and horama, a sight), a picture consisting of 
movable pieces, and capable of forming an almost end- 
less variety of scenes. 

myrmecophaga, n. mer'-mS-kof'd-gd (Gr. murmex, 
ii ' it), a genus of 

edentate quadrupeds which feed on ants, and are 
called ant-eaters. 

myrmidons, n. plu. mer'mi-donz (Gr. murmidones, 
the soldiers of Achilles at the siege of Troy), rough 
characters ; soldiers or ruffians under a desperate or 
unprincipled leader : myr mido nian, a. -do'ni-dn, 
pert, to or resembling myrmidons. 

myrobalan, n. mir-ob'd-ldn (L. myrobalanum, the 
fruit of a species of palm— from Gr. muron, ointment, 
and balanos, an acorn), the dried fruits of different 
varieties of terminalia brought from India, much re- 
sembling prunes in appearance, used in dyeing and in 
the manufacture of ink. 

myrrh, n. mer (L. myrrha: Gr. murrha), the aro- 
matic gummy resin of a plant growing chiefly in 
Arabia: myrrhic, a. mer'ik, pert, to or obtained from 
myrrh: myrrhic acid, a substance obtained from 
myrrh. 

myrrhine, a. mer'rln (L. myrrhinus, of or from the 
stone myrrha) m oi mi 1 1 hine-stone or fluor-spar. 

myrtle, n. mer'tl (L. myrtus: Gr. murtos), a small 
fragrant evergreen plant : myrtaceous, a. mer-td'-shus, 
of or relating to the myrtle or myrta'ceae, -see: myr- 
tle-berry, the fruit : myrtle- wax, wax from a species 
of myrtle. 

myself, pron. ml- self (my, and self), the emphatic 
form of the personal pronoun I, to which it is com- 
monly added to render the pronoun I more emphatic, 
as / myself. 

mystagogue, n. mls'td-gog (Gr. mustes, one initiated 
in mysteries, and agogos',& leader), one who interprets 
mysteries; in the R. Cath. Ch., one who keeps and 
shows Church relics : mys'tagoglcal, a. -goj'l-kdl, pert, 
to or connected with a mystagogue. 

mystery, n. mis'ter-i (L. mysterium; Gr. musterion, 
a secret thing: It. misterio: F. mystere), a profound 
secret ; something wholly unknown ; something aw- 
fully obscure or incomprehensible ; that which is kept 
secret for a time to be afterwards revealed ; a mir- 
acle-play : mys'teries, n. plu. -iz, among anc. pagans, 
secret rites and worship known only to the initiated ; 
in the middle ages, miracle-plays, a kind of rude 
drama of a religious character : myste'rious, a. -te'ri- 



NAIA 



riously, ad. -Ii: myste'riousness, n. -nes, the quality 
of being mysterious. 

mystic, a. mls'ttk, also mystical, a. mls'ti-kdl (Gr. 
mustikos ; L. myaticus, of or belonging to secret rites 
or mysteries— from Gr. mustes ; L. mysta, a priest of 
the mysteries : It. mistico : F. mystique), obscure ; 
hidden; remote from human comprehension; em- 
blematical; involving a secret meaning: mys'tic, n. 
one professing to have direct intercourse with the 
Spirit of God: mystics, n. plu. mls'-tlks, those who 
profess a pure, sublime, and disinterested devotion, 
and who aspire towards a more direct intercourse 
with the Divine Being than can be obtained through 
revelation, not through the medium of the senses, but 
through the inward perception of the mind; those 
who sought direct revelation from God in a species of 
ecstasy, or through visions : mys tically, ad. -It : mys'- 
ticalness, n. -nes, quality of being mystical: mysti- 
cism, n. mls'tl-sizm, the religious tenets of the mys- 
tics ; obscurity of doctrine. 

mystify, v. mis'tl-fl (L. mysticus, hidden, and facio, 
I make), to involve in mystery so as to mislead ; to 
render obscure; to perplex purposely; to play upon 
the credulity of: mys'tifying, imp. : mys'tified, pp. 
fid: mys'tifica'tion, n -fi-kd'shun, the act of render- 
ing a thing mysterious or perplexing. 

myth, u. mith (Gr. muthos, an ancient saying, a 
fable), a fanciful narrative, in some respects founded 
on real events ; a creation of the imagination; a poetic 
fiction; a fable: mythic, a. mtth'-lk, also mythical, a. 
mith'i-kdl, relating to myths; fanciful; fabulous: 
myth'ically, ad. -It. 

mythographer, n. ml-thdg'rd-fer (Gr. muthos, a 
fable, and grapho, I write), a writer of fables. 

mythology, n. mi-thol'-d-n (Gr. muthologia, a fabu- 
lous narration— from muthos, an ancient saying, a 
fable, and logos, a word), a collected body or system 
of legends and traditions of a people respecting their 
gods and other fabulous beings, whom they supposed 
to preside over the world and influence its affairs ; a 
system of myths ; a treatise on myths : mythologic, 
a. mith'o-loj'ik, also mythological, a. -loj'l-kdl, of or 
relating to mythology : mythologist, n. ml-thol'-o-jist, 
one versed in mytholoqy: myth'olog'ically, ad. -Ii: 

mythologise, v. mi-thol'6-jlz, to ex ( > I . < - '.■ > '• > i d > • 1 1 : ; 

history of the heathen : mythol'ogi'sing, imp. : my- 
thol'ogised, pp. -jtzd. 

mythoplasm, n. mith'6-pldzm (Gr. muthos, a fable, 
ami jilusmit, iina-e, figure), a narration of mere fable. 

mythopceic, a. raifh'6-pe'ik (Gr. muthos, a myth, 
and poiein, to make), making or producing myths; 
.v. nice rise in myths ii,- mythical narratives. 

mytilaceae, n. plu. mit'i-ld'si-e (L. mytilus, the sea- 
mussel), the mussel tribe, an extensive group of con- 
chiferous molluscs, also known as the mytihda, ml- 
til'i-de: mytilite, mit'-l-llt, a petrified mussel. 

mytiloid, a. mlt'i-loyd (L. mytilus, the sea-mussel, 
and Gr. eidos, appearance), in geol., applied to shells 
undetermined, but approaching in shape the common 
sea-mussel. 



N 



nab, v. n&b (Dan. nappe, to snatch : Fin. nappata, to 
seize suddenly: Out. knopi>en, to crack, to seize), to 
catch or seize unexpectedly; to clap the hand down 
upon a thing— a low or slang word : nabbing, imp. : 
nabbed, pp. ndbd. 

nabob, n. nd'-bob (Hind, nawdb, a deputy, title of a 
governor), a native Indian deputy or governor— often 
independent ; any European who has amassed wealth 
in the East. 

nacre, n. nd'kr (F. nacre, mother-of-pearl: Sp. 
nacar), the beautiful iridescent substance forming 
the inner covering of the shell of the pearl-musse] or 
oyster, called mother-of-pearl: nacreous, a. nd'kre-us, 
having a pearly lustre : nacrite, n. nu'krlt, a mineral 
of the mica family, consisting of minute grains or 
scales, having a pearly lustre. 

nadir, n. nd'-il'r (Ar. nmlliir, opposite: It. and F. 
nadir), that part of the heavens directly under our 
feet, or the direction opposite the zenith. 

naevus, n. ne'vus (L. naevus, a mole on the body), a 



permanent natural spot or mark on the skin at birth ; 
a birth-mark. 

nag, n. ndg (Dut. and Fris. negghe, a little horse : 
Swiss, noggeli, a dumpy woman : Icel. nabbi ; old F. 
nabe, a dwarf), a small useful horse ; a pony ; a horse. 

nag, v. ndg (Norm, and Sw. nagga, to gnaw, to irri- 
tate), to scold and keep it up: nagging, imp.: adj. 
applied to a slight but constant pain; scolding and 
keeping it up : nagged, pp. ndgd: nag'gy, a. -gi, 
touchy; irritable. 

nagelfiue or nagelftuhe, n. nd'gel-fl6 (Ger. nagel, a 
nail, and fliigr, a swarm), a peculiar, soft, conglom- 
erate stone found in the Alps, having the general 
appearance of a swarm of nail-heads throughout the 
mass. 

nagyagite, n. nag'-i-a-jii (from A'agyag, in the Sie- 
benberg), a mineral consisting of tellurium and lead, 
with traces of'j;old, silver, copper, and sulphur. 

naiad, n.va'y<('J{iir. n<ii<i<b:s, the naiads: It. najade: 
F. naiade), in anc. myth., a water -nymph ; a female 



mate, mdt.fdr, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, mdve; 



NAIL 



381 



NASA 



deity said to preside over rivers and springs : naiades, 
n. plu. nd'-yddz, in geol., the fresh-water mussels. 

nail, n. ndi (Ger. nagel, a nail of the hand, a nail for 
fastening with : Icel. nagl, a nail, a claw : Lith. nagas, 
a claw ; naginti, to scratch : Sans, nakha, a nail), one 
of the flat horny substances at the ends of the fingers 
and toes ; a pointed piece of iron or other metal, com- 
monly with a head, used to fasten wood -work; a 
measure of length, one -sixteenth of a yard (Fin. 
nauia, applied to the nails by which the different 
weights are marked on a steelyard) : v. to fasten or 
unite with nails : nailing, imp. : nailed, pp. ndld -. 
nailer, n. nal'-er, one whose trade is to make nails: 
nailery, n. -er-i, a nail manufactory: on the nail, 
without delay ; immediately : to hit the nail on the 
head, to touch the exact point; to understand the 
matter: nail-headed copper ore, the name given in 
Cornwall to certain crystals of chalcosine, from their 
fanciful resemblance to the heads of nails. Note. — 
When the nails are compressed, curved or pointed, 
and extended beyond the digit, they are called talons 
or claws; when "they encase the extremity of a digit 
like a box they are called hoofs. 

naithless, another spelling of nathless, which see. 

naive, a. ?id'-ev(F.— fromL. nativus, natural, native), 
having unaffected simplicity ; artless ; ingenuous : 
na'ively, ad. -li. with unaffected simplicity : naivete, 
n. nd'-Cetd, native simplicity; unaffected plainness. 

naked, a. nd-kcd (Guth. niquaths; Ger. nackt; Icel. 
necquidr; Gael, nochd; L. nudus, naked), bare; un- 
covered ; plain ; manifest ; having no clothes on ; de- 
fenceless ; unassisted by glasses— applied to the sight ; 
destitute; in lot., without pubescence; applied to 
seeds not contained in a true ovary, also to flowers 
without any floral envelope: na'kedly, ad. -li: na'- 
kedness, n. -ngs, the condition of being naked; bare- 
ness ; openness : naked eye, the eye alone, or unas- 
sisted by glasses or a telescope : naked flooring, the 
timber-work which supports a floor. 

namby-pamby, a. nam'-bl-pdm'-bi (a familiar and 
colloquial expression), a term of contempt applied by 
his enemies to the poetry of Ambrose Phillips about 
the close of the 17th century ; sentimentally weak ; 
affectedly pretty, as poetry. 

name, n. nam (F. nam;- It. nome; L. nomen, a name 
—from L. noscere, to know : Goth, namo; Icel. namn; 
Fin. nimi; Sans, ndman, a name), that by which a pur- 
son or thing is called or designate. I : reputation ; char- 
acter; that which is commonly said of a person; a 
person; renown; fame; memory; a race or family: 
v. to designate or point out by some title ; to mention ; 
to specify ; to call ; na'ming, imp.: named, pp. namd: 
nameless, a. -les, without a name : namelessly, ad. -li: 
namer, n. -mer, one who: namely, ad. nam'-U, that is 
to say: namesake, n. ndm'-sdk, one having the same 
name ; one called or named after out of regard to an- 
other: Christian name, the name that a person re- 
ceives at baptism, being the first part of the name, as 
John, James, Margaret : surname, ser'nam (sur, be- 
yond or upon, and name), a name added to or over 
and above the Christian name, as Nisbet and Beattie, 
in the names Robert Nisbet and William Beattie : in 
name, in profession; not in reality: in the name of, 
in behalf of; by the authority of: a proper name, in 
gram., a name that can be applied to one person or 
thing only of the same kind or class, as John, London, 
Europe : to call names, to use opprobrious or reproach- 
ful language in speaking to : to take a name in vain, 
to use the name lightly or profanely: nameplate, a 
polished metal plate on which the name of a person 
and his profession or trade are engraved, to be fastened 
on the front of a door, as a notification to the public. 

nandu, n. nan-do (a Brazilian word), the Amer. 
ostrich ; the rhea. 

nankeen, n. nan-ken' (from Nankin, in China), a 
buff- coloured cotton cloth: nankeens', plu. -kenz', 
trousers made of nankeen. 

nap, n. nap (AS. hnoppa; Dut. noppe, the flock or 
nap of cloth : Norm, no xppa, to pluck 

a fowl: Dut. noppen; Sw. noppa; F. noper, to nip off 
the knots on the surface of cloth), the woolly or smooth 
hairy substance on the surface of cloth ; the downy 
substance on plants : nap'py, a. -pi, having much 
nap : nap'less, a. -les, without nap ; threadbare : nap'- 
piness, n. -pi-nes, abundance of nap. 

nap, n. nCip (Ger. knappen, to move to and fro : 
Swiss, gnappsen, to nod), a short sleep : v. to have a 
short sleep ; to feel drowsy : napping, imp. taking a 
short sleep ; slumbering : napped, pp. napt. 



nape, n. ndp (AS. eneep, the top of a thing, the brow 
of a hill: W. cnap, a knob, a boss), the prominent 
joint of the neck behind ; the back of the neck. 

napery.n. na'-per-i(F. noj'pe. a table-cloth: It. nap- 
pa, a table-cloth; 7iappe, the ribbons or tassels of a 
garment), made-up linen cloth in general ; table-linen. 

naphtha, n. ndp'-thd (Or. and L. naphtha .- F. naphtc), 
a variety of bitumen, thin, iluid. and highly inflam- 
mable, used largely as a solvent for caoutchouc ; rock- 
oil: naphthalic, a. ndp-thdl'-lk, applied to an acid ob- 
tained from naphthaline: naphthaline, n. ndp'-tlud-in, 
a soft, greyish-white, flaky, crystalline substance, 
found incrusting the pipes employed in the rectifica- 
tion of coal-tar. 

napiform, a. nd'-pl-fdivrm (L. napus, a turnip, and 
forma, shape), turnip-shaped. 

napkin, n. nap-kin (F. nappe, a table-cloth, and kin, 
a dim. termination), a cloth used for wiping the hands 
or mouth at table; a handkerchief: napkin-ring, a 
ring used to enclose a napkin at table. 

Naples yellow, n. nd'-plz yel'-lo (Naples, in Italy, and 
Ens. yellow), a compound of the oxides of lead and 
antimony, having a rich, opaque, golden hue. 

napoleon, n. nd-po-le-on (after Napoleon I.), a French 
gold coin of twenty francs, about sixteen shillings 



narceine, n. ndr'-si-in, also narceia, n. nar-se'-yti, 
(L. narce; Gr. narke, torpor), one of the vegeto-alka- 
line bases obtained from opium. 

narcissus, n. ndr-sis'-iis (L. narcissus; Gr. narkissos, 
in anc. myth., a beautiful youth, fabled to have been 
changed into the flower called by his name), an exten- 
sive genus of bulbous plants whose flowers are soft, 
variously-coloured, and sweet-scented. 

narcotic, a, ndr-kot'-ik, also narcot'ical, a. -l-kdl (Gr. 
narkotikos, having the power of benumbing— from 
narke, torpor: It. narcotico; F. narcotique), having 
the power of producing drowsiness, sleep, or stupor : 
narcot'ic, n. a medicine which, in small doses, relieves 
pain and produces sleep: narcot'ically, ad. -II: nar- 
cotine, n. ndr'-ko-tln, a peculiar substance obtained 
from opium : narcotism, n. ndr'-ko-tizm, the effects of 
a narcotic ; the condition of one affected by a narcotic. 

nard, n. ndrd (L. nardus; Gr. nardos, nard), the 
shrub called the spikenard, famed for its aromatic 
scent and medicinal qualities ; an ointment prepared 
from the plant: nardine, a. ndr'-din, of or resembling 
nard. 

nargile, n. ndr'gil-a (Pers.), in Turkey, a smoking 
apparatus in which the smoke is passed through water 
by means of a long tube in order to cool it. 

nariform, a. ndr'-l-faTcrm (L. naris, the nostril, and 
forma, shape), nose-shaped. 

narrate, v. ndr-rdt' (L. narratum, to tell, to give 
account of: It. narrare : F. narrer), to tell ; to recite, 
as a story ; to relate : narra'ting, imp. : narrated, pp. : 
narra'tion, n. -rd'-shun, an account; the telling or 
relating the particulars of an event ; a story : narra- 
tive, a. ndr'-rdtiv, giving an account of particulars: 
n. a continued account of the particulars, as an 
event; a stoiy: nar'ratively, ad. -li: narra'tor, n. 
■ter, one who tells or relates, as the particulars of an 
occurrence. 

narrow, a. ndr'-ro (AS. nearwe, narrow— from neara, 
nearer ; neah, near, nigh), not broad or wide ; having 
little distance from side to side; close; near; con- 
tracted ; straitened ; contracted in mind ; bigoted ; 
not liberal ; scrutinising : v. to contract ; to lessen the 
breadth of ; to limit ; to confine : nar'rowing, imp. : 
narrowed, pp. ndr'rOd: narrower, n. -er, one who 
or that which narrows or contracts : nar'rowly, ad. 
-li: nar'rowness, n. -nSs, the condition or quality 
of being narrow ; poverty ; penuriousness : narrow 
cloths, in the woollen trade, those cloths under 52 
inches wide : narrow gauge, on a railway, the general 
width between the rails— viz., 4 ft. 8£ in.— so called 
in opposition to the broad gauge or width : narrow- 
minded, a. contracted in mind ; illiberal : narrow- 
mindedness, n. narrow views or sentiments; illiber- 
ality. 

narwhal, n. ndr'-hwdl (Dan. narhvall; Icel. nah- 
voir; F. narval— so called on account of the pallid 
colour of the skin— from Icel. nar, a corpse), the mon- 
odon or sea-unicorn. 

nasal, a. nd'-zal (F. and Sp. nasal; It. nasale, nasal 
—from L. nasus, the nose), pert, to the nose ; formed 
or affected by the nose: n. a letter whose sound is 
affected by the nose, or is uttered through the nose ; a 
medicine which operates through the nose : nascal, n. 



cow, b 



i, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal, 



NASC 



382 



NAUT 



n&s'-k&l, a pessary made of wool or cotton to raise the 
nose when compressed. 

nascent, a. nds'int (L. nascens, being in its hirth : 
It. nascente), beginning to exist or grow ; growing ; 
increasing; in chem., in the act of being produced or 
evolved : nascency, n. nds'en-sl, the beginning of pro- 
duction. 

nasicornous, a. nd'-zi-kor'nus (L. nasus, the nose, 
and cornu, a horn), having the horn on the nose. 

nasiform, a. nd'zi-fawrm (L. nasus, the nose, and 
forma, shape), having the shape of the nose. 

nasturtium, n. nds-ter'shi-um, also nastur'tion, n. 
•shi-on (L. nasus, the nose, and tortum, to twist), a 
plant of several species, as the water-cress, the Indian 
cress, &c. 

nasty, a. nas'ti (formerly written nasky: Low Ger. 
nusk, dirty, piggish : hap. naske, unclean, dirty: Fin. 
naski, a pig), very dirty ; filthy ; obscene ; nauseous : 
nas'tily, ad. -ti-ll: nas'tiness, n. -nes, filthiness; dirt. 

natal, a, ml' Ml (L. wU<dix, of or belonging to hni.h 
— fromno^ws, born: It. natale: F. natal), of or relat- 
ing to birth ; native. 

natant, a. nd'tdnt (L. natans, swimming), swim- 
ming ; floating on the surface : na'tantly, ad. -li : na- 
tation, n. nd-td'r.hO.n., the actor i practice of swimming: 
natatores, n. plu. nd'td-to'rez, the swimming order of 
birds, distinguished by their webbed or partially- 
webbed feet: na'tato'rial, a. -ri-dl, swimming; 
formed for swimming: na'tatory, a. -ter-l, adapted 
for swimming. 

nathless, ad. ndth'-Ms, an old spelling of neverthe- 
less. 

nation, n. nd'r-inhi. (L. v.atio, a race, a tribe— from 
natus, born : F. nation), the inhabitants of one coun- 
try united under the same government ; a body of 
people speak in •, : hi same language! national, a. ndsh' 
un-dl, pert, to a nation; public ; general: nationally, 
ad. -II: nati'onal'ity, n. -dl'4-ti, the quality of being 
strongly attached to one's own country ; national 

--I. am., i.rr , :i.n;v hod.; hi :■■ popi I la.th hi diiioijn in .; c< 

language, and national feeling from the covin , 

race of the state to which they belong : nationalise', 
v. -dl-iz', to make national: nati'onali'sing, imp.: 
nationalised', pp. -izd'-. nationalism, n. -dl-izm, 
nationality: national debt, the money owing by a 
nation or state: national guards, the militia of 
France: law of nations, that law which natural 
reason appoints for all mankind; international law 
—see under law. 

native, a. nd'-tlv (L. nativus, that has arisen from 
birth, born), not acquired ; produced by nature ; 
belonging to the place or country ; pert, to the 
time or place ot birth; applied to a metal or other 
substance found in nature almost in a pure state, as 
native iron, native copper, native arsenic, &c: n. one 
born in a place; a thine, not foreign; that which 
grows in the country : na'tively, ad. -li: na'tiveness, 
n. -n&s, state of being native : nativity, n. nd-tiv'-i-ti, 
birth ; the time, place, or manner of a person's birth ; 
among astrologers, a representation of the position of 
the heavenly bodies at the moment of one's birth, the 
result being supposed to indicate future destiny : the 
Nativity, the birthday of our Lord: to cast one's 
nativity, to represent the position of the heavenly 
bodies at the moment of one's birth, 
natka, n. ndt'-kd, a bird, a species of shrike. 
natrolite, n. na'-tro-lit (Eng. natron, and Gr. UtJws, 
a stone), a mineral substance found in many varieties 
of trap-rock— so called from the amount of soda it 
contains. 

natron, n. nd'-tron (new L. natrum; F. natron; L. 
nitrum; Gr. nitron; Ar. natrun, natron), a native 
carbonate of soda found in many spring and salt lakes 
and dried up water-courses in Egypt, Hungary, &c. : 
natrium, n. nd'-trl-um, an early chemical term for 
sodium. 

natterjack, n. n&t'-t i , < ,. ■ i in imitative word, 
and jack, which see), a species of toad found in Eng- 
land having a yellow line on the back— its deep hol- 
low voice is heard to a great distance. 

natty, a. ndt'-ti (from Eng. neat), in familio; hm- 
guage, smart ; spruce. 

nature, n. na'-tur or -chdbr (L. natura, the natural 
constitution or property of a thing— from natus, born, 
produced: It. natura: F. nature), the qualities or pro- 

•jP'TiJcv. e/hlcli , 1 1 ; . I , : ; ;i i.l.lnc, ■• Ice. ii. i ' , iciin < oilcrcc- 

ter; essential qualities ; disposition of mind; the 
established order of created things ; the power which 
has created and which presides over all things, being 



the effect put for, or associated with, the cause ; natu- 
ral affection or reverence ; sort, species, or kind ; sen- 
timents or images conformable to truth and reality : 
natural, a. ndt'-u-rdl 01 vai.'-duTo-rdl, produced or ef- 
fected by nature ; derived from nature ; not acquired ; 
not artificial ; true to life ; not forced or far-fetched ; 
dictated by natui e ,. happening in the ordinary course 
of things; not revealed, as religion: n. one born desti- 
tute of the ordinary powers of reason and understand- 
ing; an idiot; in music, a character, marked thus H, 
used to correct the previous power of a sharp or fiat : 
nat'urally, ad. -It, according to nature ; without af- 
fectation; spontaneously: nat'uralness, n. -nes, the 
state of being natural or produced by nature ; confor- 
mity to truth and reality: nat'uralise', v. -r dl-iz', to 
invest a foreigner with the rights and privileges of 
a citizen or subject ; to acclimatise : nat'urali'sing, 
imp.: naturalised', pp. -izd' : adj. invested with the 
privileges of a native ; in hot., originally introduced 
from a foreign country, but now apparently become 
native: nat'uralisa'tion, n. -i-zd'-shdn, the act of in- 
vesting a foreign ei with the rights and privileges of 
a native subject ; the state of being so invested : 
nat'uralism, n. -izm, a mere state of nature ; the doc- 
trine of those who deny miracles, and a revelation : 
naturalist, n. -1st, one versed in the natural history 
of animals : natural history, the scientific description 
of the earth and its productions — sometimes limited 
to the animal kingdom only : natural magic, the em- 
ployment of the powers of nature to produce effects 
apparently supernatural: natural orders, in hot., 
groups of genera resembling each other: natural 
philosophy, the science of material bodies in regard 
to rest and motion, and of the forces, or combinations 
01 ii.iec:: ..in. •'. produce these results: natural pro- 
jections, perspective delineations of a surface oh a 
given plane : natural religion, religion so far as it is 
discoverable by reason: natural scale, in music, a 
scale written without sharps or flats : natural selec- 
tion, that process in nature by which the strongest, 
swiftest, &c, outlive and take the place of the weak- 
er, &c. 

naught, a. nawt (AS. na^wiht, no -whit, naught), 
bad ; worthless : n. nothing : naughty, a. nawt'-i, 
bad ; good for nothing; mischievous or perverse ; ap- 
plied to children in censure: naught'ily, ad. -i-ll: 
naught'iness, n. -l-nes, the qualify of heing naughty ; 
slight misbehaviour ; badness : to set at naught, to 
disregard ; to treat as of no account ; to despise. 

naumachy, n. naw'md-ki (Gr. naumachia, a sea- 
fight— from naus, a ship, and mache, a fight), in anc. 
Rome, a show or spectacle representing a sea-fight ; 
a naval combat. 

naumanite, n. naw'mdn-it (after Dr Naumann of 
Saxony), a peculiar ore of silver, found in cubical crys- 
tals, in thin plates, and granular. 

nauscopy, n. naw'-skop-i (Gr. naus, a ship, and 
skopeo, I view), the pretended art of discovering ap- 
proaching ships, or the existence of land, at a consider- 
able distance. 

nausea, n. naw'-shi-d (L. nausea; Gr. nausia, sea- 
sickness : It. nausea : F. nausee), a strong sensation of 
sickness inclining to vomit; loathing; disgust: nau- 
seate, v. naw'shi-at, to loathe ; to turn away from 
with disgust; to feel disgust: nau'seating, imp.: 
nau'seated, pp.: nauseous, a. naw'-shi-us, loathsome; 
disgusting; regarded with abhorrence: nau'seously, 
ad. -li: nau'seousness, n. -n6s, the quality of being 
nauseous, or of exciting disgust. 

nautical, a,.voTr'ti-i;.<d, else nautic, a. ndiv'tlk (L. 
nauticus; Gr. nautikos, of or belonging to ships or 
sailors— from Gr. naus, a ship), of or relating to ships 
or seamen ; naval : nau'tically, ad. -li : Nautical 
Almanac, a work published by the Admiralty for the 
special use of seamen: nautical astronomy, as- 
tronomy in its ;>ji[ilicai inn i.o navigation. 

nautiloid, n*naw'H-ldyd (Gr. nautilos, a nautilus, 
and eidos, likeness), a term applied to the fossil nautili 
that have many - chambered shells, or rather cell- 
cases. 

nautilus, n. naw'-ti-hls, nau'tili, n. plu. -tl-li (L. 
nautilus ; Gr. nautilos, a shell-fish that sails through 
the waves in its shell— from Gr. naus, a ship: It. nau- 
tilo: F.nautile), a shell-fish having a spiral univalve 
shell with smooth sides ; a popular name for a shell- 
fish having a boat-like shell in which it sails on the 
surface of the sea: nautilidae, n. plu. naw'-ti-li'-de. a 
family of sea-fish, generally having shells, of which 



mate, mdt.fur, law; mete, met, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, mOve; 



NAVA 31 

the nautilus has been taken as the type : nautilite, n. 
iTur'-ti-llt, a fossil nautilus: nautilites, n. plu. naw- 
tilitz, iu geol., a general term for shells like the 
existing nautilus. 

naval— see under navy. 

nave, n. nav (Ger. nabe or nabel; Low Ger. nave or 
navel, the nave of a wheel: Ger. nabel; Dut. navel; 
Icel. nabli; Sans, nabhi, the navel: Fin. wcrpa, navel, 
centre), the centre part of a wheel in which the spokes 
are inserted, and through which the axle passes : 
navel, n. na'vi.1, the mark in the centre of the lower 
part of the abdomen, indicating the place of detach- 
ment of the umbilical cord after birth ; the central 
part or point of anything : navel-string, the umbili- 
cal cord. 

nave, n. nav (mid. L. navis; F. nef, the part of the 
church in which the laity were placed— from L. navis, 
a ship— so called from its vaulted or curved roof re- 
sembling the inverted hull of a ship), the middle part 
or body of a church extending from the choir to the 
principal entrance ; the part of a church between the 
wings or aisles. 

navew, u. nd'-vil (L. napus; AS. naepe, a turnip), a 
plant found growing in corn-fields having large 
flowers of a pale yellow; also spelt naphew, n. nd'-fu. 

navicula, n. nd-vlk'u-ld (L. navicula, a little ship— 
from navis, a ship), in geol., a genus of microscopic 
plant-growths— so called from their siliceous boat-like 
cases : navic'ular, a. -u-ler, pert, to or like a boat ; 
shaped like a boat. 

navigate, v. ndv'i-gdt (L. navigatum, to sail upon 
— fromGr. naus; L. navis, a ship: It. navigare: old 
F. naviger: F. naviguer), to sail over or on, as a 
sea ; to steer or manage a ship ; to pass by water : 
navigating, imp. : navigated, pp. : navigator, n. -ter, 
a sailor ; sometimes applied to a labourer employed 
in constructing a railway, canal, or road— see navvy : 
navigation, n. -gd'-shun, the act or science of con- 
ducting vessels from one place to another by water : 
navigable, a. ndv'i-gd-bl, that may be sailed on by 
ships: nav'igably, ad. -gd-bll: navigableness, n. 
-bl-nes, also navigability, n. -bil'-l-ti, the quality or 
condition of being navigable. 

navvy, n. ndv-vl (a corruption of navigator), the 
name applied to the workmen emploved in construct- 
ing canals or navigations, railroads, &c. 

navy, n. nd'vi (L. navis; Gr. naus, a ship), the 
whole of the ships of war belonging to a country ; an 
assemblage of merchantmen ; the whole officers and 
men serving in the war-ships of a country : naval, a. 
nd'vdl (L. navalis ; It. navale ; F. naval, pert to a 
ship), pert, to a navy; consisting of ships; maritime. 

nawab, n. nd-wawb', in India, a deputy or viceroy ; 
a title often given by courtesy to persons of high rank 
in the East. 

nay, ad. nd (for ne aye, being AS. ne, not, and Eng. 
aye, ever : Goth, niav, never), a word that expresses 
refusal; not; not only so; not this alone: n. a 
denial; a refusal. 

Nazarene, n. ndz'd-ren, an inhabitant of Nazareth ; 
applied to Jesus Christ, His followers, and the early 
Christians, in contempt ; one of a sect of Judaising 
Jews in the early Church : Naz'are'an, a. -re'dn, pert, 
to the sect of Judaising Jews : Nazarite, n. ndz'd-rit, 
a Jew who was bound by vows to great purity of life 
and devotion : Naz'aritisrn, n. -izm, the practice or 
doctrines of the Nazarites. 

naze, n. ndz (F. nez; Ger. nase; L. nasus, nose), a 
cliff or headland. 

Neanderthal, n. ne-an'der-tal, a portion of the val- 
ley of the Dussel, near Dusseldorf, celebrated for its 
ossiferous cavern, and the peculiarly-shaped human 
craniums found among the cave-mud. 

neap, a. nep (Icel. neppr, narrow, contracted: Dan. 
neppe, scarcely ; knap, scanty), scanty ; deficient ; low ; 
applied to the tides which occur about the first and 
last quarters of the moon, and which are called neap- 
tides ; the spring-tides are the highest tides : neaped, 
a. nept, left aground by the tides, as a ship ; also be- 
neaped, a. be-nepf. 

Neapolitan, a. ne'd-pol'l-tdn, of or relating to 
Naples : n. an inhabitant of Naples. 

near, a. ner (Goth, nehv, nigh: AS. nedh, nigh; 
near, nearer: Icel. na, nozrri, nozrstr, near, nearer, 
nearest), not far distant; intimate; closely related 
bv blood or affection ; literal ; not loose or rambling ; 
direct ; short ; next to one ; parsimonious ; on the left, 
opposed to off in riding or driving : ad. almost ; within 
a little: prep, at no great distance from; close to, 



3 NECK 

followed by to, expressed or understood, as the ship is 
near the harbour: v. to approach; to come nearer; 
to draw near: nearlng, imp.: neared, pp. nerd; 
comp. near'er, a. -er, more near: superl. nearest, a. 
-ist, most near: nearly, ad. -li, closely; at no great 
distance ; almost ; within a little: near'ness, n. -nSs, 
small distance ; closeness ; close alliance by blood ; 
closeness in expenditure : near at hand, not far dis- 
tant ; closely : near-sighted, a. seeing at a small dis- 
tance only : near-sightedness, n. the state of being 
short-sighted. 

neat, a. net (F. net, neat— from L. nitidus, clean, 
trim— from niteo, I shine) tidy; spruce and clean; 
not tawdry; trim: pi plicity; pure'; 

unadulterated: neatly, ad. net'li, tidily; with good 
taste : neat'ness, n. -nSs, the condition or quality of 
being neat; good taste in style of dress or literary 
composition: neat-handed, a. clever and tidy; fin- 
ished; exact. 

neat, n. net (Icel. naut, an ox: AS. nyten, cattle in 
general— from nitan, not to know), cattle, as the ox, 
the cow, and suchlike: neat-herd, a cow-keeper; 
a herdsman : neafs-foot oil, an oil procured from the 
fat of cattle by boiling, used to render leather soft 
and pliable. 

neb, n. neb (AS. neb, a beak, nose, face: Icel. nebbi; 
Dut. nebbe, the beak of a bird: Scot, neb, any sharp 
point), the beak of a bird ; the nose ; the snout ; the 
mouth; a nib. 

nebula, n. nSb'u-ld, plu. nebulae, -IS (L. nebula ; 
Gr. nephele, mist, a rhmd), an appearance as of alight 
gauzy cloud amongst the stars, usually only seen 
through a telescope, often resolvable by a powerful 
instrument into clusters of stars; a white spot or 
slight opacity on the cornea : neb'ular, a. -ler, of or 
relating to nebulae: nebulous, a. -Ms, cloudy; hazy; 
pert, to a nebula: neb'ulousness, n. -nes, also neb'- 
uloslty, n. -los'l-ti, the faint misty appearance which 
surrounds many stars: nebuly, a. neb'-u-U, covered 
or ornamented with wavy lines : nebular hypothesis, 
the theory or hypothesis which supposes that, in the 
primal condition of the solar system, the sun was the 
centre of aluminous mass, out of which were gradually 
evolved the planets and satellites of our system. 

necessary, a. nHs'-Hs-sur-l (L. necessarius, indispen- 
sable, unavoidable — from necesse, inevitable: It. 
necessario: F. ntcessaire), that cannot be otherwise ; 
inevitable ; essential ; acting from necessity or com- 
pulsion ; decisive by logical consequences: n. some- 
thing indispensable; an essential: nee'essaries, n. 
plu. -Iz, things that are daily in use and cannot be 
dispensed with: necessarily, ad. -s6r'-i-li: nee'es- 
sariness, n. -i-nds, the state or quality of being nec- 
essary : necessitarian, n. ne-sSs'si-td'ri-dn, also nec- 
essarian, n. nes'es-sd'rl-dn, one who holds the doc- 
trine of philosophical necessity: nee'essa'rianism, 
n. -ri-dn-izm, also necessitarianism, n. -izm, the 
doctrine of philosophical necessity in regard to the 
origin and existence of all things, but particularly 
as applied to acting or choosing: neces'sitate, v. -i- 
tdt, to compel ; to constrain ; to render unavoidable : 
necessitating, imp.: necessitated, pp. : necessity, n. 
ne-ses'i-tl, that which cannot be otherwise ; that which 
must be ; extreme indigence ; pinching poverty ; irre- 
sistible power: neces'sitous, a. -sl-tus, pressed with 
poverty; destitute: neces'sitonsly, ad. -li: neces'si- 
tousness, n. -nes, extreme poverty or destitution: 
of necessity, by necessary consequence ; by compul- 
sion. 

neck, n. nek (AS. hnecca, the back of the head : Dan. 

, , ..... j .... ■■■ 'n/U I 

the back of the head: Dut. nak, the nape, the neck- 
see nape), the part of an animal between the head 
and the trunk ; a narrow tract of land connecting two 
larger portions together ; the long slender part of any- 
thing, as of a bottle : necked, a. nekt, having a neck- 
used only in composition, as stiff-necked. : neck-band, 
the collar of a shirt : neckcloth, a cravat ; something 
worn round the neck bv men : stiff-necked, a. obdur- 
ate; obstinate: neckerchief , n. nek'ker-chnf, a kerchief 
or cloth for the neck: necklace, n. nek'lds, a string of 
beads, or some other ornament, worn round the neck : 
neck'laced, a. -last, adorned as with a necklace : neck- 
tie, a small cravat for the neck : to harden the neck, to 
grow obstinate : neck and crop, completely ; utterly : 
to break the neck of, to destroy the main force or 
power of; to reduce to an almost harmless condition: 
neck or nothing, with the risk of everything : neck- 
verse, the verse anciently required to be read by a 



'> boy, /dot; pure, bud; chdir, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



NECR 



necrolite, n. nik'ro-ir i lead, and lithos, 

a stone), a term applied to certain nodules in lime- 
stone strata which, when struck, exhale a fetid odour 
like that of putrid flesh : necronite, n. nek'ro-nit, a 
variety of felspar which, when struck, gives off a fetid 
odour. 

necrology, n. nS-krol'6-ji (Gr. nekros, dead, and 
logos, a discourse), a register of deaths : necrological, 
a. nSk'ro-lOj'-i-kdl, pert, to a register of the dead: ne- 
crologist, n. n6-kr6l'-6-jist, one who gives an account 
of deaths. 

necromancy, n. nSk'ro-mcln'si (Gr. nekros, dead, and 
manteia, divination), divination by the agency of 
the spirits of the dead, or by devils ; enchantment : 
nec'roman'cer, n. -sir, one who practises the art; a 
conjurer: necromantic, a. -tik, pert, to or performed 
by necromancy : nec'roman'tically, ad. -li. 

necrophagous, a. n6-krdf'-d-gus (Gr. nekros, dead, 
and phago, I eat), feeding on the dead ; carrion-eating. 

necropolis, n. nS-krop'o-lis (Gr. nekros, dead, and 
polls, a city), a name given to ancient cemeteries, and 
now applied to modern burial-places ; a cemetery. 

necropsy, n. nSk'rop-sl (Gr. nekros, dead, and opsis, 
sight), the examination of a dead body. 

necroscopic, a. ngk'-rd-skop'-lk (Gr. nekros, dead, and 
skopeo, I view) relating to post-mortem examinations. 

necrosis, n. nS-kro'-sls (Gr. nekrosis, a killing, dead- 
ness), mortification and death of a bone ; a state an- 
alogous to mortification or gangrene in soft parts ; a 
disease of plants marked by small black spots, and 
followed by decay. 

nectar, n. nek'ter (L. nectar; Gr. nektar, the drink 
of the gods : F. nectar), in anc. myth., the drink of the 
gods ; the sweet secretion of flowers ; any sweet and 



rean, or necta'reous, a. -ta-rd-us, pert, to or containing 
nectar; sweet as nectar; delicious: necta'reously, ad. 
-li : necta'reousness, n. -nSs, the quality of being nec- 
tareous : necta'real, a. -r6-dl, pert, to the nectary of a 
flower: nectariferous, a. nSk'ter-if-er-us (L. fero, I 
produce), producing nectar or honey; having a honey- 
like secretion: nectary, n. n&k'ter-l, any abnormal 
part of a flower ; properly that part of a flower which 
secretes a honey-like substance: nec'tarine, n. -In, a 
variety of peach having a smooth rind : adj. sweet as 
nectar : necta'rium, n. -ri-um, the nectary : nec'tar- 
ous, a. -ter-tls, sweet as nectar. 

nee, not (F. nee— from L. natus, born), born— a term 
often placed in high life before a married woman's 
maiden name in order to designate the family name 
to which she belongs, as Madame de Stael, nee Necker— 
that is, born Necker, or her family name was Necker. 

need, n. ned (AS. nead, necessity: Dut. nood; Ger. 
noth, need, want: Russ. nudit', to constrain), want; 
occasion for something ; necessity ; pressing difficulty : 
v. to want ; to require ; to have necessity for ; in the 
third pers. sing, pres., need is employed as an auxil- 
iary, and drops the usual terminating s, as he need not 
come: needing, imp.: need'ed, pp.: need'ful, a. -fdbl, 
necessary; requisite: need'fully, ad. -li: need'ful- 
ness, n. -nSs, the state or quality of being needful : 
needs, ad. nedz, necessarily; indispensably, used with 
must: needless, a. ned'les, unnecessary; not needed : 
needlessly, ad. -li : need'lessness, n. -nSs, the quality 
of being needless: needy, a. ned'i, very poor;, dis- 
tressed by want of the means of living : need'ily, ad. 
-l-ll: need'iness, n. -n&s, the state of being needy; 
want ; poverty. 

needle, n. ne'dl (Goth, nethla ; old H. Ger. nadala; 
Dut. naelde; Icel. nal, a needle: Dut. naeden; Ger. 
ndhen, to sew : W. noden, a thread), a small steel in- 
strument, pointed at one end, and having an eye or 
hole at the other, used in sewing ; the artificial mag- 
net of the compass ; anything needle-shaped : needles, 
n. plu. ne'-dlz, a term applied to detached masses of 
rock standing out from cliffs or shores, as the Needles off 
the Isle of Wight : nee'dleful, n. -fool, a thread of the 
length ordinarily used in sewing: nee'dler, n. -dler, a 
needle-maker : needle-pointed, as pointed as a needle: 
needle- woman, a woman who earns a livelihood by 
sewing: needle- work, work done with the needle: 
needle-book, a book having leaves for preserving 
needles: needle-fish, the pipe-fish: needle-ore, a 
variety of sulphuret of bismuth found in long, thin, 
steel -grey crystals: needle-stone, a mineral of the 
zeolite family : needle-gun, a gun fired by means of 



14 NEGU 

a needle forced forward by a spiral spring upon a 
detonating composition contained in a part of the 
cartridge. 

needless, needy, &c— see under need. 

ne'er, ad. nar, contr. of never, which see. 

nefarious, a. nS-fa'ri-us (L. nefarius, impious, base 
—from nefas, an unlawful action : It. nefario), villan- 
ous ; wicked in the extreme ; abominable : nefa'ri- 
ously, ad. -li: nefa'riousneas, n. -n6s, the quality of 
being nefarious. 

negative, n. nig'd-tiv (L. negativus; It. negativo, 
that denies, negative— from L. nego, I deny : F. niga- 
tif), a word which denies, as not, no; a proposition 
by which something is denied ; the right or power of 
withholding assent ; the position taken up by a party 
who opposes or denies ; in photography, a picture, 
either on paper or glass, having the lights and shadows 
reversed, from which positives or ordinary photo- 
graphs may be taken in unlimited numbers: adj. im- 
plying denial ; returning the answer no to an inquiry 
or request ; opposed to affirmative ; opposed to posi- 
tive, as a negative morality— that is, that which merely 
contents itself with abstaining from evil ; without posi- 
tive statement ; tending to prove the opposite ; having 
the power of stopping or withholding : v. to disprove ; 
to dismiss or reject by a vote ; to refuse to enact or 
sanction: neg'ativing, imp.: neg'atived, pp. -tivd: 
negation, n. nl-ga'-shun, denial, as opposed to affir- 
mation ; a declaration that a certain thing is not, or 
has not been; argument drawn from denial: neg / - 
atively, ad. -li: neg'ativeness, n. -nis, the quality of 
being negative: negative electricity, an amount of 
electricity less than the substance should naturally 
contain ; resinous electricity : negative pregnant, the 
negation of one thing which implies the affirmation of 
another: negative quantity, in alg., the quantity to 
be subtracted, or which is affected by the sign (— ) : 
negative sign, the sign (— ) in algebra. 

neglect, v. nig-lekt' (L. neglectus, disregarded, 
slighted,), to omit by carelessness or design ; to slight 
or disregard; not to heed; not to care for; not to 
attend to: n. omission to do anything that can be 
done, or that requires to be done ; slight ; habitual 
want of regard : neglecting, imp. : neglect'ed, pp. : 
neglect'er, n. -er, one who : neglect'ful, a. -fool, care- 
less; inattentive; heedless: neglect'fully, ad. -li, 
with neglect : neglect'edness, n. -n&s, state of being 
neglected : neglect 'ingly, ad. -li, carelessly ; inatten- 

negiigee, n. nSg'll-zha" (F. nigligi, an undress— from 
nigliger, to neglect), a loose gown ; an undress ; an 
easy unceremonious attire. 

negligent, a. nig'-li-jent (L. negligens, reckless, that 
cares not for anything : It. negligente : F. negligent), 
careless ; heedless ; habitually inattentive ; not doing 
what ought to be done: negligently, ad. -li: neg'li- 
gence, n. -jSns, carelessness ; the habit of omitting to 
do things which ought to be done ; omission of duty. 

negociate, negociable, &c, erroneous spellings of 
negotiate, negotiable, &c. 

negotiate, v. ng-go'shi-dt (L. negotium, business, or 
anything to be done ; negotior, I am employed in any 
business affair— from nee, not, and otium, ease, leisure : 
Sp. negociar : F. ne'gocier), to transact or arrange busi- 
ness ; to bargain ; to treat with others in regard to 
public affairs or private matters ; to pass or transfer, 
as a bill of exchange : negotiating, imp.: nego'tiated, , 
pp.: nego'tiable, a. -shi-d-N, capable of being negoti- 
ated ; that may be passed or transferred to another : 
nego'tiabil'ity, n. -bil'i-tl, the quality of being nego- 
tiable or transferable: nego'tia'tion, n. -shi-a'-shun, 
the treating with another in regard to sale or pur- 
chase ; the transaction of business between states or 
nations : nego'tiator, n. -d-ter, one who negotiates or 
treats with others. 

Negro, n. ne'gro (Sp. negro, a negro— from L. niger, 
black), one of the black race of men in Africa or their 
descendants, distinguished by their woolly hair, flat 
noses, high cheek-bones, and thick protruding lips : 
Negress, n. fern, ne'grgs, a female Negro : Negrito, n. 
ni-gri'-to (L. nigritia, black colour, Negroland), an in- 
habitant of certain intertropical islands: adj. black: 
negrohead tobacco, tobacco softened with molasses 
and pressed into cakes, generally called cavendish: 
Negroland, the district of Africa occupied by the 
Negro race. 

negus, n. ne'gus (said to be after Col. Negus, in 
Queen Anne's time), a mixture of wine and hot water, 
sweetened and spiced, or sweetened only. 
mdte, m&t,far, law; mite, mSt, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, m6ves 



NEIG 3 

neigh, n. na (AS. hncegan; Icel. hneggia; Low Ger. 
nichen; It. nitrire, to neigh: Scot, niclwr, to neigh, 
to laugh courselv— all imitative of the sound), the 
cry of a horse : v. to cry as a horse: neighing, hup.: 
n. the act of crying as a horse : neighed, pp. ndd. 

neighbour, n. nd'-ber (AS. neah-bur; Ger. nachbar, 
a neighbour— from AS. neah, nigh, near, and Dan. 
hoe; Ger. bauen, to till, to cultivate), one who lives 
near to another; an intimate; in Scrip., a fellow- 
being: v. to be near to; to adjoin: neigh'bouring, 
imp.: adj. living or being near: neighboured, pp. 
nd'-bird : neigh bourhood, n. -Ur-houd, place or part 
near; adjoining district: neigh'bourly, a. -li, friend- 
ly ; social ; becoming a neighbour : ad. after the man- 
ner of a neighbour : neigh bourliness, n. -li-nes, state 
or quality of being neighbourly. 

neither, a. ne'-ther or ni'-ther (AS. neither, neither 
—from ne, not, and Eng. either), not the one or the 
other; not either: conj. not either; not yet. Note.— 
Neither is used to introduce two or more co-ordinate 
clauses, and as the correlative of nor, as, "neither 
John nor James could come." Neither follows not— 
" Ye shall not eat of it, neither shall ye touch it." 

nem. con., n£m kon, an abbreviation of the Latin 
nemine contradicente, nem'in-e kon'trd-di-sen'-te, 
which signifies, no one opposing. 

nemacanthus, n. nem'-d-kdn'-tlius (Gr. nemo, I deal 
out, I scatter, and akantha, a thorn or spine), a genus 
of fossil fin-spines, so called from being covered with 
minute prickles. 

Nemaean, a. nS-me'-dn, pert, to Nemoea in anc. 
Greece, or to the games held there. 

nemalite, n. nem'-d-lit (Gr. nema, a thread, and 
lithos, a stone), fibrous hydrate of magnesia. 

nematoid, a. nem'-d-toyd (Gr. nema, a thread, and 
eidos, appearance), like a thread— applied to a class of 
parasitic worms. 

nematoneura, n. ncm'-d-tO-nu'-rd (Gr. nema, a thread, 
and neuron, a nerve), applied to that division of the 
radiatu, among the animals of which the nervous fila- 
ments are distinctly traceable, and the alimentary 
canal floats loosely in a distinct abdominal cavity. 

Nemesis, n. nem-6-sls (Gr. distribution), a female 
Greek divinity, the daughter of Night, the distributer 
of good and evil, but chiefly of punishments, most 
severe to the insolent and proud on whom fortune 
had lavishly bestowed her favours. 

nenuphar, n. nen'-u-f&r (F. nenufar: It. nenufar), 
the great white water-lily of Europe. 

neb, ne'-O (Gr. neos, new, fresh, recent), the first part 
of many scientific compounds, signifying, new ; fresh ; 
young; recent. 

neocomian, n. ne'0-k0'-7ni-dn (L. Neocomium, the 
Latin name of Neufehatel, in Switzerland), in geol., a 
term applied to the Greensand or Lower Cretaceous 
formation. 

neogene, n. ne'-o-jen (Gr. neos, new, and ginomai, I am 
formed), literally, new-bom; a term applied by geolo- 
gists to designate the Pliocene and Niocene tertiaries. 

neolite, n. ne'-O-llt (Gr. neos, new, and lithos, a stone). 
a laminar massive variety of talc, of a brownish or 
blackish-green colour. 

neology, n. ne-ol'-o-jl (Gr. neos, new, and logos, a 
word: It. neologia: F. neologie), the introduction or 
use of new words and phrases into a language ; a new 
system of doctrines at variance with received inter- 
pretations of revealed truth ; new method of theologi- 
cal interpretation; rationalism: neologie, a. ne'o-loj- 
ik, also ne'olog'ical, a. -i-kdl, pert, to neology : ne'olog- 
ically, ad. -li: neologist, n. ne-ol'-o-jlst, an innovator 
in language or religion ; one who holds or introduces 
new doctrines at variance with received interpreta- 
tions of revealed religion : neologise, v. -j%z, to intro- 
duce new words or new doctrines : neol'ogi'sing, imp. : 
neologised, pp. -jlzd: neol'ogism, n. -jizm, new words 
or phrases introduced into language ; new views in- 
troduced into religion. 

neophyte, n. ne'-o-fit (Gr. neophutos, newly planted 
—from neos, new, and phutos, grown ; phuton, a plant, 
a creature : F. neophyte), a new convert or proselyte 
to the Christian faith in early times ; a novice ; a be- 
ginner : adj. newly entered into an employment. 

neoteric, n. ne'6-ter'ik (Gr. neoterikos, youthful— 
from neos, new), one of modern times: ne'oter'ic, 
a., also ne'oter'ical, a. -l-kdl, new; recent in origin; 
modern. 

neozoic, a, ne'-O-zo'-lk (Gr. neos, new, and zoe, life), a 
term used to designate one of the two great epochs of 
geological time, which embraces the portions of the 



5 NEST 

earth's crust from the Trias up to the existing order 
of things. 

nep, n. nep (L. nepeta), the herb catmint. 

nepenthe, n. ne-pen'the (Gr. nepenthes— from ne, 
not, and penthos, grief, sadness), in anc. Greece, a magic 
potion or drug supposed to cause persons to forget 
their sorrow and misfortunes : nepenthes, n. -thez, a 
singular plant, well known under the name of pitcher- 
plant. 

nepheline, n. nef-6-lin (Gr. nephele, a cloud), a double 
silicate of alumina and soda, occurring in small crys- 
tals in igneous rocks, so called from its transparent 
fragments becoming cloudy in nitric acid. 

nephew, n. nev'-u (L. nepos, a grandson, a descen- 
dant—gen. nepotis: F. neveu; Scot, nevoy, a nephew : 
Lap. napat, a sister's son), the son of a brother or sister ; 
fern, niece. 

nephralgia, n. ne-frdl'-ji-d (Gr. nephros, a kidney, 
and algos, pain of body or mind), pain in the kidneys. 

nephrite, n. nef-rit (Gr. nephros, a kidney), a mine- 
mi of a leek-green colour, remarkable for hardness and 
tenacity — pieces of it were formerly worn as an ima- 
gined specific for diseases of the kidneys; also called 
jade: nephritic, a. ne-frlt'-ik, also nephrit'ical, a. -i- 
kdl, affected with disease of the kidneys : nephritic, n. 
a medicine for the cure of disease in the kidneys : ne- 
phritis, n. ne-j'n-tis, inflammation of the kidneys: 
nephrotomy, n. ne-frot'o-mi (Gr. tome, a cutting), the 
operation of extracting a stone from the kidney. 

nepotism, n. uCp'-O-tizm or nc-po-tXzm (F.nepotisme ; 
It. nepn tit-mo— from L. nepos, a grandson, a nephew- 
gen. 7iepotis), undue preference or favouritism shown 
to relatives. 

Neptune, n. nep'-tun (L. Neptunus), in anc. myth., 
the god of the sea ; the remotest known planet of our 
system: neptunian, a. ne'p-tu'-nl-dn, pert, to the sea; 
formed by water— now applied to the stratified rocks 
only: neptunian theory, the theory which referred 
the formation of all rocks and strata to the agency 
of water: neptunian, n. -ni-dn, also nep'tuniat, n. 
-tn-nist, one \\ ho supports the neptunian theory. 

Nereid, n. ne're-ld (Gr. Nereis, a nymph of the sea 
—gen. Nereidos), one of the sea nymphs or goddesses 
who were constant attendants upon Neptune* Nereides, 
plu. ne-re'-i-dez, also ne-re'-ids: nereites, n. plu. ne'-rd- 
Its, fossil tracks of marine worms, occurring in Silu- 
rian and other strata; a living family of sea-worms: 
nerite, n. ne'-rlt, a uuivalvular shell-fish of the genus 
nerita, ni-rl'-td. 

neroli, n. nir'-o-li (F. neroli), the essential oil of 
orange-flowers. 

nerve, n. nerv (L. nervus; Gr. neuron, a sinew, a 
nerve, the string of a bow: It. nervo: F. nerf), one 
of the network of grey fibrous cords which are car- 
ried from the brain as their centre to all parts of the 
body, forming the organs of sensation and impressions; 
fortitude ; strength ; firmness of mind or body ; cour- 
age; manliness; in bot., one of the fibrous bundles of 
the combined vascular and cellular tissue ramifying 
through leaves, &c, like veins or nerves in the animal 
structure : v. to give strength or vigour to ; to streng- 
then : nerving, imp.: nerved, pp. nervd: nerveless, 
a. without strength or nerve : nervine, n. nir'-vin, any- 
thing that affects the nerves : adj. good for the nerves : 
nervous, a. ner'-vus, relating to the nerves; having the 
nerves affected ; easily agitated ; marked by strength 
in sentiment or style, as a writer ; in bot. , full of nerves; 
having the nerves prominently developed : ner'vously, 
ad. -li: ner'vousness, n. -nis, the state or quality of 
being nervous ; weakness or agitation of the nerves : 
nervures, n. plu. nerv'urz (F. nervure, nerve or band), 
the veins of leaves ; the horny stems or tubes which 
expand the wings of insects : nervation, n. ner-va- 
shun, in bot., the character or disposition of the nerves 
of a leaf or other foliaceous appendage: nervous 
system, the nerves spread over the body taken collec- 
tively, the office of which is to receive and convey im- 
pressions : nervous temperament, a condition of body 
characterised by fine hair, thin skin, small muscles, 
quickness of motion, and a general predominance of 
mental manifestations. 

ness, nils, also naze, ndz (AS. nesse, a cape : L. nasus, 
a nose— see naze), in geog., any promontory or sudden 
projection of land into the sea— common as a postfix 
in names of places and capes— as Shoeburywess, Fife- 
ness, Dungewess. 

nest, n. nest (Pol. gniazdo, a nest, a breed: Bret. 
neiz; Gael, nead; L. nidus, a nest), the bed or dwel- 
ling prepared by a bird for incubation, and for its 



cow, boy, foot; pure, dud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



NEST S 

young till able to fly ; any place where insects or small 
animals are produced ; a warm, close place of abode ; a 
number of persons dwelling together, in an ill sense, as 
a nest of thieves; a number of boxes or baskets placed 
one within the other; a set of small drawers: v. to 
build and occupy a nest: nesting, imp.: nested, pp.: 
nest-egg, an egg left in a nest to prevent the hen for- 
saking it; something laid up as a beginning or nu- 

nestle, v. nSs'l (AS. nestlian, to nestle— from nest, a 

nest), to cherish and fondle closely, as a bird > . , 

to lie close and snug: nestling, imp. ncs'limj: adj. 
recently hatched : n. a young bird from the nest or iu 
it : nestled, pp. nSs'ld. 

Nestorian, n. nds-to-rl-dn, one of an anc. sect found- 
ed by Nestorius of Constantinople in the fifth century, 
who taught that the divine and human natures of 
Christ did not unite and form one person, that Mary 
was not the -mother of God, but of Christ— remains of 
the sect are still found in Persia and India : adj. of or 
relating to the Nestorians. 

net, n. net (Goth, nati; Icel. not ; Ger. netz; Bret. 
neud, a net), a texture with open meshes, made of 
twine, thread, &c, used for catching fish or birds; a 
snare ; an inextricable difficulty : v. to form as net- 
work ; to take with a net : net'ting, imp.: n. a piece of 
network; the process of forming meshes for nets: 
net'ted, pp.: adj. made of network; in hot, covered 
with raised lines disposed like the threads of a net: 
netty, a. nSt'-tl, resembling a net or network: net- 
work, work formed with meshes like a net. 

net, a. net (F. net/ Sp. neto; It. netto, pure, clear, 
free— from L. niteo, I shine— see neat), pure ; unadul- 
terated ; clear of all charges or deductions, as net pro- 
fit, net weight : v. to receive or produce as clear pro- 
fit: net'ting, imp. : netted, pp. net'ted: net is impro- 
perly written nett : net proceeds, the amount or sum 
which goods produce after every charge is paid : net 
weight, the weight of merchandise after allowance has 
been made for the casks, bags, or any enclosing material. 

nether, n.nSih'er (Icel. nedan, under; nedri, lower: 
Ger. nieder, lower : AS. neothan, beneath), lying be- 
neath ; in a lower place ; opposed to upper ; belonging 
to the regions below : neth'ermost, a. superl. degree, 
•most, lowest. 

Nethinim, n. plu. nSth'4-nlm {Heb.— from nathan, to 
give), among the anc. Jews, the servants of the priests 
and Levites about the Temple. 

nettle, n. nSt'l (Ger. nessel; Low Ger. nettel; Norm. 
netla ; Dan. ncelde, a nettle : Icel. notr, a nettle— from 
notra, to shiver), a well-known stinging plant : v. to 
irritate ; to provoke ; to excite feelings of displeasure 
or uneasiness h: : nettling, imp. nit-ling: nettled, pp. 
net-Id: nettle-rash, a peculiar eruption on the skin 
resembling the effects of the sting of a nettle. 

neural, a. nu'-rdl (Gr. neuron, a sinew, a nerve), pert, 
to the nerves or nervous system; denoting the arch of 
the vertebra : neural arch, that which protects part of 
the nervous system : neurine, n. nu'-rln, nervous sub- 
stance. 

neuralgia, n. nu-rdl'-ji-d, also neural'gy, n. -jl (Gr. 
neuron, a nerve, and algos, pain), violent pain of a 
nerve, as in the head or face : neural'gic, a. -jlk, pert, 
to or afflicted by neuralgia. 

neurapophysis, n. nu-rd-pof'-i-sis (Gr. neuron, a 
sinew, a nerve, and Eng. apophysis), in anat., the part 
projecting from a vertebra which aids in forming the 
canal that protects the spinal cord. 

neurilemma, n. nu'-ri-lem'-md (Gr. neuron, a sinew, a 
nerve, and lemma, skin, bark), in anat., the delicate 
fibrous sheath of a nerve. 

neurology, n. nu-rol'O-ji (Gr. neuron, a nerve, and 
logos, a discourse), a scientific description of the nerves 
of animal bodies ; the doctrine of the nerves : neu'ro- 
loglcal, a. -loj'-l-kdl, pert, to : neurol'ogist, n. -rol-6- 
jlst, a writer on the nerves. 

neuroma, n. nu-ro'-md (Gr. neuron, a nerve), a 
fibrous tumour developed in the sheath of a nerve. 

neuropathy, n. nu-rop'-d-thl (Gr. neuron, a nerve, 
and pathos, suffering), a term applied generally to af- 
fections of the nervous system. 

neuroptera, n. plu. nu-rop'-ter-d(Gr. neuron, a, nerve, 
and pteron, a wing), an order of insects characterised 
by the finely-reticulated nervures of their membrane- 
ous wings, of which there are two pairs : neurop'ter, 
n. one of the order of neuroptera : neurop'teral, a. 
-ter-dl, also neurop'terous, a. -ter-us, nerve- winged ; 
pert, to the order neuroptera. 

neuropteris, n. nu-rop'-ter-is (Gr. neuron, a nerve, 



16 NEWS 

and pteris, a fern), a genus of fossil ferns occurring 
abundantly in the coal-measures. 

neuroses, n. nu-ro'-s&s (Gr. neuron, a nerve), ner- 
vous affections or diseases in which sense and motion 
are impaired without any local disease. 

neuroskeleton, n. nu'-ro fail i-tOi, (Gr. neuron, a 
nerve, and Eng. skeleton), the deep-seated bones of 
the vertebral skeleton connected with the nervous 
system and with locomotion. 

neurotic, n. nu-rot'-lk (Gr. neuron, a nerve), a dis- 
ease of the nerves, or a medicine used for strengthen- 
ing such : adj. seated in the nerves, or pert, to them : 
neurotomy, n. nu-rot'-d-mi (Gr. tome, a cutting), the 
dissection of a nerve: neu'rotom'ical, a. -tom'-i-kdl, 
pert, to : neurot'omist, n. one who dissects the nerves. 

neuter, a. nu'-tir (L. neuter, neither the one nor the 
other), taking no part with either side ; indifferent ; of 
neither sex; neither active nor passive — applied to 
verbs: n. an animal fully developed which has no 
organs of generation, as the working-bee ; a plant 
having neither stamens nor pistils ; one who takes no 
side in a contest or controversy: neu'tral, a. -tral, not 



composed of an acid and a base in such proportions 
that they counteract or render imperceptible each 
other's properties : neu'trally, ad. -U .- neutrality, n. 
-trdl'-i-ti, the state of taking no part on any side; in- 
difference : neutralise, v. -iz, to render neutral or 
inert ; to counteract or render imperceptible the pro- 
perties of a body by causing it to combine with an- 
other of different properties : neu'trali'sing, imp. : 
adj. counteracting or rendering inert the peculiar 
properties of a body ; reducing to a state of inac- 
tivity: neu'tralised, pp. -izd: adj. reduced to neu- 
trality : neu'trali'ser, n. -i'-zer, that which renders 
inert the peculiar properties of: neu'tralisa'tion, n. 
-i-zd'shun, the act of reducing to a state of neutrality ; 
in chem., the process by which an acid and a base 
are combined in such proportions as to counteract or 
render inert the properties of both: neutral tint, 
a factitious grey pigment used in water-colours, com- 
posed of blue, red, and yellow in certain proportions. 

neuvaines, n. plu. nu-vanz'{F. neuvaine— froianeuf, 
nine), in the R. Cath. Gh., prayers of the same kind 
offered up for nine successive days. 

never, ad. nSv'er (AS. nozfre, never— from ne, not, 
and cefre, ever), not ever ; at no time ; in no degree, 
as, "and yet be never the worse"; not at all; not, as, 
"he answered him to never a word"; however, as, 
"charm he never so wisely" ; in Scrip., ever, as, "ask 
me never so much dowry." 

nevertheless, ad. nev'-er-tM-Us' (never, the, and less), 
not the less ; notwithstanding. 

new, a. nu (Bret, -nevez; Gael, nuadh; Sans, nawa; 
L. novus; Gr. neos, new), lately made, invented, 
or produced ; fresh ; not old ; not before known ; 
modern; of the present time; opposed to old; dif- 
ferent from the former, as a new life ; not of an- 
cient family : newish, a. -Ish, somewhat new ; near- 
ly new : new'er, comp. -er: new'est, superl. -est: 
newly, ad. nu'-li, lately ; recently ; in a manner differ- 
ent from the former: newness, n. -nu'-nes, state or 
quality of being new ; recentness ; difference from the 
former manner : Newfoundland dog, a variety of dog 
of large size, originally from Newfoundland, remark- 
able for its sagacity: new-laid, a. fresh, as eggs: new 
red sandstone, the sandstone lying above the coal- 
measures : new style, the Gregorian or present method 
of reckoning time : New Testament, the second great 
division of the Bible : new-year's day, the first day of 
the year; 1st January: new-year's gift, a present 
given on or about the first day of the year : new-comer, 
one lately arrived : new-fangled, a. desirous or fond of 
something new : new world, a name applied to N. and 
S. Amer., referring to their having become known to 
Europeans at a comparatively recent date. 

newel, n. nu'-el (Norm. F. nowel or nuel; F. noyau, 
a newel), the upright pillar round which the steps turn 
in a winding staircase, and by which they are sup- 
ported from the bottom to the top. 

news, n. sing, nuz (from Eng. new. said to be made 
up of the initial letters of the four cardinal points, 
N.E.W.S., meaning intelligence from all quarters: 
F. nouvelle, news), intelligence; tidings: news-boy 
or news-man, one who sells or delivers newspapers : 
news-galleys, among printers, long frames of metal, 
or of metal bottoms and wooden sides, for containing 
columns of type, for the purpose of pulling therefrom 



mate, mdt,fdr, law; mete, met, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, mOve; 



NEWT 



387 



NIGH 



proofs in slips : newsmonger, one who employs much 
of his time in hearing ami telling news : news-vendor, 
a seller of newspapers : newspaper, n. a sheet of 
paper printed and published daily, or at short inter- 
vals, for giving intelligence of passing events: news- 
paper agent, one who supplies newspapers to the 
public; anewsvendor: news-room, a room where the 
daily papers, magazines, reviews, &c, may he read by 
subscribers: news-writer, a casual reporter or con- 
tributor to a newspaper. 

newt, n. nut (a supposed corruption of aw evet— from 
old Eng. evet, a newt : AS. efete, an eft, a newt), a small 
water-lizard ; an eft. 

Newtonian, n. nu-to'nl-dn, a follower of Newton's 
philosophy : adj. pert, to Sir Isaac Newton, or to his 
discoveries. 

next, a. nSkst (AS. neah, near ; nehst, next), nearest 
in place ; nearest in time ; having no object interven- 
ing between it and another : ad. immediately succeed- 
ing, or at the time or turn nearest, as, " the matter is 
next to impossible " : next door to, close to ; not far re- 
moved from anything. Note.— Next may frequently 
be regarded as a prep, when followed by to, expressed 
or understood, as, " you are next to him." 

nib, n. nib (Scot, neb, a sharp point: Norm, nibba, a 
sharp projecting rock: Icel. nibba, a promontory— see 
neb), the point of anvthing, particularly of a pen ; the 
beak of a bird: nibbed, a. nlbd, having a nib or point. 

nibble, n. nib'-bl (Dut. knabbelen, to nibble, to grum- 



bait; to carp at; to Bn< db'bling, imp. 

■Ming : adj. biting or feeding by nibbles : n. a little 
bite; act of one who nibbles : nib'bled, pp. -bid: nib - 
blingly, ad. -blingli: nib'bler, n. -bier, he or that 
which nibbles ; a carper. 

nice, a. nis (F. nice, foolish, simple: Prov. nesci ; 
Port, nescio; Sp. necio, foolish, imprudent : L. nescius, 
ignorant), foolishly particular; over-regard to tri- 
fling matters ; attentive to minutiae ; sweet or very 
pleasant to the taste; accurate; discriminating; re- 
quiring scrupulous exactness ; fastidious ; showing 
great delicacy ; refined ; pleasing: nicely, ad. nfstli, 
delicately; daintily; accurately; well; cleverly; in 
the best manner : niceness, n. nls'nSs, pleasantness 
to the sense; extreme delicacy; minute exactness; 
accuracy: nicety, n. nls'e-ti, the quality of being 
nice; exactness in treatment; fastidious delicacy; 
minuteness, as of observation or discrimination; pre- 
cision ; delicate management ; something new or deli- 
cate, as a dainty dish of food ; a delicacy : nic'eties, n. 
plu. -Hz, dainties or delicacies of the table : nice dis- 
tinction, one that is taken by over-refined reasoning : 
a person nice in food, a person over particular in the 
choice of food. 

Nicene, a. nl'sen, pert, to the town of Nice or 
Nicaea, in Asia Minor ; denoting a celebrated council 
held there, a.d. 325 : Nicene Creed, the summary of 
Christian faith drawn up by this council, with the 
additions made at the Council of Constantinople, 381. 

niche, n. nich (F. niche; It. nicchio, a recess iu a 
wall for a statue), a cavity or recess in a wall, as for 
a statue or bust : niched, a. nicht, having a niche, or 
put into one. 

nick, n. nik (It. nicchio, a nick: Ger. knick, the 
clear sound of a slender body when it gets a sudden 
chink or burst), a cut or notch : v. to cut in nicks or 
notches; to notch: nick'ing, imp.: nicked, pp. nikt: 
nick-nacks, n. plu. nik-ndks, small wares ; trifles. 

nick, n. ?itk(F. nique, a trick, hence a sleight or turn 
of hand: Ger. nicken, to nod, to wink), the exact 
point or critical moment ; a fortunate conjuncture; 
the winning throw or trick: v. to hit; to touch 
luckily ; to perform by a slight artifice used at the 
lucky moment; to cozen; to defeat: nick'ing, imp.: 
nicked, pp. nikt : nick of time, just in time ; at the 
required moment. 

Nick, n. nik, also Old Nick (Low Ger. nikker, the 
hangman, the devil, as, in the popular estimation, the 
great executioner prepared for the condemned at the 
day of judgment: Icel. nikr; AS. nicor, a water-god), 
the devil 

nickel, n. nik'el (Ger. nickel, a contraction for kup- 
fernickel, false copper, that is, copper of Nick or 
Nicholas, a name given to it by the miners in derision, 
from having been thought base ore of copper : Ger. 
kup/er, copper, and nickel, a jade, a prostitute), a 
metal of a white or reddish-white colour, and of great 



cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, 



hardness, is ductile and malleable, and, like iron, is at- 
tracted by the magnet, and may be rendered mag- 
netic: nickelic, a. nik'el-lk, pert, to nickel: nick- 
eline, n. nlk'-el-ln, one of the chief ores of nickel : 
nickel-glance, a greyish- white ore of nickel: nickel- 
ochre or nickel-green, an arseniate of nickel of an 
apple-green colour: nickel-silver, white metal or 
German silver, a compound of tin and nickel. 

nickname, n. nlk'nam (Icel. auknefni; Sw. bk- 
namn; Ger. eich-name, a surname, a nickname— from 
Icel. auk; old Eng. eke, in addition, besides, and Eng. 
name: F. nom de nique, a name of contempt), a term 
of reproach, contempt, or derision ; a by-name : v. to 
call by an opprobrious name: nick'naming, imp.: 
nicknamed, pp. nlk'-namd, named in derision or re- 
proach. 

Nicolaitans, nik'6-ld'tdnz, a sect of early Chris- 
tians condemned by the Spirit of God— Rev. ii. 6. 

nicotian, a. ni-kO'shi-dn (from Nicot, a Frenchman 
who first sent the seeds of tobacco into France), pert, 
to or denoting tobacco : nicotianin, n. ni-ko'-shi-d- 
nin, the volatile oil of tobacco, possessing the smell 
of tobacco - smoke : nicotin, n. nik'o-tin, a highly 
acrid, pungent, and poisonous liquid, extracted from 
tobacco : nicotiana, n. ni-ko'shl-d'nd, a genus of 
plants, which includes the tobacco-plant. 

nictate, v. nlk'tat, also nictitate, v. nik'-tl-tat (L. 
nictation, to make a sign with the eyes), to wink: 
nic'tating, imp., also nic'titating, imp.: adj. wink- 
ing: nic'tated, pp., also nictitated, pp.: nictation, n. 
nik-td'shun, also nictitation, n. nUc'tl-td'shun, the act 
of winking : nictitating membrane, a fold of skin 
with which birds cover their eyes. 

nidificate, v. nld'i-fi-knt iL. niditicatum, to build a 
nest— from nidus, a nest, and facio, I make), to build 
nests : nidificating, imp. : nid'ificated, pp. : nid'ifl- 
ca'tion, n. -kd'shun, the act or process of building a 
nest and hatching and rearing the young. 

nidulant, a. nid'-u-ldnt (L. nidulans, making a nest 
—gen. nidulantis— from nidus, a nest), nestling, as a 
bird in its nest; in but., embedded in pulp, as in a 
nest ; partially encased in some covering. 

nidulites, n. plu. nid'u-lltz (L. nidus, a nest, and 
Gr. lithos, stone), certain organisms occurring in 
Silurian strata— so called because supposed to be egg- 
masses. 

nidus, n. nl'diis (L. nidus, a nest), a scientific or 
semi-scientific term for any place where parasites, 
worms, or insects lodge and lay their eggs ; a nest or 
hatching-place. 

niece, n. nes (F. niece, a niece: prov. F. nibs, a 
nephew : L. nepos, a grandson, a nephew), the daugh- 
ter of a brother or sister. 

niello, n. nl-CV-10 (It. nitllo, curved or wavy work in 
gold or silver), a species of ornamental engraving re- 
sembling damask-work; a specimen of the early 
fathers of copperplate printing. 

niggard, a. nlg'-erd, also nig'gardly, a. -li (Norm. 
nyggja, to gnaw, to scrape : Sw. njugg, sparing : Lap. 
nagget, to scrape together), sordidly unwilling to 
spend ; miserly ; meanly covetous ; extremely sparing 
of expense : nig'gardly, ad. -li, in a manner meanly 
covetous : nig'gard, n. one who scrapes up money by 
little and little; one who is meanly covetous; one 
who spends grudgingly; a miser: nig'gardness, n. 
-nes, also niggardliness, n. -li-nes, state of being nig- 
gardly ; mean covetousness ; extreme care in sparing 
expense. 

nigged ashlar, n. nlgd dsh'lir (Sw. nagga, to gnaw, 
to nibble: prov. Eng. nig, to clip money), stone hewn 
with a pick or a pointed hammer instead of a chisel. 

nigger, n. nig-er (L. niger, black), a negro ; a coloured 
slave ; a species of caterpillar— known also as a black- 
jack. 

nigh, a. nl (Goth, nehv; AS. neah, nigh), near; not 
distant or remote in time or place; contiguous; 
closely allied by blood ; close in fellowship : ad. near 
to a place ; almost ; near by : prep, near ; almost 
close to: nigher, a. comp. nl'-er, more nigh: nighest, 
a. superL ni'est, most nigh. 

night, n. nit (Goth, nahts; AS. niht; L. nox—gen. 
noctis, night : Lith. naktis, night), the part of the day 
between sunset and sunrise ; time of darkness ; figur- 
atively, death ; adversity ; obscurity ; intellectual and 
moral darkness : nightless, a nit'les, without a night : 
nightly, a. nit'll, done every night: ad. by night: 
nightward, ad. nit'-werd, approaching towards night : 
night-cap, a cap for wearing in bed at night ; famil- 
iarly, a tumbler of warm punch or toddy taken im- 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



i moth that flies in the night: 

night-glass, a sort of telescope, which, by concentra- 
ting a large amount of light, enables objects to be dis- 
tinctly seen at night: night-hawk, a well-known 
Amer. bird; in Scot., the night-moth: night-jar, the 
bird called goat-sucker: night-man, one who empties 
cess-pools, &c, at night: night-shade, the name given 
to several poisonous plants: deadly night-shade, a 
highly-poisonous plant ; the atropa belladonna: night- 
soil, the contents of cess-pools, &c: night-vision, a 
dream in the night: night-walker, one walking at 
night in sleep ; a somnambulist : night-watch, the 
watch placed at night, as on a ship at sea : in the 
night, suddenly; unexpectedly: to-night, in this 
night. 

nightingale, n. nlt'ln-gal (AS. >iihf, night, and AS. 
galan; Icel. gala, to sing), a small bird that sings 
■Mly in the evening. 

nightmare, n. nit-mar' (Icel. mara; Dan. mare; 
Ger. mahr; Dut. nagt-merrie, nightmare), a disagree- 
able sensation in sleep of pressure on the breast, and 
phantom-seeing ; an incubus ; a certain overwhelming 
or stupefying influence. 

nigrescent, a. nl-grSs'Snt (L. nigr^scens, growing 
black— from niger, black), growing dark or black; 
approaching to blackness. 

nihil, n. nl'hll (L.), nothing: nihilism, n. nl'hll- 
Izm, nothingness ; the doctrine that nothing can be 
known: nihility, n. nl-hll'-i-tl, nothingness; state of 
being nothing: nil, n. nil, a contraction of nihil, 
nothing; a termin book-keeping ran celling, meaning, 
to pass it over, to take no notice of it. 

Nilometer, n. nll-om'S-ter (L. Nilus; Gr. Neilos, the 
Nile, and Gr. metron, a measure), an erection for as- 
cei-taining the height of the periodical rising of the 
Nile : nilotic, a. ml-ot'-lk, relating to the Nile. 

nimble, a. nim'bl (AS. numol, capable of catching : 
Icel. nema, to take: Dan. nemme, to learn, to ap- 
prehend), light and quick in motion ; active ; brisk ; 
expert: nim'bly, ad. -bit: nim'bleness, n. -bl-nHs, the 
quality of being nimble ; quickness ; celerity : nimble- 
footed, a. light of foot : nimble-fingered, a. dexterous ; 
in a bad sense, given to pilfer. 

nimbus, n. i n iiribus, a bright or black 

cloud, a cloud-shaped splendour: It. nimbo: F.nimbe), 
the rain-cloud; in anc. myth., the cloud of light 
around the person of a god when he appeared on 
earth ; the circle of light around the heads of saints ; 
a halo : nimbiferous, a. nim-bif-er-Os (L. fero, I carry), 
bringing cloud? and storms. 

nincompoop, n. nln'k6m-p6p (a corruption of the 
L. non compos, not competent, in the phrase, non 
compos mentis, not possessing mind, of unsound 
mind), a fool; a trifler; a silly fellow. 

nine, a. or n. nln (L. novem; Gr. ennea; Icel. niu; 
"W. naw; Sans, navan, nine), one more than eight: 
nineteen, n. nln'tSn, nine and ten: nine'teenth, a. 
-tenth, the ordinal of nineteen: nine'tieth, a. -ti-Sth, 
the ordinal of ninety : ninety, a. and n. nln'-tl, nine 
times ten: ninth, a. ninth, the ordinal of nine: n. 
a ninth part ; in music, an interval consisting of an 
octave and a tone or semitone : ninthly, ad. -It, in 
the ninth place : nine-fold, nine times repeated : 
nine-holes, an old game : nine-pins, a play with nine 
pieces of wood placed on end : nine-men's-morris, an 
old name for nine-pins : The Nine, poetical name for 
the Muses. 

ninny, n. nin'-ni (Sp. nino, a child; Gr. nennos, 
foolish, senseless : mod. Gr. ninion, a child, a doll), 
a childish person ; a fool. 

nip, n. nip (Ger. knipp, a snap or fillip with the 
fingers; knippen, to snap: Dan. nappe, to snap), a 
pinch with the nails ; a bruise or cut with something 
sharp ; a cutting off the end ; destruction of the ends 
of plants by frost ; a sip : v. to pinch, as with the 
nails ; to cut or pinch off the ends of anything ; to 
blast; to kill or destroy : nip'ping, imp.: adj. sharp; 
chilling ; removing by biting or cutting, as with the 
nails or teeth: nipped, pp. nipt: nip'per, n. he or 
that which nips: nippers, n. plu. nip'-i'rz, small 
pincers : nip'pingly, ad. -li : to nip in the bud or 
blossom, to destroy prematurely. 

nipadites, n. plu. nip i l-d i >.'., i genus of plants 
of the screw-pine tribe), a genus of fossil nuts resem- 
bling those of the nipa-palm of Bengal and the E. 
India Islands. 



8 NO 

nipple, n. nlp'l (a dim. of neb or nib : Esthon. nip, 
point, end: AS. nypele, a nipple), that part of the 
female breast from which the milk is drawn ; a teat 
or dug ; that part of the lock of a gun over which the 
percussion-cap is placed : nippled, a. nip'ld, covered 
iviili nipple-like protuberances: nip'ply, ad. -li. 

Nisan, n. nl'zdn (Heb.), a month of the Jewish cal- 
endar, answering to the month of April. 

nisi prius, nl'sl prl'-us (L. nisi, unless, and f/rius, 
before, previously), a judicial writ, so called from the 
first words ; a court so called. 

nit, n. nit (AS. hnitu; Dut. neet, a nit), the egg of a 
louse or other like insect : nitty, a. nit'-tl, full of nits : 
nit'tiness, n. -nc ol bi ine lull of nits. 

nitidous, a. mt'-i-dus (i. .-.: ning), in lot., 

having a smooth and polished surface ; glossy. 

nitratine, n. nl'trd-tin (see nitre), the mineralogical 
term for nitrate of soda. 

nitre, n. nl'ter (F. nitre; L. nitrum; Gr. nitron, a 
mineral alkali), saltpetre or nitrate of potash, a crys- 
talline substance of the appearance of salt, extensively 
used in the manufacture of gunpowder : nitriary, n. 
nl'tri-er-l, an artificial bed where nitre is formed or 
made ; a place where nitre is refined : nitrate, n. nl- 
trut, a salt formed by the union of nitric acid with a 
base, as nitrate of soda, nitrate of potash, &c. : ni- 
trated, a. nl'trd-tSd, combined with nitre: nitric, a. 
ni'-trik, of or from nitre, as nitric acid : nitric acid, a 
powerful acid composed of five parts of oxygen and 
one of nitrogen ; aquafortis: nitriferous, a. vh/nf-ir- 
us (L. fero, I produce), producing nitre : nitrify, v. 
nVtrt-fl (L. facio, I make), to convert into nitre ; to 
become nitre: ni'trifying, imp.: ni'trified, pp. -fid: 
nitrification, n. nl'trt-fi-ka'shun, the process of con- 
verting into nitre: nitrite, n. nl'trlt, a salt of nitrous 
acid with a base: nitry, a. nl'-tri, pert, to nitre: ni- 
trate of silver, silver dissolved in nitric acid— the 
crystals being fused by heat, a blackish substance re- 
mains, which forms the caustic employed by surgeons : 
nitrate of soda, a compound of nitric acid and soda. 

nitro, n. nl'trO (L. nitrum— see nitre), a common 
prefix in chemical terms— meaning, formed by or com- 
bined with nitric acid: nitro-benzole, -ben'-zol, arti- 
ficial oil of bitter almonds : nitro-calcite, n. -Ml' sit 
(L. calx, lime), nitrate of lime, having a greyish-white 
colour, occurring in efflorescences on old walls, and in 
limestone caves, especially where there exists decaying 
animal matter : nitro-glycerine— see under glycerine. 

nitrogen, n. ni'tro-jen (Gr. nitron, nitre, and gen- 
nao, I produce), that elementary gas which forms the 
base of nitric acid, and composes four-fifths by bulk of 
our atmosphere— it does not sustain animal life : ni- 
trogenised, a. nl-troj'e-nizd, containing nitrogen as a 
constituent part : nitrog'enous, a. -nils, also nitrogc- 
neous.a. nl'tro-je'nS-us, pert, to or containing nitrogen. 

nitromagnesite, n. ni'tro-mdg'-ne'-slt (Gr. nitron, 
nitre, and Magnesia, in Asia Minor), nitrate of magne- 
sia, a saline efflorescence closely resembling nitrate of 
lime. 

nitrometer, n. nl-trom'5-ter (Gr. nitron, nitre, and 
metron, a measure), an instrument for testing the 
quality or value of nitre. 

nitrous, a. nl'trns (from nitre, which see), resem- 
bling or obtained from nitre ; impregnated with 
nitrous acid: nitrous acid, a compound of nitrogen 
and oxygen: nitrous oxide, the gas known by the 
name laughing-gas : nitry— see nitre. 

nitter, n. nlt'-er (from nit, which see), the horse- 
louse or fly which deposits nits on horses. 

niveous, a. nlv'6-xls (L. niveus, white as snow), 
snowy ; resembling snow. 

nizam, n. nl-zdm', the title of one of the native 
sovereigns of India. 

No., pronounced num'ber, the common commercial 
abbreviation of number (F. nombre). 

no, ad. no (AS. na ; Sans, na; Pers. nah, no, not— 
see nay), a word of denial or refusal ; expressing a 
negative ; the opposite of yes ; no is emphatic after 
another negative— as, " there is none righteous, no, 
not one": n. a refusal; a denial; a negative vote, 
generally in the plural, as the noes (noz) have it — 
see ay. 

no, a. n6 (an abbreviation of none: L. non,, not), not 
any; not one; none. Note.— Before the comparative 
degree, no may be regarded as an adjective or an ad- 
verb, the word time or suchlike being understood in 
the former case, and signifies "in no respect or de- 
gree," "not at all," as no higher, no longer, wo shorter, 



mate, mdt, far, law; mete, mSf, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, mdve; 



XOAC 3: 

Noachian, a. no-d'-ki-dn, pert, to the patriarch Noah 
or his age. 

nob, ii. nob (a corruption of Eng. knob, a protuber- 
ance: Low Ger. knobbe, anything thick and round), 
familiarly, the head ; one who refuses to hold out for 
higher wages in a strike. 

noble, a. no'bl (L. nabilis, famous, of high birth: It. 
nobile; F. noble, noble, illustrious, a nobleman: L. 
nobilitas, high birth, the nobles), high in excellence or 
worth ; eminent ; great ; illustrious ; exalted ; sub- 
lime ; distinguished by rank and title ; of the best 
kind ; above the common order, as a metal : n. a per- 
son of rank above the common orders; an old gold 
coin, value 6s. 8d. : nobility, n. no-bil'-i-ti, the highest 
•■lasses of society; titled persons and their near rela- 
tives ; the peerage; noble birth; dignity; grandeur; 
commanding excellence : nobly, ad. nG'-bli, with great- 
ness of soul; heroically: nobleness, n. -bl-nis, the 
quality of being noble ; elevation or dignity of mind 
or station; grandeur: nobleman, n. -bl-nutn, a peer; 
a titled gentleman : noblesse, n. no-bles' (F.). persons 
of noble rank collectively ; the nobility : noble metals, 
the name given to those metals which can be separ- 
ated from oxygen by heat alone— viz., gold, silver, 
platinum, rhodium, indium, osmium, and mercury. 

nobody, n. nO'bod-l (no, and body), no one; no per- 
son. 

noctilucous, a. nok'tl-lu'kus (L. nor, night— gen. 
noctis, and I oing in the night or in 

the dark: noc'tilu ca, n. -kd, an old name for phos- 
phorus. 

noctivagant, a. nok-ttv'd-gdnt (L. nox, night— gen. 
•noctis, and vagor, I wander about), wandering by 
night: noctiv'aga'tion, n. -gd'shun, a roving in the 
night. 

noctograph, n. nok'to-grdf (L. nox, night— gen. noc- 
tis, and grapho, I write), a writing-frame for the blind. 

noctuary, n. nok'-tu-er-l (L. noctu, by night), an ac- 
count of what occurs by night. 

nocturn, n. n&k'tim iL. ><<» .-turn'. .■,?. belonging to the 
night — from nox, night), in the R. Cath. Ch.,a religious 
service at night, or rather at midnight : nocturnal, a. 
nOk-tir'iial, nightly; done or happening by night: 
noctur'nally, ad. -U. 

nod, n. n6d (Bar. n >UeXn, to move to and fro: Icel. 
linioda, to hammer: Dut. kiiods.-, a cudgel), a move- 
ment as if striking with the head; a slight quick in- 
clination of the head as a token of recognition; a 
quick movement forward or sidewise of the head in 
drowsiness or sleep, while in a sitting or upright pos- 
ture ; a command : v. to signify by a slight and quick 
bending of the head; to be drowsy: to make a slight 
bow; to beckon with a nod: nod'ding, imp: adj. in- 
clining the head with a short quick motion; in bot., 
having the summit so much curved that the apex is 
directed perpendicularly downwards : nod'ded, pp. : 
nod der, n. -der, one who nods : nod dingly, ad. -It. 

nodal, nodated— see node. 

noddle, n. nod'-l (Icel. hnod, the round head of a 
nail: Dut. knod, a nob : Dan. knude, a knot, a protu- 
berance: L. nodus; It. nodo, a knot: It. nodello, the 
ankle-bone), the head, in jest or contempt. 

noddy, n. nod'dl (It. noddo; Norm, nauden, a silly 
pate), a simpleton ; a fool; a kind of sea-fowl. 

node, n. nod (L. nodus, a knot or knob: It. nodo— 
see knot), a knot ; a knob ; a lump ; one of the two 
points where the orbit of a planet intersects the eclip- 
tic; in bot., the part of the stem of a plant out of 
which the leaves grow ; the point in which two curves 
meet; in poetry, the plot of a piece; in music, one of 
the fixed points of a sonorous chord: nodal, a. no'-dal, 
pert, to a node or knot ; applied to those points and 
lines in a vibrating body which become arrested and 
remain at rest, while the vibrating parts assume vari- 
ous forms: nodated, a. no-da'ted, knotted. 

nodosaria, n. plu. no-do-sd'-rl-d (L. nodosits, knot- 
ted—from nodus, a knot), in geol, a genus of organ- 
isms found in strata of recent formation, so called from 
the arrangement and appearance of their cells : nodose , 
a. no-dos , knotty; haying knots or swelling joints: 
nodosity, n. nO-dos'-i-ti, knottiness. 

nodule, n. nod'-ul (L. modulus, a little knot — from 
nodus, a knot), any irregular concretion of rocky mat- 
ter collected around some central nucleus, as nodules 
of flint, ironstone, &c. : nodular, a. nod'-u-ler, pert, to 
or resembling a nodule: noduled, a. nod'uld, having 
little knots or lumps: nod'ulose, a. -los, also nod'- 
ulous, a. -lus, in bot., applied to roots with thickened 
knobs at intervals. 



9 NOMI 

noegerathia, n. plu. nd'ger-d'thi-d (after Dr Noeger- 
ath), in geol. a genus of palm-like leaves found inthe 
Carboniierous and Permian systems. 

nog, n. nog (Gael, cnan, a knock, a thump, a knob; 
cnoguidh, bunchy: c.uajairc, a knocker, a noggin), a 
little pot; a block of wood of the size and shape of a 
brick inserted into the walls of a building to form a 
hold for the wood-work ; the bolt or tree-nail which 
secures the keel of each shore employed in sustaining 
a ship in dock or on the slip ; the piece of wood which 
scrapes the hopper of a null : noggin, n. nog'-ln, a mug 
or cup: nogging, n. nog'ging, a kind of brick-work 
carried up between panels, or within the wooden 
framework of a building: nogging-pieces, the hori- 
zontal pieces of timber fitting in between the upright 
timbers or quarters. 

noise, n. noyz (F. noise, strife: Prov. nausa or noysa, 
noise, dispute, also applied to the murmur of water: 
Icel. gnaath, applied to the clashing of swords, the 
dashing of ships, and suchlike), confused or disagree- 
able sound of any kind ; loud, rough talking ; occasion 
of talk; quarrelling; uproar; much public conversa- 
tion : v. to sound loud ; to spread abroad, as a report : 
nois'ing, imp.: noised, pp. no'yzd: noiseless, a. -lis, 
silent: noiselessly, ad. -li: noisy, a. ndiiz'-i, full of 
noise ; clamorous : nois ily, ad. -li : noisiness, n. 
-i-nes, state of being noisy ; loudness of sound: noise - 
lessness, n. -ncs, a state of silence. 

noisome, a. noy'sum (It. noigre, to annoy, to 
molest ; noianza, 'annoyance : Pfov. nozer ; old F. 
nuisir, to injure, to hurt), unwholesome; injurious; 
offensive to the smell or other senses : noi'somely, ad. 
-li: noi'someness, n. -nts, quality that disgusts ; offen- 
siveness to the smell. 

noli-me-tangere, n. no'll-mS-tdn'jSr-S (L. do not 
touch me — from nolo, I am unwilling, me, me, and 
tangere, to touch), a plant of several species, one of 
which is the wild or squirting cucumber ; an ulcer or 
cancer. 



■knowledgment or agreement on the part of a plain- 
tiff in a suit that he will abandon it. 

nomad, alsonomade, n. nom'dd (Gr.nomades, wan- 
dering or pastoral tribes— from nomas, a pasture: It. 
and F. nomade), one leading a wandering life ; one of a 
tribe wandering about from place to place in search of 
game or pasture: nomadic, a. nu-mdd'ik, leading a 
wandering life; pastoral; rude; uncivilised: noma- 
dism, n. nom'd-dlzm, state of being a nomad: nom- 
adise, v. -dlz, to live as a nomad: nom'adi'sing, imp.: 
nomadised, pp. -dlzd. 

nomancy, n. nO'mdn-si (L. norncn, a name, and Gr. 
manteia, divination), the act or practice of divining 
of persons by the letters which form their 



the destin 
names. 

nombles, n. plu, niim'blz (F. nombles— see num- 
bles), the entrails of a deer. 

nome, n. nom (Gr. nome, division or partition of an 
inheritance— from nemein, to deal out, to assign a por- 
tion of land as pasture), a tract of country; a province 
of anc. Egypt. 

nomenclator, n. no'men-kld'-ter (L.nomenclator, one 
who calls a person or thing by name — from nomen, a 
name, and calo, I call), a person who gives names to 
things: nomenclature, n. no'mSn-kia'tur (L. nomen- 
clature!, the names by which things are called), the 
words, terms, or language employed in any science or 
art; a vocabulary of terms: no'mencla'tural, a. -kid' 
tur-dl, pert, to a "nomenclature. 

nomial, a. no'ml-dl (L. nomen, a name), a single 
name or term in algebra. 

nominal, a. nom''-'i-ndWL. nmninalis, nominal— from 
nomen, a name: It. nominate: F. nominal), existing 
in name only ; consisting in names : nom'inally, ad. 
-li: nominalism, n. -izm, the philosophical doctrine 
that general terms exist only in the mind, being sim- 
ply ideas or mere words : nom'inalist, n. -ist, one who 
holds the doctrines of nominalism. 

nominate, v. nom'l-nat (L. nominatum, to call by 
name— from nomen, a name: It. norninare: F. nom- 
mer), to appoint by name; to propose or designate 
by naming for an' office or appointment: nomina- 
ting, imp.: nominated, pp.: nominator, n. -ter, one 
who nominates : nom'ina'tion, n. -nd'shun, state of 
being nominated ; the act or power of nominating : 
nom'inor, n. one who points out or nominates : nom'- 
inee, n. -l-ne, one who has been proposed for an office ; 
the person named by another to an office : nomina- 



colv, lay, foot ; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



NOMO 



390 



NOOD 



tive, a. nom'-i-nd-Uv, that simply names ; that forms 
the subject, or part of the subject, of the verb : nom'- 
inatively, ad. -lit nominative case, in gram., a noun 
or name in its simple form ; the noun or pronoun 
which generally precedes the verb and forms the 
subject. 

nomography, n. no-mog'rd-fl (Gr. nomas, a law, and 
grapho, I write), a description or treatise on laws. 

non, ndn, a common Latin prefi: si rnifyinv. /<<>< 
versing the sense of the word which it precedes; 
a hyphen is generally placed between non and the 
word following, sometimes not— as, non-ability, want 
of ability. 

nonage, n. non'-djCL. non, not, and Eng ■■/ t. nuiir, 
rity or under age : non'aged, a. -djd, not arrived at 
maturity. 

nonagenarian, n. non'-d-jen-d'-rl-dn (L. nonagena- 
rius, the ninetieth : F. nonagenaire, ninety years of 
age), one who is ninety years old. 

nonagesimal, a. non'-d-jes'-l-mdl (L. nonagesimus, 
the ninetieth), denoting the ninetieth degree or high- 
est point of the ecliptic at any instant. 

nonagon, n. ndn-d-gon (L. norms, the ninth, and Gr. 
gonia, an angle), a plain figure having nine sides and 
nine — " 



to attend : non'-atten'tlon, n. want of attention : non'- 
commissi'oned, a. not having a commission ; in the 
army, applied to those below the rank of an ensign or 
cornet ; in the navy, below the rank of lieutenant : non'- 
commit'tal, n. state of not being pledged or commit- 
ted : non'-commun'ion, n. the not having intercourse 
or fellowship : non'-compli'ance, n. the not yielding or 
giving assent : non'-comply'ing, a. neglecting or refus- 
ing to comply : non-concurrence, n. the not agreeing : 
non'-conduc'tor, n. a substance which does not conduct 
or transmit, or which resists a passage through— ap- 
plied when speaking of the passage of such bodies 
as light, heat, sound, electricity, &c, through other 
bodies: non'-conduc'ting, a. not transmitting or 
sending through : non'-conduc'tion, n. the quality of 
not being able to conduct or transmit : non'-conform'- 
ist, n. one who refuses to conform to an established 
church : non'-conform'ing, a. not conforming : non- 
conform'ity, n. the neglect or refusal to unite with 
an established church in its forms of worship : non'- 
conta'gious, a. not caught or communicated by con- 
tact: non'-conta'giousness, n. the quality of not being 
communicable from a diseased to a healthy body: 
non'-content, n. not satisfied ; a nay or dissenting vote 
in the House of Lords : non'-contrib'uting, a. not pay- 
ing or imparting a portion or share : non'-delivery, 
n. not giving over: non'-devel'opment, n. the not 
discovering of something secret; the not increasing: 
non'-discov'ery, n. want of discovery : non'-elas'tic, 
a. not capable of yielding or bending under pressure 
without fracturing or breaking ; that cannot be bent : 
non'-elect', n. one not chosen or elected : non'-elec'- 
tion, n. the failure of election : non'-elec'tric, a. that 
conducts the electric fluid ; also non-electrical : non'- 
epis'copal, a. not vested in or governed by bishops : 
non'-essen'tial, a. not necessary or requisite: non'- 
exis'tence, n. a thing that has no existence ; the ne- 
gation of being : non'-exis'tent, a. not having exist- 
ence : non'-fulfil'ment, n. the not performing or com- 
pleting: non'-metal'lic, a. destitute of the properties 
of a metal : non'-obser'vance, n. neglect or failure to 
observe: non'-pay'ment, n. a neglect in payment: 
non'-perform'ance, n. the not doing a promised thing : 
non'-produc'tion, n. the neglect or failure of exhibit- 
ing to view, or producing : non'-professi'onal, a. un- 
skilled; not belonging to the profession: non'-pro- 
fici'ent, n. an unskilled person ; one who has failed to 
improve: non'-profici'ency, n. failure to make pro- 
gress : non'-res'ident, a. not residing in a particular 
place, or in one's proper place : n. one not residing on 
his own estate, as a gentleman, or in his own official 
place, as a clergyman : non'-res'idence, n. the state or 
condition of being a non-resident : non'-resist'ance, n. 
passive obedience ; submission to power or authority, 
however arbitrary, on religious grounds : non'-resist'- 
ant, n. one who maintains that no resistance should 
be made to a constituted authority, however oppres- 
sive the acts of such may be : adj. making no resistance 
to the undue or unjust exercise of power or authori- 
ty: non'-resist'ing, a. offering no obstruction: non'- 



sen'sitive, a. wanting sense or perception: non'-sex'- 
ual, a. having no distinction of sex; neuter: non'- 
slave'holding, a. not possessing slaves ; non'-sol'vent, 
a. not able to pay debts ; insolvent : non'-sol'vency, n. 
inability to pay debts: non'-submis'sive, a. unyield- 
ing ; not compliant : non'-submissi'on, n. want of sub- 
mission. 

nonce, n. nons (a corruption of the old Eng. phrase 
to than anes, for that only), present purpose or occa- 
sion; used only in the ph th 

nonchalance, n. nong'-shd-ldngs' (F.— from non, not, 
and riu.doir, to concern one's self for), coolness; indif- 
ference ; carelessness : nonchalant, a. nong'-shd-ldng', 
cool ; careless ; indifferent. 

nondescript, n. non'-d&skrlpt (L. non, not, and de- 
scriptus, described), a person or thing that cannot 
easily be described; an oddity; anything not yet 
described or classed : adj. undescribed. 

none, a. n. nun (AS. nan, not, no— from ne, not, and 
an, one), not any ; not one. 

non-ego, n. non-e'-gO (L. non, not, and ego, I), see 
under ego. 

nonentity, n. ndn-Sn'-ti-tl (L. non, not, and en?, 
being— gen. entis), a thing not existing ; the negation 
of a being. 

nones, n. plu. nonz (L. nonce, the nones— from 
nanus, the ninth), in the calendar of anc. Rome, the 
seventh day of each of the months, March, May, July, 
and Oct., and the fifth day of Jan., Feb., April, June, 
Aug., Sept., Nov., and Dec. ; the nones occurred nine 
days from the ides. 

nonesuch, n. nun'- such {none, and such), anything 
which has no equal, as a fruit or plant ; name of an 
apple. 

nonillion, n. non-il'-yun (L. nonus, the ninth, and 
Eng. million), a number produced by raising a mil- 
lion to the ninth power ; in Eng. notation, 1 followed 
by 54 ciphers ; in the French and Italian, 1 followed 
by 30 ciphers. 

nonionina, n. non'-l-o-nl'-nd (L. nonus, ninth, as oc- 
curring in nines), a genus of many-celled organisms 
occurring fossil in the Chalk and Tertiary strata, and 
now living in existing si 

nonius, n. no'-n" "' 
contrivance for a 

instruments, from the supposed inventor Nonius; a 
Frencliman, Vernier, was the real inventor, and the 
contrivance is generally called the Vernier. 

non-juror, n. non-jd'-rer (L. non, not, and juror, I 
swear, I take an oath), a person who refused to take 
the oath of allegiance to the sovereigns who filled 
the throne of Great Britain after the Revolution, con- 
ceiving that James II. had been wrongly deposed, and 
his descendants unjustly excluded from the throne : 
non-ju'ring, a. not swearing allegiance. 

nonpareil, a. ndn'-pd-rei (] nonpi reil, matchless), 
unequalled ; matchless : n. that which is matchless ; 
a variety of apple ; a printing-type. 

nonplus, n. non-plus (L. non, not, and plus, more), 
a condition or state of things in which one can do no 
more, or is unable to proceed ; an insuperable diffi- 
culty: v. to put or bring to a stand; to perplex com- 
pletely; to puzzle: non'plussing, imp.: non'plussed, 
pp. -plust. 

nonsense, n. non-sens (L. non, not, and Eng. sense), 
that which is not sense ; unmeaning words or lan- 
guage ; words which convey no intelligent ideas ; ab- 
surdity : nonsen'sical, a. -sl-kdl, unmeaning ; foolish : 
nonsen'sically, ad. -II: nonsen'sicalness, n. -?i&s, ab- 
surdity. 

non-sequitur, n. ndn-sW-wi-t&r (L. non, not, and 
sequitur, it follows), in logic, a term applied to an in- 
ference which does not follow from the premises. 

nonsuch— see nonesuch. 

nonsuit, n. non-sut (L. non, not, and Eng. suit), in 
law, an abandonment of a suit by the plaintiff, when 
actually in court, on the discovery of some error or 
defect, but which does not prevent his beginning his 
suit again on payment of the costs : v. to enter the 
abandonment of his suit by a plaintiff or pursuer on 
the record of a court : non'suiting, imp. : non'suited, 
pp. adjudged to have abandoned the suit, as the plain- 
tiff. 

nontronite, n. non'-tro-nlt, a hydrated tersilicate of 
iron, found in small kidney -shaped masses, varying in 
colour from green to yellow— so called because found 
in Nontron, in France. 

noodle, n. ndd'-l (a probable corruption of noddle, 
which see), an expressive word for a simpleton. 



mate, mdt,fdr, law; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, ndt, mOve; 



NOOK 



391 



NOTE 



nook, n. nook (Fin. nokka, the beak of a bird; nek- 
Acta, to peck : Esthon, nuk, aknuckle, a button ; nukka, 
a tip, a corner), a corner ; a small recess. 

noon, n. n6n (from L. nona hora, the ninth hour 
among the anc. Romans, equal to our three o'clock in 
the afternoon: It. nona, the fifth of the seven canoni- 
cal hours, the service of which was shifted from mid- 
afternoon to mid-day: Icel. non, the third meal or 
resting-time of the day), mid-day; 12 o'clock; middle; 
height: adj. happening at noon; meridional: noon- 
day or noontide, a. non'tid, pert, to noon or mid-day: 
n. the time of noon : high noon, the exact meridian 
or mid-day. 

noose, n. n6z (prov. F. noiis or nouzel, a knot; — 
from L. nodus, a knot), a running-knot binding closer 
the more it is drawn : v. to catch or tie in a noose ; 
to ensnare: noos'ing, imp.: noosed, pp. n6zd. 

nopal, n. no'pdl (Mexican, nopalli), a species of cac- 
tus or Indian fig on which the cochineal insect breeds. 

nor, conj. nor (AS. ne, not, and or), a connecting 
particle correlative to neither, not, expressed or un- 
derstood ; a particle which marks the second or subse- 
quent branch of a negative proposition; sometimes 
used instead of neither^, as, "nor did they not perceive 
their evil plight." 

normal, a, nor'mdl (L. norma, a square or rule), 
according to established rule or law ; obeying what 
is believed to be the natural law; perpendicular; 
natural form or structure; teaching first rules and 
principles; instructing in the art of teaching: n. the 
perpendicular to a curve at some particular point, 



teachers for elementary or common schools. 

Norman, a. nor -man, pert, to Normandy, in France, 
or to the anc. Normans : n. a native of Normandy ; a 
Norwegian. 

Norns, n. plu. nornz, also Nomas, n. nor'nfls (Icel. 
JS'orn), in Scand. myth., the three Fates, whose names 
signify the past, the present, and the future. 

Norroy, n. nor'-roy (F. nord, north, and roi, a king), 
the title of the third of the three kings-at-arms, whose 
jurisdiction lies to the north of the Trent. 

Norse, n. nors (F. Norse, the anc. language of the 
Faroe, Orkney, and Shetland Islands), the language of 
anc. Scandinavia, including the Faroe, Orkney, and 
Shetland Islands : Norseman, n. nors'-mdn, an inhabi- 
tant of anc. Scandinavia ; a Northman. 

north, n. north (Icel. nordr: F. nord), one of the 
four cardinal points; the parts lying towards the 
north pole of the earth; the direction towards the 
north pole — in the northern hemisphere, the direction 
opposite the sun at noon— in the southern, the parts in 
the direction of the sun at noon: adj. being in the 
north : north star, the star always seen in the north ; 
the pole star or polar star : north wind, the cold wind 
that blows from the north in the northern hemisphere 
—a warm wind of the southern hemisphere : north- 
east', n. -est, the direction between the north and the 
oast : adj. pert, to the north-east, or coming from that 
point: north-easterly, a. -es'ter-li: north-eas'tern, a. 
-es'tern, in a direction to the north-east : northerly, a. 
nor'ther-li, lying or looking towards the north ; com- 
ing from the north : ad. from the north, or towards it : 
northern, a. nor'thern, lying towards the north or in 
that direction: Northern Lights, a name for the 
streamers or aurora borealis as they appear in the 
north : northernmost, a. situated at the point farthest 
north: northing, n. nor'thlng, tendency or distance 
northward— applied to a planet ; difference of latitude 
made by a ship in sailing northward : North'man, n. 
one from the north; an anc. Scandinavian: north'- 
ward, a. -werd, being in the direction of the north : 
northward or north'wards, ad. -werdz, also north'- 
wardly, ad. -li, in a northern direction : north-west, 
n. north-west' or nor -west', the point between the 
north and west: adj. pert, to the point between north 
and west: north-western, a. -icSs'tern, in the direc- 
tion of the point between north and west : north- 
westerly, a. -li, toward the north-west; from the 
north-west: north pole, n. the northern extremity of 
the earth's axis : north pole of the heavens, that pole 
of the heavens towards which the north pole of the 
earth is directed: north frigid zone, the zone or belt 
of the earth which is contained between the north 
pole and arctic circle: north temperate zone, the 
zone of the earth contained between the tropic of 
cancer and the arctic circle : North-west Passage, the 
supposed existence of a passage for ships from the 
cole; boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, 



Atlantic Ocean into the Pacific, or the reverse, long 
sought for, and at last discovered by Capt. M'Clure 
in 1850-51— but the discovery is only the solution of a 
scientific problem, not one of practical utility: nor- 
thern hemisphere, that one of the two hemispheres 
of the earth in which Europe is situated : Northern 
Drift, the glacial drift or erratic boulder group, so 
called because the materials seem to have been 
brought by polar currents from the north. 

Norwegian, n. nor-ive-ji-an, a native of Norway: 
adj. pert, to Norway. 

nose, n. nos (AS. 'nccse; Ger. nase; L. nasus; Lith. 
nosis; Russ. 7ios', a nose), the prominent part of the 
face in which is the sense of smell ; a snout ; a noz- 
zle; scent: nosed, a. nozd, having a nose: noseless, 
a. noz'-Us, destitute of a nose : nose-bag, a bag con- 
taining food to be attached to a horse's head : nose- 
band, part of a bridle : nosegay, n. noz'gd (nose, and 
gay), a bunch of pleasant-smelling flowers ; a bouquet : 
nosing, n. no'zing, in arch., the projecting edge of a 
moulding or dip, principally on the edge of a step in 
a stair: to lead by the nose, to lead blindly or un- 
resistingly: to have one's nose on the grindstone, 
to be oppressed, as by exactions : to thrust one's nose 
into, to interfere with in a meddlesome manner: 
length of one's nose, as far as one can see at the first 
view : to turn up the nose, to show contempt ; to ex- 
hibit silly pride: under one's nose, under the imme- 
diate range of observation. 

nosography, n. no-s&g'ra-fi (Gr. nosos, disease, and 
grapho, I write), the scientific description of diseases: 
nosology, n. no-sol'd-ji (Gr. logos, discourse), the sys- 
tematic arrangement and classification of diseases; 
the doctrine of diseases : nosological, a. nos'o-loj'l-kdl, 
pert, to : nosol'ogist, n. -jist, one who classifies diseases. 

nostalgia, n. nos-tdl'-ji-d (Gr. nostos, return, espe- 
cially home, and olgos, pain), home-sickness ; a vehe- 
ment desire to revisit home : nostalgic, a, -jik, pert. to. 

nostoc, n. nos'tok, one of the gelatinous, puckered, 
olive-coloured masses found strewed on gravel and 
short grass after a few hours' rain ; mould algse. 

nostril, n. nos'trll, usually in the plu. nos'trils, -trllz 
(AS. nas-thyrla— from nccse, the nose, and thyrel, an 
aperture), one of the two apertures of the nose which 
give passage to air and to the secretions of the nose. 

nostrum, n. nOs'trum (L. nostrum, our own— from 
nos, we), a quack medicine ; a remedy, the ingredients 
of which are kept secret. 

not, ad. not (AS. naht, nought, not: Ger. nicht, not 
—from the negative particle ni, and Goth, vaihts; AS. 
iviht; Ger. tcicht, a whit, a thing), a word which ex- 
presses denial or refusal. 

notable, a. no'td-bl (L. notabilis, distinguished, 
memorable— from noto, I designate or impress with a 
mark: It. notabile: F. notable), remarkable; worthy 
of notice ; well known : no 'tables, n. plu. -biz, a name 
formerly given in France to persons of rank and dis- 
tinction: no'tably, ad. -bli: no'tableness, n. -bl-nCs, 
state or quality of being notable : no'tabil'ity, n. -bll' 
l-ti, the quality of being notable; a remarkable person 
or thing; a person of note: notary, n. no'ter-i, or 
notary public, an officer authorised to attest contracts, 
&c, and to protest bills of exchange : notarial, a. nO- 
ta'ri-dl, pert, to or done by a notary. 

notation, n. no-ta'shun (L. notatio, a marking or 
making marks upon— gen. notationis— from noto, I 
mark: F. notation), the act or practice of recording 
anything by marks or figures ; the expression of any 
number or quantity by its appropriate figures ; the art 
of representing musical sounds by notes or signs. 

notch, n. noch (Norm, noque ; It. nocchio, a notch : 
Fin. nokka, a beak, a point— see nick), a hollow cut ; 
a nick: v. to cut in small hollows: notching, imp.: 
n. the act of cutting into small hollows : notched, pp. 
nocht, cut into small hollows : notch-board, a board 
which, notched or grooved, receives the ends of the 
steps of a staircase : notch-weed, a plant called orach. 

note, n. not (L. nota, a mark or sign by which a per- 
son or thing is known — from notum, to know : It. nota : 
F. note), something by which a thing may be known ; 
notice ; heed ; a short remark in the margin or at the 
bottom of a page ; a short letter ; a memorandum or 
short writing to assist the memory ; a written or en- 
graved paper given as an acknowledgment of a debt, 
as a bank-note, a pound-note, a note of hand ; a diplo- 
matic communication in writing ; consequence or dis- 
tinction, as a person of note ; a musical character ; a 
single sound in music : v. to mark ; to notice with care ; 
to observe ; to set down in writing ; to mark or en- 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



NOTH 3< 

dorse, as an unpaid bill of exchange; no'ting, imp.: 
noted, pp.: adj. remarkable; celebrated: no'ter, n. 
-ter, one who takes notes : no'tedly, ad. -li : no'tedness, 
n. -nes, the state of being remarkable; conspicuous- 
ness : noteless, a. -IBs, not attracting notice : note'less- 
ness, n. -nis : noteworthy, a. not'wer-thi, deserving of 
notice : note-book,. a book for jottings or memoranda: 
note-paper, small-sized sheet's of paper for writing 
notes or short letters on : notes, brief writings to 
assist the memory in an exU-ndi'd « riiin.ee, oraspeaker 
in addressing a public audience: to note a bill or 
draft, to record on the back of it its non-acceptance 
as a ground of a protest. 

nothing, n. nuth'lng {no, and thing), not anything ; 
non-existence; no particular thin-; no quantity or 
degree ; no importance, value, or use ; no fortune or 
means ; no difficulty ; a trifle ; a symbol or character 
denoting absence or want ; a cipher : ad. in no degree ; 
not at all: nothingness, n. -nes, non-existence; a 
thing of no value : to make nothing of, to treat as a 
trifle; not to understand; not able to invest with a 
meaning: nothing less, nothing lower or inferior. 

notice, n. no'tls (L. uolifln, a beirrj; known, a know- 
ing— from notum, to know : F. notice), observation by 
the eye or other sense ; a paper that communicates 
information; a warning; information given; atten- 
tion; civility; respectful treatment : v. to observe by 
the senses ; to regard ; to pay attention to ; to treat 
with attention and civility: no'ticing, imp.: no'ticed, 
pp. -tlst: noticeable, a. no'-tls-d-bl, capable of being 
observed; worthy of observation: no'ticeably, ad. 
-d-bli. 

notidanus, n. nO-tld'-d-nus (Gr. notos, the back, a 
ridge, and idanos, beautiful), a genus of fossil shark- 
teeth. 

notify, v. no'-ti-fl (F. notifier; It. notificare, to sig- 
nify or make known— from L. notus, known, and/acio, 
I make), to make known ; to inform ; to declare ; to 
give notice : notifying, imp. : no'tified, pp. -fid : no- 
tification, n. no'ti-fl-kd'shun, the act of making 
known ; notice given ; the writing or paper contain- 
ing a notice. 

notion, n. no'-shun (L. notio, a making one's self 
acquainted with, an idea, a notion— gen. notionis— 
from notum, to know : F. notion), thought ; knowledge 
of anything derived from a perception of its relation 
to other things ; idea ; sentiment ; opinion : no'tional, 
a. -Cd, existing in idea only ; imaginary : no'tionally, 
ad. -li: no'tionist, n. -1st, one holding ungrounded 
opinions. 

notite, n. nn'tit, a peculiar mineral occurring in 
connection with modern volcanoes, found in the Val 
cli Noto, in Sicily, whence the name. 

notochord, n. no'46-kawrd (Gr. notos, the back, and 
chorde,a, chord), in anat.,nn extremely delicate fibrous 

band, with successively accumulati dgel . ■ !.. . 

compacted in the form of a. cylimlrieal column, form- 
ing the primary condition of the spine in vertebrate 
animals: no'tochor'dal, a. -kdr'ddl, having a noto- 
chord. 

notopocorystes, n. no'-td-po-kO-ris'tez (Gr. notos, the 
back, a ridge, and karabos, a marine animal of the 
crab kind), . ■ n - ' '<<. ;il crabs. 

notorhizal, a nO'U (Gr. notos, the back, and 

rhiza, a root), in bot., having the radicle in the embry- 
onic plant on the back of the cotyledons. 

notorious, a. no-to'-ri-us (mid. L. notorius; It. noto- 
rio, notorious— from L? notare, to mark; notus, 
known), publicly known ; manifest to the world, usu- 
ally in an ill sense ; conspicuous : notoriously, ad. -li : 
notoriousness, n. -nes, the state of being notorious : 
notoriety, n. no'to-rl'i-ti, exposure to public know- 
ledge, usually to disadvantage. 

notornis, n. no-tor'nis (Gr. notos, the south, and 
ornis, a bird), in geol., a short-winged rail or coot 
whose fossil bones are found in New Zealand. 

nototherium, n. nd'-to-tha'-ri-uni (Gr. notos, the south, 
and therion, a wild animal), in vol., an i tim-i, ; r,ir 
of gigantic, quadrupeds found in Australia. 

notwheat, n. not'hwet (old Eng. nott, shorn), wheat 
not bearded. 

notwithstanding, conj. prep. not'wifh-vt<i,)d'i.na 
(formed of not, with, and standing), without hin- 
drance from; although; nevertheless; however. 

nought, n. nawt (AS. naht ; Ger. nicht, nought : It. 
niente, nothing: oldF.nimf, nm), not anything; noth- 
ing: ad. in no degree: to come to nought, to be 
brought to nothing: to set at nought, to slight; to 
despise ; to disregard. 

mate, mdt, far, law; mete, met, 



NUCL 



son, place, animal, thing, or quality; a name; a sub- 
stantive. 

nourish, v. nur'ish (F. nourrice, a wet-nurse ; nour- 
rissant, nourishing— from nourrir, to nourish: L. 
nutrio, I nurse or suckle), to supply with food ; to sup- 
port ; to encourage; to cherish; to train or educate: 
nourishing, imp.: adj. promoting growth; nutriti- 
ous: nourished, pp. n&rtfsht: nourlsher, n. -er, one 
who: nourlshable, a. -d-bl, capable of receiving nour- 
ishment: nourishment, n. -ment, that which nourish- 
es; food; sustenance: nourlshingly, ad. -II. 

novaculite, n. no-vdk'iidit (L. novacula, a razor), a 
mineralogica.1 term for whet-slate or razor-stone, in 
allusion to the principal purpose for which it is em- 
ployed. 

Novatian, n. no-vd'sM-dn, in eccles. hist., one of the 
followers of Novatian, a.d. 250, who held that the 
lapsed should not be readmitted to church privileges, 
and that second mama-;' s were unlawful : Nova'tian- 
ism, n. -izm, the opinions of the Novatians. 

novel, n. nOv'-el (L. novellus, very young— from novus, 
new), a tale or narrative professing to give a picture 
of human life in some of its aspects, particularly the 
natural workings of the human heart ; a fiction : adj. 
new; unusual; strange: novelette, n. n6v'el-et (dim. 
of novel), a short tale or story: nov'elist, n. -1st, a 
writer of novels : nov'elty, n. -tl, a new or strange 
thing; recentness of origin. 

November, n. nO-vem-ber (L. November, the ninth 
month of the old Roman year — from novem, nine : It. 
and F. Novembre), the eleventh month of the year ; in 
anc. Rome, the ninth month, their year beginning with 
March. 

novenary, n. nov'Sn-er-i (L. novenarius, consisting 
of nine— from novem, nine), the number nine; nine 
collectively: adj. pert, to the number nine. 

novennial, a. no-vin'-ni-dl (L. novem, nine, and an- 
nus, a year), done or occurring every ninth year. 

novercal, a. nO-ver'kdl (L. noverca, a stepmother), 
pert, to, or suitable to, a stepmother. 

novice, n. nov'-ls (L. novicius or novitias, a fresh 
man— from novus, new : F. novice), one new in any 
business or profession; a banner; one in a convent 
or nunnery who has not taken the vow ; a proselyte : 
novitiate, n. no-vish'i-dt, the state or time of being 
a novice ; the time passed in a religious house, byway 
of trial, before the vow is taken : nov'iceship, the state 
of a novice. 

now, ad. now (AS. nu; Gr. nun; L. nunc, now), at 
the present time ; very lately : n. the present time or 
moment: nowadays, ad. ndw'd-ddz, in this age: 
now and then, occasionally. 

noway, ad. no'-wd, or no'ways, ad. -wdz {no, and 
ivay), in no manner or degree. 

nowel, n. no'6l, the core or inner part of a loam- 
mould for casting large cylinders. 

nowhere, ad. nO'hwdr {no, and where), not in any 
place. 

nowise, ad. nO'wlz {no, and wise), not in any man- 
ner or degree. 

noxious, a. nok'shus (L. noxius, hurtful— from noceo, 
I hurt), productive of injury or of evil consequences ; 
unwholesome ; baneful ; poisonous : noxiously, ad. 
nok'shus-ll: noxiousness, n. -nes, the quality that in- 
jures or destroys. 

noyau, n. no'yO (F. noyau, stone of a fruit), a cordial 
flavoured with bitter almonds or the kernels of peach- 
stones. 

nozzle, n. noz'l (Low Ger. nussel, the nose ; or may 
be from Low Ger. nossel, the burnt end of the wick — 
see nose), the nose ; the snout ; the projecting part, as 
the air-pipe of a bellows, or the part of a lamp that 
hold, i he wick. 

nubecula, n. nu-Mk'u-ld (L. nubecula, a little cloud 
—from nubes, a cloud), in astron., the Magellanic 
clouds, two extensive nebulous patches of stars. 

nucament, n. nu'kd-mdnt (L. nucamentum, a long 
excrescence hanging from the pine— from nux, a nut), 
in bot. , a catkin or cat's tail— the blossom of the hazel- 
pine, willow, &c: nu'eamenta'ceous, a. -ta'shus, pert, 
to nuts. 

nucleolites, n. plu. nu-kle'0-lltz (L. nucleus, a little 
nut or kernel, and Gr. lithos, a stone), a genus of fc " 
sa-Ti-urchins characterised by their long inflat"'' " v 
rounded in front and flat behind. 

nucleus, n. nu'kle-iis (L. nucleus, a small 
kernel— from nux, a nut : It. nucleo), anything 
her; pine, pXn; note, not, m6ve; 



NUDE 



393 



NUT 



■which matter has accumulated ; that -which may 
form the solid foundation or basis, as the nucleus of 
an army ; the solid centre of any nodule or rounded 
mass ; the central fleshy part of an oval ; the body of 
a comet: plu. nuclei, -Z: nu'clear, a. -er, pert, to or 
connected with a nucleus: nu'cleated, a. -a-ted, hav- 
ing a nucleus or central part: nucleolus, n. nil-kle'-o- 
lus, a small nucleus; a very minute body contained 
■within a nucleus: nucula, n. nu'-ku-la (L. nucula, a 
small nut— from mix, a nut), in hot., a hard pericarp of 
horny or bony texture ; an extensive genus of bivalves 
characterised by their trigonal inflated shells: also 
spelt nucule, n. nu'-kul: nuculanium, n. nu'-ku-la'-nh 
urn, in hot., a two or more celled indehiscent fruit, 
formed from a superior ovule filled with fleshy pulp, 
and containing seeds, as in the grape. 

nude, a. niid (L. nuaus, naked: It. nudo: F. nu), 
bare; naked: n. among artists, the undraped human 
body: nude'ly, ad. li: nudity, n. nu'-di-ti, nakedness. 

nudibranchiate, a. nft'-dl-brdng-kl-dt (L. nudus, 
naked, and Gr. brangchia, gills), pert, to the order of 
molluscous animals having no shells whatever, and 
having naked gills: nu dibran'chia'ta, n. plu. -kl-a'-ta, 
an order of molluscous animals that have no shells, 
and have naked gills. 

nugatory, a. nu'gd-ter-i (L. nugatorius, trifling, 
worthless— from nugce, trifles : It. nugatorio), useless; 
trifling ; ineffectual ; of no force. 

nugget, n. nug'-get (old Eng. niggot, a lump of gold 
or silver— whence ingot), the name given by gold dig- 
gers to those irregular pieces of the precious metal, 
found in auriferous soil, of all sizes, from that of a 
pea to lumps many pounds in weight. 

nuisance, n. ml'sdns (It. noianza, annoyance: old 
F. nuisir, to injure, to hurt: F. nuissant, hurting— 
see noisome), anything offensive or injurious ; some- 
thing that produces inconvenience or damage ; annoy - 

null, a. mil (L. nullus, none: It. nullo: F. nul), of 
no legal or binding force; void; invalid: nullity, n. 
nal'-ll-tl, want of existence or force; want of legal 
force or validity : nullify, v. nuVU-Ji (L. nullus, none, 
and/acio, I make), to deprive of legal force or efficacy : 
to render void or invalid: nullifying, imp.: nullified, 
pp. fid: nullifier, n. -er, one who makes void : nulli- 
fication, n. niil'li-fhka'-shun, the act of nullifying; the 
rendering void and of no effect. 

nullah, n. nul'ld, in the East Indies, a term applied 
to those streams or water-courses which are full rapid 
torrents in the rainy season, and in dry weather only 
gravelly channels, with sometimes 'a trickling of 
water. 

numb, a. nilm (Goth, and AS. niman; Icel. nema, 
to take away: Icel. numinn, taken away), destitute 
of the power of sensation and motion ; torpid ; chill : 
v. to deprive of the power of sensation or motion ; to 
chill; to stupefy; to deaden: numbing, imp.: numbed, 
pp. numd: adj. rendered torpid: numbness, n. num- 
nis, state of being numb ; torpor. 

number, n. num'-ber (F. nombre; L. numerus, a 
number), one, or more than one ; many; a multitude ; 
a collection of units or things of the same kind; 
the variations in the endings of words, as of nouns 
and verbs, to express sing, or plu. ; division of a work 
published in parts ; in the plu. numbers, poetic mea- 
sure, or verse: v. to reckon as one of a collection or 
multitude ; to count ; to calculate : num'bering, imp.: 
num'bered,pp. -bird: num'berer, n. -er, one who num- 
bers : Numbers, n. plu. -berz, the fourth book of the 
Old Test. Scrip. : numberless, a. not admitting of be- 
ing counted; innumerable: cardinal numbers, are 
one, two, three, &c.,: ordinal numbers, are first, 
second, third, &c. : golden number, the cycle of the 
moon, or revolution of 19 years, obtained bv adding 1 
to the year A.D., and dividing by 19— the quotient 
being the number of cycles since Christ, and the 
remainder the golden number— so called from having 
formerly been written in the calendar in gold: ab- 
stract number, a number considered apart from any- 
thing, as 6 : concrete number, its opposite, means a 
number limiting or designating something, as 6 pence, 
C feet: prime number, a number that can only be 
divided by unity or 1 : square number, the product 
of a number : . Itself: whole number, an 

integer; not a fraction. 

numbles, n. plu. num'blz, also umbles, n. plu. iim' 
biz (L. umbilicus, the navel, the middle: F. nombril), 
the entrails of a deer, pig, &c. ; also spelt nombles, 
n. nlu. num'blz, andhum'bles, hfan'blz. 

coT», boy, foci; pure, bud; chair, 



numenius, n. nii-nic'-til-iis, the scientific name for 
the curlews. 

numeral, n. nu'mer-dl (It. numerate; F. numeral, 
of or belonging to number— from L. numerus, a num- 
ber!, a symbol or character used to express a number: 
adj. relating to or expressing number: nu'merally, 
ad. -li: Arabic numerals, are 1, 2, 3, 4, &c: Roman 
numerals, are I., II., III., IV., &c. : numerical, a. nu- 
mer'-l-kal, also numeric, a. -ik, belonging to or con- 
sisting in number or numbers : numerically, ad. -li: 
nurnerary, a. itiVmcr-rr'-l, belonging to a certain num- 
ber: numerate, v. mVmir-at, to point off andread, as 
figures; to calculate: nu'merating, imp.: nu'mer- 
ated, pp.: nu'merator, n. -a-ter, the figure or figures 
above the line in a vulgar fraction, denoting a certain 
number of the parts into which the whole or integer 
has been divided: nu'merable, a. -d-bl, that may"be 
numbered : numeration, n. -a'shun, the act or art of 
pointing off a series of figures according to their values 
with the view of expressing them in words : nu'mer- 
ous, a. -us, consisting of a great number ; being many : 
numerously, ad. -II. 

numida, n. nu'ml-dd, a genus of gallinaceous birds, 
including the guinea-fowl. 

numismatic, a. nu'-mis-mdt'ik (L. num isma, money, 
coin: Gr. nomisma, coined money), pert, to coin or 
medals: nu'mismat'ics, n. plu. -Iks, the science or 
knowledge of coins and medals in regard to their age, 
name, and place when made ; also called numis'ma- 
tol'ogy, n. -tol'O-ji: numis matol'ogist, n. -jist (Gr. 
logos, a discourse), one versed in the knowledge or 
study of coins and medals. 

nummary, a. num'-mrr-i, also num'ular, a. -u-ler (L. 
numulus, money— from nummus, a coin), relating to 
money ; having the character or form of a coin. 

mimmulite, n. num'-u-Ut, alsonummulina, n. num'u- 
ll'-nd (L. nummus, a coin, and Gr. lithos, a stone), an 
extensive class of fossil many-chambered organisms, 
sei called from their general resemblance to a coin or 
piece of money, found in inconceivable numbers in 
the rocks of the Tertiarv strata, called hence nummu- 
litic limestone: num'mulit'ic, a. -lit'ik, pert. to. 

numskull, n. num'-skul (numb, and skull), a dunce ; 
a blockhead. 

nun, n. nun (It. nonna, a grandmother, the first 
nuns being naturally elderly women), one devoted to 
a religious life, and who lives secluded from the world 
in a nunnery : nun'nish, a. -nish, pert, to a nun : nun- 
nery, n. nun'-ner-l, a house inhabited by nuns. 

nuncio, n. nun'-slii-Ci |L. auatius or mincius, a mes- 
senger: It. nunzio: F. nonce: Sp. nuncio), an ambas- 
sador from the Pope to a sovereign ; a messenger or 
courier: nunciature, n. niin'shl-d-tiir, the office of a 



nuptial, a. nup-shdl (L. nuptialis, belonging to a 
marriage — from nuptius, marriage: F. nuptial), pert, 
to a marriage; constituting marriage : nup'tially, ad. 
-II: nuptials, n. plu. niip'-shdlz, marriage; ceremony 
of marriage. 

nurse, n. ners (F. nourrice, a nurse; nourrissant, 
nursing: L. nutria, I suckle or feed young), a woman 
who has the care of infants or young children ; a wo- 
man who suckles the infant of another, familiarly 
called a wet-nurse ; one having the care of a sick per- 
son ; he or that which cherishes or promotes : v. to 
suckle; to nourish at the breast, as an infant; to 
attend and take care of in sickness; to cherish; to 
manage with care and economy: nurs'ing, imp.: 
nursed, pp. nerst: nursery, n. ners'er-i, the apart- 
ment in a house set apart for the young children; 
ground for the rearing of plants ; that which forms 
the place where anything is fostered and promoted: 
nursling, n. -ling, an infant. 

nurture, n. ner'tur or -choor (F. nourriture, food : 
L. nutrio, I suckle or feed young), anything which 
promotes growth; food; diet; education"; instruction : 
v. to feed ; to educate ; to train up : nur'turing, imp. : 
nurtured, pp. ner'-turd or -chobrd. 

nut, n. nut {AS. hnut: Ger. miss; Gael, cnudh; L. 
nux, a nut), a fruit, consisting of a kernel, enclosed in 
a hard shell; in bot., a bony pericarp containing a 
single seed, to which it is not closely attached ; apiece 
of metal grooved for screwing on the end of a bolt : v. 
to gather nuts: nut'ting, imp.: adj. pert, to gather- 
ing nuts : n. act of gathering nuts : nut ted, a. supplied 



game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



NUTA 



394 



OBDU 



rrith a nut : nut'ty, a. -ti. abounding in nuts ; resem- 
bling a nut in flavour, as wine : nut-brown, of the 
colour of a nut : nut-cracker, an instrument for break- 
ing nuts ; a bird : nut-gall, the acorn or nut of the 
oak: nut-hatch, nut-pecker, birds: nut-shell, the 
hard substance enclosing the kernel of the nut ; any- 
thing of little value or of small capacity. 

nutant, a. nu'-tdnt (L. nutans, nodding or wagging 
the head ; nutatio, a nodding), nodding ; baving the 
top bent downwards : nuta'tion, n. -td-shiln, a vibra- 
tory movement of the earth's axis. 

nuthetes, n. plu. nu-the'tez (Gr. noutheteo, I admon- 
ish or put in mind), a fossil lizard, so called from its 
affinities to the monitors or land-lizards of India. 

nutmeg, n. nut-meg (old F. noix muguette ; L. nux 
moschata, nutmeg— from L. muscus; Gr. moschos, 
musk, the musk being taken as the type of anything 
highly scented), the aromatic kernel of the fruit of an 
East Indian tree : nut'megged, a. -mSgd, seasoned with 
nutmeg : nut'meggy, a. -meg-gl, having the character 
of a nutmeg. 

nutria, n. nu'tri-d (Sp. nutria, an otter), the com- 
mercial name given to the skin or fur of the coypus, 
a rodent quadruped about the size and shape of the 
beaver. 

nutrient, a. nii'-trt-Snt (L. nutrio, I nurse or nourish), 
nourishing; nutritious: n. anything nourishing or 
nutritious: nu'triment, n. -mint (L. nutriment um, 
nourishment), food; that which nourishes: nu'tri- 
men'tal, a. -m&n'tdl, nutritious; having the quality of 
food: nutritious, a. nu-trish'ris (L. nutritius, that 
nourishes), having the quality of nourishing ; promot- 
ing the growth, or repairing the waste, of animal 
bodies : nutritiously, ad. -II : nutrition, n. nu-trlsh' 
un, that which nourishes ; the act or process of pro- 
moting growth, or repairing waste in animal or vege- 
table bodies: nutritive, a. nu'tri-tiv, having the 
quality of nourishing: nutritively, ad. -II. 



nux vomica, n. nuks'v6m'l-kd (L. nux, all fruits that 
ave a hard shell, vomicus, pert, to vomiting— from 
vomere, to vomit), the vomit nut; the fruit of the 
East Indian Strychnos, yielding the now well-known 
deadly poison strychnia; a medicinal preparation 
made from it. 

nuzzle, v. nuz'-l (from nozzle, which see), to work 
with the nose, as a swine, in the earth ; to go with the 
nose down like a swine : nuz'zling, imp. -ling : nuzzled, 



pp. 1 



z-ld. 



nyctalopia, n. nik'td-lo'pi-d, also nyctalopy, n. nik' 
td-lo-pi (Gr. nuktalops; L. nyctalops, seeing only at 
night— from Gr. nux, night, and ops, the eye), a dis- 
eased condition of the eye in which a person sees more 
distinctly by day than by night; night-blindness. 
Note.— It is sometimes applied in the opposite sense 
of vision obscured by day and good at, night, nycta- 
lops, n. nik'td-lops, one affected with the disease nyc- 
talopia. 

nylgau, n. nil'gaw (Hind, nil, blue, and gaw, a cow 
or bull), an animal of Northern India of the goat kind, 
as large as a stag. 

nymph, n. nimf (L. nympha: Gr. numphe: F. 
nymphe), in anc. myth., a goddess of the mountains, 

ionsi;:, ivj.i.ov: adows ;— those presiding over 

rivers, &c, were called Naiades,— those over moun- 
tains Oreiades,— those over woods and trees Dryades,— 
those over the sea Nereides,— those over valleys Na- 
paeae, &c— and were represented as beautiful young 



nlm'fd, the second state, pupa, or chrysalis of an 
insect: plu. nym'phse, -fe: nymphean, a. nlm-fe'dn, 
also nymphical, a. nim'fi-kdl, pert, to nymphs; in- 
habited by nymphs. 

nystagmos, n. nts4dg'm6s >; \iagm08, slumber- 

ing with nodding), a winking of the eyes, as in drow- 
siness. 



0, int. is used in addressing a person, or a personified 
object, to express invoking or imploring, and always 
in addressing the Deity— thus distinguished from on, 
which is employed to express an earnest wish, admira- 
tion or pity, warning, pain, sorrow, surprise, or dissent. 
Note.— It would be very useful and desirable were 
these distinctions observed, but our best writers use 
the two forms indiscriminately, being the one now 
most generally employed ; the point (!) called the 
point of exclamation is often put after and oh, but 
when rightly used the (!) ought to be placed after the 
noun only— the 0, in fact, only marking the vocative 
case, oh dear and oh dear me (generally regarded as 
corruptions of F. Dieu, or It. O Dio, God, and It. 
Dio mio, my God), exclamations expressive of 
surprise, uneasiness or exhaustion, fear, pain, and 
the like. 

oaf, n. <5/(Icel. alfr, an elf or fairy), a foolish child, 
or idiot, left 1 1 I i I u e of another who is car- 

ried off by them; a dolt: oafish, a. -ish, stupid. 

oak, n. Ok (AS. ac; Icel. eyk; Ger. eiche, an oak), a 
tree of many species ; also its wood, used in shipbuild- 
ing and for many other purposes, noted for its hard- 
ness and durability: oaken, a. Ok'-n, made of oak: 
oak-apple, a kind of gall, being a spongy excrescence 
on oak -leaves and tender branches: oak-bark, the 
bark of the oak, used in tanning : oakling, n. -ling 
(oak, and ling, a dim. termination), a young oak : 
oak-paper, paper-hangings stained like the grain of 
oak-wood. 

oakum, n. ok'iirn (AS. acumbi ; old H. Ger. acambi, 
tow), old rope pulled into loose yarn for calking 
ships. 

oar, n. or (Icel. ar; Fin. airo; Esthon. aer, an oar), 
a pole with a broad flat end or blade, used in the row- 
ing of boats: oared, a. 6 fu i I I -vithoars: oary, 
a. or'i, having the form of oars : oarsman, n. Orz'mdn, 
one who pulls at the oars : to boat the oars, to cease 
rowing and lay the oars in the boat: to feather the 
oars, to turn them edgewise as they move back to 
repeat the stroke: to lie on the oars, to cease pulling 
by merely raising them out of the water ; to cease from 
work of any kind for a time ; to rest : to muffle the 
oars, to wrap some soft substance around that part 
which rests in the row-lock to prevent noise in row- 



ing : to unship the oars, to take them out of the row- 
locks. 

oasis, n. o-d'sis, plu. oases, O-d'zes (Gr. oasis, a very 
fertile spot), a fertile spot in a barren sandy desert 
occurring around springs ; originally the name of the 
fertile islets in the Libyan desert. 

oast, n. ost (Dut. ost or est, a kiln), a kiln to dry hops 
or malt. 

oat, n. 6t, usually in the plu. oats, 6ts (AS. ata; 
Fris. oat, oat— from AS. cet; Icel. ata, food), a well- 
known plant and its seed ; a grain, one of the cereals : 
oaten, a. Ot'-n, made of oats or oatmeal : oat-cake, a 
cake made from the meal of oats : oatmeal, oats dried, 
shelled, and coarsely ground : wild oats, loose habits 
of young men: to sow one's wild oats, to indulge 
in loose habits or forbidden pleasures,— used in the 
past, to have sown one's wild oats, it implies the 
. abandonment of them. 

oath, n. 6th (AS. ath; Goth, aith; Ger. eid, an oath), 
a solemn declaration of truth-telling confirmed by an 
appeal to God as witness ; a promise to do something 
confirmed by a solemn appeal to God ; profane swear- 
ing : false oath, a falsehood intensified in guilt by the 
appeal made to God. 

ob, ob (L. ob, in front, before, against), a prefix 
meaning "in the way of"; "against," as in obviate; 
ob becomes oc before c, as in occasion; of before /, as 
in o/fend; o before m, as in omit; and op before p, as 
in oppose; in bot., ob means " reversed "—thus : "cor- 
date" means heart-shaped, with the attachment at the 
broad end ; ' ' oocordate " means heart-shaped, but with 
the attachment at the narrow end. 

obcompressed, a. ob'kom-prdst (L. ob, reversed, and 
compressed), in bot., flattened in front and behind, not 
laterally. 

obconical, a. 6b-k8n'i-kdl (L. ob, reversed, and coni- 
cal) conical, but with thi a pex downwards. 

obcordate, a. ob-kor'ddt (L. ob, reversed, and cor, 
the heart— gen. cordis), heart-shaped, but inverted. 

obdurate, a. Ob'du-rdt (L. obduratum, to harden— 
from ob, against, and durus, hard), hardened in heart ; 
stubborn; callous; obstinate in wickedness: ob'du- 
rately, ad. -II: obduracy, n. db'du-rd-sl, also ob'- 
durateness, n. -n.8s, the state of being obdurate ; in- 
vincible hardness of heart ; obstinacy. 



mate, mdt, far, law; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, mOve; 



OBEA 



395 



OBLO 



Obeah, n. 6-be'd, a kind of secret initiation or craft 
among the negroes of Africa ; also written Obi, o'bi. 

obedient, a. o-be'-dl-ent (L. obediens, dutiful— gen. 
obedieiitis: It. obediente—see obey), compliant with 
law or duty ; dutiful ; willing to obey ; submissive to 
constraint or control; subject to authority: obe- 
diently, ad. -II: obedience, n. -ins (F. obedience: L. 
obediential, a willing compliance with what is re- 
quired; submission to authority: obe'dien'tial, a. -in' 
shed, in compliance with commands : passive obe- 
dience, in JSng. hist., the unqu i lined obedience which, 
according to some, is due from subjects to the sove- 
reign. 

obeisance, n. 6-ba'sdns (F. obeissance, obedience— 
from L. obediens, dutiful— see obedient), a bow; a 
movement of the body expressive of deference. 

obelisk, n. ob'-i-lisk (L. obeliscus; Gr. obelisJcos, an 
obelisk), a four-sided pillar of considerable height, 
gradually tapering as it rises, and assuming the form 
of a pyramid at the top ; a reference mark in print- 
ing, thus t, also called a dagger. 

obelus, n. ob'i-lus (L. obelus; Gr. obelos, a spit, a 
mark shaped like a spit placed opposite suspected 
passages in a book), in anc. MSS., the mark (— ) or 
(v) inserted, particularly in those of the Septuagint, 
to indicate that the passage so marked is not found in 
the Hebrew ; the line thus (— ) in modern writing is 
employed to mark the place of a break in the sense 
where it is suspended, or when some awkward gram- 
matical transition is made, but is often used instead 
ofa(;)or(:). 

Oberon, n. 6'ber-on, the king of the fairies. 

obese, a. 6-bes' (L. obesus, fat, plump: It. obeso: F. 
obese), fat; fleshy: obese'ness, n. -nes, also obesity, 
n. 6-bis'i-tl, excessive fatness ; unhealthy fatness. 

obey, v. 6-ba (F. obeir; L. obedire, to obey— from L. 
ob, towards, and audire, to hear— see obedient), to 
comply with the commands, orders, or instructions of a 
superior, as a parent, a master, or a teacher ; to yield 
submission to: obey'ing, imp.: obeyed, pp. 6-bdd': 
obey'er, n. -er, one who obevs. 

obfuscate, v. ob-fus'kat (L. obfuscatum, to obscure 
—from ob, intensive, and fuscatum, to make dark), to 
darken; to obscure; to -bewilder or confuse: obfus'- 
cating, imp. : obfus'cated, pp. : obfuscation, n. ob' 
J'us-kd'shun, the act of darkening or confusing; the 
state of being darkened. 

Obi— see under Obeah. 

obimbricate, a. 6b-lm'brl-kdt (L. ob, reversed, and 
Eng.i'monY'o'..' . . ration directed 

downwards. 

obit, n. 6'bit (L. obitum, to go down, to die : It. obito; 
F. obit, death), decease ; obsequies : in the R. Cath. 
Ch., an anniversary service for the repose of a departed 
soul: obitual, a. v-blt'u-dl, pert, to the days when ob- 
sequies are to be celebrated : obit'uary, a. -cr-i, relat- 
ing to a death : n. a register of deaths ; in the R. Cath. 
Ch., a register of obitual days : post obit, after death ; 
a deed to come into force after death. 

object, n. ob'-jikt (L. objectus, a casting or throwing 
in the way— from ob, in the way, and jactus, thrown 
or cast: F. objecter, to oppose; objet, an object), any- 
thing set over against or before one ; a thing seen ; 
that with which the mind is occupied in the act of 
knowing ; that on which the mind is fixed, as the end 
of an action or effort ; anything presented to the mind ; 
end; ultimate purpose ; in gram., the notm or pronoun 
which follows a transitive verb or a preposition : v. 
vb-jikt', to oppose in words or arguments ; to present 
or offer in opposition : object'ing, imp. : object'ed, 
pp. : ob'jectless, a. -lis, without an aim or purpose : 
objector, n. ob-jikt'er, one who objects : objection, n. 
ob-jik'shun. the act of presenting something in oppo- 
sition: that which is presented in opposition; diffi- 
culty raised; fault found; doubt or scruple: objec'- 
tionable, a. -Ci-bl, liable or open to blame or doubt: 
objec'tionably, ad. -d-bli: objective, a. objik'Hv, re- 
lating to wh: " >r to the mind ; external ; 
in meta,, contrasted with and opposed to subjective- 
subjective denoting that which is to be referred to the 
thinker, and objective that which belongs to the thing 
thought of; in gram., the case which follows a transi- 
tive verb or a preposition: objectively, ad. -li: ob- 
jec'tiveness, n. -nis, the state of being an object: ob- 
jectivity, n. :■"■ ■..::■-• :eoi being objective; 
objective character : object-glass, the glass placed at 
the end of such instruments as the telescope, and 
towards the object, whose office is to form an image 
of the object. 

cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, 



objurgate, v. Sb-jer'gO.t (L. objurgatum, to chide, to 
rebuke), to chide ; to reprove : objurgating, imp. : 
objur'gated, pp.: ob'jurga'tion, n. -ga'-shun, reproof; 
reprehension: objurgatory, a. ob-jer'-gA-ter-i, contain- 
ing censure or reproof. 

oblate, a. ob-lo.t' (L. oblotum, to bear against, to 
bring forward— from ob, against, and latum, to bear 
or bring; latus, broad, spreading out, wide), flattened 
or depressed at the poles, as a spheroid ; shaped like 
an orange : oblate spheroid, a spheroid depressed or 
flattened at the poles. 

oblate, a. ob-lat' (L. oblatus, offered— see entry 
above), offered up; dedicated; in the R. Cath. Ch., 
used of secular \ . ■■■ .■ -i ig a monastic 

life, have given all their goods to the monastery of 
which they have become members : oblation, n. ob-la- 
shun (L. oblatio, an offering), anything presented in 
_ ; a sacrifice. 

oblige, v. 6-blij' (L. obligo, I bind or fasten round, I 
oblige ; obligation, to bind round : It. obbligare : F. 
obliger), to bind or constrain, as by a sense of propri- 
ety or duty, or by necessity, physical or legal ; to lay 
under an obligation ; to do a favour to ; to please ; 
to gratify: obli'ging, imp.: adj. having the disposi- 
tion to oblige; conferring favours; civil; courteous; 
kind : obliged, pp. 6-blljd' : obli'gingly, ad. -li : 
obligation, n. 6b -II- ga'-shun, the binding power of a 
vow, promise, or oath ; any act which binds one to 
do, or forbear to do, something to another, or for him ; 
favour by which one is bound in gratitude : obligatory, 
a. ob'-ll-ga'-ter-l, imposing duty ; binding in law or 
conscience; coercive: obligato, a. ob'li-gd'to (It. obli- 
gate, obliged), in music, applied to a movement re- 
strained by certain rules ; giving emphasis or expres- 
sion to a passage : obligement, n. o-blij'-ment, an act 
of kindness or courtesy ; a benefit or favour conferred : 
obligee, n. db'll-ji (F. oblige', bound), the person to 
whom another is bound: obligor, n. 6b'-li-g0r', the 
person who binds himself to give his bond to another. 

oblique, a. ob-lek' (L. obliquus, sidewise, slanting : 
It. obliquo: F. oblique), deviating from a right line; 
not parallel ; aslant ; not direct ; by a side glance ; not 
an angle of 90 degrees ; sinister ; applied to any case 
of a noun not the nominative : obliquely, ad. -II: ob- 
lique'ness, n. -nes, also obliquity, n. ob-llk'-ivl-tl, de- 
viation from a right line ; deviation from rectitude 
of conduct ; irregularity : oblique angle, any angle 
except a right angle or one of 90 degrees : oblique- 
angled, a. having only oblique angles, or those of 
less than 90 degrees: oblique arch, an arch whose 
direction is not at right angles to its axis: oblique 
case, in gram., any case of a noun except the nomina- 
tive: oblique fire," a fire the direction of which is not 
perpendicular to the line fired at: oblique line, a 
straight line which makes unequal angles with an- 
other: oblique motion, in music, one of the parts 
holding on a sound, while another rises or falls : ob- 
lique sailing, a ship not sailing in one direction to 
reach its destination, but first to the one point, then 
to the other— that is, upon some rhumb between the 
four cardinal points : oblique speech, that speech or 
language which is quoted in a different person from 
that employed by the original speaker : oblique 
sphere, the sphere in that position in which the circles 
apparently described by the heavenly bodies in their 
diurnal rotation are oblique to the horizon : obliquity 
of the ecliptic, the angle of the inclination of the 
equator and ecliptic. 

obliterate, v. ob-lit'dr-at (L. obliteratum, to blot out 
or erase— from ob, against, and litus, a smearing: It. 
obliterare : F. obliterer), to efface, as anything written, 
printed, or engraved ; to blot out ; to erase ; to de- 
stroy by time or other means, as from the memory : 
obliterating, imp.: obliterated, pp.: adj. effaced; 
worn out: obliteration, n. ob-lit'-er-d'-shun, the act of 

..:■.■■■■'■'._ , :.!■. i i,. ■ , |.V ■ ;.' III'.' 'HI 

oblivion, n. 6b-liv'4-6n (L. oblivio, a forgetting or 
slipping out of the memory— gen. oblivionis: It. ob- 
livione), state of being blotted out from the memory ; 
cessation of remembrance ; forgetfulness ; remission 
of punishment: oblivious, a. ob-liv'i-us, forgetful; 
causing forgetfulness : obliviously, ad. -II : obliv'- 
iousness, n. -nes, state of being oblivious or forgetful. 

oblong, a. Sb'ldng (L. oblongus, oblong— from ob, 
against, and longus, long: It. oblungo : F. oblong), 
longer than broad ; drawn out in length : n. a figure 
longer than broad: oblong-ovate, a. being between 
oblong and ovate. 

obloquy, n. 6b'ld-kwi(L. oblnqui, to speak against; — 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



OBMU 3 

from ob, against, and loquor, I speak), language which 
causes reproach and odium to rest on the character 
ur actions of men ; slander. 

obmutescence, n. obhnd-tes'Sns (L. obmutescens, be- 
coming or growing dumb), observation of silence ; loss 
of speech. 

obnoxious, a. 6b-ndk'shus (L. dbnoxius, exposed or 
liable to hurt— from ob, against, and noxius, hurtful; 
Sp. obnoxio, obnoxious), offensive; hateful; odious; 
liable or exposed : obnox'iously, ad. -li: obnox'ious- 
ness, n. -nes, state of being obnoxious; odiousness. 

oboe, n. O'bO-6 (It.), a musical wind instrument 
sounded through a reed ; a stop in an organ— the same 
as hautboy, which see. 

obolus, n. ob'6-lus (L. obolus; Gr. obolos, an obelus), 
a small anc. coin of silver, value about five farthings 
English; a weight, the sixth part of a drachm; in 
geol., a genus of bivalves characterised by their 
smooth spherical shells, with their valves scarcely 
equal: ob'olo, n. -10, in the Ionian Islands, a copper 
coin in value about a halfpenny : obolite grit, db'6-lit 
(Gr. lithos, a stone), in */''"<■> the Lower Silurian sand- 
stones of Sweden and Russia— so called from the 
abundance of the shells of the obolus found in it. 

obovate, a. ob-o'-vdt (L. ob, reversed, and ovatus, 
egg-shaped), in bot., ovate, but having the narrow end 
downwards. 

obscene, a. ob-sen' (L. obsccenus, detestable, un- 
natural : F. obscene), impure in language or action ; 
indecent; filthy: obseene'ly, ad. -li: obscene'ness, 
n. -nes, also obscenity, n. ob-sen'-i-ti, impurity in lan- 
guage or action ; lewdness. 

obscure, a. db-skur' (L. obscurus, dark, with little 
light : F. obscur), dark ; with little light ; not much 
known ; lying remote from observation ; of humble 
condition; not easily read or understood; not clear: 
v. to darken ; to hide from view ; to make less visible 
or intelligible ; to conceal or disguise ; to tarnish ; to 
eclipse: obscu'ring, imp,: obscured', pp. -skurd': adj. 
made dark; hidden : obscurely, ad. -li, in an obscure 
manner; darkly; not clearly: obscuration, n. ob' 
sku-ra- shun, the act of obscuring or darkening; the 
state of being obscured : obscurity, n. 6b-sku'ri-fl, 
darkness ; state of being unknown to fame ; darkness 
of meaning. 

obsequies, n. plu. ob'se-kwU (F. obseques, obsequies: 
L. obsequium, a following or attendance on some 
great person), funeral rites and solemnities. 

obsequious, a. ob-sa'kwl-us (L. obsequium, the fol- 
lowing some great person, complaisance ; obsequi- 
osus, very com] tying, obsequious— from 06, in the 
way, and sequor, I follow: F. obsdquieux), promptly 
obedient or compliant to the will of another ; com- 
pliant to excess ; meanly or servilely condescending : 
obse'quiously, ad. -II: obse'quiousness, n. -nes, prompt 
obedience ; servile submission. 

observe, v. db-zerv' (L. observare, to mark, to note 
—from ob, intensive, and servo, I watch or wait for), 
to take notice of ; to note ; to mark ; to see or behold 
with some attention; to utter or express, as a re- 
mark or opinion ; to keep religiously ; to celebrate ; 
to comply with ; to make a remark : obser'ving, imp.: 
adj. giving particular attention ; habitually taking 
notice : observed', pp. -zervd': obser'ver, n. -zer'ver, 
one who pays careful attention to things : obser'- 
vingly, ad. -li: obser'vable, a. -vd-bl, worthy of obser- 
vation ; remarkable : obser'vably, ad. -bli : obser'- 
vableness, n. -bines, the state or quality of being ob- 
servable or remarkable : observance, n. ob-zer'vdns, 
performance ; rule of practice ; ceremonial reverence 
in practice ; performance of religious rites and cere- 
monies: o\>serva,nda.,n.Tp\u. ob'zer-vdn'd'l {L.), things 
to be observed: observant, a. ob-zer'vdnt, attentive in 
viewing or noticing ; watchful ; mindful : obser'vant- 
ly, ad. -li: observation, n. db'zer-vd'shun, the act of 
noticing or remarking ; the expression in words of 
what is observed or thought; comment or remark; 
in Scrip., outward show, as, "the kingdom of God 
cometh not with observation"; exhibition; in astron. 
and nav., the angular measurement of any space in 
the heavens ; in science, the act of ascertaining tem- 



perature, or of noting or scrutinising some fact 
occurrence in nature: ob'serva'tional, a. -HI, con- 
taining remarks: observator, n. ob'-zer-vft'-lir, one 
who observes : observatory, n. ob-zer'vd-ter-i, a build- 
ing fitted Tip and set apart for astronomical and phys- 
ical observations. 

obsidian, n. oh-sld'-i-dn (Gr. opManos, a kind of 
pumice-stone of a glassy appearance— less probably 

mate, melt, far, Ufi/j; me~te, mSt, Mr; pine, pin; note, ndt, mCve. 



6 OBTU 

from Obsidius, a Roman who first brought it from 
Ethiopia), a glassy lava., almost, unnistingnishalile 
from artificial glass slag; a true volcanic glass, lound 
near many volcanoes ; in anc. times, used in making 
mirrors, axes, knives, &c. 

obsidional, a. ob-sid'-yun-dl (L. obsidio, a siege or 
blockade), pert, to a siege : obsidional crown, among 
the Romans, a mark of honour in the form of a crown, 
constructed of grass and twigs interwoven, bestowed 
on him who held out in a siege, or who caused one to 
be raised. 

obsolescent, a. ob'sd-les's&nt (L. obsolcscens, growing 
out of use), going out of use : ob'soles'cence, n. -sins, 
the state of becoming obsolete or going out of use : 
obsolete, a. ob'so-let (L. obsoletus, grown out of 
use), gone out of use; disused; out of date ; in bot., 
imperfectly developed or abortive— applied to the 
calyx when it is in the form of a rim ; in zool., applied 
to a part or spot, or to some distinctive character 
scarcely discoverable : ob'soletely, ad. -Us obsolete- 
ness, n. -n6s, the state of being obsolete; in zool., in- 
distinctness ; want of development. 

obstacle, n. ob'-std-kl (F. obstacle; It. obstaculo, an 
obstacle— from L. obsto, I stand in the way— from ob, 
in the way, and sto, I stand), that which stands in the 
way and hinders progress; an impediment; an ob- 
struction. 

obstetrics, n. ob-stet'riks (L. obstetrix, a midwife— 
from obsto, I stand before or in the way), the art 
and science of midwifery; the art of assisting women 
in child-birth, and treating their diseases during preg- 
nancy: obstet'ric, a. -rV:, pert, to midwifery; obste- 
trician, 11. ob'ste-trish'dn, an accoucheur; a mid- 
wife. 

obstinate, a. ob'sti-ndt (L. obstinatum, to persist 
firmly in any purpose— from ob, in the way, and sto, 
I stand : Sp. obstinado, headstrong), firmly adhering 
to an opinion or purpose, in an ill sense ; inflexible ; 
unyielding; stubborn: ob'stinately, ad. -II: ob'sti- 
nateness, n. -nes, also obstinacy, n. db'sti-nd-si, a 
firm adherence to an opinion or purpose— usually un- 
reasonable.; a fixedness of mind that will not yield ; 
stubbornness. 

obstipation, n. ob'sti-pd'shvn (L. obsfipare, to lean 
on one side, to stop up), the act of stopping up ; cos- 
tiveness in the bowels, in which they do not act. 

obstreperous, a. 6b-str6p'er-'iis (L. obstrepere, to 
make a noise against— from ob, against, and sfrepo, I 
make a noise), very noisy; clamorous; making a 
tumultuous noise : obstreperously, ad. -lit obstrep'- 
erousness, n. -nes, the state or quality of being 
loudly clamorous. 

obstruct, v. ob-strftkt' (L. obstructum, to stop or 
block up— from ob, in the way, and struo, I build), to 
stop or block up ; to retard or hinder ; to impede ; to 
interrupt: obstructing, imp.: obstructed, pp.: adj. 
blocked up ; impeded ; hindered : obstruct'er, n. -ir, 
one who obstructs : obstruction, n. ob-struk'-shun, 
anything which hinders passage or progress ; impedi- 
ment: obstructive, a, -tiv, hindering; causing im- 
pediment: n. one who or that which hinders progress: 
obstructively, ad. -li, 

obstruent, a. ob'strdb-Snt (L. obslruens, shutting up 
by building against— from ob, against, and struo, I 
build : F. obstruer, to obstruct), blocking up or hinder- 
ing: n. anything which obstructs the natural pa,-;..age ; - ; 
of the body. 

obtain, v. ob-tdn' (L oWin 0, I hold or keep— from 
ob, against, and teneo, I hold: F. obtenir ; Sp. obtener, 
to obtain), to get possession of; to procure; to 
gain ; to acquire ; to continue in use ; to be estab- 
lished in practice: obtaining, imp.: obtained', pp. 
-tand': obtain'er, n. -er, one who obtains : obtainable, 
a. oh-ti'in'd-bl, that may be obtained. 

obtest, v. Sb-tSsf (L. obtestari, to declare as a wit- 
ness, to beseech— from ob, against, and testis, a wit- 
ness), to invoke ; to supplicate; to entreat ; to protest: 
obtesting, imp.: obtest'ed, pp.: obtestation, n. ob' 

tes-td'sliun, an a<l|ll'i 'nig . ■:nleimi ■ 'ii 1 :■;:! , 

obtrude, v. ob-trod' (L. obtrudere or obtrusum, to 
thrust against— from oh. again i "<i : mdo, I thrust), 
to thrust or push in when 'not invited or wanted; to 



obtrudes : obtrusion, n. ob-trd'zhun, the act of obtrud- 
ing: obtru'sive, a. -slv, disposed or apt to obtrude: 
obtrusively, ad. -li. 

obtund, v. Gb-t&nd" (L obtundo, I blunt or dull— from 
ob, against, and tundo, I beat), to blunt ; to deaden ; 



OBTU 



397 



OCTO 



to render blunt : obtund'ing, imp.: n. the blunting or 
taking away a sharp corner : obtund'ed, pp. 

obturators, n. plu. ob-tu-rd'-tcrz (L. obturo, I stop 
or close up), a name applied to two muscles which 
move the thig id roll it upon its axis. 

obtuse, a. 6b-tus' (L. dbtusus, blunt: F. obtus: Sp. 
obtuso), not pointed or acute ; being greater than a 
right angle, or one of 90°; dull; stupid; in bot., with 
a rounded or blunt termination: obtuse'ly, ad. -II: 
obtuse ness, n. -nes, the state or quality of being ob- 
tuse; bluntness; dulness of understanding: obtu- 
sion, n. ob-tu'zhun, the act of dulling or making ob- 
tuse; the state of being dulled: obtuse-angled, a, 
having an angle greater than a right angle : obtuse- 
angular, a. having obtuse angles. 

obverse, n. ob'-vers (L. obversus, turned towards or 
against — from ob, against, and versus, turned: F. 
doners), the face of a coin which bears the head or 
principal symbol, as opposed to the other side, called 
the reverse: adj. 6b- vers', bearing the face; in bot., 
having the base narrower than the top, as in a leaf; 
having the point of the radicle in the seed approach- 
ing the hilum : obversely, ad. -II. 

obvert, v. ob-verf (L. obverto, I turn towards or 
against— from ob, against, and verto, I turn), to turn 
towards ; to face : obvert'ing, imp. : obvert'ed, pp. 

obviate, v. Sb'-vl-at (L. obvius, meeting in the way; 
obviatum, to meet in the way— from ob, against, and 
via, a way: F. obvier, to obviate), to remove, as diffi- 
culties or objections; to withstand; to prevent; to 
binder: ob'viating, imp.: ob'viated, pp. 

obvious, a. ob'vt-iis (L. obvius, meeting in one's 
way, easy, not difficult— see obviate), easily per- 
ceived or discovered ; plain; evident: obviously, ad. 
-II: obviousness, n. -rigs, the state of being plain or 
evident. 

obvolute, a. 6b'v0-l6t (L. oovolutum, to wrap round, 
to cover all over— from ob, around, and volvo, I roll), 
in bot., having the margins of one leaf alternately 
overlapping those of the leaf opposite to it. 

oc, ok, another form of the prefix ob, which see. 

occasion, n. dk-kd'zhiin (L. occasio, an occasion, an 
opportunity— gen. occasiouis— from ob, in the way, and 
casus, a fall: It. occasioiie: F. occasion), an occur- 
rence; an incident; an opportunity ; favourable time 
or season ; incidental need : v. to cause ; to produce ; 
to give rise to; to bring about: occasioning, imp.: 
occa'sioned, pp. -zhund: occa'sioner, n. -ir, one who 
occasions or causes : occa'sional, a. -at, occurring at 
times; happening as opportunities occur; in rneta., 
acting in the way of assistance : occasionally, ad. -li : 
occasionalism, n. -al-lzm, in rneta., the doctrine 
which teaches that God, and not the will, causes and 
controls bodily actions: occa'sive, a. -siv, pert, to the 
falling or setting sun ; western. 

Occident, n. ok'sl-dirit (L. occidens, falling or going 
down— from ob, in the way, and cado, I fall: It. ocri- 
dente; F. Occident, west), the quarter where the sun 
goes down; the west: occidental, a. -den'-tdl. west- 
ern : occidental diamond, a precious stone of inferior 
hardness and beauty, so called by lapidaries. 

occiput, n. ok's Ipiit (L. occiput, the back part of the 
head— from ob, against, and caput, the head), the 
hinder part of the head or skull : occipital, a. ok-sip- 
i-tal, pert, to the back part of the head. 

occult, a. okkiilf (L. occidtus, hidden, concealed: 
It. occulto : F. occulte), concealed ; secret ; hidden from 
the eye or understanding ; unknown ; undiscoverable : 
occultly, ad. -li: occult ness, n. -n6s, the state of being 
occult: occultation, n. ok'kul-td'shiin, the hiding or 
concealing of a heavenly body from our sight by the 
intervention of some other one— applied to the eclipses 
of stars or planets by the moon : occulted, a. hidden, 
as a star : occult sciences, certain so-called sciences of 
the middle ages, as magic, alchemy, and astrology. 

occupy, v. ok'kupl (L. occvpo, I take possession of 
—from ob, against, and capere, to take : It. occupare : 
F. occuper), to take possession of; to hold or keep for 
use ; to take up, as room or space ; to busy ; to employ, 
as time; to use; to engage, as time and attention; to 
follow a business : oc cupying, imp. : oc'cupied, pp. 
-ptd: oc'cupier, n. -pl-er, also oc'cupant, n. -pant, one 
who has possession: oc'cupancy, n. -pan-sl, the act of 
taking or holding possession : oc'cupa'tion, n. -pa- 
shun, the act or state of occupying ; that which en- 
gages the time and attention ; employment ; business : 
occupation-bridge, a bridge carried over or under a 
line of railway to connect the parts of a farm or estate 
severed by the line. 



occur, v. ok-kir' (L. occurro, I run or come to meet 
—from ob, in the way, and curro, I run), to happen ; 
to be met with ; to be presented to the mind or mem- 
ory; to appear here and there: occurring, imp. 
Ok-kur'-rinu ': occurred', pp. -herd'; occurrence, n. ok- 
kur'rSns, that which happens ; an incident ; any single 
event. 

ocean, n. o'shun (L. oceanus; Gr. okeanos, the great 
sea : It. oceano : F. ocean), a vast expanse of salt water; 
the main ; any very great or immense expanse, as the 
ocean of eternity: adj. pert, to the great expanse of 
salt water : oceanic, a. o'-shg-an'-lk, relating to the 
ocean; occurring in, or produced by, the ocean: 
Oceanides, n. plu. o'se-an'l-dez, sea -nymphs, the 
daughters of Oceanus, o-st-d-nus, a sea-god; called 
also Naiads. 

ocellaria, n. o'-sil-ld'-rl-d (L. ocellus, a little eye— 
from oculus, an eye), in geol., a conical-shaped zoophyte 
occurring in chalk-flints — so named from the numerous 
eye-like, polyp-cells which stud its surface : ocellated. 
a. O'sSl-ia-ted, resembling an eye ; formed with the 
figures of little eyes : ocellus, n. o-sel'-lus, a little eye ; 
a minute simple eye found in many inferior animals. 

ocelot, n. o'se-ldt (Mexican, ocelotl), an animal of the 
feline tribe found in Mexico. 

ochlocracy, n. dk-lok'rd-si (Gr. ochlos, the populace 
or mob, and kratos, might, power), a government con- 
trolled by the populace ; a mob government : ochlo- 
cratic, a. ok-lO-krai-ih, relating to ochlocracy. 

ochre, n. 6'kir (L. and Gr. ochra— from Gr. ochros, 
pale, pale yellow), a kind of fine clay used as a pig- 
ment, varying in colour from a pale yellow to a deep 
orange or brown : ochraceous, a. o-kra'shus, of the 
colour of ochre: ochrey, a,, also ochry, a. o'kri, pert. 
to or resembling ochre: ochroite, n. ok'-ro-lt, an im- 
pure variety of cerite. 

ochrea, n., also ocrea, n. 6k'rS-d (L. ocrea, a cover- 
ing to protect the legs), in bot., a tubular membrane- 
ous stipule through which the stem seems to pass : 
och'reate, a. -at, bearing och'reae, plu. -e. 

octa, ok'td, also octo, ok'to (L. octo ; Gr. okto, eight), 
a common prefix, signifying " eight." 

octagon, n. ok'td-gon (Gr. octo, eight, and gonia, a 
corner or angle), a figure with eight sides and eight 
angles : octagonal, a. 6k-tdg'-6-nal, having eight sides 
and eight angles. 

octahedron, n. ok'tdhe'dron (Gr. octo, eight, and 
hedra, a seat or place of anything), one of the five 
regular bodies, being a solid contained by eight equal 
sides, which are equilateral triangles : octahedral, 
a. -dial, having eight equal sides : octeedrite, n. Ok- 
te'drit, also oc'tahe'drite, n. -td-he'drlt, in min., a 
term for the pure oxide of titanium occurring in elon- 



„ i. andros), a class of plants having her- 
maphrodite flowers with eight stamens : octan'der, n. 
-der, a plant having eight stamens: octan'drian, a. 
-drl-dn, also octan drous, a. -drus, having the char- 
acter of the class octandria; having eight distinct 



octangular, a. ok-tdng'gu-ler (L. octo, eight, and an- 
gulus, a comer or angle), having eight angles. 

octant, n. ok'tdnt (L. ocro, eight), a nautical instru- 
ment, the measuring arc of which is the eighth part of 
a circle ; the eighth part of a circle. 

octastyle, n. ok'ta-stll (Gr. octo, eight, and shdos, a 
column), in arch., a temple or other building having 
eight columns in front. 

octave, n. 6k'tav{L.octavus, eighth— from ocro.eight), 
in music, the longest interval in the diatonic scale, as 
from do to do, or from C to C ; seven keys on a piano- 
forte ; a small cask for wine, being the eighth part of 
a pipe; eight days, or th bffcer a Church 

festival, the festival being included: adj. consisting 
of eight: octavo, a. n. ok tj sight leaves to 

the sheet— applied to the size of a book ; applied to 
one leaf of a sheet of printing-paper folded so as to 
make eight leaves— usually written 8vo. 

octennial, a. ok-ten'-ni-al (L. octo, eight, and annus, 
a year), happening every eighth year; lasting eight 
years : octen nially, ad. -It . 

octile, n. ok'-tll, another name for an octant. 

octillion, n. ok-til'yun (L. octo { eight, and Eng. mil- 
lion), a number produced by raising a million to the 
eighth power ; in Eng. system of notation, 1 followed 
by 48 ciphers ; in the F. and It. systems, 1 followed 
by 27 ciphers, 

October, n. ok-to'-ber (L. October, October— from octo. 



cow, b&y.fdbt; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



OCTO 



398 



OF 



eight), the eighth month of the year among the Ro- 
mans ; with us the tenth month. 

octodecimal, a. 6k'td-des'-l-mdl (L. octo, eight, and 
decern, ten), a term designating a crystal whose mid- 
dle part has eight faces and two summits together ; 
ten. 

octodecimo, a. or n. - (L, octo, eight, 

and decern, ten), consisting of 18 leaves to a sheet ; one 
leaf of a sheet of printing-paper folded 18 times ; ap- 
plied to the size of a book— usually written 18mo. 

octodentate, a. ok'to-den'tdt (L. octo, eight, and 
dentatus, toothed), having eight teeth. 

octofid, a. ok'to-fld (L. octo, eight, and findo, I 
cleave), cleft or separated into eight segments, as a 
calyx. 

octogenarian, n. ok'-to-jS-nd'rl-dn (L. octogeni, eighty 
each— from octo, eight: F. octogenaire: Sp. octogena- 
rio), one who is eighty years old: adj. also octogen- 
ary, a. ok-toj'en-er-l, of eighty years of age: octog'- 
enary, n. an instruiui-in . i igln t rings. 

octogynous, a. 6k-tdj'l-nus (Gr. okto, eight, andgune, 

I I) h;.< Hi". i'1'J.li !■! •' " ' ' '-.'. 

octopod, n. ok-to-pod (Gr. okto, eight, and pous, a 
foot— gen. podos), a crustacean or insect having eight 
feet or legs. 



bles: oc'tosyllab'ic, a. -l&b'-lk, consisting of eight 



octroi, n. ok'-trwa (F. octroi, a grant, a city toll— from 
octroyer, to grant), a tax lovii'.il at tin; gates of a French 
city on all articles brought into it. 

octuple, a. Ok'tU-pl (L. octuplus, eight-fold— from 
octo, eight, and plico, I fold), eight-fold. 

ocular, a. ok'u-ler (L. oculus, an eye), pert, to the 
eye ; depending on or known by the eye ; received by 
actual view: oc'ularly, ad. -II: oculate, a. ok'u-lat, 
furnished with eyes ; having spots somewhat like eyes : 
oculist, n. ok'-u-list, a surgeon who practises only in 
diseases of the eye. 

oculiform, a. 6-ku'tt-fawrm (L. oculus, an eye, and 
forma, shape), eye-shaped. 

oculina, n. ok'u-li'nd (L. 
class of strong branching 
the eye-like or star-like polyp-cells which stud their 
branches. 

od, n. od (Gr. hodos, a way, a passage), a name ap- 
plied to the supposed force or natural power which is 
alleged by many to produce the phenomena of mes- 
merism or animal magnetism. 

odalisque, n. o'dd-llsk (Turk, odalik, a chamber com- 
panion— from '.-/' rii. '■.<:'■'< • "'"Usque), in Tur- 
key, one of the female slaves in the Sultan's harem. 

odd, a. od (Norm, odde, odd— from oddr, a point : 
Dan. odde; Sw. udda, a point), literally, a point or 
object sticking up for want of another to match it ; not 
even; left over after some definite number; uncom- 
mon; strange; eccentric; droll; unmatched: oddly, 
ad. -II: odd'ness, n. -n&s, state of being not even; 
singularity; uncouthness : oddity, n. 6d'di-ti, a singu- 
lar person or thing; singularity; queerness: odd- 
fellows, a benevolent society having secret signs: 
odd-looking, a. having a singular look : odd number, 
any number which leaves a remainder on being di- 
vided by two : odds, n. plu. odz, difference in favour of 
one against another ; more than an even wager ; more 
likely than the contrary ; advantage ; at variance : at 
odds, at variance : odds and ends, scraps ; fragments ; 
stray articles. 

ode, n. od (Gr. ode, a song or ode: It. oda: F. ode), 
a short poem on a given subject, confined to the ex- 
pression of sentiment oi > i inati thought, only 
admitting narrative incidentally, and longer and more 
varied than the song or ballad ; a lyric poem. 

odeon, n. o-de'on, also ode'um, n. -urn (L. odeum; 
Gr. odeion, a music-room— from Gr. ode, a song), a 
kind of theatre in which anc. poets and musicians con- 
tended for prizes. 

Odin, n. o'din, a Scandinavian deity ; called Woden 
among the Anglo-Saxons, whence the fourth day of the 
week is called Wednesday. 

odious, a. o'-dl-us (L. odiosus, hateful to one, odious— 
from odium, hatred, ill-will— from odi, I hate: It. odi- 
oso: F. odieux), hateful; detestible; deserving hate; 
disgusting: o'diously, ad. -li: o'diousness, n. -nSs, the 
quality of being odious: odium, n. O'dl-um, hatred: 
odium theologicum, -the'6-loj'l-kum (L. theological 
hatred), the hatred peculiar to persons contending in 
theological disputes. 



odometer, n. 0-dom'e-ter (Gr. hodos, a way, and 
rnetron, a measure), an instrument attached to the 
wheel of a carriage to measure the distance travelled 
over: odometrical, a. O'dO-met-rl-kdl, pert, to an odom- 
eter. 

odontalgia, n. o'don-tdl'jl-d, also o'dontal'gy, n. 
-tdl'-ji (Gr. odous, a tooth — gen. odontos, and algos, 
pain), toothache : o'dontal'gic, a. -jlk, pert, to the 
toothache : n. a remedy for the toothache. 

odontaspis, n. o'dOn-tds'pls (Gr. odous, a tooth- 
gen, odontos, and aspis, a shield or buckler), a genus 
of shark-like fishes found in the Chalk formation— so 
termed from the buckler-like appearance of their 
teeth. 

odonto, n. o-don'to (Gr. odous, a tooth— gen. odon- 
tos), a powder for the teeth : odon'toid, a. -toyd (Gr. 
eidos, appearance), tooth-like. 

odontograph, n. 0-don'tO-grdf (Gr. odous, a tooth- 
gen, odontos, and grapho, I write), an instrument for 
finding the arcs of circles, used in the construction of 
toothed wheels which will work truly on each other: 
o'dontog'raphy, n. -tog'rd-fl, that branch of anatomy 
which treats of the sf ruclun; and nature of teeth. 

odontolite, n. o-don'-lo-llt (Gr. odous, a tooth— gen. 
odontos, and lithos, a stone), a petrified tooth. 

odontology, n. 6'ddn-tol'o-jl (Gr. odous, a tooth- 
gen, odontos, and logos, a discourse), that branch of 
the science of anatomy which treats of teeth. 

odontopteris, n. o'don-top'ter-is (Gr. odous, a tooth 
—gen. odontos, and pteris, a fern), a genus of fossil 
ferns found in the Coal-measures— so called from the 
slant tooth-like lobes of their leaflets. 

odontostomatous, a. O-ddn'-tO Ins (Gr. odous, 

a tooth— gen. odontos, and stoma, a mouth— gen. 
stomatos), aten lapplied ii asects having mandibles. 

odoriferous, a. 6'der-if-er-us (L. odor, a smell, and 
fero, I bear or carry), sweet-scented; diffusing fra- 
grance: o'dorif erously, ad. -li: o dorif'erousness, n. 
-nes, the quality of being odorous, or of diffusing 
odour. 

odour, n. 6'der (L. odor, a smell: It. odore: F. 
odeur), a sweet or an offensive smell ; perfume : 
odorous, a. o'der-us, sweet of scent; fragrant: o'dor- 
ously, ad. -II: o'dourless, a. -Us, destitute of odour: 
odorine, n. O'der-in, a substance obtained from the 
volatile oil of bones : in bad odour, out of favour. 

odylic, a. o-dll'-ik (Gr. hodos, a way, and hule, mat- 
ter, a material), pert, to the force or natural power 
which is supposed by many to produce the phenomena 
of mesmerism or animal magnetism : odylic force, 
also odyle, n. o'-dll, the supposed force or power. 

Odyssey, n. Cd'ls-sl, the second of the great epic 
poems by the anc. Gr. poet, Homer, narrating the 
wanderings of Odysseus or Ulysses. 

ce, sounding e— when words sometimes spelt with ce 
cannot be found, consult the word as if beginning 

oedema, n. e-de'md (see edematous), in med., a 
minor form of dropsy, consisting of puffiness of a 
part arising from the collection of a fluid under the 
skin: cedem'atous, a. -dSm'd-tus, having oedema. 

oenanthic, a. e-ndn'thik (Gr. oinos, wine, and anthos, 
a flower), applied to the essential oil or substance 
which gives wine its characteristic flavour. 

ffiningen beds, n. plu. e'nln-jSn bSdz, a remarkable 
lacustrine deposit of highly fossiliferous marls and 
limestones near CEningen, where the Rhine issues from 
the Lake of Constance. 

o'er, prep, or, contraction for over, which see. 

of, of, another form of the prefix ob, which see. 

of, prep, ov (L. ab; Icel. af; Gr. apo; Sans, apa; 
AS. of, from, of), from; out of; belonging to; denot- 
ing possession or property; according to; denoting 
properties, qualities, or condition : off, a. 6f, denoting 
distance ; in driving, applied to the right-hand side : 
ad. from ; away ; not towards ; denoting the action of 
removing or separating, as to cut off : prep, not on : 
int. away ; begone ; among seamen, abreast of or near : 
be off, away ; depart : from off, denoting removal : ill 
off or badly off, having fared ill ; in a state of poverty : 
off and on, at one time anxious, at another careless, 
about anything : off-hand, without preparation or hesi- 
tation; without respect : of late, recently: of old, for- 
merly ; in time long past : to be off, to depart ; to recede 
from an intended contract or design : to come off, to 
escape ; to fare in the event ; to happen, as the race 
came off : to get off, to alight ; to come down ; to make 
escape : to go off, to depart ; to desert ; to take fire and 
be discharged, as a gun : to take off, to take away ; 



mate, mdt,fdr, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, mOve; 






OFFA 



399 



OIL 



to mimic : well off, having fared well ; in good cir- 
cumstances. 

offal, n. of 'Jtil (prov. Ger. cffall, refuse or dross : Dan. 
afraid, a falling away, oilaii, that which is thrown 
away as of no value, as certain parts of an animal 
butchered ; refuse : coarse meat ; rubbish. 

offence, n. of -fens' (L. offenso, I strike or dash 
against a thing; qffensa, an injury, an offence: It. 
offensa: F. offense), displeasure given or received; 
affront ; injury ; cause of sin ; a sin ; a fault ; a 
crime : offenceiess, a. -les, free from a disposition 
to offend: offence lessly, ad. -ll: offensive, a. of- 
fen'-siv, tending to cause offence, pain, or disgust; 
rude ; insulting ; used in attack ; assailant ; making 
the first attack : n. the part of attacking ; a state or 
posture of attack : offensively, ad. -II i offen'siveness, 
n. -nis, the quality or condition of being offensive; 
unpleasantness : to act on the offensive, to be the at- 
tacking party. 

offend, v. Of-fSnd' (L. offendere, to strike or dash 
against a thing: It. offendere), to pain; to annoy; to 
displease ; to affront ; to sin; to cause dislike or anger; 
to commit transgression: offending, imp.: adj. dis- 
pleasing; causing anger; committing sin: offend'ed, 
pp. : adj. displeased: offender, n. offSnd'-ir, one who 
gives offence ; a criminal ; a guilty person. 

offensive, offensively— see under offence. 

offer, n. offer (L. offero, I bring or thrust forward— 
from ob, in the way, andfero, I bring: It. offer ire: F. 
offrir), a proposal; first advance; the act of bidding a 
price ; the sum bid : v. to make a proposal to ; to pre- 
sent either to he accepted or rejected; to present in 
prayer or worship ; to sacrifice ; to bid, as a price or 
reward ; to exhibit ; to attempt or make an attempt, 
as they offered to land; to present itself; to declare 
a willingness : offering, imp. : n. that which is of- 



lered ; a gift presented at tl 
ship: offered, pp. of-fird: 
offers: of'ferable, a. -d-bl, t 



I, that may be offered : offer- 
tory, n. of'-ftr-ter-l, that which is offered ; the sen- 
tences in the communion service read while the alms 



e collecting ; the alms collected. 

office, n. of -Is (L. offtcium, service, duty— from opes, 
aid, help, and facere, to do: It. officio; F. office, 
office, duty), settled duty ; employment ; business ; 
peculiar use or function ; an act of kindness ; a for- 
mulary of devotion; a house or apartment where 
commercial men, &c, transact their business ; a count- 
ing-house: pin. the outlying parts, as stables, &c, 
of a mansion or palace : office-bearer, one who holds 
an office : officer, n. offi-ser, one authorised to perform 
some public duty ; one holding a place of authority in 
the army or navy : v. to furnish or supply with offi- 
cers: officering, imp. : officered, pp. -sCrd: adj. fur- 
nished or supplied with officers: official, a. df-flsh'-dl, 
pert, to or derived from the proper office or authority ; 
done by virtue of authority: n. one invested with 
office; a subordinate executive officer or attendant: 
offici'ally, ad. -/>, bv authority; by virtue of an office: 
officiate, v. of-fish'-i-at, to act by virtue of an office ; 
to perform official duty for another, said of a clergy- 
man: officiating, imp.: adj. performing an office: 
officiated, pp.: officious, a offish'ils, unduly forward 
in interposing services ; intermeddling ; busy : offici'- 
ously, ad. -II : offici'ousness, n. -nSs, the quality of 
being officious: undue forwardness: office copy, an 
official copy : official assignee, a public officer appoint- 
ed to manage the estate of a bankrupt : official man- 
ager, an officer appointed to manage the winding up 
of the affairs of a joint-stock company. 

officinal, a of-fls-i-ndl (It. officinale; F. officinal, 
sold in the shops — from L. officina, a shop where 
goods are sold), a term applied to those substances 
and medicines which are directed in the pharma- 
copeia to be kept in apothecaries' shops; sold or 
kept in shops. 

offing, n. of'-flng (Eng. off, signifying distance from), 
that part of the sea at a distance from the shore hav- 
ing deep water: adj. moving offshore ; steering from 
the land. 

offscouring, n. 6f-skdicr-lng (off, and scour), rejected 
matter ; that which is vile or despised. 

offscum, n. of'-skum {off, and scum), refuse matter ; 
filth: adj. vile. 

offset, n. of-sSt (off, and set), a sum or account placed 
as an equivalent for another ; a young shoot or hulb 
separated from the parent root ; a flat on a hillside ; 
in land-measuring, a perpendicular from the main 
line to an outlying point : v. to set off, as one account 
coiv, bwj,fo~ot; pure, bud; chair, 



against another: offset-staff, a measuring rod 10 links 
Ion?, or t> ft. 7-2 inches. 

offshoot, n. 6f-sh6t (off, and shoot), anything arising 
from or growing out of another. 

offskip, n. 6f : skip (off, and skip), a term used by some 
writers on art to indicate that part of a landscape 
which recedes from the spectator into distance. 

offspring, n. of'-spring (off, and spring), children ; 
descendants ; that which is produced or arises from 
something else. 

offward, ad. of'-waTcrd (off, and AS. iveard, express- 
ing direction), in nav., the situation of a ship which 
lies aground, and leans from the shore. 

often, ad. of-fn (Icel. opt; Goth, ufta, often), many 
times; repeatedly; not seldom: oft, ad. 6ft, poetic lor 
often : oftentimes, also ofttimes, ad. frequently. 

ogee, n. o-je (F. ogive; It. augivo, the arch of a 
ceiling), a wave-like moulding having the convex part 
upwards ; the union of the concave and convex in an 
arch or fillet; a cyma; contracted into O.G.: ogee 
arch, an arch with a double curve. 

ogham, u. og'ham (Ir. ogam or ogma), a kind of short- 
hand writing or cipher, in use among the anc. Irish. 

ogive, n. 0-jiv' (F.—see ogee), among the French, a, 
pointed arch crossing another ; the Gothic arch with 
its ribs and cross-springers, &c. 

ogle, n. o'-gl (Dan. oogen, to eye— from oog, the eye : 
Ger. atigeln, to eye one slyly— from auge, an eye), a side 
glance or look: v. to view with side glances to at- 
tract notice, or in fondness : o'gling, imp. : n. the 
act of viewing with side glances : o'gled, pp. -gld : 
o'gler, n. -glir, one who ogles. 

oglio, n. O'-ll-o, same as olio, which see. 

ogre, n. o'-ger (Sp. ogro ; F. ogre; old Sp. huergo, 
the man-eating giant of fairy tales : It. orco, a sur- 
name of Pluto, any imagined monster— from L. orcus, 
hell), one of the imaginary monsters of nursery stories: 
ogress, o'grcs, a female ogre; in her., a ball or pellet 
of a dark colour: ogreish, a. o'ger-tsh, having the sup- 
posed character and appearance of an ogre. 

ogygia, n. O-gij'-i-d (from Ogyges, an anc. Greek 
monarch, whose history and reign are very obscure, 
hence anything dark or of doubtful origin), a genus of 
Silurian trilobites— so named in allusion to their ob- 
scure and remote origin, or from their being found in 
the earliest fossiliferous formations: ogygian, a. 6-glj' 
i-dn, pert, to Ogyges, supposed to have flourished 
from 1770 to 1800 B.C.; a name given to a great deluge 
in the fahulous history of Greece; applied to anything 
dark, obscure, or of doubtful origin. 

oh, int. 6 (see 0), an exclamation expressive of pain, 
sorrow, surprise, or dissent. 

oidium, n. dy'di-um (Gr. oidein, to swell up), in 
bot. , a parasitic fungus or mould, consisting of minute 
interlacing filaments, and covering a surface as if 
with a white down ; a mould or mildew affecting the 
grape. 

oil, n. oyl (L. oleum ; Ger. ocl; Dan. olie, oil), a highly 
inflammable fatty liquid expressed or obtained from 
various animals, from many vegetable substances, 
and as a natural product from the earth : v. to smear 
or rub over with oil: oiling, imp.: oiled, pp. dyld: 
oily, a. dyl'-i, containing or resembling oil; greasy: 
oiliness, n. oyl'-i-nes, the quality of being oily; greasi- 
ness : volatile or essential oils, oils that pass away 
in the form of vapour at the temperature of boiling 
water: oil-cake, flat cakes of flax-seed, rape-seed, 
&c, from which the oil has heen expressed: oil- 
colours, painters' colours or pigments formed of finely- 
ground mineral substances worked up with oil : oiled 
paper, transparent paper used for tracing purposes : 
oiled silk, prepared silk impervious to moisture, em- 
ployed in making balloons, &c. : oiling out, among 
artists, a thin coating of drying oil passed over 
the parts of a picture to be retouched, which is 
immediately wiped off, leaving thus only a slight 
coating on the surface : oil-cloth, painted floor-cloth: 
oil-gas, a gas obtained from oil : oilman, one* who sells 
oils : oil-mill, a mill for crushing seeds in order to ob- 
tain their oil: oil-nut, the butter-nut of N. Amer.; a 
shrub; the Palma Christi: oil-painting, a picture 
painted with colours which have been mixed with oil ; 
the art of painting in oil-colours : oilskin, a sort of 
waterproof cloth : oil-stone, a sort of hone-stone of a 
white or black colour, imported from Turkey: oil- 
tree, the Palma Christi, or castor- oil plant: oil of 
vitriol, the popular name for sulphuric acid: oily 
grains, the seeds of the sesamum, an Eastern grain- 
plant which contains abundance of oil : oil-coals, the 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal- 



OINT 



400 



OMEN 



coals or shales which yield large quantities of oil on 
distillation : oil-springs or oil-wells, springs in which 
oil rises out of the earth as a natural production, like 
springs of water. 

ointment, n. dynt'ment (L. unctum, to smear, to 
anoint: F. oindre, to anoint: It. unto, salve, grease), 
any soft fatty substance or compound, used for smear- 
ing or anointiji.'j. iJie body, >.-.,, .<■,■;■., n v : , diseased part. 

okra, n. o'-krd, a plant of the W. Indies, whose pods 
are used as pot-herbs. 

old, a. old (AS. eald; Ger. alt; Goth, altheis, old: 
radical meaning probably grown up—irom. Goth, alan; 
iV.ri ,,/.(. I, ■//■ ;■<', ti. .Kiiirr;!!), i'j, u 1 \ ;mced in years ; 
aged; used of any length of time, as, How old is he? 

he is two years old; decayi d ured by time or long 

use; out of date; not new or fresh : old'ness, n. -n6s, 
state of being old : old'ish, a. -ish, rather old: olden, 
a. Old'Sn, applied to time long past; ancient: old- 
fashioned, a. antiquated ; formal : old age, decline of 
life ; advanced years : old-clothesman, a man who col- 
lects half-worn-out garments, and old attire of all 
kinds, to be sold when repaired and renovated : old 
men's workings, mines or underground excavations 
that have been formerly worked : of old, long ago ; 
from anc. times: old bachelor, an unmarried man 
somewhat advanced in years : old maid, an unmarried 
woman not now young : old school, a party belonging 
to a former time, or a party having the character and 
opinions appropriate to former times: old song, a 
mere trifle ; a nominal price : old wife, a prating old 
woman ; a man having some of the characteristics and 
habits peculiar to old women; in Scot., an apparatus 
for curing smoky chimneys: Old Red Sandstone, 
the whole series of strata which lies below the Coal- 
measures, and above the Silurian system : Old Testa- 
ment, the first part of the Scriptures, B.C.: old style, 
the old mode of reckoning time according to the 
Julian year of 3651 days : Old Tom, a kind of strong 
London gin; a particular manufacture of Scotch 
i "'in 

oldhamia, n Id ! « peculiar fossil zoophyte 

occurring in the lowest Silurian rocks— so called from 
Professor Oldham. 

oleaginous, a. o'-U-dj'-i -mix (L oleaginus, of or pert, 
to an olive-tree— from olea, an olive-tree), oily ; unc- 
tuous: oleag'inousness, n. -nSs, oiliness. 

oleander, n. 6'14-an'der (It. olnandro ; F. oleandre; 
a corruption of rhododendron), a beautiful evergreen 
shrub, having clusters of fragrant white or red flowers ; 
the rose-bay. 

oleaster, n. 6'le-ds'Ur (L. oleaster, the oleaster— 
from L. olea, the olive-tree : It. oleastro, a wild olive- 
tree), the wild olive. 

olecranon, n. 0-lSk'rd-non (Gr. olene, the elbow, and 
kranos, a helmet), in anat., the projecting part of 
the upper end of the ulna, forming the back of the 
elbow. 

defiant, a. o'-U-fl'dnt (L. oleum, oil, and facio, I 
make), applied to a gas obtained by heating a mix- 
ture of two measures of sulphuric acid and one of 
alchohol— so called from its forming an oily liquid when 
mixed with chlorine. 

oleic, a. o"-le-ik(h. oleum, oil), applied to the oily acid 
resulting from the action of linseed and other oils upon 
potash, or during the formation of soap: oleate, n. 
6'lS-dt, a salt of oleic acid : oleiferous, a. o'IS-lf'er-us (L. 
fero, I produce), producing oil, as seeds: oleine, n. 
6-le-in, the pure liquid portion of oil and fat: oleometer, 
n. O'-lS-om'S-ter (Gr. metron, a measure), an instr. for 
testing oils: oleon, n. o'IS-dn, a liquid obtained by the 
distillation of a mixture of oleine and lime: oleo-phos- 
phoric, a. o-ld-o-fos-for'lk, a term applied to the pecu- 
liar acid found in the brain and nervous matter : o'leo- 
re'sins, the natural mixture of a resin and an essential 
oil, forming the vegetable balsams and turpentines : 
oleo-sae'eharum, n. -sdk'kd-rum (L. oleum, oil, and 
saccharum. ij I ire of oil and sugar. 

oleraceous, a. dl'er-d'shvs (L. oleraceus, resembling 
herbs— from olus, any garden herbs for food), having 
the nature and qualities of pot-herbs ; used as an es- 
culent pot-herb. 

olfactory, a. dl-fdk'-ter-l (L. olfactum, to smell, to 
scent— from olere, to smell, and facio, I make), having 
the sense of smelling ; used in smelling, as olfactory 
nerves. 

oiibanum, n. d-Vtb'd-num (Ar. ol or al, the, and luban, 
frankincense: Gr. libanos, the frankincense-tree), a 
gum-resin of a bitterish taste, and aromatic ; a kind of 
frankincense. 



oligemia, n. SI << << (Gi oligos, little, and haimri-, 

blood), in med., that state ol the system in widen there 
is a deficiency of blood. 

oligandros, a. ol'l-gdn'drds (Gr. oligos, few, and 
aner, a male— gen. andros), in hot., having fewer than 
i ivenry stamens. 

oligarchy, n. ol'l-gar-kl (Gr. oligos, few, and arche, 
rule, power), asUi.e. in i... liirli Mi! ■...'> ,>>,>>< ;. , 
in the hands of a few ; the rule of an aristocracy : oli- 
garch, n. ol'i-gdrk, one of a few in power : oligarchic, 
a. -gur'/uk, also ol'igar'chical, a. -ki-kdl, pert, to 
government by a few. 

oligist, a. ol'i-jlst, also ol'igis'tic, a. -jis'tlk (Gr. 
oligistos, least— from oligos, lew), a term applied to 
specular iron ore— so called because less rich in metal 

''•<■ Mgnetite: ol'igist, n. specular iron ore. 

Isi Li >' i (Gr. oligos, few), a pre- 
fix in scientific terms signifying few ; small in num- 
ber. 

oligocene, n. o-Ug'o-sen (Gr. oligos, few, and kainos, 
new or recent), in #e&Z., a term emj'i : :' i : e ; i:i: 
certain strata, because supposed to occupy an inter- 
mediate position between the Eocene and the Miocene 
age. 

oligoclase, n. o-llg'o-kldz (Gr. oligos, few, and Musis, 
a breaking or fracture), a term applied to soda-felspar, 
in allusion to its peculiar fracture. 

olio, n. O'li-6 (L. olla, a pot: It. olla: F. oille), a 
mixture ; a medley— applied to musical collections. 

olitory, n. ol'-i-ter-l (L. olitor, a gardener), belonging 
to or produced in a kitchen-garden. 

olive, n. ol'lv (L. oliva, the olive-tree : It. oliva : F. 
olive), a tree of southern Europe, much valued for its 
fruit and the oil obtained from it; the emblem of 
peace ; a brownish-green colour like the olive-fruit : 
adj. of the colour of the olive: olivaceous, a. 61'4-va' 
shus, olive-green: olivary, a. ol'iv-d-rl, resembling an 
olive : olive-brown, a colour : olive-crown, a reward 
given at the Olympic games: olive-branch, the em- 
blem of peace : olive-oil, an oil obtained from the olive- 
fruit: olive-yard, a garden or field where olives are 
cultivated; ol'ivile, n. -vil, a starch-like substance 
obtained from the gum of the olive-tree : olivine, n. 
-vin, an olive-coloured, semi-transparent mineral, 
occurring in rounded grains and crystals in many 
basaltic rocks and lavas: olivenite, n. 6-llv'en-it, an 
arseniate of copper found in prismatic crystals and 
other forms, generally of a deep olive-green : olivinoid, 
n. o-liv'in-dyd (Gr. eidos, form, shape), a substance 
occurring in meteorites resembling olivine. 

olla, n. ol'-ld, also ol'la-podri'da, -po-drl'dd (Sp. pu- 
trid mixture), a mixed stew and hash of meat and veg( - 
tables, generally used in Spain— so often kept by the 
poor classes to be repeatedly served as to acquire a 
bad smell, whence the name ; any incongruous mix- 
ture. 

Olympiad, n. O-llm'-pl-Od (Gr. olumpias— gen. olunu 
piados: L. olympias), a period of four years, as the 
interval between the celebration of the Olympic games, 
forming one of the anc. methods of computing time— 
the first Olympiad began 776 B.C.: Olym'pian, a. -pl-dit, 
also Olym'pic, a. -plk, pert, to Olympia or Olympus : 
Olym'pics, n. plu. -plks, the Olympian games or chief 
public festivals of anc. Greece, celebrated once every 
four years in honour of Jove of Olympus. 

omasum, n. o •ma' sum (L. omasum, bullock's tripe), 
in anat., the third stomach, or manyplies, of ruminant 
animals. 

ombre, n. Om'ber (F. and It. ombre, a game at cards 
—from L. homo, a man : Sp. hombre, a man), a game 
at cards, usually played by three persons. 

ombrometer, n. om-brom'-S-tcr (Gr. ombros, rain, and 
metron, a measure), a rain-gauge. 

omega, n. 6'mi-gd (Gr. the great 0), the last letter 
of the Greek alphabet ; the last ; the end. 

omelet, n. 6m'S-l6t (F. omelette), a kind of pancake 
of beaten eggs, &c. 

omen, n. o'men (L. omen, a token of good or bad 
luck— gen. ominis), a sign foreboding good or evil ; a 
prognostic or presage : omened, a. o-mend, contain- 
ing a sign or token for good or evil: ominous, a. dm- 
l-nus, foreboding evil; inauspicious: ominously, 
ad. -It: om'inousness, n. -n&s, the quality of being 
ominous. 

omentum, n. 6-mSn'tum (L. omentum: It. omento), 
a membranaceous covering of the bowels placed im- 
mediately above the intestines, and enclosing more or 
less fat; the caul: omental, a. Q-mSn-tdl, belonging to 
the omentum. 



mdte, mat, far, laTv; mete, mSt, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, mCve: 



OMER 



401 



ONUS 



ocier, n. o'-mir (Heb.— see homer), a Heb. measure, 
bein_ about 3408 imperial quarts. 

ominous— see under omen. 

omission, n. o-mlsh'un (L. omissum, to pass over, to 
neglect— from vb, in the way, and mittere, to let go, 



be done ; a failure to insert or mention : omissible, 
o-mis'-sl-bl, capable of being omitted: omissive, a. 
O-mls'-slv, leaving out. 



ting, imp.: omitted, pp. 

omni, 6m'- ni (L. omnis, all), a prefix meaning ah; 
Wholly. 

omnibus, n. om'-ni-b&s (L. omnibus, for all— from 
omnis, all), a large carriage for conveying passengers 
short distances, ^-m-ruUy in cities and towns. 

omnifarious, a. 6m'-ni-fd'-ri-us (L. omnis, all, and 
varius, different), of all varieties of forms or kinds. 

omniferous. a. Om-nij-cr-ti* (L. omnis, all, and/ere 
I produce), bearing or producing all kinds. 

omniflc, a. om-nif-ik (L. omnis, all, and facio, I 
make), all-creating. 

omniform, a. 6m'-nl-fa7crm (L. omnis, all, and 
forma, shape), of every form or shape : om'nifor mity, 
u./orml-tl, quality of having every form. 

omniparity, n. om'-ul-pdr'-l-tl (L. omnis, all, and par, 
equal), general equality. 

omnipercipient, a. om'-nl-per-slp'-l-Snt (L. omnis, all, 
and percipiens, perceiving t >r understanding), perceiv- 
ing aQ things: om'nipercip'ience, n. -l-ens, perception 
of everything. 

omnipotent, a. 6m-nip'-6-tent (L. omnis, all, and 
potens, powerful— gen. potent is), all-powerful; al- 
mighty; having unlimited power: n. one of the titles 
of God: omnip otently, ad. -It: omnipotence, n. -tens, 
unlimited or intinite power— applicable only to God; 
an attribute of God; also omnip otency, n. -tin-si. 

omnipresent, a. om'-ni-prcz'-Cnt (L. omnis, all, and 
presens, present— gen. present is), present everywhere 
at the same time : om'nipres'ence, n. -prez'-ens, un- 
bounded or universal presence ; ubiquity. 

omniscient, a. om-nlsh'-l-ent (L. omnis, all, and 
»itntia, knowledge), all-knowing; infinitely wise: 
omnis'cientiy, a.d.'-li: omniscience, n. -ens, also om- 
nis'ciency, n. -6n-si, universal knowledge ; knowledge 
unbounded or infinite. 

omnium, n. dm'ni-um (L. omnium, of all— from om- 
nis, all), the whole of the different stocks or securities 
which the subscribers to a loan receive from Govern- 
ment. 

omnium gatherum, om'-ni-iim gdth'er-um (L. om- 
nium, of all, and slang L. gatherum, that which is 
collected), a familiar phrase, denoting a miscellaneous 
collection of things or persons. 

omnivorous, a. om-niv'er-us (L. omnis, all, and two, 
I devour or eat up), feeding on both animal and vege- 
table substances. 

omohyoid, a. O'md-hl'dyd (Gr. omos, the shoulder, 
and Eng. hyoicl), a name given to a muscle attached to 
the hyoid bone and the shoulder. 

omphacine, a. um'-jd-ui (Gr. omphax, any unripe 
fruit — gen. omphakos), obtained or expressed from un- 
ripe fruit : n. the mixed oily matter pressed from green 
olives. 

omphalic, a. om-fdl'-lk (Gr. omphalos, the navel or 
navel-string), pert, to the navel: omphalocele, n. 
om'-jal-oscV (Gr. kele, a swelling or tumour), rupture or 
hernia of the navel : omphalotomy, n. om'-fd-lot'-o-ml 
(Gr. temno, I cut), the operation of cutting the um- 
bilical cord or navel-string. 

omphalodium, n. om'-ja-lo'-dl-um, also om'phalode, 
n. -loci (Gr. omphalos, the navel or navel-string, and 
eidos, resemblance), in bot., the central part of the 
hilum of a seed through which nourishing vessels pass. 

on, prep, on (Ger. an; Gr. ana, up, on, upon), above, 
and in contact with the upper surface of a thing ; not 
off; upon; at or near; denoting dependence or re- 
liance ; denoting nearness or closeness ; denoting ad- 
ilation: ad. forward in progression; 
in continuance ; without ceasing ; opposed to off: on 
a sudden, suddenly : on-going, procedure ; event : adj. 
progressing; without intermission: on-hanger, one 
who attends on or follows closely, as an idler; a 
lounger— more usually hanger-on: onlooker, one 
standing looking on : on the way or on the road, travel- 



st 



ling ; journeying ; making progress : on the alert, in 
a state of vigilance : on high, above ; in the heavens : 
on fire, in a state of burning ; in a rage or passion : on 
the wing, in flight; departing: to put on, to attach 
to the body, as clothes or arms. 

on, int. on, a word of excitement or encourage- 
ment to attack or advance ; a contraction for go on. 

on, pron. ong (¥.), one; they: on dit, ong'cle (F. 
they say, it is said), a flying ruriiour or report. 

onager, n. on'd-jir (L.), the wild ass. 

onanism, n. 6'-nd-nizm{fiom Onan, of Scripture), the 
sin of Onan ; self -pollution. 

once, ad. wuns (a corruption of ones, the plu. of one, 
which see), one time, but no more ; a single time ; all 
at one time ; formerly : n. one time ; the same time : 
at once, at the same point of time ; immediately : 
once and again, at repeated times ; repeatedly. 

once, n. 6ns (F. once; Sp. 0712a,- It. lonza), a species 
of wild-cat— see ounce. 

onchus, n. on'-kus (Gr. onux, a claw, a talon— gen. 
onuchos), in geol., a family of sharks whose fossil fin- 
spines only have been found— they are wide at the 
base- and bent backwards. 

one, a. wiin (L. unus; Goth. ai?is; Ger. ein; Gr. 
hen, one), an individual ; a single number; opposed to 
another or other ; some or any ; different ; individual : 
n. a single person; a single thing: ones, plu. icimz, 
persons: oneness, 11. icun'-nes, singleness; unity: all 
one, just the same : at one, in union ; in concord : 
one day, on a certain or particular day now past : one 
o'clock, the hour of one on the clock: one-eyed, a. 
having only one eye: one-sided, a. partial; limited to 
one side : one-sidedness, n. state of being partial. 

one, n. ivun (F. on, they— in its older form omme, 
and homme, man— from L. homo, a man), used in an 
indefinite sense, any man ; any person, as one's own 
choice, one may speak : one's self or oneself, I and 
not another. 

oneiromancy, n. d-nl'-rO-mdn'-si (Gr. oneiron, a 
dream, and manteia, divination), divination by 
dreams. 

onerous, a. on'er-us (L. onerosus, burdensome— 
from onus, a burden: It. oneroso: F. onereux), heavy ; 
burdensome ; oppressive ; in Scotch law, being of 
mutual advantage : ou'erously, ad. -II. 

onicolo, n. o-nlk'-d-l6, also nicolo, nik'6-16 (Gr. niko- 
laos, a proper name), a \ariety of onyx with a deep- 
brown ground, on which is a band of bluish white, used 
for making cameos. 

onion, n. un'yun (F. oignon; L. unio, an onion), a 
well-known pot-herb ha\ Ing a bulbous root. 

only, a. on'-li (AS. cenlic, only— from an, one, and 
lie, like), single; one alone; this and no other: ad. 
singly; merely; this and no otherwise; singly with- 
out more, as oftfy-begotten. 

onomancy, n. on'-o-mdn-si (Gr. onoma, a name, and 
manteia, divination), divination by the letters of a 
name : on'oman'tic, a. -tik, also on oman'tical, a. 
-tl-kdl, pert, to onomancy ; predicted by names, or the 
letters composing them. 

onomatology, n. 6n'-6-md-tol'6-jl (Gr. onoma, a 
name, and logos, discourse), a treatise on the deriva- 
tion of names, or the study of them as a science : 
on'omatol ogist, n. -jist, one who. 

onomatopoeia, n. dn'6-md-to-pe'yd (Gr. onoma, a 
name, poieo, I make), the forming of words in imita- 
tion of sounds ; the figure of speech in which words 
express by their own sound the sounds of the things 
they represent, as to buzz, as bees, to creak, as a door, 
to crackle, as burning twigs : onomatopoetic, a. on'o- 
md-to-po-et'-ik, resembling the sound signified. 

onset, n. on-set (on, and set), a rushing or setting 
up' 'ii ; a violent attack ; first brunt. 

onslaught, n. on'-slawt (AS. onslagan, to destroy— 
from on, on, and slogan, to strike, to slay), attack ; 
assault; onset. 



ontology, n. 6n-t6l'6-jl (Gr. on, being— gen. ontos, 
and logos, discourse), that part of metaphysics which 
attempts to investigate and explain the nature and 
essence of all beings : ontologic, a. on'to-loj'-lk, also 
on'tolog'ical, a. -i-kdl, pert, to being and its attri- 
butes : on tologlcally, ad. -II: ontol'ogist, n. -toi'-o-jlst, 
one who treats of the nature and qualities of being in 
general. 

onus, n. o'-nus (L. ohms, the burden), the first word 
of the L. phrase, onus probandi, o'-nus prO'bdn'cll, the 
burden of proving. 



coic, bc~l>,f6ct; pure, bild; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



ONWA 



402 



OPHT 



onward, a. on'werd(AS. onweard— from on, in, upon, 
and weard. expressing direction), increased; advanced; 
progressing; improved; leading forward : on'ward, 
ad., also on' wards, ad. -werdz, towards a state of ad- 
vanced progression ; a little farther or forward. 

onycha, n. on'-i-kd (Gr. onux, a claw, a nail— gen. 
onuchos : L. onyx), the shell of the E. India onyx-fish ; 
the onyx. 

onychomancy, n. on'-i-ko-mdn'si (Gr. onux, a claw, 
a nail— gen. onuchos, and manteia, divination) divi- 
nation by the appearance of the nails of the fingers. 

onyx, n. on'-lks (Gr. onux; L. onyx, a nail of the 
hand), a general name for those varieties of the agate 
•which consist of alternate layers of white, brown, or 
black, greatly valued by the ancients for cameos ; an 
abscess of the cornea of the eye, by which it becomes 
opaque. 

oolite, n. 6'6-llt (Gr. oon, an egg, and lithos, a stone), 
a variety of limestone— so termed from its being com- 
posed of small rounded grains resembling the eggs or 
roe of a fish, sometimes called roestone ; a geological 
formation or system: oolitic, a. o'-o-lit'-ik, pert, to the 
oolite system, or classed with it : oolithes, n. plu. o'-o- 
ll'-thez or o'-o-lithz, a general term for the fossil eggs of 
birds, reptiles, &c. 

oology, n. o-ol'-o-jl (Gr. oon, an egg, and logos, dis- 
course), the science that deals with eggs in relation to 
their size, shape, colour, &c, and with the nests of 
birds. 

oophoridium, n. o'-o-for-id'-i-um (Gr. oon, an egg, 
and phoredon, in bundles, in loads), in hot., an organ 
in the lycopodiaceas containing large spores. 

ooze, n. 6z (AS. wos, juice: Icel. vos, moisture: 
Norm, vaasa, to work in the wet and exposure), soft 
mud or slime ; a soft flow or issue ; the liquid of a tan- 
vat : v. to flow or issue forth gently ; to percolate, as 
a liquid, through pores or small openings : oozing, 
imp.: n. that which oozes: oozed, pp. ozd: oozy, a. 
6-zi , slimy ; containing soft mud. 

opacity, n. o-pds-l-ti (L. opacitas, shadiness— from 
opacus, dusky, dark: It. opacita: F. opacite), want of 
transparency ; darkness ; gloom ; obscurity. 

opah, n. o'-pd, the king-fish, a very larjre lumpy fish 
with smooth skin, found on the coast of Guinea. 

opal, n. o'-pdl (L. opalus; Gr. opallios, the opal: 
Pol. palac, to glow, to blaze ; opalac, to burn on all 
sides : Serv. opaliti, to give fire), a kind of resinous 
quartz of a milk-white, red-brown, green, and pearl- 
grey colour ; a precious stone of numerous varieties, 
found colourless or exhibiting the play of many col- 
ours : opalesce, v. o'-pdl-is 1 , to exhibit a play of col- 
ours like th a . opal : o'pales'cing, imp. : o'palesced', 
pp. -$sf : o'palos'cent, a. -gs'-Snt, milky and iridescent 
like the opal : opalescence, n. -ens, the reflection 
of a milky and iridescent light: opaline, a. o'-pd- 
lln, pert, to the opal : opalise, v. o'-pdl-iz, to convert 
into a substance resembling opal: o'pali'sing, imp.: 
o'palised', pp. -izd': adj. converted into a substance 
resembling opal. 

opaque, a. o-pakf (F. opaque; L. opacus, dark), 
not transparent; obscure; dark: opaque'ly, ad. -II: 
opaque'ness, n. -nSs, the want of transparency. 

ope, op, poetic spelling for open. 

open, a. o'-pn (Ger. offen; Icel. opinn; AS. yppe, 
open: Ger. offnen; Icel. op7ia; L. aperire, to open), 
not shut or closed ; expanded ; not covered ; clear ; 
unobstructed ; free to all ; artless ; frank ; sincere ; 
exposed to view; liable; not frosty, applied to the 
weather : v. to unlock ; to commence firing guns ; to 
unfold ; to break or split ; to disclose ; to explain 
or interpret ; to begin ; to bark, as dogs in hunting ; 
to clear: opening, imp. op'-nlng : n. an aperture; a 
hole; a place admitting entrance; beginning; first 
appearance ; opportunity, as a good opening presents 
itself: opened, pp. o'-pnd: openings, n. plu. op'-ningz, 
piercings ; holes ; unfilled parts of a wall : opener, 
n. op'-ner, one who opens ; that which opens : openly, 
ad. o'-pn-ll, in public ; not secretly : openness, n. o'-pn- 
nes, the quality or condition of being open ; freedom 
from secrecy or obscurity; plainness; mildness, as 
applied to weather : open-cost, in mining, the method 
of working a vein when the ore appears at the out- 
crop, and can be obtained without sinking a deep 
shaft : open-eyed, a. vigilanl watchful : open-handed, 
a. liberal ; generous : open-hearted, a. frank; generous : 
open-heartedness, n. frankness; sincerity; generos- 
ity: open-mouthed, a. greedy: to open np, to lay 
open; to disclose ; to discover: opening of the trenches, 
the commencement of the works of attack against a 



fortress, equivalentto the common expression "break- 
ing ground" : the open, the open country. 

opera, n. op'-e-rd (L. opera, work, labour: It. opera: 
F. opera), a dramatic composition set to music, and 
sung and acted on the stage with instrumental ac- 
companiments : operatic, a. op'-e-rdt'-lk, also op'erat'- 
ical, a. -rdt'-l-kai, pert, to the opera: op erat'ically, 
ad. -II: opera-dancer, a girl who dances in an opera 
or ballet ; a ballet-girl, or a male dancer : opera-glass, 
a small telescope, usually binocular, for viewing per- 
sons and objects more distinctly at any place of public 
amusement: opera-house, a building "in which operas 
are performed. 

operameter, n. dp'-er-drn'-S-ter (L. opera, work, and 
Gr. rnetron, measure), an instrument which indicates 
the number of revolutions made by a wheel or shaft ; 
a machine for measuring work done, as of cloth. 

operate, v. 6p'-er-at (L. operating, worked, laboured 
—from opus, work : It. operare : F. operer), to exert 
power or strength, either physical or mechanical ; to 
produce any effect ; to produce by agency ; to cut or 
open a part of the body with a view to healing, as a 
surgeon : op'erating, imp. : op'erated, pp. : operator, 
n. -d-ter, one who operates; in surg., the skilled per- 
son who does some remedial act upon the human body 
by cutting with an instrument, or otherwise: op'era- 
tion, n. -d'-shun, the act or process of operating; 
something to be done; agency; process; influence; 
action; effect ; in surg., any action done by a qualified 



to a normal state : op era'tions, n. plu. -shunz, move- 
ments, as of an army: op'erative, n. -Ilv, a skilled 
workman: adj. having the power of acting; exerting 
force; effective. 

opercular, a. 6-per-ku-ler (L. operculum, a lid or 
cover— from operio, I cover over), having a lid or 
cover ; of the nature of a lid or cover : oper'culate, a. 
-Idt, also oper'cula'ted, a. -Id'-t&d, in hot., having a lid 
or cover, as a capsule ; opening by a lid : operculum, 
n. -ku-lum, oper'cula, plu. -ku-ld, in hot., a cap, lid, 
or cover; in conch., the calcareous or horny lid with 
which certain molluscs, like the periwinkle, close the 
aperture of their shells, when they withdraw within 
them ; the gill-cover, or bony flap covering and pro- 
tecting the gills in fishes. 



operose, a. op'-ir-Os (L. operosus, industrious, labo- 
rious—from opera, work, labour: It. operoso), attended 
with much labour; tedious: op'erosely, ad. -II: op- 
erose'ness, n. -nes, the state of being laborious. 

ophicleide, n. df-l-klid (Gr. ophis, a serpent, and 
kleis, a key— gen. hleidos), the largest keyed, musical, 
wind instrument of brass or copper, made somewhat 
in the form of a serpent. 

ophidian, a. o-fid'-i-dn (Gr. ophidian, a small ser- 
pent—from opihis, a serpent), belonging to the serpent 
order, called ophid'ia, n. plu. -a, also ophidians, 
n. plu. -dnz: ophid'ion, n. -on, an eel-shaped fish, 
found in the3Iediterranean: ophid'ious, a. -us, snake- 
like. 

ophiology, n. of'-l-ol'-d-jl (Gr. ophis, a serpent, and 
logos, discourse), that branch of natural history which 
treats of serpents: ophiologic, a. of-l-d-loj'-lk, also 
oph'iolog'ical, a. -kdl, pert, to : oph'iol'ogist, n. -jist, 
one versed in the naiural history of serpents. 

ophiomancy, n. 6f'-i-6-mdn'-si (Gr. ophis, a serpent, 
and manteia, divination), divination by serpents. 

ophiomorphous, a. of'-l-o-mor'-fus (Gr. ophis, a ser- 
pent, and morphe, shape), snake-shaped. 

ophiophagous, a. of'-i-of-dgus (Gr. ophis, a serpent, 
and phago, I eat), eating or feeding on serpents. 

ophite, n. o'flt, also ophiolite, n. 6-J'l'6-llt (Gr. 
ophis, a serpent, and lithos, a stone), green porphyry 
or serpentine. 



self— also called Serpentinians. 

ophiuchus, n. of-i-u'-kiis (Gr. ophis. a serpent, and 
echein, to hold), the serpent-bearer, one of the northern 
constellations, represented by a man holding: a serpent. 

ophthalmia, n. of-thdl'-mi-d, also ophthal'my, n. 
-mi (Gr. ophthalmos, the eye), inflammation of the eye : 
ophthal'mic, a. -mik, pert, to the eye. 

ophthalmodynia, n. of ■thcil'-mo-din-i-d (Gr. ophthal- 
mos, the eye, and odune, pain), violent pain in the eye. 



mdte, mdt,fdr, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, move; 



OPHT 4i 

ophthalmology, n. of'-thdl-mol'd-ji (Gr. ophthalmos, 
the eye, and logos, discourse), a treatise on whatever 
relates to the 'eyes: ophthalmologist, n. -jist, one 
skilled in ophthalmology. 

ophthalmoptosis, n. of-f/uu-rr.^p^o-sis (Gr. ophthal- 
mos, the eye, andjuioiii, fall, ruin), protrusion of the 
whole eyeball. 

ophthalmoscope, n. of-thdl'mo-skop (Gr. ophthal- 
mos, the eye, and skopeo, I view), an instr. for exam- 
ining the interior of the living eye : ophthalmoscopy, 
n. of'tfu'tl-mos'-ko-pl, the pretended art of knowing a 
person's temper and manner from the appearance of 
the eye. 

opiate, n. 6'pl-dt (F. opiat, an opiate— from L. 
opium, the juice of the poppy), any preparation or 
medicine which contains opium for inducing sleep or 
quiet: adj. inducing sleep; causing rest; narcotic: 
o'piated, a. -a-ted, mixed with opium. 

opine, v. Opln' (L. opinor, I esteem or believe : F. 
opiner, to give one's opinion), to think; to suppose; 
to be of opinion: opining, imp.: opined, pp. o-plnd'. 

opinion, n. 6-pin-yun (L. opinio, belief, judgment- 
gen, opinionis: It. opinione: F. opinion), settled judg- 
ment or belief of the mind; sentiment; judgment, 
without absolute certainty, founded on the evidence 
given; notion: opin'ionated, a. -a-tid, unduly at- 
tached to one's own opinions ; egotistical; conceited: 
opin ionative, a. -tlv, fond of preconceived notions: 
opin'ionatively, ad. -tiv-ll: opin'iona'tiveness, n. 
-ncs, excessive attachment to one's own opinions: 
opinioned, a. -yuud, attached to particular opinions; 
conceited. 

opisthocoelian, a. 6-pi.-- : tho-sc : li-dn (Gr. opisthe, be- 
hind, backwards, and koilos, hollow), having the ver- 
tebra? hollow at the back part. 

opisthotonos, n. o'pls-thol'd-nos (Gr. opisthe, back- 
wards, and teino, I draw or stretch), spasms by which 
the whole body is bent backwards and stiffened. 

opium, n. O'pl-um (L. opium; Gr. opion, the juice of 
the poppy: It. opio: F. opium), the thickened juice of 
the capsules of the white poppy — extensively used as 
a medicine and in medical preparations. 

opobalsam, n. 6p'-6-baTvl'sam (Gr. opos, juice, and 
balsamon, the balm-juice, balsam), the balsam of Gil- 
ead, an oleo-resin of a peculiar fragrancy. 

opodeldoc, n. dp'o-del'-dok (a word coined by Para- 
celsus), a soap liniment used for sprains. 

opopanax, n. o-pop'a-ndks (Gr. opopanax — from 
opos, juice, Andpanax, a plant, all-heal), a gum-resin, 
being the dried juice of a plant, imported in loose 
granules or drops, used as a medicine. 

opossum, n. 6-pds'stim (originally opassom, in the 
language of the Indians), an American and Aus- 
tralian quadruped that lives principally on trees, the 
females having abdominal pouches in which they carry 
and protect their young. 

oppidan, n. op'-pi-ddn (L. oppidum, a city or town), 
at Eton, a boy who is not a king's scholar, and who 
boards in the town. 

opponent, n. op-po'ncnt (L. opponens, setting or 
placing against— from oh, against, and pono, I set or 
place : It opponente), one who opposes, as in argument 
or controversy; an adversary; a rival: adj. that op- 
poses; adverse: oppo'nency, n. -neu-sl, an exercise 
for an academical degree ; the opening of a disputa- 

opportune, a. op'por-tiin (L. opportunity, fit, con- 
venient—from ob, over, against, and portus, the har- 
bour: It. opportuno: F. opportun), well-timed; sea- 
sonable ; proper ; convenient : opportunely, ad. -li .- 
opportuneness, n. -nes, the quality or condition of 
being opportune or timely: opportunity, n. op'por- 
tu'ni-tl, fit or convenient time, place, or occasion; 
suitableness of circumstances to any end. 

oppose, v. op-poz" (L. oppositum, to set or place 
against — from ob, against, and positum, to set or place : 
F. opposer, to oppose), to set against ; to act against ; to 
resist ; to put one's self in opposition, as a competitor ; 
to object or act against, as in a controversy or debate : 



opposed or resisted: opposite, a, op'-po-ztt, standing 
or placed in front; facing; contrary; in bot., applied 
to leaves placed on opposite sides of a stem at the 
same level : n. the reverse ; that which is the contrary : 
op positely, ad. -li .- op'positeness, n. -nes, the state of 
being opposite or contrary: opposition, n. op'-po-zlsh- 
■An, standing over against; resistance; hostility; con- 
trariety of interests or designs; contradiction ; in 



3 ORAC 

astron., the aspect of heavenly bodies when 180° apart 
—that is, when the heavenly body is in the quarter of 
the heavens directly opposite to another, as a planet 
to the sun ; the collective body of the opponents of a 
ministry or government: oppositionist, n. -un-ist, 
one who belongs to the opposing party : oppositive, a. 
oppos'-l-tiv, that may be put in opposition. 

oppress, v. oppres' (L. oppressum, to press against, 
to crush— from ob, against, and premo, I squeeze; 
It. oppressare: F. oppresser), to treat with unjust 
rigour, severity, or hardship ; to overburden ; to sit 
or lie heavily on: oppressing, imp.: oppressed', pp. 
-presf: adj. overburdened; depressed: oppressor, 
n. -ser, one who oppresses or harasses with unjust 
severity: oppression, n. -presh'-un, the imposition 
of unreasonable burdens ; the state of being overbur- 
dened ; cruelty ; severity ; dulness of spirits ; a sense 
of heaviness: oppressive, a, -siv, unjustly or exces- 
sively severe; tyrannical; extortionate; overwhelm- 
ing: oppressively, ad. -11: oppressiveness, n. -nes, 
the quality of being oppressive. 

opprobrious, a. op-pro'bri-us (L. opprobrium, re- 
proach, disgrace: It. obbrobrioso; Sp. oprobioso, op- 
probrious), offensive ; reproachful ; abusive ; infa- 
mous ; rendered hateful : oppro'bridusly, ad. -It : op- 
pro briousness, n. -nes, also opprobrium, n. -bri-um, 
reproach mingled with contempt or disdain ; disgrace ; 
ignominy. 

oppugn, v. op-pun' (L. oppugnare, to fight against, 
to assault — from ob, against, and pugna, a fight: It. 
oppugnare), to oppose or resist— used only of verbal or 
written warfare : oppugn'ing, imp. : oppugned, pp. 
6p-pund': oppugn'er, n. -er, one who opposes or at- 
tacks in verbal or written warfare. 

opsiometer, n. 6p'si-6m'6-ter (Gr. opsis, sight, and 
metron, measure), an instr. for measuring the extent 
or limits of distinct vision in different individuals. 

optative, a. op'-ta-tlv (L. optatus, wished or desired: 
F. obtatif, expressing a wish), expressive of desire or 
wishing; in gram., applied to the mood of a verb 
which expresses desire. 

optic, a. op'-tlk, also optical, a. op'ti-kdl (Gr. optikos, 
relating to the sight— from optomai, I see), relating to 
the sight; visual; relating to optics: op'tically, ad. 
-II: optics, n. plu. ojy-tiks, the science which treats of 
everything that pertains to light or vision, and the 
construction of such instruments as telescopes, micro- 
scopes, &c, in which light is the chief agent; famil- 
iarly, the organs of sight: optician, n. op-tlsh'dn, one 
who constructs and sells instruments and glasses to 
aid vision : optic lens, a ground glass for a telescope 
or other optical instrument : optic nerves, the second 
pair of nerves which proceed directly from the brain, 
and which are the nerves of sight. 

optigraph, n. op'-tigrdf (Gr. optomai, I see, and 
grapho, I write), a telescope for copying landscapes. 

optimates, n. plu. op'ti-md'tez (L. optimates, the 
grandees— from optimus, the best), the nobility of anc. 
Rome: optime, n. op'-tlmS, in Cambridge University, 
one who stands in the second or third class of honours 
in mathematics — the ivranglers comprehend the first 
class: optimism, n. op'tl-mlzm, the doctrine that 
everything, whether good or evil, is ordered for the 
best : optimist, n. -mist, one who holds that all events 
are ordered for the best. 

option, n. op'-shun (L. optio, free choice— from op- 
tare, to choose, to wish for: F. option), the power of 
choosing : right of choice ; election ; preference ; on 
the Stock Exchange, the liberty to sell or buy stock in 
a time-bargain at an agreed price : optional, a. -ul, 
leaving to choice or preference: op'tionally, ad. -II, 
with the privilege of choice. 

optometer, n. 6p-t6m'-e-ter (Gr. optikos, relating to 
sight, and metron, measure), an instr. for measuring 
iict vision; also optimeter. 

opulent, a. op'-u-lent (L. opulens, wealthy, rich— gen. 
opulentis— from opes, wealth : It. opulente : F. opulent), 
having large means ; rich ; wealthy : op'ulently, ad. 
-li : op'ulence, n. -lens, wealth ; riches ; affluence. 

opuscule, n. 6-pus'kul (L. opusculum, a little work 
—from opus, a work), a little work ; a brochure. 

or, conj. or (contracted from AS. outher, or, either: 
Icel. eda; Fris. auder; Dut. odder, or), a particle that 
marks an alternative; the correlative of either: or 
ever, before. 

or, n. or (F. or, gold), in her., gold, which is expressed 
by engraved small dots. 

oracanthus, n. or'd-kdn'thus (Gr. oraios, ripe, beau- 
tiful, and akantha, a thorn or spine), a genus of fossil 



coiu, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



ORAC 



404 



ORDE 



shark fin-spines occurring in the Carboniferous forma- 
tion—so called from the vaneu beauty of the species. 

orach, n. or'-dch, a name given to several British 
wild plants found growing in waste places and by the 
sea-shore; wild spinach. 

oracle, n. 6r'd-kl (L. oraculum, counsel from the 
gods— from oro, I plead, I pray : It. oracolo : F. oracle), 
among the ancients, an announcement from the gods 
in answer to some inquiry ; a prophetic declaration ; 
the deity who was supposed to give the answer, also 
the place where given; any one famed for wisdom 
and accuracy of opinions ; a sentence or decision of 
great authority from its wisdom : oracles, n. plu. or- 
d-klz, divine revelations or messages ; the holy Scrip- 
tures : oracular, a. o-rdk'-u-ler, resembling an oracle ; 
pretending to have the authority of an oracle ; grave ; 
venerable; ambiguous: orac'ularly, ad. -II: oracu- 
lous, a. o-rdk'-ii-lus, uttering oracles; resembling or- 
acles ; authoritative ; ambiguous : orac'ulousness, n. 
-n8s, the state of being oracular : orac ulously, ad. -li. 

oral, a. o'-rdl (F. and It. orale, oral— from L. os, the 
month— gen. oris), uttered by the mouth or in words ; 
spoken, not written: orally, ad. o'-rdl-li, by mouth; 
in words, not in writing. 

orange, n. or'&nj (It. arancio; Sp. naranja, an 
orange— from Ar. naranj, an orange : mid. L. arangia, 
an orange, which passed into F. orange, under the in- 
fluence of the colour of the fruit), the name of a tree, 
and its well-known fruit : adj. pert, to or resembling 
the colour of an orange : orange-coloured, a. of the col- 
our of an orange: orange-tawny, a brownish orange 
colour: orangeade, n. or'-enj-dcV, a drink made with 
orange-juice: orange-musk, a species of pear: orange- 
peel, the rind or skin of an orange : Orangemen, n. 
plu. or'inj-men, a famous political association of Pro- 
testant Irishmen— so called from William, Prince of 
Orange, who became William III.: orangeat, n. 6r'-dn- 
zhdt (F.— from orange), candied orange-peel: orang- 
ery, n. or'-enj-er-l, a house where oranges are reared 
artificially ; a plantation of orange-trees. 

orang-outang, n. o-rdng'-db-tdng' (Malay, orang- 
utan, meaning wild man of the woods — from orang, 
man, and utan, a wood), one of the ape tribe, which 
in outward appearance approaches remarkably near 
to the human form. 

oration, n. 6-rd'shun (L. oratio, speech, eloquence 
—from oro, I plead, I beseech : It, orazione : F. oraison), 
a speech or discourse delivered in public on a special 
occasion ; a harangue ; a declamation : orator, n. or- 

<'<■/■ ' ;;n eloqui lublic speaker: oratorical, a. or'-d- 

tor'-i-kdl, also or'ato'rial, a. -to'-rl-dl, pert, to oratory; 
becoming an orator: orator'ically, ad. -II, also or'- 
ato'rially, ad. -li: oratory, n. or'd-ter-i (L. oratoria, 
oratory), the art of speaking in public in a pleasing 
and effective :-. i i excise of eloquence. 

oratorio, n. or'-d-to'-rl-o (It. oratorio, an oratorio— 
from L. oratorius, belonging to an orator), a long mus- 
ical composition connected with some sacred subject 
from Scripture, consisting of vocal airs, choruses, &c, 
and accompanied by instrumental music. 

oratory, the art of an orator— see under oration. 

oratory, n. or'-d-ter-i (F. oratoirc; It. oratorio, an 
oratory, a private chapel— from L. orare, to pray), 
among R. Caths., a place or chapel allotted for prayer. 

orb, n. orb (L. orbis, a circle, a ring: It. and F. orbe), 
a circular body; any celestial sphere: orbed, a. orbd 
or or'-bed, round; circular: orb-like, a. in the form 
of an orb: orbicular, a. dr-blk'-u-ltr, spherical; circu- 
lar; made in the form of an orb; in bot., having a 

rounded leaf w : i ; i i : c ;.■■'.■■ to the centre of 

it: orbic'ularly, ad. -li: orbic'ularness, n. -ncs, the 
state of being orbicular: orbic'ulate, a. -u-ldt, also 
orbic'ulated, a. -la- ted, made or being in the form of 
an orb ; orbicular. 

orbiculina, n. or-blk'-u-ll'-nd (L. orbiculus, a small 
disc or ball), a genus of minute many - chambered 
shells, so called •■ :> o i: ,. n e ■_ lobular form. 

orbis, n. or'-bls, also orb-fish (L. orbis, a circle), a 
fish of a circular form, found in the Indian seas. 

orbit, n. dr'-bit (L. orbita, a track, a path— from or- 
bis, a circle: It. orbita: F. orb it e), the path or course 
described by a celestial body in the heavens ; the cav- 
ity in the skull containing the eyeball : orbital, a. 
vr'bl-tul, pert, to the orbit of the eye. 

ore, n. ork (L. orca, a whale), a species of whale. 

Orcadian, a. or-kd'-di-dn (L. Orcades, whale-islands, 
the Orkneys— from orca, a whale), pert, to the Orkney 
Islands : n. a native or inhabitant of the Orkneys. 

orceine, n. Or'se-l?i (see orcine), the deep-red colour- 
mdte, mdt, far, law; mete, met, 



ing principle of the lichen-pigments, as archil, cud- 
bear, litmus, &c. 

orchard, n. Or'cherd (Goth, aurtigards ; Icel.jurta- 
gardr, a garden : AS. ortgeard, an enclosure for worts 
or vegetables— from tvort, a herb, and geard, a yard), 
a fruit-garden : or'chardist, n. -1st, one who owns or 
cultivates a fruit-garden : orcharding, n. or'chCrd-lng, 
the cultivation of orchards. 

orchestra, n. or'-kes-trd (Gr. orcheslra, the lowest 
part of a theatre, among the Greeks, where the chorus 
performed the dances: L. and It. orchestra: F. or- 
chestre), the part of a theatre or public place assigned 
to the musicians ; the body of musical performers ; 
also written orchestre, or'-kes-tr: orchestral, a. or- 
kcs'-trdl, suitable to an orchestra, or performed in it. 

orchids, n. or'-kidz, also orchis, n. or'-kis (L. and Gr. 
orchis, a plant with roots in the form of testicles : 
It. orchide: F. orchis), a plant having round fleshy 
tubers, whose flowers are generally singular in form- 
much esteemed by cultivators : orchidaceous, a. or- 
ki-dd'shus, also orchideous, a. 6r-kid'-e-us. pert, to 
plants of the orchis kind. 

orcine, n. or'-sin (F. orcine), a peculiar colouring 
matter obtained from a species of lichen. 

ordain, v. or-dda' (L. ordinare, to arrange or set in 
order— from ordo, order, arrangement : It. ordinare), 
to appoint ; to decree ; to establish ; to institute ; to 
invest with ministerial or sacerdotal functions : or- 
daining, imp. : adj. investing with sacerdotal or 
ministerial functions by certain ceremonies, as the 
laying on of hands : ordained, pp. or-ddnd' : ordina- 
tion, which see : ordain'er, n. -er, one who ordains or 
appoints. 

ordeal, n. or'-dS-dl (AS. ordael; Dut, oordeel, a mode 
of judgment by fire or water, the issue supposed to be 
determined by the hand of God : Ger. urtheil, judg- 
ment), any severe trial or scrutiny ; an anc. form of 
trial to determine guilt or innocence by causing the 
accused to pass through fire or water. 

order, n. or'-dir (L. ordo, an arranging, order— gen. 
ordinis: It. online: F. ordre), methodical arrange- 
ment; regularity; established method or process; 
proper state ; a law; a command ; rank or class ; a 
society or fraternity ; a division of animals or plant3 
between class and genus ; in arch., one of the five 
principal methods employed by the ancients in con- 
structing and ornamenting the columns of an edifice 
—these were the Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, and 
Composite : plu. orders, or holy orders, in the Epis- 
copal Ch., the three orders of the Christian ministry, 
but usually understood as applying to deacons and 
priests : v. to regulate ; to direct or command ; to 
manage ; to give directions to : ordering, imp. : n. 
disposition; management: or'dered, pp. -derd: or'- 
derer, n. -er, one who orders : or'derless, a. -Us, dis- 
orderly: or'derly, a, -li, regular; systematic; per- 
formed in good order; peaceable; being on duty, as 
an officer: n. a soldier who attends on a superior 
officer to carry orders : ad. methodically : orderli- 
ness, n. -nes, the state of being orderly or methodical : 
in order, according to established ride : in order to, 
for the purpose of ; as means to an end : order-book, 
a shop-book for entering the orders of customers, or 
directions for purchases : order of the day, a phrase 
used in Parliament denoting the business regularly 
set down for consideration on the minutes or votes ; 
in //-// -o.ecific directions or information issued by 
a superior officer to the troops under his command : 
to take orders, to enter the ministry of the Church 
by being ordained— used in reference to the two orders, 
deacons and priests ; to take commissions to supply 
goods: letters of orders, the certificates given by the 
bishop to the person he has ordained, that the lat- 
ter has been duly admitted to the order of deacons or 
priests: general orders, the orders wliich a comman- 
der-in-chief issues to his troops : religious orders, in 
theR. Cath. Ch., societies professedly established for 
religious purposes, such as the monastic orders of 
the 'Benedictines, the Franciscans, &c, and the order 
of the Jesuits : orders in council, temporary rules or 
laws issued by the sovereign, by and with the advice 
of the Friv>i Council, to meet particular emergencies : 
order of battle, the different arrangements made by 
an army eitherto attack or receive an enemy: standing 
orders, in Parliament, certain rules and regulations 
laid down for their own guidance, which must be in- 
variably followed, unless suspended by a formal vote 
to meet some urgent case : sailing orders, the partic- 
ular and final instructions given to ships of war. 
her; plne,i;Xn; note, not, rnCve; 



OEDI 



405 



ORIG 



ordinal', a. or'di-nal (It. ordinal*. ; F. ordinal, orcli- 
i ';il— from L. ordo, order), denoting order : n. in the 
service of ordination : ordinal numbers, 
Lumbers in succession, as lirst, second, third, &c. 

ordinance, n. or'-dl-nans (F. ordonnance, an ordi- 
nance or rule : L. ordinans, arranging, regulating— 
from ordo, order), permanent rule of action; observ- 
ance commanded ; a law ; a regulation. 

ordinary, a. or'dlnci-ri (L. ordinarius, of or be- 
longing to arrangement or order— from ordo, order : 
]:. untinario: F.~ordinairc), according to established 
i rder ; customary ; usual ; of common rank or qual- 
ity ; plain ; not handsome ; common ; of little merit : 



found on a heraldic shield; a dining-place where the 
prices are fixed ; the meal furnished ; a name applied 
to the chaplain of Newgate : ordinarily, ad. -na-ri-U: 
ordinary seaman, one not expert or fully skilled ; an 
inferior seaman : in ordinary, in constant service ; 
statedly attending and serving. 

ordinate, a. or-dl-nat (L. ordinatum, to regulate, 
to set in order), well-ordered; regular; methodical: 
n. in math., a straight line drawn from any point in a 
curve perpendicular to another straight line called 
the abscissa— the ordinate and abscissa taken together 
Uini' called co-ordinates. 

ordination, n. or'di-nd'shiin (L. ordinatio, a setting 
in order, an arranging — gen. ordinaMonis: F. or- 
dination), the act or ceremony of conferring holy 
orders, or of bestowing the powers or functions of a 
settled minister ; established order or tendency con- 
sequent on a decree. 

ordnance, n. ord'ndns (an incidental application of 
ordinance, in the sense ol arrangement or preparation: 
F. ordonner, to ordain, to dispose : It. ordigno, a ma- 
chine), a general term applied to all things connected 
with artillery; cannon; artillery: ordnance -map, a 
map made from a i rri. n of the national survey of the 
country, carried on by the Royal Engineer corps, under 
the direction of the Ordnance Department. 

ordure, n. or'-dur (F. ordure; It. ordura, filth: L 
Itridus, dark-coloured), dung; filth; excrements. 

ore, n. or (Ger. and Sw. ader; Norm, aar ; Dan. 
aare, a vein), properly the vein of metal— so called 
from the ore found in a thin band appearing in the 
section like a vein running through the rock ; a metal 
as extracted from the earth combined with other sub- 
stances;— as mixed with mineral matters, ores receive 
the various names of matrix, gangue, vein-stone, or 
ore-stone. 

oread, n. o're-ud, pin. o'reads, -adz, also oreades, 
orekhdez (L. oreas, an Oread— gen. oreadis), a moun- 
tain-nymph. 

organ, n. or'gcin (L. organum; Gr. organon, an in- 
strument: It. organo : F. organs), a part of the living 
body by which some action, operation, or function is 
carried on ; an instrument or means of communica- 
tion, as of a political party— generally said of a news- 
paper; in hot., any defined subordinate part of the 
vegetable structure, external or internal, as a cell, a 
fibre, a leaf, a root, &c. ; a well-known wind musical 
instr. : organic, a. or-gdn'-ik, also organ'ical, a. -i-kal, 
relating to living organs ; produced by living organs : 
in'orgah'ic, a. -ik. pert, to bodies without specific 
organs : organically, ad. -li : organ'icalness, n. -nes, 
state of being organical : organise, v. or'-gan-iz, to 
form, as a living body, with suitable organs ; to estab- 
lish with parts that may co-operate together ; to ar- 
range the several parts of a plan of action or work, 
and" appoint the proper persons to carry it out: or'gan- 
i'sing, imp. : organised, pp. -izd : adj. formed with 
organs ; constructed of parts co-operating with each 
other: or'gani'sable, a. -I'-zCi-bl, capable of beine or- 
ganised: organisation, n. 6r'gan-i-za'-sMm, the act of 
forming or arranging parts hi such a manner as to 
enable them to co-operate together ; the parts when 
so arranged ; structure ; form : or'ganism, n. -fern, a 
body possessing an organic structure : or'ganist, n. 
-1st, a performer on the organ : organ-builder, the con- 
structor of organs: organ-loft, the place where an 
organ stands in a church : organic bodies, such bodies 
as possess life and sensation : organic disease, a dis- 
ease in which the structure of an organ is evidently 
altered: organic remains, the fossil remains of ani- 
mals or vegetables : organic laws, those laws which 
concern the fundamental parts of the constitution of 
a state. 



organogeny, n. or'-gdn-oj'e-m (Gr. organon, an In- 
strument, and gennao, I produce), the development 
of organs: organogenic, a. -o-jen'ik, pert, to the de- 
velopment of organs in plants and animals. 

organography, n. or'-gdn-dg'-rd-fi (Gr. organon, an 
instrument, and grapho, I write), a scientific descrip- 
tion of the internal structure of plants : or'gano- 
graph'ic, a. -ogrdflk, also or'ganograph'ical, a. -gritf- 
■i-kal, pert, to: o'r'ganog^raphist, n. -og'ra-jist, one 
who is skilled in describing the internal structure of 
plants. 

organology, n. or'-gdn-ol'-o-jl (Gr. organon, an in- 
strument, and logos, discourse), that branch of physi- 
ology which treats of organs of animals. 

organon, n. or'gd-non (Gr. organon, an instrument), 
a body of rules and canons for regulating scientific 
investigations. 

organzine, n. or'-gdn-zln (It. organzino : F. organ- 
sin), thrown silk of a very fine texture. 

orgasm, n. or'-gdzm (Gr. orgasmos, softening, moist- 
ening), immoderate excitement or action, as when 
accompanied by severe spasms. 

orgeat, n. or'zhat (F. orgeat— from orge, barley), a 
liquor made from barley and sweet almonds, sweet- 
ened and slightly flavoured. 

orgeis, n. dr'-ji-is, the organ-ling, supposed to be so 
called from the Orkneys, on the coast of which it is 
caught. 

orgies, n. phi. or'-jiz (F. orgies, revels : Gr. and L. 
orgiu, the rites of Bacchus), any drunken revelry, par- 
ticularly by night. 

orgues, n. phi. orgz (F. orgu-e ; Gr. organon, an in- 
strument), in mil., pieces of 'timber, pointed and shod 
with iron, to be hung over a gateway and let down in 
case of attack ; a sort of infernal machine made of 
loaded gun-barrels to be discharged in defending a 
breach. 

orichalc, n.or'-i-kdlk, also or'ichal'cum, n. -kdl'Tcum 
(L. orichalcum; Gr. oreichalkos, mountain -copper — 
from Gr. oros, a mountain, and chalkos, brass), the 
brass of the ancients ; a substance resembling gold in 
colour, but less in value. 

oriel, n. 6'rl-el (old F. oriol, a gallery: mid. L. 
oriolum, a little entrance— from os, a mouth— gen. 
oris), a projecting angular window, generally of a 
trigonal or pentagonal form ; a large bay or recessed 
window in a church or in an apartment. 

orient, a. o'-rl-Snt (L. oriem, the rising sun— gen. 
orie?itis — from oriri, to rise, to become visible : It. 
oriente; F. orient, the East), Eastern; bright; shin- 
ing : n. the East ; the part where the sun rises: v. in 
swro. . to mark on a plan the bearings of the compass : 
orienting, imp.: oriented, pp.: oriental, a. o'ri-cn- 
tal. Eastern ; proceeding from Asia or the East,— ap- 
pliedtogems, "valuable," "precious"— as opposed to 
occidental, applied to the less valuable: n. a native 
of Asia or the East: o'rien'tally, ad. -II: oriency, n. 
0'ri-e)hsi, brightness; richness of colour: o'rien'tal- 
ism, n. -tdl-izm, the doctrines or idioms of the Asiatic 
nations: o'rien'talist, n. -1st, one versed in the lan- 
guages and literature of Asia ; an inhabitant of the 
Eastern parts of the world : o'rienta tion, n. -ta'shun, 
the process of determining the east point in taking 
bearings; the placing towards the east, as the altar 
of a church. 

orifice, n. or'i-fis (L. orificium, an opening, an ori- 
fice—from os, a mouth— gen. oris, and facio, I make : 
It. orificio: F. orifice), a mouth or aperture, as of a 
pipe or tube ; any opening. 

oriflamme, n. or'ifldm (F. or i flam me— from L. 
aurum, gold, and flamma, a flame), the anc. royal 
standard of France. 

origin, n. or'i-jin (L. origo, origin, descent— gen. 
originis— from oriri, to rise, to become visible: It. 
and F. origine), first existence or beginning ; deriva- 
tion ; cause ; root ; source : original, a. o-rij'-i-ntil, first 
in order ; preceding all others ; primitive ; having 
the power to originate new thoughts or ideas ; not 
copied : n. that which precedes all others of its kind : 
fountain ; source ; that from which anything is trans- 
lated, transcribed, or copied : originally, ad. -li, pri- 
marily ; at first : originality, n. -nal'-i-ti, the power or 
faculty of producing new thoughts, or rare combina- 
tions of thought: originate, v. 6-rlj'i-nat, to bring into 
existence; to cause to be; to begin; to produce what 
is new: originating, imp.: originated, pp.: origina- 
tor, n. -na-ter, one who originates : orig'ina'tion, n. 
-na'sliun, the act of bring stence ; first pro- 

duction ; mode of production or bringing into being : 
coiv, bo~j,fobt; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



ORIL 4( 

original sin, the innate depravity and tendency to 
evil in the human mind ; the result of our first par- 
ents' sin. 

orillon, n. o-rll'-un (F orillon, a sort of fortification 
—from oreille, an ear), a mass of earth lined with a 
Avail on the shoulder of a bastion for the protection of 
cannon. 

oriole, n. o'rl-6l (Sp. oriol— from L. aureolus, golden), 
a bird of several species, having plumage of a golden- 
yellow mixed with black. 

Orion, n. 6-ri'dn (L. and Gr. Orion, in anc. myth., 
a celebrated hunter: It. Orione-. F. Orion), a con- 
stellation represented by the figure of a man with a 
sword or club by his side, and covered with a lion's 
skin. 

orison, n. dr'-i-zon (F. oraison, a speech— from L. 
oro, I speak or plead), a prayer or supplication. 

orle, n. orl (F. ourlet, a hem, a margin), in her., a 
figure in the form of a fillet or border round a 
heraldic shield, but at a distance from the edges: 
orle, orlet, -let, or o^lo, n. -10, in arch., a fillet under 
the ovolo of a capital. 

Orleans, n. or'-lenz (Orleans, in France), a cloth 
made of worsted and cotton; a common variety of 
plum. 

orlop, n. or'-lop (Ger. uberlauf, the deck of a ship— 
from iiberlaufen, to run over the whole surface : Dut. 
overloop— from over, over, and loopen, to run), in a 
ship, the sort of deck or platform on which the cables, 
sails, &c, are stowed. 

ormolu, n. or'-mo-l6' (F. or, gold, and moulu, 
ground, bruised: L. aurum, gold, and molere, to 
grind), gilt bronze or copper ; gold-coloured brass, or 
mosaic gold: ormolu varnish, a copper, bronze, or 
imitation gold varnish. 

ornament, n. or'-nd-ment (L. ornamentum, a decora- 
tion—from orno, I decorate : It. ornamento : F. orne- 
inent), something that beautifies and adorns; embel- 
lishment; additional beauty: v. to render more 
beautiful or attractive to the eye ; to embellish : or- 
namenting, imp.: or'namented, pp.: or'namen'tal, a. 
-tul, serving to decoral o] adorn : or'namen'tally, ad. 
-II: or'namenta'tion, n. -td'-shun, decoration; embel- 
lishment : or'namentor, n. -ter, a decorator ; a finisher 
of articles. 

ornate, a. dr-ndt' (L. ornatum, to adorn, to embel- 
lish: It. ornare; F. orner, to adorn), splendidly 
adorned; decorated; beautiful: ornate'ly, ad. -II: 
ornate'ness, n. -nes, the state of being ornate. 

ornithichnite. n. or'-nl-thlk'-nlt (Gr. ornis, a bird- 
gen, ornithos, and ichnos. the mark of a foot, a trace), 
in geol., footmarks found in mineral strata, supposed 
to be those of birds. 

ornithocopros, n. &> < (Gr. ornis, a 

bird— gen. ornithos, and kopros, dung), in geol., the 
droppings or dung of birds— sometimes applied to 
guano. 

ornithoidichnites, n. plu. or'-nith-dy-dlk'-nitz (Gr. 
ornis, a bird— gen. ornithos, eidos, resemblance, and 
ichnos, a footstep), in geol, bird-like footprints, a 
term denoting resemblance merely, without affirm- 
ing that they are really the footmarks of birds. 

ornitholites, n. plu. oj tth (Gr ornis, a bird 

—gen. ornithos, and lithos, a stone), in geol., the re- 
mains of birds occurring in a fossil state. 

ornithology, n. or'-ni-thol'd-jl (Gr. ornis, a bird- 
gen, ornithos, and logos, discourse), that branch of 
natural history which' treats of the form, structure, 
habits, and uses of birds : ornithological, a. or'nl-tho- 

hij'l.kdl,v 1( I y: or'nitholog'ically, ad. 

-II : or'nithol'ogist, n. -thdl'5-jist, one versed in orni- 
thologv. 

ornithomaney, n. or- n i " Jr. ornis, a bird 

—gen. ornithos, and ■nuui.tcia, divination), divination 
by the flight of birds. 

ornithorhynchus, n • kits (Gr. ornis, a 

bird— gen. ornithos, and rhungchos, the snout of a 
hog), a fur-covered animal, web-footed, with a flat 
horny beak like a duck, peculiar to the fresh-water 
rivers of Australia and Tasmania— known also by the 
names of duck-bill, water-mole, and platypus. 

orodus, n. or'-o-dus (Gr. oraios, ripe, beautiful, and 
odous, a tooth), in geol, certain fossil fish-teeth— 
so called from the beauty of their specific forms. 

orography, n. 6-rog-rd-fl (Gr. oros, a mountain, and 
grapho, I write), the sciei di i ribes or treats 

of mountains with regard to their height, &c, and of 
the mountain-systems of the globe ; also in same 
sense, orology, n. o-rol'6-ji (Gr. oros, a mountain, and 



6 ORTH 

logos, discourse) : orological, a. o'-ro-loj'-l-kdl, pert, to 
a description of the mountains and mountain-systems 
of the globe : orologist, n. 6-r6l'-6-jlst, one who de- 
scribes mountains. 

orotund, a. or-o-tund (L. os, the mouth— gen. oris, 
and tundo, I beat), said of the utterance of letters or 
words with fulness, clearness, and strength. 

orphan, n. or' Jda (tir orjiluuios, deprived of either 
parent: F. orphelin, an orphan), a child bereaved of 
father or mother, or both— more usually of both : adj. 
bereaved of parents : orphanage, n. or'-fdn-dj, state 
of an orphan ; an asylum for orphans : orphaned, a. 
i'ii \hiinL ij<ai ■{, oC parents. 

Orphean, a. or-fe'-dn (L. Orpheus, a famous poet and 
musician of antiquity), pert, to Orpheus, or'-fus ; 
musical ; poetical : orpheon, n. or-fe'-dn, a musical in- 
strument. 

orpiment, n. or'-pt-mbnt (a corruption of the L. 
atvripigmentum — frum aurum, gold, and pigmentum, 
a paint), yellow sulphuret of arsenic ; the colour called 
king's yellow. 

orpin, n. or'-pln (contr. of orpiment -. F. orpin), a 
yellow or orange colour of various degrees of in- 
tensity. 

orpine, n. or'-pin (F. orpin, a plant), a wild suc- 
culent herbaceous plant; found abundantly in some 
parts of England, called also the rose-plant. 

orrery, n. or'-re-ri (after the Earl of Orrery), a 
machine for exhibiting the motions, magnitudes, and 
relative distances of the heavenly bodies composing 
our solar system. 

orris, n. or'-ris (a corruption of iris), the plant iris 
or flag-flower ; a peculiar pattern in which gold and 
silver lace is worked : orris-root, the dried roots of 
the Florentine orris, having an agreeable odour. 

ort, n. ort, generally in plu. orts, orts (prov. Dan. 
ovred; Dut. oorete, fragments, remains: Fris. orten, to 
leave remnants in eating : Low Ger. ort ; Scot, wort, 
fragments), fragments and rejected parts that are 
left by an animal in feeding ; the odds and ends that 
fall to the ground in working with any material. 

orthis, n. or -this (Gr. orthos, straight), in geol, a 
genus of fossil bivalves with slightly convex valves : 
orthisina, n. or'-thi-si'-nd, a sub-genus of preceding : 
orthite, n. or'-thit, a mineral of a blackish-brown 
colour, occurring in straight, ncadle-sha.ped, or colum- 
nar masses in the granites of Scandinavia. 

orthocanthus, n. or'-tho-kdn'-thus (Gr. orthos, 
straight, and akantha, a thorn or spine), in geol, a 
genus of straight, cylindrical, fossil fin-spines, found 
in the Carboniferous im-maiio-n. 

orthoceras, n. or-thos'-er-ds, also orthoceratite, n. 
or'-thd-sdr'-d-tit (Gr. ortha fci i hi in<i la ras, ahorn), 
in geol, a genu- < t tni lit pi ring, chambered shells 
—so called from their tapering to a point like a horn : 
the family is termed orthoceratidae, n. or'-tho-ser- 
dt'-l-de. 

orthoclase, n. or'-tho-kldz (Gr. orthos, straight, and 
klasis, a fracture), a mineralogical term for potash fel- 
spar, from its straight flat fracture. 

orthodox, a. or-tho-doks (Gr. orthodoxia, sound 
opinion— from orthos, right, true, and doxa, an opin- 
ion: F. orthodoxe, orthodox), sound in the Christian 
faith, as taught in the formularies of any particular 
Church; sound in opinion and doctrine; not heretical: 
orthodoxy, n. or'tho-doks-i, soundness of opinion or 
doctrine. 

orthodromics, n. plu. 6r'-th0-drdm'-lks (Gr. ortlws, 
straight, and dromos, a course), the art of sailing on 
the arc of a great circle, being the shortest distance 
between any two points on the earth's surface ; great- 
circle sailing; also called or'thodrom'y, n. -drom'-i: 
or'thodrom'ic, a. -Ik, pert, to great-circle sailing. 

orthoepy, n. dr-tho-e-pl (Gr. orthos, right, and epos, 
a word: F. orthoepie), the correct pronunciation of 
words : or'thoepic, a. -ep'-lk, also or'thoep'ical, a. -X- 
kdl, pert, to correct pronunciation: or'thoepist, n. 
-6-pist, one well skilled in pronunciation. 

orthogon, n. or'-tho-gdn (Gr. orthos, right, and gonia, 
an angle), a rectangular figure: orthogonal, a. or- 
thog'-d-udl, rectangular; at right angles. 

orthography, n. or-thog'-rd-fl (Gr. orthos, straight, 
correct, and grapho, I write), the part of grammar 
which teaches how words should be spelt ; the art of 
writing words with their proper letters according to 
the best use ; in arch., the representation of the front 
or elevation of a building, or of a section of it : ortho- 
graphic, a. dr-thO-graf'-ik, also orthographical, a. 
•%-kdl, written with their proper letters; in arch., 



mate, mdt,fdr, law; mete, mSt, Mr; pine, pin; nOte x not^ move; 



OETH 



407 



OSTE 



g'rapher, n. -thog'rd-fcr, also orthog raphist, n. 

-rd-flst, one who spells according to the rules of gram- 
mar. 

orthonota, n. or'tho-nO'td, alsoor'thono'tus, n. -tils 
(Gr. orthos, straight, and notos, the back), in geol., a 
sub-genus of fossil bivalves, so called from their long, 
■ :-., :- 

orthopedist, n. or-thop'e-dist (Gr. orthos, straight, 
and L. pes, a foot — gen. pedis), one who cures or 
remedies del limbs or feet. 

orthopnoea, n. or'thdp-ne-d (Gr. orthos, straight, and 
pneo, I breathe or pant), a diseased state in which the 
difficulty of breathing is increased by stooping, or on 
lying down. 

* orthopoedia, n. or'tlu rthos, straight, 

andpaideia, the rearing of children), the prevention 
and cure of deformities of the human body. 

orthoptera, n. plu. Cr-thop'-ter-a (Gr. orthos, straight, 
&ndptera, wings), an order of insects which have their 
two outer wings disposed in straight folds when at 
rest, as the grasshopper and house-cricket; also or- 
thop'ters, -ters, and orthop'terans, n. plu. -dnz: or- 
thop'terous, a. -Us, of or pert, to the orthoptera ; fold- 
ing the wings straight. 

orthotropous, a. or-thot'-ro-pus (Gr. orthos, straight, 
and tropos, direction— from trepo, I turn), turned the 
right way; in hot., having the embryo in a seed lying 
straight towards the hilum or eye, as in the bean— ap- 
plied to the ovule with foramen opposite to the hilum : 
also orthot'ropal, a. -ro-pdl. 

ortive, a. or'-tiv (L. ortus, arisen), rising or eastern. 

ortolan, n. or'to-ldn (It. ortolano, a gardener: F. 
ortolan, an ortolan— from L. hortus, a garden), a small 
bird of southern Europe, much esteemed for the deli- 
cacy of its flesh— so called because it frequents the 
hedges of gardens. 

Orus, n. o'-rus, also Horns, n. ho'riis, an Egyptian 

pod, son of Isis and Osiris, frequently appearing in 

i paintings sitting on the lap of Isis. 

oryx, n. o'riks, a variety of South African antelope, 
having the mane and tail of the horse, the head and 
colouring of the ass, and the legs and feet of the ante- 
lope, with long horns tapering backwards— also called 
gems-bok. 

os, n. 6s, also osar, n. o'-zar, a Swedish term for the 
long hillocks or mounds of drift gravel and sand which 
are so abundantly scattered over Sweden and the 
islands of the Baltic — called kaims in Scotland, and 
eskirs in Ireland. 

oscillate, v. os'sil-dt (L. oscillatum, to swing— from 
osciUum, a swing: It. oscillare: F. osciller, to swing), 
to move backwards and forwards ; to swing : os'cil- 
lating, imp.: adj. swinging; vibrating: os'cillated, 
pp.: os'cilla'tion, n. -la'-shun, a swinging like a pen- 
dulum: os'cilla'tory, a. -ter-l, vibrating; swinging; 
oscillating engine, a marine engine with a vibrating 
cylinder. 

oscula.n. pli <scula, little mouths ;oscu- 

lum, a little mouth, a kiss— from os, a mouth), the name 
given to the larger pores on the surface of a sponge : 
os'cular, a. -ler, pert, to : os'culate, v. -Idt, to kiss ; 
to come in contact with, as a curve and a circle ; to 
adhere closely, as caterpillars and other creeping ani- 
mals: osculating, imp.: osculated, pp.: osculation, 
n. -Id-shun, a kiss; close contact: os'culant, a. -Idnt, 
that adheres closely: os'cula'tory, a. -Id'-ter-i, of or 
pert, to kissing; having the same curvature at the 
point of contact : n. a tablet or board having the pic- 
ture of Christ or the Virgin, which was first kissed by 
the priest and then by the people: os'cule, n. -kul, a 
small two-lipped aperture. 

osier, n. o'-zh'er (F. osier, a willow: prov. F. aoza, 
to form, to fashion; aozil, a willow: Gr. oisos, a spe- 
cies of willows), the common name of the water-wil- 
low, a plant of several species, used in making bas- 
kets: osiered, a. 6'zh'erd, covered with osiers: osier- 
bed or osier-holt (AS. Twit, a grove), a piece of land 
on which willows are cultivated for basket-work. 

Osiris, n. os-l'ris, one of the principal Egyptian 
deities, the husband of Isis, and the father of Orus, 
worshipped under the form of a bull, or of a human 
body with a bull's head. 

osmazome, n. 6s'md-z6m (Gr. osme, odour, and zomos, 
broth, sauce), the extractive matter on which the 
odour of broth and the flesh boiled in it depends. 

osmeroides, n. plu. os'mer-dydz (L. osmerus, a smelt, 
cow, toy, foot; pure, bud; chair, 



and Gr. eidos, resemblance), in geol., a genus of fossil 
fishes found in the Chalk of England— so named from 
their resemblance to the smelt, a small fish of the 
salmon family. 

osmium, n. os'ml-um (Gr. osme, smell), a metallic 
substance found associated with the ore of platinum — 
so named from the strong disagreeable smell given out 
by its oxide: os'mic acid, -mik-, also os'mious acid, 
-mi-iis-, acids from osmium. 

osmose, n. os'-moz, also osmosis, n. ds-mo'zts (Gr. 
osmos, a pushing impulse— from othein, to push), the 
tendency of fluids of different kinds and densities to 
ii"i ■ ■■ hi- membrane when 

placed in contact with it ; the action produced by this 
tendency : osmotic, a. 6s-m6t'ik, pert, to or having 
the property of osmose. 

osmund, n. os'-mund, a fern-plant of the genus os- 
mun'da, and order osmundacese, os'mUn-dd'shle, the 
most remarkable species of which is a flowering fern, 
the root of which, when boiled, is very slimy. 

osnaburg, n. oz'nd-berg, a coarse linen, so called from 
its being originally imported from Osnaburg, in Ger- 
many. 

ospray, n., also osprey, n. os'-prafa corruption of 
ossifrage: F. orfraie), the bald buzzard or great sea- 
eagle. 

osselet, n. ds'sS-lBt (F. osselet, a small bone— from L. 
os, a bone— gen. ossis), a hard substance found grow- 
ing between the small bones of a horse's knee. 

osseous, a. os'sS-us (L. osseus, belonging to a bone 
—from os, a bone— gen. ossis. ■ It. osseo, osseous), com- 
posed of or resembling bone; bony: osseous breccia, 
-brek'-shi-d, bones, and fragments of bones, cemented 
together by calcareous or other matter, found in cav- 
erns or fissures: osseter, n. os'se-ter, a species of 
sturgeon, said to yield one of the best kinds of Russian 
isinglass. 

ossicle, n. os'sl-kl (L. ossiculum, a small bone— from 
os, a bone), a little bone— applied to various small 
bones in the skeleton ; atrnn applied i o the bony-like 
points and segments of star-fishes, encrtnites, and such- 
like animals. 

ossiferous, a. ds-sif'er-its (L. os, a bone— gen. ossis, 
and fero, I produce), producing bone ; containing or 
furnishing bone. 

ossifrage, n. os'sl-fraj (L . > mi in r he sea-eagle— 
from os, a bone, and frango, I break : It. ossifrago), 
the ospray or sea-eagle. 

ossify, v. os'sl-fl (It. ossificare; F. ossifler, to ossify 
—from L. os, a bone— gen. ossis, and facio, I make), to 
convert into bone or a bone-like substance; to be- 
come bone: os'sifying, imp.: adj. becoming bone; 
bone-forming: os'slfied, pp. -fid: adj. converted into 
bone or a substance resembling it : ossific, a. ds-sif'-ik, 
having power to ossify: ossification, n. os'si-fi-kd- 
slmn, the changing of any soft solid part of an animal 
body into bone or bony-like matter. 

ossivorous, a. os-slv'or-us (L. os, a bone — gen. ossis, 
and voro, I devour), bone-eating. 

ossuary, n. os'-u-er-i (L. osseus, bony), a place where 
the bones of the dead are deposited ; a charnel-house. 

osteal, a. os'tS-dl (Gr. osteon, a bone), belonging to 
bone: osteine, n. os'te-in, osseous substance or bony 
tissue: ostitis, n. os-il'-ti: a lion of bone. 

ostensible, a. os-ten'si-U (F. and Sp. ostensible; It. 
ostensibile, ostensible— from L. ostensum or ostentum, 
to show, to expose to view), declared ; manifest ; ap- 
parent; held forth or avowed, but opposed to real: 
ostensibly, ad. -bli: ostensibility, n. os-tSn'si-Ml'-i-tf, 
the quality or state of being ostensible : osten'sive, a. 
-siv, showing; betokening; indirect: osten'sively, ad. 
-II: ostent, n. os-tent', appearance; manner; show: 
ostentation, n. os'tSn-ta'shun^ outward show or ap- 
pearance ; ambitious display ; parade ; pompous vaunt- 
ing: os'tenta'tious, a. -shiis, fond of self-display; boast- 
ful; showy: os'tenta'tiously, ad. -shus-li: os'tenta'- 
tiousness, n. -nes, the state or quality of being osten- 
tatious ; vain display. 

osteocolla, n. os'te-o-kol'ld (Gr. osteon, a bone, and 
kolle, glue), an earthy or stony matter precipitated 
by water, and encrusted upon sticks, stones, and simi- 
lar bodies. 

osteodentine, n. os'tS-o-den'tln (Gr. osteon, a bone, 
and L. dens, a tooth— gen. dentis), a structure formed 
in the teeth, in part resembling bone. 

osteogeny, n. os'-te-dj'-e-ni, also osteogenesis, n. os'- 
te-o-j8n'e-sis (Gr. osteon, a bone, and gennao, I pro- 
duce), the formation or growth of bone. 

osteography, n. os'-tS-dg'rd-fl (Gr. osteon, a bone, 
game, jog, slmn, thing, there, zeal. 



OSTE 41 

and grapho, I write), a scientific description of the 
bones : os'teog'rapher, n. -rd-J'er, an anatomist of the 
bony parts of the body. 

osteolepis, n. ds'tC-6-le'pls (Gr. osteon, a hone, and 
lepis, a scale), in geol., a genus of fossil ganoid fishes 
found in the Old Red Sandstone— so named from the 
enamelled bony appearance of the scales. 

osteology, n. 6s't6-6l'6-jl (Gr. osteon, a bone, and 
logos, discourse), that part of anatomy which treats of 
the skeleton or bony fabric of tin differen iii> 
animals ; comparative anatomy : os'teolog'ical, a. -loj'i- 
kill, pert, to a description of the bones : os'teol'oger, 
n. -61'6-jer, also os'teol'ogist, n. -jlst, one versed in os- 
teology : os'teolog'ically, ad. -U. 

osteomalakia, n. os'te-O-ma-ld'-H-oZ (Gr. osteon, hone, 
and malakos, soft), a diseased softening of the bones 
in adults. 

ostiary, n. os'tl-d-ri (L. ostiarius, a door-keeper— 
from ostium, a door or entrance), the mouth or open- 
ing by which a ' i> -:i Mill i u i iii i iii" i - ' 
or lake. 

ostler, n. os'ler, former spelling hostler (old F. hos- 
telier, a host, an innkeeper— from hostel, a house, a 
hall), a person who has the care of the horses at a hotel 
or inn: ostlery, n. 6s'ler-l, an inn. 

Ostmen, n. plu. dst'mSn, Eastmen, the Danish set- 
tlers in Ireland being so called. 

ostraceous, a. os-trd'shiis (L. ostrea, an oyster or 
mussel), pert, to animals of the oyster family, called 
ostracea, os-trd'shl-d, also ostra'cians, -shl-dnz. 

ostracism, n. os'trd-slzm (Gr. ostrakismos— from 
ostrakon, a tile, a shell), in one. Greece, banishment 
by the popular voice by throwing shells into an urn, 
the name of the person to be banished being written 
on each shell; banishment; expulsion: ostracise, v. 
ds'trd-slz, to banish by the popular voice : os'traci'- 
sing, imp. : os'tracised', pp. -slzd'. 

03traclte, n. os'trd-slt (L. ostrea; Gr. ostreon, an 
oyster), a term applied to any fossil oyster. 

ostrich, n. os'trlch (old F. austruche, an ostrich: 
Sp. avestruz, an ostrich— from L. avis, a bird, and 
struthio; Gr. strouthos, an ostrich), the largest bird 
in the world, swift-running an< with in >rt wings and 
long neck : ostrich-feathers, the tail, back, and wing 
feathers of the ostrich, brought from Africa. 

Ostrogoth, n. os'tro-goth (Dan. ost, east, and Goth), 
one of the eastern Goths. 

otacoustic, a ' i » '■ I (Gr. ota, ears, and akous- 
tikos, belonging to the sense of hearing), assisting the 
sense of hearing : n. an instrument for assisting hear- 
ing ; called also an ot'acous'ticon, n. -kows'ti-kon. 

otalgia, n. o-W-jl-d (Gr. ota, ears, and algos, pain), 
pain in the ear. 

other, a. uth'-Cr (Goth, anthar; Fris. ander, other, 
or: Icel. annar; Sans, antara, the other), not the 
same ; not this but different ; correlative to each, and 
opposed to some ; something besides ; used as a noun 
with number i fying, not I or he, but some 

one else, as " let others judge : " otherwise, ad. uth- 
ir- (Viz, in a different manner ; in other respects. 

otiose, a. O'shi-os (L. otiosus, at leisure — from 
otiu-m, leisure, vacant time), being at rest or ease; 
unemployed. 

otitis, n. o-ti'tls (Gr. ota, the ears, and termination 
itis, denoting inilm mnal imi) iiillainmation of the ear. 

otocrane, n. ot'6-krdn (Gr. ota, the ears, and kranion, 
the skull), the part of the skull which contains the 
organs of hearing. 

otolithes, n. plu. dt'6-liths, also ot'olites, n. plu. 
■litz (Gr. ota, the ears, and lithos, a stone), the fossil 
ears of molluscs; minute crystals contained in the 
membranous cavities of the ears of some animals. 

otopteris, n. o-top'-ter-is (Gr. ota, the ears, and pt&ris, 
a fern), in geol. , a genus of fossil ferns, so called in 
allusion to their ear-shaped projections. 

otorrhcea, n. ot'to-re'-d (Gr. ota, the ears, and rheo, 
I flow), in med., a flow or running of the ear; a dis- 
charge from the ear. 

otoscope, n. ot'o-skop (Gr. ota, the ears, and skopeo, 
I see or observe), in med., aninstr. for exploring the 
ear. 

otosteals.n. 6-tos'-tc<;< ; ota the ears, and osteon, 
a bone), a term applied to the bones of the ears of man, 
and likewise of the lower animals. 

otozoum, n. 6t'0-zo'-iim (Gr. Otus, a fabled giant, and 
zoon, an animal), a name given to certain unknown 
gigantic footmarks found in the New Red Sandstone. 

otter, n. dt't&r (F. loutre; L. Intra; Ger. otter; 

Icel. otfr, an otter), an amphibious animal resembling 

mate, mdt.fdr, law; mete, met, 



8 OUTB 

the weasel inhabiting the banks of rivers, feeding 
principally on fish— the sea-otter is of larger size. 

otto, n. ot'to, also spelt ottar, n. ot'tar, and attar, 
n. dt'tdr— see attar. 

Ottoman, a. oi'to-mdn (a name of the Turkish em- 
pire—from Othman or Osman, its founder), designat- 
ing anything that pertains to the Turks or their gov- 
ernment : n. a kind of sofa ; a stool having a stuffed 
bottom ; a reclining or easy seat. 

ouch, n. dtoch (old Eng. oivche or nouche, a jewel — 
from mid. L. oscleum, a wedding-gift, a jewel-ease), 
the collet or socket in which a precious stone cr a 
seal is set. 

oudenodon, n. ob-dSn'd-ddn (Gr. ouden, none, and 
odous, a tooth— gen. odontis), in geol., a sub-genus of 
very peculiar fossil reptiles found in the sandstone of 
South Africa, so called from their toothless jaws. 

ought, v. awt (see aught and owe), a defective verb, 
formerly the pt. of owe ; to be bound in duty or moral 
>.m m ion: n. anything. 

ounce, n. divns (L. uncia, the twelfth part of any- 
thing: It. oncia; F. once, an ounce), a weight, l-12th 
of a lb. troy; 1-lGth of a lb. avoirdupois. 

ounce, n. divns (F. once: Sp. onza), a carnivorous 
animal resembling the leopard, but having a thicker 
fur, irregular faint spots, and a longer tail— a native 
of India and Persia. 

our, pron. divr (Goth, and Ger. uns, us: Goth, unsar; 
AS. ure, our), pert, to or belonging to us : ours, owrz, 
poss. of we: when the noun is expressed, our is em- 
ployed— as, our house ; when no noun is expressed, ours 
is employed— as, that house is ours, that is, our house : 
ourself, comp. pron. divr-sSlf, plu. ourselves, divr- 
sSlvz", not another or other, used almost wholly in the 
plural, and by way of emphasis. 

ouranography, n. ow'-rdn-og'-rd-fi (Gr. ouranos, 
heaven, and grapho, I write), a description of the 
heavens. 

ousel, n. 6'z6l (AS. oslc), a blackbird ; one of the 
1 h family. 

oust, v. divst (F. oster, to remove, to expel from: 
Prov. ostar, to take away— see out), to remove by 
force ; to eject or expel : ousting, imp. : oust'ed, pp. 

out, a. dwt (Icel. ut; Ger. aus, out, out of— from the 
cry huss or hut ! used to drive out dogs : W. hwt, off, 
away: Sw. hut, away, quiet, applied to dogs), exte- 
rior: ad. on or to the outside ; without; not at home; 
in a state of exhaustion ; in a state of extinction ; not 
in office; not in employment; to the end, as, hear me 
out; without restraint, as, "I dare laugh out" ; not in 
the hands of the owner, as, "the lands are end upon 
lease"; with parts of clothes torn, as, out at the 
elbows ; incurring loss, as, out of pocket : int. 
away; begone: prefix, beyond; exceeding; above: 
out of, prep, from ; beyojjd ; not in ; not within ; 
deviating from ; without ; in consequence of : to 
find out, to discover : to let out, to put forth strength 
or speed ; to reveal : out and out, thorough-going ; 
complete : out of the way, outlying ; obscure ; un- 
common ; unusual ; eccentric : out of hand, im- 
mediately : out of print, said of a book of which all 
the copies have been sold or otherwise disposed of: 
out of season, not in the proper time or season : out 
of sorts, ailing; unwell: out of temper, in bad tem- 
per ; sullen : out of trim, not properly prepared : out 
of tune, harsh ; discordant : out upon you and out 
upon it, away with you ; away with it ; phrases ex- 
pressing dislike or contempt. 

out, n. divt (see entry above), one who or that which 
is without ; opposed to in ; a nook or corner ; an open 
space: outness, n. divt'nes, the state of being out; 
externality: ins and outs, nooks and corners: to 
make an out, among printers, to omit something in 
setting up copy. 

outbalance, v. dwt-bdl'ans (out, and balance), to 
exceed in weight or effect. 

outbid, v. divt-bid' (out, and bid), to bid more than 
another. 

outbound, a. divt'-bdivnd (out, and bound), proceed- 
ing from one counl to aother, as a ship. 

outbrave, v. divt-brdv' (out, and brave), to bear down 
by mere daring. 

outbreak, n. o'tvt'bra k(>>/tf, ami brake), an eruption; 
a bursting forth : outbreaking, n. that which bursts 
forth. 

out-building, n. divt-bild'ing (out, and building), a 
building for common purposes near a large one. 

outburst, n. owt'berst (out, and bwst), a breaking 
out ; an explosion. 

her; pine, pin; note, not, m6re; 



OUTC 



409 



OUTV 



outcast, n. owt'kdst (out, and cast), one cast out or 
expelled ; one driven from home or country. 

outcrop, n. dict'-krop (out, and crop), the exposure 
of the edge of strata at the earth's surface— a stratum 
coming to the surface is said to crop out. 

outcry, n. dict'-kn (out, and cry), clamour; noisy 
opposition ; cry of distress. 

outdo, v. divt-dff (out, and do), to surpass; to per- 
form beyond another. 

outdoor, a. o'wt'-dor (out, and door), being without 
the door; given to one not residing in the house, as 
outdoor relief: outdoors or out of doors, out of the 
house. 

outed, a. divt'-cd (from out), put out ; ended. 

outer, a. dict'-ir (from out), external; opposed to 
inner: out'erly, ad. -II: outermost, a. -most, furthest 
out ; remotest from the middle. 

outfit, n. owt'jit (out, and fit), necessaries, as cloth- 
ing, &c, supplied for a sea-voyage ; equipment — often 
in the plu. outfits : v. to supply with clothing, &c, as 
for a voyage : outfitting, imp. : n. equipment for a 
voyage: out 'fitted, pp. : outfitter, n. -tir, a general 
dealer in everything necessary for an emigrant ; one 
who outfits. 

outflank, v. divt-fldngk' (out, and flank), to extend a 
line of battle beyond that of another : outflanking, 
imp. : outflanked', pp. -fldngkf. 

outflow, n. flow), a flowing out; an 

efflux. 

out-general, v. divt-gen'-ir-dl (out, and general), to 
gain advantage over by superior military skill : out- 
gen eralling, imp. : out-gen eralled, pp. -did. 

outgoing, n. owi'-go-lng (out, and going), state of 
going out ; expenditure ; outlay ; generally in plu. 
outgoings, expenditure : adj. opposed to incoming, 
as ■ J utqoing tenant. 

outgrow, v. dtvt-gro" (out, and grow), to grow too 
much for a thing. 

outguard, n. divt'-gdrd (out, and guard), the furthest 
distant guard. 

out-Herod, v. divt-hSr'-od (out, and Herod, the king 
of the Jews at the birth of Christ), to overact the char- 
acter of Herod : out-Her'oding, imp. : out-Her'oded, 
pp. 

outhouse, n. divt'-hdivs (out, and house), a little house 
at a small distance from the main one. 

outlandish, a. divt-ldnd'lsh (AS. utlenclisc, outland- 
ish, foreign), not native; foreign; vulgar; rude: out- 
land'ishness, n. -ish-nes, state of being strange, rude, 
or barbarous. 

outlast, v. dict-ldsf (out, and last), to last longer 
1 nan : outlasting, imp. : outlast'ed, pp. 

outlaw, n. divt'-laTv (AS. utlah, an exile, an outlaw), 
a person deprived of the benefit of law : v. to deprive 
of the benefit and protection of law ; to proscribe : 
outlawing, imp.: out'lawed, pp. -laTcd: adj. ex- 
cluded from the benefit of law: outlawry, n. diet- 
l.uc-rl, the punishment inflicted on one who refuses 
to appear when called into court, by putting him out 
of the protection of law; the process by which this is 
done. 

outlay, n. diii'-la (out, and lay), expenditure. 

outlet, n. divt'-lct (out, and let), the place or means by 
which anything escapes or is discharged. 

outlicker, n. dfvt'-lik-er (Ger. auslieger, outrigger), in 
ships, a small piece of timber fastened to the top of 
the poop, and standing out astern. 

outliers, n. plu. owt'-li-erz (out, and lie), in geol., 
portions of any stratified group of rocks which lie 
detached, or out from the main body. 

outline, n. owt'lln (out, and line), the line by which 
a figure is defined ; the first sketch of a figure, or of a 
scheme or design: v. to sketch; to delineate: out'- 
lining, imp. : outlined, pp. -lind. 

outlive, v. divt-lW (out, and live), to live beyond ; to 
survive; to 1" ing has ceased: outliv'- 

ing, imp,: outlived', pp. -llvd'. 

outlook, n. divt'-ldok (out, and look), a vigilant watch ; 
a prospect or view. 

outlying, a. dict'-li-ing (out, and lying), remote from 
the main body or design ; being on the exterior or 
frontier. 

outmost, a. dict'-most (out, and most), furthest re- 
mote from the middle. 

out-mancauvre, v. diet'-md-n6'-ver (out, and manoeu- 
vre), to surpass in manoeuvre. 

outmarch, v. diet-march' (out, and march), to march 
faster than. 

outness— see out 2. 



n'-ber (out, and number), to 



outnumber, v. di 
exceed in number. 

out-pensioner, n. dict-pen'-shun-er (out, ?md. pension- 
er), an invalid soldier or sailor, who is a pensioner of 
Chelsea or Greenwich hospitals, aud is at liberty to 
reside where he pleases. 

outport, n. diet-port (out, and port), a port or har- 
bour at some distance from the chief port. 

outpost, n. divt'-post (out, and 2>o*t), a station at a 
distance from the main body ; the company of soldiers 
so placed. 

outpour, v. dict-por' (out, and pour), to send forth 
in a stream : outpouring, n. dict'-por-ing, an effusion ; 
an abundant supply. 

output, n. owt'-pdbt (out, and put), a term in the iron 
or coal trade for the quantity of metal annually made 
by the furnaces, or for the quantity of coal produced 
from one or more pits. 

outrage, n. old' raj (It. oltraggio; F. oultrage or out- 
rage, excess, unreasonableness — from L. ultra,- F. 
outre, beyond, exceeding, and L. agrre, to do), open 
and wanton violence either to a person or thing; ex- 
cessive injury: v. to treat with extreme violence and 
injury; to injure by rude rough treatment of anything; 
todojciolence in words: outraging, imp.: outraged, 
pp. dict'-rdjd: outra'geous, a. -ra'-jus, excessive in a 
high degree; exceeding all bounds of moderation: 
outra'geously, ad. -li: outra'geousness, n. -nis, the 
quality of being outrageous; fury; violence. 

outre, a. 6-trd (F.), extravagant; overstrained ; any- 
thing exaggerated. 

outreach" v. cmi-rceh' (out, and reach), to extend 
beyond: outreach'ing, imp.: outreached', pp. -recht'. 

outride, v. divi-rid' (out, and ride), to ride faster 
than: outri'ding, imp. : outrid'den, pp. -rid'-n.- out'- 
rider, n. -der, a servant on horseback who attends a 
carriage, at some little distance from it. 

outrigger, n. divt'-rlg-gir (out, and rigger), a strong 
beam of wood projecting from the side of a ship, used 
to secure the masts in the operation of careening ; in 
the proas of the Indian seas, a contrivance to counter- 
balance their very large heavy sails; a name applied 
to the light racing-boats used in rowing-matches — so 
called from their row-lock projections. 

outright, ad. dict-rit' (out, andright), at once; com- 
pletely ; utterly. 

outroar, n. dict'-ror (out, and roar), a great confusion 
of many loud voices. 

outrun, v. diet-run' (out, and run), to excel in run- 
ning; to exceed. 

outsail, v. durt-saV (out, and sail), to leave behind in 
sailing. 

outsell, v. diet -sel' (out, and sell), to exceed in amount 
of sales ; to exceed in the prices of articles sold : out- 
selling, imp. : outsold', pp. 

outset, n. dwt'sSt (out, and set), beginning; first en- 
trance on any business. 

outshine, v. divt- shin' (out, and shine), to send forth 
brightness; to excel in lustre. 

outside, n. dict'-sld (out, and side), the external or 
outer part of a thing; superficial appearance; part 
most remote from the middle ; the part lying without ; 
the utmost; a passenger on the top of a coach: adj. 
external; exterior: outsides, n. plu. owt'-sidz, the ex- 
terior sheets of a ream of printing or writing paper ; 
spoiled sheets of paper. 

outskirt, n. divt- skirt (out, and skirt), border; sub- 
urb. 

outspan, v. diet-spdn' (Eng. out, and Dut. spannen, 
to put horses to — from span, a team), a term used 
in Cape Colony, &c, for unyoking ox -teams from 
waggons : outspan'ning, imp. : outspanned', pp. 
-spdncl'. 

outspoke, v. divt- spdkf (out, and spoke), used in ballad 
poetry for spoke : outspoken, a. -spok'-n, free of 
speech ; bold of speech. 

outspread, v. dwt-spjrSd' (out, and sjjread), to ex- 
tend; to diffuse: outspreading, imp.: n. the act of 
spreading over or diffusing. 

outstanding, a. divtstdnd'ing (out, and standing), 
remaining uncollected or unpaid. 

outstep, v. dirt-sjep' [out, and step), to exceed. 

outstretch, v. divt-strSch' (out, and stretch), to ex- 
pand ; to spread out : outstretch'ing, imp. : out- 
stretched', pp. -strecht'. 

outstrip, v. diot-strip' (out, and strip), to leave be- 
hind ; to advance beyond. 

out-value, v. divt-vdl'-u (out, and value), to exceed in 
value or price. 



■', boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



OUTV 



410 



OVER 



outvie, v. dwt-vi' {out, and vie), to exceed in rivalry ; 
to surpass: outvy'ing, imp.: outvied', pp. -vid'. 

outvote, v. dwt-vot' (out, and vote), to defeat by a 
higher number of votes : outvo'ting, imp. : outvoted, 
pp. 

outwalk, v. dwt-wawk" [out, and walk), to leave be- 
hind in walking. 

outward, a. owt'werd (AS. utweard, outward— from 
ut, out, and weard, towards), external; forming the 
superficial part; opposed to inward: out'ward, also 
out'wards, ad. -werdz, to the outer parts; from the 
port of a country ; seawards : out'wardly, ad. -II, ex- 
ternally ; in appearance only : outward-bound, a. pro- 
ceeding from a port of a country to foreign parts ; op- 
posed to homeward-bound. 

outweigh, v. dwt-wa' (out, and weigh), to exceed in 
weight, effect, or importance: outweigh'ing, imp.: 
outweighed', pp. -wad'. 

outwit, v. owt-wif (out, and wit), to overreach ; to 
defeat by superior ingenuity or craft: outwit'ting, 
imp.: outwitted, pp. 

outwork, n. owt'werk (out, and work), work of de- 
fence at some distance from a fortress. 

ouzel, n. 6 bly a < orruption of Eng. ooze, 

wet mud under water, in allusion to its habit of diving 
through shallow water), a British bird of several spe- 
cies, one of which, the water-ouzel or dipper, resembles 
the kingfisher in many of its habits. 

ova, n. plu. 6'vd (L. ova, plu. of ovum, an egg), the 
eggs of any animal or insect ; certain mouldings in the 
form of eggs. 

oval, a. 6'-vdl(F. ovale; Sp. oval; It. ovale, shaped 
like an egg— from L. ovum, an egg), of an oblong, 
round form ; having the figure or shape of an egg ; 
applied to an outline or tracing in the form of a longi- 
tudinal section of an egg : n. a body or figure in the 
shape of an egg; an oval object; an ellipse; an out- 
line in the form of a longitudinal section of an egg : 
o'vally, ad. -II, in an oval form; so as to be oval. 

ovary, n. 6-vd-rl (Sp van I n re, an ovary— 
from L. ovum, an egg), the part in the body of a female 
r.nimal in which the eggs or first germs of future animals 
are lodged ; a hollow case in plants which encloses the 
young seeds : ovarian, a. 6-va'ri-dn, of or relating to 
the ovary : ova'rious, a. -us, consisting of eggs : ova'- 



the shape of a longitudinal section of an egg : o'vate- 
lan'ceolate, a. -Mn'se-o-lat (L. lancea, a lance), in hot., 
a shape betv ee.n1 fan 2 and spear head: ovate- 

subulate, a. - . • '1 ' 1 ula, a shoemaker's awl), 
in hot., partly awl and partly egg shaped: ovato- 
oblong, a. o-va'to-ob-long, shaped like an egg, but 
more drawn out in length. 

ovation, n. 6-va'shun (L. ovatio, a lesser triumph of 
a general for an inferior victory, in which the rites 
and ceremonies were less imposing than in the triumph 
—gen. ovationis: It. ovazione:Y. ovation), any extra- 
ordinary and spontaneous mark of respect paid by a 
city or people to an illustrious person. 

oven, n. uv'n (Ger. of en; Goth, auhns; Icel. ofn; 
Gr. ipnos, an oven: Sans, agni; L. ignis, fire), an 
arched cell capable of being highly heated, used prin- 
cipally for baking bread ; any movable utensil used 
for baking meats before the fire. 

ovenchyma, n. o-ving'-ki-md (L. ovum, an egg, and 
Gr. engchuma, an infusion, an injection), in hot., the 
tissue of plants composed of oval cells. 

over, prep. 6'ver (AS. ofer or ober, over, above ; ufan, 
above, upwards; ufera, higher: Ger. ober, upper, 
over: Gr. huper ; L. super, over), above; opposed to 
below; above in authority; across, as he leapt over 
the brook ; through or diffusely, as all the world over; 
covering or immersing; often contracted into o'er: 
ad. more than the quantity ; beyond a limit ; from one 
to another; from a country beyond the sea; on the 
surface; past, as the winter is over; completely ; in a 
great degree, as over-difficult: adj. upper; beyond: 
over again, once more : over against, opposite : over 
and above, besides ; extra : over and over, repeatedly: 
to give over, to cease from ; to consider hopeless : to 
throw over, to betray; to desert; to fail to give ex- 
pected help : all over, in every place ; undone or fin- 
ished, in an evil sense. 

over, o'ver (AS. ofer or ober, above— see over, prep.), 

prefix, meaning above ; beyond ; too much ; to excess. 

Note.— Over, as a prefix, is not usually separated by a 

hyphen ; the words with the prefix over, keeping in 

mate, m&t.fdr, law; mete, mSt 



mind the sense of the prefix, are mostly self-explana- 
tory, accordingly, it has not been thought necessary to 
enter every possible compound having the prefix over, 
though it is hoped that no one in common use has been 
omitted. 

overact, v. 6'ver-dkt' (over, and act), to perform to 
bo act more than necessary. 

overalls, n. plu. 6'ver-awlz (over, and all), loose 
trowsers of a light, stout material, such as canvas, worn 
over others by workmen to keep them clean, and from 
'» in <i< 11 1 

over-anxious, a. 6'ver-dugk':/lt //.,■ (</<;< r, and anxious), 
anxious to excess: o'ver-an'xiously, ad. -li: o'ver- 
anxi'ety, the state of being over-anxious. 

overawe, v. o'ver-aw' (over, and awe), to restrain by 
fear or by superior influence : o'veraw'ing, imp. : 
o'verawed', pp. -awd'. 

overbalance, v. 6'ver-bdl'dns (over, and balance), to 
weigh down; to exceed in weight, value, or import- 
ance : n. excess of weight or value : overbalancing, 
imp. : o'verbal'anced, pp. -dnst. 

overbear, v. o'ver-bar' (over, and bear), to over- 
power ; to subdue ; to suppress ; to domineer over : 
overbearing, imp.: adj. haughty; insolent; domi- 
neering : o'verbear'ingly, ad. -li. 

overboard, ad. o'ver-bord (over, and board), out of 
a ship or vessel, as to fall overboard; from on hoard. 

overboil, v. o'ver-boyl' (over, and boil), to boil un- 
duly or excessively. 

overbuild, v. o'ver-bild' (over, and build), to build 
beyond the demand. 

over-burden, v. 6'ver-ber'dn (over, and burden), to 
load too heavily: o'ver-bur'dening, imp. -dn-ing: 
o'ver-bur'dened, pp. -dnd: adj. excessively loaded: 
o'ver-bur'densome, a. -dn-surn, excessively loaded or 
burdened. 

over-canopy, v. o'ver-kdn'6-pl (over, and canopy), to 
cover as with a canopy. 



r-kar'fdol (over, and careful), 



-careful, 
careful too much. 

overcast, v. 6'ver-kdsf (over, and cast), to spread 
over or darken, as with a cloud ; to sew by running 
the thread over a rough edge : o'vercast', pp. covered 
with gloom: o'vercast'ing, imp. overspreading with 
gloom; sewing by running the thread over a rough 
edge. 

over-cautious, a. 6'-ver-kaw'shus(over, and cautious), 
prudent to excess : o'ver-cau'tiously, ad. -li. 

overcharge, v. o'ver-chdrf (over, and charge), to load 
or fill to excess ; in an account, to demand more than 
is just ; to exaggerate : n. more than is just in an ac- 
count ; an excessive loading, as in a gun : o'vercharg'- 
ing, imp. : overcharged', pp. -chdrjd': adj. loaded to 
excess ; charged more than is just. 

overcoat, n. o'ver-kot (over, and coat), a topcoat; a 
greatcoat. 

overcome, v. 6'ver -hum' (over, and come), to van- 
quish; to subdue; to master; to get the better of; to 
be victorious: o'vercom'ing, imp.: adj. subduing; 
getting the better of: o'.vercame', pt. -Mm', did over- 
come : o'vercome', pp. 

over-credulous, a. o'ver-kred'u-lus (over, and credu- 
lous), too apt to believe. 

over-delicate, a. o'-ver-del'-i-kat (over, and delicate), 
nice or dainty to excess. 

overdo, v. o'ver-dff (over, and do), to perform in ex- 
cess ; to fatigue ; to cook overmuch : o'verdo'ing, imp.: 
o'verdone', pp. -dun', acted to excess; baked or cooked 
too much. 

overdose, n. 6'ver-d6s' (over, and dose), too much at 
one time of anything: v. to dose too much. 

overdraw, v. 6'ver-draw' (over, and draw), to take 
out of bank beyond the amount standing to one's 
credit ; to exaggerate : o'verdrawn', pp. -drawn', ex- 
aggerated, as an overdrawn statement or description. 

overdrive, v. 6'ver-driV (over, and drive), to drive 
beyond strength : overdriven, pp. -drlv'-n. 

overdue, a. 6'ver -du' (over, and due), past the time 
of payment. 

over-eager, a. 6'ver-S'ger (over, and eager), too eager ; 
too vehement in desire: o'ver-ea'gerly, ad. -li: o'ver- 
ea'gerness, n. -n&s, excess of eagerness. 

over-estimate, v. 6'ver-Ss'ti-mat(over, and estimate), 
to value too highly: n. too high a value. 

over-excited, a. 6'ver-Sk-si'ted (over, and excited), 
excited to excess : o'ver-excite'ment, n. excitement to 
excess. 

over-fatigue, n. 6'ver-fd-teg' (over, and fatigue), too 
much fatigue : v. to fatigue to excess ; to weary out. 
her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



OVER 



411 



overflow, v. 6'verflo" (over, and flow), to fill beyond 
the brim ; to cover with water ; to be fuller than to the 
brim; to overwhelm; to abound: n. o'-ver-fio, a super- 
abundance; an inundation : overflowing, imp.: over- 
flowed', pp. -flod'. 

over-fond, a. o'-ver-fond (over, and fond), fond to ex- 
cess : o'ver-fond'ly, ad. -li : over-fondness, too much 
fondness. 

over-free, a. o'ver-fre" (over, and fire), free to excess; 
too liberal; too familiar : over-free ly, ad. -li. 

over-full, a. o'v&r-fovl' (over, and full), full to excess. 

over-greedy, a. o'-ver-gre'-di (over, and greedy), ex- 
cessively greedy. 

overgrow, v. o'vtr-gro'(over, and grow), to rise above; 
to grow beyond the usual or natural size : o vergrow- 
ing, imp.: overgrown', pp. -gron': adj. increased be- 
yond a natural size : o vergrowth', n. -groth', excessive 
growth. 

overhang, v. 6'ver-hdng' (over, and hang), to jut or 
project over: overhanging, imp.: adj. hanging over 
or above : overhung', pp. hung over ; covered or over- 
cast. 

overhaul, v. 6'ver-hawV (over, and haul), to examine 
or inspect ; to re-examine, as accounts : overhauling, 
imp.: overhauled', pp. -huXvld', said of a ship when 
she is overtaken by another in a chase at sea for 
examination, as by an enemy or by a Government 
vessel. 

overhead, ad. 6'vir-hSd (over, and head), above; 
aloft; in the story or ceiling- above ; without distinc- 
tion : adj. in Scot., expressing the whole without any 
separation of parts, as overhead flour. 

overhear, v. o'ver-her' (over, and hear), to hear what 
is not intended to be heard by one ; to hear by acci- 
dent : o'verheard', pp. -herd'. 

over-issue, v. o'ver-lsh'shu (over, and issue), to put 
into circulation a number beyond that authorised, as 
a bank with their bank-notes; to put into circulation 
a number beyond that dictated by prudence and ability 
to pay, as commercial bills of exchange : n. an exces- 
sive issue. 

overjoy, v. d'-ver-jwf (over, and joy), to fill with ex- 
ceeding pleasure and delight; to transport with glad- 
ness: o'verjoyed', pp. -jo'yd', filled with exceeding 
pleasure and delight. 

overlade, v. o'-ver-ldd (over, and lade), to load with 
too great a cargo or burden : o'verla ding, imp.: o'ver- 
la'den, pp. -la'-dn : adj. loaded with too great a cargo 
or burden. 

overlaid— see overlay. 

overland, a. 6'ver-land (over, and land), journeying 
by land, or chiefly by land. 

overlap, n. 6'-verdCLp' (over, and lap), in geol., a term 
used to express that extension or spread of higher 
strata by which they conceal the edges of those on 
which they rest : v. to lap or fold over, as when the 
margin of one thing rests on that of another : o'ver- 
lap'ping, imp. lying one over another, as the slates or 
tiles on a roof : o'verlapped', pp. -Idpt'. 

overlay, v. O'ver-la' (over, and lay), to lay too much 
weight upon ; to cover on the surface ; to smother ; to 
join by a cover or folding over, as two sides of a thing, 
one over the other: o'verlay ing, imp.: n. a laying or 
spreading over ; a superficial covering : o'verlaid', pp. 
-Idd', covered over ; smothered. 

overlie, v. o'verdt (over, and lie), to lie above or 
upon: o'verly'ing, imp.: adj. resting over or upon 
something : o'verlaid', pp. -lad'. 

overload, v. o'vir-lod' (over, and load), to fill with too 
heavy a burden, or to excess ; to put too heavy a bur- 
den on : overloading, imp. : o'verload'ed, pp. 

overlong, ad. 6-ver-long' (over, and long), too long. 

overlook, v. 6'ver-ldbk' (over, and look), to view from 
higher ground ; to inspect ; to review ; to pass by in- 
dulgently ; to neglect : o'verlook'ing, imp. : o ver- 
looked', pp. -lobkf: o'verlook'er, n. -er, one who over- 
looks ; a superintendent. 

overlying— see overlie. 

overmatch, v. o'ver-mdeh' (over, and match), to con- 
quer ; to subdue : n. one able to overcome. 

overmuch, a. 6'ver-much' (over, and much), more 
than necessary: ad. in too great a degree. 

over-nice, a. 6-ver-nis' (over, and nice), excessively 
nice ; fastidious : o'ver-nice'ness, n. -nes, state of being 
excessively nice. 

overnight, n. o'ver-nlf (over, and night), the time 
when evening is past and night is begun ; the night 
or evening before, as, he came overnight: ad. during 
the night previous ; last night. 



overpaid— see overpay. 

overpass, v. o'-vir-pds' (over, and pass), to neglect ; to 
overlook ; to pass away ; to cross or go over, as, he 
overpassed the limits, &c: o'verpas'sing, imp.: o'ver- 
passed', pp. -past', passed over or by ; passed away. 

overpay, v. o'ver-pa' (over, and pay), to pay too 
much ; to reward more than is due : o'verpay / ing,''imp. : 
o'verpaid', pp. -pad'. 

over-peopled, a. o'ver-pc'pld (over, and peeked), hav- 
ing too many inhabitants. 

overplus, n. o'-ver-plus (over, andL.^Zws, more), that 
which is over and above ; what remains after a pro- 
posed quantity. 

overpower, v. o'ver-pdxo'r (over, and power), to bear 
down or crush by superior force ; to vanquish : o'ver- 
pow'ering, imp.: adj. bearing down by superior force; 
subduing ; crushing: o'verpow'ered, pp. -pow'-rd: o'ver- 
pow eringly, ad. -li. 

overpress, v. o'-vir-prHs' (over, and press), to bear 
upon with irresistible force ; to crush. 

over-production, n. o'-vir-prd-duk'shiin (over, and 
production), excessive production; supply beyond 
actual demand. 

overrate, v. o'-vtr-rat' (over, and rate), to estimate 
at too high a value : o'verra'ting, imp. : o'verra'ted, 
pp. 

overreach, v. 6'vir-rech' (over, and reach), to extend 
or reach beyond ; to get the better of by cunning ; to 
cheat ; to bring the iiinder feet too far forward and 
strike them against the fore shoes, as a horse is apt 
sometimes to do : overreaching, imp.: adj. cheating : 
n. the act of cheating by cunning : o'verreached', pp. 
-rechf: overreach'er, n. one who cheats. 

override, v. o'-vir-rld' (over, and ride), to ride be- 
yond the strength of the horse : o'verri'ding, imp. : 
overridden, pp. -rhl'n, ridden to excess: to over- 
ride one's commission or power, to go beyond one's 
power or authority ; to use such arrogantly. 

over-ripe, a. o'vir-rlp' (over, and ripe), matured to 
excess : o'ver-ri pen, v. -rl'pn, to make too ripe. 

overrule, v. o'-o.'r-rui (<<ar, and rule), to control by 
superior authority ; to influence and control by an ir- 
resistible power ; to supersede or reject, as the plea 
was overruled by the court: overruling, imp.: adj. 
exerting superior and controlling power : overruled , 
pp. -r6ld'. 

overrun, v. 6've'r-rv7i' (over, and run), to cover all 
over; to spread over and take possession of; to grow 
all over or to excess, as noxious plants in a district of 
country ; to rove over in a hostile manner ; to ravage ; 
to overflow; in printing, to change the disposition of 
types by carrying those of one line into another ; to 
extend beyond the previous length by the insertion 
of new matter, as of a line or column : overrun ning, 
imp.: adj. spreading over; ravaging: o'verran, pt. 
■ran: o'verrun', pp. -run', grown over; ravaged. 

over-scrupulous, a. O'-vir-skro'-pu-lus (over, and 
scrupidous), too nice or exact. 

over-sea, a. 6'ver-se" (over, and sea), foreign ; from 
beyond the sea : ad. abroad. 

oversee, v. 6'ver-se' (over, and see), to superintend ; 
to inspect with care: overseer', n. -ser', one who 
superintends or manages an establishment, or some 
department of it ; a parish officer who superintends 
the parochial provision for its paupers : o'versee'ing, 
imp. overlooking or superintending. 

overset, v. o'-ver-sW (over, and set), to turn upon the 
side, or with bottom upwards; to overthrow; to sub- 
vert; to be turned over: o'verset'tiu a imp i| in 
turning upside down ; overthrowing ; subverting. 

overshadow, v. o'-ver-shdd'O (over, and shadow), to 
shelter or protect ; to cover with superior influence ; to 
throw a shad ow over anything : o'vershad'owing, imp. : 
o'vershad'owed, pp. -Od. 

overshoe, n. o'ver-shd (over, and shoe), a shoe worn 
over another— applied to a shoe of waterproof material; 
a golosh. 

overshoot, v. o'-ver-shdt' (over, and shoot), to shoot 
beyond the target ; to pass swiftly over ; to venture 
too far, as to overshoot one's self: o'vershot', pp. 
-sliot'; adj. having the water falling from above, as on 
the wheel of a mill driven by water. 

oversight, n. 6'ver-sit (over, and sight), a failing to 
notice; a mistake or neglect; an omission; an inad- 
vertence ; superintendence. 

oversman, n. 6'verz-man (over, and man), an over- 
seer or superintendent ; in Scotch law, an umpire ; one 
appointed to decide where two or more cannot agree 
on a decision. 



cow, boy, f Cot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



OVER 



412 



OX 



m, ad. 0'-ver-s6n' [over, and soon), too soon. 

overspread, v. 6'ver-spred'(over, and spread), to cover 
or scatter over ; to be scattered over. 

overstate, v. o'ver-stat' (over, and state), to state in 
too strong terms ; to exaggerate. 

overstep, v. o'ver- step' (over, and step), to exceed: 
o'verstep'ping, imp. exceeding proper bounds : o'ver- 



with more than is wanted or necessary : o'verstock - 
ing, imp. : overstocked', pp. -stokt'. 

overstrain, v. o'-ver-strdn' (over, and strain), to 
stretch too much or too far; to make too violent 
efforts : o'verstrain'ing, imp. : o'ver strained', pp. 
-strand': adj. strained or stretched beyond the pro- 
per limits. 

over-supply, n. o'-ver-sup-pli (over, and supply), an 
excessive supply ; a supply beyond demand. 

overt, a. o'-vert (F. ouvert, open : L. apertus, uncov- 
ered), open to view; public; apparent; manifest: 
overtly, ad. -IX. 

overtake, v. O'-v&r-tdV (over, and take), to come up 
with, as in pursuit or progress ; to catch ; to take by 
surprise : o'verta'king, imp. : o'vertook', pt. -took', 
did overtake: o'verta'ken, pp. -ta'-ka, come up with ; 
caught. 

overtask, v. o'-ver-tdsk' (over, and task), to require 
too much labour from, either mental or physical : 
o'vertask'ing, imp. : o'vertasked', pp. -tdskt'. 

overtax, v. 6-ver-tdks' (over, and tax), to tax too 
heavily. 

overthrow, v. o'ver-thro' (over, and throw), to turn 
upside down ; to demolish ; to vanquish ; to destroy : 
n. o'ver-thro, defeat ; downfall ; ruin : o'verthrow'ing, 
imp. : o'verthrew', pt. -thro', did overthrow : over- 
thrown', pp. -thronf. 

overtime, n. o'-ver-tim (over, and time), time em- 
ployed in labour beyond the usual hour. 

overtook— see overtake. 

overtop, v. o'-ver-top' (over, and top), to rise above ; 
to raise the head above; to excel; figuratively, to 
obscure by rising above : o'vertop'ping, imp. : o'ver- 
topped', pp. -tdpt'. 

overtrade, v. 6'ver-trad' (over, and trade), to pur- 
chase goods beyond the means of payment, or beyond 
the wants of the public ; to trade beyond one's capital : 
o'vertra'ding, imp.: n. the speculative purchasing of 
goods beyond the means of payment ; the act of glut- 
ting the market. 

overture, n. o'-ver-tur (F. ouverture, an opening: L. 
apertus, uncovered), a proposal; something offered 
for consideration or acceptance; the instrumental 
music performed before the commencement of an 
opera, &c. : v. in Scot., to transmit for consideration 
and acceptance, in a formal writing, some measure 
deemed of importance, by a lower to a higher ecclesias- 
tical court : n. the document so transmitted, which, 
when received by the Genei-al Assembly of the Scotch 
Church from a presbytery, may be transmitted by it 
to other presbyteries for their consideration before 
being finally adjudicated on : o'verturing, imp. : o'ver- 
tured, pp. -turd. 

overturn, v. o'-ver-tern' (over, and turn), to subvert 
or overthrow: n. the state of being overthrown or 
subverted: o'verturn'ing, imp.: overturned', pp. 
-ternd'. 

overvalue, v. o'-ver-vdl'-u (over, and value), to rate 
at too high a price. 

overween, v. o'-ver-wen' (over, and ween), to think 
too highly or conceitedly: o'verween'ing, imp. : adj. 
that thinks too highly ; conceited ; vain : o'verween'- 
ingly, ad. -II. 

overweigh, v. o'-ver-wa' (over, and weigh), to exceed 
in weight; to overbalance: o'verweigh'ing, imp.: 
o'verweighed', pp. -wad' : o'verweight, n. -mat, a 
greater weight ; a weight beyond the prescribed or 
legal weight. 

overwhelm, v. 6'ver-hwSlm' (over, and whelm), to 
crush with something that covers or embraces the 
whole ; to submerge or immerse ; to overpower or sub- 
due: o'verwhelm'ing, imp.: adj. overpowering or 
crushing with weight or numbers: overwhelmed', 
pp. -hwelmd': o'verwhelm'ingly, ad. -II. 

over-wise, a. o'-vir-n \ • , un'i < . i i ■ > < i ' 
wise : over-wisely, ad. -II. 

overwork, n 6'vi r <>■ </ [over, and work), excessive 
labour: v. 6-ver-werK, to cause to labour beyond 
strenjrth or capacity ; to tire : overworking, imp. : 
overworked', pp. -wtrkt', also overwrought', pp. a. 



rawt', laboured to excess ; worked so as to fatigue and 
exhaust ; worked all over. 

over-zealous, a. o'-ver-zel'-us (over, and zealous), 
eager to excess. 

ovicular, a. o-vlk'-u-ler (L. ovum, an egg), pert, to an 
egg; e^g-shaped. 

Ovidian, a. o-vxd'-l-dn, resembling Ovid, the anc. 

ioet, or his poetry. 

oviduct, n. o'-vl-dukt (L. ovum, an egg, and ducfum, 
to lead, to conduct), the passage for the egg in ani- 
mals. 

oviferous, a. C-vlf'-er-us (L. ovum, an egg, and fero, 
I bear), egg-carrying, applied to such animals as 

piil. i ' i h;;i,< ; . ■. : -- 1 > ■ . i ■ i / ii I '■ ". ; • '. ■ ' ■■ ii<-f < 

elusion ; also ovigerous, a. o-vij'-tr ■ 
same sense. 

oviform, a. O'-vl-fawrm (L. ovum, an egg, and forma, 
shape), egg-shaped. 

ovile, a. o'-vil, also ovine, a. o'-vln (L. ovis, a sheep), 
pert, to or consisting of sheep. 

oviparous, a. c 



oviposit, v. o'vi-poz'U (L. ovum, an egg, and post- 
turn, to place), to lay eggs : o'vipos'iting, imp.: o'vi- 
pos'ited, pp.: o'vipos'iting, n., also o'vipositi'on, n. 
■po-zlsh'-un, the laying or depositing of eggs : o'vipos'- 
ltor, n. -poz'-l- ter, the instrument or organ terminating 
the abdomen by which an insect deposits its eggs. 

ovisac, n. 6'vi-suk (L. ovum., an egg, and saccus, a 
bag), the egg-hug or membrane which connects in one 
mass the eggs, spawn, or roe of crustaceans and 
many insects ; the cavity in the ovary containing the 

ovoid, a. o'-voyd, also ovoidal, a. 6-vdyd'dl (L. ovum, 
an egg, and Gr. eidos, form or shape), having a shape 
resembling an egg : o'void, n. a solid with an ovate 
figure. 

ovolo, n. 6-vo-lO (It. ovolo, a wave, an ogee— from 
L. ovum, an egg), in arch., a round or convex mould- 
ing, frequently cut with representations of eggs. 

ovology, n. 0-v6l'-6-jl (L. ovum, an egg, and Gr. lo- 
gos, discourse), the branch of natural science which 
i i-i :m c,i Hie o] igin and fund Ions of eggs. 

ovo viviparous, a. O'-vO-vl-vip'-d-rus (L. ovum, an egg, 
viv us, alive, and pario, I produce), producing eggs 
containing the young alive, as several animals do. 

ovule, n. o'-vul, also o'vulum, n. -vu-lum (dim. of L. 
ovum, an egg: F. ovule), in hot., the body borne by 
the placenta of a plant which gradually changes into 
a seed : the seed contained in the ovary. 

ovulites, n. plu. o'-vn-litz (L. ovum, an egg, and Gr. 



, _.. jgg), 

mal body where the development of the foetus takes 
place ; in arch., an egg-shaped ornament. 

owe, v. o (Goth, aigan, to possess ; aihts, posses- 
sions: Ger. eigen; AS. agen; Scot main, what is 
possessed by any one, own), to be indebted to ; to be 
obliged or bound to pay : owing, imp. 6-ing, due, as 
a debt; imputable to; ascribable, as to a cause; con- 
sequential: owed, pp. od: own, a. on, belonging to, 
or that belongs to; peculiar; possessed; used after 
the poss. pronouns, my, thy, his, her, our, your, their, 
to render them emphatic, as our own: v. to hold or 
possess by right ; to avow ; to confess : owning, imp. 
on'-lng: owned, pp. ond, possessed; avowed; con- 
fessed : owner, n. On'-er, the rightful proprietor : own- 
ership, n. propriei,<ivs']i)p, rightful or just claim or 
title. Note.— "To own a thing is to claim it as pos- 
sessed by one's self: to owe money is an elliptical ex- 
pression for having it to pay to another, or possessing 
it for another. A Yorkshire man says, 'Who owes 
this?' meaning, 'who is the possessor of this?' 'to 
whom does this belong?' "—Wedgeivood. 

owl, n. owl (AS. vie; L. ulula, an owl— from the cry 
of the bird), a well-known bird which flies during the 
night, and hoots or howls: owlish, a. owl'ish, also 
owl-like, a. -lik, resembling an owl : owlet, n. owl'-et, 
an owl ; a young owl. 

own— see under owe. 

ox, n. oks, plu. oxen, oks'-n (AS. oxa; Dan. oxe ; Lap. 
wuoksa; Turk, ogys, an ox), a general name for ani- 
mals of the bovine or cow kind; strictly, a gelded 
male at or near his full growth : ox-like, a. like an ox : 
ox-bow, the yoke for an ox : ox-eyed, a. having large 
eyes like the ox : ox-gall, the bitter fluid secreted by 



mate, mdt,/dr, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



OXAL 



413 



PACI 



the liver of the ox, used for scouring cloth, and by 
artists after being refilled: ox-gang (Scot, and prow 
En,-. 17(1/10, to go), as much land as an ox can plough 
during the proper season, reckoned from 15 to 20 
acres: ox-stall, a covered place for oxen: oxlip, n. 
Oks'-llp, a British plant growing about the hedges and 
borders of fields— so called from the fancied resem- 
blance of the flowers to The lips of an ox. 

oxalate, n. ote'd-lat (L. oxalis, a kind. of sorrel), in 
diem., a salt of oxalic acid: oxalic, a. oks-Cil'-lk, pert. 
to sorrel, or from it : oxalic acid, a dry poisonous acid 
chiefly manufactured from wood-sawdust : oxalis, n. 
Oks'-d-lls, a genus of plants having an acid taste; the 
common wood-sorrel : ox'alite, n. -lit, a native oxalate 
of iron, round in the brown coal of Germany. 

oxamide, n. oks'd-mid (L. oxalis, a kind of sorrel, 
and Eng. ammonia), a white substance, the product 
of the destructive distillation of oxalate of ammonia: 
oxam'icacid, -dm'-lk-, a certain acid. 

oxide, n. oks'ld (Gr. oxus, sour, acid; oxos, vinegar: 
F. oxide), a compound of oxygen without the proper- 
ties of an acid, as the rust of iron: oxidable, a, oks'-i- 
dd-bl, capable of being converted into an oxide: ox- 
idate, v. oks'l-ddt, to convert into an oxide: oxida- 
ting, imp.: oxidated, pp.: ox'ida'tor, n. -dd'tir, a con- 
trivance for throwing a current of air on the flame of 
anargand lamp; also called oxygenator: oxidation, 
n. -shun, the process of converting metals and other 
substances into oxides: ox'idise, v. -diz, to convert 
into an oxide ; to become an oxide : ox idi'sing, imp.: 
oxidised, pp. -dlzd: adj. converted into an acid by 
combination with oxygen : ox'idi'sable, a. -dl'zd-bl, 
capable of being oxidised: ox'idi ser, n. -zir, that which 
oxidises. 

oxter, n. Sks'ter (AS. oxtan, the armpits), in Scot. 
and also prov. Eng., the armpit. 

oxygen, n. dks'4-jen (Gr. oxus, acid, and gennao, I 
generate or produce), that elementary gaseous body 
which gives to air its power of supporting respiration 
and combustion, and which, by its union with hydro- 
gen, forms water: oxygenate, v. -dt, to cause to com- 
bine with oxygen : oxygenating, imp. : ox'ygena- 
ted, pp.: ox'ygena'tion.n. -d'shun, the act or process of 
combining with oxygen : oxygenator, n. -d'tir, the 
same as oxidator— see under oxide : ox'ygenise', v. 
-lz', to unite, or to cause to unite, with oxygen ; to 
convert into an oxide : bx'ygeni'sing, imp.: ox'ygen- 
ised', pp. -Izd'-. ox ygeni'ser, n. -zir, that which oxy- 
genises: ox'ygeni'sable, a. -zd-bl, that may be oxy- 
genised: oxygenous.a.. okslj'en-us, pert, to or obtained 
lrom oxygen. 



oxyhydrogen, a. oks'l-hi'-dro-jSn (Gr. oxus, acid, 
and Eng. hydrogen), applied to a blowpipe in which a 
mixture of oxygen and hydrogen is employed to pro- 
duce intense heat. 

oxymel, n. oks'-l-mel (Gr. oxus, ; 
a mixture of vinegar and honey. 

oxymoron, n. oks'-l-mo'-ron (Gr. oxus, acid, sharp, and 
moros, dull, stupid), a figure of speech in which an epi- 
thet of quite an opposite signification is added to a 
word, as, a wooden milestone, a cruel kindness. 

oxyopia, n. 6k$ : i-G'-j>i-d (t;r. oxus, acid, sharp, and 
opsis, sight), preternaturally acute vision. 

oxyphone, n. oks-lj'-o-ne (Gr. oxus, acid, sharp, and 
phone, the voice), acuteness or shrillness of voice. 

oxysalt, n. Oks-hsauit (,>.<ii,/rn, and salt), a salt into 
the composition of which oxygen enters. 

oxytone, a. oks'i-ton (Gr. oxus, acid, sharp, and 
tonos, a tone), having an acute sound: n. an acute 
sound. 

oyer, n. 6'yer (Norm, oyer; F. ouir, to hear), a hear- 
ing or trial of causes in law : oyer and terminer, -tir' 
min-ir (F. to hear and determine), the court consti- 
tuted by a commission to hear and determine causes. 

oyes, int. o-yes' (Norm, oyez, hear ye, imp. of oyer, to 
hear), the introductory cry of an official connected 
with a court of law, requiring silence or attention. 

oylet, n. dy'-let (F. millet, little eye), an eyelet; a scar 
resembling an eyelet-hole. 

oyster, n. oys'tir (Ger. auster; L. ostrea; Gr. ostreon, 
an oyster), a well-known bivalve, shell-fish, much es- 
teemed as a delicacy : oys'terling, n. a little oyster : 
oyster-bed, a breeding-place for oysters; a bank in a 
tidal river or other water on or near the sea where 
oysters are fattened for sale : oyster-patty, a pasty 
with oysters baked: oyster-shell, the shell or cover- 
ing of the oyster. 

ozaena, n. o-ze'nd (L. ozccna; Gr. ozaina, an offen- 
sive ulcer in the nose— from Gr. oze, a stench), a fetid 
ulcer, situated in the nose. 

ozokerite, n., also ozocerite, n. oz'o-kcr'it (Gr. ozo, 
I smell, and keros, wax), one of the mineral resins or 
fatty matters occurring in shales of the Coal forma- 
tion. 

ozone, n. O'-zon (Gr. ozo, I smell), a supposed modi- 
fication of oxygen, developed by electrical action in 
thunder-storms, &c, and which emits a peculiar 
odour: ozonised, a. O'zOn-'izd, charged with or con- 
taining ozone: ozonometer, n. 0'z6n-6m'-e-tir (Gr. 
metron, a measure), a test employed to detect the pre- 
sence of ozone in the atmosphere, and the relative 
quantity contained in it. 



pabulum, n. pdb'-u-lum (L. pabulum— from vasco, 
I feed: Sp. pabulo), nourishment; that which feeds ; 
food; fuel: pab'ular, a. -lir, also pab'ulous, a. -lus, 
pert, to food: pab'ula'tion, n. -la-shun, the act of 
feeding. 

paca, n. pd'-kd (Port, pac.a), a small animal of S. 
Amer. of a blackish-brown colour spotted with white. 

pacchionian bodies, n. phi. puk'-ki-o'ni-dnbod'-lz 
(after Pacchioni, an Italian anatomist), in anat., small, 
round, fleshy-looking elevations found on the external 
surface of the dura-mater. 

pace, n. pas (F. pas; L. passus; It. passo, a step), a 
step ; a stride or stretch between the two feet in walk- 
ing, equal to about two and a half feet ; a measure of 
five feet ; manner of walking ; a particular movement 
which horses are taught; degree of celerity: v. to 
measure by steps or paces ; to walk slowly or delibe- 
rately: pacing, imp.: paced, pp. past: adj. having a 
particular or deliberate manner of walking, as slow- 
paced, applied to horses; trained in any course or 
movement, as a horse : pa'cer, n. -sir, one who steps 
or paces : Roman pace, about 581 Eng. inches : great 
pace, a rapid rate of movement, as in walking: slow- 
paced, a. not prompt or quick: thorough-paced, a. 
complete in all respects ; going all lengths : to keep 
or hold pace with, to keep up with ; to move as fast as. 

Pacha, n. pd-shd' (F. pacha; Pers. pasha— from pad, 
powerful, and shah, king: Ar. basha), in the Turkish 
empire, the viceroy or governor of a province : pa- 
chalic, n. pd-shdl'-ik, the province or government of 
a Pacha: adj. pert, to a Pacha. 

paohycarpous, a. pdk'-l-kdr'-pus (Gr. pachus, thick, 



and karpos, fruit), in hot., having the pericarp very 
thick. 

pachycormous, a. pdk'X-kor'mus (Gr. pachus, thick, 
fleshy, and komms, a trunk), in geol., denoting a genus 
of fossil sauroid fishes having thick bodies. 

pachydermata, n. plu. yak-l-dir'-iuu-td, alsopachy'- 
derms, n. plu. -dirms (Gr. pachus, thick, and derma, 
a skin— gen. dermatos), an order of animals distin- 
guished by the thickness of their skins, or having 
hoofs, as the elephant and horse, and many fossil 
animals: pachydermatous, a. -dir'-md-tus, thick- 
skinned. 

pachyopterous, a. pdV-i-op'-ter-us (Gr. pachus, thiclr, 
&i\dpteron, awing), thick- winged. 

pachypteris, n. pdk-lp>'-tir-is{(ir. pachus, thick, and 
pteris, a fern), a genus of fossil ferns, so named from 
tl r thick rigid leaflets. 

pachyrhizodus, n. pdk'i-riz'd-dus (Gr. pachus, thiclr, 
rhiza, a root, and odous, a tooth), a genus of fossil 
fish having circular teeth thick at the base. 

pachyspondylus, n. pdk'l-spon'didus (Gr. pachuc, 
thick, and spondulos, a joint of the backbone), a 
generic term applied to the fossil vertebrae of certain 
<■..:■■ .'•:.■ io-ii:,., ,,;,; .. 

pacific, a. pd-sif'-ik (L. pacificus, peacemaking— 
from pax, peace— gen. pads, and facio, I make : It. 
pacifico : F. pacifigue) i onciliatory ; 

appeasing ; calm : Pacific or Pacific Ocean, the ocean 
lying between Asia and Amer.: pacifically, ad. -kdl-ll: 
pacif ica'tion, n. -kd'shun, the act of peacemaking : 
pacif ica'tor, n. -kd'ter. one who makes peace : pacif - 
ica'tory, n. -ka'-tir-i, tending to make peace : pacify, 



cole, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



PACI 



414 



PAIN 



v. pds'l-fl (F. pacifier ; L. pacificare, to pacify), to re- 
store peace to ; to quiet or appease ; to allay excite- 
ment or agitation; to soothe; to tranquillise : pac'- 
ifying, imp. : pacified, pp. -l-fld: pac'ifier, n. -fi-er, 
one who pacifies or quiets. 

pacinian bodies, n. plu. pd-sin'i-dn hod'lz (after 
Pacini, an Italian anatomist), minute oval bodies at- 
tached to the extremities of the nerves of the hands 
and feet, and other parts. 

pack, n. pdk (Dut. pak, a bundle: L. pango, I 
fasten or make fast ; pactum, to fasten or make fast : 
Esthon. pakima Fin pakkata, to stuff, to cram), a 
bundle or bale tied up for convenient carriage ; a load ; 
a set of playing cards ; a body of hounds for hunt- 
ing; a number of persons confederated, in an ill 
sense: v. to bind together tightly and firmly; to 
place in close order ; to select and put together per- 
sons for an un}ust object, as to pack a jury ; to tie up 
goods for carriage; to go or send off in a hurry: 
packing, imp. binding in a bundle; pressing to- 
gether in a box or barrel, as herrings : n. the act 
of binding together in a bundle ; material used in 
making water or air tight: packed, pp. pdkt: adj. 
bound or pressed together; sent off; selected and put 
together for a particular purpose, usually in a bad 
sense : pack'er, n. -er, one who packs goods : pack'age, 
n. -aj, a bundle or bale of goods : pack'et, n. -6t, a small 
pack or parcel of loose papers or letters ; a vessel 
regularly sailing between two or more ports for the 
conveyance of letters, passengers, and light goods; 
also called a packet-boat or packet-ship : pack-cloth, 
cloth for packing : pack-horse, a horse formerly em- 
ployed in carrying goods from place to place on its 
back: pack-horseman, a pedlar carrying a pack on 
horseback: pack-ice, in the polar regions, an assem- 
blage of large pieces of floating ice : packing-case, a 
deal or other box for protecting heavy goods in trans- 
port: pack-load, the average load an animal can 
carry on its back : packman, one who carries a load of 
articles on sale from place to place ; a pedlar : pack- 
saddle, a saddle suited for carrying loads on : pack- 
sheet, a strong coarse material for packing goods 
in; a large cover for goods in a waggon: pack- 
thread, strong thread or twine for making up packs. 

packfong, n. pdk'-Jong, in China, a white alloy of 
arsenic and copper ; German-silver. 

packwax, n. pak'waks {pack, and wax), a large 
tendon of a yellowish colour in the neck of animals. 

paco, w.pd'-ko, also pacos, n.pa'koz (Peruvian, paco), 
the alpaca; the Peruvian name for an earthy-brown 
oxide of iron, containing minute particles of native 
silver. 

pact, n. pdkt, also paction, n. pdk'shun (L. pacisco, 
I agree, I stipulate; pactum, an agreement: F. pacte), 
a contract ; an agreement : pactional, a. -dl, by way 
of agreement. 

pad, n. pad (Dut. pad, a path: Low Ger. pad, the 
sole of the foot; pedden, to tread: Fin. padet, a foot- 
path), a robber who infests a road on foot, usually in 
the form footpad; an easy-paced horse: v. to travel 
slowly ; to rob on foot. 

pad, n. pad (Fin. padja, a long sort of pillow: Dut. 
pakje, a packet : Sp. paja, straw, chaff), a flat cushion ; 
a soft saddle : v. to stuff with padding ; to impregnate 
cloth with a mordant : pad' ding, imp.: n. the material 
used for stuffing ; the stuffing of a coat, saddle, and 
the like ; the act of imbuing with a mordant : pad'ded, 
pp.: adj. stuifed with a soft substance. 

paddle, v. pdd I (B patrouiller or patouiller, to pad- 
dle or dabble with the feet : Bav. patschen, to tramp : 
Low Ger. patsch, mud; pladern, to paddle), to play in 
the water with the hands and feet ; to beat the water, 
as with oars ; to propel by an oar or paddle : n. a 
broad short oar used in propelling light boats : pad- 
dles, n. plu. -lz, the broad hoards at the circumfer- 
ence of a water-wheel : pad'dling, imp. -ling : pad'- 
dled, pp. -Id: pad'dler, n. -ler, one who paddles: 
paddle-boards, the flat boards for catching the water, 
placed around a water-wheel: paddle-box, the struc- 
ture confining the paddle-wheel of a steamboat : 
paddle-staff, an instrument used to clear the plough- 
share: paddle-wheel, the wheel of a steamboat : pad- 
dle-wheel steamer, a steamer propelled by paddle- 
wheels. 

paddock, n. pdd'-ok (AS. pearroc, an enclosure), a 
small enclosed ,>:>) I ;■« i.j< a i a hie or mansion. 

paddock, n. pad'ok (Icel. padda; It. ootta, a toad), 
a frog ; a toad : paddock-stool, a mushroom or other 
. fungus. 

mate, mdt,fdr, law; mete, met 



Paddy, n. pdd'ctt (corrupted from St Patrick), a 
familiar name for an Irishman. 

paddy, n. pdd'dl, in E. Indies, rice in the husk : 
paddy-field, a field under rice cultivation. 

padelion, n. pdd'e-li'On (F. pas de lion, foot of the 
lion), a plant called lion's-foot. 

padelle, n. pa-del', also padella, n. pd-dSl'-ld (It. 
padella ; F. padelin, a frying-pan, a vessel for melting 
glass in), a large cup or deep saucer containing fatty 
matter and a short thick wick, used for the purposes 
of illumination on the occasion of a rejoicing, and 
suchlike : padelles', n. plu. -delz', also padel'las, n. 
plu. -Idz. 

Padisha, n. pd-de'-sha (Pers. Padishah— from pad, 
protector, and shah, kingj, one of the titles of the Sul- 
tan of Turkey, and of the b reign of Persia. 

padlock, ii. pdd'lok (old Eng. pad, a gate, and Eng. 
lock, being a lock for a pad or gate opening to a.path : 
mid. L. pedana, a clog, a chain to tether the foot of an 
animal), a lock hanging like a clog to an animal's 
foot ; a portable lock with a link for putting through 
an eye or a staple : v. to shut ; to confine : padlock- 
ing, imp. : padlocked, pp. -lokt. 

paean, n. pe'-dn (Gr. paion, a hymn in honour of 
Apollo), a song of triumph : paeon, n. pe'-on, in anc. 
poetry, a foot of four syllables. 

paedobaptist— see pedobaptist. 

pagan, n. pd'-gdn (L. pagus, a village ; paganus, a 
countryman, the villages having continued heathen 
after the cities had become Christian : It. pagano), one 
who is not a Christian, a Jew, or a Mohammedan: 
adj. heathenish : pa'ganish, a. -ish, pert, to pagans ; 
heathenish: pa'ganise, v. -lz, to turn or convert t" 



heathenism ; the worship of the whole human race 
except that portion which has embraced Christianity, 
Judaism, and Mohammedanism. 

page, n. pai (F. page; Dut. pagie; It. paggio, a 
serving-boy : Gr. paid', a child : Gael, paisde, a little 
boy or girl), a boy who attends on a great person, but 
who is not a menial; a boy who attends on a person 
of rank or affluence, and who is a menial. 

page, n. pidj (L. jjagina, the page or leaf of a book— 
from pango, I fasten : It. pagina : F. page), one side 
of the leaf of a book : pages, n. plu. pd'-j6z, a book or 
writing: v. to mark or number in pages: pa'ging, 
imp. : n. the making up into pages ; the marking or 
numbering the pages of a book : paged, pp. pajd. 

pageant, n. pdf-ent (Gr. and L. pegma, a piece 
of wooden machinery for suddenly removing and 
showing the players: mid. L. pagina, a machine for 
an exhibition, the exhibition itself), a gorgeous or 
splendid show ; anything intended for mere pomp or 
display ; anything showy without stability : adj. - 
showy; ostentatious; superficial: pageantry, n. puj- 
Sn-trl, ostentatious show or display. 

pagina, n. pd'-ji-na (L. pagina, a page or leaf), in 
hot., the surface of a leaf; any flat surface. 

pagoda, n. pd-go'-dd, also pagod, n. pa-god (Port. 
pagao, a pagan ; pagode, an assembly of idolaters, a 
temple of the Indians— a probable corruption of Hind. 
ohagavati, a sacred house), a Hindoo temple contain- 
ing an idol; the idol itself: pagoda-stone, the name 
given in China to a limestone containing tapering 
fossil shells, so called because when cut and polished 
they appear as a iap ( m ...; oda: pagodite, n. pd'-go- 
dlt, the stone which the Chinese carve into ornamen- 
tal figures and pagodas ; figure-stone. 

pagurian, n.-pd-gu'-ri-dnCL. pagurus ; Gr. paqouros, 
a species of crab-fish), the hermit-crab, having the 
well-known habit of appropriating the deserted shells 
of whelks and other univalves for the protection of its 
defenceless abdomen : pagurus, n. pd-gu'-rus, the sys- 
tematic name of the tribe of crustaceans of which the 
hermit-crab is the type. 

paid— see pay. 
" pd'gl, 
keness 
stuck in the germ), the cowslip. 

pail, n. pal (W. paeol, a pail or pot: Gr. pella, a 
- "Ik-pail: It. padella pan Sp. paila, a basin), an 



open vessel with a moving handle a 1 1 ached to the rim 
in two places, used for carrying liquids: pailful, n. 
pdl'fdbl, the quantitj bhal a pai] will hold; plu. pail- 



paillasse, n. pdl-yds' (F. paillasse, a straw-bed— from 
paille, straw), an under mattress of straw. 

pain, n. pan (F. peine, pain, penalty : Dut. pijne ; 
her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



PAIN 



415 



PALE 



Ger. pein, pain, trouble : W. poen ; Gael, plan, pain, 
punishment: Icel. pina, to torment, to punish: L. 
poena; Gr. poine, penalty, punishment), the sensation 
of uneasiness, distress, or torture in animals ; uneasi- 
ness of mind ; mental suffering- ; penalty ; punishment 
denounced or suffered : v. to torture ; to distress ; to ren- 
der uneasy in body or mind ; to trouble ; to grieve : 
pains, n. plu. pdnz, work ; toil ; laborious or diligent 
effort ; the throes of travail : paining, imp. : pained, 
pp. panel : pain'ful, a. -fool, giving or causing pain ; 
nuserable; laborious: painfully, ad. -li: pain'ful- 
ness, n. -nis, the quality or condition of being pain- 
ful: painless, a. -ICs, free from pain: painlessly, ad. 
■II : painlessness, n. -n8s, the state or quality of being 
without pain: painstaking, a. pdnz'-td-king {pains, 
and taking), industrious; laborious: n. careful and 
conscientious exertion : pains 'taker, n. one who takes 
pains: bill of pains and penalties, in Eng. hist., a 
species of process, by bringing a bill into Parliament, 
employed to inflict punishment on State offenders out 
of the ordinary course of justice, the latest example of 
which was the bill of paiiis and penalties against 
Queen Caroline, 1820. 

paint, v.. pant (L. pictum, to paint : F. peint, to paint : 
old F. paint, painted: Sp. pintar, to paint), acolouring 
substance ; a pigment : v. to represent by colours or 
images ; to coverwith acolour or colours ; to represent 
to the mind; to describe; to lay colours on the face: 
painting, imp. pdnt'lng: n. the art of laying on 
colours, or of representing objects by delineations and 
colours ; a picture ; a painted resemblance : paint'ed, 
pp. : painter, n. -er, one who paints ; a rope used 
to fasten a boat to a ship or other object : painters' 
colic, a disease, terminating in palsy and mental im- 
becilitj*, peculiar to painters and workers in lead: 
painter-stainer, a painter of coats of arms. 

pair, n. par (F. paire, a pair: L. par; It. pare, 
equal, alike), two of a sort ; a couple ; a man and his 
wife : v. to couple ; to suit ; to assort together in twos, 
as being similar or adapted to each other; to unite in 
couples : pair ing, imp. : paired, pp. pdrd : to pair 
off, to separate from a company in pairs ; in Parlia- 
ment, applied to two members of opposite political 
opinions when they agree to absent themselves from 
divisions of the House for a specified time in order to 
neutralise each other"s votes; the term is similarly 
applied, to electors, &c, of opposite views who agree 
mutually to refrain from voting: pairing off , imp. : 
paired off, pp. : pairing-time, the season when birds 
couple. 

palace, n. pdl' as (F. palais, a palace— from L. Pala- 
Hum, one of the hills on which Rome was built, and 
on which stood the residence of Augustus), a mag- 
nificent house in which a sovereign or a great person 
resides; any . : palace-court, a court 

formerly having jurisdiction over a circuit of twelve 
miles around Whitehall : palace-yard, the open space 
within or around a palace. 

paladin, n. pdl- d- din (It. paladino: F. paladin), the 
knights of the round table were thepalaains of Arthur 
or Charlemagne, whence, "a brave warrior"; a knight- 
errant. 

palaechinus, n. pd'-le-ki'nus, also palaechinidae, n. 
plu. pdl'e-kin'i-de (Gr. palaios, ancient, and echinos, 
a sea-urchin), in geol., a genus or family of fossil sea- 
urchins, found in the Carboniferous limestone. 

palaeogean, a. pa'-le-o-je'-dn (Gr. palaios, ancient, 
and ge, the earth), pert, to the former conditions of 
the earth's surface, as revealed by geology,— distinct 
from the present surface of the globe, as described by 
geography. 

palaeography, n. pd'le-og'rd-f I (Gr. palaios, ancient, 
and grapho, I write), ancient inscriptions and writings ; 
the art of deciphering them: palaeograph'ic, a. -o-grdf- 
ik, also palaeograph'ical, a. -i-kdl, pert, to pah" 



inscriptions and writings. 

palaeolithic, a. pd'le-o-lWi'-ik (Gr. palaios, ancient, 
and lithos, a stone), a term applied to the earliest por- 
tion of the pre-historic stone period. 

palaeology, n. pd'le-ol'-o-jl (Gr. palaios, ancient, 
and logos, discourse), the science or knowledge of an- 
tiquities : palaeol'ogist, n. -jlst, one versed in. 

palaeoniscu; k&s (Gr. palaios, ancient, 

andGr. oniskos; L. oniscus, a millepede), in geol., a 
genus of fossil fishes belonging to the great ganoid 
order, and found in the Carboniferous and Permian 
formations. 



palaeontology, n. pd'le-on-tol'o-ji (Gr. palaios, an- 
cient, onta, beings, and logos, discourse), that science 
or subdivision of geology which treats of the plants 
and animals found fossil in the crust of the earth: 
pa laeontologlcal.a.-to-Z'^i-M?, pert, to palaeontology: 
palaeontologist, n. -tol'-o-jist, one versed in palaeon- 
tology. 

palaeophytology, n. pd'le-df'i-tdl'6-ji (Gr. palaios, 
ancient, phut on, a plant, and logos, discourse), the 
science that treats of fossil plants or vegetable re- 
mains—a branch of palaeontology. 

palaeosaurus, n. pd'-le-o-saTc'riis (Gr. palaios, an- 
cient, and sauros, a lizard), a term applied to certain 
reptilian remains louud in the Permian strata. 

palaeosiren, n. pd'le-6-sl'ren (Gr. palaios, ancient, 
and Gr. seiren; L. siren, a mermaid), in geol., a fossil 
reptile from the Lower Permian, so called! from its ap- 
parent affinity to the existing salamander. 

palaeospalax, n. pd'-lc-os'-pd-ldks (Gr. j^alaios, an- 
cient, and spalax, a mole), in geol. , a Post-tertiary mam- 
mal of the mole kind. 

palaeotherium, n. pa'le-6-the-rl-um (Gr. palaios, 
ancient, and tlurimi, a wild beast), in geol., a, fossil 
pachydermatous or thick-skinned animal, found in the 
Eocene Tertiaries. 

palaeoxylon, n. pd'le-oks'Uon (Gr. palaios, ancient, 
and xulon, the stump of a tree), in geol., a name ap- 
plied to certain coniferous-like steins found in the 
Coal-measures. 

palaeozoic, a. pd'le-o-zo'ik (Gr. palaios, ancient, and 
zoe, life), in geol., a term applied to t lie lowest division 
of stratified groups in which the earliest-known forms 
of life appear. 

palaeozoology, n. pd'le-o-zo-dl'6-jl (Gr. palaios, an- 
cient, zoon, an animal, and logos, discourse), that 
branch of palaeontology which treats of fossil animal 

palaestra, n. pd-les'trd (Gr. palaistra, a place for 
wrestling— from palaio, I wrestle), the place of wrest- 
ling; exercises of wrestling: palaestrian, a. pa-lCs'-trl- 
an, also palaestric, a. pddes'-trlk, pert, to the art of 
wrestling. 

palaetiology, n. pd-le'shl-ol'6-jl (Gr. palaios, ancient, 
aitia, cause, and logon, discourse, reason), the science 
which explains, by the law of causation, the past con- 
dition and the changes of the earth: palae'tiologlcal, 
a. -0-IOj- i-kdl, connect edwith or relating to palaetiology: 
palae'tiol'ogist, n. -ol'-o-jist, one versed in. Note. — 
Some authors spell the preceding words with e instead 
of 02 diphthong, -having regard to the etymology, 02 
is the proper spelling. 

palagonite, n. pdl-dg'-6-?M (from Palagonia, in Sici- 
ly), a peculiar rock-product of a yellowish-brown col- 
our oeeuri'ing near modern volcanoes. 

palanquin, n., also palankeen, n.pdl-dng-kcn'(H.md. 
palkee: F. palanquin), in China and India, a covered 
conveyance borne on the shoulders of men, fitted for 
one person only. 

palapteryx, n. pd-ldp'-tir-lks (Gr. palaios, ancient, 
a. without, nn&pterux, awing), in geol., ananc. gigan- 
tic bird found sub-fossil in the river-silts of New Zea- 
land, so named from its affinity to the existing apteryx 
or wingless bird of that country. 

palate, n.pjdl'-dt (L. palatus, the palate or roof of 
the mouth : It. palato), the upper part or roof of the 
mouth ; the organ of taste ; taste or relish ; intellec- 
tual taste ; in hot., the projecting portion of the under 
lip of personate flowers: palatable, a. pdl'-d-td-bl, 
pleasant to the taste; savoury: pal'atably, ad. -bit: 
pal'atableness, n. -td-U-nes, the quality of being 
agreeable to the taste : palatal, a. pdl'-d-tdl, uttered or 
formed by aid of the palate : n. a letter pronounced by 
the aid of the palate. 

palatial, a. pd-ld'-shi-dl (L. palatitim, an imperial 
abode— see palace), becoming a palace ; royal; noble. 

palatine, n. pdl'-d-tin (L. palatinus, of or belonging 
to the imperial abode : It. palatino, palatine), a noble 
invested with royal privileges : adj. pert, to a palace ; 
possessing royal privileges: palatinate, n. -i-nat, the 
province of a palatine. 

palato, pd-ld'-to (L. palatus, the roof of the mouth, 
or the palate), a prefix in many medical terms, signify- 
ing connection with the palate. 

palaver, n. pd-ld'-ver (Sp. palabra, a word, a pro- 
mise), superfluous or idle talk; in Africa, a public 
deliberation or conference : v. to deceive by words ; to 
humbug; to talk one over: pala'vering, imp.: n. idle 
superfluous talk : palavered, pp. -verd. 

pale, a. pdl (L. palleo, I am pale: F. palir, to grow 



cow, boy,fcfot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, iftere, zeal. 



PALE 4] 

pale ; pale, pale), pallid ; deficient in colour ; white of 
look; of faint lustre; dim; used in many compounds, 
as pale-eyed, pale-faced, pale-looking ■. v. to turn pale 
or wan; to become pale: paling, imp.: paled, pp. 
paid: palely, ad. -II: paleness, n. pal'nes, the quality 
or condition of being pale; want of freshness ; a sickly 
whiteness of 1 nil 

ale, a light-coloured bitter ale. 

pale, n. pal (L. pulus , It. palo, a pole, a stake: Sp. 
polo, a stick: Ger. pfahl, a pile, a stake: F. palls, a 
i i liiri- I '1,1 it ion of board), 

a narrow-pointed piece of board fixed in the ground, 
or nailed to a rail, or both, used to enclose grounds 
and parks ; that which encloses or fences in ; the space 
enclosed by rails ; limits or limited territory ; in her., a 
broad perpendicular stripe in an escutcheon ; a cheese- 
scoop; used figuratively, as within the pale of the 
Church: v. to enclose: paling, imp. pa'-llng, enclosing 
with pales : n. a fence or barrier formed with pales ; 
the materials for erecting a fence or barrier of pales : 
paled, pv.pald: English pale, in Eag. hist., the limits 
or territory around Dublin within which alone the 
English could be said to rule for a lengthened period 
after their invasion of Ireland, a.d. 1172. 

palea, n. plu. pa'le-d, also pales, n. plu. palz (L. 
palea, chaff: F. paille), in hot., a name given to the 
small scale-plates, like chaff, in the receptacles of 
some composite flowers; the part of the flower of 
grasses within the glume : paleaceous, a. pd'15-d'shus, 
resembling chaff; covered with small membraneous 
scales like chaff. 

palestra— see patestra. 

paleography, &c— see palseography. 

paletot, n. pal'6-to (F. paletot ,• old F. palletoc, a short 
coat with sleeves : Bret, paltok, a coarse cloak worn 
by peasants at their work— from pall, a covering, and 
tok, a cap), a light loose overcoat. 

palette, n. pdl'it (It. paletta, a little shovel— from 
pala, any kind of flat and broad thing, a spade : F. 
palette, a palette, a surgeon's slice— from pale, a shov- 
el), the small oval flat of wood or other material on 
which a painter lays his colours while painting, hav- 
ing a thumb-hole at one end for holding it ; also spelt 
palet: to set the palette, to lay upon it the pigments 
in a certain order, selecting them according to the 
key in which the picture is to be painted: palette- 
knife, a thin flat knife rounded at the end, used to 
mix colours on the grinding-slab, and to assist their 
incorporation by the muller. 

palfrey, n. pawl'frl (F. palefroi ; It. palefreno; mid. 
L. parafredus, an easy-going horse for riding — said to 
be from Gr. pa,ra, by or extra, and L. veredus, a light 
horse for posting), an ordinary riding-horse, as distin- 
guished from ii war-horse ; a small or gentle horse fit 
for a lady's use : palfreyed, a. pawl'frid, riding on or 
supplied with a palfrey. 

palichthyology, n. pa 'il:'thi,e,i'r,.]i [(\ r . palaios, an- 
cient, ichtlLiis, a fish, and logos, discourse), that branch 
of palaeontology which treats of fossil fishes. 

palification, n. pal i (i ia.i 

or post, and facio, I make), the act or process of ren- 
dering ground firm by driving posts or piles into it. 

palilogy, n. pcl-lll'o-jl (Gr. palin, again, and logo, 
I speak), in rhet., the repetition of a word, or the 
fragment of a sentence, with the view of increased 
energy. 

palimpsest, n. pdl'lmp-sr.sl (Gi polimpsestos; L. 
palimpsestus, parchment, the writing of which has 
been effaced for other writing— from Gr. palin, again, 
and psao, I rub away or scrape), a MS. parchment 
which, after only a partial erasure, has been written 
over a second time, and on which the former writ- 
ing is more or less discernible; a monumental 
brass taken and turned and engraved on the reverse 
side. 

palindrome, n.pai'4n-drdm(&r. palin, back or again, 
and dramein, to run), a word, verse, or sentence which 
is the same when read either backward or forward, as 
madam. 

paling— see pale, a stake. 

palingenesia, n. pdl'in-je-ne'zhi-d, also palingenesis, 
n. pal'in-jen'e-sls (Gr. palin, again, and genesis, a be- 
ginning, birth), anew or second birth or creation. 

palinode, n. pdl'ln-od (Gr. palin, again, and ode, a 
song), apiece of poetry in which a poet retracts the 
invectives or sentiments contained in a former pro- 
duction : pal'ino'dist, n. -O'dist, one who writes pal- 
inodes. 

palisade, n. pal'l-sdd, also palisado, n. pdl'i-sa'do 

mate, mat, far, law ; mete, met, 



5 PALM 

(F. palissade, a stake, a hedgerow of trees— from L. 
palus, a pole or stake), a fence or barrier formed of 
pointed stakes driven firmly into the ground : v. to 
enclose or defend by driving pointed stakes into the 
ground: palisading, imp.: pal'isa'ded, pp. 



ing flowers, very common in India and the countries 
bordering the Mediterranean, and usually called 
Christ's thorn, from its being supposed from the 
earliest times to have yielded the materials for the 
I ci own of thorns." 

pall, n. patvl (L. pallium, a cloak : W. pall, a mantle : 
Bret, pollen, a coverture : Gael, peall, a covering), the 
cloth thrown over the coffin at funerals ; an ensign or 
mantle of state for a high ecclesiastic, which took the 
form of a narrow scarf, composed of fine white wool, 
and embroidered with purple crosses ; in her., a figure 
representing the pallium ; in shipbuilding, strongshort 
pieces of iron or wood so placed near the capstan or 
windlass as to prevent its recoil or giving way : v. to 
cover or invest : pallial, a. pdl'l-al, pert, to a pall or 
mantle. 

pall, v. pawl (W. pallu, to fail ; pall, loss of energy), 
to cloy ; to weaken or impair ; to dispirit ; to grow 
vapid ; to lose strength or taste : palling, imp. : palled, 
pp. pawld. 

palla, n. pdl'-ld (L.), in anc. Rome, the long and wide 



Minerva, the goddess of war and wisdom), the image 
or statue of Pallas at Troy, said to have fallen from 
heaven — on the possession of this image the fate of the 
city depended ; any particular law or privilege which 
is regarded as the safeguard of the people's liberties ; 
a rare metal of a steel-grey colour, found in very small 
grains in auriferous and platiniferous sand: Pallas, 
ii. pdl'lds, 'me df the smaller planets. 

pallet, n. pdl'-it (F. palette; It. pcdetta, a fire-shovel 
—from L. pala, a spade— see palette), an instrument 
used in working gold-leaf; a certain piece of the 
mechanism of a watch ; among potters, a shaping- 
tool. 

pallet, n. pdl'St (F. paille, straw: L. palea, chaff: 
Gael, peall, a skin or hide, a bunch of matted hair), 

imall and humble bed. 

pallial— see pall, a mantle. 

palliasse, n. pul-yds'— see paillasse. 

palliate, v. pdl'-ll-at (L. palliatus, cloaked— from 
pallium, a cloak or mantle : It. palliato, cloaked, dis- 
guised), to cover with excuses ; to soften or lessen, as 
an offence, by favourable representations ; to lessen or 
abate, as a disease ; to ease without curing : pallia- 
ting, imp.: pal'liated, pp. : pal'lia'tion, n. -a'shun, the 
act of palliating; the state of being palliated; ex- 
tenuation by favourable representations : pal'liative, 
a. -a-tlv, serving to soften or lessen by favourable 
representations ; mitigating: n. that which extenuates 
or mitigates. 

pallid, a. pdl' >' 1 1 I | - ■ 1 1 i 1 1 1 , that makes pale— from 
palleo, I am pale), pale ; wan ; deficient in colour : 
pal'lidly, ad. -II .- pal'lidness, n. -nis, paleness ; wan- 
ness. 

pallium, n. pdl'-ll-um (L. pallium, a cloak— see pall 1), 
in R. Cath. Ch., a short, open, white cloak with a red 
cross, bestowed on all archbishops, and on the four 
La^in patriarchs of the East, on their accession— now 
made in the form of a band of fine white wool, worn 
over the shoulders and ornamented with purple crosses; 
in zool., the fleshy covering lining the interior of the 
shells of bivalves. 

pallmall, n. p<bl-mW, a certain game in which a ball, 
with the stroke of a mallet, is driven through an iron 
ring ; a street of London, so called as having once been 
a place for playing the game. 

pallor, n.p&r-er(L.paUor, paleness— see pale 1), pale- 
ness. 

palm, n. pdm (Gr. palame; L. palma ; W. palf ; AS. 
folm, the flat of the hand: L. palpare; Icel. falma, 
to grope, to feel for with the hands), the flat open front 
of the hand; the broad triangular part of an anchor 
at the extremity of each arm ; a measure of length of 
three inches; a sailmaker's thimble, so called from 
being held in the palm of the hand : v. to touch with 
the hand ; to conceal in or by the palm of the hand ; 
to impose by fraud, usually followed by off, as, to palm 
off; to stroke with the hand : palming, imp. pam'-lng, 
imposing upon by fraud ; cheating : palmed, pp. pamd : 

Mr; pine, pin; note, n6t, mOve; 



PALM 



417 



palmar, a. piU'm&r, of the breadth of the hand ; of or 
relating to the palm. 

palm, n.pdm (L.pal n '.the palm, a tree with broad- 
<?:.r -adiii-r leave? like the palms of one's hands— the 
Italian palm being one of the palmate species, and not 
pinnate like the date-palm: F. palme, the branch of a 
palm-tree), a tree of hot climates of many species, 
branches of which in some countries were borne as 
tokens of -victory or rejoicing; a symbol or evidence 
of superiority or success: palmaceous, a. pdl-md'-shus, 
belonging to the palm tribe : palmar, a. pdl'mdr, of 
or relating to the palm : palmer, n. pdm'ir, a pilgrim 
carrying a palm-branch in sism of his expedition to 
the Holy Land: palmary, a. alma-ru pert, to a palm : 
palmy, a. pdm'-i, bearing palms : flourishing ; prosper- 
ous: palmate, a. pdl'mdt, also pal'mated/a. ■mat-Cd 
(L. palmatus, marked with the palm of a hand), in 
tot., having the shape of the open hand -with the fin- 
gers apart, as in some leaves ; entirely webbed : palma- 
chxisti. n. pfd'-ma-krls'tl (L. the palm-tree of Christ), 
the castor-oil plant : palm-oil, the fatty substance of 
an orange-yellow colour, and in this climate of a solid 
consistence, extracted from the oil-palm— mostly im- 
ported from the west coast of Africa : Palm-Sunday, 
the Sunday next before Easter— so called as being 
kept in commemoration of our Saviour's triumphal 
entry into Jerusalem, on which occasion the multi- 
tude strewed branches of palms in the way : palm- 
wine, the fermented juice of the flowers and stems 
of the cocoa-nut tree, also of the oil-palm : palmacites, 
n. plu. pdl'md-sltz, a general term for any fossil stem, 
leaf, fruit, &c, which exhibits some analogy or resem- 
blance to any one of the existing palms. 

palm, n. pom (Low Ger. palme, a bud, a catkin of the 
willow: Ger. palmen, the buds or eyes of the vine: 
Fin. palmu, the catkin of willow— from palmikko, a 
lock of hair), the yellow catkin of the willow, the 
branches of which, from the name, are carried on 
Easter Sunday to represent the palm-branches of the 
East : palmer- worm, a grub or worm which destroys 
the buds and leaves of plants. Note.— The three pre- 
ceding groups are connected, as may be seen from 
the roots, yet it has been thought better to separate 
them as has been done, for greater distinctness and 
easier apprehension. 

palmatifid, a. pdl-mdt'-ifid (L. palma, a palm, and 
Jindo, I cleave), in hot., applied to a leaf divided so as 
to resemble a hand— the divisions extending about 
half-way towards the base. 



shared), in hot., applied to a simple leaf having 
subdivisions extending considerably more than half- 
way to the base. 

palmetto, n. pdl-mgt'to (dim. of the L. palma, a 
palm:Sp. j>-~ i.th | iIe tto), the cabbage-tree, a 
species of palm, a native of the W. I. and U. S. 

palmiferous, a. pdl-mif'er-us (L. palma, apalm, and 
fero. I bear), bearing palms. 

palmine, n. pdl'mln (L. palma, apalm), a peculiar 
fatty substance obtained from castor-oil: palmic, a. 
pdl'mlk, denoting a fatty acid obtained from palmine. 

palmiped, a. pdl'-ml-pS.l (L. palma, a palm, and 
pedes, feet), web-footed: n. aweb-footed orswimming 
animal: palmipeds, n. plu. -pMz, or palmipides, n. 



hand), the pretended art of telling fortunes by exam- 
ining the lines and marks in the palms of the hands : 
pal'mister, n. -ter, one who pretends to tell fortunes 
by examining the palms of the hands. 

"palp, n. pdlp, plu. palpi, pdl'pl, or palps, p>dlps (L. 
polpo, I stroke or feel), one of the feelers of an insect, 
attached to the head. 

palpable, a. pdl'-pd-bl (It. palpabile; F. palpable, 
that may be felt, palpable— from L. p>alpo, I stroke or 
touch gently), literally, perceptible by touch ; easily 

■■.-'■- 
gross: palpably, ad. -bll: pal'pableness, n. -M-nSs, 
also palpability, n. -bll'i-tl, the quality of being pal- 
pable or perceptible ; obviousness ; grossness : palpa- 
tion, n. pdhpa'shun, the act of feeling; examination 
by the sense of touch. 

palpebra, n. pdl-pS-ord, plu. pal pebrae, -ore (L. pal- 
p*>bra, the eyelid), the eyelid: palpebral, a. -brdl, 
pert, to the eyelids or eyebrows. 

palpi— see palp. 

Talpiform, a. pdl'-pi-fmi.-rm (L. palpurn, a stroking, 
and forma, shape), having the form of feelers. 



PANA 

palpigerous, a. pOJ-pifer-us (L. palpurn, a stroking, 
and a em, I carry or bear), bearing palpi. 

palpitate, v. pdl'pi-tat (L. palpitatum, to move 
quickly and frequently— from palpare, to stroke gently : 
It. palpitare : F. palpiter), to beat violently, as the 
heart after an unusual amount of running or bodily 
exertion ; to flutter, pant, or throb : pal'pitating, imp. : 
palpitated, pp.: palpitation, n. pal' pi 4 a' shun, an 
unnatural throbbing or beating of the heart, caused 
by fright, fear, disease, or great bodily exertion. 

palsgrave, n. pdlclz'-grav, fern, pals'gravine, -grd- 
tin (Dut. paltsgraaf, a count palatine: L. palatium, 
a royal residence, and Ger. graf, a count), a count or 
earl who has the superintendence of a royal palace. 

palsy, n. paivl-zi (Gr. paralusis, a loosening: L. 
paralysis: F. paralysie), the loss or diminution of 
sensation or of motion, or of both, in any part of 
an animal body; paralysis, of which it is an abbre- 
viation: v. to strike as with palsy: palsying, imp.: 
adj. affecting as with palsy: pal'sied, pp. -zid: adj. 
affected with palsy : pal'sical, a. -zl-kdl, affected with 
palsy. 

palter, v. pawl'tir (Low Ger. pladdern, to paddle, to 
dabble: Dut. pladeren; Ger. plauda-n,\o tattle, to talk 
to excess: Norm, paltra. rags), properly, to babble; 
to chatter ; to dodge ; to act in an insincere and false 
manner ; to trifle with ; to tamper with : paltering, 
imp. : pal'tered, pp. -Urd -. pal'terer, n. -ter-er, one 
who acts in an insincere and false manner: pal'try, 
a. -tri, sorry; mean; worthless; contemptible: pal- 
trily, ad. -U-. paltriness, n. -trbn&s, state or quality 
of being paltry. 

paludal, a. "pdl-u'ddl (L palus, a swamp or marsh 
—gen. paludis), pert, to marshes or swamps : palu- 
dinous, a. -din -us, produced in or pert, to marshes: 
paludina, n. pdl'-ii-di'nd, in geol., the marsh or river 
snail, inhabiting a top-shaped shell or whorl. 

pam, n, pdm (Eng. palm, the emblem of a victory: 
Pol. panifil, the knave of any suit), the knave of clubs 
at loo. 

pampas, n. plu. pdm'-pdz (Peruvian, pampa, a field, 
a plain), the vast treeless plains of S. Amer., covered 
with luxuriant herbage, and pastured by immense 
herds of wild cattle and horses : pampean formation, 
n. pdm'-pC-dn-, in geol., the comparatively recent allu- 
vial deposits overspreading the pampas of S. Amer. 

pamper, v. pdm'per (Bav. pampfen, to stuff ; pa mpf, 
thick gruel: Flem. pamberato, pampered, full-fed), to 
furnish with that which delights; to feed highly or 
luxuriously ; to glut : pampering, imp. gratifying to 
the full: n. over-luxurious bringing up: pam'pered, 
pp. -perd: adj. furnished with that which pleases the 
appetite ; over-fed ; over-indulged : pam'perer, n. -per- 
er, one who pampers. 

pamperos, \\. pdm-pe'rOz {§]).— irorapampa, a plain), 
violent west winds in S. Amer., which, traversing the 
vast plains of the pampas, bring with them whirl- 
i-louds of dust. 

pamphlet, n. pdm'-flet (a nasalised form of Sp. po.pe- 
lete, a written slip of paper, a news-letter: Dut. pam- 
pier, paper), a small book of a few pages merely 
stitched together: pamphleteer, n. pdm'fle-ter 1 ', a 
writer of pamphlets : pamphleteering, a. -ter'ing, 

.'"-■■' k-ts: n. the practice of 

writing and publishing pamphlets. 

pampiniform, a. pdm-pin-i-faicrm (L. pampinus, a 
tendril, and forma, a shape), resembling a vine-ten- 
dril. 

pampre, n. pdm'-per (F. pampre, a vine-branch with 
its leaves), in sculp., an ornament consisting of vine- 
leaves and bunches of grapes. 

pan, n. pan (Icel. panna ; Dut. panne; Ger. pfanne; 
AS. panne, a pan), a broad and generally shallow 
vessel for domestic use ; the part of a gun-lock, now 
disused, which holds the priming: the hard stratum 
of earth lying below the soil : panful, n. pdn'fnA, the 
quantity that a pan can hold ; plu. pan'fuls : pancake, 
n. ixln'kdk, a thin cake fried in a pan. 

Pan, n. jjdn, in anc. myth., the god of shepherds, in 
the form of half goat and half man. 

pan, pan (Gr. van- all), a prefix, with its forms pant, 
pant, and panto, pdn'-to, meaning "all," "every- 
thing." 

panabase, n. pdn'd-bdz, a grey ore of copper. 

panacea, n. pdn'd-se'-d (L. panacea; Gr. panoke<a, 
a herb supposed to have the power of healing all dis- 
eases— from pew, all, and akeomai, I heal or cure: It. 
panacea: F. panacee\, a professed remedy for all dis- 
eases ; a universal medicine ; a cure-all. 



co~v, boy, foot; pure, biid; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



PANA 



418 



PANS 



panada, n. pd-nd'-dd, also pana'do, n. -do (F. pa- 
nade ; Sp. panada, bread-soup— from L. panis, bread), 
a food made by boiling bread to a pulp and sweeten- 
ing it. 

panary, a. p&n (1 pan is, bread), of or relating 
to bread : panary fermentation, a process of raising 
bread, or making it light and spongy. 

pancart, n. pdn'kdrl, also pancharta, n. pdn-kdr'td 
(Gr. pan, all ; and Gr. chartes; L. charta, paper), a royal 
charter to a subiect confirming him in all his posses- 
sions. 

panch, n. pdnsh (It. pancia; F. pause; Sp. panza, 
the belly of an animal, or the skin that covers it), 
among seamen, a thick strong mat used to prevent 
friction : panchway, n. in Bengal, a four-oared passen- 
ger-boat. 

pancratium, n. pdn-krd'shi-um (Gr. pan, all, and 
kratos, bodily strength), in anc. Greece, a trial of 
strength combining boxing and wrestling: pancratic, 
a. pdn-krnt'ik, also pancrat'ical, a. -i-kdl, excelling in 
gymnastics ; excelling in bodily strength. 

pancreas, n. pdn'-kre-ds (Gr. pan, all, and kreas, 
flesh), a fleshy gland situated under and behind the 
stomach; the sweet-bread of cattle: pan'creat'ic, a. 
-dt'-lk, pert, to or secreted by the pancreas. 

pandean, a. pdn-de'-dn, pert, to Pan, the god of 
shepherds : pandean-pipes, a musical wind instr. con- 
sisting of pipes or reeds fastened together side by 
side. 

pandect, n. pdn'dSkt (L. pandectes ; Gr. pandektes, 
a book that contains everything— from Gr. pan, all, 
and dechomai, I take or receive), a treatise containing 
the whole of any science : plu. pandects, the title of 
the collection or digest of Roman laws made by order 
of the Emperor Justinian. 

pandemic, a. pdn-dam'lk (Gr. pan, all, and demos, 
the people), incident to a whole people ; epidemic. 

Pandemonium, n. pdn'de-mo-ni-um (Gr. pan, all, 
and daimon, a demon), a general temple for the evil 
spirits; "the high capital of Satan and his peers"; 
hell. 

pander, v. pdn'dir (from Pandarus, who performs 
the part of a pander in the story of Troilus and Cres- 
sida), to act as agent in gratifying the passions or ap- 
petites of others ; to minister to the passions or prej- 
udices of others for selfish ends, as, he panders to the 
prejudices of the crowd: n. one who caters for the 
lusts of others ; a pimp ; a procurer : pan'dering, imp. : 
pan'dered, pp. -derd. 

pandiculated, a. pdn-dik'u-ld'tSd (L. pandiculari, to 
stretch one's self), stretched out; yawning: pandic'- 
ula'tion, n. -Id-shun, the restlessness and stretching 
that accompanies the ague; yawning. 

pandit, n. pdn'dtt, also pundit, n. pun'dlt (Hind. 
pandit; Sans, pandita, a learned man), a learned 
Brahmin. 

Pandora, n. pdn-do'rd (L. and Gr. Pandora — from 
Gr. pan, all, and doron, a gift), in anc. myth., a woman 
said to have been made by Vulcan, on whom all the 
gods and goddesses bestowed gifts : Pandora's box, a 
casket in which Pandora had all the evils of life shut up ; 
having lifted the cover they escaped— hastily replacing 
the cover in terror, hope alone remained a prisoner 
beneath it. 

pandore, n. pdn'dOr (Gr. pandoura), a musical instr. 
of the lute kind ; commonly spelt bandore. 

pandores, n. plu pdn'dorz, also pandore oysters 
(Scot, pandoors, large oysters caught at the doors of 
the salt-pans), a variety of oysters highly esteemed. 

Pandours, n. plu. pdn-d'Jbrz', Hungarian light in- 
fantry. 

panduriform, a. pdn-du'rl-fawrm, also pandurate, 
a. pdn'du-rat (Gr. pandoura, a musical instr. with 
three strings, and L. forma, a shape), in hot., applied 
to the leaves of plants shaped like a fiddle. 

pane, n. pan (F. pan, a pane, the flap of a coat : Port. 
pano, a piece of cloth : L. pannus, a cloth), a square of 
glass for a window ; a piece of anything, as cloth, in 
variegated work: paned, a. pdnd, composed of small 
squares : pane less, a. without panes. 

panegyric, n. pdri-S-jlr'-ik (L. panegyricus; Gr. pane- 
gurikos, of or belonging to a public assembly : F. pani- 
g/jrique), an or: n >i, .ii ~e,,iir,:<; ,,, praise of some per- 
son ; praise ; eulogy : pan'egyr'ic, a. , also pan'egyr leal, 
a. -i-kdl, containing prai e or eulogy: pan'egyr'ically, 
ad. -II: panegyrise, v. pdn'e-jir-iz', to praise highly; 
to write or pronounce a eulogy on; pan'egyn'sing, 
imp.: pan'egyrised', pp. -%zd': pan'egyrist, n. -jlr'ist, 
one who bestows praise ; a eulogist. 



panel, n. pdn'Sl (F. panneau, a panel of wainscot, or 
of a saddle, &c: a dim. of Eng. pmiv), a, piece of board- 
ing inserted into a frame thicker than itself; a com- 
partment of a wainscot or ceiling; a schedule con- 
taining the names of certain persons summoned by a 
sheriff to act as jurymen ; in Scotch law, a prisoner on 
trial before the bar of a criminal court : v. to form or 
furnish with panels : pan'elling, imp.: pan'elled, pp. 
■eld : impanelling a jury, entering their names in a 
panel or schedule of parchment. 

pang, n. pdng (AS. pyngan; L. pungere, to prick : F. 
poind, a stitch <>r sharp pain in tin- side), a paroxysm 
of extreme pain or anguish eithe al or mental; 

- ri <n 'tiering. 

pangolin, n.Tve.',,. i : tting), the scaly 

ant-eater. 

panhellenic, a. pdn'hel-lSn'ik (Gr. pan, all, and HeU 
lenes, the Greeks), pert, to all Greece : panhel'lenism, 
n. -fern, a scheme for forming all the Greeks into one 
political and united body : panhellenist, n. -1st, one in 
favour of panhellenism. 

panic, u. pdn'lk (Gr. panikos, influenced by the god 
Pan— Pan is said to have assisted the Athenians at 
Marathon by inspiring the enemy with a causeless fear : 
It. panico ; F. panique, panic or fear), sudden fright, 
particularly without cause ; terror inspired by a trifling 
cause; a sudden alarm; a monetary crisis: adj. ex- 
treme or sudden, but groundless : panic - struck, a. in- 
spired with terror without cause. 

panic, n. pdn'lk (L. panicum, Italian panic-grass: It. 
panico : F. panic), a kind of millet, called also panic- 
grass. 

panicle, n. pdn'l-kl (L. panicula, a tuft on plants : 
It. panicide), in plants, a tuft or bunch of flowers or 
seeds, dense and close as in Indian corn, spreading or 
scattered as in oats, and in other forms ; the down 



a. having branches variou iibd I id; having the 
flowers in panicles: paniculately -branched, loosely- 
branched, 
panificati 

converted' into bread : panivorous, a. pd-nlv'-o-rus (L. 
voro, I devour), eating bread ; subsisting on bread. 

pannade, n. pdn-ndd' (old F. pannade, to prance as 
a horse), a curvet or particular way of leaping of a 
horse. 

pannage, n.pdn'-ndj (mid. L. p>annagium, the feeding 
of swine upon mast— from L. pastum, to feed : F. pas- 
nage, the money received by the lord for such feeding), 
the food, as acorns, beech-nuts, &c, which swine pick 
up in the woods ; the duty paid to the lord for such 
permission. 
pannel, same as panel, which see. 
pannicle, same as panicle, which see. 
pannier, n. pdn-nl-er (F. panier, a basket — from L. 
panis, bread : Milanese, panera ; It. panara, a bread- 
basket, a pantry), a wicker-basket; a basket slung 
across a horse or donkey for carrying light articles. 

pannikin, n. pdn'ni-kln (diminutive of pan), a small 
tin cup or mug ; a sauce-pan for pap. 

panophobia, n. pdn'-o-fo'-bi-d (Gr. panikos, panic, 
and phobos, fear), a kind of melancholy marked by • 
constantly - recurring groundless fear— a species of 
hypochondriasis. 

panoply, n. pdn'-o-pll (Gr. panoplos, completely 
armed— from pan, all, and hopla, armour), complete 
armour ; armament : panoplied, a. -plid, completely 
armed. 

panopticon, n. p&n-5p'ti ' 5n all, and opto- 

mai, I see), a name by which Jeremy Bentham des- 
ignates his plan of a model prison ; a species of poly- 
technic institution. 

panorama, n. pdn'o-rd'md (Gr. pan, all, and horama, 
a sight or view), a large painting placed on the inner 
surface of a cylindrical wall, representing extensive 
scenes and groups of obj' > and bibited, part at a 
time, by being unrolled conl tmously before the spec- 
tator: panoramic, a. pdn'o-rdm'lk, pert, to or resem- 
bling a panorama. 

panstereorama, n. pdn-ste'-re-O-rd'-md (Gr. pan, all, 
stereos, solid or hard, and horama, a sight or view), a 
model of a town or country, showing all its parts or 
physical features in relief. 

pansy, n. pdn'zl (F. pensie, thought— from penser, 
to think: L. penso, I weigh carefully), a well-known 
plant highly esteemed for the beauty of its flowers ; 
heart's-ease. 



mate, mdt, far, law ; mSte, met, her ; pine, pin ; nOte, not, mdve; 



PANT 4] 

pant, t. pant (F. panteler, to pant; pantiser, to 
breathe often: L. palpitare, to move frequently and 
quickly: an imitative word), to breathe rapidly and 
violently, as from terror, after great exertion, or in 
anxious" desire or suspense; to desire ardently: pant 
or panting, n. palpitation ; rapid breathing : pant- 
ing, imp.: panted, pp.: pant'ingly, ad. -II: pant er, 
n. -er, one who pants : pant ess, n. -6s, difficulty of 
breathing in a hawk. 

pantagraph, pdn'-td-grdf—$?e pantograph. 

pantaloon, n. pdn'-td-l}n' IF. pan talon; It. panta- 
lone, a masked character in the Italian comedy who 
wore breeches and stockings all of one piece), a buffoon 
in pantomimes: pantaloons', n. plu. -Idnz", long in- 
side trowsers extending to the heels ; trowsers : panta- 
lets, n. plu. pdn'-td-letz, loose drawers worn by women 
and children. 

pantamorphic, a. pdn'-td-mor'-fik (Gr. panta, all, and 
morphe, shape), taking all forms. 

pantechnicon, n. pan-tek-nl-kon (Gr. panta, all, and 
technikos, pert, to art— from techne, art), a place of sale 
for every species of workmanship. 

pantheism, u. pdn'-the-izm (Gr. pan, all, and Theos, 
God), the doctrine or system which maintains that the 
universe or nature is God: pan'theist, n. -1st, one who 
holds pantheism ; a term applied to a follower uf Spin- 
oza: pan'theis'tic, a. -is'-tik, also pantheistical, a. 
-tl-kal, pert, to pantheism: Pantheon, n. pdn'the-on 
(Gr. pantheion; L. pantheon), in anc. Greece or- Rome. 
a temple dedicated to all the gods; the whole body of 
divinities worshipped by a people, or a work treating 
of them. 

panther, n. pdn'ther (L. and Gr. panther), a spotted 
wild beast, very ferocious : pan theress, n. -es, a female 
panther: pan'therine, a. -in, pert, to or resembling 
the panther. 

panting— see under pant. 

pantile, n. pdn'tll (F. pente, a slope: Eng. pan, and 
tile), a tile straight in its length, but havinga waved or 
hollow surface transversely. 

pantochronometer, n. pdn'to-kro-nom'S-ter (Gr. 
p>anta, all — pantos, of all, chronos, time, and raetron, a 
measure), an instr. which comprises a compass, a sun- 
dial, and a universal time-dial. 

pantograph, n. pdti'to-grdf (Gr. panta, all, and 
grapho, I write), an instr. for enabling unskilled per- 
sons to copy, to reduce, or to enlarge maps, plans, &c: 
pan'tographic, a. -grdj'-Vc, also pan'tograph'ical, a. 
grdf-lkdl, pert, to or done by a pantograph : pan'to- 
graphically, ad. -U: pantography, n. pdn-tOg'rd-ji, 
general description ; entire view. 

pantology, n. pdn-tol'-Ojl, also pantologia, n. pdn' 
to-lo'jl-a (Gr. panta, all, and logos, discourse), a dic- 
tionary of universal knowledge: pantological, a. 
pda'to-loj'i-kdl, pert, to: pantol'ogist, n. -tul'-o-jist, a 
writer of a work of universal knowledge. 

pantomime, n. pdn'-to-mim (Gr. panta, all, and 
mimos, an imitator), a theatrical entertainment in 
which the plot is either chiefly or wholly developed in 
mute action, accompanied with music, gorgeous scen- 
ery, &c. ; one who acts his part by gesticulation only, 
or by dumb show: pan'tomim'ic, a. -mlm'ik, also 
pan'tomim'ical, a. -l-kdl, pert, to or consisting of pan- 
tomime : pan'tomim'ically, ad. -kdl-li : pan'tomim'ist, 
n. one who acts in pantomimes. 

panton, n. pdn'ton (prov. Ger. pantine, a wooden 
shoe: F. patin, a high-heeled shoe, a skate), a particu- 
lar form of horse-shoe to recover a narrow and hoof- 
bound heel. 

pantophagist, n. pdn-tof-d-jlst (Gr. panta, all, and 
phago, I eat or devour), a person or animal that eats 
all kinds of food. 

pantry, n. pdn'-trl (F. paneterie, a pantry— from L. 
panis, bread), a room for storing provisions for domes- 
tic use. 

pap, n. pdp (Lith. papas; L. papilla; It. poppa, the 
nipple or breast: It. pappa, soft food prepared for 
infants— from poppare, to suck), soft food for in- 
fants, made of boiled bread sweetened ; the pulp of 
fruit; a nipple or teat: pap'py, a. pdp'pi, soft; suc- 
culent. 

papa, n. pd-pd' (L. papa, a child's name for father: 
Russ. papa, bread, and the same in many other Ian- 



— from pape, the Pope), the dignity of the Pope, and 
the time of his reign ; the Popes taken collectively : pa- 
pal, a. pd'-pdl, of or relating to the Pope or popedom: 



PAPY 



the order of plants of which the poppy is the type, 
called the papav'era'ceae, n. plu. -d-shl-e: papaverine, 
n. pd-pdv'cr-in, an alkaloid found in opium: papav- 
erous, a. -us, having the qualities of the poppy. 



rushes), the thin substance in the form of sheets ob- 
tained from the pulp of rags, straw, Sec, used for writ- 
ing on, for printing on, and for a vast variety of pur- 
poses ; a printed sheet appearing periodically; bills 
of exchange; bank-notes: adj. made of paper; frail; 
slight • thin : v. to cover with or enclose in paper : 
papering, imp.: n. the operation of covering or lining 
with paper: pa'pered, pp. -peed: adj. covered with 
paper : pa'pery, a. -per-i, like paper ; having the 
thinness and consistency of paper: paper -coal, a 
name applied to certain layers of the Tertiary lignites, 
from their papery or leaf-like composition, being evi- 
dently masses of compressed leaves : paper-hanger, 
one who covers the walls of rooms with ornamental 
paper : paper-hangings, paper variously ornamented, 
used for covering and adorning the walls of rooms : 
paper-kite, a boy's plaything for flying in the air: 
paper-money or paper-currency, bank-notes and bills 
of exchange : paper-making, the art or trade of manu- 
facturing paper: paper-mill, the machinery employed 
imaaking'paper; the factory where it is made: paper- 
stainer, one who makes paper-hangings: paper-ruler, 
one who traces paper with lines in every variety of 
order and colour: tissue-paper, a very thin transpa- 
rent paper made of the refuse of the flax-mills : waste- 
paper, paper thrown aside as no longer valuable for 
its intended purpose : wove-paper, paper with a uni- 
form surface, and not ribbed or water-marked as laid- 
paper is. 

papeterie, n. pdp'-l-tre" (F. a paper-mill), a case con- 
taining paper and other writing materials. 

papier-mache, n. jiap'-iid-ma'shd (F. papier, paper, 
and macher, to chew, to masticate), paper reduced to 
a pulp, moulded into any variety of form, and after- 
wards japanned. 

papiiio, n. pd-pU'-l-o (L. painlio, a butterfly), the 
butterfly tribe— a genus of insects : papil iona'ceous, 
a. -nd'-shus, resembling a butterfly; applied to plants 
of the leguminous order, as the pea, from the butter- 
flv shape of their flowers. 

papilla, n. pd-pU'ld, plu. papillae, -le (L. papilla, 
a small pimple, a nipple : It. papilla .- F. jiapille.), the 
minute elevations found on the tongue, the palm, or 
surface of the fingers, &c, being the terminations of 
the nerves, producing the sense of taste and feeling : 
papillary, a. pdp'-ll-lir-i, also pap'illous, a. -lis, pert, 
to a nipple or the papilla; ; covered with papillo? : pap'- 
illate, v. -lat, to grow into a nipple: pap'illose, a. 
-loz, also pap'illated, a. -ted, nipply; in hot., covered 
with fleshy dots or points, as the stems of certain 
plants ; warty. 

papist, n. pd'-plst (F. papiste, a Rom. Cath.— from 
pape, the Pope), one who is a member of the Church 
of Rome— a term very offensive to Rom. Caths.: papis- 
tic, a. pd-pls'tlk, also papistical, a. -ti-kdl, pert, to 
Rom. Caths. or to poperv ; popish : papis'tically, ad. 
■II: papistry, n. pa-pis-tri, the doctrines and cere- 
monies of the Church of Rome. 

papoose, n. pap-pot", a young child among the N, 
Amer. Indians. 

pappous, a. pdp'pus, also pap'pose, a. -pOz (L. 
pappus ; Gr. pappos, the woolly hairy seeds of cer- 
tain plants), downy, as the seeds of the thistle, the 
dandelion, &c: pap'pus, n. -pus, in oot., the coron- 
ate calyx limb of the florets of composite flowers, 
frequently hairv or downy, as in thistles. 

papula, n. pdp'u-lCi, plu. pap'ulae, -le (L. papula, a 
pimple), a pimple : pap'ulous, a. -Ms, also papulose, 
-loz', covered with papula? ; covered with pimples ; 
pimply. 

papyrus, n. pd-pl'-rus, pin. papy'ri, -rl (L. papy- 
rus ; Gr. papuros), a kind of reed very abundant in 
the valley of the Nile, of which the ancients made the 
paper or material on which they wrote : papy'ri, a 



name applied to certain MSS. made of the papyrus, 
found in various places, especially in JEgypt: papyra- 
ceous, a. pdp'l-ra'shus, pert, to the papyrus : pap'y- 
edit;. oov.Jdbt; pure, Md; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



PAR 



420 



PARA 



rine, n. -i-rin, a tough and durable substance closely 
resembling parchment, made from paper by dippim 
it into sulphuric acid, washing with water, hnmers 
ing in dilute ammonia, rewashing, and then drying ; 
also called payer or vegetable parchment. 

par, n. vdr (L. par, equal : It. pare : F. pair), equal 
value ; the state of the shares of a public undertaking 
when they are neither at a discount nor a premium— 
that is, when they may be purchased at the original 
price, usually called at par : below par, at a discount : 
above par, at a premium : on a par, on a level ; in 
the same condition or rank: par of exchange, the 
established value of tin: coin or standard value of 
one country expressed in the coin or standard of 
another. 

par, par (L. par, equal), a prefix, meaning in part; 
partly. 



; beyond; divergence 
or contrariety. 

parabatrachus, n. pdr'-d-bdt'-rd-kus (Gr. para, like, 
and batrachos, a frog), a small frog-like reptile whose 
fossil remains have been discovered in the Coal-mea- 

parable, n. pdr'-d-bl (L. parabola; Gr. parabole, a 
comparison— from Gr. para, side by side, and ballo, I 
throw), a short narrative or tale conveying some 
moral lesson; a similitude: speaking in parables, 
speaking in similitudes ; using illustrations drawn 
from natural objects as vehicles of instruction. 

parabola, n. pd-rdb'-o-ld (Gr. parabole; L. p>arabola, 
a comparison— see parable), one of the conic sections 
or curves formed from cutting a cone by a plane paral- 
lel to one of its sides : par'abol ic, a. -bol'-lk, also par- 
abol'ical, a. -l-kdl, expressed by parable ; having the 
form of a parabola, or pert, to it ; par'abol'ically, ad. 
-II: parabole, n. pd-rdb'-o-le, a comparison; a simili- 
tude : par'abol'iform, a. -i-fawrm (Gr. para, side by 
side, ballo, I throw, and forma, shape), resembling or 
having the shape of a parabola : paraboloid, n. pd-rdb- 
'■■i' ' ison, and eidos, a form), 
a solid generated by the revolution of a parabola about 
its axis, called also the parabolic conoid. 

paracentesis, n. pdr'd-sSn-te'sis (Gr. para, side by 
side, and kenteo, I pierce), in surg., the art or opera- 
tion of perforating a part of the body to allow the 
escape of a fluid. 

paracentric, a. pdr-d-sen'trlk, also par'acen'trical, 
a. -trl-kdl (Gr. para, unlike, and kentron, the centre), 
going out of the strict curve that would form a circle. 

parachronism n. pa-rai, -ro-nizm (Gr. joara, beyond, 
and chronos, time), an error in dating an event later 
than the truth. 

parachute, n. pdr'-d-shot' (F. parachute, a para- 
chute— from parer, to ward off, and chute, a fall), an 
apparatus resembling a very large umbrella intended 
to enable an aeronaut to descend from a balloon. 

paraclete, n. pdr'-d-klet (Gr. parakletos, an advocate, 
a counsellor— from para, side by side, near to, and 
kaleo, I call), a term applied to the Holy Spirit ; an 
advocate ; a consoler or comforter. 

parade, n. pd-rdd' (F. parade, place where troops 
assemble— from parer, to dress, to adorn : L. paratus, 
placed in order: It. parata, any preparation), order or 
tu-ray of troops ; the place where troops assemble for 
exercise, &c; show; ostentatious di play: v. to cause 
to assemble for inspection or exercise ; to assemble in 
military order ; to walk about as for show : para'ding, 
imp. making an ostentatious show : n. an ostentatious 
show : paraded, pp. 

paradigm, n , i , < > , (I i paradeigma, a model— 
from para, side by side, and deiknumi, I show or point 
out : F. paradigme), an example or model of the de- 
clension of a substantive or the conjugation of a verb ; 
a pattern or model : paradigmatic, n. -dig-mdt'ik, 

one who cites II- I nm i mis as examples 

for imitation: par'adigmat'ical, a. -l-kdl, consisting 
of or resembling a paradigm ; exemplary. 

, derived from 
the Pers., and denoting a large enclosed park for the 
preservation of game: Heb. pardes, a park, a place 
planted with trees : F. paradis. a paradise), the gar- 
den of Eden; any region or state of supreme felicity; 
heaven; familim-ln. a "•'• inti'ul, pleasant, ami healthy 
valley or garden: paradisiacal, a. pdr'd-dl-si'-d-kdl, 



a bird remarkable for the length and beauty of its 
feathers. 

parados, n. pdr'-d-dos (F. parer, to defend, and F. 
dos; L. dorsum, the bad;), in mil., a parapet thrown 
up along the capital of a work to protect the men from 
a reverse fire. 

paradox, n. pdr'-d-ddks (Gr. para, contrary to, and 
cloxn, an opinion or notion : F. paradoxe), that which 
is contrary to the received opinion ; something seem- 
ingly absurd, yet true in fact: par'adox'ical, a. -l-kdl, 
having the nature of a paradox; contrary to received 
opinions or notions: paradoxically, ad. -II: par- 
adox'icalness, n. -nes, state of being paradoxical. 

paraffine, n. pdr'-d-fin (L. parum, too little, and 
affinis, akin), a solid inodorous substance, of a whitish 
colour and waxy consistence, obtained by distillation 
and treatment from coal, shales, peat, petroleum, &c. 
—so termed from its remarkable property of resisting 
chemical combination with acids or alkalies— used in 
the manufacture of candles, &c. : paraffine-oil, the 
liquid portion of the distillation, used in houses in 
lamps instead of oil or gas, and in the crude state for 
lubricating machinery. 

paragenesis of minerals, pdr'-d-jSn'S-sis (Gr. para, 
side by side, and genesis, origin, source), a term in 
mineralogy applied to crystalline compounds whose 
mass is made up of crystals interblended in imperfect 
or irregular forms: paragenetic, a. p&r'd-jim-et'-ik, 
also par'agen'ic, a. -jen'-lk, applied to bodies having 
peculiarities of structure, character, and the like; 
originating at the commencement. 

paragoge, n., also paragogy, n. pdr'd-go'-ji (Gr. 
paragoge, a leading or conducting beyond— from para, 
beyond, and ago, I lead), the addition of a letter or 
syllable to the end of a word : par'agoglc, a. -goj'-lk, 
also par'agog'ical, a. -l-kdl, pert, to the lengthening 
of a word by the addition of a letter or syllable. 

paragon, n. pdr'-d-gdn (F. parangon, a pattern or 
touchstone by which the goodness of things is tried : 
It.paragone, a comparison: Sp. paragon, model, ex- 



perfection : par'agoned, a. -gond, paralleled. 

paragraph, n. pdr'-d-grdf (Gr. paragraphos, a mark 
in the margin to distinguish the divisions of a written 
composition— from para, side by side, and grapho, I 
write), a distinct part of a connected discourse or writ- 
ing; the section of a chapter relating to a particular 



point; a short piece of news or notice in a newspaper; 
a mark of reference (If): par'agraph'ic, a. -grdf-ik, 
also par'agraph'ical, a. -i-kdl, consisting of short di- 



pert. to of resembling paradise : bird of paradise, 

mate, mat, far, taw; mete, mSt, hir; pine, pin; note, not, mOve; 



visions or paragraphs : par'agraph'icaily, ad. -II. 

paraleipsis, n. pdr'd-lip'sls (Gr. paraleipsis, omis- 
sion — from para, beside, and leipo, I leave), in rhet., 
a figure of speech expressing that a speaker pretends 
to omit or pass by something in order to enable him 
to mention the same with greater effect, and excite 
the emotions of the hearers. 



•haracter containing things omitted— applied to the 
Book of Chronicles. 

parallax, n. pdr'-dl-ldks (Gr. parallaxis, alternation, 
change — from para, beside, beyond, and allasso, I 
change), in celestial bodies, the apparent angular 
shifting of a heavenly object arising from a change in 
our point of view; the difference between the appa- 
rent place of a heavenly object, as seen by an obser- 
ver from any station, and its true position as supposed 
to be seen from the centre of the earth or the centre 
of the sun: par'allac'tic, a, -hil.'-tik, also par'allac'ti- 
cal, a. -tl-kdl, pert, to the paralla oi a heavenly body. 

parallel, a. par'-dl-lel (Gr. parallelos, beside each 
other, equidistant— from para, side by side, as if for 
comparison, and allelon, one another : L. parallelus ; 
F. paralleled), lying side by side, and having always an 
equal distance from one another; having the same di- 
rection; equal in all essential pujnfcs ; [ike; similar: n. 
a line which is equidistant from another line through- 
out its whole length ; a line on the globe marking lati- 
tude ; anything equal to another in all essential partic- 
ulars ; resemblance ; a comparison made : v. to place 
or set so as to be parallel ; to equal ; to resemble ; to 
compare: par'allelling, imp.: par'allelled, pp. -leld: 
par'allelly, ad. -li: par'allelism, n. -izm, state of being 
parallel ; resemblance ; comparison ; in Heb. poetry, 
the correspondence of two successive lines : parallel 
sailing, sailing on a parallel of latitude : parallel 
lines or parallels, in sieges, the trenches, generally 



PARA 



421 



PARC 



dug parallel with the outlines of the fortress : parallel 
rod, in a locomotice main-:, a rod that connects the 
crank-pins of the driving-wheels : parallel ruler, a 
mathematical instr. formed by two equal rulers united 
bv two cross-bars of equal length, and movable: 
parallel motion, in the iUam-'.ngine, a contrivance 
which converts a circular motion into a rectilinear 
one: parallel sphere, in geog., that position of the 
sphere in which the equator coincides with the hori- 
zon, and the poles are in the zenith and nadir, being 
the appearance the sphere would have to a spectator 
placed at the pole: parallel forces, in merh., forces 
which act in directions parallel to each other: paral- 
lels of altitude, small circles of the sphere parallel to 
the horizon: parallels of latitude, in geog., circles 
parallel to the equator; in astron., they are parallel 
to the ecliptic: parallels of declination, in astron., 
circles of the sphere parallel to the equator : parallel 
coping, coping of equal thickness throughout. 

parallelogram, n. pdr'-dl-lel'-O-grdm (Gr. parallelos. 
equidistant, and granuna, a writing or drawing), in 
geom., aright-lined, four-sided figure, whose opposite 
sides are parallel and equal. 

parallelopiped, n. pdr'd-lSl-O-plp'Sd, also par'al- 
lelopip'edon, n -pip'-e-don tGr. paruHdos, beside each 
other, equidistant, and epipedos, on the ground, or on 
a level with it), an oblong solid figure of six sides, 
having its opposite sides equal and parallel. 

paralogise, v. po-ral'-o-jiz (Gr. para, beyond, and 
logismos, reasoningi, to reason falsely: paralogising, 
imp. : paralogised, pp. -jlzd : paralogism, n. -jizm, a 
conclusion not warranted by the premises ; false argu- 
ments : paralogy, n. -ji, false reasoning. 

paralyse, v. pdr'-d-liz (Gr. paralusis, a loosening at 
the side, palsy— from para, beside, and luso, I shall 
loose), to deprive of strength, whether of body or 
mind; to strike or affect as with palsy; to unnerve; 
to make useless: paralysing, imp.: paralysed, pp. 
-llzd: paralysis, n. pd-rdl'-i-sls, the loss of the power 
of bodily motion or sensation; palsy: paralytic, n. 
■par'-a-Ut'-lk, a person affected with paralysis: par- 
alytic, a., also par'alyt'ical, a. -l-kdl, affected with 
or inclined to paralysis. 

paramagnetic, a. pdr'-d-mdg-nSt'-ik (Gr. para, be- 
yond, and magnet;, a magnet), a term applied to bodies 
which are attracted by both poles of the magnet ; mag- 
netic, as opposed to diamagnetic : paramagnetism, 
n. -mdg'-ne-tlzm, magnetism, as opposed to diamag- 
netism. 

paramatta, n. pdr'-d-mdt'-td, a cloth of cotton and 
wool resembling merino in appearance. 

parameter, n. pd-rdm-6-ter (Gr. para, beside, and 
metron, a measure), a certain constant straight line 
belonging to each of the three conic sections ; the con- 
stant quantity which enters into the equation of a 
curve. 

paramos, n. plu. pd-rd'-moz (Sp.), a name given by 
the Spanish settlers to the high desert tracts of the 
Andes of S. Amer., covered with stunted trees. 

paramoudra, n. pdr'd-md-drd (a native Irish name), 
gigantic flints occurring in the chalk near Belfast, and 
common in the chalk near Norwich, which seem to 
have been goblet-shaped zoophytes allied to the 
sponges. 

paramount, a, pdr'-d-mdicnt (F. paramont, at the 
top, up — from the old F. phrase par & mont, upper ; 
L. a monte, from the mountain), above all ; possessing 
the highest title or jurisdiction ; superior to all others ; 
eminent : n. the highest in rank. 

paramour, n. pd'r'-d-m6r iF. paramour, by way of 
love), a sweetheart or lover— used in an ill sense. 

paranaphthaline, n. pdr'-d-ndp'-thd-lin (Gr. para, 
i beside, near, andEng. naphthaline), a white solid sub- 
stance, so called because it resembles and accompanies 
naphthaline. 

parapegm, n. pdr-d-pSm (Gr. parapegma), in anc. 
times, a brazen tablet on which laws, proclamations, 
' &c, were inscribed and exposed to public view. 

parapet, n. pdr'-d-pet (It. parapetto, a breastwork— 

from para, a defence, and petto, the breast: F. po.ra- 

1 pet), a wall breast-high ; the screen or wall on the edge 

of a rampart: parapeted, a. pdr'-d-pet-cd, having a 

1 parapet. 

paraph, n. pdr'-df (Gr. para, beside, and apto, I 
| touch or connect), the flourish formed by a pen at the 
end of a signature. 

paraphernalia, n. plu. pdr'-d-fir-nd'-li-d (Gr. para- 
pherna, goods in the wife's disposal besides her dower 
—from para, beyond, andp7ier?»e, a dowry or portion), 



the clothing, jewels, ornaments, &C, which a wife 
brings with her at her marriage, over and above her 
dowry ; ornaments of dress in general ; trappings or 
finery generally. 

paraphimosis, n. pdr'-d-fi-mo'-sxs (Gr. para, beyond, 
and phimosis, a binding or constriction), a morbid con- 
striction of the prepuce behind the glans. 

paraphrase, n. par'-d-frdz (Gr. puraphrasis, a para- 
phrase—from para, beside, beyond, and phrasis, a 
speaking or telling), a loose or free translation of an 
author's words ; the rendering of a book or some pas- 
sage of it into simpler and more easily understood 
language : v. to render a passage plainer than in the 
original ; to make a free translation of ; to explain in 
many words: paraphrasing, imp.: paraphrased, pp. 
-jrdzd: par'aphrast, n. -frost, one who paraphrases: 
par aphras'tic, a. -jrds'-tik, also par'aphras'tical, a. 
■ii-kdl, very full in explanation ; not verbal or literal : 
par'aphras'tically, ad. -II. 

paraplegia, n. pdr'-d-ple'-jl-d, also par'aple'gy, n.. 
-plc'-jl (Gr. para, beside, aiidplege, a stroke), paraijs.s 
affecting the upper or lower half of the body. 

parapophysis, n. pdr'-a-pof-i-sls (Gr. para, beyond, 
and apophusis, a process), in unat.. the process which 
extends outwards, or outwards and downwards, from 
the body of the vertebra in fishes ; a name given to 
the transTerse process of an ideal typical vertebra. 

paraquet, n. pdr'-d-ket, a little "parrot— see paro- 
quet. 

parasang, n. pdr'd-sdng (Gr. p«rasa?!<7<7es : Pers. 
fursang), a Pers. measure of length, about four Eng. 
lish miles. 

parascenium, n. pdr-d-se'-nl-um (Gr. para, beside, 
and skene, a stage), the place in the Roman theatre 
corresponding to the green-room of the modern one. 

paraselene, n pdr'd-sSde'ne (Gr. para, beside, and 
selene, the moon), a mock moon or lunar halo. 

parasite, n, pa r'-d-slt (Gr. parasitos, one who eats at 
another's expense at table, a parasite— from para, be- 
side, and siteo, I nourish ; sitos, wheat, food: L. para- 
situs: F. parasite), one frequenting the tables of the 
rich and earning his welcome by flattery; a hanger- 
on ; a fawning flatterer ; a climbing-plant which grows 
upon a tree, and obtains nourishment from its juices ; 
an insect living on some animal body: par'asi'tism, 
n. -sl'-tizm, the manners of a parasite : par'asit'ic, a. 
-slt'-lk, also par'asit'ical, a. -i-kal, resembling a par- 
asite ; fawning ; living and drawing nourishment from 
other plants and animals : par'asit ically, ad. -It. 

parasol, n. par'-a-.-a' (F. and Sp. parasol; It. para- 
sole, a parasol— from It. pa rare ; F. purer, to ward off, 
and L. sol; It. sole, the sun), a small umbrella carried 
by ladies as a shade against the sun's rays: par'asol- 
ette', n. -ef, a small parasol. 

parataxis, n. pur'-d-tdks'-is (Gr. para, beside, and 
taxis, a putting in order), a loose arrangement of pro- 
positions as they arise in the ndnd ; in gram., opposed 
to syntax. 

parathesis, n. pd-rdth'-H-sls (Gr. para, beside, and 
thesis, a placing), apposition, or the placing of two or 
more nouns hi the same case ; a parenthetical notice ; 
that which is placed within brackets. 

paratonnerre, n. pHr'A-tdn-naY (F. paratonnerre— 
from purer, to ward off, and tonnerre, thunder), a 
lightning-conductor. 

parboil, v. par-bold (P. parbouillir, to parboil— from 
par, through, arid bouiliir, to boil— probably only a 
corruption of Eng. part, and boil), to boil in partj to 
half boil: par'boiling, imp.: parboiled, pp. -boyld, 
beiled moderately or in part. 

parbuckle, n. pdr'-buk-l (F. par, by or through, and 
Eng. buckle), among seamen, a rope formed like a 
pair of slings, and fastened at one end, employed for 
hoisting casks, &c. : v. to hoist, lower, or roll by means 
of ropes formed into a parbuckle : par'buckling, imp. 
-bilk-ling: par'buckled, pp. -buk-ld. 

parcel, n. pdr'-sel (F. parcellc, a little part, a parcel : 
It. particella, any little particle— from L. particula, a 
small part), a portion of anything taken or selected ; 
a quantity; a part of a whole; a small package of 
goods ; a number of persons, in contempt : v. to put 
up into portions or parts : parcelling, imp. : n. among 
seamen, the wrapping of ropes, &c, with pieces of 
tarredcanvas to protect them from friction : par'celled, 
pp. -seld : parcel-book, a merchant's register-book of 
the despatch of parcels : parcel-van, a light convey- 
ance for the delivery of parcels. 

parcenary, n. par'-sen-d-ri (Norm. parcenier; F. par- 
cener, to take part with— from L. partiri, to part, to 



&', bo~j,foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



PARC 



422 



PARM 



divide), joint tenancy by descent: parcener, n. -er, a 
co-heir. 

parch, v. pdrch (Bav. pfdrzen, to fry ; farzen, to 
toast bread: L. peraresco, I grow very dry), to burn 
the surface of a thing ; to scorch ; to dry to excess ; 
to shrivel with heat: parch ing, imp.: adj. having the 
quality of burning or drying to excess : parched, pp. 
pdrcht: adj. dried to excess: parchedly, ad. parch'- 
ed-li: parch'edness, n. -nis, the state of being scorched 
by heat or dried to excess : parch'ingly, ad. -li. 

parchment, n. pdrch'-ment (F. parchemin, parch- 
ment: L. and It. pergamena, parchment— from Per- 
gamos, in Asia Minor, where first made), the skins of 
sheep or goats prepared for writing on. 

pard, n. pdrd (L. pardus; Gr. pardos; AS. pard, a 
panther), a leopard ; a panther ; in poetry, any spotted 
beast. 

pardon, n. pdr'-dn (F. pardon, forgive— from par- 
donner, to forgive : L. per, through, and dono, I give : 
It. perdono, pardon), forgiveness ; remission of a pen- 
alty or punishment ; a warrant of forgiveness or of ex- 
emption from punishment : v. to grant forgiveness of; 
to remit ; to excuse ; to forgive : pardoning, imp. : 
par'doned, pp. -dnd .- par'doner, n. -er, one who par- 
dons ; one who dealt in papal indulgences : pardon- 
able, a. -d-U, bhat iaj bi pardoned; venial; excus- 
able: par'donably, ad. -d-bll: par'donableness, n. 
-U-nSs, the quality of being pardonable : pardon me, 
forgive me ; a word denoting a civil denial, or a slight 



pare, v. pdr (F. parer, to deck, to trim, to peel an 
apple : It. parare, to dress, to trim out), to slice or 
shave off from the surface ; to diminish by little and 
little; to trim : pa'ring, imp.: pared, pp. pard: parer, 
n. pd'-rer, he or that which pares : pa'rings, n. plu. 
-rlngz, unimportant matters ; trifles ; small savings in 
a bad sense, as in cheeseparings. 

paregoric.ii Gr. paregorikos, capable 

of affording relief), a medicine thi 1 1 mitigate, i.h.i 
soothing syrup for coughs : adj. soothing; mitigating. 

parembole, n. pd-rSm'-bo-le (Gr. parembole, a "throw- 
ing in beside— from para, beside, and ballo, I throw), 
something explanatory thrown into a sentence more 
closely connected with the context than a parenthesis. 

parenchyma, n. pd-reng'kl-md (Gr. parengchuma, a 
discharge of humours from the lun<rs, &c— from para, 
beside, and engchuo, I pour in), in anat., the spongy 
substance forming the cellular tissue in the interstices 
of the viscera; in bot., the cellular tissue or pith of 
plants: parenchymatous, a. pdr'eng-kim'd-tns, also 
parenchymofs, a. pd-reng'-ki-mus, pert, to or resem- 
bling parenchyma ; spongy ; soft ; pithy. 

parenetic, a,.pdr'e-nSt'lk, also par'enet'ical, a. -l-kdl 
(Gr. parainesis, exhortation), persuasive ; encourag- 
ing. 

parent, n. pd'-rSnt (L. parens, a father or mother- 
gen, parentis: It parente: F. parent), a father or 
mother; cause; source: pa'rentless, a. -Us, deprived of 
parents: parentage, n. pd'-ren-taj, extraction; birth: 
parental, a. pd-ren'tdl, pert, to or becoming a parent ; 
affectionate: paren'tally, ad. -li: paren'ticide, n. 
-tl-sid (L. parens, a parent, and cozdo, I cut or kill), 
one who kills a parent, or the crime. 

parenthesis, n. pd-rSn'-tM-sls, plu. paren'theses, 
-thS-sez (Gr. pi i i rtion— from para, beside, 

en, in, and thesis, a putting or placing), an explana- 
tory or qualifying clause inserted into a sentence with- 
out being grammatically connected with it, and which 
is frequently marked off by the upright curves ( ), 
often by the dash (— ), or simply by a comma : paren- 
thetic, a. pdr'in-thSt-ik, also par'enthet'ical, a. -i-kdl, 
expressed in a parenthesis, or pert, to it : par'enthet'- 
ically, ad. -li. 

parexus, n. pd-reks'-us (Gr. parexis, a gangway or 
ladder), in geol., a genus of fossil fin-spined fishes of 
small size found in the lower Old Red Sandstone. 

pargasite, n. pdr'gd-sit (from Pargas, near Abo, in 
Finland), a term to designate those varieties of horn- 
blende possessed of a high lustre. 

parget, n. pdr'-jet (L. paries, a wall— gen. parietis), 
rough plaster laid on roofs; the coarse plaster com- 
posed of lime, hair, and cow-dung, used to line chim- 
ney flues : v. to cover with the rough plaster parget : 
par'geting, imp. : pargeted, pp. 

parhelion, n. par-he'-li-on, plu. parhelia, -ll-d (Gr. 
para, beside, and helios, the sun), a mock sun appear- 
ing as a bright light near the real sun. 

pariah, n. pdr'-l-d (Tamul, pareyer, a mountaineer), 
one of the lowest class of people in certain parts of 



India without caste ; an outcast ; one contemned and 
despised by society : pariah dogs, native dogs in the 

E. I. without masters or homes. 

parial, n. pd-ri'al (contr. of pair royal), three of a 
sort in certain games of cards. 

Parian, a. pa'-rl-dn, pert, to or found in the island 
of Paros, a place famed for its marble : n. a fine kind 
of porcelain for statuettes. 

parietal, a. pd-rl'6-tcU (L. paries, a wall— gen. pari- 
etis : It. parietale ; F. parietal, said of certain bones 
of the head), pert, to walls ; in anat., ''instituting the 
sides or walls— applied to a large flat bone on each 
side of the head; in bot., growing from the side or 
wall of another organ— applied to placentas on the 
wall of the ovary : parietary, n. pd-ri'-e-td-rl, a plant, 
the common pellitory of old walls : parietes, n. plu. 
pd-rl'e-Uz, the enclosing walls of any cavity. 

paripinnate, a. pdr'i-pln'-nat (L. par, equal, and 
penna, a wing), in bot., a compound pinnate ending in 
two leaflets. 

parish, n. piir'iyji (F. jmroisse; mid. L. parcecia; 
Gr. paroikia, an ecclesiastical district or neighbour- 
hood: Gr. paroikos, dwelling beside another— from 
para, by, near, and oikos, a house), an ecclesiastical 
division of a town or con 1 1 ubj to the oversight 

and ministry of one pastor ; a district having its own 
offices for the legal care of the poor, &c: adj. pert, to 
a parish; maintained by a parish: parish-clerk, a 
layman who leads the responses : parishioner, n. pd- 
rislt'i'iii-<:r, a native or an inhabitant of a parish. 

Parisian, n. pd-rlz'-i-an, a native or inhabitant of 
the city of Paris. 

parisyllabic, a. pdr'-l-sil-ldb'ik (L. par, equal— gen. 
paris, and syllaba, a syllable), having equal syllables 
in all its inflections. 

paritor, n. pdr'-i-tor (L. paritor, a servant— contr. 
from apparitor), a summoner of the courts of civil 
law. 

parity, n. pdr'%41 (L. paritas, equality— from par, 
equal: It. parita: F. pariti), the condition of being 
equal or equivalent ; equality ; close resemblance ; an- 
alogy. 

park, n. p&rk (F. pare, an enclosure : Dan. park; It. 
parco ; AS. pearroc; Ger. p/erch,a park, an enclosure), 
an enclosed portion of grass-land in or near a town 
for amusement or exercise ; the pasture and woodland 
surrounding a mansion-house ; the train of heavy ar- 
tillery, with carriages, ammunition, &c, which accom- 
panies an army to the field; the whole collection of 
tools, &c, belonging to the engineer department of 
the army : v. to enclose, as a park ; to bring into a 
compact body, as artillery: park'ing, imp.: parked, 
pp. pdrkt. 

parlance, n. p&r'l&ns (Norm. F. parlance, speech : 

F. parlant, speaking— from parler, to speak), conver- 
sation ; idiom of common talk : in common parlance, 
in the usual form of speech. 

parley, n. pdr'-li (F. parler, to speak), a conference 
with on some point of mutual concern, as with an 
enemy : v. to confer with an enemy ; to treat or dis- 
cuss orally: parleying, imp. pdr'-ll-ing -. parleyed, 
pp. pdr'lid : to beat a parley, to beat a drum or sound 
a trumpet in a particular way, as a signal that a con- 
ference with the enemy is desired. 

Parliament, n.pdr'-li-menl(¥.parlement; Sp. and It. 
parlamento, a conversation, parliament— from It. par- 
lare ; F. parler, to speak), the general and supreme 
council of the nation h bj ha lone is placed the legis- 
lating power, consisting of three estates or branches — 
the Sovereign, the House of Lords, and the House of 
Commons ; in France, certain high courts of justice 
before the Revolution : Parliamentarian, n. a. -ta'-ri- 
dn, a term used during the Civil War, denoting adher- 
ence to Parliament, in opposition to Charles I.: Par'- 
liament'ary, a. -ment'd-ri, enacted or done by Par- 
liament; pert, to it; according to its rules and usages: 
Parliamentary trains, c< bich, by enact- 

ment of Parliament, are obliged to be run by railway 
companies for the conveyance of third-class passengers 
at the rate of a penny per mile. 

parlour, n. pdr'-Ur (F. parloir; It. parlaforio, the 
room in a nunnery where the nuns were allowed to 
speak to visitors through a grating— from F. parler; 
It. parlare, to speak), an apartment in a house used 
as a sitting-room, or for common receptions : parlour 
boarder, a scholar in a boarding-school who takes 
meals with the master's family. 

Parmesan, a. pdr-mS-zdn', of or from Parma, in 
Italy ; applied to a particular kind of cheese. 



mate, mdt,fdr, law; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



PARN 4 

Parnassian, a. pdr-nds'si-dn, pert, to Parnassus, 
in Greece, the mountain sacred to Apollo and the 
Muses. 

parochial, a. pa-ro'-ki-al (mid. L. parochial is— from 
parochia.a parish— see parish), of or pert, to a parish : 
parochially, ad. -II: paro chialise, v. -%z, to form 
into parishes: paro'chiali sing, imp.: paro'chialised, 
pp. -Izd. 

parody, n. pdr'-o-di (Gr. parodia, a parody— from 
para, beside, and ode, a poem or song : It. parodia : 
F. parodie), a poetical pleasantry in which verses of 
a grave and serious nature on one subject are altered 
and applied to another by way of burlesque : v. to 
alter, as verses or words, and apply them to a subject 
different from that of the original : parodying, imp. : 
par'odied, pp. -did: par'odist, n. -dist, one who writes 
a parody: parodie, a. pd-rod'-ik, also parod'ical, a. 
-i-kdl, consisting of or resembling parody. 

parol, n. par'ol (F. parole, word— from parler, to 
speak), words or oral declarations in law : adj. given 
by word of mouth ; not written : parole, n. pd-rol', 
the word of honour of a prisoner of war in return for 
indulgences or conditional freedom ; daily password 
in camp or garrison. 

paronomasia, n. pdr'-o-no-md'-shl-d, also par 'onom'- 
asy, n. -nom'-d-sl (Gr. para, beside, beyond, and oaom- 
asia, a naming— from onoma, a name), a play on 
words; a figure in rhetoric in which words nearly 
similar in sound are placed in opposition or antithe- 
sis: paronomastic, a. pd-ron'-d-mas'-tlk, also paron'- 
omastical, a. -ti-kdl, consisting in a play upon words. 



whitlow or felon. 

paronyme, n. pdr'6-nim (Gr. para, beside, and 
onoma, a name), a word resembling another in signi- 
fication: paronymous, a. 2>d-r6n'-i-mii$, of like deri- 
vation; kindred; allied: paron'omy, n. -0-mi, the 
quality of being paronymous. 

paroquet, n. pdr'-o-ket (see parrot), a small species 
of parrot— also written paroket, paraquet, and par- 



the ears— gen. jKirntid,,?— fnmij>ara, beside, and . , 
the ear : F. parotide), pert, to certain glands : parotis, 
n. pd-ro'-tis, also parot id, plu. parotides, pd-rof-i-dcz, 
the salivary or parotid glands situated below and before 
each ear near the articulation of the lower jaw : par- 
otitis, n. pdr'o-ti'-tis, inflammation of the parotid 
glands ; the mumps. 

paroxysm, n. pdr'-oks-izm (Gr. paroxusmos, excite- 
ment, exasperation— from para, beside, and oxunein, 
to sharpen: F. paroxisme), a fit of rage or passion; a 
recurring increase and exacerbation of a disease ; in 
geol., any sudden and violent effort of natural agency, 
such as the explosive eruptions of a volcano, or the 
convulsive throes of an earthquake : paroxysmal, a. 
•iz'-mdl, pert, to or occurring in paroxysms: par'ox- 
is'mist, n. -iz'mlst, in geol, one who believes in the 
violent operations of nature rather than in ordinary 
and continued ones. 

parquetry, n. p-'ir'-kxt-ri (F. parquet, an inlaid floor), 
figured inlaid work of wood employed for floors. 

parr, n. par, the young salmon till near the end of 
its second year ; an adult of an allied species. 

parrakeet, n., and paraquet, n. pdr'd-ket— see 
paroquet. 

parrel, n.pdr'rel (Port, aparelho; Sp. aparejo, tackle 
andrigging: F. appareil, preparer, ■■■■ 
the collars of greased ropes attached to the yards, and 
by which they slide up and down the mast. 

parricide, n. pdr'ri-sid (L. parricida, the murderer 
of a father— from pater, a father, and cazdo, I kill: It. 



is due ; the destroyer or invader of his native country : 
par'rici'dal, a. -si'dcil, pert, to parricide, or tainted 
with it. 

parrot, u.pdr'rot (contr. fromF. perroquef, a parrot : 
Sp. Ferico, and its dim. Periquito, Peter, a parrot), 
a well-known bird of several species, noted for its 
ready imitation of the human voice : parrot-coal, can- 
nel or gas coal that burns very clearly, so called from 
its spirting or flying in pieces with a crackling or 
chattering n ced in the tire: 

parrot-fish, a fish of the tropical seas, so called from 
the brilliancy of its colours. 

to w 



d off: L. parare, to get ready), to ward off, as a 

cow, boy, fool; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



3 PART 

blow or thrust ; to fence : par'rying, imp. : par'ried, 
pp. -rid. 

parse, v. pars (L. pars, a part, as in pars orationis, 
a part of speech), to resolve a sentence into its ele- 
ments ; to name the parts of speech in a sentence, and 
to tell their relation to each other: pars'ing, imp.: 
n. the art or act of resolving a sentence into its ele- 
ments : parsed, pp. pdrst: pars'er, n. -er, one who can 
parse, or who parses. 

Parsee, n. pdr'-se (Pers. Parsi, a Persian, a fire-wor- 
shipper), one of the Persian refugees driven out of 
their own country hy the us, now living 

in various parts of India : Par'seeism, n. -izm, fire-wor- 
ship, the religion of the Parsees. 

parsimony, n. paY-si-mdn-i (L. parsimonia, frugal- 
ity: It. parsimonia: F. j'orsimonie), the being very 
sparing in the use and expenditure of money ; frugal- 
ity ; excessive caution in the expenditure of money ; 
closeness : par'simo'nious, a. -mo'ni-us, sparing in the 
use of money; covetous; niggardly: par'simo nious- 
ly, ad. -U : par'simo'niousness, n. -nSs, a very sparing 
use of money ; a disposition to save expense. 

parsley, n. jidrs'll (F. persil; L. petroselinum, pars- 
ley), a common pot-herb. 

parsnep, n. pars'-nep, also pars'nip, -nip (a corrup- 
tion of L. and It. pastinaca, a parsnep— from L. pasti- 
nare, to dig and trench: Dut. pastinak, a parsnep: 
the nep of the Eng. name is the ncp of turnep, signify- 
ing a tap-root), a plant and its root. 

parson, n. pdr'sn (L. persona, the person, in mid. L. 
dignity or office: mid. L pt rsona ecclesue, the person 
who represents.the church in a parish), the incumbent 
of a parish ; a clergyman ; a man in orders : parsonage, 
n. pdr'sn-dj, the house set apart for the residence of 
the incumbent of a parish. 

part, n. part (L. pars, a part, a piece or portion- 
gen, partis: It, parte: F. port}, a piece or fragment 
separated from a whole thing; a portion or share; 
something less than the whole"; an ingredient; a pro- 
portional quantity ; concern or interest ; a character 
or personage in a play ; something relating or belong- 
ing to, as, for my part; particular office or character; 
side ; party : plu. parts, parts, powers ; accomplish- 
ments; quarters; districts: v.{L.partire; It.partire, 
to part, to share : F. par-fir, to set out, to go away), to 
separate or divide ; to distribute ; to break, as a rope ; 
to keep asunder; to be separated; to quit each other; 
to take or,bid farewell ; to have share : part'ing, imp.: 
adj. serving to part; separating: n. a separation; in 
geol., any thin subordinate layer occurring between 
two main beds; a joint or fissure, as in a coal-seam: 
part'ed, pp.: adj. separated; divided; in hot., sub- 
divided into siniiiau-eginents, tie divisions extending 
nearly to the base : part er, n. -ir, one who parts : part- 
ible, a. part'-i-bl, that may be separated; divisible: 
part ibil'ity, n. -bil'i-ti, susceptibility of division or 
severance: in good part, in a friendly manner: in ill 
part, with displeasure : for the most part, commonly : 
for my part, so far as it concerns me ; for my share : 
in part, in some degree; partly : part and parcel, an 
essential portion ; a part : part of speech, one of the 
classes of words into which the language is grouped: 
to part with, to quit; tori sign ; to lie separated from: 
parting-sand, in founding, burnt sand employed to 
separate and keep apart the sand in the different sec- 
tions of a mould : partly, ad. -U, in part ; not wboliy. 

partake, v.pdr-tdk' (part, and take), to share in com- 
mon w^th others ; to participate ; to share : parta'- 
king, imp.: partook', pt. -took', did partake: par- 
taken, pp. pdr-td'-kn: partaTier, n. -ker, one who par- 
takes ; a sharer; an accomplice ; an associate. 

parterre, n. par-tar' (F, parterre, a flower-garden — 
from par, on, and terre, the ground : L. pars, a part, 
and terra, the ground), a series of beds of flowers and 
evergreens artistically arranged, with intervening 
spaces of turf or gravel for walking on. 



the immediate stimulus of the male principle, or from 
a single ovum. 

Parthenon, n. pdr'thS-non, the famous temple of 
Minerva in the Acropolis of Athens. 

Parthenope.n. pur-then'-o-pe(h. and Gr. Parthenope, 
one of the sirens), in awe. myth., one of the sirens, who 
threw herself into the sea because she was unable to 
beguile Ulysses by her songs ; a genus of decapodous 
crustaceans found in the Indian Ocean; one of the 
latest discovered of the smaller planets. 



PART 4: 

partial, a. pdr'shdl (F. partial, partial— from L. 
pars, a part— gen. pari is), inclined to favour one party 
in a cause, or one side of a question, more than an- 
other, irrespective of principle or justice ; unduly 
biassed or prejudiced; not general or universal; in 
familiar language, inclined more strongly towards one 
thing than another; in hot., applied to a subordinate 
part in some general arrangement : par'tially, ad. -II, 
in a partial manner; in part; not totally: par'tial'ity, 
n. -shi-dl'i-tl, inclination to one party or side more 

thantoanotlld ; li ' die : oi imod . . [i:n,ll fond 

ness or inclination for: par'tialist, n. -shdl-ist, one 
holding that the atonement affects the elect only. 

participate, v. pdr-tis'-l-put (L. participatum, to 
make partaker of— from pars, a part, and capio, I 
take : It. participare : F. participer), to share ; to have 
a share in I'liiiiiiMHi with others; to receive a part of: 
participating, imp.: participated, pp.: participa- 
tor, n. -tor, one who part:! k , •.-, w i 1. 1 1 .■ t der: particlpa'- 

tion, n. -pa-shun, state of sharing in common with 
others ; the act or state of having a part of something: 
participative, a. -tlv, able or tending to participate: 
particlpatively, ad. -li .- participant, n. one who. 

participle, n. pdr'tl-sl-pl (L. participium, a parti- 
ciple— from pars, apart, and capio, I take: It. parti- 
cipio: F. participe), in gram., a word partly of the na- 
ture of a verb and partly of a noun : participial, a. 
■sip'i-al, having the nature and use of a participle ; 



from pars, a part: It. particula: F. particule), one of 
the minutest parts or atoms into which matter can be 
mechanically divided ; a very small portion or part ; 
the component parts or granules of all solid sub- 
stances; in gram., a word unvaried by inflection ; a 
small connecting word. 

particular, a. pdr-tik'u-ler (see particle), not gen- 
fral; individual : <li/.i mn ivc odd; ba.ving something 
that distinguishes from others, used in the sense of 
contempt; nice; attentive to things single or dis- 
tinct ; exact ; minute : n. a single instance ; a single 
point : plu. details : particularly, ad. -li, distinctly ; 
iu an extraordinary degree : particularity, n. -Idr'i- 
ti, the quality of being particular; distinctiveness; 

di:>> > na.i lia ii t enstic; minuteness in 

detail : in particular, especially ; distinctly : partie'- 
ularise, v. -ler-lz, to speedy singly and distinctly; to 

enumerate ill paci i< nla , ■ or do,.-; i I i.oln; niiniued. 

single things: partic'ulari'sing, imp. entering into 
particulars: partic'ularised, pp.-isd: partic'ularisa- 
tion, n. -i-zd'shun, the act of particularising. 

parting— see under part. 

partisan, n. par -ti-zdn (old F. pertuisane, a partisan 
or leading staff: It. partigiana, a weapon like a hal- 
berd— COnneeto,". «aHi in :tmi i\\ i a I i id oi I ml bold, :i 
truncheon ; light troops engaged in desultory warfare, 



and violently attached to a party or interest: adj. 
pert, to a party or faction ; biassed in favour of a party 
or interest : partisanship, n. -ship, the state of being 
a partisan ; feeling or conduct appropriate to a parti- 
san. 

partite, a. pdr'tit, also part'ed, a. (L. partitum, to 
divide or share), in hot. , divided to the base, the divi- 
sions being called partu m,i:, 

partition, n. pdr-tish'un (L. partitio, a parting, a 
partition— from partio, I part, I divide : F. partition), 
division; separation; that by which bhing an sep- 
arated; a separate part: v. to divide into distinct 
parts ; to separate by a partition : partitioning, imp. : 
partitioned, pp. -find: partitive, a. pdr'ti-tiv, dis- 
tributive; denoting a part: n. in gram., a word ex- 
pressing partition, or denoting a part; a distributive : 
par'titively, ad. -li. 

partner, n. pdrt'ner (F. parcener; prov. F. par- 
tener, to partake : F. parcener, a partaker, a partner), 
one associated with another or others in business pur- 
suits; a sharer; an associate; our « bo da.nce.i uitii 
another; a husband or wife; heavy framework fitted 
on the deck of a ship to receive a mast, a pump, &c: 
partnership, n. joint or common interest or pro- 
perty ; union of two or more in the same profession 
or trade. 

partook— see partake. 

partridge, n. pdr'frlj (F. perdrix ; Gr. and L. per- 



dix, a partridge), a well-known bird of several spe- 

mdie, mdt,fdr, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, nut, mCve, 



PASS 

cies : partridge-wood, a variegated wood from the W. 
Indies, much used in cabinet-work. 

parturition, n. pdr'tu-rlsh'iin (L. parturio, I bring 
forth), the act of bringing forth, or of being delivered 
of young: parturient, a. pdr-tu'rl-ent, bringing forth 
or about to bring forth young. 

party, n. pdr'ti (F. parti, a party or faction : L. 
partiri, to part, to divide: It. partita, a faction, a 
division), a number of persons united in opinion or 
design in opposition to others belonging to the same 
body or community ; a faction; one concerned or in- 
terested in an affair ; one of two litigants ; a particular 
person— but improperly so applied ; a cause or a side ; 
a select company or assembly ; a small detachment of 
troops drawn from the main body : adj. that concerns 
not the whole; in her., used with reference to the di- 
vision of a field or charge : party-coloured, a. having 
divers colours : party-fence, a fence between the lands 
of separate proprietors: party-jury, a jury consisting 
of half natives and half foreigners : party-man, one 
holdingviolent party principles; a, fad ions man: party- 
spirit, the spirit or animus that distinguishes a party: 
party-wall, a wall separating the properties of differ- 
ent proprietors : partyism, n. pdr'-ti-izm, devotion to 
party; party-spirit. 

parvenu, n. pdr'vS-nff (F. parvenu, an upstart— from 
parvenir, to attain to, to succeed), an upstart; one 
newly risen into notice or power. 

pas, n. pd (F. pas ; It. passo ; L. passus, a step), a 
step ; precedence. 

paschal, a. pds'kdl (Heb. pesach; Gr. pascha, the 
Passover— from Heb. pasach, to pass over), pert, to the 
feast of the Passover or to Easter : paschal cycle, that 
which fixes the times of Easter: paschal-flower or 
pasque-flower, a flower, a s] n cies of anemone, so named 
in eons! ■: 1 1 ;e oi n i flowi ring about Easter; wind- 
flower ; Pulsatilla : Paschal Lamb, among the Jews, 
the lamb slain and eaten at the Passover. 

pasha or pashaw, pd'-shd, pashalic, &c— see Pacha. 

pasigraphy, n. pds-ig'-rdfi (Gr. pas, all, and gra- 
pho, I write), any system of universal writing; the 
imaginary, universal language, to he spoken and 
written by all nations. 

pasque, n. ptdsk (old F. pasque, Eastern), feast of 
Easter : pasque-flower— see under paschal. 

pasquin, n. / 1 / ilso -squmade, n. pds'k'wln- 

del (the statue of a gladiator, dug up at Rome about 
300 years ago, was first set up near the house of Pas- 
quino, an eccentric and well-known barber, and being 
used for the purpose of bearing satirical placards, these 
were called by his name), a lampoon or satire : v. to 
lampoon or satirise : pas quina'dmg, imp.: pas'quina'- 
ded, pp. 

pass, n. pds (It. passare ; F. passer, to pass, to go 
over: Ger. pass, a passage : L. passus, a step or pace), 
a narrow passage or entrance ; permission or licence ; 
an order by which vagrants or paupers are sent to 
their native place ; a free journey-ticket on a railway ; 
an unpaid admission to a place of amusement ; a push 
or thrust in fencing ; state or condition : v. to cause 
to move onward ; to move or proceed from one place, 
state, &c, to another ; to go ; to live through ; to utter 
or pronounce, as an opinion ; to neglect or omit ; to 
enact or be enacted; to go through the necessary stages 
and receive sanction, as a bill in Parliament ; to deter- 
mine finally ; to thrust, as in fencing ; to undergo ; to be 
at an end ; to go beyond; to go through ; to be generally 
received; to run or extend; to vanish ; to circulate, as 
to poss bad money; to admit or allow, as to pass the ac- 
counts: pas'sing.'imp.: adj. supremely excellent ; emi- 
nent; departing :a ; urpai ingly; exceedingly : n. the 
act of going past; (he art of eairying; through all the 
regular forms, as a bill through Parliament : passed, 
pp. pdst: passer, n. pds'ser, one who passes: pas'sable, 
a. -sd-bl, that may be passed ; possible to be passed 
or travelled through or over; tolerable; allowable; 
capable of repetition or admission ; current : pas'- 
sably, ad. -oil : pass'less, a. -Us, having no passage : 
passer-by, one who goes by or near: passing-bell, 
the bell tolled immediately after death : pass-book, a 
small book in which credit purchases or credits are 
entered: pass-check, a ticket of admission to a place 
of amusement, or for re-entrance : pass-key, a key 
which opens a series of locks, or commonly a latch- 
key: pass-note, a certificate from an employer that 
the bearer has legally left his last employment: pas- 
sing-note, in music, a grace -note: password, in 
mil., a word used as a signal by which a friend may 
be distinguished from a stranger, and allowed to pass : 



PASS 

to pass away, to die ; to spend or waste : to pass by or 
over, to overlook ; to disregard ; to excuse or forgive : 
to pass into, to blend completely with : to pass on or 
upon, to determine ; to give or utter, as an opinion or 
a sentence : to pass off, to impose upon : to pass off 
or away, to be dispersed ; to vanish : to pass one's 
word, to promise ; to pledge one's self: to bring to 
pass, to cause to happen ; to accomplish : to come to 
pass, to occur; to happen: mountain - pass, a defile 
or narrow glen cutting a mountain-chain. 

passade, n. pds-sdd', also passado, n. pds-sa'-do (F. 
passade, a passing : Sp. pasada, a passage, a place), 
in fencing, a thrust; the course of a horse backwards 
and forwards on the same spot of ground. 

passage, n. pas'-saj (F. passage, a passage, a road— 
from L. passus, a step), a journey-i_a_sayage ; time 
occupied in passing ; a way or road ; entrance or 
exit ; a corridor in a house or building ; an event ; an 
incident ; an indefinite part of a book, writing, or dis- 
course ; in music, a portion of an air or tune: bird 
of passage, a bird that passes at certain seasons from 
one climate or country to another ; one who is apt by 
force of circumstances, or by natural disposition, to 
change his place of abode frequently: passage-money, 
the fare paid for conveyance by sea. 

passant, n. pOs'sdnt (F. passant, a traveller: L. 
passus, a step), in her., applied to a lion or other ani- 
mal in a shield which appears to walk leisurely : en 
passant, ad. dng-pds'-sdng (F.), in passing; by the 

passe, a, pds'-sd (F.), past; out of use; faded; 
worn: passe partout, pds'-par-tff (F. passer, to pass, 
and partout, everywhere), that by which one can 
pass anywhere ; a mastei -key : an engraving on wood 
or metal of an ornamental border, the centre of which 
was cut out to allow another engraving to be inserted, 
to which the first formed a kind of frame ; a light pic- 
ture-frame of card-board, having the inner edges gen- 
erally gilt. 

passenger, n. pCis'-stn-jir (F. passage)-; Sp. pasajcro, 
a traveller, a passenger— see passage and pass), a 
traveller; a wayfarer; one journeying by railway, 
steamboat, or coach : passenger ship, a steamer or 
sailing-vessel having accommodation for passengers 
by sea ; an emigrant ship. 

passerine, a. pas'-str-in (L. i>ass,:r, a sparrow), pert. 
to birds of the sparrow kind: passeres, n. pla.pds'- 
ser-ez, also pas'serines, n. plu. -inz, the order of birds 
to whicli the sparrows belong. 

passible, a. pds'-sl-bl (F. passible: It. passibile, able 
to suffer— from L. passus, suffered), capable of feeling; 
susceptible of impressions from external agents: pas - 
sibleness, n. -nes, also pas sibil'ity, n. -bil'-l-tl, aptness 
to feel or suffer; susceptibility of impressions from 
external agents. 

passion, n. pdsh'-un (It. 2^ctssione: F. passion, pas- 
sion — from L. passus, borne or suffered: Gr. pathos, 
suffering), violent excitement and agitation of nrind in 
anger; anger; love; eager or vehement desire: the 
passion, the sufferings of Christ Jesus between the 
last supper and His death: passions, n. plu. -unz, 
those desires or workings of the mind that generally 
seek relief or gratification, such as anger, fear, love, 
joy, ambition, avarice, revenge, &c: passionless, a. 
-les, of a calm temper; not easily excited to anger: 
passi'onate, a. -un-dt, easily excited or moved to 
anger; feeling or expressing strong emotion; arising 
from passion : passi'onately, ad. -II .- passi'onateness, 
n. -nes, the state of being passionate; vehemence 
of mind: passi'onist, n. -1st, in the R. Cath. Ch., 
a member of a religious order established in 1741: 
passion-flower, a flower so named from a fancied re- 
semblance to the instrument of our Lord's crucifixion : 
passion-week, the week preceding the festival of 
Easter, so called because our Saviour's sufferings and 
death took place in that week. 

passive, a. pds'-siv (It. 2iassivo; F. passif, passive— 
from L. passus, suffered), not opposing or resisting ; 
suffering without resistance ; submissive ; denoting 
that form of a verb in which the object of the active 
voice becomes the subject: pas'sively, ad. -li: pas- 
siveness, n. -nes, the quality of receiving impressions 
from external agents: passive obedience, absolute 
obedience of subjects to a sovereign : passivity, n. 
pOs-slv'i'ti, the tendency of a body to preserve its 
state of either motion or rest. 

Passover, n. p&s'-o-ver (Eng. pass, and over), the 
great annual festival of the Jews commemorative of 
their deliverance out of Egypt, when the destroying 



15 PAST 

angel passed ore?- their houses and entered those of 
the Fyyptians : the sacrifice oiieied at the feast : Pass- 
over bread or cake, the unlea\ cued cakes used by the 
Jews at the festival of the Passover. 

passport, n. pas-port (F. passeport, a passport— 
originally permission to leave or enter a port— from 
passer, to pass, and port, a harbour: It. pussuporto— 
from passare, to pass, and porta, a harbour), a written 
licence or warrant granting liberty to travel through 
a country, required generally on the Continental states 
of Europe. 

past, a, past (L. passus, a pace or step: Eng. pass, 
whicli see), gone by or beyond; not present nor future ; 
ended; accomplished: prep, beyond; out of reach of: 
ad. by, as the wind swept past: the past, time gone 
by : past-master, one who has been the master of a 
civic company or corporation ; one who has filled the 
chair of a freemason's lodge. 



solid tenacious mixture ; any soft sticky composition, 
as boded flour and water, used as a glue or cement ; 
imitations of precious stones by means of an artificial 
material, consisting of powder of rock-crystal, coloured 
and tinted with metallic oxides: v. to cement or fasten 
with paste : past ing, imp. : past'ed, pp. : pasty, a. pas'- 
ti, resembling paste: n. a small crust-pie raised with- 
out a dish : pasteboard, very thick, stiff paper ; a 
stiff material made of sheets of paper pasted together. 

pastel, n. pds'-tel (Sp. and F. pastel; It. pastello, a 
pastel— from F. past, ; It. pasta, parte'), a plant called 
the woad ; a kind of paste made of different colours 
with gum-water, and used like a crayon ; a coloured 
crayon. 

pattern, n. pds'-tCrn (mid. L. pastorium, a shackle 
with which horses were tethered at pasture, the joint 
on which the shackle was fastened: old F. pasturon ; 
It. pastoia, the pastern of a horse, fetters), the lowest 
part of a horse's leg, consisting of the foot under the 
fetlock to the hoof or heel: pastern-joint, the joint 
next the foot. 

pasticcio, n. pds-ttch'-l-6 (It., a mess or medley), a 
medley; an oho; in painting, a work of art, of original 
conception as to design, but a direct copy of the style 
and manner of some other painter. 

pastil, n., also pastille, n. pas-til' (L. pastillus, an 
aromatic lozenge: It. pastiJla: F. juistilk— see paste), 
an aromatic or medicated sugar-drop or lozenge; a 
composition of aromatic woods in the form of a small 
cone, burnt to clear and scent the air of a room; a 

pastime, n. pds'llm (Eng. pass, and time: F. 2^'sse- 
temps: It. passc( tunjia), that which amuses and 
serves to make time pass pleasantly; amusement; 
entertainment. 

pastor, ii. pds'tdr (L. pastor, a feeder, a shepherd 
—from pasco, I feed: It. pastore: F. pasteur), a shep- 
herd; a clergyman having the care or spiritual feed- 
ing of a church and flock: pastor-like or pas'torly, 
ad. -li, becoming a pastor: pas'torless, a. -les, with- 
out a pastor: pastorate, n. -at, or pastorship, n. 
■ship, the office or jurisdiction of a pastor: pas'- 
toral, a. -dl, pert, to shepherds ; pert, to the care of 
a flock or a church; addressed to the clergy of a 
diocese by its bishop; rustic; rural: n. a sort of 
dramatic poem on the incidents of a country life ; a 
bishop's pastoral letter, or that of an ecclesiastical 
court, addressed to both clergy and people : pas'to- 
rale, n. -to-rd-16, in music, an air in a tender sooth- 
ing strain; the figure ol i .coral staff, in 
ecclesiastical costume, a shepheid's crook; the ensign 
of authority and jurisdiction, and an emblem of the 
pastoral care, consisting, in the case of an abbot or 
bishop, of a staff with a crook head, and for an arch- 
bishop, a staff surmounted by a crosier. 

pastry, n. pds'-trl (old F. pastisserie, pastry— from 
paste, paste— see paste), articles of food made of light 
puffy dough, as pies, tarts, &c: pastry-cook, one who 
makes pastry or sells it. 

pasture, n. po.s'-tr< ,■ ( L. and It. pastura, pasture— from 
L. pastum. to nourish or feed : F.pdture; o\a¥. pasture, 
herbage), land under grass lor the grazing of cattle: 
the grass itself: v. to supply with grass or pasture ; to 
graze : pas'turing, imp. feeding on grass-land ; graz- 
ing: pastured, pp. -turd: pas'turage, n. -hi- raj, graz- 
ing-ground ; grass-land for feeding cattle or sheep ; 
the grass on which they feed: pas'turable, a. -rd-U, 
suited for pasturing: pas'tureless, a. -tur-les, destitute 
of pasture. 



cow, boy, foot; pure, Mid; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



PAST 4! 

pasty— see under paste. 

pat, n. put (a word imitative of the sound of a light 
blow, or of a small soft lump thrown down : F. patte, 
a paw), a light, quick blow: v. to strike or stroke 
gently with the fingers ; to tap : adj. convenient ; 
exactly suitable: ad. at the precise moment; fitly; 
conveniently : pat'ting, imp. : pat'ted, pp. 

patch, n. pack (Swiss, hnir.rh, the sound of a blow, 
a patch ; batschen, to clap on a piece : It. pezza, a 
piece of rag), a piece of cloth sewed on to cover a de- 
fect or hole ; a piece in variegated needle-work ; a de- 
tached piece : v. to mend with a patch or patches ; to 
repair clumsily ; to make up of pieces ; to make or 
complete suddenly— followed by up: patch'ing, imp. : 
n. act of one who patches: patched, pp. pdcht: adj. 
mended with a patch : patch'er, n. -er, one who patches : 
patch'work, work formed of pieces sewed together ; 
any parts joined together clumsily. 

patchouly, n. pd-cho-li (an Indian word: Malay, 
puch(t-jiat), a wild plant of India, yielding an essential 
oil, from which a highly-popular perfume is made. 

pate, n. put (L. patina, a dish or pan : It. padella, a 
pan : F. pate, a plate or band of iron), the brain-pan ; 
the head: pa'ted, a. having a, pate, in composition 
only, as long-pated. 

patee, n., also pattee, n. pd-te" (F. patti— from patte, 
a paw), in her., a small cross with the arms widening 
towards the ends. 

patella, n. pa-tel'ld (L. patella, a small pan: It. 
i<ni //,, frying pan; patella, the knee-pan), in anat., 
a knee-pan; the limpet; a small vase; in hot., an or- 
bicular sessile apothecium with a marginal rim dis- 
tinct from the thallus : patel'liform, a. -ll-fawrm (L. 
forma, a shape), in the form of a small dish or sau- 
cer ; knee-pan-shaped. 

paten, n. pdt'-en, also patin, n. pat-in (L. patina, a 
wide shallow basin: It. patena: F. pat'ene), in Ch. of 
Eng., the plate containing the bread for the Eucharist ; 
in the R. Cath. Ch., a covering for the chalice used 
for containing particles of the host. 
' patent, a. pa'-t&nt (L. patens, lying open : It. patente; 
F. patent, patent, evident), open ; unconcealed ; open to 
the perusal of all ; protected by special privilege, as by 
letters patent ; in hot., spreading widely; expanded: 
n. a writ from the Crown conferring a certain exclu- 
sive right or privilege, as a title of nobility, or the sole 
right to a new invention or discovery for a certain 
time : v. to secure by patent : pa'tenting, imp. : 
pa'tented, pp. : pa'tentable, a. -d-bl, that may be 
secured or protected by patent : patentee, n. pd'ten-te, 
one to whom a certain privilege is secured by law : 
patent medic te, dicini sold labelled with a Gov- 
ernment stamp • patent office, a Government office 
for issuing patents : patent right, an exclusive right 
to the use of an invention conferred by Government 
for a certain term of years : patent rolls, the records 
or registers of patents : patent - yellow, a pigment 
or paint composed of oxide and chloride of lead. 

paternal, a. pd-ter'ndl (It. pater hale ; F. paternel, 
fatherly— from L. pater, a father), pert, to or derived 
from a father ; fatherly ; hereditary : pater'nally, ad. 
-li: paternity, n. -ni-tl, the relation or condition of a 
father; fathership. 

paternoster, n. pdt'-er-nos'ter (L. pater, father, and 
noster, our), the Lord's Prayer ; a rosary ; every tenth 
bead in the rosary: Paternoster Row, a street in Lon- 
don, principally occupied by booksellers. 

path, n. path plu p&thi [A.S.pceth; Dut.pad; Ger. 
pfad, a path : Gr. imtos, a trodden way : Sans, patha, a 
way ; p« da, the foot), a way trodden or beaten by the 
feet of men or beasts ; any narrow way ; a course ; a 
road ; a passage ; a track ; course of life : pathless, a. 
pdth'ISs, untrodden : path'way, n. -w&, a narrow way 
to be walked on ; a road. 

pathetic, a I pathet'ical, a. -i-kdl (Gr. 

pathetikos, liable to suffering — from pathos, suffer- 
ing: F.path i i , i, Mich passions 
as pity, sorrow, or grief: n. that style or manner of lan- 
guage adapted to awaken the passions of pity, sorrow, 
or grief : pathetically, ad. -li: pathet'icalness, n. -Ms, 
the quality of being pathetic. 

pathogenetic, a. pall I pathos, suffer- 

ing, and gennao, I produce), producing disease, or re- 
lating to the produci ion oi lisease: pathogeny, n.pd- 
th6,j'6-nl, the study of the seats, nature, and general 
forms of disease. 

pathognomonic, a. pd thdg'nO mon'ik (Gr. pathos, 

nuii'ering, and gnomon, one that knows), designating 

that which is inseparable from a disease ; distinctive : 

mate, mat, far, law; mete, m6t, 



6 PATR 

pathognomy, n. pd-thog'no-mi, the science of the signs 
by which the passions are indicated. 

pathology, n. pd-thol'-o-ji (Gr. pathos, suffering, and 
logos, discourse), that part of medicine which treats of 
the nature of diseases, and their causes and symptoms : 
pathologic, &.pdth'64dj'4k, alsopath'ologlcal, ;\.-i-liil, 
pert, to pathology: pathologically, ad. -li: pathol- 
ogist, n. pd-thol'-o-jist, one versed in, or who treats of, 
pathology. 

pathos, n. pa'tlws (Gr. pathos, a suffering, any emo- 
tion of the mind), the manner or style of speech which 
excites the tender emotions of the mind; expression 
oi strong or deep feeling. 

pathway— see path. 

patience, n. pa-shins (L.paiientia, patience, forbear- 
ance — from patior, I suffer or endure : F. patience), 
the power or quality of suffering or enduring ; calm en- 
durance of pain or labour; calmness of temper under 
provocation or any calamity ; long-suffering ; continu- 
ance of labour : patient, a. pd'-shent, that can suffer or 
endure calmly ; enduring trials without murmuring or 
discontent; not easily provoked ; persevering; calmly 
diligent ; not over-eager or impetuous : n. a sick per- 
son ; one labouring under some bodily disease and 
under professional treatment : pa'tiently, ad. -li. 

patin— see paten. 

patina, n. pdt'i-nd (L. patina; Gr. patane, a flat 
dish : F. pafene), the fine varnish-like green rust found 
covering coins that have been long embedded in par- 
ticular soils. 

patois, n. pdt-ivaw' (F.), the peculiar dialect of the 
lower classes in any country, and in any district of that 
country ; provincial speech. 

patriarch, n. pa'tri-urk (Gr. patriarches, the foun- 
der or head of a family— from pater, a father, and 
arche, rule: F. patriarche, a patriarch), an epithet 
applied to an aged man ; the head of a family in anc. 
times; an ecclesiastical dignitary superior to an arch- 
bishop : the patriarchs, a term applied to Abraham, 
Isaac, Jacob, and his twelve sons : pa'triarchlsm, n. 
-izm, government by patriarchs: pa'triarch'ship, n. 
-ship, also pa'triarch'ate, n. -at, office, dignity, or 
jurisdiction of a patriarch: pa'triarch'al, a. -dl, also 
pa'triarch'ic, a. -ik, relating to patriarchs, or subject 
to them : pa'triarch'ate, n. the office ; the residence 
of a patriarch. 

patrician, n. pd-frish'dn (L. patricius, patrician, 
noble— from patres, the fathers : F. patricien), in anc. 
Rome, one of the nobility : adj. noble ; not plebeian. 

patrimony, n. pdt'ri-mon-i (L. patrimonium, a pa- 
ternal estate — from pater, a father: It. patrimonio : 
F. patrimoine), a right or estate inherited from a 
father; a church estate or revenue : pat'rimo'nial, a. 
-ii><Y-iii-dl, inherited from ancestors: pat'rimo'nially, 
ad. -li. 

patriot, n. pd'tri-ot (Gr. patriotes, one of the same 
country: It. patriota ; F.patriote, a patriot— from L. 
patria, one's native country), one who loves his coun- 
try, and exhibits great zeal in its interests ; one whose 
ruling passion is the love of his country ; sometimes 
applied in contempt or ironii allj toa fai fcious disturber 
of the Government : adj. devoted to the welfare of one's 
country : patriotic, a. -ik, full of patriotism ; actuated 
by the love of one's country: pa'triot'ically, ad. -li: 
pa'triotism, n. -tizm, love of one's country ; the pas- 
sion which inspires to the service of one's country. 

patristic, a. pd-trls'tlk, also patris'tical, a. -ti-kdl 
(L. patres, the fathers), pert, to the anc. fathers of the 
Christian Church. 

patrol, n. pd-trol' (F. patrouille; Sp. patrulla; It. 
pattuglia, a night-watch: F. patrouiller, to paddle 
in the water), a small party of soldiers under a cor- 
poral, ordered to march a certain round either with- 
in a garrison or camp, or in a town, generally during 
night or in times of excitement, to repress disorders 
and to preserve the peace; the act of thus going 
round : v. to march through or round ; to go the allot- 
ted rounds, as a guard: patrolling, imp.: patrolled, 
pp. pd-trold". 

patron, n. pa'tron (L. patronus, a protector— from 
pater, a father: Gr. patron; F. patron, a patron), 
one who countenances and protects either a person 
or a work; a person who has the gift and disposal 
of church preferment: adj. giving aid or exercis- 
ing guardianship, as a patron saint: pa'tronless, a. 
-les, without a patron : pa'tronage, n. -uj, protection; 
special countenance or support ; power of bestow- 
ing some office, title, or privilege : pa'troness, n. -6s, 
a lady who protects or countenances : pa'tronise, 
Mr; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



PATR 



427 



PEA 



v. -Tj. to support; to countenance: to encourage; 
to favour or promote : pa'troni'sing, imp.: adj. acting 
as a patron; favouring; promoting: patronised, pp. 
-Izd: pa'troni'ser, n. -z^r, one who patronises : patron 
saint, in the R. Cath. Ch., some saint assumed as a 
guardian either of a person or of a place : cardinal 
patron, the prime minister of the Pope. 

patronomatology, ii.pdt'r6-ndm'-d-t6l'6-jl{GT. pater, 
a father, onoma, a name, and logos, discourse), the 
science of surnames, or a treatise on them. 

patronymic, n. pdt'ro-nlm-lk (Gr. pater, a father, 
and onoma, a name), the name of a man or woman de- 
rived from that of a parent or ancestor: adj. expres- 
sing the name of a parent or ancestor. 

pattee— see patee. 

patten, n. pat'-tCn (F. patin, a clog, a high-heeled 
shoe: Fin. pati7ia, a shoe of birch-wood), a wooden 
sole or sandal, with an iron ring beneath, worn by 
women under their shoes to protect the feet from wet ; 
the base of a column or pillar. 

patter, v. pdt'ter (a word imitative of sound ex- 
pressed by pat, pat : F. patatra, a word imitative of the 
noise of things falling or rolling), to make a sound like 
2)ats or slight blows repeated often and quickly; to 
strike, as filling drops of rain: pat'tering, imp. : adj. 
making a quick succession <>f -light Mows, ^spattering 
feet, nattering rain : pat tered, pp. -terd. 

pattern, n. pat'-tern (F. patron, master of a ship or 
workshop, a pattern being the inanimate master by 
which the workman is guided : Dm. / xztroon, a model), 
an original proposed for imitation ; that which is to 
be copied or imitated; a sample; anything cut out or 
formed into a shape to be copied ; a specimen ; an ex- 
ample. 

patty, n. pdt'ti (F. pate, a pie), a little but savoury 
pie ; a pasty : patty-pan, a pan to bake a little pie 

patulous, a. pdt'u-lus (L. pafulus, standing open— 
from patere, to lie open), slightly spreading open. 

pau, n. paw (a native name), in New Zealand, a 
strongly-fortified enclosure or stockade. 

paucity, n. paw'slti (L. paucitas, a small number 
— from paucus, few, little: It. patrita: F. paucite), 
smalln.-;.s in number or quantity ; fewness; scarcity. 

Pauline, a. piaw'lln, pert, to the Apostle Paul, as 
Pauline epistles. 

Paullinia, n. pn7ciin'i-<1 (after Professor S. Paidli 
of Copenhagen), a genus of plants, from the powdered 
seeds of some of the species of which stimulating 
beverages are made to a large extent in some parts of 
S. Amer. ; the beverage guai-ana obtained from it. 

paunch, n. paSSonsh \F. panse ; It. pancia; L. pantex, 
the paunch, the belly: Tyrolese, pantsch, the belly— 
from jmntschcn, to eat greedily), the belly and its 
contents; the largest stomach of a ruminant: v. to 
take the contents out of the belly : to eviscerate : 
paunching, imp.: paunched, p$.paumsht: paunchy, 
a. paT'-nsh'-i, big-bellied. 

pauper, n. paw'per (L. paiqier, poor: F. pauvre), a 
poor person; one supported or assisted by his parish : 
pauperism, n. -izm, poverty ; indigence ; state of be- 
ing destitute of the means of support : pau'perise, v. 
-Iz, to reduce to a state of poverty or indigence : pau- 
peri'sing, imp. : pauperised, pp. -izd : pau'perisa'- 
tion, n. -za'shun, the act or process of reducing to 
pauperism. 

pause, n. pnwz (L. pausa; F. pause, a halt or stop : 
Gr.pausis, a rest: Sw.pusta, to take breath: Norm. 
pusta, to rest awhile), a cessation, intermission, or 
rest in something, as in labour, reading, speaking, &c. ; 
a cessation proceeding from doubt, suspense, or fear; 
a stop or rest ; a musical sign which indicates that 
silence is to he prolonged : v. to stop; to halt; to cease 
for a time either to speak or act ; to deliberate : paus'- 
ing, imp.: adj. ceasing for a time: paused, pp. pawzd: 
pausingly, ad. -II: paus'er, n. -er, one who pauses. 

pave, v. jmv (L. pavire, to beat or ram down ; pavi- 
rnentum, a path or floor made dense by beating and 
then laid with stones: F. paver, to pave), to make a 
hard level surface by laying it with stones or other 
solid material ; to cover with stones or flags to make 
the surface level and hard ; to prepare the way or 
passage : pa'ving, imp. flooring with stones : n. the 
act of laying with stones; a floor of stones: paved, pp. 
p&vd: adj. laid firmly with stones or other solid mate- 
rial : paver, n. pd'ver, one who paves : pavier, n. pa' 
vl-er, also pa'vior, n. -l-6r, one whose occupation is to 
pave : pa'viors, n. plu. -orz, a building term for thin 



broad bricks used for paving : pavement, n. pav'-ment, 

o6y,f6bt; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



\, street or footpath laid with stones or flags or other 
hard material ; the stones or other material so used : 
paving board, a number of persons in whom is vested 
the superintendence and management of the paving 
of a city, town, or district : paving-stones, large pre- 
pared stones for paving: to pave the way, to do 
something to facilitate the introduction or completion 
of a thing. 

pavilion, n. pd-vil'yon or -i-on (F. p)avillon; Sp. ^a- 
bellon, a tent, a flag: It. padiglione, a pavilion, a can- 
opy—from h.papilio, a butterfly, a tent), a large hand- 
some tent; in a building, a projecting apartment 
usually more elevated than the rest, and"often domed 
and turreted : v. to shelter with a tent : pavilioned, a. 
pd-vll'yond, sheltered by a tent. 

pavo, n. pa'vo (L. pavo, a peacock— gen. piavonis), a 
constellation in the southern hemisphere; a certain 
fish: pavonine, a. pdv'6-nin, resembling the tail of a 
peacock, or formed of its f< athers ; applied to ores and 
other metallic products which exhibit the brilliant 
hues of the peacock's tail. 

paw, n. paw (Bret, par; old F. poue; "W. palf, palm 
of the hand, a paw), the foot of an animal "having 
claws ; the hand, in contempt : v. to scrape or draw 
the fore foot along the ground, as a horse : paw'ing, 
imp.: pawed, pp.pa/wd: adj. having paws. 

pawky, a., also pauky, a. paw'M (AS. pivcan, to de- 
ceive: Low Ger. paiken, to appease by caressing), 
prov. Eng. and Scot., demurely artful ; sly; cunning. 

pawl, n.paui (\Y. pawl; L. />alus, a pole or stake), 
a short bar of wood or iron that prevents the recoil of 
a capstan or windlass. 

pawn, n. pawn (Icel. pantr ; Dut. pand ; Ger. 
pfand; F. pan, a pledge: probably connected with L. 
pannus, cloth— the first pledges being wearing ap- 
parel: Pol. font, a piece of cloth, a pawn), any mov- 
able property deposited as security for the repayment 
of a loan of money ; a pledge : v. to pledge or give in 
pledge ; to deposit as a security : pawning, imp. : 
pawned, pp. pawnd, pledged; given in security: 
pawn'er, n. -er, one who pawns : pawnee, n. pawn-'e 



security of movable property deposited : pawnbro'- 
king, the trade or business of a pawnbroker : pawn- 
ticket, a dated receipt given by the pawnbroker for 
the article received in pledge. 

pawn, n. pawn (It. pedone, a footman ; pedona, a 
pawn at chess : Sp. peone, a labourer, a pawn), a com- 
mon man at chess. 

pax, n. pdks (L. jmx, peace), in the R. Cath. Ch., a 
small crucifix, or a crucifix engraved on a plate, which 
used to be kissed by the priest and deacon, and passed 
on to the people in succession before leaving church ; 
kiss of peace. 

pay, x\.pa (F.jiayer; It. paqare; mid. L. pacare, to 
satisfy, to pay— from L. pacare, to appease), wages 
given for duty or service performed; salary: allow- 
ance: v. to discharge a debt; to make amends by 
suffering; to compensate; to reward; to recompense: 
paying^ imp. : paid, pp. pt. pad, did pay: payer, n. 
pd-cr, one who pays : pay able, a. -d-bl, that may be 
paid; due; that there is power to pay; justly due: 
payee, n. pd-H, one to whom money is to be paid: 
payment, n. pa'-ment, reward ; recompense ; some- 
thing given in discharge of a debt or obligation : pay- 
bill, in a public ivork"ox in the army, a list of names 
and wages due to each: pay-clerk, one who makes 
payments, or pays wages : pay-day, the day on which 
wages are paid ; on the Stock Exchange, the last day 
for closing or settling a stock or share account, gener- 
ally the 15th and 30th days of the month : pay-office, 
the apartment in which wages are paid ; the office for 
the payment of the public debt : paymaster, one 
who is to pay; an officer in the army whose duty is to 
pay the troops ; a naval commissioned officer who has 
charge of all cash payments of the vessel and of the 
victualling stores— formerly called a purser : to pay 
for, to make amends : to give an equivalent for ; to 
bear the expense of : to pay off, to discharge ; to re- 
tort or revenge upon ; to requite ; among seamen, to 
fall to leeward : to pay out, to cause to run out, as a 
rope ; to slacken. 

pay, v. pa (old F. empoier, to daub a vessel with- 
pitch: Ger.pech, pitch), to smear with tar, pitch, &c, 
as a vessel : paying, imp. : paid, pp. pad, perhaps 
better payed, pp. pad, to distinguish it from pay, to 
discharge a debt. 

pea, n. pe (AS.^ase,- F.jjois; Jj.pisum; Gr. p>ison; 



PEAC 



428 



PECK 



W. pys, the pea), a well-known plant, also its seed : 
plu. peas, pez, when number is meant, as six peas: 
plu. pease, pez, when quantity is meant, as a dish of 
pease;— but it is more generally used as an adj., as 
pease-meed. Note. — The roots snow thai , ■•> ■ . i- 
proper spelling, and that s is part of the original 
word; pea in the singular is a modern corruption, on 
the supposition that the se of pease belonged to the 
plural form— the old plural was piosan or peason. 
pea-grit, a coarse pisolitic limestone, so called from 
its being composed of concretionary bodies, which are 
round, oval, or flattened like crushed peas; pea-nut, 
tiie gruuiid-nut: pea-ore, an ore of iron, occurring in 
small globular eounvi ions : peas-cod, n. pes'-kod {pea, 
and cod), the husk that contains peas : pea-shell, the 
husk of peas : pea-stone, a variety of limestone, so 
called from the small round shape of the grains of 
which it is composed— also called pisolite: green-pea- 
soup, a soup made of green or unripe peas : pease- 
meal, a flour made from peas : pease-pudding, a pud- 
ding made of peas : pea-soup, a soup made of peas. 

peace, n. pes (F. paix; AS. pui.s: So. paz; It. pace, 
peace— from L. pax, peace— gou. pads), freedom from 
disturbance or agitation; freedom or respite from 
war; calm; quiet; rest; concord ; harmony; heavenly 
rest: int. silence; hist: peace'less, a. -l&s, void of 
peace: peace'able, a. -d-bl, quiet; disposed to peace; 
not quarrelsome: peace'ably, ad. -d-bll: peace - 
ableness, n. -bl-nSs, state of being peaceable ; quiet- 
ness: peace'ful, a. -fool, quiet; tranquil; mild; re- 
moved from noise or tumult: peacefully, ad. -li: 
peace'fulness, n. -nSs, the quality or condition of 

being peaceful; freedom from disl urbance m disc 

peacebreaker, one who disturbs the public peace: 
peacemaker, one who promotes peace by reconciling 
persons at variance: peace-offering, among the anc. 
Jews, a voluntary offering to God in thankfulness for 
His mercies, or as an act of devotion; satisfaction 
offered for offence given, generally to one in a higher 
social position: peace-officer, a civil officer: peace 
party, a party in favour of maintaining peace with 
foreign powers by alleged undue concessions, or at 
any price : at peace, in a state of peace ; not en- 
gaged in war or enmity : to be sworn of the peace, 
to be charged on oath for the preservation of the 
public peace, as a public officer : to hold one's peace, 
to be silent ; not to speak : to make one's peace, to 
reconcile or become reconciled: to make peace, to 
put an end to war or enmity : justice of the peace- 
see under just. 

peach, u. pech (F. peche; It. persica, a peach: L. 
persicum, a peach— from Persicus, of or from Persia), 
a very fine wall-fruit— also the tree ; a name given by 
Cornish miners to certain rocks of a bluish-green 
colour— a lode composed of it is called peachy lode : 
peachy, a. pcch'i, resembling the peach: peach- 
coloured, a. in colour like a peach-blossom ; of a deli- 



a peacock— from the cry of the bird), a well-known, 
large, domestic bird, remarkable for the beauty of its 
plumage: adj. applied to ore and minerals which ex- 
hibit an iridescent lustre like the changing hues of the 
peacock's tail ; pavonine ; fern, pea-hen: pea-chick, n. 
-chili?, the chicken or young of the peacock: pea- 
cock-fish, a fish of the Indian seas, having beautiful 
streaks of colour. 

pea-jacket, n. pe-jdk'St (Dut. pije, a coarse thick 
cloth: Goth, paida, a coat: Fin. paita, a shirt), a 
coarse woollen jacket worn by seamen ; a pilot's rough 
heavy coat. 

peak, n.pek (Sp. pico; F. pic, a sharp point: AS. 
peac; It. picro, a peak), the top ridge or jutting part 
of a hill or mountain ; the rising front part of a thing, 
terminating somewhat like a point ; the upper, outer 
corner of an extended sail ; a point : v. to raise more 
obliquely: peak'ing, imp.: peaked, pp. pekt : adj. 
pointed; ending in a point: peaky, a. piik'-i, having 
peaks, or situated on them : peak'ish, a. -ish, having 
peaks; hilly; exposed; having pale sharp features. 

peal, n. pel (Norm, bylia, to resound, to bellow: Icel. 
bylr, a tempest; biall'a, a bell), a succession of loud 
sounds, as of thunder, bells, or cannon; a set of bells 
to be rung together : v. to resound ; to utter or give 
forth loud or solemn sounds: peal'ing, imp.: adj. 
uttering loud successive sounds ; sounding as a peal : 
pealed, pp. peld. 

pean, n. pe'dn, see pcean: pe'anism, n. -izm, the 
song or shouts of battle or triumph. 

mate, mat, far, laXo; mete, met, 



pear, n. par (AS. pera ; F. poire ; It. pera ; L. pirum, 
a pear), a well-known fruit; the tree itself: pear- 
shaped, a. ovate beneath and conical, like a pear : the 
pear is ripe, the matter has come to maturity. 

pearl, n. perl (F. perle ; It. yerla ; old H. Ger. perala ; 
Port, pcrola, a pearl— from Gr. beere, a berry), a hard, 
smooth, small body, of a white iridescent colour and 
round shape, found in species of oyster, and in other 
bivalves, highly valued for its beauty; Haurativdu, 
something very precious: adj. designating a small 
printing-type : v. to set or adorn with pearls ; to re- 
semble pearls: pearling, imp.: pearled, pp. pirld: 
adj. adorned or set with pearls ; resembling pearls : 
pearlaceous, a. per-la'-shus, resembling mother-of- 
pearl : pear'ly, a. -li, clear, pure, and iridescent, like 
a pearl ; containing pearls : pearliness, n. -nes, state 
of being pearly : pearl-ash, an impure carbonate of 
potassa obtained from the ashes of wood : pearl-bar- 
ley, finely-prepared barley -grains : pearl-diver, one 
of the men whose employment is to dive in the 
Indian seas for oysters that contain pearls: pearl- 
edge, projections at the sides of ribbons; a narrow 
kind of thread-edging to be sewn to lace: pearl- 
eyed, a. having a white speck on the eye: pearl 
grass or wort, the common name for certain British 
wild plants: pearl-oyster, a bivalve from which 
pearls are obtained : pearl-sago, a sago in the form of 
small hard grains : pearl-sinter, a volcanic mineral 
occurring in smooth, shining, globular masses : pearl 
spar or stone, a variety of felspathic lava containing 
globules from the size of a grain of sand to that of a 
hazel-nut, having a glassy md pearlj lustre: pearl- 
stitch, an ornamental stitch in knitted stockings: 
pearl-studded, a. studded with pearls : pearl-white, 
a preparation of bismuth : mother-of-pearl, the in- 
side surface or lining of pearl-oysters and other shells, 
a beautiful iridescent substance. 

pearmain, n. pdr'-mdn (F. parmain), a variety of 
the apple. 

peasant, n. pez'dnt (F. paysan; mid. L. pagensis, a 
countryman— from F.jmys; It. paese, country), one 
occupied in rural labour ; a countryman ; a rustic ; a 
hind: adj. of or relating to peasants; rural: peasant- 
ry, n. -ri, the body of country people ; the rustics 
taken together. 

pease— see under pea. 

peat, n. pet (old Eng. beating, turf for fuel; bete, to 
mend or kindle a fire ; beats or peats, the turfs con- 
sumed), a natural accumulation of decayed vegetable 
substances in swampy districts, occurring in" strata 
more or less • deep : peats, n. plu. petz, peat cut 
into pieces of the shape and size of a brick, dried 
in the sun, and used as fuel : peaty, a. pet'i, consist- 
ing of peat: peat-bog, an accumulation of peat more 
or less extensive, and soft and swampy : peat-moss, a 
district covered with undisturbed peat-soil : peat-soil, 
peat-moss that has been reclaimed for agricultural 
purposes. 

pebble, n. pSb'bl (Dan. pible, to flow with small bub- 
bles, to purl : Dut. kabbelen, to beat as waves upon the 
shore : AS. pabol, a pebble), a rolled stone from the bed 
of a river or from the sea-beach ; a small round stone ; 
transparent or colourless rock-crystal: peb'bled, a. 
-bid, covered or abounding with pebbles : peb'bles, 
n. plu. -biz, a name given by lapidaries to various 
ornamental stones, differing much in colour and ap- 
pearance: peb'bly, a. -bli, full of pebbles. 

pecan, n.pe-kdn (F pacane Sp.paccma), aN. Amer. 
tree and its fruit : a species of hickory. 

peccable, a. pek'd-bl (F. peccable; It. peccabile, pec- 
cable — from L. pecco, I do amiss or transgress), liable 
to sin; subject to transgress the divine law: pee'ea- 
bil'ity, n. -bll'i-ti, the state or qua lit ■•, oi. :., -: : i • t ._j, - ( y, 
to sin: pec'cadil'lo, n. -dll'lo (Sp. piecadillo, a slight 
fault— from pecado, a sin, an excess), a petty crime 
or fault: pee'eant, a. -ant, sinning; guilty; corrupt; 
offensive ; bad : pee'eantly, ad. -li: pee'eancy, n. -dn-si, 
bad quality; offence. 

peccari, n., also peccary, n. pek'dr-i (n S. Amer. 
name), a quadruped allied' to the hog, inhabiting S. 
America. 

peccavi, n. pek-kCi'vl (L. I have sinned), a word con- 
fessing error ; nn admission of having done wrong. 

pechblende, n. pech'blSnd (Ger. pech, pitch, and 
blende, a blind), an ore of uranium and iron, used in 
porcelain-painting, glass-blowing, and the like: also 
called pech-ura ie pech'il ,,:,,', ibe principal cee of 
uranium. 

peck, n. pel; (F. picotin, a peck ; pic, a measure for 
Mr; pine, pin; note, ndt, m6vc; 



PECK 



co, the beak of a bird : F. bee, the beak of a bird ; bec- 
quer, to peck with the beak), to strike with the beak, 
as a bird ; to pick up food with the bill or beak ; to 
dig or strike lightly with a. pointed instrument: 
peck'ing, imp. : pecked, pp. pekt : peck'er, n. -er, one 
who or that which pecks : woodpecker, a bird that 
pecks insects out of trees : to peck at, to attack with 
petty and repeated criticism. 

pecopteris, n. pS-kop'-ter-is (Gr. peko, I comb, and 
pteris, a fern), in geol., an extensive genus of fossil 
ferns found in the Coal-measures, so named from the 
regular con aent of the leaflets. 

pectate, n. pek'tdt (Gr. pektos, coagulated, curdled), 



gelatinising principle of fruits and vegetal 

pecten, u.pek'-ten (L. pecten, a comb— gen. pectinis), 
a genus of bivalves, commonly called clams ; a vascu- 
lar membrane on the eyes of birds : pectinal, a. p$k'- 
tin-dl, pert, to or resembling a comb : pec tinate, a. 
-at, also pec'tinated, a. -d-ted. having a form resem- 
bling the teeth of a comb : pec'tinately, ad. -II: pec- 
tination, n. -d'shiin, state of being pectinated : pec- 
tine'al, a. -e'dl, in anat., applied to a line forming a 
sharp ridge on the pubic bone of the pelvis. 

pectine— see under pectate. 

pectinibranchiata, n.2>£k'-tln-i-brdng'ki-d'td (L. pec- 
ten, a comb, and Gr. brangchia, gills), an order of 
molluscous animals having the gills, in a comb-like 
form, seated in a cavity behind the head : pec'tini- 
bran'chiate, a. -ki-dt, having the gills in a comb- 
like form : pectin'iform, a. -fawrm (L. pecten, a comb, 
and forma, shape), resembling a comb. 

pectolite, n. p6k't6-lit (Gr. pektos, compacted, cur- 
dled, and lithos, a stone), a stone consisting of crystals 
of a white or greyish-white colour, and somewhat 
silky lustre, having a star-like arrangement of its 
crystals. 

pectoral, a. pSk'to-rdl (L. pectus, a breast— gen. pec- 
toris), pert, to abreast; sood for the chest or lungs: 
n. a breastplate, applied to that of the Jewish high 
priest ; a medicine to relieve complaints of the chest ; 
one of the breast-fins of a fish: pectoral fins, the two 
fore fins near the gills of a fish. 

pectoriloquism, n. pek'-tO-rll'-o-kiclzm (L. pectus, the 
breast — gen. pectoris, and loqui, to speak), the act of 
speaking from the chest : pec toril'oquy, n. -0-kwi, in 
med., the apparent issuing of the voice from that part 
of the chest to which the ear or stethoscope is ap- 
plied. 

peculate, v. pdk'u-ldt (L. peculatus, an embezzle- 
ment of public money : It. pecidato ; V. peculat, theft 
of public money), to appropriate public money to one's 
own use; to defraud by embezzlement ; to steal : pec- 
ulating, imp. : peculated, pp. : peculation, n. -la- 
shun, the applying to on-'s <>v< n private use of public 
money or goods : pec'ula'tor, n. -tir, one who em- 
bezzles public money. 

peculiar, a. p6-ku'li-er (L. peculiaris, one's own, 
belonging to one; peculium, that which one has as 
his own: It. peculiare; old F. pe'culier, peculiar, par- 
ticular), pert, to one, not to many ; appropriate ; un- 
usual ; strange: n. exclusive property; a parish 
which is exempted from the jurisdiction of the 
bishop of the district where it lies : pecu'liarly, ad. 
-II, in a manner not common to others : peculiarity, 
n. -dr'i-tl, something that belongs or is found in one 
person, thing, class, system, people, &c, and in no 
other: peculiarise. v. -cr-iz, to appropriate; to make 
peculiar: pec'uliari'sing, imp.: pec'uliarised, pp. -izd: 
pecu'lium, n. -iim, in cine. Rome, the property which 
a slave might p --. ,- md •<< ndeiit of his master. 

pecuniary, a. pe-ku'-ni-d-ri (L. pectiniarius, o f or 

belonging to money— from pecunia, riches, wealth— 

originally property in cattle— from pecus, cattle: It. 

icu D-iry), relating to or consisting of 

money: pecu'niarily, ad. -dr-i-ll, in a pecuniary 



charge of them at home— from Gr. pais, a child— sen. 
paidos, and ago, I lead: F. pedagogue), a schoolmas- 
ter—now used generally by way of contempt to desig- 
n it- a pedant ; one whose occupation is 
young children: pedagogic, a. pSd'd-goj'ik, also ped'- 
ccnu, boy, foot ; pure, bud; chair, 



!9 PEDO 

agog'ical, a. -i-kdl, pert, to a teacher of children, or 
to the art of teaching : ped'agogism, n. -izm, the busi- 
ness and manners of a pedagogue. 

pedal, n. ped'dl (L. pedalis, of or belonging to a foot 
—from L ped'; Gr. pod'; Sans, p&da, a foot : F. peddle ; 
It. pedale, a pedal), a key or lever attached to an or- 
gan, piano, harp, &c, to be moved by the foot, de- 
signed to modify the tone or swell of the instrument : ■ 
adj. pert, to a foot ; played or produced by the foot : 
pedal-note, a holding-note. 

pedant, n. ped'-dnt (F. pedant; It. and Sp. pedante, 
a pedant), one who makes a vain and ostentatious 
display of his learning: pedantic, a. ji-ddn'-tik, also 
pedan'tical, a. -ti-kdl, vainly displaying or making a 
show of knowledge : pedan'tically, ad. -It : pedantry, 
n. ped'dn-tri, a vain and offensive display of know- 
ledge. 

pedate, a. pSd'dt (L. j^datus, footed— from pedes, 
feet), in hot., having divisions like the feet, an epithet 
applied to certain palmate leaves. 

pedatind, a. pe-ddt'i-fid (L. pedahis, footed, and 
findo, I divide), in bot., applied to a leaf whose parts 
are not entirely separate, but divided as a pedate one ; 
irregularly lobed, said of a leaf. 

peddle, w.ped'-dl (prov. Eng. ped, a pannier or wicker- 
basket; peddler or pedlar, one who carries on his back 
goods in Aped for sale, a packman), to sell in a small 
way, as a pedlar ; to be busy about trifles ; to engage 
as a pedlar: peddling, imp. travelling about selling 
small wares: adj. trifling; unimportant: n. the occu- 
pation of a pedlar : ped'dled, pp. -did : ped'dler, n. 
-dler, one who peddles ; a pedlar : peddlery, n. -ler-i, 
goods or small wares sold by pedlars: adj. sold by 
pedlars : pedlar, n. -ler, one travelling the country, 
chiefly on foot, selling goods and small wares. 

pedestal, n. pCd'es-tdl (Sp. pedestal; F. piedestal ; 
It. 2>ied(stallo, a pedestal — from It. piede ; L. ped', a 
foot, and It. stallo, a standing, a permanent situation), 
the base or substructure of a column or statue ; a per- 
manent base on which to place anything. 

pedestrian, n. pe-dds'M-clrc (L. pedester. on foot, 
pedestrian— from pes, a foot— gen. 2>edis : It. pedes i re. - 
F. 2"'destr<:), one who performs a journey on foot; one 
noted for his powers of walking- adj. performed on 
foot; walking: pedes'trial, a. -dl, pert, to the foot: 
pedes'trianism, n. -dn-izm, the art or practice of 
v> alkin- ; journeying or racing on foot. 

pedicel, u. ped'-i-s6l, also pedicle, n.p$d'l-kl (L. ped- 
i rid us. a small foot-stalk— from pes, afoot— sen.; icdis: 
F. 2'edicule or pidicelle), a small short foot-stalk of a 
leaf, flower, or fruit; the foot-stalk or stem by which 
certain lower animals are attached: pedicellate, a. 
-.-ri'-ldt. supported by a pedicle. 

pediform, a. ped'i-faTcrm (L. _?)«, a foot— gen. p>edis, 
a.\u\ forma, shape), shaped like afoot. 

pedigerous, a. jic-djj-i. /•■<<.< (L. v , s , a foot— gen. pedis, 
and gero, I carry or bear), having feet ; furnished with 
fo"i--Jike organs. 

pedigree, n. 2'ed'hgre (Icel. fedgar, father and son 

illectively; langfedgar, a line of ancestry), a list oi 

unify is desei 
sented in a tabular form. 

pediment, n. 2>cd'i-mcnf (L. pes, a foot— gen. 2 ) edis), 
the triangular stone ornament stretching across the 
upper part of a doorway, a portico, or a window ; the 
finishing-stone of the front elevation of a building; 
the similar crowning ornament of a piece of furniture, 

peoipalpous, a. pM'l^dl'piis (L. jics, a foot; — gen. 
pedis, and palpo, I feel; palpi, feelers), applied to in- 
sects having feelers in the form of pincers, or armed 
with two claws, as the scorpions— the genus is called 
pedlpalps, -2idl2is, or ped'ipal'pi, n. plu. -pdl'-pi. 

pedlar or pedler, n. pcd'-ler (see peddle— the pro- 
per spelling is peddler), one who travels through the 
country, or from town to town, with goods and petty 
wares for sale ; a petty ha apman : pedlery , 

n. -/;'/•■/, goods or small old by pedlars. 

pedobaptism, n. pe'do-bdp'tizm (Gr. pais, a child 
— -en. 2"'i fl os, and baptism as-, baptism), the baptism 
of infants or of children : pe'dobap'tist, n. -bdji'-tist, 
one who holds the Scriptural character of infant bap- 
tism. 

pedemancy, n. jw.d'o-wdn'st (L. pes, a foot— gen. 
pedis, and Gr. tation), divination from 

the examination of the lines of the soles of the feet. 

pedometer, n. 2)e-dom'S-ter (L. pes, a foot — gen. 2>edis, 
and Gr. metron, a measure), an instrument resembling 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



PEDU 41 

a watch by which the distance passed over by a pedes- 
trian is ascertained: ped'omet'rical, a. -ri-kal, pert, 
to or determined by a pedometer. 

peduncle, n I id. L. pedunculus, a little 

foot, a foot-stalk— from pes, a foot— gen. pedis : F. 
pedoncule, a peduncle), a stem or stalk which sup- 
ports one flower or fruit, or several; the stems by 
which shells are attached to other objects: pedun'- 
cular, a. -kuder, pert, to a peduncle, or growing from 
one: pedun'culate, a. -kuddt, also pedunculated, a. 
-la-tSd, having a peduncle ; growing on a peduncle. 

peel, n. pel (L. pellis, skin: F. pel, skin; peler, to 
pare or bark: Dut. pelle, skin ; pellen, to skin, to peel: 
Dan. pille, to pick or strip), the skin or rind of a fruit ; 
the thin bark of a stick: v. to strip from fruit, &c, the 
skin, bark, or rind ; to pare ; to lose the skin or bark ; 
to come off, as the skin : peeling, imp. : peeled, pp. 
peld: peeler, n. pel'-er, one who ] »<•._■( ; 

peel, n. pel (It. paddla, any flat pan: F. paelle or 
pelle, a shovel, a peel for an oven), a flat wooden shovel 
for an oven; an instr. used in a printing-office for 
hanging up printi'd sheets to dry. 

peel, n. pel (W. pill, a stake, a fortress), a small for- 
tress. 

peep, n. pep (Dut. piepen; F. pepier, to chirp, to 
squeak: L. pip' re; Gr. pipidsein, to peep or cheep 
like a chicken through the shell, hence to begin to ap- 
pear : Dan. at pippe /rem, to shoot or peep forth), a 
look through a crevice or small opening; a sly look; 
the cry of a chicken : v. to cry in a small voice, as a 
chicken ; to chirp ; to look slily or curiously ; to look 
as through a crevice or from a hiding-place ; to begin 
to appear: peeping, imp. : peeped, pp. pept: peep'er, 
n. -er, one who peeps : peep-hole or peeping-hole, a 
hole or small opening through which one may look 
without being discovered : peep of day, the first 
streaks of light in early morning. 

peer, n. per (F. pair, a peer, a match— from L. par, 
equal), a match; an equal; one of the same social 
rank ; a nobleman ; a member of the House of Lords : 



peer; a noble lady: peerless, a. -les, without an equal 
peerlessly, ad. -li: peer'lessness, n. -nes, the state of 
being peerless. 

peer, v. per (F. paroir; L. parere, to peep out or ap- 
pear, as the sun over a mountain ; also Low Ger. piren, 
to look with half-shut eyes— but the two origins are 
confounded), to come just in sight ; to look narrowly ; 
to peep : peering, imp. : adj. prying : peered, pp. 
perd. 

peevish, a. pev'ish (prov. Dan. piceve, to whimper, 
to cry like a child), cross or ill-tempered ; fretful ; apt 
to mutter and complain ; hard to please : peevishly, 
ad. -II : peevishness, n. -nes, the quality of being 
peevish ; sourness of temper ; fretfulness. 

peewit, n. pe-wW (Scot, pee-weip ; Dut. kievit- 
word imitative of its cry), the lapwing or 
plover of our fields and uplands. 

peg, n. peg (Dan. pukke, to stamp, to pound: L. 
pungo, I prick or puncture : Gr. pegma, anything com- 
pacted), a small pointed chip of wood used as a pin or 
nail; one of the movable pins of an instrument by 
which the strings are strained : v. to fasten with pegs : 
peg'ging, imp.: pegged, pp. pSgd: adj. fastened with 
pegs : peg'ger, n. -er, one who pegs : to take a peg 
lower, to depress or sink : pegged boots, boots with 
wooden or iron pegs fastening the soles instead of 
stitching : peg-top, a child's plaything for spinning, 
made of wood. 

Pegasus, n. peg'd-sus, in anc. fable, the winged horse 
on which Bellerophon is said to have ridden when he 
slew the Chimoera ; an anc. constellation ; a genus of 
fishes with large pectoral fins. 



felspar, containing sometimes flakes of silvery-white 
mica. 

peirameter, n. pl-rdm'-hter (Gr. peira, trial, at- 
tempt, and metron, a measure), an instrument for 
ascertaining the amount of resistance to carriage- 
wheels on differently-prepared roads. 

pekan, n. pek'-dn (F. pekan), in K Amer., a large 
quadruped of the weasel kind. 

pekoe, n. pe'-ko (Chinese, pih-haou), a scented black 
tea. 

Pelagian, a. peda'jl-dn, a follower of Pelagius, a 
British monk, about A.D. 410, who taught the existence 
of absolute free-will and justification by good works, 



PELT 

and who denied, among others, the doctrine of original 
sin: adj. pert, to Pelagius, or to his doctrines: Pela'- 
gianism, n. -an-lzrn, the doctrines of Pelagius. 

pelagic, a. pe-hlj'ik (Gr. pelagos, the sea), pert, to the 
deep sea or outer ocean, in contradisl I on to littoral 
or along shore. 

pelargonium, n. pSl'dr-go'-nl-um (It. pelargonio; F. 
pelargon— from Gr. pelargos, a stork), stork's bill; a 
genus of beautiful flowering plants : pel'argonlc, a. 
pert. to. 

Pele's hair, n. pelz-Jidr, a fine glassy hair-like sub- 
stance found in the Sandwich Islands, blown from the 
liquid lava jets of the volcano of Kilauea— so called 
from Pele, the goddess of this volcanic mountain. 

pelerine, n. pel'er-in (F. pelerine, a tippet), a lady's 
long ca] il h ends coming down to apoint. 

pelf, n. pelf (old F. pel/re, goods, especially those 
obtained by pi undering pelfi er, to plunder), money ; 
riches ; wealth, generally in an ill sense. 

pelican, n. pel'i-kdn (Gr. pelekan: F. pelican), a 
water or sea bird, remarkable for its enormous bill, 
and pouch underneath. 

pelisse, n. pedes' (F. pelisse— from L. peffis, a skin), 
a robe made of fur ; a furred robe for men ; a dress or 
habit opening in front, worn by ladies. 

pell, n. pel (L. pellis, a skin : It. pelle), a skin or hide ; 
a parchment roll. 

pellagra, n. pel-la'grd (L. pellis, the skin, and ceger, 
diseased), Italian leprosy, a disease common in the 
north of Italy. 

pellet, n. pel-let ("E.pelote, a clew of thread : W.pel; 
It. palla; L. pila, a ball), a little ball. 

pellicle, n. pSl li-kl << Uicula, a small skin— from 
pellis, skin : F. pellicule), a thin skin or film ; a fine 
film or crust which forms on a liquid mixture during 
evaporation ; in bot., an extremely delicate superficial 
membrane or skin : pellicular, a. pelllk'-uder, relating 
to or connected with a pellicle. 

pellitory, n.pSl'dl-ter- i (S] 1. j'rlilre, pel 1 itory of Spain : 
L. parietaria, the pellitory or wall-plant— from paries, 
a wall), a name applied to several plants, sometimes 
used in medicine. 

pell-mell, ad. pel'-mel' (F. pele mile; old F. pesle- 
mesle, confusedly) rati [fusion, hurry, and vio- 
lence ; all on a heap. 

pellucid, a. peldo'-sld (L. pellucidus, transparent— 
from per, through, and lucidus, shining : It. pcllueido: 
F. pellucide), transparent ; perfectly clear : pellu'cid- 
ly, ad. -Il: pellu'cidness, n. -nes, perfect clearness; 
transparency. 

Peloponnesian, a. pSl'd . (Gr. Pelops, 

Pelops, and nesos, an island), of or relating to Pelo- 
ponnesus or Morea, in Greece : n. a native of Pelopon- 
nesus. 

peloria, n. pSdo'ri-d (Gr. pelor, a monster), in bot., 
a form assumed by certain flowers, which, being un- 
symmetrical in their usual state, become symmetrical, 
in what may be considered as a return to their normal 
type, as when linaria in place of one spur produces 
five. 

pelt, n. pelt (Ger. pelz, fur, a hide : F. pelletier, a 
furrier ; pelleterle, the shop or trade of a peltmonger— 
from L. pellis, a imi 1 hi 1 - kin of a beast 
with the hair attached ; the quarry of a hawk all torn ; 
a metal toe-piece for a boot or shoe : peltmonger, n. 
-mung'ger (see monger), a dealer in pelts or raw hides : 
peltry, n. pel'-tri, the fur-skins of wild animals as re- 
ceived from the hunters ; fur-skins in general. 

pelt, v. pelt (Sp. pelotear, to throw snowballs at each 
other, to quarrel : F. pjeloter, to toss like a ball : It. pel- 
ottare, to band, to thump), to use like a pellet ; to as- 
sail or attack with something thrown or driven ; to 
throw at : n. a blow or stroke from something thrown : 
pelting, imp.: n. an assault with some violence by 
something thrown: pelt'ed, pp.: pelt'er, n. -er, one 
who pelts. 

pelt, n. p6lt (L. pelta, a shield or target), a kind of 
buckler: pelta, n. pel'td, a buckler; in bot., a flat 
shield without a rim: pel'tate, a. -tdt, in bot., re- 
sembling a round shield ; fixed to the stalk by a point 
within the margin : pel'tately, ad. -II : peltate-hairs, 
in bot., hairs that are attached by their middle: pel- 
tate-nerved, a. in bot., applied to a leaf the nerves of 
which radiate from the centre. 

peltocaris, n. pel'do-ka'-ris (Gr. pelte, a shield in the 
siMiir ( ,i n lialf-moon, and karis, a shrimp), in geol., 
a genus of fossil bivalve crustaceans, round and shield- 
shaped, 
peltry— see under pelt 1. 



mate, mdt,/dr, law; mete, mSt, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



PELV 



431 



PENN 



pelvimeter, n. pel-vim'e-ter (L. pelvis, a basin, and 
Gr. metron, a measure), an instr. for measuring the 
dimensions of the pelvis. 

pelvis, n. pil'vis \L. p lets, a basin : Gr. pellis, adish 
or bowl), the bony cavity forming tbe lower part of 
the abdomen, containing several of the internal or- 
gans : pelvic, a. pel-ilk. of or relating to the pelvis. 

pemmican, n. pem'-mi-kdn (a N. Amer. word), meat 
cut into thin slices, divested of fat, and dried in the 
sun ; cured meat dried to hardness, then pulverised 
and mixed with fat, and sometimes raisins, and after- 
ward compressed, used on long journeys of explora- 
tion, or during long sea-voyages. 

pemphygus, n. pem'-fi-gus (Gr. pemphix, a blister— 
gen. paiiphigos), in rued., an eruption on the skin of 
blisters of various sizes. 

pen, n.pi/i{L. p. un- *, ■xfea.xhex :It. penna ;¥. penne, 
a pen), an instr. for writing, formerly almost wholly 
of quills, now commonly of metal : v. to write ; to 
compose and commit to paper; to indite: pen'ning, 
imp.: penned, pp. pend: penman, n. pen'mdn(ptn, 
and wan), a writer; one who teaches writing: pen'- 
mansbip, n. manner or art of writing: pen'ner, n. 
-er, one who writes with a pen : pen-cutter, one who 
makes pens, also an instr. for making pens : pen-fish, 
a kind of eel-pout without a smooth skin : penknife, 
a small jointed and cased knife for the pocket : pen 
and ink, literary ; in writing ; applied to a sketch or 
outline with a pen : pen case or holder, an article for 
holding a pen or nib when writing. 

pen, n. pen (AS. pyndan, to pound or shut up ; pund, 
a pound or enclosure), a small enclosure for sheep, 
fowls, &c; a coop ; a reservoir for water: v. to confine 
in a pen or in a narrow place ; to coop ; to incage : 
pen'ning, imp.: penned, pp. pend, followed by up, 
shut up in their pen, as poultry : pent, pp. pint, con- 
fined or crowded into a narrow space. 

penal, a. pe'-ndl (L. pccnalis, penal— from ixzna, suf- 
fering, pain : It. pt nale : F. pdnal), that punishes ; that 
incurs or inflicts punishment; used as a place of pun- 
ishment: penally, ad. -U: penalty, n. pSn'&htt, pun- 
ishment inflicted by law, either on the person or by 
a money fine ; a forfeiture for non-payment or non- 
compliance ; fine or mulct ; pen'ance, n. -d7is, volun- 
tary or imposed pain or suffering, as punishment for 
faults, or as an expression of penitence : pains and 
penalties— see under pain. 



Romans, worshipped in the inner parts of each dwel- 
ling. 

1, n.pens, the plu. of penny, which see. 



er's brush or pencil— from pen is, a tail : Sp. pined : F. 
pinceau, a pencil), a thin strip or thread of plumbago 
or black-lead, or other substance, generally enclosed in 
a cover of soft wood, and pointed at one end, used for 
writing or drawing ; a small fine brush used in paint- 
ing ; the art of drawing ; a collection of rays of light 
converging to, or diverging from, a single point: v. to 
write, mark, or sketch with a pencil; to delineate: 
pencilling, imp.: adj. drawing or marking with a 
pencil : n. the act of sketching or painting ; the work 
of the pencil or brush; a sketch: pen'cilled, pp. 
•slid: adj. marked or painted with a pencil; having 
pencils or rays ; radiated ; in hot., marked with lines 
as with a pencil, or having the appearance of a hair- 
pencil: pencil-case, a metal case having a pencil 
ready for use : pencil of rays, in optics, an aggregate 
or collection of rays of light, radiating from, or con- 
verging to, a common point. 

pencilliform, a. pcn-sil'-i-faXrrm (L. penicillum, a 
pencil, and forma, shape), pencil-shaped. 

pendant, n. pen'ddnt (L. pendens, hanging down: 
It. pendente; F. pendant, hanging, pending), anything 
hanging by way of ornament, as an ear-ring ; a wooden 
or stone ornament hanging from a roof or ceiling ; a 
streamer or piece of bunting worn at the mast-heads of 
vessels; a hanging apparatus from the roof for gas, 
generally ornamental : pendants, n. plu. -ddnts, in the 
Tine arts, two pictures, statues, groups of sculpture, or 
engravings, which, from their similarity of subject, 
size, form, &c, can be placed together with due regard 
to symmetry: pen'dent, a. -dint, hanging; projecting; 
jutting over: pen'dently, ad. -II: pen'dence, n. -dens, 
also pen'dency, n. -den-si, suspense ; state of being 
undecided : penden'tive, a. -tiv, applied to the portion 



of a vault placed between the arches of a dome, usually 
enriched with sculpture: pending, a, pend'ing, yet 
undecided ; hanging in suspense ; not terminated : 
prep, during ; during the continuance of. 

pendulous, a. pen'-du-lus (L. pendulus, hanging— 
from pendeo, I hang downwards: It. pendolu : Sp. pen- 
dulo), hanging; swinging; oscillating; in hot., inclined 



ovary: pen dulousness, n. -nes, also pen'dulosity, n. 
-los'i-ti, the state or quality of being pendulous : pen'- 
dulum, n. -Mm (F. pendule), a weight suspended from 
a fixed point that it may swing freely from side to 
side, as in a clock : compensation-pendulum, a clock- 
pendulum in which the effects of the changes of tem- 
perature on the length of the rod are attempted to 
be counteracted by the difference in the expansion of 
the two or more metals of which it is made up. 

penetrate, v. pen'etrdt (L. penetratum, to enter or 
pierce into : It. penetrate : F. pdnetrer), to pierce or 
enter ; to pass into the interior ; to affect the mind or 
feelings ; to understand ; to reach or to find ; to make 
way: pen'etrating, imp.: adj. sharp; piercing; quick 
to understand; acute: penetrated, pp.: pen'etra'- 
tion, n. -trd'shun, acuteness ; discernment: pen'etra- 
ble, a. -trd-bl (L.penetrabilis, that can be pierced), that 
may be penetrated or pierced; susceptible of moral or 
intellectual impressions : pen'etrably, ad. -Ui: pen- 
etrabil'ity, n. -bU'i-ti, the susceptibility of being en- 
tered or passed through by another body: pen'etra'lia, 
n. plu. -trd'll-d. (L.), interior parts ; hidden things or 
secrets: penetrant, a. -trdnt, having power to en- 
ter or pierce : pen'etrancy, n. -si, the power of enter- 
ing or piercing: penetratingly, ad. -II: pen'etrative, 
a. -trd-tiv, that pierces ; having the power to impress 
the mind; sharp; acute: pen'etratively, ad. -li: pen'- 
etrativeness, n. -nes, the quality of being penetrative. 

penguin, n. pen'gwin (F. penguin— supposed to be 
from L. pinguis, fat, plump), a sea-fowl with short 
scaly wings, incapable of flight, found in the southern 
seas ; a West Indian fruit. 

penicil, n. pen'-l-sll (L. penicillum, a roll of dry lint), 
a pledget or portion of dry lint for wounds or ulcers ; 
a species of shell: pen'icillate, a. -sil'ldt, pencilled; 
in hot., consisting of a bundle of short close fibres or 
diverging hairs: applied to a tufted stigma resem- 
bling a camel's-hair pencil, as in the nettle. 

peninsula, n. pc-nin'-su-ld (L. peninsula, a peninsula 
— from pene, almost, and insula, an island: It. penin- 
sula : F. peninsule), a portion of jutting land almost 
surrounded by the sea ; a name applied to Spain and 
Portugal united: penin'sular, a. -suler, pert, to or 
formed as-a peninsula : penin'sulate, v. -hit, to form 
into a peninsula: penin'sulating, imp.: penin'sula- 
ted, pp.: adj. almost surrounded by water. 

penis, n. pe'nls (L.), the male organ of generation. 

penitent, a. pen'4-teut (L. pcenitens, repenting, rue- 
ing-: It. penitente : F. penitent), sorrowful in heart on 
account of sins and faults ; contrite : n. one who is sor- 
rowful on account of his transgressions ; one lying 
under church censure, but admitted to do penance; 
one who is under the direction of a confessor : pen'- 
itently, ad. -li : penitence, n. -tens, sorrow or grief 
of heart for sins ; remorse: pen'iten'tial, a. -ten'slidl, 
expressing penitence, or proceeding from it: n. in 
the R. Cath. Ch., a book treating on the manner and 
degrees of penance: pen'iten tially, ad. -li: pen'iten'- 
tiary, n. -shdr-i, a prison or house of correction for 
training offenders with a view to their reformation ; 
one of the secret offices of the court of Rome: adj. re- 
lating to the rules and measures of penance. 

penman and penmanship — see under pen 1. 



merly borne at the end of a lance— from L. penna, a 
feather, awing: It. pinna, the flat flap of anything), 
a long piece of coloured cloth divided into two parts, 
and pointed at the ends, hung at the mast-head or 
yard-arm-ends in ships of war ; a small flag : pen'non- 
cel, n. -sil (It. pennoncello, a little plume or feather), a 
small pennon, as of a spear or lance. 

pennate, a. pen'-ndt, also pinnate, a. pin'ndt (L. 
pennatus, feathered— from penna, a feather or wing), 



forma, a shape), shaped like a quill or feather; 
in anat., appbed to muscles of which the fibres pass 
out on each side from a central tendon. 



'hfobt; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, (here, zeal. 



PENN 



432 



PEON 



pennigerous, a. pSn-nij'er-us (L. penna, a feather, 
and gero, I carry), bearing feathers -or quills. 

penniless— see penny. 

penninerved, a. pSii'ni-nervd (L. penna, a feather, 
and nervus, a nerve), in 601!., applied to leaves which 
have the nerves or veins arranged like the parts of a 
feather. 

pennon, pennoncel— see pennant. 

pennule, n. pen'-nul (dim. from L. penna, a feather), 
a small feather or division of a feather. 

penny, n. pen'-nl (Dut. penninck; Ger. pfennig, a 
small coin: Bohem. penizek, a little piece of money : 
Manx, peng, a penny), the original meaning was pro- 
bably a coin in general; an English copper coin, 
twelve of which are equal to a shilling ; a small sum ; 
money in general : plu. pen'nies, -niz, when number 
is meant: plu. pence, pins, when amount or value 
13 indicated : pen'niless, a. -ni-Us, destitute of money; 
poor : pen'nilessness, n. -nSs, state of being without 
money : penny-wise, saving small sums at the hazard 
of larger: penny-a-liner, a humble contributor to a 
newspaper, who is paid at the rate of Id. or lid. a line : 
penny-royal, an aromatic herb: penny -wedding, a 
wedding where the guests contribute to the festivi- 
ties and the household outfit : pennyweight, a 
weight of 24 grains troy : penny-worth, good value ; 
a bargain ; a small quantity. 

pensile, a. pin'sll (L. pensilis, hanging— from pen- 
deo, I hang: It. pensile), hanging; suspended above 
the ground. 

pension, n. pin-shun (L. pensio, payment— gen. pen- 
sionis— -from pendo, I weigli out : It. pensione : F. pen- 
sion), an annual allowance of money from the public 
purse, or from a private person, without an equivalent 
in labour or otherwise— generally in consideration of 
past services ; pdng'-s'ong, a French boarding-house or 
school : v. to grant an annual allowance of money 
to: pen'sioning, imp.: pensioned, pp. -shiind: pen'- 

u ion; consisting 

in a pension : n. the chief municipal magistrate of a 
Dutch town: pen'sioner, n. -er, one who receives a 
pension ; a discharged soldier who receives a pension; 
one of an honourable band of gentlemen attendant 
upon the sovereign ; at Cambridge or Dublin, a student 
of the second rank who pays for his own board and 
other charges— at Oxford such a one is a commoner. 

pensive, a. pdn'-siv (L. ])enso, I weigh: It pensivo ; F. 
p-m.sif, pensive), weighing, pondering, or considering 
in the mind ,1 atful id, or melancholy : pen- 

sively, ad. -II: pen'siveness, n. -nes, the state of being 
gloomy and tlmugbu nl , k. Tin us depression of spirits. 

penstock, n. pgristdk (pen, and stock), the sluice or 
flood-gate of a mill-pond. 

pent— see pen. 

pent, pent, penta, pSn'-fd, pente, pSn'-tS (Gr. pente, 
five), a prefix signifying "five." 

pentacapsular, a. p&n'-td-kdp'-su-ler (Gr. pente, five, 
and L. capsula, a small box), having five cells or cavi- 
ties. 

pentachord, n. p&n'-td-kaivrd (Gr. pente, five, and 
choreic, a string), a musical instrument of five strings ; 
a system or order of five sounds. 

pentacle, n. p&n'-td-kl (It. pentacolo, a talisman, 
a charm), a figure composed of two equilateral tri- 
angles intersecting each other so as to form a six- 
pointed star, used with superstitious import by the 
astrologers andmystii s of the middle ages. 

pentacoccous, a. p&n'-td-kok'-kiis (Gr. pente, five, and 
kokkos, a kernel), having or containing five seeds or 
grains. 

pentacrinus, n. p&n-tdk'-ri-nus, also pentac 'rinite, 
n. -ri-nlt (Gr. pente, five, and krinon, a lily), in geol., a 
genus of lily si 1 1 ing a five-sided 

stalk— a living species is still found in the Indian seas. 

pentadactyl, a. pSn'td-ddk'tll (Gr. pente, five, and 
daktulos, a finger or toe), having five fingers or toes ; 
having a structure resembling five fingers. 

pentadelphous, a. pen'-ta-del'-fus (Gr. pente, five, and 
adelphos, a brother), in bot., having the stamens ar- 
ranged in bundles or divisions of five. 

pentagon, n. pgn'td-gdn (Gr. pente, five, and gonia, 

a corner or an- 1 ' » ■" ■' nnd five angles 

—if equal, it is called regular, if unequal, irregular: 
pentag'onal, a. -tdg'6-nal, also pentag'onous, a. -tdg' 
6-nus, having five corners or angles : pentag'onally, 
ad. -li. 

pentagraph, n. pSn'td-grdf (Gr. pente, five, and 
grapho, I write), an implement for enlarging or 
diminishing copies of drawings— see pantograph. 

mate, mdt,far, law; mete, mSt, 



pentagyn, n. pen'-tti-jln (Gr. pente, five, and gune, a 
woman or female), a plant whose flowers have five 
pistils or five distinct styles : pen'tagyn'ian, a. -jln' 
i-dn, also pentaginous, a. pen-tdyi-uds, having five 
pistils or styles. 

pentahedron, n. pSn'-td-lie'-dron (Gr. pente, five, and 
hedra, a seat or base), a solid figure having five equal 
sides : pen'tahe'dral, a. -hc'-drdl, also pen'tahe'drous, 
a. -drus, having five equal sides. 

pentahexahedral, a. pcn'-ta-Mks'd-he'drdl (Gr. 
pente, five, hex, six, and hedra, a base), exhibiting five 
-anges of faces, one above another, each range contain- 



ing si 



: faces. 



pentamerous, a. pSn-tdm'Sr-iis (Gr. pente, five, and 
meros, a part), in bot., composed of five parts ; having 
the elements of the floral whorls five in number, or 
multiples of five: pentam'era, n. plu. -ir-d, inzool., a 
section of the beetle tribe having five joints on the 
tarsus of each leg : pentam'eran, n. -6r-dn, one of the 
pentamera. 

pentameter, n. pSn-idm'-S-ter (Gr. pente, five, and 
metron, a measure), in anc. poetry, averse of five feet : 
adj. having five metrical feet. 

pentander, n. pe~n-tdn'-der (Gr. pente, five, and aner, 
a man or male— gen. a?idros), a plant of the class pen- 
tan'dria, -dri-d, characterised by hermaphrodite 
flowers with five stamens : pentan'drian, a. -dri-dn, 
also pentan'drous, a. -drus, having five stamens. 

pentangular, a. pen-tdng'-gu-ler (Gr. pente, five, and 
L. angulus, a omiri ). ii;>.< j. !L . ■]■:, ers or angles. 

pehtapetalous, a. pen'-td-pW-d-lus (Gr. pente, five, 
and petalon, a petal), having five petals or flower- 
leaves. 

pentaphyllous, a. pSn-tdf-il-lus (Gr. pente, five, and 

/,/////' ,f, ;i ■• :■■'■ i h.'i ■ in-' ii '.- le: v !•:-;. 

pentarchy, n. pen'tar-ki (Gr. pente, five, and arche, 
rule), agover ■ ntconsi li ing of five persons. 

pentaspermous, a. pe~n'td-sper'-mus (Gr. pente, five, 
and sperma, seed), containing five seeds. 

pentastich, n, pUn'-td-stik (Gj pi rite, five, and stichos, 
a verse), a poem of five lines or verses. 

pentastyle, v i 1 pente, five, and stulos, 

a column), an edifice having five columns in front. 

Pentateuch, n. pSn'-td-tuk (Gr. pente, five, and 
teuchos, a book), the first five books of the Old Testa- 
ment : pen'tateu'chal, a. -tu'kdl, pert, to the Penta- 
teuch. 

Pentecost, n. pSn'-tS-kost (Gr. pentecoste, the fiftieth 
day), a Jewish festival celebrated on the 50th day 
after the feast of the Passover ; Whitsuntide : pen'te- 
cos'tal, a. -kos'tdl, pert, to Pentecost. 

pent-house, n. pent-hows (F. pente, aslope, and Eng. 
house: old Eng. pentice ; F. appentis, a sloping shed: 
It. pendice, any bending or down-hanging), a shed 
standing out aslope from the main building: pent- 
roof, a roof whose slope is wholly on one side. 

pantile— see pantile. 

pentremites, n. plu. pen'trS-mltz (Gr. pente, five, and 
'/"»/.' .i Hal board for putting bread into an oven), in 
geol., a genus of fossil star-fish— so called from the five 
polygonal plates which compose their pear-shaped 
receptacle : pentremite limestone, a term applied by 
Amer. geologists to the carboniferous limestone of the 
U.S., from the vast number of pentremites which it 
contains. 

penult, n. pS-nii.lt', also penultima, n. pe'-nul'-tl-md, 
and penul'timate, n. -tl-rndt (L r< mittimus-, the last 
but one— from pene, almost, and ultimus, last), the 
last syllable of a word except one ; penul'timate, a. 
denoting the last syllable but one of a word. 

penumbra, n. pe-num'-brd (L. pene, almost, and 
umbra, a shadow: F. penombre), a faint shadow or 
obscurity on the exterior of the perfect shadow in an 
eclipse; that part of a picture where the light and 
shade appear to blend with each other. 

penury, n. pen'-u-rl (L. penuria, need of anything: 
It. penuria: F. penurie), want of the necessaries of 
life; need; poverty: penurious, a. p6-nu'-ri-us, ex- 
cessively saving in the use of money ; affording little ; 
niggardly: penu 'riously, ad. -li: penu'riousness, n. 
-n6s, the state or quality of being penurious; a sordid 
disposition to save money. 

peon, n. pc'-on (F. peon, a foot-soldier in India: Sp. 
peon, a foot-soldier— from L. pes, a foot— gen. pedis : 
in India it has assumed the form of peune, an errand- 
boy), one travelling on foot ; a foot-soldier in India ; a 
native constable; a day-labourer; in Sp. Amer., one 
bound to forced labour ; a pawn at chess. 

peony, n. pe'-o-ni (L. pozonia, so named after its dis- 

Mr; pine, pin; note, not, mOve; 



PEOP 



433 



PERE 



covcrer, Preon), the name of a plant having beautiful 
sh iv. v flowers. 

people, n. pe'-pl (L. populus ; F. peuple; It. popolo ; 
W. ooW, the people), the body of persons who com- 
pose the community; the multitude; the common- 
altv; persons in general; inhabitants: v. to settle 
, with inhabitants: peo'pling, imp. -pling: peo'pled, 
pp. -p>ld: adj. stocked with people: people, n., peo- 
ples, n. plu. -plz, a name applied to a separate tribe 
or nation : one's people or one's own people, in Scrip., 
ancestors; relations; kindred. 

peperino, n. pep'ir-l'-nO (It. psperino—fiora. pepe, 
pepper), an Italian name for a light, porous, volcanic 
rock, formed bv the cementing together of sand, sco- 
ria?, cinders, &c, so called from the peppercorn-like 
fragments of which it is composed. 

pepo, n. pe'po, also peponida, n. pSp'-dn-%'dd (L. 
pepo, a gourd— from Gr. pepon, a kind of melon— 
from pepon, ripe, mellow, as applied to fruit), the 
fruit of the melon, cucumber, and other cuourbita- 

pepper, n. p&p'-per (L. piper ; Gr. peperi; It. pevere; 
F. poivre, pepper), a well-known pungent spice, much 
used as a seasoning when ground to a powder : v. to 
sprinkle with pepper; to pelt; to mangle or pierce 
with a number of missiles, as with shot: pep'per- 
ing, imp.: adj. hot; fiery; angry: n. a pelting with 
many shot or blows : pep'pered, pp. -perd : peppery, 
a. -per-i, hot; pungent; irascible: pepper-box, a 
box for pepper: pepper-cake, a kind of gingerbread : 
pepper-brand, a kind of mildew or blight that affects 
corn : peppercorn, the berry or fruit of the pepper- 
plant ; a thing of little value or importance : pepper- 
corn rent, a nominal rent: pepper-grass, pepper- 
wort, plants ; kinds of cresses. 

pepperidge, n. pep'-per-lj, the black-gum tree : pep- 
peridge-bush, the barberry. 

peppermint, n. pip- per -mint (pepper, and mint), a 
well-known aromatic herb; a cordial prepared from 
it: peppermint-tree, a tree found in Australia: pep- 
permint-water, a mixture of the essence of pepper- 
i nil it with water. 

pepsine, n. pep'sln (Gr. pepto, I digest ; pepso, I 



medicine to promote digestion : peptic, a.pSp'tik, re- 
lating to or promoting digestion ; dietetic. 

per, per (L.), a prefix signifying through ; thorough- 
ly ; bv ; for : per becomes pel before I .- per stand- 
ing alone signifies by: per annum (L. annus, a year), 
yearly, or by the year: per bearer, by the bearer: 
percent, -sent (L. centum, a hundred), for every hun- 
dred: percentage, -sin'taj, rate by the hundred : per 
diem, -dl'-em (L. dies, a day), by the day: per h" J 
for each one of a certain number : per man, each r 
per saltum, sal-turn (L. snltum, a leap), at a leap: 
per se, se (L. se, himself), by himself or itself. 

peradventure, ad. per'-ad-rcn'-hvr (L.per, through, 
and Eng. advent ui: i, by chance; perhaps. 

perambulate, v. pSr-dm'-bii-lat (L. perambrilaiwm, 
to walk or ramble through— from p>er, through, and 
ambulo, I walk about), to walk or pass through or 
over; to survey bypassing through : perambulating, 
imp.: peram'bulated, pp.: peram'bula'tion, n. -la' 
'shun, a travelling survey or inspection : peram'bula- 
tor, n. -ter, an instrument for measuring distances 
on roads ; a child's carriage which an attendant pushes 
from behind: peram'bulatory, a. -Id-ter-i, rambling 
through or over. 

perbends, n. plu. per'-bendz, also per'bands, n. plu. 
-bdndz (L. per, through, and bands), stones carried 
through the whole thickness of a wall— see perpender. 

percarburet, n. per-kdr'bu-rSt (L. pier, thoroughly, 
and carburet), a carburet thoroughly saturated with 
carbon: percar'buret'ted, a. combined with the 
greatest possible proportion of carbon. 

perceive, v. perr-sev' (L. percipio, I observe— from 
per, thoroughly, and capio, I take: F. percevoir, to 
perceive), to have the knowledge of external objects 
through the medium of the senses; to observe; to 
know; to understand; to discover: perceiving, imp.: 
perceived', pp. -send': perceiv'er, n. -er, one who 
perceives: perceiv'able, a. -d-bl, that may be felt, 
seen, heard, or tasted ; discernible by the mind : per- 
ceiv'ably, ad. -bli: perceptible, a. per-sep'-ti-U (L. 
perceptum, to observe, to perceive: F. perceptible, 
perceptible), that may impress the senses ; capable of 
being perceived: percep'tibly, ad. -tl-bli: pereep'- 
tibleness, n. -bl-nes, also percep'tibil'ity, n. -bil'i-ti, 



cdiv, bdy,f 



state or quality of being perceptible : perception, n. 
-shun (L. perccptio, perception: F. perception), the 
power, act, or state of receiving a knowledge of exter- 
nal things by impressions on the senses ; idea ; notion ; 
conception : percep'tive, a. -tiv, having the power of 
perceiving : perceptivity, n. per'-sep-tlv'-i-ti, the power 
of perception or flunking. 

perch, n. peixh (L. perca ; F. perche ,- Gr. perke— 
from Gr. perkos, dark-coloured), a voracious fresh- 
water fish : perch-pest, n. a minute crustacean which 
infests the mouth of the perch. 

perch, n. perch (L. pertica, a pole or long staff: 
F. perche; Sp. percha, a barber's sign-post), a pole; a 
long staff; anything on which fowls roost or light; a 
measure of length "of five yards and a half; the for- 
tieth part ofarood: v. to place or set upon, as a bird 
on a perch ; to light or settle on ; to sit or roost, as a 
bird: perching, imp.: perched, pp. percht .- percher, 
n. perch '-er, one of an order of birds, the perchers, that 
perch or light on trees : perched blocks, in geol., de- 
tached blocks of rocks which have been left by glaciers 
on the brows or ridges of hills or mountains. 

perchance, ad. pir-chdns' (L. per, by, and Eng. 
chance), by chance; perhaps. 

perchlorate, n. per-klor-ut (L. per, through, and Gr. 
chloros, green), a compound of perchloric acid with a 
base : perchloric, a. -ik, applied to an acid consisting 
of one equivalent of chlorine and seven of oxygen. 

percipient, a. pir-sip'-i-cnt |L. percipiens, observ- 
ing), having the facultj of perception; perceiving: n. 
one who perceives or has the faculty of perception. 

percoid, a. per'koyd (Gr. perke, the perch, and eidos, 
resemblance— see perch), resembling the perch; pert, 
to the per'coids or percoidas, ptr-ko'y'-de, the perch 
family. 

percolate, v. per'-kd-lat (L. percolatvm, to percolate 
—from per, through, and colo, I strain), to strain or 
filter through ; to cause to pass through porous sub- 
stances, or those not perfectly compact and solid : per- 
colating, imp.: percolated, pp. : percolator, n. -la-ter, 
that which filters a liquid : pei^cola'tion, n. -Id'-shun, 
the act of passing a liquid through a medium, as through 
felt or a porous stone ; purification by straining. 

percurrent, a. pcr-kur'-rent (L. per, through, and 
currens, running), running through from top to bot- 
tom. 

percuss, v. ptr-kiis' (L. percussum, to thrust or 
pierce through— from pci\ through, and quatere, to 
shake), to strike forcibly; to strike in order to ascer- 
tain the resulting sound : percussing, imp. : per- 
cussed', pp. -kiist': percussion, n. per-kus/t'-un (L. 
2Xrcussio, a beating or striking: F. percussion), 
the effect or impression of sound on the ear; the 
impression one body makes on another by striking 
or falling upon it ; the act of striking or tapping on 
the chest, abdomen, &c, that sounds maybe produced, 
by which the condition of the parts may be ascer- 
tained: percus'sive, a. -Li's'-siv, striking against: 
percussion-cap, a small copper cap having a layer of 
detonating powder, which, when placed on the nipple 
of a gun, explodes by percussion : percussion-lock, 
a gun-lock that acts by percussion. 

perdition, n. per-dlsh'-iin (L. jierditus, ruined, un- 
done: F. perdition), state of being utterly lost or 
ruined ; eternal misery in a future state. 

perdu, a., also perdue, a. per-du' (F. perdu, lost, un- 
done), forlorn; lost, as one employed on desperate 
enterprises; accustomed to desperate purposes: ad. 
close ; in ambush ; in a post of danger : lying perdu, 
lying in concealment. 

peregrinate, v. per'-e-grin-at (L. peregrinatus, hav- 
ing roamed or wandered about : It. peregrinare; old F. 
perigriner, to travel through foreign parts), to wan- 
der from place to place, or from one country to an- 
other: peregrinating, imp.: peregrinated, pp. -d-ted: 
per'egrinator, n. -d-ter, one who travels into foreign 
countries : per'egrina'tion, n. -a'-shun, a wandering 
in foreign countries or living abroad ; a wandering : 
peregrine falcon, per'-e-grln- (L. peregrinus, foreign), 
a species of hawk or falcon. 

peremptory, a. per'-im-ter-i (L peremptus, ex- 
tinguished, destroyed ; peremptorius, destructive, 
deadly: F. peremptoire, decisive), in a manner to pre- 
clude debate or remonstrance ; positive ; final ; ab- 
solute: per'emptor'ily, ad. -ter'l-li: per'emptor'iness, 
n. -i-nes, the quality of being peremptory ; absolute 
decision. 

perennial, n. per-en'nl-dl (L. perennis, that lasts the 
year through— from per, through, and annus, a year : 
; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



PERE 



434 



PERI 



It. perenne), a plant whose leaves generally perish 
annually, hut whose root and stem survive for more 
than two years : adj. lasting through the year ; flower- 
ing for several years; perpetual; unceasing: peren- 
nially, ad. -II. 

perennibranchiate, a. per'en-ni-brdng'-ki-at (L. 
perennis, lasting, and Gr. brangchia, gills), applied to 
certain interim .cmpJeincj m wim-i i.bc -j\\.-. remani 
throughout life. 

perfect, a. per'fekt (L. perfectum, to render perfect, 
to complete— from per, thoroughly, and facio, I make : 
It. perfetto; F. / tnjmi, |ii.-(i"';(;i).. complete throughout ; 
not defective or blemished ; having all that is requisite 
to its nature and kind; completely skilled or in- 
formed ; not liable to err; pure ; blameless ; in gram., 
applied to the tense of a verb which signifies an action 
done in past time, but connected by its continuance or 
effects with the present : v. to complete ; to finish 
thoroughly; to raise to a perfect state; to instruct 
fully; to make wholly skilful : perfecting, imp.: n. 
the rendering or making perfect; in 'printing, the 
taking of the impression from the second form of a 
sheet: perfected, pp.: perlecter, n. -er, one who 
makes perfect: perfectible, a p< r fSkt'i-U, capable of 
being made perfect : perfectibility, n. -bU'l-ti, capac- 
ity of becoming or being made perfect : perfec'tion, 
n. -frJc'sluin, the state of being perfect; a quality, en- 
dowment, or acquirement of complete excellence, 
or of great worth : perfec'tional, a. -dl, made com- 
plete: perfec'tionist, n. -1st, one who believes that 
some attain to moral perfection on this earth : per- 
fec'tionism, n. -izm, the doctrine that moral perfec- 
tion is or can be attained on this earth : perfective, 
a. -fekt'lv, conducting to perfection : perfect'ively, ad. 
■II, in a manner conducive to perfection: perfectly, 
ad. per'fekt-li, in a perfect manner; wholly; com- 
pletely : per'fectness, n. -nes, the state or quality of 
being perfect ; completeness ; consummate excellence : 
perfect cadence, in music, a complete and agreeable 
close in the harmony: a perfect chord, in music, a 
concord or union of sounds perfect and agreeable to 
the ear : perfect number, in arith. , a number equal 
to the sum of all its divisions : to perfection, in the 
highest degree of excellence. 

perfidious, a. pir-fid'i-us (L. perfldu, false, ^un- 
less ; perfidia, perfidy— from per, without, from the 
notion ongoing through and leaving, and fides, faith : 
It. perfido: F. perfide), false to trust or confidence re- 
posed in; treacherous; proceeding from treachery; 
false-hearted: perfidiously, ad. -II: perfid'iousness, 
n. -n6s, also perfidy, n ; Lolal ion of faith or 

trust reposed in ; treachery ; faithlessness. 

perfoliate, a. per-fo'll-dt (L. per, through, and 
folium, a leaf: F. perfoli6),\\\ hot., applied to a leaf 
with the lobes of the base so united as to appear as if 
the stem ran through it. 

perforate, v. per'fo-rdt (L. perforatum, to bore 
through— from per, through, and foro, I bore or pierce : 
It. perf or are: F. perforer), to pierce with a pointed 
instrument; to make holes by boring or pressure: 
perforating, imp. : perforated, pp. : adj. bored or 
pierced: perforator, n. -ter, an instrument that 
pierces holes : per'forable, a. -fo-rd-bl, that may be 
pierced : per'fora'tion, n. -fo-ra'shun, the act of bor- 
ing or piercing through ; a hole or aperture passing 
through: perforative, a. -rd-tiv, having power to 
perforate. 

perforce, ad. per ■•for s' (L. per, by or through, and 
force), by force ; violently. 

perform, v. per-fawrm' (old Eng. perfourn, to com- 
pete: F. parfournir, to consummate, to perform— 
from par, through, and fournir, to furnish, to com- 
plete), to execute thoroughly or completely; to do; 
to carry out ; to complete ; to achieve ; to act a part ; 
to play on an instrument ; to represent or act a part 
upon the stage : performing, imp. : n. act done ; act of 
executing : performed', pp. -fawrmd': perform'er, n. 
-er, one who makes an exhibition of his skill, as on an 
instrument of music, or on the stage : perform'able, a. 
-d-bl, that maybe done; practicable: perform'ance, 
n. -dns, the carrying out or completion of a thing ; an 
acting on the stage; an entertainment provided at any 
place of amusement ; something written or produced ; 
something done ; a feat or exploit. 

perfume, n. per'fum (F.parfum; It. prof um.o, any 
perfume or sweet smell— from L. per, thoroughly, and 
fumus, smoke, vapour), a substance that affects 
agreeably the organs of smell by giving forth a 
vapour, which is generally invisible ; sweet odour ; 
mate, mdt, far, law; mete, met, 



scent : v. pSr-fam', to fill or impregnate with a sweet 
or grateful odour; to scent: perfuming, imp.: n. the 
act of one who perfumes a thing; process by which 
anything is perfumed: perfumed', pp. -fam<V '.- adj. 
scented or impregnated with perfumes : perfu'mer, n. 
-fu'-mer, one whose trade is to make or sell perfumes 
and other articles of the toilet : perfu'mery, n. -mer-t, 
perfumes in general; the articles sold by a perfumer: 
perfu'matory, a. -md-ter-i, that perfumes. 

perfunctory, a. p' "' 
charged, performed- 

performed: It. perjuniorio: »p. perjunctorio), done 
only with the view of getting through duty; done 
carelessly or sup< i ficiallj negligent: perfunc'torily, 
ad. -rl-ll: perfunc'toriness, n. -nes, negligent perform- 
ance. 

perhaps, ad. per-hups 1 (L. per; F. par, by, and Eng. 
hap, luck, chance), by chance ; possibly. 

Peri, n.jjer'-i (Pers. peri), in Vers, myth., a spiritual 
being ; an elf or fairy. 

peri, per'i (Gr. peri), a Greek prefix signifying 
arm uid; about; near; with. 

perianth, n. per'i-dnth, also perianthium, n. -dn' 
thi-um (Gr. peri, around, and anthos, a flower), in 
hot., the external floral whorls which surround the 
stamens and pistil— in this sense including calyx and 
corolla. 

peribolos, n. p6-rib'6-lds (Gr. peri, around, and ballo, 
I cast), in anc. arch., a court or enclosure within a 
wall; the wall which surrounds a temple. 

pericardium, n. per'l-kdr'di-um (Gr. perikardios, 
being round the heart— from peri, round, and kardia, 
the heart: \t. pericardia-. Y.piricarde), the membrane 
which surrounds or encloses the heart : pericardia, 
n. plu. -dl-d, the two surfaces of the heart, one closely 
adherent to the heart, and the other containing it as a 
bag: pericardiac, a. -dk, also perlcar'dian, a. -an, 
pert, to the pericardium: pericarditis, n. per'-i-kdr- 
di'-tis, the inflammation of the membrane which sur- 
rounds the heart. 

pericarp, n. per'i-kdrp, also perlcar'pium, n. -pl- 
um (Gr. pierikarpion, the covering of seed— from peri, 
;iiou>Hi, Void karpos, fruit: F. pericarpe), that which 
surrounds or encloses the seed of a plant ; the part of 
the fruit immediate-] y investing the seed: perlcar'- 
pial, a. -pi-dl, of or pert, to a pericarp. 

perichsetium, n. per'-i-lce'-shi-mii (Or. peri, around, 
and chaite, long, loose, flowing hair, as that of the 
mane of a horse), a name applied to the leaves that 
surround the base of the fruit-stalk of some mosses : 
perlchae'tial, a. -shi-dl, pert, to the perichsetium. 

perichondrium, n. per'4-kon'drl-um (Gr. pe ri, about, 
and chondros, cartilage), in anat., the fibrous mem- 
brane covering cartilages. 

pericladium, n. per'-i-kld'di-um (Gr. peri, around, 
and klados, a branch), in bot, the lowermost clasping 
portion of shi 

periclase, n. per'i-klas (Gr. peri, around, and klasis, 
cleavage), a Vesuvian mineral with a perfect cubic 
cleavage, occurring in grains of a dark-green colour, 
found in ejected masses of white limestone. 

pericline, n. per'i-kttn (Gr. periklines, a sloping or 
shelving all round— from peri, about, and klino, I 
bend), a variety of albite in which a portion of the 
soda is replaced by potash: perlcli'nal, a. -kli'-ndl, 
dipping on all sides from a central point or apex— ap- 
plied to strata which dip in this manner. 

periclinium, n. per'i-klin'l-um (Gr. peri, around, 
and Mine, a bed), in bot., the involucre of composite. 

pericranium, n. per'l-krd'nl-um (Gr. peri, around, 
and kranion, the skull), the fibrous membrane that 
goes round or invests the skull. 

periderm, n. per'i- derm (Gr. peri, about, and derma, 
skin), in bot., the outer layer of bark. 

peridium, n 'wrap round), 

in bot, the coat immediately enveloping the sporules 
of the lower tribes of acotyledons. 

peridot, n. p6r'i-dot (F. peridot, peridot: Ar. feri- 
det, a precious stone), another name for the chryso- 
lite ; a yellow gem, supposed to be the topaz of the 
ancients. 

periecians— see under perioeci. 

perigee, n. per'-i-je, also perlge'um, n. -je'um (F. 
perigee ; It. perigeo, the perigee— from Gr. peri, about, 
and ge, the earth), that point in the orbit of the 
moon, or of a planet, which is nearest to the earth ; 
opposed to apogee: perlge'an, a. -je'dn, pert, to the 
perigee. . 

perigone, n. per'-l-gon (Gr. peri, around, and goncus, 

her; pine, pin; note, nut, mCve; 



PERI 



435 



PERI 



a parent, or gune, a woman), a term applied to floral 
envelopes; a synonyme lor perianth, especially when 
reduced to a single floral whorl : perigynium, n.per'-l- 
jin'-i-um, in hot., applied to the covering of the pistil 
in the genus Carex: perigynous, a. pe-rfj'-i-nus, grow- 
ing on some part that surrounds the ovary in a flower 
—applied to the corolla and stamens when attached 
to the calyx. 

perigord, n. per'-i-yord (from Periaord. in France), a 
mineral of a dark-rev colour, an ore of manganese: 
perigord-pie, a pie made with truffles, much esteemed 
by epicures. 

perihelion, n. per'-i-he'-U-on, also perlhe'lium, n. 
-Hum (Gr. peri, about, and helios, the sun: F. perihe- 
lie), the point in the orbit of a planet or a comet near- 
est the sun— the point farthest away from the sun is 
called ajfhelion. 

peril, n. ptr-d (L. periculum, danger: It. periglio : 
F.pt ril), hazard; danger; jeopardy; particular expos- 
ure : v. to hazard ; to expose to danger : perilling, 
imp.: perilled, pp. -lid: perilous, a. -il-us, dan- 
gerous; full of peril: perilously, ad. -II: perllous- 
ness, n. -nis, quality of being perilous; danger; haz- 
ard. 



membrane which lines the osseous labyrinth of the 
ear. 

perimeter, n. per- im-l-ter (Gr. peri, around, and 
metron, a measure : F. pcrimitre), the external or out- 
ward boundary < >f a body or figure, or the sum of all 
its sides— applied to a figure bounded by straight 
lines : perimetrical, a. p&r'-i-met'-ri-kcd, pert. to. 

perinaeum, n. per'-i-nt'-um (Gr. perinaion), that part 
of the body between the thighs, and extending from 
the anus to the external organ of generation : per- 
inse'al, a. -nC'-dl, of or pert. to. 

period, n. pc-ri-od (Gr. periudos, a circuit, a passage 
round— from peri, around, and hodos, a way: L. 
periodus: It. ptriodo: F. p>.'riode), a stated number of 
years ; a round of time, at the end of which a thing 
may return to a former state; a specified portion of 
time ; state at which anything terminates ; the time 
occupied by the revolution of a heavenly body ; end ; 
conclusion; a complete sentence ; the point (.) indicat- 
ing the end of a sentence ; a series of numbers recur- 
ring, or pointed off by a clot or comma : periodic, a. 
pe'ri-dd'-ik, also pe'riod'ical, a. -od'-i-kdl, making a cir- 
cuit; returning; appearing regularly at certain stated 
times: pe'riod'ical, n. a publication which appears 



conditions. 

periodontal, a. pir'-l-o-dont'-dl (Gr. peri, around, 
and odous, a tooth— gen. odontos), surrounding the 
teeth. 

perioeci, n. plu. pSr : i-6'si, also perloe'cians, n. plu. 
-e'-shi-dnz (Gr. p:rioik ■ >-, a dweller around— fronijperi, 
around, and oikeo, I dwell), the inhabitants of the 
earth living in the same latitudes, but in longitudes 
differing by 180 degrees, so that when it is noon with 
the one it is ;he other. 

periosteum, n. per'-l-os'-te-Am (Gr. peri, around, and 
osteon, a bone), the fibrous sensitive membrane im- 
mediately covering the bone : periosteal, a. -al, relat- 
ing to or connected with the periosteum : perlosti'tis, 
n. -tl'-tls, inflammation of the covering membrane of 
the bone: perlos'tracum, n. -trd-kum (Gr. ostrakon, a 
shell), the membrane covering shells. 

peripatetic, n. per'-i-pd-tet-lk (Gr. peripatetikos, a 
walker about, belonging to the Peripatetics— from 
peri, aroimd, smd pateo, I tread or walk), a follower 
or disciple of Aristotle, who walked about as he taught 
or disputed in the Lyceum in Athens ; a great walker : 
ironically, an itinerant teacher or preacher: adj., alsc 
perlpatetlcal, a. -Ut'ikal, walking about, as Aris- 
totle did while he taught ; pert, to Aristotle, his sys- 
tem, or followers : perlpatetlcism, n. -tet'-i-slzm, the 
philosophy of Aristotle. 

periphery, n. per-if-er-i (Gr. periphereia, a circum- 
ference — from peri, around, and phero, I carry : F. 
peripheric), the circumference of a circle, ellipsis, or 
other regular curvilineal figure : peripheric, a. per'i- 
fer'-ik, also peripherics!, a. -i-kdl, pert, to a per- 
iphery, or constituting one; in bot., peripherical is 
applied to an embryo curved so as to surround the 
albumen, following the inner part of the covering of 



the seed: peripheral, a. pSr-if-Sr-cll, pert, to a per- 
iphery. 

periphrasis, n. pSr-if-rd-sls, also periphrase, n. per' 
l-frdz (Gr. and L. periphrasis, circumlocution— from 
peri, about, and phrazo, I speak: F. periphrase), the 
use of more words than necessary to express an idea ; 
circumlocution : periphrase, v. to express the sense 
of one word by means of several : perlphrasing, imp. : 
" iJ .c, a. per'-i-j'ni:,' 
. expressing the 
sense of fewer words by more ; circumlocutory : per- 
iphras'tically, ad. -U. 

peripneumonia, n. pSr'-ip-nu-mo'-nl-it, also perlp- 
neu'mony, n. -nu'-mo-nl (Gr. peripneumonia, inflam- 
mation of the lungs— from peri, about, and pneumon, 
a lung), inflammation of the lungs ; pneumonia, which 

peripolygonal, A.per'-l-po-Ug'-6-ndl(GT.pcri, around,- 
and Eng. polygonal), in crystallography, having a great 
number of sides or angles. 
peripteral, a. per-ip'-ter-dl (Gr. peri, around, and 
teron, a wing), winged all round ; surrounded by a 
ingle range of columns : peripterous, a, pcr-ip'-tcr'-us, 
feathered on all sides: periptery, u. per-ip'-tcr-l, also 
peripter, n. per'-ip-ter, a temple or edifice surrounded 
by a wing or aisle formed of columns exterior to the 
building. 



in the course of the day: peris'cians, n. plu. -anz, 
also periscii, n. plu. per-ish'-i-i, a name given to the 
inhabitants of the polar circles, whose shadows move 
round at certain times of the year, describing circles 
during the day. 

periscope, n. per'-l-skop (Gr. peri, around, and 
skopeo, I view), a view on all sides ; a general view : 
per iscop ic, a. -skop'-ik, viewing on all sides— a term 
applied to spectacles with concavo-convex glasses, 
constructed to increase the distinctness of objects 
when viewed obliquely. 

perish, v. per'-ish (F. perissant, perishing — from 
perir, to perish: L. pereo, I am destroyed, I perish), 
to wither and decay; to lose life or vitality in any 
manner; to come to nothing; to be lost eternally: 
perishing, imp.: adj. having a tendency to perish ; 
losing life; passing away: perished, pp. -isht: adj. 
destroyed; dead: perishable, a. -d-bl, subject to de- 
cay or destruction: perlshably, ad. -bll: per'ishable- 
ness, n. -bl-nes, the being liable to decay or destruc- 
tion. 

perisperm, n. per'-is/xmi (Gr. peri, around, and 
sperma, a seed I, the innermost envelope of the seed; 
the albumen or nourishing matter stored up with the 
embryo in the seed. 

perispheric, a. per'i-sfc'r'lk (Gr. peri, around, and 
sphaira, a sphere), having the form of a ball ; globu- 
lar. 

perispore, n. per-ls-por (Gr. peri, around, and Eng. 
sj'urt), the outer covering of a spore. 

peristaltic, a p&r'-l-stdl'-tik (Gr. peristaltikos, draw- 
ing together all round— from peri, around, and stello, 
I send), a term applied to the peculiar worm-like 
motion of the intestines by which their contents are 
gradually forced downwards; spiral ; worm-like : per / - 
istal'tically, ad. -kdldl. 

peristerite, n. per-is'-ter-it (Gr. peristera, a pigeon), 
a mineral of a greyish-white colour, exhibiting, when 
properly cut, a bluish opalescence like the changing 
hues on a pigeon's neck. 

peristome, n. per'-is-tom (Gr. peri, about, and stoma, 
a mouth), in bot., the ring of bristles situated around 
the orifice or mouth of the seed-vessels in mosses ; the 
simple or double membrane closing the mouth or 
opening in the theca of mosses, which membrane be- 
comes divided into a definite number of lamina?, 
termed teeth, after the removal of the lid in the ripe 
state. 

peristrephic, a. per'-i-stref-ik (Gr. peri, around, and 
strepho, I turn), rotating or revolving— applied to the 
tgs of a panorama. 

peristyle, n. per'i-stil, also perlstyllum, n. -stil- 
l-urn (Gr. peristulon, a gallery with pillars— from 
peri, around, and stulos, a column or pillar), a range 
of columns aroimd the interior of a building or square ; 
a building surrounded with columns. 

perisystole, n. per'-i-sls-to-le (Gr. peri, around, and 
sustole, a drawing together), in the beating of the 
heart, the interval of time between the systole or con- 
traction, and the diastole or dilatation of the heart. 



cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



PERI 



436 



perithecium, n. p$r'-l-the'shi-um (Gr. peri, around, 
and theke, a box or case), in hot., the envelope surround- 
ing the masses of fructification in some fungi and lich- 
ens ; a conceptacle in cryptogams, containing spores, 
and having an opening at one end. 

peritomous, a. per-lt'6-mus (Gr. perifomos, cut off 
all round about— from peri, around, and temno, I cut 
or cleave), in min., cleaving inmore direi 1 1 n ihan 
one parallel to the axis. 

peritonaeum, n., also peritoneum, n. pSr'l-to-ne'ihn 
(Gr. peritonaion, what is stretched round or over— 
from peri, around, and teino, I stretch), a thin mem- 
brane which lines the whole internal surface of the 
abdomen, and envelops more or less completely 
the several parts of the viscera, retaining them in 
their proper places, and at the same time allowing 
them to move freely when required: perltone'al, a. 
-ne'dl, pert, to the peritoneum : peritonitis, n. -ni'-tls, 
inflammation of the peritoneum. 

peritrochium, n. pSr'i-tro'-kium (Gr. psritroclws, 
circular, round— from peri, around, and trochos, a 
wheel), in mech., a wheel fixed upon an axle, so that 
both can be moved by a rope passing round the wheel ; 
one of the mechanical powers, called the wheel and 
axle. 

peritropal, a. pSr'l-tro'-pdl (Gr. peri, around, and 
1roj)\ a turning), rotatory; cin-nitous ; in hut., ap- 
plied to the axis of a seed perpendicular to the axis of 
the pericarp to which it is attached. 

periwig, n. pcr'4-iulg (a corruption of F. perrurpie, 
a lock or tuft of hair, a wig: Dut. .peruik; Ger. per- 
riicke, a wig), a kind of close cap formed of an inter- 
texture of false hair, worn by men to conceal bald- 
ness ; a wig or peruke : v. to dress with false hair : 
perlwigging, imp.: periwigged, pp. -wlgd. 



about), a creeping or binding plant— probably so called 
from its growth being similar to a tangled mass of 
twigs. 

periwinkle, n. pSr'4-wtng'kl (AS. pincwincla, the 
pinwinkle: Scot, peerie, small, little, and AS. ivincle, 
a whelk), a small whelk; a small shell-fish or sea- 
snail, having a turbinated shell. 

perjure, v. per'jobr (L. perjurium, a false oath— 
from per, through, and juro, I swear), to swear falsely ; 
in a court of justice, to swear to as truth that which 
is known to be false: per'juring, imp.: perjured, pp. 
-jdbrd: adj. having sworn falsely, as a witness in a 
court of justice — usually followed by a pron. and 
self, as, he perjured himself: per'jurer, n. -er, one who 
swears falsely : per 'jury, n. -jobr-i, the act or crime 
of giving false evidence m a court of justice when put 
on oath. 

perk, a. perk (W. perc, trim, neat ; percu, to trim, 
to smarten), smart; trim: v. to make trim or smart; 
to hold up the head with affected smartness : perk'ing, 
imp. : perked, pp. perkt : perky, a. perk'-i, pert ; jaunty ; 
trim— same as pert, which see. 

permanent, a. per'-md-nSnt (L. permctnens, remain- 
ing, enduring— from per, through, and mcmeo, I re- 
main or last : It. permanente : F. permanent), of long 
continuance ; durable ; continuing in the same state 
without change : per'manently, ad. -II : permanency, 
11. -nen-sl, also per'manence, n. -nans, continuance in 
the same state without change ; duration : permanent 
way, the bed or superstructure on which the rails are 
laid in a finished railway. 

permeate, -v. per -me ■ at (L. per me at am, to pass through 
or penetrate— from per, through, and meo, I go or pass), 
to penetrate and pass through a substance without 
causing any rupture or displacement of its parts; 
to pass through the pores of a body : per'meating, 
imp.: per'meated, pp.: per'mea'tion, n. -a'shun, the 



through, as water through a porous body, or as light 
through glass: per'meably, ad. -hit: per'meabil'ity, 
n. -bil'-i-ti, the quails o. iair ■ ; h.-iiig permeable. 

Permian System, n. pfr'-mi-an sis'- fern, in geol., a 
term applied to the lower division of what was for- 
merly regarded as the New Red Sandstone— so called 
from their extensive development in the government 
of Perm, in central Russia. 

permission, n. per-mish'un (L. permissio. leave— 
from permissurn, to suffer to pass through— from per, 
through, and missum, to permit or allow to go: It. 
tiermissione: F. permission), leave', licence, or liberty 
granted ; allowance : permis'sive, a. -mls'-siv, not hin- 
mcite, milt, far, laiv; mete, m£t, 



dering; granting liberty ; suffered without hindrance; 
allowing by statute, but not enforcing: permis'sively, 
ad. -li: permi s'sible, a. -sl-bl, that may be permitted 
or allowed : permis'sibly, ad. -bli. 

permit, n. per'mlt (L. permittere, to let through, to 
allow— from per, through, and mittere, to let go, to 
send: It. perinettere : ¥. pamettre), a written licence 
or permission by the' cust.om-house authorities, show- 
ing that the duties on certain goods that are removed 
have been paid; leave: v. pi- r- nut', to allow without 
command; to give leave or liberty to without autho- 
rising or approving; to concede: permit'ting, imp.: 
permit'ted, pp. 

permute, v. per-mut' (L. permutare, to change or 
alter completely— from per, through, and muto, I 
change: It. permutare: F. permuter), to change the 
order or arrangement of, as letters or things: per- 
mu'ting, imp.: permu'ted, pp.: permu'table, a. -ta-bl, 
that may be changed, the one for the other: permu'- 
tably, ad. -bli: permu'tableness, n. -bl-nes: permu- 
tation, n. per'-in n-li'i'-sliihi, the successive changing or 
varying the arrangement of hit, rs or tilings in every 
possible order ; a rule in algebra and in arithmetic. 

pernicious, a. per-nish'us (L. perniciosus, ruinous, 
very destructive— from p>er, through, and necare, to 
kill: F. pernicieux), highly injurious; tending to in- 
jure or destroy, as health or morals; deadly; destruc- 
tive: perniciously, ad. -li: pernici'ousness, n. -nes, 
the quality of being very injurious or destructive. 

peronate, a. per'-o-vat (L. peronatus, rough-booted), 
in hot., thickly covered with woolly matter, becoming 
powdery externally. 

peroneal, a. pcr'-o-nc'al (Gr. perone, the fibula, or 
small bone of the leg), belonging to or lying near the 
fibula, as certain muscles connecting it with the foot. 

peroration, n. pSr'o-ra'shun (L. peroratio, the fin- 
ishing part— from per, through, and (/ratio, a speech), 
the concluding part of an oration or of a speech. 

peroxide, n. pSr-oks'id (L. per, through, and Eng. 
oxide), that oxide of a base whieh contains the largest 
proportion of oxygen : perox'idise, v. -l-diz, to oxidise 
to the utmost degree. 

perpender, n. per-pen'der, also per'pent-stone (F. 



wall and appearing on both sides of it; a through- 
band; a coping-stone. 

perpendicular, a. per'pdn-dik'u-ler (L. perpendicu- 
lum, a plumb-line— from per, through, and pendeo, I 
hang: It. perpendicolare ; F. perpendiculaire, perpen- 
dicular), hanging or extending in a right line from any 
point; at right angles to an.\ plane or line; vertical: 
n. a line standing at right angles on another line: 
per'pendic'ularly, ad. -li: per'pendic'ular'ity, n. -lar' 
i-tl, the state of being perpendicular. 

perpetrate, v. per'-pe-trat (L. perpetratum, to per- 
form thoroughly, to execute— from per, thoroughly, 
and patro, I perform: It. per pet rare: F. pier pet re r), to 
commit or perform, always used to express an evil 
act : per'petrating, imp. : per'petrated, pp. : per- 
petrator, n. -ter, one who commits a crime : per'pe- 
tra'tion, n. -tra'shun, the act of committing a crime. 

perpetuate, v. p/'r-pet'-n-'V (I,, perpetuatum, to pro- 
ceed with continually— from perpetuus, perpetual: It. 
pcrpetaare : F. perpetuer), to cause to be continued 
indefinitely ; to preserve from extinction or oblivion : 
perpet'uating, imp.: perpet'uated, pp.: perpet'ua'- 
tion, n. -a'shun, the act of making perpetual: inces- 
sant continuance : perpet'ual, a. -Cd, never ceasing ; 
continuing without intermission; permanent; not 
temporary ; endless : perpet'ually, ad. -II : perpetual 
curacy, a living where all the tithes are appropriated 
and no vicarage endowed : perpetual motion, a term 
applied to a machine ha mol hat would con- 

tinue for ever, or until the parts of the machine were 
worn out : perpetual screw, a screw that continues 
acting without intermission against the teeth of a 
wheel so long as the moving power continues ; an end- 



is no end. 

perplex, v. per -picks' (L. perplexus, very much en- 
tangled or twisted together— from per, thoroughly, 
and plexus, twisted, interwoven : F. perplexe, per- 
plexed), to make intricate or difficult; to puzzle; to 
distract ; to confuse ; to distress with suspense or 
anxiety: perplex'ing, imp.: adj. troublesome; em- 
barrassing: perplexed', pp. -picks?: adj. entangled; 
her; pine, pin; note, not, move; 




PEEQ 



437 



PEES 



embarrassed ; puzzled: perplex'edly, ad. -ed-ll: per- 
plex'edness, n. -nes, state of being perplexed; em- 
barrassment : perplexity, n. -i-ti, "anxiety ; distrac- 
tion of mind through doubt or difficulty. 

perquisite, n. per'kwl-zit (L. perquisitus, made 
diligent search for— from : . /•. thoroughly, and quccrere, 
to seek), the incidental gains of an oliice or an em- 
ployment over and above the settled wages: per- 
quisition, n. -zlsh-un. a thorough inquiry or search. 

perron, n. pir'-ron (F. perron— from pierre, a stone: 
L. and Gr. petra, a rock, a stone), a staircase or flight 
of steps outside a building. 

perruquier, n. per-rO'-ki-dr (F. — from perruque, a 
wig), a wig-maker. 



persecot.n. pir'se'-kot (F. pe rsicot— fromL. persicum, 
a peach), a liquor flavoured with peach-kernels. 

persecute, v. pir'se-kdt (L. pcrsccutus, followed per - 
severingly— from per, thoroughly, and secutus, fol- 
lowed, pursued ; sequi, to follow : F. persecutes to 
persecute), to pursue closely or harassingly ; to afflict 
or harass on account of religion ; to pursue with con- 
tinued malignity; to harass or annoy with solicita- 
tion or importunity : persecuting, imp. a. harassing 
or afflicting unjustly, particularly for religious opin- 
ions; pursuing with enmity in order to injure in 
person or means: persecuted, pp. a. harassed and 
afflicted by the enmity of another: persecutor, n. 
-ku-tir, one who persecutes ; one who pursues and 
harasses another unjustly : persecution, n. -ku'shan, 
the act of harassing or punishing another unjustly; 
the act of afflicting or destroying on account of adhe- 
rence to a particular creed Tper'secutive, a. -ku-tiv, 
following; persecuting: Persecutions, the name by 
which several periods" in the history of the Christian 
Church are distinguished,— in the early Church, by the 
heathen to suppress Christianity— in latter times, by 
sect against sect. 

persevere, v. pcr'sS-ver' (L. persevero, I continue 
steadfastly, I persist— from per, thoroughly, and 
severus, strict, severe: It. pes: i\ rare: F. jjerseverer), 
not to give over; to continue persistently in any 
business or enterprise undertaken ; to pursue steadily 
a design or course begun ; to be constant in effort or 
progress: per'seve'ring, imp.: adj. constant in pur- 
pose or design; persistent: per'severed', pp. -verd': 
per'seve'ringly, ad. -K: perseverance, n. -ve'rdns, 
persistence in any design or attempt ; constancy in 
pursuit or progress; in th-.o!., persistent continuance 
in the Christian character, and consequent favour 
of God— also called final perseverance. 

Persian, a. pir'shdn, also Persic, a. , tr'slk, from or 
relating to Persia : n. the language of Persia : Persian 
berry, a yellow dye-stuff: Persian wheel, a large 
wheel surrounded with buckets for raising water from 
a low to a high level: Persians, n. plu. }>ir'shdnz, 
in arch., sculptured male figures used instead of 
columns. 

persiflage, n. pir'sl-fldzh (F.), light talk treating all 
subjects with banter. 

persimmon, n. per-slm'-um (an Indian name), an 
Amer. tree and its fruit. 

persist, v. pir-sist' (L. persistere, to continue stead- 
fastly— from per, through, and sisto, I stand: It. per- 
sistere: F. persister), to continue steadily in any busi- 
ness or course commenced ; not to give over ; to per- 
severe : persist'ing, imp. : persist'ed, pp. : persist'ence, 
n. -ens, also persistency, n. -en-si, steady perseve- 
rance in what has been undertaken; constancy in 
purpose or design ; perseverance; obstinacy: persist- 
ent, a. -Snt, constant; continuing; remaining; in 
hot., not falling off; remaining attached to the axis 
until the part which bears it is matured: persist'- 
ingly, ad. -ll. 

person, n. per'son (L. persona, a mask, a character, 
a person : It. persona : F. personne), a human being; 
an individual; the body; one's self; one; a living 
soul ; not a representative ; character in a play ; in 
gram., one of the three states of a verb as modified by 
its nominative, representing respectively the speaker, 
that which is spoken to, and that which is spoken of; 
the quality of the noun or pronoun which modifies the 
verb ; a term applied to each of the three beings of the 
Godhead: per'sonable, a. -d-bl, of good appearanee; 
handsome : per'sonage, n. -aj, a man or woman of 
eminence or distinction ; exterior appearance ; an in- 
dividual : personal, a. -dl, pert, to men or women, 
not to things ; peculiar or proper to him or to her ; ap- 



plying directly to one's character or conduct ; exte- 
rior; in gram., denoting the three persons of the verb; 
movable, not real: personally, ad. -li, in person; 
not by representative ; particularly: personality, n. 
-dl'-i-ti, that which constitutes distinction of person ; 
individuality ; reflection upon individuals, as upon 
their private actions or character : personal estate 
or property, every species of property except real 
estate— that is, lands and houses : personal identity, 
in meta., our sameness of being at every s*,age of life, 
of which consciousness gives us the evidence : person- 
al pronoun, in gram. , one of the pronouns, I, thou, he, 
she, it: personal representatives, the executors or 
administrators of a person deceased : personalise, v. 
-dl-lz, to make personal: per'sonali'sing, imp.: per- 
sonalised, pp. -izd: personalty, n. -alti, personal 
estate : per sonate, a. -at, in bot., a form of monopeta- 
lous corolla where the orifice of the tube is closed by 
an inflated projection of the throat, the whole resem- 
bling a gaping mask: v. to assume the character of 
another, and in such a way as to pass for that person ; 
to counterfeit ; to feign ; to play a fictitious character : 
personating, imp. : personated, pp. : adj. counterfeit ; 
fictitious : persona tor, n. -tir, one who assumes a fic- 
titious character : persona tion, n. -shiin, the act of 
assuming the character of another : personify, v. per- 
son'l-fl, to ascribe to a thing the sentiments, actions, 
or language of a human being: personifying, imp.: 
personified, pp. -fid : personlfier, n. -fl-ir, one who 
personifies: personification, n. -fi-kd'shiin, the act 
of personifying ; in rhet., the investing of things with 
the conduct and actions of human beings : personnel', 
n. -net' (F.), the persons employed in any public ser- 
vice: in person, by one's self; not by representative: 
the person, the body. 

perspective, n. pcr-spSk'tlv (L. perspectum, to look 
thoroughly or closely at— from per, through, and specio, 
I look: F. perspectif; Sp. perspectiva, perspective), 
a view or prospect ; the art of drawing on paper or 
canvas, &c, pictures of objects or scenery as they 
appear to the eye from any given point, either real or 
imaginary ; a pocket-telescope : adj. pert, to or ac- 
cording to perspective : perspec'tively, ad. -II: per- 
spec tograph, n. -to-grdf (Gr. grapho, I write), an 
optical instrument for mechanical drawing: aerial 
perspective, the faintness of outlines and blending of 
colours produced by the thicker or thinner stratum 
of air which pervades the optical image viewed, the 
delineation of which requires, on the part of the artist, 
a careful study of nature : linear perspective, the 
principles of geometry applied to the accurate delinea- 
tion of the chief lines of a picture. 

perspicacious, a. per'spi-ka'shus (L. perspicax, pene- 
trating, acute— gen. perspdeacis— from perspicio, I look 
thoroughly or closely at : It. and F. perspicace), sharp 
of sight; of acute discernment or understanding: 
perSpica'ciously, ad. -It : per spica'ciousness, n. -shus- 
nes, also perspicacity, n. -kds'l-ti, quickness of 
sight or acuteness of discernment : perspicuous, a. per- 
S2jik'u-tis (L. perspicum, clear), easily understood; 
clear to the mind ; plain ; evident : perspic'uously, 
ad. -li: perspic'uousness, n. -n6s, also perspicuity, n. 
p:r'-ipiku'-l-tl, easiness to be understood ; plainness ; 
distinctness ; that quality in language which presents 
with great plainness to the mind of another the pre- 
cise ideas of a writer or speaker. 

perspire, v. pir-spir' (L. perspirare, to breathe 
through or everywhere— from per, through, and spiro, 
I breathe), to sweat ; to emit or exhale through the 
pores of the skin: perspiring, imp.: perspired', pp. 
-splrd': perspi'rable, a. -rd-bl, that maybe perspired: 
perspiration, n. per'spi-ra'shun (It. perspirazione : 
F. j inspiration), sweat; evacuation of moisture 
through the pores of the skin; matter perspired: per- 
spirability, n. per-spl'-rd-Ml'l-tl, the quality of being 
perspirable : perspi'rative, a. -rd-tlv, also perspira- 
tory, a. -'rd-ter-i, performing the act of perspiration. 

persuade, v. per-swad' (L. persuadere, to persuade 
—from per, thoroughly, and suadeo, I advise : It. per- 
suadere: F. persuader), to influence by advice or ar- 
gument ; to draw or incline a person by presenting 
powerful motives to the mind ; to convince by argu- 
ment or entreaty: persuading, imp.: persua'ded, pp. 
convinced ; induced : persuader, n. -dir, one who per- 
suades : persua'dable, a. -dd-bl, capable of being per- 
suaded: persua'sive, a. -siva'siv (L. persuasum, to 
persuade— from per, thoroughly, and suasum, to ad- 
vise: It. persuajsivo: F. pen uasif, persuasive), having 
power to persuade ; influencing the mind or passions : 



t:oio, boy, foot; pure, bad; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



PERS 



438 



PET 



n. that which persuades ; an incitement : persuasive- 
ly, ad. -siv-li: persuasiveness, n. -nes, the quality of 
being persuasive : persua'sory, a. -ser-l, having the 
power or tendency to persuade : persua'sion, n. 
-zhun, the act of persuading; state of being per- 
suaded ; settled opinion or conviction ; a religious sect 
or party adhering to a certain creed or system : per- 
sua'sible, a. -si-bl, that may be influenced by reasons 
offered: persua'sibleness, n. -U-nes, the quality of 
being persuasible : persua'sibil'ity, n. -bil-i-tl, capa- 
bility of being persuaded. 

persulphate, n. per-sul'fat (L. per, thoroughly, and 
Eng. sulphate), a sulphate of the peroxide of any base : 
persul'phuret, n. -fit-ret (L. per, and sulphuret), that 
which has the largest proportion of sulphur. 

pert, a. pert (W. pert, smart, fine ; perten, a smart 
little girl ; percu, to trim, to smarten— see perk), hav- 
ing the quality of liveliness carried to excess; for- 
ward ; indecorously free ; saucy : pert'ly, ad. -U : 
pert'ness, n. -nes, forwardness ; sauciness. 

pertain, v. per-tdn' (L. pertinere, to reach or extend 
to— from^er, through, and teneo, I hold : It. pertenere), 
to be the property, right, or duty of; to concern; to 
have relation : pertaining, imp. : pertained', pp. -fund'. 

perterebration, n. per'-ter-e-bra'-shun (L. perterebra- 
tum, to bore through— from per, through, and terebro, 
I bore), the act of boring through. 



Ann or unyielding adherence to opinion or , 
steady resolution or perseverance ; obstinacy. 

pertinent, a. per'tl-n&nt (L. pertinens, reaching or 
extending to— from per, through, and teneo, I hold : 
It. pertinente: F. pertinent), just to the purpose; re- 
lating to the subject or matter in hand; relevant: 
per'tmently, ad. -li : per'tinence, n. -nSns, also per'- 
tinency, n. -nen-sl, justness of relation to the subject 
or matter in hand ; suitableness. 

perturb, v. per-terb' (L. perlurbare, to throw into 
utter confusion, to embarrass— from per, thoroughly, 
and turbare, to disturb : It. perturbare), to trouble or 
disquiet ; to put out of regularity ; to cause to deviate 
from an elliptic orbit: perturb'ing, imp.: perturbed', 
pp. -terbd': adj. agitated; disquieted: perturbation, 
n. per'-ter-ba'-shun, disquiet of mind ; restlessness and 
disorder of the mind; commotion of the passions; 
confusion; cause of disquiet: perturbations of the 
planets, in astron., the deviations of the planets from 
their regular elliptic courses, caused by their mutually 
attracting each other. 

pertuse, a. per-tus', also pertused', a. -tust' (L. 



a hole), punched ; perforated or pierced irregularly , 
in bot, having slits or holes: pertusion, n. per-tu- 
zhun, the act of piercing; the hole made; a perfora- 
tion. 

pertussis, rv. per-tus'- sis (L. per, thoroughly, and tus- 
sis, a cough), hooping-cough. 

peruke, n. per-ok' (F. perruque— see periwig), a wig : 
peruked', a. -6M', covered or fitted with a wig : 
peruke-maker, a wig-maker. 

perula, n. per'-u-ld, also perule, n. pSr'ul, plu. per'- 
ulae, -le (L. perula, a little pocket), in bot, a sac 
formed in some orchids by the prolonged and united 
bases of two of the segments of their perianth ; the cap- 
like covering of buds formed by the abortion of their 
outer leaves. 

peruse, v. pSr-6z' (L. pervisum, to look through, to 
examine— from per-, through, and L. visum; F. viser, 
to look at, to view), to read with attention ; to read 
through: peru'sing, imp. : perused, pp. per-ozd': per- 
ii 'i --I i nil in nt ion, as a book: 

peru'sal, n. -o'-ztil, the act of reading; the careful ex- 
amination, as of a book. 

Peruvian, a. per-6'vi-tin of or pert, to Peru: n. a 
native of Peru : Peruvian balsam, a thick brown liquid 
of a fragrant odour and pungent bitter taste, the pro- 
duct of a tree of S. Amer. : Peruvian bark, Jesuit's 
bark ; the bark of several cinchona-trees of Peru, much 

used in medicine in vai ou prei mis: Peruvine, 

n. per-6'vin, a light oily fluid obtained frona the bal- 
sam of Peru. 

pervade, v. per-vad' (L.pervadere, to spread through, 
to penetrate— from per, through, and vado, I go), to 

mate, mat, far, law ; mete, met, Mr; pine, pin; note, n6t, mdve; 



pass or spread through the whole extent of a thing ; to 
be diffused through every minute part: pervading, 
imp. : perva'ded, pp. : perva'sive, a. -vd'-siv (L. per- 
vasum, to pass or spread through), tending or able to 
pervade : perva'sion, n. -zhun, the act of pervading or 
passing through. 

perverse, a. pier-vers' (L. perversum, to overturn, to 
overthrow— from pr,-, thoroughly, and versurn, to turn: 
It. perversa ; F. pervers, perverse), stubborn ; untract- 
able; obstinate in the wrong; petulant; vexatious: 
perverse'ly, ad. -li: perverse'ness, n. -nts, also per- 
ver'sity, n. -si-ti, the state of being perverse ; disposi- 
tion to thwart or cross : perver'sion, n. -shun, the 
act of perverting ; change to something worse ; diver- 
sion from the true intent or object: perver'sive, a. 
■slv, tending to corrupt or pervert. 

pervert, v. per-vert' (L. pervertere, to overturn, to 
overthrow— from per, thoroughly, and verto, I turn : 
It. pervertere: F. pervertir), to corrupt ; to turn from 
the true use, end, or purpose : n. per' vert, one who has 
changed to the worse— generally said of one who is 
believed to have changed from the true religion to a 
false one, or to a corrupt form of the true : pervert'- 
ing, imp.: pervert'ed, pp.: pervert'er, n. -er, one who 
corrupts : pervertible, a. -i-bl, capable of being per- 
verted. 

pervious, a. per'-vi-us (L. pervius, having a passage 
through— from per, through, and via, a way), that 
may be penetrated by another body or substance ; ad- 
mitting passage ; penetrable by the mental sight: per'- 
viously, ad. -II: per'viousness, n. -nes, the quality of 
admitting a passage through. 

pesade, n. pe-sad' (F. pesade, motion of a horse in 
riding— from peser, to weigh), the motion of a horse 
raising his fore quarters without moving his hind 
feet. 

pessary, n. pgs'-ser-i (It. pessario: F. pessaire), a 
small instrument made of gutta percha or waxed linen, 
introduced into the vagina for supporting the mouth of 
the uterus. 

pessimist, n. pes'sl-mlst (L. pessimus, the worst), 
one who holds that everything existing is for the 
worst; — thus opposed to optimist. 

pest, n. pest (L. pestis, a deadly disease : It. and F. 
peste), any pestilential disease ; anything destructive 
or very mischievous ; bane : pest-house, an infirmary 
or hospital for pestilential diseases. 

pester, v. pes'ter (old F. empester, to pester, to en- 
tangle: It. iwpa:.h ,r, :<> , .. v i ,: • i, i ,, i , : . beplaster— the 
figure being that of clogging or entangling in some- 
thing pasty or sticky), to trouble; to annoy; to en- 
cumber ; to harass with little vexations : pes'tering, 
imp. : pes'tered, pp. -terd: pes'terer, n. -er, he or that 
which pesters. 

pestiferous, a. p6s-tlf'er-us (L. pestis, a deadly dis- 
ease, and/ero, I carry), bearing or bringing pestilence, 
moral or physical ; malignant ; destructive : pestif- 
erously, ad. -II. 

pestilence, n. pSs'tl-l6ns (L. pestilens, abounding in 
plague, noxious ; pestilentia infectious or contagi- 
ous disease— from pestis, a deadly disease : It. pesti- 
lepizia: F. pestilence), any contagious and malignant 
or mortal disease ; the plague ; anything sweepingly 
destructive : pes'tilent, a. -lent, destructive to health 
and life ; noxious to morals or society ; corrupt : pes'- 
tilently, ad. -II : pes'tilen'tial, a, -len'-shdl, tending to 
produce a pestilence or an infectious disease ; destruc- 
tive ; pernicious, physically or morally. 

pestle, n pi the pestle of 

a mortar: It. pestello), that with which anything is 
pounded in a mortar. 

pet, n. pet (Sw. pytt; Dan. pyt; Norm, pet, pshaw! 
tut! exclamation i I i r, pettyni, to 

blurt with the mouth) a fit of slight passion or sulks ; 
a fit of peevishness ; any animal fondled or indulged ; a 
word of endearment applied to young children (in this 
sense probably connected with F. petit, a little one) : 
v. to indulge in pets or fits of ill-humour, as a child ; 
to fondle or indulge : pet'ting, imp.: pet'ted, pp.: adj. 

spoiled by indu I lul >l in fits of ill-humour: 

in a pet, in the sulks : a pet child, an indulged child : 
pettish, a. pet'-tlsh, pert, to a pet ; fretful ; peevish : 
pet'tishly, ad. -II: pet'tishness, n. -nes, petulance; 
peevishness. Note.— That "pet, ill-humour," and "pet, 
a fond] hi";," have a common origin, will not appear in- 



consistent, when it is considered that " to pet a child " 
is "toindulge it in itspets or fits of ill-humour." There 
is an obvious connection with F. petit, a little one, but 
the meanings cannot now be separated. 






PETA 



439 



PHAE 



petal, n. pet'dl (Gr. petalon, a, leaf— from petannumi, 
I spread out : It. j>;ta!o: F. petale), in bot., the leaf of 
an expanded flower; one of the separate parts of a 
corolla or flower: pet ailed, a, -aid, also petal- 
shaped, a. having the shape of a petal : petaliform, a. 
jid-tdl-i-Siucnn (Gr. petalon, and L. forma, a shape), 
also petaloid, a. pgt'a-loyd (Gr. petalon, and eidos, a 
form), having the form of a petal : pet'aline, a. -lln, 
pert, to a petal : pet'alism, n. -'mm, in anc. Syracuse, a 
form of banishment by writing the name of the per- 
son to be banished on a leaf: pet'alite, n. -lit, a 
mineral of a white, greyish, or greenish colour, and of 
a lamellar structure in one direction : pet'alous, a. -lus, 
resembling a petal. 

petard, n. pe-tdrd' (F. petard, a cracker— from peter, 
to break wind, to crack), a short, piece of ordnance of a 
bell shape, formerly used for bursting open gates, de- 
stroying bridges, &c, by explosion— a bag or bags of 
gunpowder are now found to be as effective: petar- 
dier, n. pSt'dr-der', one who had the charge of a petard. 

petasus, n. pet'd-sus (L. p>-t,i,<iis; Gr. petasos, a tra- 
velling hat or cap), the winged cap ot Mercury. 

petechia;, n. plu. pe-tek'i-e (It. petecchia), in med., 
purple or dark-red spots which appear on the skin in 
fevers of a malignant type: petechial, a. pe-tek'i-dl, 
spotted ; characterised by the appearance of petechia?. 

Peter-pence, n. pe'ter-pens, an annual tax on every 
house, formerly paid by the English to the Pope on 
Lammas day. 

petiole, n.pet'-i-ol (L. petiolus. a little foot— from pes, 
a foot : F. petiole), the footstalk of a leaf connecting 
the blade with the stem : pet'ioled, a. -old, having a 
footstalk: pet'iolar, a. -6-ltr, also pet iolar'y, a. -ler'l, 
pert, to or growing on a small stalk ; proceeding from 



leaflet in a compound leaf. 

petit, n. pet'l (F.), littlein figure ; small ; diminutive ; 
mean: petite nature, pc-tet mi-fur', a term applied 
to such pictures as contain figures a little less in size 
than life, and yet have the effect of life size. 

petition, n. pi-tish'-un (L. petitio, a request, a peti- 
tion—gen. petitionis — from peto, I beg or ask: It. 
petizione: F. petition), an asking or seeking ; a solemn 
or formal solicitation made by one party to another; 
a paper or document containing a written request or 
supplication ; a prayer, or a part of one, addressed to 
God ; an earnest entreaty : v. to solicit earnestly ; to 
supplicate: petiti'oning, imp. : petitioned, pp. -<<,/.• 



copper ot 

petralogy, n. pS-trdl'-o-jl, sometimes petrology, u. 
pe-troi-Oji (Gr. petra, a rock, and logos, a discourse), 
that branch oigeol. which regards rocks and rock-for- 
mations alone ; a synonyme of lithology. 

petre, n. pe'ter (Gr. petra, a rock), a stone, as in 
saltpetre: petrean, a, pe-tre'dn, pert, to or resembling 
rock or stone : petrous, a. pc-tmls, hard; stony. 

petrel, n. pet'-rel (F. petrel— from L. Fetrus, Peter), an 
ocean-bird, that appears, like Peter, to walk on the 
water— called stormy-petrels, as their appearance is 
thought to presage a storm, and by sailors Mother 
Carey's chickens. 

petrescent, a, pe-trSs'sent (Gr. or L. petra, a stone), 
becoming stone, or of a stony hardness: petres'cence, 
n. -sens, the process of converting into stone. 

petrifaction, n. pet'-ri-fdk-shun (Gr. or L. petra, 
stone, and L. /actus, done or made, fio, I become : F. 
pitrijic at ion ), conversion of an animal or vegetable sub- 
stance into stony matter ; process of changing into 
stone : pet'rifac'tive, a. -tiv, able or tending to convert 
into stone: petrific, a. pe-trlf'-lk, having power to 
change into stone : petrify, v. pet'-ri-f%, to convert 
animal or vegetable substances into stony matter ; to 
fix in dumb amazement; to become ston°: pet'rify- 



petrography, n. pe-trog'-ra-fi (Gr. petros, a large 
stone, and grapho, I write), in geol., used in the same 
sense as petralogy— thus, we speak of the "petro- 
graphic" (_/'■"■ u acter of a formation, as 

opposed to its " pakeontological." 

petroleum, n. pe-tro'le-xim (Gr. or L. petra, rock, 
and L. oleum, oil: It. petrolic : F. petrole), a liquid 
mineral pitch of a dark yellowish-brown colour, so 
called from its oozing out of several strata like oil ; 
known also as mineral oil : petroline, n. pet'ro-lin, a 
caw, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, 



substance resembling paraffine. obtained by distilla- 
tion from the petroleum of Rangoon. 

petrophiloides, n. plu. pet-rd-fi-ldy'dez (Gr. petros, 
a stone, phileo, I love, and eidos, appearance), in 
geol., fossil cones from the London clay, so named from 
their resemblance to those of the existing genus of 
ornamental shrubs called petrophila, pe-trof-i-la. 

petrosal, n. pc-trO'-sttf (L. j>ttrosus,full of rocks— 
from petra, a rock), the dense and solid mass of bone 
forming a part of the temporal bone, and entering 
into the base of the skull ; the ear-capsule bone in a 
fish : petrous, a. pe'-trus, hard ; stony ; in anat., ap 
plied to the portion of the temporal bone in which the 
internal organs of hearing are situated : petrosal 
nerve, a branch of the vidian nerve. 

petrosilex, n. pet'-ro-sl'-lcks (L. petra, rock, and 
silex, flint), rock-flint or hornstone : pet'rosilici'ous, 
a. -si-Ush-tis, consisting of or containing petrosilex. 

petticoat, n. pet'ti-kot (F. petit, little, petty, and 
Eng. coat), a loose under garment worn by females : 
petticoat government, female rule ; dominion or 
influence of a woman. 

pettifogger, n. pHt'-ti-fog'-ger (F. petit, little, mean, 
and old Eng. fog, to resort to mean expedients : Ger. 
fug, convenience, opportunity), a lawyer who is em- 
ployed in small or mean business : pet'tifog'ging, a. 
conducting inferior or mean law business; playing 
the part of a pettifogger : pet'tifog'gery, a. -ger-i, the 
practice or the acts of a pettifogger ; tricks ; quibbles. 

pettily, pettiness— see petty. 

pettitoes, n. plu. pet'-ti-toz (Norm, petots, little feet), 
the toes or feet of a pig ; sportively, applied to the 
human feet. 

petto, n. pet'to (It. petto, the breast— from L. pectus, 
the breast), the breast: inpetto, in secrecy ; in reserve. 

pettish, pettishly, pettishness— see pet. 

petty, a. pet'-tl (It. -piccolo; Sp. pequeno, small: F. 
petit ; W. pitiv, little, small : W. pid, a point), small 
in amount ; inferior ; little ; inconsiderable ; trivial : 
pet'tily, ad. -tl-li: pet'tiness, n. -nes, smallness; 
littleness ; unimportance : petty-cash book, a book 
for entering small receipts and payments : petty jury, 
a jury of twelve men to try ordinary or small . lases in 
a court : petty officers, the lower or subordinate class 
of officers on board a man-of-war. 

petulant, a. pSt'rl-lunt (L. i^tulans, attacking, pert, 
saucy— from peto, I attack or assail : It. petulunte ; F. 
pitulant, petulant), irritable or pert from fretfulness 
or ill-humour ; saucy ; capriciously peevish ; freakish 
in passion: pet'ulantly, ad. -II: pet'ulance, n. -Urns, 
also pet'ulancy, n. -Idn-sl, peevishness ; saucy pert- 
ness. 

petunse, n., also petuntse or petuntze, n. pH-tiins', 
a fine clay used by the Chinese in their manufacture 
of porcelain ; kaolin. 

Petworth marble, pit'-xcerth mdr'bl, a limestone, 
chiefly composed of fresh-water shells— so called from 
its being worked at Petworth, in Sussex. 

pence, n. piis, also peucites, n. plu. pfi'-.nfs (Or. 
peuke, the pine or fir), the generic name for all fossil 
wood which appears to have been absolutely cone- 
producing. 

pew, n. pii (L. podium, an elevated place: Dut. 
puye, a pulpit or reading-desk), an enclosed seat in a 
church or chapel : v. to fit or furnish with pews : pew'- 
ing, imp. : pewed, pp. pmd : pew-opener, an attend- 
ant in a church who opens the pew-doors for the seat- 
holders. 

pewit, n. pe'iuit, also pe'wet— see peewit. 

pewter, n. pu'-tir (Dut. peauter ; It. peltro, pewter), 
an alloyed metal composed of tin and antimony, some- 
times with a little copper; an alloy composed chiefly 
of zinc, tin, and lead, in varying proportions: pew'tery, 
a. -ter-i, pert, to pewter : pew'terer, n. -ter-er, one who 
works in pewter: pewter-pot, a publican's measure 
for serving malt liquors. 

pfahlbauten, n. fdl-bdiv'tSn (Ger., meaning literally 
pile-dwellings— from pfahl, a stake or post, and bau, 
a structure or edifice), a term applied by the Swiss to 
the pre-historic lake-habitations of that country. 

phacochere, n. fdk'o-ker (Gr. phakos, a wart resem- 
bling a lentil, and choir os, a hog), the wart-hog, a pach- 
ydermatous animal akin to the hogs. 

phacoid, a. fak'-oyd (Gr. phake, a pea or lentil, and 
eidos, appearance), like a lentil. 

phacops, n. fak'ops (Gr. phake, a lentil, and ops, 
the eye), in geol., a widely-distributed genus of trilo- 
bites having large facetted eyes. 

phaeton, n. fa'e-ton {Phceton, in anc. myth., son 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



PHAG 



440 



PHEN 



of Phcebus, who, having received permission from 
Phoebus to guide the chariot of the sun, conducted 
it so unskilfully that Jupiter struck him with a thun- 
derbolt, which hurled him headlong into the river 
Po), an open chaise or carriage on four wheels, having 
sometimes a small seat behind. 

phagedena, n. fug'6-de'nd (Gr. phagedaina, a can- 
cer—from phago, I eat), a spreading obstinate ulcer : 
phag'edae'nic, a. -de'nlk, rapidly destroying the parts 
attacked, as an ulcer. 

phalanges, n. plu. fd-ldn'jez (Gr. phalangx, a line 
of battle— gen. phalangitis), tin: small bones of the 
fingers and toes, phalangal, a. fd-lting'gdl, also phal- 
angeal, a. fdl'dn-je'dl, of or relating to the small 
bones of the fingers and toes, which are arranged in 
rows, one before the other, in front of the wrist and 
ankle: phalanger, n. fdl'-dn-jer, a marsupial animal 

mhabii hi'- ■' n:-i -alia, mil uljomiirj is- so railed 

from the formation of the hind feet : phalanx, n. fdl' 
tingles, among the anc. Greeks, a body of heavy armed 
troops drawn up in the form of a deep square and in 
close rank and file ; any close compact body of men: 
plu. phalan'ges, -jez, sometimes phalanx'es.-Mttfir/ts'fis. 
phalangious, a. fd-ldn'ji-Us (Gr. phalanggion ; L. 
phalangium, a kind of venomous spider), pert, to a 
genus of spiders having very long legs, called phalan- 

gilUll, -ji-UIll, or the slieplier.l speh , 

phalaris, n. fdl'd-ris (L. and Gr. phalaris, the plant 
canary-grass), a small genus of grasses, one of which, 
the canary-grass, is well known for its seeds, called 
canary-seed. 

phalerope, n. f&l'&r-op (Gr. phaleros, white, having 
a white spot, and pott,--, a toot), a name for several 
species of water-fowls having toes with scalloped 
membranes. 

phanerite series, fcln'5r-it- (Gr. pJtaneros, evident, 
visible), in geol., a term sometimes employed to desig- 
nate the uppermost stage of the earth's crust, consist- 
ing of deposits produced by causes in obvious opera- 
tion. 

phanerogamic, a. fdn'Sr-O-gdm^k, also phan'er- 
oga'mian, a. -gd'mi-dn, also phan'erog'amous, a. -6</- 
a-mns (Gr. phaneros, manifest, and gamos, marriage), 

in lot, applied io those planis u H'i:ihriiair_;;iii,;, 

of reproduction developed and distinctly apparent, 
that is, to plain ha vine i oospicuous flowers contain- 
ing stamens and pistils— opposed to cryptogamic. 

phantascope, n. fdn'td-skop (Gr. phantasma, an 
image, and skopeo, I view), an optical instrument en- 
abling persons to look cross-eyed, thus giving an 
appearance of motion to figures presented for the 
purpose. 

phantasm, n. fanUdzm, also phantasma, n. fan- 
tas'iud (Gr. phar.' isnut, an image), something that 
appears only to the imagination or to the mind ; a 
vision; a spectre. 

phantasmagoria, n. fdn-tds'md-go'-rl-d (Gr. phan- 
tasma, an image, and agora, a meeting or collection 
of people— rather perha] laugh at), a magic- 

lantern with slides, by which figures are largely mag- 
nified on a wall or a screen, and made to appear as if 
in motion : phantas'mago'rial, a. -go'ri-di, pert, to : 
phantas'matog'raphy, n. -tog'rd-fi (Gr. phantasma, 
an image, and grapho, I describe), a description of 
celestial appearances, such as rainbows, halos, and 
the like. 

phantastic and phantasy— see fantastic and fan- 
tasy. 

(i u an image: It. 

fantasma : F. fant&me ; same as phantasm), that 
which has only an apparent existence ; a spectre ; a 
fancied vision ; an airy spirit. 

Pharaonic, a. fd'rd-dn'lk, pert, to the Pharaohs or 
to the anc. Egyptians. 

Pharisee, n. fdr'l-sc (Gr. pharisaios., a Pharisee— 
from Heb. parash, to separate), a well-known Jewish 
sect, strict observers of the letter of the law, and of 
the traditions of the Elders, and pretenders to supe- 
rior sanctity : phar'isa'ic, a. -sd'ik, also phar'isa'ical, 
a. -sd'-i-kdl, pert, to the Pharisees ; ritual ; externally 
religious : phar'isa'ically, ad. -li: phar'isa'icalness, 
n. -nSs, the state of bei i p] i i phar'isa'ism, n. 
-izm, the doctrines or practices of the Pharisees ; the 
being rigidly observant of the external rites and forms 
of religion without genuine piety ; obedience in letter 
and not in spirit ; hypocrisy in religion. 

pharmaceutical, a. fdr'-md-su'-thkal, also phar 'ma- 
ceu'tic, a. -su'tik (Gr. pharmakeia, the using of med- 
icine ; pharmakon, a medicine), of or relating to phar- 



the science of pharmacy, or of preparing medicines: 
phar 'maceu'tist, n. -tlst, one who practises pharmacy 
or prepares medicines ; an apothecary. 
pharmacien, n. Idr-mds'i-dng (F.), a duly qualified 

phai inaceutist. 

pharmacolite, n. fdr-mdk'0-lit (Gr. pharmakon, 
poison, and lithos, a stone), a mineral occurring in 
delicate silky fibres of a white or greyish colour— a 
native arseniate of lime. 

pharmacology, n. fdr'md-kol'o-ji (Gr. pharmakon, 
a drug, and logos, discourse), a treatise on the history, 
proper uses, and composition of drugs : phar'maeol- 
ogist, n. -jist, a writer on the nature and uses of 
drugs, or skilled in their use. 

pharmacopoeia, n. fdr'-md-kO-pe'yd (Gr. pharma- 
kon, a medicine or drug, and poico, I make), a book 
which contains authorised directions for the selection 
and preparation of substances to be used as med- 
icines: phar'macop'olist, n. -lcdp'6-list (Gr. poleo, I 
sell), a druggist. 

pharmacosiderite, n.ftir'md-Ao-shi'i'r-it (Gr. phar- 
makon, poison, and sideros, iron), a mineral of various 
shades of green, inclining to yellow and brown ; ar- 
seniate of iron. 

pharmacy, n. fur'- mil- si (Gr. pharmakon, a medicine 
or drug), the art of preparing and preserving sub- 
stances to be used as medicines ; the occupation of a 
druggist. 

pharos, n.fdr'os (Gr. 't'hnros, an island in the bay 
of Alexandria, on which King Ptdlemy Philadelphus 
builtafamous lighthouse known by the same name), 
a lighthouse for the direction of seamen ; a beacon. 

pharyngeal, a. fdr'-ln-je'-dl (Gr. pharungx, the gullet 
or windpipe: F. pharynx; It. faringe, the pharynx), 
pert, to or connected wiili the pharynx: phar'ingot'- 
omy, n. -got'6-ml (Gr. temno, I cut), the operation of 
making an incision into the pharynx to remove an 
obstruction or a tumour: phar'ynx, n. -ingks, the 
muscular or membranous pouch forming the back 
part of the mouth, and shaped like a funnel, terminat- 

" ' the cesoph,, jo o 



of which fossil species of veiy large size have been 
found in that country in the uppermost Tertiaries. 

phascolotherium, n. fds'kdl-O-the'ri-um (Gr. phas- 

kolos, a pouch, and therion, j al), ingeol., a 

small fossil-pouched mammal found in the flagstones 
of Stonesfield, and of Oolitic age. 

phase, n. fdz, also phasis, fd'sis, plu. phases, fd'sez 
(Gr. phasis, appearance— from phaino, I bring to 
light : It. fase: F. phase), the appearance or quantity 
of the illuminating sm (are exhibited by the moon or 
other planet; the particular sta to at any given instant 
of any phenomenon or appearance, or of any weighty 
or grave affair; aspect; appearance; transparent 
green quartz. 

phasel, n. fa' phaselos, a kidney-bean), the 

French bean or kidney-bean : phaseolites, n. plu. fd- 
ze'6-lits (Gr. lithos, a stone), a fossil genus of legu- 

minous pla.oic, 

pheasant, n. fez'dnt (L. phasianus ; Gr. phasianos, 
a pheasant— said to be from the river Phasis, in 
Colchis, Asia, where these birds abounded), a well- 
known wild bird reared and preserved for sport: 
pheas'antry, n. -rl, an enclosure for breeding and 
rearing pheasants. 

phenakistoscope, n. f< i ' (< ri- phenakis- 

tikos, deceptive, and skopeo, I view), a toy instrument 
for illustrating the persistence of impressions on the 
retina. 

phenicine, n. fhi'-i-sin (Gr. phoinix, purple-red : F. 
))hi'niciiir).. rndico purple or carmine, a powder pre- 
cipitated by water from a solution of indigo and sul- 
phuric acid. 

phenix, n., also phoanix, n./e'niks (L. phoenix; Gr. 
phoinix, a fabulous Egyptian bird), in anc. myth., a 
bird said to have been able to rise again from its own 
ashes— used as an emblem of immortality. 

phenogamian, a. fSn'6-gd'mi-dn, alsophen'ogam'ic, 
a. -gdm'-ik, or phenogamous, a. fe-nog'd-mus, same 
as phanerogamian, &c, which see. 

phenomenon, n. f8-ndm'8-ndn, plu. phenom'ena, 
-S-nd (Gr. phainomai, I appear: It. fenomenon; F. 
phenomene, a phenomenon), an appearance of nature, 
the cause of which is not immediately obvious: an 
unusual appearance ; something exceedingly rare : 



mate, mdt,far, law; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, move; 



PHEO 



Ul 



PHOL 



phenomenal, a. fS-nom'S-ndl, pert, to or consisting of 
phenomena: phenomenally, ad. -ndl-li: phenom- 
enology, n. -nol'6-jl (Gr. logos, discourse), a history of 
phenomena, or a description of them. 

pheon, n. J'e'on (probably old F. ), in her. , the barbed 
iron head of a dart. 

phial, n.fi'dl (L. phiala; Gr. phiale, a shallow cup 
or howl : It. fiala : F. fiole : old F. ph iole), a small glass 
bottle for holding liquors or medicines ; a large glass 
vessel or bottle : v. to preserve or put in a phial : phi- 
alling, imp.: phi ailed, pp. -did: adj. kept in a phial. 
Xote.—Yial is not strictly synonymous with phial,— 
the latter generally implies glass, especially small 
glass bottles for containing medicines and suchlike ; 
the former may be composed of other materials, as 
alabaster, agate, &c. Leyden-phial— see Leyden-jar. 

Phigalian, a. ji-ga'-li-an, applied to certain cele- 
brated anc. & 3, twenty-three in num- 
ber, preserved in the British Museum, found among 
the ruins of the temple of Apollo Epikouros, or the 
protector, in the supposed anc. town of Phigalia, in 
Arcadia. 

Philadelphian, a. fil'd-del-fl-an (Gr. philos. loved, 
andadelphos, a brother), pert, to the city Philadelphia : 
n. an inhabitant of. 

philanthropy, n. fil-an'thropl (Gr. philos, loved, 
and ajithropos, a man), the love of mankind, as opposed 
to misanthropy, the hatred of mankind; universal 
benevolence; goodwill towards the whole human 
race: philanthropic, a. fll'dn-throp'-ik, also phil'an- 
thropical, a. -i-kdl, loving mankind ; possessing gen- 
eral benevolence: phil anthrop ically, ad. -li: phil- 
anthropist, n. fil-un'-thrO-plst, one who loves and 
seeks opportunities of doing good to mankind. 

philatory, n. J il'-d-tir-i (Gr. pldlus, loved, loving), a 
transparent reliquary placed horizontally upon four 
feet, and used to exhibit bones of saints. &c. 

philharmonic, a.fil'hdr-mon'lk (Gr. philos, loving, 
and harmonia, harmony of sound), loving harmony; 
designating a society whose members are lovers of 
music or harmony. 

pnilhellenist, n. fil-JuT-lSn- ist (Gr. ph ileo, I love, and 
i lover or friend of the Greeks, 
as against the Turks: philhellenic, a. jil-hil-Icu-ik, 
pert. to. 

philibeg— see fillibeg. 

philippic, a. fi-Up'ik (after Philip, king of Macedon, 
in Greece), one of the orations or speeches of Demos- 
thenes addressed to the Greeks against Philip ; any 
discourse or speech full of invective. 

Philistine, n. fil'is-tln (Heb. plishthi), one of the 
anc. inhabitants of the south-western coast of Pales- 
tine ; in Germany, a term applied to the non-academic 
portion of a university town, as opposed to the gown; 
a commonplace, prosaic sort of person full of "wise 
saws and modern instances ": Philistinism, n. -12m, 
manners or practices of the (modern) Philistines. 

philology, n. fll-6l'o-ji (Gr. philologia, the love of 
disputing, the love of literature— from philos, loved, 
and logos, a word, discourse), the science of- words and 
language; all matters immediately connected with 
words and language, applied thus to ethnography and 
history; a term more usually applied to etymology 
and grammar: philological, a. fll'-d-loj -i-kdl, pert. to 
or connected with philology: phil olog'ically, ad. -li: 
philologer, n. fihol'-d-jir, also philol'ogist, u. -jist, one 
versed in philology. 

philomath, n. fil-o-mdth (Gr. philos, loved, and 
manthano, I learn), a lover of learnimr. 

Philomel, n. fU'-d-mel (Gr. Philomela, who was 
changed into a nightingale), a lover of song; the 
nightingale. 

philoprogenitiveness, n. fiV-o-pro-jen'-X-ttv-nes (Gr. 
philos, loved, and L. progenies, offspring), in phren., 
the faculty common to man and the lower animals, 
the chief function of which is to produce the instinctive 
love of young— the organ is said to lie immediately 
above the middle part of the cerebellum. 

philosophy, n fil-ds-6-fi (Gr. philos, loved, and 
sophia, wisdom), the science which investigates the 
causes of all phenomena both of mind and of matter; 
the knowledge of things natural and moral founded 



one who is profoundly versed in any science ; one who 
acts calmly and wisely: philosophic, a. fil'-o-sof-lk, 
also philosophical, a. -i-kal, according to, skilled in, 
or given to, philosophy; rejrulated by the rules of 



reason and experience; calm; rational: phil'osoph' 

cow, toy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



ically, ad. -li: philosophise, v. fil-ds'-o-fiz, to investi- 
gate or reason like a philosopher; to moralise; to 
search into nature : philos'ophi'sing, imp. : adj. rea- 
soning or investigating like a philosopher: n. con- 
sideration or investigation after the manner of a phil- 
osopher: philosophised, pp. -flzd: philos'ophi'ser, 
n. -sir, one who philosophises : philosopher's stone, 
an imaginary substance said to be able to transmute 
or change the inferior metals into gold, and to cure all 
diseases: philos ophism, 11. -fizm, unfounded or shal- 
low philosophy or sophistry : philos'ophist, n. -fist, 
one who practises sophistry : philos'ophis'tic, a. -fis' 
tik, pert, to the love or practice of sophistry. 

philter, n., also philtre, n. fll'-ter (Gr. philtron; L. 
ph iltrum, a love charm or potion : It.filtro : F. philtre), 
a potion intended or adapted to excite love : v. to give 
a love-potion to ; to charm or excite to love : phil'ter- 
ing, imp.: philtered, pp. -terd. 

phimosis, n. fi-mo'sis (Gr. phimos, a muzzle— from 
phimoo, I bind or draw tight), the constriction of the 
extremity of the prepuce in which it cannot be drawn 
back. 

phiz, n. fiz (a contr. of physiognomy), the face or 
visage, in sport or contempt. 

phlebitis, n.flg-bl'-tis (Gr. phleps, a vein in animals 
—gen. phlcbos, and temno.I cut), inflammation of a 
vein: phlebotomise, v.fc-lOt-O-mlz, to let blood from 
a vein: phlebot omi'sing, imp.: phlebot'omised, pp. 
-mizd: phiebot'omist, n. -mist, one who practises 
blood-letting : phlebot'omy, n. -mi, the operation of 
opening a vein to take blood from the body. 

phlebopteris, n. jU-bop'-ter-is (Gr. phleps, a vein, 
and pteris, a fern), in geol., a genus of fossil ferns hav- 
ing their leaflets in contact, and their veins separated 
from the midrib. 

phlegm, n.flSm (Gr. phlegma, inflammation, phlegm 
—from phlego, I burn), the thick viscid matter dis- 
charged by coughing; humour or temperament ; cold- 
ness ; sluggishness: phlegmatic, a. fleg-rndt'-lk, also 
phlegmat'ical, a. -l-kal, abounding in phlegm ; gener- 
ating phlegm ; didl ; sluggish ; heavy ; not easily ex- 
cited in action or passion: phlegmatic ally, ad. -li; 
phlegma'sia, n. -zhl-d, plu. phlegma'siae, -zhi-c, 
any inflammatory disease with fever: phlegmon, n. 
fleg'-mon, inflammation; inflamed or inflammatory 
tumour: phlegmonous, a. -its, inflammatory; burn- 

phleme, n. fl&n, another spelling of fleam, which 
see. 

phlogiston, n.flo-jis'-ton (Gr. flogistos, burnt, set on 
fire— from phlego, I burn), according to the theory of 
Stahl, a supposed principle or pure fire fixed in in- 
flammable bodies, as distinguished from fire of com- 
bustion: phlogistic, a. -tik, partaking of phlogiston. 

phloridzine, n. fio-rid'-zln, also phlorizine, u.flor'l- 
zin (Gr. phloios, bark, and rhiza, a root), a white crys- 
talline substance obtained from the root-bark of the 
apple-tree, pear-tree, &c. : phloretine, n. fior'-l-tm, 
and phlorizeine, n.Jld-riz'-C-in, a glucose and gum-like 
substance found in phloridzine. 

phlox, n. fioks (Gr. phlox, flame), a favourite genus 
of garden flowering-plants, having red, white, or pur- 
ple flowers, chiefly N. American. 

phlyctaena, n. filk-te'-nCi (Gr. phluktaina, a blister, 
as that caused by pulling at oars— from phluzo, I swell 
over, I bubble up), a rising on the skin; a vesicle, 
pimple, or pustule: phlyctenula, n. fiik-ten'u-ld, a 
little phlyctaena: phlyctenular, a. -u-lir, having the 
character of a phlyctasna. 

phoca, n.foOid [L. phoca; Gr. phoke, a sea-calf), the 
seal or sea-calf, an amphibious animal: phocacean, 
n. fo-kd'-sS-dn, an animal belonging to the genus 
phoca; a seal: phocenine, 11. fo-tC-n in, a peculiar fatty 
substance found in the oil of the porpoise, which itself 
yields phoce'nic acid: phocine, a. fo'sin, pert, to the 
seal tribe. 

Phoebus, n. fe'-bils (L. Phabas ; Gr. Phoibos, Apollo), 
the sun ; the Bright or Shining One. 

Phoenician, a. fe-nish'i-dn, pert, to Phoenicia: n. 
plu. the inhabitants of anc. Phoenicia, renowned as 
the great maritime and commercial people of the 
ancient world. 

phcenicites, n. plu. fe'nl-sits (L. phoenix — see 
phenix), fossil palm-leaves of the pinnate form— so 
called from their affinity to the living palm, phoenix 
dactylifera, dak'til-lf'er-d, or date-palm. 

phoenix— see phenix. 

pholadidae, n. plu.fo-lad : i-di' (Gr. pholas, living in 
dens or caves— from pholeo, I lie concealed), the family 



PHOL 



442 



PHRA 



of boring bivalves, of which the common pholas is 
the type, found fossil from the Lias upwards : pholad- 
omya, n. fo-ldd'o-ml'd (Gr. muax, a mussel), a genus 
of fossil equivalved shells: pholas, n.fo'lds, a genus 
of molluscs which form hiding-places for themselves 
by boring into j >' ■ ■■■■■ - ■ ■,<. in, g excavations. 

pholerite, n. fol'er-it Gr. pholis, a scale), a mineral 
formed of small convex scales of a pearly lustre and 
of a pure white colour, resembling kaolin in appear- 
ance ; ahj'drnted silicate of alumina. 

pholidogaster, n. fol'i-do-gds'ter (Gr. pholis, a scale 
— :;>'n. pholidos, and go:;k-r, the belly), in geol., a genus 
of fossil reptiles. 

phonetic, a. fo-net'-lk, also phonet' ical, a. -i-kdl (Gr. 
phonetikos, vocal— from phone, a sound), pert, to the 
elementary sounds of the human voice ; pert, to writ- 
ten characters representing sounds ; vocal : phonetics, 
n. Tplu.fo-net'lks, the science of sounds uttered by the 
human voice and their various modifications : phonet'- 
ically, ad. -li: phonics, n. plu. fo'-niks, the art of com- 
bining musical sounds ; acoustics : phonic, a. fo'nik, 
pert, to : phonetic spelling, the art or practice of spell- 
ing words with letters or characters representing the 
maimer in which they ought to be pronounced. 

phonocamptic, a,.f6'n0-kdm./>'tik (Gr. phone, sound, 
and kampto, I inflect), having power to inflect sound, 
or to turn it from its direction. 

phonograph, n. fo'o ■> , phone, sound, and 

grapho, I write) a mai ): or letter indicating a distinct 
spoken sound: phon'ograph'ic, a. -graf'ik, also pho'- 
nograph'ical, a. -i-kdl, pert, to ; representing articulate 
sounds: pho'nograph'ically, ad. -li: phonography, n. 
fo-nog'-rd-fl, the art of representing each of the sounds 
of speecli by a distinctive mark or character ; a system 



pher, n. -fer, one versed in the art of phonography. 

phonolite, n. fo'-no-lit (Gr. phone, a sound, and lithos, 
a stone), a variety of basalt or greenstone, which rings 
or clinks with a sort of metallic sound when struck 
by the hammer; also call d clinl 

phonology, n. fo-nol'-o-jl (Gr. phone, sound, and 
loiios, discourse), the science of articulate sounds; a 
treatise on the elementary sounds of speech 



. i type), a proposed method of representing 
each of the sounds of speech by a distinct printed 
character or letter : phonotype, n. fO-no-tlp, a printed 
K:ki o. "haractei representing a sound of speech. 

phoranthium, n. fo-rdn'-thi-um (Gr. phero, I bear, 
and anthos, a flower), in hot., a term applied to the 
receptacle of composite flowers. 

'"" i. fds'-jen (Gr. phos, light, and gennao, I 



rays upon a mixture 
carbonic oxide gas. 

phosphate,).! (Gi phos, light, and phero, I 

bear), a salt of phosphoric acid : phosphatic, a. fos-fdt- 
ik, pert, to phosphate ; applied to an acid liquor of an 
oily nature res n i 1 1 ■■ i ■■■■< ■■■■•■■ elation of phos- 

phorus in the air: phosphatic nodules, in geol., cer- 
tain concretions or nodules of phosphate of lime found 
in layers and bands in the upper greensands of the 
Chalk formation, used when ground in the preparation 
of manures. 

phosphene3, n. plu. fos'-fS-nez (Gr. phos, light, and 
phaino, I show), luminous impressions and circles 
seen with the eyelids closed, after the sudden com- 
pression of the eyeball. 

phosphite, n. fos'flt (from phosphorus), a salt of 
phosphorous acid. 

phosphorite, n. Jos'- for -It (from phosphorus), native 
phosphate of lime occurring in veins in certain rocks 
—also called apatite: phosphoritic, a. fds'-f&r-it'-ik, 
pert, to phosphorite. 

phosphorus, n. fos'-f&r-vs (Gr. phnf-phoros, light- 
bringer, the torch-bearer— from phos, light, and phero, 
I bear or bring), an elementary substance of a wax- 
like consistence, easily made to burn, even by the heat 
of the fingers or by friction, always luminous in the 
dark in its ordinary state ; the morning star : phos'- 
phorated, a. -d-ted, combined or saturated with phos- 
phorus : phos'phorating, imp. : phos'phoresce', v. 
-es', to give out light in the dark in ordinary tem- 
peratures : phos'phoresc'ing, imp. : phosphoresced, 



pp. -e 

faint . 



the state of being luminous without sensible heat: 
phosphoric, a. fos-for'-ik, also phosphorous, a. fos- 
f&r-us, pert, to or obtained from phosphorus: phos- 
phoric acid, an acid containing one equivalent of phos- 
phorus and live of oxygen : phosphorous acid, an acid 
containing one equivalent of phosphorus and three 
of oxygen. 

phosphuret, n. fos'-fu-ret (from Eng. phosphorus, 
and L. uro, I burn), a combination of phosphorus with 
a combustible body or a metallic oxide : phos'phu- 
ret'ted, a. -ret'-ed, combined with phosphorus. 

photo, fo'-to (Gr. phos, light— gen. 'photos), a com- 
mon prefix in many compounds, denoting relation to 
or connection with light: n. a common abbreviation 
for plujingraph or photographic picture. 

photogen, n.fo'-to-jen (Gr. phos, light— gen. photos, 
and gi'iriino, I generate or produce), in chem., an in- 
flammable hydrocarbon; another name for paraffine 
oil : photogene, n. fo-to-jen, the generation of a more 
or less continued picture on the retina from a previous 
impression, or from a delay of the obliteration of it : 
pho'togen'ic, a. -jdn'-lk, produced or created by light, 
as a picture, on the retina of the eye : photogeny, n. 
fo-foj'e-ui, the art of producing pictures by the action 
of light. 

photography, n. fo-tog'-rd-fi (Gr. phos, light— gen. 
photos, and groplm, I write), the art or practice of pro- 
ducing pictures, or fac-sirniles of objects, on chemi- 
cally-prepared bodies, such as glass, paper, &c.,bythe 
action of light ; sun-painting : photograph, n. fo'-to- 
grdf, a picture or portrait obtained by the light of the 
snn • pho'tograph'ic, a. -grdf'-ik, also pho'tograph'- 



photog'raphist, n. -fist, one skilled in the prac- 
tice of photography : photo-lithography, n. fo'-to-lith- 
og'-rd-fi, a mode of lithographing in which the pre- 
pared stone is first rendered sensitive to light, and the 
picture is then taken upon it by means of photog- 
raphy. 

photology, n.f6-toT-6-ji(C \r—gen.photos, 

and logos, discourse), the science of light, explaining 

o M.-ii nd phi aom< as ipl ; ' .^otologic, a. 

fo'to-iof-ik, also pho'tolog'ical, a. -i-kdl, pert. to. 

photo-magnetism, n. fo'-to-mdg'-ne-tizm (Gr. phos, 
light; — gen. 'photos, and Eng. magnetism), that branch 
of science whie i, . , fch< - I ations of the phenom- 
ena of magnetism to those of light. 

photometer, n. fo-tom'-e-ter (Gr. phos, light— gen. 
photos, and metron, a measure), an instrument for 
measuring the relative intensities of light : photom'- 
etry, n. -tri, the art of measuring the intensity of 
light ; the measurement of the intensity of the differ^ 
ent kinds of light. 

photophobia (Gr. phos, light.— gen. 

photos, and phobeo, I dread), the dread, fear, or intol- 
encjjeo of light. 

photopsy, n. fo-top'-si, also photop'sia, n. -sl-d (Gr. 
phos, lights— gen. pjhotos, and op/sis, sight), a disease of 
the eyes in which luminous rays of light appear to play 
before them, a symptom of amaurosis. 

photosphere, n. fo'-to-sfer (Gr. phos, light, and 
sp>hdird, a sphere), a sphere of light ; the luminous 
spherical envelope of the sun. 

phototype, n. fo'-to-tip (Gr. phos, light, and tupos, 
an impression, a type), a type or plate resembling an 
engraved plate, produced from a photographic picture 
by a peculiar process, and capable of being printed 
from ; the process by which such a plate is produced. 

photo-zincography, n. r&.fi (Gr. phos, 

light, Eng. zirif a id n apho, I write), a process of 

preparing zinc plates for printing ; a process similar 
to photo-hthO'jrrj/,hy. 

phragma, n. frdg'-ma (Gr phragum, a hedge or 
fence), a transverse division or false partition in 
fruits. 

phragmacone, n. frdg'-md-kon (Gr. phragma, a 
fence, and konos, a cone), the chambered cone of the 
shell of the belemnite cephalopods. 

phragmites, n. plu. frdg'-mlts (Gr. phragma, a fence 
or hedge), a genus of reeds growing on river-banks 
and in wet .places. 

phrase, n. frdz (L. and Gr. phrasis, speech, lan- 
guage : It. frase : F. phrase), two or more words con- 
taining a particular mode of speech ; an idiom ; style 
in writing or speaking: v. to express in 



Ihg" phrases: phraseograph, n. frd'ze-o-grdf (Gr. 
mdte, mdt,fur, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, mOve; 



PHRE 



443 



PHYT 



grapho, I write), the words that compose a phrase : 
phra seog'raphy, n. -og'-rd-fi, the method of writing 
two or more words without lifting the pen : phra'- 
seol'ogy, n. -61'6-ji (Gr. logos, discourse), the peculiar- 
ities or style in the diction of a writer; style or man- 
ner of expression: phraseological, a. -loj'-i-kdl, also 
phra'seologlc, a. -we, i» -sion; consist- 

ing in a peculiar form of words ; idiomatic : phra'- 
seologlcally, ad. -II: phrasing, a.fru'-zing, employing 
peculiar expressions. 

phren, fren (Gr. pnren, the mind— gen. phrenos— 
p>hren means the " diaphragm or mind," the ancients 
believing the mind to be situated in the diaphragm), 
as the first element of a compound, phren has two 
meanings,— 1, "mind," and thence "brain," as in 
phrenetic, phrenology; 2, "diaphragm," as in phrenic. 

phrenetic, a. fre-net'-ik (Gr. phren, the mind), liable 

to violent sallies of mental excite; n. ui ., i , - 

having an affection of the brain: n. a person occa- 
sionally wild and erratic : phrenetlcally, ad. -kdl-li. 

phrenic, a. frdn'ik (Gr. phren, the diaphragm, the 
mind), pert, to the diaphragm: phrenitis, n. fre-nl- 
tis, inflammation of the brain or its membranes; 
delirium. 

phrenology, n. fre-nol'6-ji (Gr. phren, the mind, and 
logos, discoiu aches that the 

nature and character of the faculties of the human 
mind may be ascertained from the development of the 
different parts of the brain, as exhibited in the exter- 
nal form of the upper part of the skull : phrenological, 
a. freri-oloj'l-kdl, pert, to or according to phrenology: 
phren'olog ically, ad. -li: phrenologist, n. fri-nol'-o- 
jist, one versed in phrenology. 

phreno-magnetism,n./?-fi;i : 0'OT«fi''n(?-^r?n(Gr.i?7irfw,, 
the mind, and Eng. magnetism), excitement of the 
organs of the brain by mesmeric passes or magnetic 
influence. 

phrensy, n., also phren2y, n.fren'-zi (Gr. phren, the 
mind), delirium; high mental excitement or distrac- 
tion: phrensied, a. fren'-zid, affected with madness: 
phren siedly, ad. -li. 

Phrygian, a. frij'-i-dn, pert, to Phrygia, in Asia 
Minor ; applied to a sprightly land of music, also to a 
certain light spongy stone. 

phthiriasis, n. thi-ri'-d-sis (Gr. phtheir, a louse), a 
disease in which lice are bred in and infest the body ; 
cutaneous vermination. 

phthisis, n. thi'-sls (Gr. phthisis, a wasting— from 
phthio, I consume or waste away), pulmonary con- 
sumption, a disease produced by tubercles in the 
lungs: phthisic, n. tiz'-ik, a wasting away; a per- 
son affected with phthisis : phthisical, a. -l-kdl, be- 
longing to phthisis ; consumptive. 

phycology, n. fl-kol-6-ji (Gr. phukos, sea-weed, and 
logos, discourse), the study of algae or sea-weeds. 

phycomater, n. fi'-ko-md'-ter (Gr. jjhukos, sea-weed, 
and Gr. meter; L. mater, a mother), in hot., the gelat- 
inous matter investing the sporules of certain algte. 

phylactery, n. fi-ldk-ter-i (Gr. phulakterion, a guard 
or watch), among the Jeivs, a strip of parchment on 
which were written texts from the law, worn by de- 
vout persons on various parts of the dress, particularly 
by the Pharisees ; a case for containing the relics of 
the dead in the early Christian Church : phylac'tered, 
a. -tird, wearing phylacteries : phylacteric, a. fil'-ak- 
ter'ik, also phyl'acter'ical, a. -i-kal, pert, to phylac- 
teries. 

phyllirea, n. fil-lir'-e-d (Gr. phillurea, a certain tree 
or shrub— from phullon, a leaf), a genus of evergreen 
plants, very leafy, and of a dark-green foliage : phyl'- 
laries, n. plu. -ld-riz, in hot., the leaflets forming the 
involucre of composite flowers. 

phyllites, n. plu. fil'litz (Gr. phullon, a leaf), in 
geol., a general term for those fossil leaves in which 
the principal veins converge at both the base and 

phyllodium, n. flllo ■ vullon, a leaf, and 

eidos, appearance), in hot., aleaf-s :1 talk : li ; ■■■>-., .-.i - : 
developed into a flatty d i " i n like a leaf. 

phyllogen, n I ...... . , phullon, a leaf, and gen- 

nao, I produce), in hot., the terminal bud from which 
the leaves of palms grow. 

phyllograpsns, n.fil '■'(< Jr. phullon, a leaf, 

and grapho, I write), in geol., a fossil zoophyte of a 
horny-like texture, and appearing in leaf-like bundles 
of fine lines, united by processes into a reticulated 
cup— also called graptopora. 

phylloid, a <hvllon, a leaf, and eidos, 

appearance), like a leaf. 



phyllophagous, a. fil-lof'd-gus (Gr. phullon, a leaf, 
and phago, I eat), leaf-eating. 

phyllophorous, a. fil-lof-6-rus (Gr. phullon, a leaf, 
and plu ro, I bear), in hot., leaf-bearing. 

phyllopod, n. fil'-io-pod (Gr. j'liullon, a leaf, and 
^ ous, a foot— £ — 
ceans having 1< 
' 'lloptosis, 
r, a falling), 1 

phyllotaxis, n. fil'16-tdks-is (Gr. phullon, aleaf, and 
tasso, I arrange ; taxis, order), the arrangement of the 
leaves on the axis or stem. 

phyma, n. fi'-md (Gx.phuma, a tumour— from phuo, 
I produce), a tubercle on any external part of the 
body. 

physalite, n.fis'-d-llt (Gr. phusao, I blow or puff up), 
a coarse variety of topaz occurring in large crystals, 
so called from its swelling up under heat. 

physeter, n. fi-se'-ter (Gr. phuseter, a pair of bellows), 
the spermaceti whale. 

physic, n. fiz'-ik (Gr. phusikos, conformable or 
agreeable to nature — from pliusis, nature, a natural 
production of any kind: L. physica; It. fisica; F. 
physique, natural science), the science or knowledge 
of medicine ; the art of healing diseases ; remedies for 
diseases; a medicine that purges; the profession of a 
physician : v. to treat with medicine ; to purge ; to 
heal: phys'icking, imp. -ik-ing : phys'icked, pp. -ikt: 
physical, a. -i-kal, pert, to nature or natural pro- 
ductions ; pert, to the body or material things ; per- 
ceptible to the senses; external: physically, ad. -li: 
physical education, the training of the body to in- 
crease and preserve health . physical geography, a 
description of the earth in all its present relations to 
organic and inorganic nature: physical laws, the or- 
dinary laws of nature : physical science, the science 
which treats of inorganic bodies, their external ap- 
pearance, prope o .... .■■:■.[ i> ;,,,,;.' mil :;-n m\ 

physician, n. fl-zish'-dn, one legally qualified to prac- 
tise the art of healing; aiuedicelninn : physics, n. plu. 
fiz'iks, the science which treats of the properties of mat- 
ter, the laws of moth m. and the phenomena of nature; 
natural philosophy: physicist, n. -i-sist, a student of 
nature; one skilled in physics: physlco-logic, -ko-, 

logic illustrated by natural p] sophy: physico- 

theology, theology illustrated by natural philosophy. 
physiognomy, n. fiz-i-og-no-mi (Gr. jihusis, nature, 
and gnomon, one who knows; gnome, opinion), the 
particular cast or expression of the face; the art of 
determining the character and dispositions of a person 
by an examination of the features of the face ; in hot., 
the general appearance of a plant without any refer- 
ence to its botanical characters : physlog'nomist, n. 
-mist, one who is skilled in physiognomy: physiog- 
nomic, a. -nom'lk, also physiognomical, a. -i-kal, 
pert, to: physlognomlcally, ad. -II: physiognomies, 
n. plu. -iks, the signs or features of the face which in- 
dicate the dispositions and character of the mind, 
and the state of the body ; the same as physiognomy. 



bjects, as displayed in the surface arrangements of 
ihe globe; physical geoejaphv: physlographlcal, a. 
-o-graf -i-kal, pert, to physiography : physlograph'- 
ically, ad. -li. 

physiology, n. fiz'-l-ol'-o-ji (Gr. phusis, nature, and 
logos, discourse), the science which treats of the vital 
actions or functions performed by the organs of plants 
and animals : physiologist, n. -jist, one who studies 
or treats of physiology: physiologic, a. -o-loj'ik, 
also physiological, a. -i-kal, pert, to physiology ; re- 
lating to the science of the properties and functions 
of living beings : physiologically, ad. -li. 

physique, n. fi-zek' (F a ranee of the 

body), the natural constitution or physical structure 
of a person as it appears to the eye. 

physograde, a. fis'6-grdd (Gr. phusa, an air-blad- 
der, and L. gradi, to walk), moving in the water by air- 
bladders— applied to a tribe of sea-nettles. 

phytelephas , , Gr. phuton, a plant, and 

elephas, an elephant, ivory), a genus of American 
palm-like plants affording a milky juice, which hardens 
into a substance like ivory, and is known by the name 
vegetable ivory— known also by the name of Jagua 
plant. 

phytivorous, a. fi-tiv'o-rus (Gr. phuton, a plant, 
and L. voro, I eat), applied to animals that subsist on 
plants; herbivorous. 

phytogeny, n.fi-tdf-e-ni, also phytogenesis, n. fi'-to- 



'j,fdbt; pure, Md; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



PHYT 



444 



PICT 



Sn'S-sis ( Gr. phuton, a plant, and gennao, I produce), 
in hot., the doctrine of the generation or production 
of plants ; the development of the plant. 

phytography, n. fi-tog'rd-fi (Gr. phuton, a plant, 
and grapho, I write), the scientific description of 
plants, treating of their character, habits, distribu- 
tion, functions, and properties: phy'tograph'ical, a. 
-tfhi/rdf'l-kdl, pert, to phytography. 

phytoid, a. fl'-toyd, also phytoidal, a. fi-tiuui',:/. (( :,-. 
phuton, a plant, and eidus, appearance), resembling 
plants. 

phytolite, n. fi'to-llt (Gr. phuton, a plant, and 
lithos, a stone), in geol., a general term for a fossil 
plant. 

phytology, n. fl-tdl'0-jl (Gr. phuton, a plant, and 
logos, discourse), the science, of the vegetable king- 
dom; botany: phytological, a. J'i-/o-lOj'i-kdl, pert, to 
phytology: phytol'ogist, n. -lol'-ojist, a scientific bot- 
anist. . 

phyton, n. fi'ton (Gr. phuton, a plant), in hot., a 
name sometimes given to the simple individual plant 
as represented by a leaf. 

phytonomy, n. fi-tou'-O-ml (Gr. phuton, a plant, and 
nonius, a law), the science of the origin, growth, and 
arrangement of plants. 

phytophagous, a. fi-tof'-d-giis (Gr. phuton, a plant, 
and phago, I eat), plant-eating, applied to animals 
that live on vegetable substances ; the same as phytiv- 

phytotomy, n.fi-fot'o-ml (Gr. phuton, a plant, and 
tome, a cutting), the dissection of vegetable organised 
bodies : phytot'omist, n. -mist, one who is skilled in 
phytotomy. 

phytozoon, n. fi'-to-zd'on (Gr. phuton, a plant, and 
zuoap.m animal) a. plan i lil.e a.ninia.iculo, or one living 
in the tissues of plants: plu. phy'tozo'a, -zO'-d, also 
phy'tozo'ons, -zo'onz, in tot, moving filaments in the 
a at. 1 1 eri dia of cryptogams. 

piacular, a. pi-dk'-u-li.r (L. ninruhuii, a sin-offering), 
having power to atone ; expiatory ; that requires ex- 
piation. 

pia-mater, n. pl'-d-ma'tcr (L. a kind mother), the 
innermost of the three membranes that cover the 
brain. 

piano, ad. pi-dn'o (It. piano, softly, low— from 
piano, even, smooth— from L. planus, even), in music, 
a direction intimating that the force of the voice or 
; he ilea i ament is bo be d inished: n. a keyed musi- 
cal instrument: pianissimo, ad. pi-dn-is'si-mO, very 
softly : pianist, n. pl-dn'-ist, a performer on the piano- 
forte : pianoforte, n. pi IP, i i 

into piano (It. piano, soft, and forte, strong— from L. 
fortis, strong), a well-known stringed instrument 
played with tin fingers by means of a key-board— so 
called from its capability of producing soft or strong 
sounds. 

piastre, n. pi-ds'ter (F. piastre; It. and Sp. piastra, 
a thin plate of metal, a dollar), a silver coin used in 
Turkey and other countries, of variable value. 

piazza, n. pl-dz'-zd (It. piazza; Sp. plaza, a mar- 
ket-place—from L. platys, flat or wide), a square; 
a considerable open space surrounded by build- 
ings ; a pathway under a roof supported by pillars or 
arches. 

pibcorn, n. pib'-kawrn (W. pib, a pipe, and corn, a 

horn), in Wales sical i tstrument consisting of a 

pipe with a horn at each end. 

pibroch, n. pe'-brok (Gael, pinbaireachd, pipe-music 
— from. piob, a pipe), in Scot., the wild martial music 
of the bagpipe. 

pica, n. pi'-kd (L. pica., the painted one, a pie-bird), 
the magpie ; inmed., a depraved appetite ; a printing- 
type of a size formerly used in printing the pie or ser- 
vice-book—so called from the appearance of the red or 
party-coloured initial and other letters so numerously 
interspersed among the black letter. 

picamar, n. pik'd-m&r (L. pix, pitch, and amarus, 
bitter), a thick, oily, colourless liquid ; the bitter prin- 
ciple of tar. 

picaroon, n. pik-d-ron' (Sp. picaron, a great rogue 
—from picar, to sting : It. picare, to play the rogue : 
Gael, picear, a rogue, a pilferer), a rogue ; a plunderer ; 
a robber; a pirate. 

picayune, n. pik-d-un' (from the language of the 
Caribs), in U. S., a small silver coin, value about 3?d. 
sterling. 

Piccadilly, n. pil.'thdil'li (old F. piccadille), a high 
broad-peaked collar or ruff worn in the reign of James 
■ . aijeet oi London, said to have been built origi- 



nally by a tailor who had made his fortune by selling 
piccadillies— hence the name. 

piccage, n. plk'-kaj (from Eng. pick or pitch), money 
paid at fairs for liberty to break ground for booths. 

pick, n. ink (Dut. picken; F. piquer, to pick, to 
prick: It. j/i<:a>, a beak: L. picas, the woodpecker: W. 
pig, a point— all having their origin in the imitation 
of the sound of the blow of a pointed instrument), an 
iron tool pointed, used in digging ; choice; selection; 
foul matter on type : v. to pluck, as fruit ; to separate 
with the fingers ; to pull off or clean ; to select or 
choose;to take up;to gather; toea.t. by morsels, asto/ncfe 
abone; to pierce; to strike with anything pointed; to 
open with an instr., as a lock ; to strike with the bill ; 
to rob ; to do anything nicely or leisurely : picking, 
imp.: n. a perquisite, usually in the sense of not over- 
honestly obtained; pounded oyster-shells for gravel- 
walks: picked, pi. , ■/ lucked off by the fingers; 
cleaned by separating wilh the fingers; opened by an 
instrument ; carefully selected, as picked men : pick- 
er, n. pik'-er, one who picks : pickaxe, a digging-tool 
pointed at the one end and broad at the other, used in 
excavating: pick - hammer, a pointed hammer for 
dressing granite : picklock, an instrument by which 
locks are opened without the key; the person who 
picks locks; a superior description of wool: pick- 
pocket, one who cunningly steals from the pockets 
of persons in a public place : to pick off, to separate 
by the fingers ; to take away by an unexpected move- 
ment, as the life of an enemy in sharpshooting : to pick 
out, to select : to pick up, to gather : to pick a bone 
with any one, to wrangle ; to dispute : to pick a hole 
in one's coat, to find fault : to pick a quarrel, to get 
into a quarrel by seeking for it : picked out, orna- 
iiiciil.nl ii, reiie\eii v, iih ,iii,ic:,ui i, ; 1 1 n'erent colour. 

pick-a-pack or -back, ad. ptk'd-p&hf or -bakf (Eng. 
piiicli,\nu\ puck), pitched in manner of a pack ; pitched 
on the back. 

pickerel, n. pik'-ir-B (from pike, which see), a small 
pike : the name of several fish of the pike family. 

pickeroon— see picaroon. 

picket, n.ylk'cl (F. piquet, a peg, a stake), a small 
number of men placed as a guard of observation at a 
short distance from an army ; a sharp-pointed stake : 
v. to fasten to a picket or stake struck in the ground, 
as a horse ; to place or post as a guard of observation : 
pick'eting, imp.: pick'eted, pp.: inlying pickets, de- 
tachments in camp fully equipped, and ready to turn 
out on any alarm : outlying pickets, detachments at 
some little distance from camp for observation, and to 
guard against surprise. 

pickle, n. pik'-l (Dut. pekel; Ger.pokel, brine), the lye 



&c. ; the brine, vinegar, &c, for preserving certain 
kinds of food: pickled, pp. pxk'-ld: adj. preserved in 
brine or pickle. 

pickle, n. pik'-l (Low Ger. pick'l, a pig ; pidk'l, pick'l, 
a cry to pigs, then as a reproach to a child who has 
got himself dirtied), a mess; a disagreeable position; 
a position of difficulty, embarrassment, or disorder ; a 
troublesome child. 

picklock, pickpocket, &c— see under pick. 

picnic, n. plk'nik (F. pnque.-nique, a picnic 
piquir, to prick, to lard, and nique, a small coi ,. 
ginally, an entertainment towards which each guest 
contributed ; now, a pleasure-party on an excursion 
o m i in . hi, , . . ,,. ,i . >: ii i 1 1 ry their own 
provisions, &c, with them; a kind of small sweet 
biscuit. 

ii' i . m' , i - 1 ,, ... ,'...■ hitter), bitter; 

applied to an acid which is intensely bitter, and used 
extensively in adulterating beer and in dyeing; an- 
other name for carbazotic acid. 

picrolite, n. pik'ro-llt (Gr. pikros, bitter, and UfJios, 
a stone), a fibrous variety of the mineral serpentine 
of a leek-green colour, passing into yellow. 

picromel, n. pik'ro-mci > pikroi bitter, and meli, 
honey), a peculiar ■.1,0:.: •...,■■: hum ■ ,, m< 

picrotoxine, a piJi rO-tdks'vn, also pic'rotox'ia, n. 
-%■& (Gr. pikros, bitter, and Gr. toxikon; L. toxicum, 
the poison in which arrows were dipped), the poison- 
ous bitter principle extracted from the berries of the 
I'm cuius ■ivilicus: pic'rotox'ic, a. -ik, pert. to. 

pict, n. pikt (L. pictus, painted), a person whose 
body is painted. 



Picts, n. plu. pikts (Gael, pictich, pilferers or plun- 
mate, mdt, far, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



PICT 4 

derers: AS. pihfas or peohtas, the Picts), supposed to 
have been a tribe of Scythians or Germans who settled 
in the north of Britain in very anc. times : pictish, a. 
pik'tish, of or pert, to the Picts. 

picture, n. pik'-tur or -clo>oe (L. picture, a painting : 
It. pintura: F. peinture— from L. piciuum, to paint), 
any likeness or resemblance made on a flat surface with 
colours ; a drawing ; the work of a painter ; a repre- 
sentation or description in words: v. to paint a resem- 
blance of in colours ; to form an ideal likeness of ; to 
describe in a florid or vivid manner : picturing, imp.: 
pic'tured, pp. -chdbrd .- adj. painted ; drawn in colours : 
pictorial, a. pik-to'-ri-al, pert, to pictures ; illustrated 
by pictures: picture-book, a book for children illus- 
trated with pictures: picture-frame, the ornamental 
border or case made to contain a picture : picture- 
gallery, rooms set apart for the exhibition of pictures : 
picture-liner, one who prepares and fixes the inner 
canvas of a picture. 

picturesque, a. pilk'tu-rSskf (F. pittoresque; It. pit- 
toresco, picturesque, pictorial— from L.2>ictura, a pic- 
ture), having that striking kind of beauty which im- 
presses the mind on beholding the rough, the rugged, 
and the wild grouped together in nature ; striking the 
mind with great power or pleasure by the natural or 
artificial grouping of objects; romantic: the pictu- 
resque, the striking and peculiar beauty in certain 
groupings of objects: pic'turesque'ly, ad. -II: pictu- 
resque ness, n. -nes, the state or quality of being pictu- 
resque. 

picul, n. pik'iil, in China, a weight of ICO catties, or 
1":;\ lb.; also called by the Chinese tan. 

piddle, v. pid'-l (prov. Ger. pitteln, to meddle with 
1 v picking or touching: Norm, pitta, to pluck, to pick: 
W. pid, a point), to eat here and there a bit ; to use 
the tips of the fingers in doing anything; to do light 
and trifling work by small touches : piddling, imp. 
I'lOMlng: adj. trifling; paltry. 

pie, n. pi (contr. from pastie: Gael, pighc, a pie), a 
crust of baked flour with something in it or under it, 
as apples or meat. 

pie, n. pi {¥. pie, a daw : L. pica, the painted one, a 
daw: Sans, pika, the Indian cuckoo— see pica), the 
magpie; a party-coloured bird; the old Rom. Cath. 
service-book; a printer's term for a confused mass of 
type : piebald, a. pi'bau-ld {pie, and bcdl), diversified 
in colour, as a piebald hm.-e : piet, n. pl'-et, a magpie. 

piece, n. pes (F. piece, a bit: it. pczza, a patch, a rag: 
Sp. picza, a bit of anything), a fragment; a part; a 
patch ; a literary or musical composition ; a play ; a pic- 
ture ; a coin ; a cannon or single firearm : v. to enlarge 
or mend by putting on or adding a part; to patch; 
to join: piecing, imp. mending; making additions; 
joining two things together ; lengthening by addition : 
pieced, pp. pest: piee'er, n. -ir, one who pieces ; a fac- 
tory hand who attends on frames and spindles to join 
broken threads: pieceless, a. jies'-les, entire; not 
joined : piece-work, work done and paid for accord- 
ing to its amount: apiece, ad. a -pes', one by one; 
singly: of a piece, of the same sort; alike: piece- 
meal, a. single: ad. in pieces; in fragments; grad- 
ually: piece-goods, the principal goods sold by 
drapers, as cotton, shirtings, long-cloths, sheetings, 
&c: piece of eight, a piastre: to pieces, to utter ruin: 
to piece out, to extend or enlarge by the addition of 
one or more pieces. 

pied, a. pid (from Eng. pie, a, party-coloured bird : 
L. picta, the painted one), variegated with spots or 
streaks of different colours; spotted: pied'ness, n. 
-??£?, the state of being pied. 

pier, n. per (AS. pere, a pier : But. beere, a pier or 
mole — from beuren, to raise, to lift : Swiss, biiri, a pier, 
a wall or mound raised to protect land from the en- 
croachments of water— from biiren, to raise), the mass 
of stone or wood work carried out into the sea, serving 
as an embankment for the protection of vessels, or as 
a landing-place ; a wharf or landing projecting into a 
river; the solid stone-work that supports an arch of a 
bridge or other building ; the solid parts between doors 
or windows, &c: pier-glass, a glass hung in the space 
between windows : pier-table, a side-table fitted to the 
space between windows: pier'age, n. -aj, toll for 
using a pier. 

pierce, v. pers (F. percer; It. perciare, to pierce), to 
enter; to penetrate; to force a way into ; to strike; to 
excite; to touch or affect, as the passions; to affect 
severely: pier'cing, imp.: adj. penetrating; boring; 
sharp; keen; cutting: pierced, pp. a. perst, pene- 
trated ; entered by force : piercer, n. per'ser, one who 
cdw, boy, foot; pure, Mid; chair, 



:5 PIKE 

or that which pierces: pier'cingly, ad. -sXna-li: picr'- 
cingness, n. -nes, the power of piercing or penetrat- 
ing: pier ceable, a. -sci-bl, that may be pierced. 

Pierian, a, pi-tr'-i-un (from Pieria. a district of 
Thrace), pert, to the Muses : Fier'ides, n. plu. -dez, the 
nine Muses— from the patronymic termination ides, 
meaning literally, ihc Juioiiti<.rs of (the district of) 
J>ieria. 

piety, n. pi'-S-tl (F. picte; It. piet a, piety— from L. 
pittas, piety— from pins, devout, pious), a constant 
sense of dependence on the Supreme Being, attended 
with lOve and reverence of Him, and a disposition to 
know and obey His will; reverence of parents and 
obedience to them, with a constant effort to preserve 
their honour and i >n >moto their happiness— called also 
filial piety : Pi'etist, n. -tlst, a name applied to a eect 
in Germany towards the end of the 17th century, who 
proposed to revive declining piety in the Reformed 
Churches, but who eventually became violent and fan- 
atical ; a term applied to those who make a display of 
strong religious feelings; a Methodist: Pi'etism* n. 
-tizm, the practices, schemes, or teachings of the Pi- 
etists : pietis'tic, a. -tis'-tlk, of or pert, to the Pietists ; 
affectedly religious. 

piezometer, n. pVe-zdm'c'-h'r (Gr. pie.zo, I press, and 
metron, a measure), an instrument for measuring the 
compressibility of liquids. 

pig, n. pig (But. bigge or big, a pig: Gael, big, little 
ones— from beag, little), the young of the sow kind ; 
a name applied generally to swine ; one of the oblong- 
masses of cast-iron as first extracted from the ore, 
and run from the smelting-furnace into rough moulds 
made amongst a bed of sand— the larger oblong masses 
being called sows : v. to farrow or bring forth pigs ; to 
herd or live together like pigs: pigging, imp.: pigged, 
pp. piijd: piggery, n. pig-g-'r-i, a place where pig-sties 
are erected and pigs kept : pig'gish, a. -gisli, like pigs : 
pig-face, n. -fas, an Australian Iruit having a sweetish 
and saline pulp: pig-faced, a. -fast, having a face re- 
sembling that of a pig: pig-headed, a, -hed'-vd, stu- 
pidly obstinate : pig-head edness, n. the quality of 
being stupid and obstinate: pig-iron, cast-iron as first 
extracted from the ore in pigs: pig-nut, the ground- 
nut, the bulbous root of the plant buniuvi: pig-sty, a 
pen or hut for pigs: pig-tail, a long twist of hair 
tailing down from the back of the head; tobacco twist- 
ed in small rolls. 

pigeon, n pij'-vn (L. pipio, I peep like a chicken: 
It. pippione or jdgirme; mod. Gr. pipinion, a young 
dove, a silly gull: F. pinion), a well-known bird of 
many varieties; the dove; a simpleton; a person 
taken in by gamblers: pigeon-hearted, a. timid; 
frightened: pigeon-express, intelligence transmitted 
by a written slip attached to a carrier-pigeon: pigeon- 
foot, a plant : pigeon-hole, the opening to the nest of 
a pigeon ; in a case or box frame, one of a number 
of small openings for tin- storing of papers, letters. &c: 
pigeon-house, a dovecot: pigeon-pea, a plant of the 
E. and W. Indies. 

piggin, n. pig'-gin (Gael, pige, an earthen vessel ; 
pigeon, a little jar), a wooden vessel with a handle for 
holding liquids. 

pigment, n. pig' went (L. pigmcntinn, a, paint— from 
pingo, I paint), any substance used as a paint or 
colour; the mucous secretion which covers the iris of 
the eye, and produces its various colours : pigment'al, 



N. Africa, said to have been at constant war with 
the cranes, and frequently devoured by them: It. and 
Sp. pigmeo: Gr. pugmaios; F. pygmee, a pigmy), a 
dwarf; a person of very small stature: adj. very 
small in size: pigmean, a. plg-mekin, very small; 
like a pigmy. 

pignons, n. plu., also pinones, n. plu. pin'-onz (F. 
pignon, the kernel of the pine-apple— from L. 2rinus, 
the pine), the edible seeds of the cones of various pines. 

pigotite, n. pig'o-tit (after the Rev. Mr Pigot), a 
mineral compound of alumina and mudeseous (Gr. 
mudesis, rottenness through excess of moisture) acid, 
having a brownish-yellow colour, found as incrusta- 
tions on the sides of caves, &c. 

pike, n. pik (F. pique, a pike or pointed pole: L. 
spica, a point: Bret, bek, a beak, a point; beked, a 
pike-fish), a kind of spear or lance head sharpened 
and mounted on a staff or pole, formerly used by foot- 
soldiers : a voracious fresh-water fish— so called from 
its pointed snout or lower jaw; an iron spring on a 
lathe; a pitchfork: piked, a. pikt, furnished with. 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal 



PILA 



446 



PIN 



sharp iron ends or points: pikeman, a soldier armed 
with a pike : pike-staff, the pole or shaft of a pike. 

pilaster, n. pi-UW-iCr (It. pilastro ; F. pilastre, a 
pilaster— from L. pila, a pillar), a square pillar placed 
on a wall, and partly in it, only showing a fourth or a 
fifth of its thickness : pilastered, a. pi-lds'-terd, fur- 
nished with pilasters. 

pilch, n. pilch (It. pelliccia; F. pelisse, a furred 
cloak : AS. pylca, a furred garment— see pelt), a gown 
lined with fur ; a piece of flannel to be wrapped about 
a child. 

pilchard, n. pilch'erd (the latter part connected with 
F. sard or sardine, a pilchard), a sea-fish somewhat 
like the herring, nearly the same size, but thicker and 
rounder. 

pile, n. pll (L. pila, a pillar, a pier of stone : It. 
pilare, to prop up with piles : W. pill, the stem or 
stock of a tree), a, large stal:e or piece of timber driven 
into the earth to support the foundation of a building 
or the pier of a bridge ; one side of a coin— so called 
from the punch used in stamping the figures ; the arms 
side of a coin, as distinguished from the head, which 
was formerly marked by a cross, hence the term cross 
andpiZe, as a name for money; in her., one of the lesser 
ordinaries having the form of a wedge: v. to drive piles 
into: piling, imp.: n. the act of driving in piles ; a 
series of piles ; piles collectively, as the piling of a 
bridge: piled, pp. plld: sheet-piling, a series of piles 
of planks driven edge to edge: pile-dwellings— see 
lake-dwellings and pfahlbauten : pile-engine, an en- 
gine for driving in piles : pile-work, houses or erec- 
tions on a foundation of piles amidst water. 

pile, n. pll (L. pila, a ball or globe of anything : F. 
pile ; Dut. pijl, a heap), a large building or mass of 
buildings; a heap of a roundish elevated form; a 
ii'U[i :,..i accumulation: v. to collect or gather to- 
gether in a heap; to accumulate; to fill above the 
brim or top: piling, imp.: n. the act of making into 
a heap by placing one above another ; the act of re- 
heating iron blooms or slabs for further working: 
piled, pp. plld: voltaic or galvanic pile, a series of 
plates of copper and zinc laid one above the other al- 
ternately, with cloth or paper placed between each pair, 
moistened with an acid solution, for producing a cur- 
rent of electricity : piles, n. plu. pllz, a disease of the 
veins at the extremity of the rectum, assuming a 
knotted or clustered form around the anus, called 
bleeding-piles when there is a discharge of blood from 
them, and blind-piles when there is none. 

pile, n. pll [L.pilus, hair: F. poil, hair, nap), hairy 
surface; nap. 

pileate, a. pl'li-at, also pi'leated (L. pileus, a close- 
fitting felt cap), in bot., having a cap like the head of 
a mushroom: pileiform, a. pl'li-fawrm (L. forma, 
shape), resembling a hat or cap : pileus, n. pl'-U-us, in 
bot., the cap-like portion of the mushroom bearing the 
hymenium on its under side. 

pilfer, v. //«;/>r (old F. / ' 
1 ui i Yer, to plunder: L. pil .. , 
steal, applied to petty thefts ; to filch : pil'fering, imp. : 
adj. practising petty thefts : n. petty thefts : pil'fered, 
pp. -ferd: pilferer, n. -er, one who pilfers : pil feringly, 
ad. -11 : pil'fery, n. -i, petty theft. 

pilgrim, n. pll'grim (It. pelegrino ; Sp. peregrino ; 
Ger. pilger ; F. pilerin, a pilgrim: L. peregrinus, a 
foreigner— from L. per, through, and ager, a territory 
ordistrict),a\vaniic>-.a a.i -a.v< Hi-, i.i;< distance to visit 
a holy place, or a place sacred from its associations ; 
in Scrip., applied to a true Christian who lives in the 
world but is not of the world, whose home is in the 
better country : pilgrimage, n. pil'grlm-aj, a journey 
to a distant place for a devotional purpose ; in Scrip., 
the journey of life. 

pilifer, a. pll'-t-fer, also piliferous, a. plhip'r-iis (L. 
pilns, hair, and fero, I bear), in bot., covered with hair : 
piriform, a. -fawrm (L. forma, shape), resembling 
hairs. 

pill. n. pll (L. pilula, a little ball— from pila, a ball : 
F. pilule), a medicine in shape and size like a pea, to 
be swallowed whole; anything nauseous: v. to form 
into pills; to dose with pills: pil'ling, imp.; pilled, 
pp. plld: pill-mass, the stiff paste or medicated com- 
pound out of which pills are formed. 

pillage, n. pil'laj (V. piltngc. \> ilia-.-— from piller, to 
rob: Sp. pillar, to plunder: It. pigliare, to seize : Dan. 
pille, to pick), plunder ; spoil, that taken in war : v. 
to strip of money or goods by violence; to plunder: 
pillaging, imp. : pillaged, pp. -lajd .- pillager, n. -la- 
-jer, one who pillages. Note.— The original sense of 
mate, mdt,fdr, law; mete, mSt, 



pill or pillage was that of pilling or peeling, and then 
to rob or plunder. 

pillar, n. pll'-Ur (F. pilier; Sp. pilar, a pillar— from 
L. pila, a pillar), acolumn of any shape to support; 
anything that sustains or upholds; a foundation; a 
support: pillared, a. -Urd, having the form of a 
pillar, or supported by pillars. 

pillaw, n. pil-law' (Turk, pilaw), a Turkish dish, 
consisting of rice cooked with fat, butter, or meat. 

pillion, n. pU'yun (Gael, pilleun, a saddle-cloth— 
from peaZZ, a skin: Sp. pillon, a skin), a cushion for a 
woman to ride on behind a horseman ; a soft low sad- 
dle ; the pad or cloth below a saddle next the horse's 
back. 

pillory, n. pll'ldr-i (F. pilori, the pillory, aname for- 
merly given in France to a ruff or collar worn by 
women around the neck like the board of the pillory 
—from prov. F. espitlori, the pillory; espitllera, a 
loop-hole, a little window: mid. L. pilluricvm), a 
scaffold, on which was erected a post or pillar sur- 
mounted by a flat board pierced with holes for the head 
and hands of the offender, who stood in an upright 
position, with his hands and head jutting out on one 
~' J - of the flat board: v. to punish with the pillory: 



plu, feathers), a cushion or bag for the head to rest on 
in bed, 1 1 : . 1 1 . ! m , - filled with feathers; something that 
bears or supports : adj. applied to a kind of lace, be- 
cause made on a pillow or cushion : v. to rest or lay 



■i, resembling a pillow ; 



for a pillow : pillowy, a. ■ 
soft. 

pilose, a. pi'loz, also pilous, a. pi'lus (L. pilosus, 
hairy, shaggy— from pilus, hair), in bot., covered with 
Ion- distinct Lairs ; abounding in hairs: pilosity, n. 
pl-los'-i-tl, the i.iai.i ii liei,,;.. -overed with hairs. 

pilot, n. pl'-lot (It. pilota ; F. pilote, a pilot : Dut. 
piloot, a pilot— from peilen, to sound the depths), lit- 
erally, one who conducts a vessel by the sounding- 
line ; one whose occupation is to steer ships into and 
out of a harbour or along a dangerous coast ; a guide : 
v. to steer ; to guide or direct, as a pilot ; to guide 
through dangers and difficulties : piloting, imp. : n. 
the act of steering a ship; a directing; direction: 
piloted, pp.: pilotage, n. -aj, the fee or wages paid 
to a pilot ; the act of piloting : pilot-fish, a fish that 
accompanies a ship for weeks and even months: 
pilot-boat, a boat used by pilots for reaching ships, 
generally those coming from foreign parts : pilot-cloth, 
a stout, blue, woollen cloth, used for greatcoats nnd 
for the clothing of seafaring people, and others : pilot- 
engine, in a rail/rail, an engine sent before to clear 
the line, as before an advancing train, or as an attend- 
ant on a train containing great personages: pilot- 
jack, a union or other flag hoisted by a vessel for a 
i iiilot-jacket, a pea-jacket, which see. 

pilous— see pilose. 

pimelic, a, pim-el'ik (Gr. pimele, fat), applied to the 
products resulting from the action of nitric acid on 
fatty substances. 

pimelite, n. plm'S-llt (Gr. pimele, fat, and lithos, a 
stone), an earthy mineral of an apple or yellowish 
green colour, v, i h ., ■< •■■ '■ i 

pimento, n. pi-men'-to, also pimen'ta (Sp. pimievta: 
It. pimento), allspice or Jamaica pepper, the dried 
berries of a W. Indian tree : piment, n. pl'-ment, spiced 
or honeyed'wine. 

pimp, n. pimp, a man who provides gratification for 
the lust of others : v. to pander to the lust of others : 
pimp'ing, imp. : pimped, pp. pimpt. 

pimpernel, n. plm'-per-nel (It. and new L. pimjrin- 
ella: F. pimprenelle), a name given to two species of 
flowering annual plants; a little red-flowered pros- 
trate plant found in corn-fields ; a water-plant ; one 
of the species, pim'pinel'la, -el'ld, yields the anise- 
sen!:-, of the shops. 

pimple, n. plm'-pl (AS. pinpel ; F. pompeitc, a pimple : 
W. jtmwp, a blow, around mass), a, small red swelling 
containing matter, on any part of the body : pirn 'pled, 
a. -pld, covered with or containing pimples : pimply, 
a. -pli, having pimples ; pimpled. 

pin, n. pin (W. pin ; Gael, pinne, a pin, a pen : Dut. 

her; pine, pin; note, n6t, m6ve; 



447 



PION 



pinne, a point: L. pinna, a fin, a pinnacle), a short 
piece of wire pointed and having a head, much in do- 
mestic use for fastening articles of dress, &c. ; any- 
thing that holds parts together ; a peg ; a short shaft 
or bolt ; the central part ; a term expressive of little 
value : v. to fasten, as with a pin or pins ; to make 
fast : pinning, imp. : pinned, jtp.plnd: pinner, n. pin- 
ner, one -who pins : pin'tle, n. -tl, a little pin ; a 
long iron bolt : pin-case, a case for holding pins : pin- 
cushion, a case started with a soft material, on which 
pins may be stuck ready for use : pin-feather, a short 
feather : pin-hole, a very small hole made by a pin ; 
a very small hole : pin-eyed, a. a term applied by 
florists to those polyanthuses and auriculas which dis- 
play a globular stigma at the mouth of the corolla : 
pin-maker, one who make pins : pin- tail, a water-fowl : 
pin-money, money allowed to a wile for her private 
expenses : pin-point, the point of a pin ; a mere trifle. 

pin, n. pin, a term applied to a petition or address 
by foreigners to the Emperor of China, or to one of his 
nitaries. 

pinafore, n. pln'-d-for (an abbreviation of pinned 
before), a loose covering of cotton or linen worn in the 
front or around the dress of children. 

pinaster, n. pl-nds'-tir \L. pinaster, a wild pine — 
from pinus, a pine), the cluster-pine of the south of 
Europe. 

pincers, n. phi. pln'serz (F. pincer ; Sp. pizcar, to 
pinch : F. pince, the tip or edge of the hoof, nippers : 
Sp. pinchar, to prick; pinzas, nippers), an instr. 
consisting of two parts moving on a pin, for griping, 
squeezing, or holding fast ; an instr. for drawing out, 
as nails ; the claws of certain animals, as of a beetle 
or crab : pinch, n. pinsh, a sharp and painful gripe by 
the ends of the fingers or by pincers, &c. ; the mark 
or pain occasioned by it; the small quantity that can 
be held between the thumb and forefinger ; pressure ; 
oppression; distress through want: v. to gripe or 
squeeze between the thumb and a finger ; to squeeze 
or press between any two sharp edges or points so as 
to pain ; to distress ; to press hard or bear hard upon, 
as want ; to act with a force to be felt ; to spare ; to be 
frugal: pinching, imp. : adj. acting as a pincer; nip- 
ping ; causing pain or distress : n. the act of pinching, 
squeezing, or pressing : pinched, pp. pinsht: pinch'er, 
n. -er, one who or that which pinches : pinch'ingly, 
ad. -ing-li : to know where the shoe pinches, to have 
practical and personal experience of a thing. 

pinchbeck, pinsh'-bek (after the inventor), a gold- 
coloured variety of brass, an alloy of copper or brass 
and zinc. 

Pindaric, a. pln-ddr'-lk, after the style of the Greek 
lyric poet Pindar, or in imitation of him ; irregular. 

pine, n. pin {F.pin; It. orSp. pino; L. pinus; Dut. 
jrijn, the pine-tree), a timber-tree of several species 
characterised by its pin or needle shaped leaves : piny, 
a. pl'-nl, abounding with pine-trees : pineal, a. pl'ne- 
dl or pl-ne-dl (L. pineus, of the pine, piny), pert, to or 
like the fruit of a pine-tree : pinery, n. -ner-i, a hot- 
house where pine-apples are raised: piney, a. pl'ni, 
abounding with pines : n. a fat or tallow obtained by 
boiling the fruit of a tree, Vateria Indica, common 
upon the Malabar coast: pinetum, n. pi-ne'-tiim (L. 
pinetum, a pine-wood), a plantation or wood composed 
of pine-trees : pinic, a. pi'nlk, of or from the pine, ap- 
plied to an acii J ine-resin : pine-clad, a., 
also pine-crowned, a. covered with pines : pine-apple, 
a tropical plant ; also its fruit, of a conical shape— so 
called from the fruit resembling the cone of the pine- 
tree : pine-barren, a tract of arid land producing pines : 
pine-thistle, a plant of southern Europe abounding 
with gummy matter : pineal gland, in the brain, a 
small protuberance of the size of a pea and shaped 
like a heart, which Descartes supposed to be the seat 
of the souL 

pine, v. pin (Dut. pijne, pain, an ache ; pijnen, to 
torture: Ger. pein, torture — see pain), to cause to 
languish; to droop or waste away under distress or 
anxiety of mind ; to lose flesh or wear away with pain, 
grief, anguish, and the like : pi'ning, imp.: adj. wast- 
ing away : n. a state of languishing or wasting away : 
pined, pp. pmd : pi'ningly, ad. -It. 

pinenchyma, n. pl-nen'kl-md (Gr. pinax, a tablet, 
and engchuma, an infusion), in hot., a cellular tissue of 
in a tabular form. 

pinfold, n. pin-fold (Dut. pa.nd ; Ger. pfand, a pawn 
cr pledge : Ger. pfandstall, a pinfold), a place in which 
cattle straying- and doing damage are temporarily 
confined or impounded ; a pound. 



pinion, n. pin'-yun (L. pinna, a feather: F. penne or 
penon; IX. pinna, the flat flap of anything: F.pic/non, 
a pinion in wheel-work), the last joint of a bird's wing : 
the whole wing of a bird ; a small wheel with flaps 
or leaves working in another similarly constructed : 
v. to bind or confine, as by fastening the wings, or by 
binding the arms or elbows together: pinioning, 
imp.: pinioned, pp. -yund. 

pinite, n. pin-it (from Fini, in Saxony, where first 
found), an alkaline variety of the mineral iolite, of a 
dirty-grey, green, or brown colour. 

pinites, n. plu. pi' nits (L. pinus, the pine-tree), a 
general term for all fossil wood which exhibits traces 
of having belonged to the pine tribe. 

pink, v. pingk (Low Ger. pinken, to hammer: F. 
pique, pierced or thrust into), to work eyelet-holes in ; 
to pierce or punch with small holes ; to stab : pink'ing, 
imp.: pinked, pp. pingkt: pink-needle, a shepherd's 
bodkin : pinking-iron, a tool for cutting out by a blow 
scallops at the edges of ribbons and cloth. 

pink, v. pingk (Dut. pinken, to wink or leer), to wink : 
pink-eyed, a. having small, winking, inflamed eyes. 

pink, n. pingk (F. pince, a tip or thin point ; pinces, 
the flower pink), a flower of a brilliant colour — so called 
from its sharp-pointed and somewhat rigid leaves ; a 
light-red colour ; anything supremely excellent— from 
the pink being taken as the type of a flower ; a narrow- 
sterned vessel : adj. of the colour of pink: pink-root, 
the root of a species of pink of India, &c. , used in medi- 
cine : pink-saucer, a saucer having its inner surface 
covered with a pink-colouring matter, used in colour- 
ing small articles. Note.— The preceding three entries 
arc all connected in derivation, the fundamental idea 
being anything pointed and sharp — see Latham. 

pinna,' n. pin'-nd, plu. pinnae, pin'-ne (L. pinna, a 
feather), a name applied, in science, to the fin of a fish, 
or to the feather or wing of a bird ; in anat., the part 
of the external ear which projects beyond the head ; 
in bot., the leallet of a pinnate leaf. 

pinnace, n. pin'-, ids (Sp. pinaza ; F. pinasse, a small 
vessel— from L. pinus, a fir-tree, because originally 
constructed of pine-wood), an eight-oared light vessel 
belonging to a large ship ; any light vessel navigated 
with oars and sails. 

pinnacle, n. piu'-nd-kl (F. pinacle; It. pinacolo, a 
pinnacle, a battlement — from pinna, the fin of a fish, 
a feather, a pinnacle), a slender turret elevated above 
the main building; the highest point or part of a 
building : v. to furnish with pinnacles : pin'nacling, 
imp. -khng: pin'nacled, pp. -kid: adj. furnished with 
pinnacles. 

pinnate, a. pin'-ndt, also pin'nated, a. -nd-fed (L. 
pinna, a feather or fin), in bot., a compound leaf hav- 
ing several leaflets attached to each side of a cen- 
tral rib; feathered; winged or lobed. Note.— If the 
leaflets are in pairs, they are equally— that is, pari- 
pinnate ; if terminated by an odd leaflet, they are un- 
equally—that is, impari-pinnaie : pinnatifid, a. pin- 
ndt'-i-fid (L.findo, I cleave), applied to leaves divided 
into segments of jags like those of the common 
groundsel : pinnat'ipar'tite, a. -pur'tlt (L. 2>ars, a part 
—gen. partis), in bot., applied to a simple leaf cut into 
lateral segments, the divisions extending nearly to the 
central rib : pinnat'iped, a. -ped (L. pes, a foot— gen. 
pedis), having the toes bordered by membranes, as 
some birds; fin-footed: pinniped, a. pin'i-ped, applied 
to certain crabs that have their hinder feet flattened 
like a fin for swimming. 

pinnulate, a. pln'-nu-ldt (L. pinnulci* a little fin or 
feather), applied to a leaf when its leaflets are again 
subdivided : pinnule, n. pln'-nul, one of the leaflets of 
a pinnulate leaf: pin'nula'ria, n. -ld'rl-d, in geol., a 
term applied to the Coal-measure fossil plants that 
occur in small root-like fragments with slender stems. 

pint, n. pint (Sp. pinta, a spot or mark— from pin- 
tar, to paint: Dut. pint; F. pinte, a pint), a liquid- 
measure, 1-Sth of a gallon ; a measure so called be- 
cause marked or pointed off in the interior of a 
larger. 

pintle, n.pin'tl (see pin), a little pin; a long iron 
bolt to prevent the recoil of a cannon ; (a corruption of 
pendulum, in the sense of that which is hung— from 
L. pendeo, I hang), in a ship, a hook on which a rudder 
is hung- to its post. 

pinus, n. pl'-nus (L. pinus, a pine-tree), the syste- 
matic name for the pine-tree. 

piny— see pine. 

pioneer, n. pi'6-ner 1 (F. pionnier, a pioneer : old F. 
peonier, a foot-soldier— from Sp. peon ; F. pion, a day- 



y.fobt; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



PION 4 

labourer, a pawn in chess), one of a company of sol- 
diers trained to work with pickaxe, spade, &c, and 
employed in the field to clear the road before an 
army, throw up works, &c; one who goes before to 
prepare the way for another : v. to clear the way for : 
pioneering, imp.: pi'oneered', pp. -nerd'. 

piony, n. pi'-dn-l, the peony, which see. 

pious, a. pl'-us (Sp. and It. pio ; F. pieux; L. phis, 
pious), devout; religious; done under the guise of 
religion, in an ill sense: pi'ously, ad. -II: piety, 
n. pi'-S-ti, which see: pious-minded, a, disposed to 
reverence and honour the Supreme Being ; of a pious 
disposition. 

pip, n. pip (Ger. pipps; F. pepie; It. pipit a ; L. 
pituita, phlegm, gummy moisture), a disorder of 
fowls in which a thick slime forms on the tongue and 
stops up the nostrils. 

pip, n. pip (from E 

spring forth), the set 

like ; a cherry-stone ; the snot or single on a card: v. 
to cry as a chicken : pip'pihg, imp.: pipped, pp. pipt: 
pippin, n. pippin, a particular kind of apple— probably 
so called from the pips or spots that generally appear 
on its sides. 

pipe, n. pip (F. pipe; Dut. peep, a pipe), a large 
cask generally en pa Mr of containing two hhds. 

pipe, n. pip(T)\it. pijp; Dan. pibe ; Ger. pfeife, a 
pipe), a thin hollow cylinder; a tube ; a long tube or 
cylinder for conveying water, gas, steam, &c; a wind 
musical instrument consist ins; of a pipe or tube of wood 
or metal ; the key or pitch of the voice ; a tube of clay 
or wood, &c, of the diameter of a goose-quill, with a 
turned-up open head, for smoking tobacco ; the roll of 
creditors in the Exchequer: v. to play on a pipe; to 
send forth a shrill sound ; to call by means of a pipe 
or whistle, as in a ship: pi'ping, imp.: adj. weak; 
feeble, as " the piping-time of peace " ; sickly— from 
the weak voice of the sick ; playing on the pipe ; boil- 
ing hot, as water: n. the act of one who pipes ; a kind 
of cord trimming or fluting for ladies' dresses : piped, 
pp. plpd: pi'per, n. -per, one who plays on a pipe ; a 
native species of gurnard which utters a noise when 
taken out of the water : pipes, n. plu. pips, a musical 
instrument consisting of a collection of pipes or tubes : 
pipe-clay, a clay of a greyish-white colour used in the 
manufacture of tobacco-pipes, and by soldiers for 
cleaning white trousers, and especially their belts : 
pipe-fish, a curious lish having a lmi? slender body of 
the thickness of a swan's quill, terminating in a tubu- 
lar snout: to pay the piper, to pay the expense, as at 
an entertainment, where the presence of a paid piper 
used to be deemed indispensable. 



pipistre 1 , n. pl-pls'trel (It. pi nistrello ; L. vespertilio, 
a bat), a species of bat, the smallest of the kind. 

pipkin, n. pip-kin (a dim. of pipe), a cruet ; a little 
pot ; an earthen pot. 

pippin— see under pip, the seed of an apple. 

piquant, a. pe'-kdnt (F. piquant, pricking, ta rt— from 
piqiier, to prick), pungent; sharp; tart; stimulating 
to the tongue; severe: pi'quantly, ad. -li : piquancy, 
11. pe-kan-si, pungency ; sharpness: severity. 

pique, n. pek (F. pique, animosity— from piquer, to 
prick), slight anger ; offence taken ; grudge ; spite ; 
point; punctilio; term at a game of piquet: v. to dis- 
please, offend, or irritate; to touch with envy or 
jealousy; to pride or value one's self, as on an ae- 
Vomplisliment or acquirement: piquing, imp. pek'-ing -. 
piqued, pp. pekt. 

piquet, n. plk'St, another spelling of picket, which 

piquet, n.pe-kSt' (F.),a certain game at cards. 



an attempt), one who lives by robbing ships at sea . 
an armed ship employed by pirates ; one who repub- 
lishes the literary or artistic productions of another 
without leave: v. to take without right or permis- 
sion, as the contents of books for republication ; to 
counterfeit; to rob ships on the sea: pi'rating, imp.: 
adj. republishing literary or artistic works without 
permission; counterfeiting: pi'rated, pp.: adj. taken 
by theft or without permission : piracy, n. pi'-ra-si, 
the act or crime of a pirate ; robbery of ships 1 >y o] >eii 
violence on the high seas; the republishing the writ- 
ings of other men without permission : piratical, a. 
pl-rat'l-Ml, also piratic, a. -ik, robbing or plunder- 
mate, mdt, far, law; mete, met, 



3 PIST 

ing on the high seas by open violence ; applied to 

I ■:::,; ,:::, . o..i. , ; .':: . ;n! h. 

pirogue, n. in-rof (F. pirogue; Sp. piragua— origi- 
nally an Indian word), a kind of canoe consisting of 
the hollowed trunk of a single tree, used in the 
southern and eastern seas; in K. Amer., a narrow 
ferry-boat. 

pirouette, n. pir'ub-et' (F. pirouette, properly a turn- 
ing-wheel— from pied, a foot, and roue, a wheel ; rouette, 
a little wheel), in dancing, a whirling or turning about 
on the toes ; the circumvolution of a horse on the same 
ground: v. to whirl round, while dancing, on the toes 
of one foot : pirouetting, imp. : pir'ouet ted, pp. 

rasnanr n nic'.l-ri.yl IT mi os; ,.-;,, . ,-.a ., + ; ,,,-. t , , V, .1, 



to fishes or fishing : pise plu. of piscis, 

pis-sis (L. fishes), in astro,,., the twelfth sign of the 
zodiac, figured as two fishes: pis'cinal, a. -si-ndl, of 
or belonging to a fish-pond : pis'cine, a. -sin, pert, to 
fishes: pis'cicul'ture.n. -si-kill'-tur or -chdbr (L. rultura, 
culture), an artificial method of propagating fish : pis'- 
cicul'tural, a. -tu-ral the irtifi i ingandrearing 



orous, a. pis siv-6-riis (L. voro, I devour), fish-eating. 

pish, int. pish (It. pissipissare, to hush, to whisper 
very low ; pissipisse, hsht ! still !), an interjection of 
contempt, equivalent to " hold your tongue." 

pisiform, a. pl'-sl-fawrm (L. pisum; Gr. pison, a 
pea. and forma, shape), pea-shaped; in geol., occur- 
ring in small concretions like peas, as pisiform iron 
ore: pisolite, n. pi'-so-lit (Gr. lithos, a stone), a mineral 
substance or stone-concretion, found in globules like 
peas ; still smaller ones are called roe-stones or oolites: 
pi solit'ic, a. -lit'-ik, pert, to pisolites. 

pismire, n. plz'-mlr (Eng. piss, urine, and mire, 
nastiness, dirt— from the sharp urine smell of an ant- 
hill : AS. myra, an ant), the old name of the ant. 



piss'ing, imp.: pissed, pp. plst. 

pissasphalt, n. pis-ds'-fawlt (Gr. pissa, pitch, and 
asphaltos, asphalt), mineral pitch; the anc. Greeks gave 
the name p>issasphaltos both to the liquid and solid 
bitumen. 

pissophane, n. pis'-sO-fdn (Gr. pissa, pitch, and 
phaino, I seem), a mineral resembling pitch, of an 
olive-green or liver-brown colour, having a vitreous 
lustre. 

pistachio, n. pts-ta'shf-0, also pista'cia, n. -shi-d (F. 
pistache; It. pistacchio ; L. pistacium ; Gr. pistukiim), 

'cons lerable height, common in the south of 

Europe, and in the East ; also its nut, of the size and 
shape of a filbert, greatly esteemed ; the nut of a species 
of turpentine-tree ; a tree of the genus pistacia : pis- 
tacite, n. pils'-td-slt (from its pistachio-green colour), 
a mineral occurring in prismatic crystals, also granu- 
lar, earthy, and in crusts. 

pistil, n. pls'-til (F. pistil; It. pistillo, a pistil: L. 
pist ilium, a pestle— from pinsere, to pound, to crush), 
in bot., the seed-bearing organ, occupying the centre 
of a flower, consisting of an upper part or stigma, a 
central part or style, and a lower or ovarium, con- 
taining the young seeds called ovules: pis'tilla'ceous, 
a. -u'-shus. growing on the pistil: pis'tallary, a. -tdl- 
ldr-i, connected with or pert, to a pistil: pis 'tillate, 
a. -til -hit, hay ins ; piled to a female flower 

or plant : pis'tilliferous, a. -if-er-us (L. fero, I bear), 
having a pistil without stamens, as a female flower; 
same as pistillate : pis'tillid'ium, n. -Id'-i-um (Eng. 
pistil, and Gr. eidos, resemblance), in hot., an organ 
in the higher cryptogams having female sexual func- 
tions. 

pistol, n. pls'-tol (F. pistole; It. pistola, a pistol— 



told: pistol-si ang pistol: pistole 

n. -let. a little pistol. 

pistole, n. pis-tol', a Spanish gold coin, varying in 
value, but about 16s. sterling. 

piston, n. pis-ton (F. and Sp. piston: It. pistone, a 
piston— from L. pistum, to bray, bruise, or pound), 
the plunger in a pump or steam-engine; a strong 
short rod of wood or iron, solid or hollow, with a valve 
fitted at the bottom, made to fit exactly the barrel of a 
pump, or the cylinder of a steam-engine, and to work 
her; pine, pin; note, not, mOvc; 



PIT 



449 



PLAC 



up and down in it : piston-rod, the rod connecting the 
pis: u with the external machinery. 

pit, n. pit (AS. pytt, a hole : F. puits ; Dut. put, a 
well— from L. puteus, a dug place), a hollow or cavity, 
more or less deep, made by digging in the earth ; the 
shaft of a mine ; any hollow or" depression, as on the 
skin, under the arm, &c. ; a snare for wild beasts, con- 
sisting of a deep concealed hole in the ground ; the 
lowest and central part of a theatre ; the area on which 
cocks fight : : the grave ; the bottom- 

less pit : v. to form into little hollows ; to place in a 
pit or hole ; to set against in competition, as in a com- 
bat: pit ting, imp.: pitted, pp.: pitman, a worker in 
a pit in coal-minini: : coal-pit, a deep excavation 
among the earth's strata from which coals are ex- 
tracted: pit-coal, coal from pits: pitfall, a hole or 
pit slightly covered as a trap : to have the power of 
pit and gallows, to have power of imprisonment and 
death : cock-pit — see under cock. 

pit-a-pat, ml. plt'-ilpat' (imitative of a quick succes- 
sion of light blows), with a flutter, as the heart: n. 
palpitation; light. quick, oft-rt'v-ue J sounds. 

pitch, n. pick (Ger. pech; Dut. pik; L. pix; Gr. 
pitta, pitch : W. pyg, pitch, rosin), the thick black 
substance obtained by boiling down common tar ; the 
resinous juice of the pine or fir-tree: v. to smear or 
cover with pitch ; to blacken ; to obscure : pitch'ing, 
imp.: pitched, pp. picht: pitchy, a. plch'l, like pitch; 
smeared with pitch; dark; dismal: mineral pitch, 
pine-resin: Burgundy pitch, ber'giin-dl-, white pine- 
resin : like pitch, dark ; black : pitch-black, black as 
pitch: pitch-coal, a name for jet, referring t> > its pitch- 
like aspect: pitch-dark, very dark: pitchblende, 
-blend, a blackish ore of uranium and iron— called also 
pitch-ore, a preparation of which is employed in im- 
parting to glass a pale, opalescent, sea-green colour, 
also employed in porcelain-painting : pitch-pine, one 
of the pines that abound in resinous matter: pitch- 
stone, a glassy rock of a pitch-like appearance, occur- 
ring in dykes and disrupted masses. 

pitch, n. pick (W.piccB, a dart or arrow; picio, to 
throw a dart : It. picco, a peak, a sharp point), any 
degree of elevation or slope ; slope or declivity, as of 
a hill or roof; a fall or throw ; a throw at a point ; a 
casting forward or down ; the degree of acuteness or 
graveness of a sound, generally musical; degree; 
position; in mech., the distance between centres, as 
between two adjacent teeth of gearing: v. to fling or 
throw ; to plant or set, as a camp or tent ; to throw, 
as at a point ; to cast forward ; to ascertain by trial 
the key-note of a piece of music ; to fix choice ; to rise 
and fall, as a boat or ship on the water ; to come to 
rest from flight ; to pluruv or fall headlong: pitch'ing, 
imp. : adj. descending or sloping, as a hill: n. act of 
throwing or casting; a setting or fixing; the alter- 
nate rising and falling of a ship's head and stern on 
the waves: pitched, yv. picht: adj. fixed: pitcher, 
n. -er, he or that which pitches or tosses : pitched 
battle, a battle in which the opposing forces have 
taken up a fixed position, thus distinguished from a 
skirmish: pitchfork, a farming instrument, pronged 
as a fork, for lifting and throwing hay or sheaves of 
grain: a small steel instr. having'two somewhat thin 
and broad prongs, so graduated as to give forth a fixed 
musical sound on the pressure and sudden release of 
the prongs : pitch-pipe, a small wind musical instr. 
employed to find the pitch or elevation of a tune : 
pitch-wheels, toothed wheels which work together: 
to pitch upon, to come suddenly down upon ; to fix 
the choice upon. 

pitcher, n. plch'e-r (F. pichet ; Vf.piser; It. pitero, 
an earthen pot, a pit " 7 . a pitcher), 

an earthenware or tin vessel for holding water: 
pitcher-plant, a plant, a native of China and the East 
Indies, found growing in marshy situations, the leaves 
of which terminate in hollow vessels resembling 
water-pitchers, furnished with lids which open and 
shut, and which are found filled with pure water. 

piteous, a. plt'e-us (see pity), deserving or exciting 
compassion ; sorrowful ; mournful ; in an ill sense, 
paltry; poor: pit'eously, ad. -1%: pit'eousness, n. -nes, 



force ; closeness and vigour of thought and stvle ; ap- 
latter: V. to re- 
move the pith from: pith 'ing, imp.: pithed, pp. pltht: 
pithless, a. -lis, without pith ; wanting in strength 



or energy: pithy, a. vlth'l, abounding with pith ; for- 
cible ; energetic : pithily, ad. -ll, with energy or vig- 
our: pithiness, n. -nes, the qualitv or state" of being 
endow, d with energy or vigour ; concentrated force. 
pitiable, pitier, pitiful, pitiless, &c— see under 



P prtti 



pittacal, n. plt'td-Ml (Gr. pitta, pitch, and kalos, 
beautiful), a solid substance of a fine blue colour, 
obtained from the oil of wood-tar. 

pittance, n. pit-to, ns (It. pi, ton: i : T.pifance, allow- 
ance of appetising food, allowance of food for a single 
person: mid. L. pictantia, the allowance of esculents 
or appetising food to a monk or nun), any small por- 
tion allowed or assigned, particularly applied to 
money. 

pituitary, a. pi-tv'-i-fdr-l (L. pit ait*, phlegm— from 
Gr.ptuo, I spit : It. pituita; F. pituite, phlegm), that 
secretes or conveys phlegm or mucus : pituite, n. pit' 
fi-it, phlegm or mucus: pituitous, a. pl-tu'-i-tus, con- 
sisting of mucus or resembling it : pituitary gland, 
a gland situated on the lower side of the brain, sup- 
posed by the ancients to secrete the mucus of the nos- 
trils : pituitary membrane, the fine membrane lining 
the nostrils. 

pity, n. plt'-i (F. pitii; It. pieta, pity, compassion— 
from L. pietas, pity— from pius, devout, pious), com- 
passion or sorrow excited by the distress or sufferings 
of another ; fellow suffering or feeling ; compassion 
accompanied with some act of charity j sympathy; 
a thing to be regretted ; a thing to be looked upon 
as a misfortune, as, "the more fs the pity"; used in 
the plu., as, "it is a thousand pities, j»#fe"— that is, 
it is a thing to be very much regretted : v. to feel pain 
or grief for one in distress ; to compassionate ; to be 
affected with pity : pitying, imp. -l-ing: adj. showing 
pity; compassionating: pitied, pp. -Id: pit'ier, n. 
-her, one who pities: pitiable, a. -il-bl (F. pitoyable, 
compassionate), deserving pity ; lamentable ; mourn- 
ful: pitiably, ad. -bll: pitiableness, n. -bhnZs, state 
of being pitiable ; state of deserving compassion : pit'- 
iful, a. -fool, in Scrip., tender; moving compassion; 
generally used in an ill sense, contemptible ; paltry ; 
insignificant: pitifully, ad. -li: pit'ifulness, n. -nes, 
the state of being pitiful: pitiless, a. -les, wanting 
pity; hard-hearted; cruel; merciless: pitilessly, ad. 
-II: pit ilessness, n. -nes, the state of being pitiless: 
pit'yingly, ad. -II, in a pitying manner; synipathis- 
ingly. 

pityriasis, n. jiit'l-rl'-d-sls (Gr. pitura, scurf or 
bran), a skin-disease in which small thin scales are 
formed and fall off, unattended with inflammation- 
called d'indrijf when it atfects children: pit'yroid, a. 
■royd (Gr. eidos, resemblance), bran-like. 

piu, ad. pi-0' (It.), in music, a word prefixed to 
another in order to indicate an increase to its signi- 
ficance; a little; slightly, as piu allegro, a little 
quicker. 

pivot, n. piv'Ot (F. pivot, the peg on which a door 
turns— from picu, a stake : It. pivolo, a peg), the point 
of the pin or axle on which a wheel or body turns ; 
the end of a shaft which rests and turns in a support ; 
a turning-point ; the stationary officer or soldier on 
whom the wheelings are made in the various evolu- 
tions of drill: v. to place on a pivot: piv'oting, imp.: 
piv'oted, pp.: adj. furnished with pivots: pivot-gun, 
a piece of ordnance which turns on a pivot in any 
direction. 

pix, n., also pyx, n. p?A-s (L. pyxis, a boxwood box : 
Gr. puxis, a box), the box containing the coins selected 
to be tried by the assay-master whether they are of the 
standard purity— the process is called pixing, n. plks' 
ing; in the R. Cath. Ch., the little box or chest in 
which the consecrated wafer or host is kept. 

placable, a. pla'ka-bl or plak'-cl-bl (L. placabilis, 
easily appea s ed— from placo, I quiet or soothe : It. pla- 
cabile: F. placable), thai id or pacified; 

willing to forgave; easilv reconciled: pla'cably, ad. 
-bll: pla'cabillty, n. -bil'i-tl, also pla'cableness, n. 
•bl-nes, the qus '.cable or appeasable. 

placard, n.plak'-ard{F. placard, 
from plaquer, to clap on: Dut. plakken, to paste, to 
daub), a bill or printed paper stuck up against a wall; 
a declaration fixed up in some public place ; a posting- 
bill: v. pld-kard', to stick up a written or printed 
paper on a public place; to notify publicly: placard- 
ing, imp. : placard'ed, pp. 

place, n. plus (F. place; It. piazza; Ger. platze; Sp. 
plaza, a place, a market-place), situation, site, or 
spot; a wide street or public square in a city; any 



yy,fovt; pure, biid; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



PLAC 



450 



portion of space ; station or rank ; a position occupied 
and held as a residence ; a village, town, or city ; oc- 
cupation or calling ; office ; lieu or stead ; room ; ex- 
istence ; duty ; function ; a passage of a writing ; or- 
dinal relation, as, in the first place; position; a 
fortified town or post : v. to set or fix ; to appoint ; to 
settle; to invest: pla'cing, imp.: placed, pp. pldst : 
placer, n. pld'ser, one who places or sets : placeless, a. 
plds'les, without a place ; mpolitics, outof office: place'- 
man > n.-m<tra,on< whohold o Dice under a Government; 
one who fills a public station: to take place, to happen; 
to come to pass : to take the place of, to be substi- 
tuted for: to give place, to make room or way; to 
yield precedence : to have place, to have a station, 
room, or seat; to have existence: place-bricks, the 
outermost bricks in a clamp or kiln, and only suf- 
ficiently burnt on one side : place of arms, in mil., an 
enlargement of the covered way, where bodies of 
troops can be formed to act either on the defensive, 
by flanking the covered way, or on the offensive, by 
making sorties : high place, in Scrip., an elevation or 
rising ground encompassed with trees where sacrifices 
were offered, generally to idols. 

placebo, n. pld-se'bo (L. I will please), a prescription 
given by a physician to please rather than to benefit 
the patient; in the It. Cath. Ch., the vesper hymn for 
the dead. 

placenta, n. pld-sPn'td (L. placenta, a cake— from 
Gr. plakous, a flat cake), in anat., the roundish, flat, 
flesh like substance in the womb, forming the princi- 
pal medium of communication between the parent 
and child, and which, being expelled after the birth, 
is popularly called the after-birth; in hot., the cellu- 
lar part of the carpel bearing the ovule : placen'tal, 
a. -tax, pert, to the placenta : n. a mammal having a 
placenta : placentary, a. pld-s&n'ter-l, pert, to the 
placenta; same as placental: n. in hot., a placenta 
bearing numerous ovules: placentation, n. plds'Sn- 
ia'shun, in hot., the manner in which the seeds are 
attached to the pericarp; disposition of the cotyle- 
dons before and during germination : plac'entiferous, 
a. -tlf'er-us (L. fero, I produce), bearing or producing 
a placenta: placentiform, a. pld-sin'-tl-fawrm (L. 
forma, a shape), cake-shaped. 

placer, n. pld-thdr 1 or pld-sdr' (Sp.), a gravelly 
place where gold is found by the side of a river or 
stream, or in its bed. 

placid, a. plds'id (L. placidus, gentle, calm— from 
placere, to please : It. placido : F. placide), gentle ; 
mild; calm; serene; tranquil; composed: plac'idly, 
ad. -It: plac'idness, n. -nes, also placidity, n. pld- 
sid'i-ti, unruffled state; mildness; sweetness of dis- 
position. 

placodermtta, n. pin pl&kl rfrt, also plac'- 

oderms, n. pin. -derms (Gr. plax, a plate, a broad 
table— gen. plakos, and derma, skin or covering), in 
geol., a term applied to the bony-plated or bone-en- 
cased fossil fishes of the Old Red Sandstone. 

placoganoid, n. pld-kog'd-ndyd (Gr. plax, a plate- 
gen, plakos— ganos, splendour, and eidos, appearance), 
in geol., a sub-order of the ganoid fossil fishes, having 
the head and partly the body protected by large plates, 
often reticulated. 

placoid, n. pldk'dyd, also placoidean, n. pld-kdy'dS- 
dn (Gr. plax, a plate— gen. plakos, and eidos, appear- 
ance), a term applied to an order of fishes character- 
ised by having their skins covered irregularly with 
plates of enamel, either of considerable size or reduced 
to small points— this order includes skates, rays, dog- 
fish, and sharks : adj. pert, to the placoids. 

plagal, a, pla gat (I i lagios, oblique, slanting), in 
music, applied to such compositions as have their prin- 
cipal notes lying between the fifth of the key and its 
octave or twelfth. 

plagiarise, v. pld'fd-rlz (L. plagiarius, a man- 
stealer: It. plagiario: F. plagiaire), to steal from the 
writings of another; to adopt, without acknow- 
ledgment, the writings of another : pla'giarising, 



portions of them, as one's own ; literary theft : pla'- 
giarist, n. -rist, also pla'giary, n. -rl, one who adopts 
the writings of another, and offers them to the public 
as his own ; a literary thief. 

plagiostoma, n. pla'-ji-os'to-md (Gr. plagios, oblique 
and stoma, a mouth), in geol., a general term applied 
to certain obliquely fossil bivalves of the oyster 

family: plagiostome, n. pla'-jl-os-tom, one of a group 
of cartilaginous fishes, including the shark, ray, and 



pestilential disi ayth i lublesomeorvexatiuus 

at the hands of man; any great natural calamity; a 
state of misery : v. to vex, trouble, or annoy ; to afflict 
with evil of any kind; to perplex; to torture: pla- 
guing, imp. pia'glng: plagued, pp. plagd: plaguy, a. 
pld'-gi, vexatious; troublesome: pla'guily, ad. -li : 
plague-spot, a deadly mark or sign. 

plaice, n., also plaise, plus (l)ut. platdijs; Ger. plat- 
teisse, a plaice— from L. platessa, a flat fish), a flat sea- 
fish, which swims on its side, larger than the flounder. 
■ ' ' - <"'"-' ■ kmket: Goth. 

paida, a coat), a long and broad stripe of woollen 
cloth checkered black and white, or in variegated 
colours, worn loosely over or around the person as an 



from L. planus, even, level), without ornament or em- 
bellishment ; homely ; artless ; frank ; sincere ; can- 
did ; easily understood ; not difficult ; clear ; not lux- 
urious, as in food ; smooth, level, or flat : ad. not 
obscurely ; distinctly : n. level land ; a flat expanse- 
extensive plains in Asia are called steppes, in Africa, 
deserts, in S. Amer., pampas and llanos, in N. Amer., 
prairies and savannahs : plainly, ad. -II, in a plain 
manner; fairly; clearly; not obscurely: plain'ness, n. 
-nes, quality or state of being plain ; levelness ; flat- 
ness; want of ornament or show; rough sincerity; 
artlessness: plain-dealing, a. frank; open; void of 
art : n. speaking or acting with openness and sincerity ; 
sincerity: plain-chart and plain-sailing— see under 
plane : plain-song, a chant with tones of equal length 
and unvaried— generally not extending beyond the 
limits of an octave : plain-speaking, n. frankness ; can- 
dour: plain-spoken, a. rough; speaking with unre- 
served sincerity : plain-work, needle-work, as distin- 
guished from embroidery. 

plaint, n. r plO.< > umplaint— from plain- 

dre, to pity— from L. plangere, to complain), audible 
expression of sorrow ; lamentation ; a memorial ten- 
dered to a court of law, in which the person sets forth h i s 
cause of action against the offender : plaintiff, n. plan'- 
rt/(F. plaintif, making complaint— from L. plangere), 
the person who commences and carries on a suit in a 
court of law against a person, who is called the defen- 



. to plait, to fold— from L. plico, I fold : Bohem. 
plitu, to wreathe, to plait), a fold; a double, as of cloth; 
a braid, as in a lady's hair ; the narrow strips of straw- 
work for making straw hats : v. to fold or double ; to 
double into narrow strips; to braid; to entangle: 
plait'ing, imp.: plait'ed, pp.: adj. folded; interwoven: 
plait'er, n. -er, one who plaits. 

plan, n. pldn (F. plan, a plan or scheme— from L. 
planus, flat, level), a drawing or representation of any- 
thing on a flat surface ; a ground-plot of a building ; a 
sketch ; a design ; a scheme : v. to form a sketch or 
representation of any intended work on a flat surface ; 
to devise or scheme : plan'ning, imp. scheming ; de- 
vising: planned, pp. pldnd: adj. devised: plan'ner, 
n. -ner, one who plans. 

planchet, n. pldnsh'et (F. planchttte, a little board— 
from planche, a plank— see plank), a flat piece of metal 
prepared to be made into coin : planchette, n. pklng- 
shit' (F.), a small plank or board. 

plane, a. plan (L. planus, level— see plain), level ; 
flat; even; without elevations or depressions, as the 
surface of water at rest ; opposed to a curved surface .- 
n. an even or level surface ; a surface without curva- 
ture ; an imaginary surface assumed to cut and pass 
through a body, or one of the supposed curves of the 
celestial sphere ; in surv., a level surface parallel to 
the horizon ; a tool for smoothing wood : v. to make 
level or smooth, as with a carpenter's plane ; to free 
from inequalities of surface : pla'ning, imp. : planed, 
pp. pldnd: planer, n. pld'ner, in prrinting, a flat 
piece of wood used by the compositor to make the 
surface of the type in the form quite level: plane 
geometry, the geometry that regards plane figures or 
surfaces only : plane trigonometry, regards the mea- 
surement of plane angles: plane angle, an angle con- 
tained by two straight lines or surfaces : plane-chart, 



mate, mat, far, laTu; mete, met, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



PLAN 



451 



a chart constructed on the supposition that the earth 
is an extended flat surface : plane-iron, the cutting- 
iron inserted in a carpenter's plane : plane of defil- 
ade, in fort., a plane supposed to pass through the 
crest of a work parallel to the plane of sight : plane 
of sight, the general level of the ground on which a 
work is constructed, whether horizontal or inclined 
to the horizon : plane- sailing, the method of solving, 
or partially solving, problems in navigation, on the 
supposition that the path of the ship is described on a 
plane surface — opposed to spherical sailing, which 
takes account of the true form of the earth's surface : 
plane-table, in surv., an instr. or board for drawing 
plans on the field. 

plane-tree, n. pldn-tre (L. platanus: Gr. platanos— 
from platus, broad), a large tree so named from its 
broad-spreading leaves. 

planet, n. pldn'et (Sp. planeta; F. planete; Gr. 
planetes; L. planeta, a wandering star — from Gr. 
planao, I cause to wander), one of the celestial bodies 
moving round the sun like our earth— the planets whose 
orbits are within those of the earth are called infe- 
rior— viz., Mercury, Venus; those without that of 
the earth superior— viz.. Mars, the Asteroids, Jupiter, 
Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune ; the smaller planets are 
called asteroids: planetary, a. pldn'-et-er-l, pert, to 
the planets ; consisting of or produced by planets ; re- 
volving or erratic: planetarium, n. pldn'et-d'-rhum, 
a machine exhibiting figures of the planets, and 
their relative distances and magnitudes, as also then- 
motions, by means of internal mechanism — likewise 
called an orrery: planetoids, n. plu. pldn'St-dydz (Gr. 
planetes, a planet, and eidos, resemblance), a name 
given to those small bodies found by astronomers re- 
volving in the space between Mars and Jupiter : planet- 
struck or -stricken, a. affected by the influence of 
planets, as believed of old ; blasted : planet-wheel, a 
wheel revolving around or within the circumference of 
another, by which it is kept in motion. 



planish, v. pldn'lsh (L. planus, level, flat), to polish 
a metallic surface by gentle and equal blows with a 
smooth-faced hammer ; to smooth wood : planishing, 
imp.: planished, pp. -isht: plan'isher, n. -ex, a tool 
used by turners for smoothing brass-work; a workman 
who planishes. 

planisphere, n. pldn'l-sfer (L. planus, flat, and Gr. 
sphaira, a sphere), a sphere or globe projected on a 
plain surface ; a map exhibitingthe circles of a sphere. 

plank, n. he: Ger. planke; L. 

planca, a plank — from Gr. plax, anything fiat and 
broad), a flat piece of sawn timber of some length, dif- 
fering from boards in being thicker: v. to cover or 
lay with planks : plank'ing, imp. : h. a number of 



and concavus, hollowed out), fiat on one side and 
hollow on the other : piano-conical, a. flat on one side 
and conical on the other : plano-convex, a. flat on one 
side and rounded on the other : piano-subulate, a. in 
oot., smooth and awl-shaped. 

plant, n. plant (L. pianta, a sprout or shoot ; plant o, 
I set or plant : F. plante), an organised living body 
destitute of sensation; a small vegetable; a herb or 
shrub : the tools necessary to any trade ; the stock, 
fixtures, &c, necessary to carry on any large concern, 
as railway plant: v. to put or set in the ground for 
growth ; to set that it may increase, as the germ of any- 
thing : to set firmly ; to fix ; to settle ; to fill or adorn 
with plants: plant'ing, imp.: n. the act or operation 
of putting plants in the soil : plant'ed, pp. : adj. set ; 
fixed; introduced; settled: plantation, n. pldnt-d' 
shun, a portion of land planted with trees for the 
production of timber and small wood ; in W. Indies 
and U. States, a large estate devoted to the rearing of 
such crops as sugar-cane, coffee, cotton, tobacco, and 
pepper ; a new colony or original settlement : plant'- 
able, a. -d-bl, capable of being planted: planter, n. 
pla n t'-ir, one who plants ; one who owns a plantation ; 
one who introduces or disseminates : plant'ership, n. 
-ship, the business of a planter ; the management of 
a plantation : plantlet, n. -let, a little plant : plant'ule, 
n. -ul, a young plant : plant-cane, the sugar-cane of 
the first year's growth : plant-louse, a small insect 
infesting plants and feeding on their juices. 



common wild plant of several species — one, common 
to the roadsides and hedgerows, has large ribbed 
leaves, and produces a thick head of seed. 

plantain or plantain-tree {Sp.platano: F. plantain), 
a tree extensively cultivated in all tropical < limates 
for the sake of its fruit, which is used as bread. 

plantar, a. plant -dr (L. pianta, the sole of the foot), 
pert, to the sole of the foot. 

planter, plantlet, plantule, &c— see plant. 

plantigrade, a. pldnt'-i-grad (L. pianta, the sole of 
the foot, and gradus, a step), walking on the whole 
sole of the foot, as a bear : n. an animal that does so. 

planxty, n. pldnks-ti, a well-known dance among 
the Irish. 

plash, n. pldsh (Ger. plantschen, to plash: Dut. 
plassen; Sw. plaska, to paddle, to splash), a little 
pond or puddle: v. to dabble in water; to make a 
noise by disturbing water: plashing, imp. : plashed, 
pp. pUtskt: plashy, a. j I with puddles. 

plash, n. pldsh (F. purser, to fold or plait young 
branches to thicken a hedge— from L. plexum, to en- 
weave), a small branch slightly cut and twisted among 
other branches to thicken a hedge : v. to entwine or 
unite branches ; to splice : plashing, imp. : plashed, 
pp. pldsht. 

plasma, n. pldz'md (Gr. jrfasma, a thing moulded or 
formed, an image or model), the colourless fluid part 
of the blood in which the corpuscles float ; a faintly 
translucent chalcedony on which many ancient gems 
are engraved, of a grass-green or leek-green colour, 
sprinkled with yellow and whitish specks : plasm, n. 
pldzm, a mould or matrix. 

plaster, n. plds'ter (Dut. pleister; F. pldtre; Gael. 
plasd, to plaster— from Gr. plasso, I form or mould : 
Sp. plasta, soft clay ; plaste, fine paste), a composition 
of lime, water, and sand for coating walls and ceilings ; 
a materia], calcined gypsum, of which mouldings, 
casts, &c, are formed; an adhesive substance spread 
on leather or cloth for applying to sores or wounds : 
v. to overlay with plaster ; to cover with plaster, as a 
wound; to smooth over; to cover over or conceal de- 
fects: adj. made or consisting of plaster: plas'tering, 
imp. : n. the plaster-work of a building : plastered, 
pp. -terd: plas'terer, n. -ter-er, one who works in 
plaster: plaster-stone, gypsum or stucco-stone: plas- 
ter of Paris, the cement or plaster obtained from 
gypsum or sulphate of lime, so called from its having 
been first prepared near Paris, usually sold in the 
form of a white powder, and largely used in the arts. 

plastic, a. plds'tik (F. plastique, plastic : Sp. plasta, 
paste: Gr. plastikos, suitable for being fashioned or 
formed— from plasso, I form or mould), susceptible of 
being moulded or modelled, as clay; having power to 
give form to matter ; pert, to modelling ; produced by, 
or appearing as produced by, moulding or modelling : 
plasticity, u. plds-tis'lti, capacity of being moulded : 
plastic art, the art of .resin sculp- 

ture, or by modelling in clay: plastic-clay, the clay 
used by potters : plastography, n. plds-tog'-rd-fl (Gr. 
grapho, I write), the art of forming figures, &c, in 
plaster. 

plastron, n. plds'tron (F. plastron, a breastplate), 
a piece of stuffed leather or other substance used by 
fencers as a protection to the body against thrusts ; 
that part of the bony covering of turtles and tortoises, 
belonging to the under surface. 

plat, n. pldt (bom plait), straw-plait; a braid: v. to 
weave ; go form by intertexture : plat'ting, imp. : 
platted, pp.: plat'ter, n. -er, one who plats. 

plat, n. pldt (Ger. platz, an open space : Dut. plot; 
F. plat; Gr. platus, broad, flat: Bav. plalten, a bare 
spot in a wood), a small piece of flat or even ground ; 
in masonry, a broad flat stone forming a step or 
landing-place before a door: adj- flat or even: plat- 
band, a border of flowers in a garden ; a flat rectan- 
gular moulding whose projection is less than its 
breadth. 

platane, n. pldt'an (L. platanus, the plane-tree), 
the plane-tree. 

plate, n. pldt (F. jjlat, flat, plain— connected with 
ftatir, to dash down liquids : Ger. platte, a flat piece : 
Gr. platus, flat, level), a body with a flat and extended 
surface ; a dish ; a flat shallow vessel of earthenware, 
&c, used at table for eating from ; a sheet of metal ; 
an engraved flat piece of metal, or the engraving 
printed from it ; articles for domestic use in gold or 
silver (Sp. plata, silver— name originally given to the 
boy, foot; pure, Mid; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



PLAT 



452 



PLEA 



thin plates of silver worked by silversmiths, then to 
the metal itself) ; a prize at a race, as the "Queen's 
plate "; a mining term for compact beds of shale which 
break up into thin plates : v. to coat with a metal ; 
to overlay or cover: pla'ting, imp.: n. the. act or art 
of covering with a thin coat of metal, usually silver ; 
the coating or layer so formed: pla'ted, pp.: adj. 
covered with a coating of metal, as silver; covered 
or armed with sheets of metal : pla'ter, n. -ter, one who 
plates : pla'ty, a. -ti, like plate : plateful, n. pldt'-fTid, 
enough to fill a plate ; as much as a plate; can contain : 
platter, n. pldt-ter, a large iiat <ii ;b i<>< ii Mm ,.n 
provisions of a table: plate-armour, armour in plates, 
as distinguished from mail : armour-plating, the thick 
plates or slabs of rolled iron which form the sides of 
a man-of-war : plate-girder, a girder formed of a single 
plate of metal, or of a series of plates joined together : 
plate-glass, glass cast into plates or sheets while in 
a liquid state, and ground and polished : plate-layer, 
a workman who lays down and fixes the rails of a 
railway, and keeps them in order: plate-mark, the 
figure or emblematic design stamped upon gold or sil- 
ver plate to indicate its place of manufacture, or its 
quality : plate-paper, a thick spongy paper manufac- 
tured for printing from engraved plates : plate-rack, 
a wooden frame or stand for plates and dishes in a kit- 
chen or scullery : plates and dishes, articles of earthen- 
ware for table, usually sold in sets : plate-warmer, 
a metal case with shelves for warming plates before 
a fire. 

plateau, n. pld-to", plu. plateaux', -toz (F. plateau, 
a wooden scale ; plat, flat), any elevated and compara- 
i ; \ -'i' iiai iurface of land of some extent ; a table-land, 
or high level region. 

platen, n. pldt'-en (Dut. plat; F. plat, broad, flat), 
among printers, the flat part of a press by which the 
impression is made. 

platform, n. ■plat'-faTorm (It. piatta-forma ; Dut. 
platte-formc ; L. plana-forma, form or pattern of a 
structure on the level plain: Eng. plat, ■And form), a 
plan ; a raised level space, natural or artificial ; any 
level scaffold or floor of timber raised above the usual 
level ; the flat roof of a building on the outside ; the 
place where guns are mounted on a fortress or battery; 
the raised part al ai lilwaj i1 a tion for landing passen- 
gers and goods ; the place set aside for the speakers at 
a public meeting, raised above the floor; an extended 
basis, as, " on the platform of civil liberty " ; a plan or 
scheme of united action, as in politics, or for subserv- 
ing party or sectarian purposes ; a declaration of prin- 
ciples to which the adhesion of a party is declared, 
platinum, n. pldt'-l-num, also platina, n. -nd (Sp. 

platina, platinum i> iiinin a I vo-, in allusion to 

its colour), a metal of a greyish-white colour, very 
valuable on account of its hardness, infusibility, and 
the resistance it offers to the action of air and mois- 
ture—it is also ductile, malleable, of great tenacity, and 
the heaviest of known metals: platinise, v. pldt'-in-i.z, 
to coat or plate with platina : platinising, imp.: plat'- 
inised, pp. -Izd: platinum-black, metallic platinum 
in a finely-divided state : platiniferous, a. pldt'-in-lf- 
er-us (L. fero, I produce), producing platina : platin- 
oids, n. plu. > ■ > i Gr. eidos, appearance), a 
term applied to those metals found associated with 
platina. 

platitude, n - I flatness— from 

plat, flat), dulness ; insipidity ; that which exhibits 
flatness or dulness : platitudes, n. plu. -tudz, weak, 
empty, or stupid remarks. 

Platonic, a. pld-ton'-ik, also Platon'ical, a. -i-ktil 
(after Plato, a famous anc. Greek philosopher), pert, to 
Plato or to his philosophy ; pure ; spiritual : platon'- 
ically, ad. -II: platonise, v. vla'tdn-1z, to think with, 
or reason as, Plato : pla'tonising, imp. : pla'tonised, 
pp. -izd: pla'tonist, n. -1st, one who adheres to the 
philosophy of Plato : pla'tonism, n. -izm, the doctrines 
of Plato : Platonic bodies, the five »egular geometrical 
solids, first described by Plato: Platonic love, a pure 
spiritual love subsisting between the sexes, which re- 
gards the mind and its excellences only, and is un- 
mixed with carnal desires : Platonic year, the com- 
plete revolution of the equinoxes in about 26,000 years. 
platoon, n. pld-tdn' (F. pelaton, a clue or little ball 
of thread: Sp. pelote, goat's hair; peloton, a large ball 
or pressed bundle of hair, a crowd of persons), for- 
merly, a small body of soldiers drawn from a battalion 
to strengthen the angles of a square ; now, two files 
forming a subdivision of a company, 
platter, platting— see plat. 



platy, pldt'l (Gr. platus, flat), a prefix signifying flat: 
or broad. 

platycephalic, a. plat'-l-s&f'-d-llk, also plat'yceph'- 
alous, a. -sef'-d-lus (Gr. platus, broad, and kr/,/tah \ the 
head), broad-headed, as the flat-skulled tribes of the 
human family. 

platycrinite, n. pld-tlk'rln-it, also platyc'rinus, n. 
-r in-its (Gr. platus, broad, and krinon, a lily), in geol., 
a genus of eneriiiit.es peculiar to the carboniferous 
limestones— so termed from the flatness and breadth 
of the basal and radial plates of the receptacle. 

platypus, n. plat'-i-pus (Gr. platus, broad or flat, and 
pous, a foot), an Australian quadruped having flat 
webbed feet, and a bill like a duck ; also called orni- 
thorhynchus. 

platyrhine, a. pldt'-i-rin (Gr. platus, broad, andr7i-£s, 
the nose— -en. rhinos), broad-nosed. 

platysma, n. pld-tls'-md (Gr. platusmos, dilata- 
tion, enlargement), in anat,, a broad, thin, muscu- 
lar expansion lying under the skin at eacli side of 
the neck. 

platysomus, a. pld-tls'6-mus (Gr. platus, broad, and 
omos, the shoulder), broad-bodied— applied to a fossil 
ganoid fish, from its deep bream-like bod v. 

platysomes, n. plu. pldt'-l-somz (Gr. platus, broad, 
and -.nun 1 in Imi.i.o a iamih of coleopterous insects, 
■ rciimiding species with a wide and much -de- 
pressed body. 

plaudit, n. plaTv'-dit (L. plaudite, clap hands— the 
word which ended anc. L. dramas, and was addressed 
to the audience— from plaudo, I clap the hands in 
token of approbation), pra.ise bestowed ; applause, 
usually in the plu. plau'dits, -dits: plau'ditory, a. 
-di-ter-i, applauding; commending. 

plausible, a. plaw'-zi-bl (L. plausibilis, deserving of 
applause— from [iinusum, to clap the hands in token 
of approbation : It. plausibile : F. i)lausible), apparent- 
ly right; specious; superficially pleasing or taking; 
popular: plau'slbly, ad. < show: plau'- 

sibleness, n. -bl-nSs, also plau'sibil'ity, n. -bU'-i-tt, the. 
state of being plausible; speeiousness. 

play, n.pla (AS. plegan or plegian, to play— the idea 
in play is that of boding or twisting: old Kng. play or 
platv, to boil: Gael, goil, boiling, battle: Sp. bulli.r, to 
boil or stir), occupation or exercise of any kind to afford 
pleasure or diversion; not work; sport; recreation; 
contest, as in a game ; gambling ; jest ; not in earnest ; 
swing; freedom of action to and fro; practice; action; 
a dramatic composition, or the representation of it at a 
theatre ; an exhibition or display, as of colours flitting 
or twisting: v. to put into action, motion, or opera- 
tion ; to perform on, as a musical instrument ; to act ; 
to exhibit or represent, as a piece in a theatre ; to use 
some exercise for amusement or recreation ; to toy or 
trifle ; to give a fanciful turn to, as to a word ; to make 
sport with or upon ; to mock ; to practise deception 
upon; to person a drama bo gamble: playing, 



play'fully, ad. -li: playfulness, n. -nis, the state 
of being playful: play-actor, one who performs a 
part in a drama or play; a professional actor in 
a theatre: play-bill, a printed sheet narrating the 
performances at a theatre, and the parts, with the 
names of the actors who are to play them : play-book, 
a book of dramatic compositions: play-day, a holiday: 
playfellow, a companion in the sports of childhood 
or youth : play-goer, a frequenter of theatres : play- 
going, a. that frequents theatres: play-house, a 
theatre: playmate, a companion in the sports of 
childhood or youth: plaything, a toy; anything that 



with painted figures and devices for playing games 
with : play of colours, the appearance of a variety of 

colours on a bod in- iMinT;,:.nni ; on turning a 

diamond : to play off, to display; to put into exercise : 
to play on or upon, to deceive; to trifle with; to 
make sport of: to hold in play, to keep occupied till 
some wished-for object is attained. 

plea, n. pie (It. piato; Sp. pleito ; F. plaid, a suit at 
law : mid. L. placitum, a plea— from placere, to please), 
in a court of law, the answer given by the defendant ' 
or defender to the declaration and demand of the 
plaintiff or pursuer ; a suit at law ; a criminal process ; 
an excuse or apology ; something alleged in defence or 
justification : plead, v. pled (F. plaider, to sue, to go 
to law), to argue or reason in support of a claim ; to 
offer in excuse ; to vindicate ; to argue before a court 



It, far, law; mete, mSt, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, mdve; 



PLEA 4 

of justice ; to admit or deny a charge of guilt : plead'- 
ing, imp.: adj. imploring: n. act of a pleader, who 

supports by arguments ; argument in a suit : pleaded, 
pp. offered or urged in defence; alleged in proof; 
pleader, n. -cr, one who pleads or argues in a coivxt 
of justice ; one who speaks for or against : special 
pleader, one who devotes himself to the drawing of 
common-law pleadings and the like : pleadingly, ad. 
-II: pleadings, n. -ingz, the mutual allegations in 
writing between a plaintiff and a defendant in a 
court of law before the trial: pleadable, a. -cl-bl, 
that may be alleged in plea. 

please", v. plCz\F. plaisir, pleasure; plaisant, pleas- 
ing— from L. vlacere, to please), to delight or gratify; 
to excite agreeable sensations in ; to satisfy ; to give 
pleasure ; to gain satisfaction ; to condescend ; to com- 
ply; to like; to choose: pleasing, imp.: adj. giving 
pleasure ; asri eable;grati iny gaining appi n 



favour : pleasingly, ad. -K, in a manner to give 
light : pleas'ingness, n. -nSs, the quality of giving 
pleasure : to be pleased with, to approve ; to like : 
pleasant, a. rateful to the mind or senses ; 

delightful; cheerful; agreeable: pleas'antly, ad. -II, 
happily; gaily; merrily; in good-humour: pleas'ant- 
ness, n. -nes, the state or quality of being pleasant: 
pleasantry, n. -ri, gaiety; merriment; humour ; 
lively talk: pleasure, n, pUzh'oor, agreeable sensa- 
tions or emotions ; enjoyment or gratification of the 
mind or senses ; what the will dictates or prefers ; 
preference; delight; choice; purpose ; arbitrary will : 
that which pleases : pleas'ureless, a. -Us, devoid of 
pleasure : pleas'urable, a. -d-bl, delightful; gratifying; 
pleasing : pleas'urably, ad. -oil : pleas'urableness, n. 
-bl-7ies, the quality of being pleasurable : pleasure- 
boat, a boat to sail in for amusement: pleasure- 
ground, ground adjoining a dwelling-house laid out 
in an ornamental manner. 

plebeian, a.ple-be'-un (L. plcbeius; F. plcbeien, ple- 
beian— from L. ph hi, the common people— gen. }jlebis), 
of or relating to the common people ; low ; vulgar : n. 
one of the common people : plebei'anism, n. -izm, the 
conduct of the common people. 

plecolepidous, a. plek'-o-lep'-i-dus (Gr. pleko, I bind 
or fold, and lepis, a scale— gen. lepidis), in hot., having 
the bracts that form the mvolucrum of the natural 
order compo- it;.- adh.-iv.i- together. 

plectognathic, a. pUk^tog-ndth'lk, also plectogna- 
thous, a. plik-tog'nd-thus (Gr. plektos, twisted, knitted, 
and gnathos, the cheek), having the cheek-bones im- 
movably united with tii" jaws ; applied to an order of 
fishes ailed the plectognathes, plek'tdg-ndths. 

plectrum, n. plek'triim (L. plectrum; Gr. plektron, 
a plectrum— from Gr. pletto, I strike), a small piece of 
metal, wood, or ivory, with which the ancients struck 
the lyre, or -trument. 

pled, v. a 1 ■ ■ r plea), another spelling 

of pleaded; in Scotch law, argued or returned answer,- 
as " he pled guilty." 

pledge, n. '" 
undertakes 

nus, a security), anything deposited as security; 
surety: a promise solemnly given ; in politics, profes- 
sion of principles ; a warrant given, as one's faith or 
word; a hostage; a drinking to the health of: v. to 
warrant ; to d ity ; to engage by promise 

or declaration; to drink to the health of another: 
pledging, imp.: pledged, pp. plejd: adj. deposited 
as a security ised : pledg'er, n. -er, one 

who pledges : to hold in pledge, to keep as security : 



lint laid over a wound. 

Pleiads, n. iplii. pli'-ddz, also Pleiades, n. plu. plT'd-d.Cz 
(L. and Gi.ple%ad.es, the seven daughters of Atlas and 
Pleione, said to have been placed by Jupiter among 
the stars), a cluster of seven stars in the neck of the 
constellation Taunts. 

pleiocene, n. pli'd-sen (Gr. pleion, more, and kainos, 
recent), in geol., a term applied to the Upper Tertiary 
deposits or st i ing a greater percentage 

of recent test fch . bhe Miocene or Eocene. 

pleiophyllous, a. pll-of-il-lus (Gr. pleios, full, and 
phv.Uon. a lea: as whose stems 

have no buds, and consequently no branches developed 
in the axils of the leaves. 

pleiosaums— see pliosaurus. 

pleiotracheae, n. plu. plVo-tra'ke-e (Gr. pleion, more, 



3 PLEU 

several, and tracheia, the windpipe), in hot., spiral 
vessels with several fibres united. 

pleistocene, n. plls'to-sen (Gr. pleistos, most, and 
kainos, recent), the most recent or uppermost of the 
Tertiaries ; a term implying that the organic remains 
found therein belong almost wholly to existing 
species. 

plenary, a. ple'-nd-rl (L. plenus, full: It. plenario, 
plenary), full; entire; complete: ple'narily, ad. -li: 
ple'nariness, n. -nes, the state of being plenary: ple- 
narty, n. ple'-ndr-ti, the state of a benefice or an oliice 
when full or occupied. 

plenipotent, a. plen-ip'o-lgnt (L. plenus, full, and 
potens, powerful: Sp. plenijiotencia, plenipotence), 
possessing full power: plenip'otence, n. -tSns, the 
possession of full power: plenipotentiary, a. plen'-i- 
jio-ten'-ihdr-l (F. plenipotentiaire, an ambassador), 
having or conta er : n. a person, particu- 

larly an ambassador, who is invested with full powers 
to negotiate a particular business or a treaty ; a resi- 
dent minister at a foreign court. 

plenist, n. ple'nist (L. plenus, full), one who holds 
that all space contains matter: plenum, n. ple'-num, 
that state in wbieh every part or space of extension is 
supposed to be full of matter— opposed to vacuum: 
plenus, a. ple'nus, in bot., double ; applied to stamens 
and pistils which become petaloid; having a solid 
stem. 

plenitude, n fulness, com- 

pleteness—from plenus, full : It. plenitudine : F. pleni- 
tude), fulness; abundance; exuberance; repletion. 

plenty, n. plen'tt (old F. plente; mid. L. plenitas, 
plenty— from L. plenus, full), abundance ; copiousness ; 
an adequate or full supply: plenteous, a. pAin'-thus, 
fully sufficient for every purpose ; copious ; abundant : 
plen'teously, ad. -II: plen'teousness, n. -nes, the state 
oi being abundant : plentiful, a. plen'-tl-fdbl, copious ; 
yielding abundance ; fruitful : plentifully, ad. -II : 
plen'tifulness, n. -nes, the state or quality of being 
plentiful ; abundance. 

pleonasm, n. ple'-o-n&zm (Gr. pleonasmos, super- 
abundance—from lAeos, full), an over-fulness of words 
in speaking or writing ; redundance of expression : 
pleonastic, a. jjle'o-nds'-tik, also pie onas'tical, a. -tl- 
kill, pert, to pleonasm ; redundant : ple'onas'tically, 
ad. -It 

pleonaste, n. pU'-o-ndst (Gr. pileonastos, abundant), 
a dark or pearly-black variety of iron and magnesia 
spinel, a stone of considerable brilliancy when cut and 



plesiomorphous, a. 2Ae'-zi-6-mor'fus{Gr.p)lesios, near 
to, and morphe, form), applied to crystallised sub- 
stances whose forms closely resemble each other, but 
are not absolutely alike : ple'siomor'phism, n. -mor'- 
/ism, nearness of form. 

plesiosaurus, n. ple'zl-o-saw'rus (Gr. plesios, near 
to, and sauros, a lizard), in geol., a genus of fossil 
marine reptiles having a small head and a neck of 
enormous length. 

plethora, n. pUth'6-rd (Gr. pletJwre, fulness— from 
pletho, I become full), redundant fulness of the blood- 
vessels : plethoric, a. ple-thor'ik, also plethoretical, 
a. pleth'-o-r&t'-lk-dl, having excess of blood. 

pleura, n. pld'rd (Gr. pleura, the side, a rib), the 
thin membraii e inn er surface of the thor- 

ax, and investing its viscera like a shut sac : pleu'ral, 
a. -rdl, connected with the pleura : pleu'risy, n. -ri-si, 
the inflammation of the inner membrane of the thorax: 
also called pleuritis, n. plo-rl'-tis: pleuritic, a. -rit'lk, 
also pleuritlcal, a. -i-kdl, pert, to or affected with 
pleurisy. 

pleuracanthus, n. pl6'-rd-kdn'-thiis (Gr. pleura, the 
side, and akantha, a thorn or spine), in geol., a genus 
of fossil fin-spines, having a row of sharp hooks or 
denticles on each side. 

pleurenchyma, n. pit ■;, pleura, a side 

or rib, and engchumos, juicy), in bot., woody tissue, 
consisting of tough slender tubes, out of which the 
woody parts axe mainly formed. 

pleurisy— see under pleura. 

pleurocarpi, n. plu. plo'-ro-kdr'pl (Gr. pleura, a rib 
or side, and karpos, fruit), in bot., mosses with the 
fructification proceeding laterally from the axils of 
the leaves. 

pleurodiscous, a. plo'ro-dls'kus (Gr. pleura, the 
side, and diskos, a quoit), in bot, having some sort of 
appendage attached to the sides of a disc. 

pleurodont, n. plCi'-ro-dont (Or, ;>h ara, the side, 
and odous, a tooth— gen. odontos), in geol., a term ap- 



co~u, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



PLEU 



454 



PLUG 



plied to certain saurians having teeth fixed to the 
bottom of a groove, and supported by its sides. 

pleurogynous, a. pld-roj'i-nus (Gr. pleura, the side, 
and gune, a woman), in hot., having a glandular or 
tubercular elevation rising close to, and parallel with, 
the ovary. 

pleurogyratous, a. pld'ro-jl-ra'-tus (Gr. pleura, the 
side, and guros, a circle), in hot., having the ring on 
the theca of ferns placed laterally. 

pleuro-pneumonia, n. plo'-ro-nu-mo'-nl-d (Gr. pleura, 
the side, and pneumones, the lungs), an inflammatory 
disease of the pleura and lungs. 

pleurorhizeae, n. plu. pl6'rd-riz'S-e (Gr. pleura, the 
side, and rhiza, a root), in hot., cruciferous plants hav- 
ing the radicle of the embryo applied to the edges of 
the cotyledons, which are called accumbent : pleu'ro- 
rhi'zal, a. -rl'-zdl, having the radicle applied to the 
edges of the cotyledons. 

pleurotomaria, n. pld i <<!r pleura, the 

side, and tome, a notch or cutting), in geol., an exten- 
sive genus of fossil shells, solid and few-whorled, hav- 
ing apertures somewhat square, with deep slits in 
their outer margins. 

plexeoblastus, a. plSks'S-o-blds'tus (Gr. plexis, a 
plaiting, and blastos, a shoot or sucker), in hot., ap- 
plied to cotyledons that rise above ground in germi- 
nation, but do not assume the appearance of leaves. 

plexiform, a. pleks'l-fawrm (L. plexum, to inter- 
weave, to twist, and forma, a shape), in the form of 
network ; complicated ; entangled. 

pleximeter, n. pl6ks-im'8-ter(Gr. plexis, a striking, a 
blow, and metron, measure), in med. , the piece of ivory, 
india-rubber, or the like, placed over such parts of the 
chest or abdomen as it may be necessary to tap on to 
ascertain the state of the parts underneath ; the fin- 
gers of the left hand are commonly used as a plexime- 
ter. 

plexus, n. pldks'us (L. plexus, twisted), in anat., a 
network of vessels or nerves. 

pliable, a. pll'a-bl (F. /iliable, pliable— from plier, 
to fold or plait: Dut. plegen, to be accustomed to : It. 
piega, a fold or plait: L. plicare, to fold), that can 
easily be. bent or folded; flexible; supple; easy to be 
persuaded: pli'ably, ad. -bll: pli'ableness, n. -bl-n&s, 
also pliability, n. -bll'l-tl, state or quality of being 
pliable ; the quality of yielding to force or pressure 
without rupture; the quality of yielding to moral 
force or influence: pliant, a. pll'dnt, easily bent; 
readily yielding to force or pressure without breaking ; 
easily yielding to moral influence ; tractable ; docile : 
pli'arttly, ad. -II: pli'aucy, n. -dn-si, the state of 
being pliant, in a physical or moral sense ; easiness to 
be bent. 

plica, n. pli'kd (L. plico, I plait or knit), in bot., a 
diseased state in plants in which the buds, instead of 
developing true branches, become short twigs, and 
these in their turn produce others of the same sort, 
the whole forming an entangled mass; in anat., a 
disease in man, in which the hair becomes matted 
and the scalp exceedingly sensitive ; also called plica 
polonica, -po-lon'-l-kd, as being peculiar to Poland, 
Lithuania, and Tartary : plicate, a. pli'kat, also pli- 
cated, a. plaited ; folded like a fan ; in bot., regularly 
disposed, as in the vernation of some leaves : pli'cately, 
ad. -II: plicatilis, a. pll-Mt'i-lls, in bot., having the 
power or property of folding together, as the corollas 
of some flowers at distinct periods of the day : plica'- 
tion, n. -ka'shun, a folding up ; a doubling up; in geol., 
a bending back of strata upon themselves. 

plied— see ply. 

pliers, n. pli'erz (F. plieur, a folder— see ply), a kind 
of small pincers by which anything is firmly seized. 

plight, n. pll t (W. plygu, to fold or bend : prov. F. 
pleg, a fold, a bending— connected with ply, which 
see), state or condition of the body, in an unpleasant or 
bad sense ; distressed state ; predicament. 

plight, v. pllt (Ger. pflicht; Dut. pligt, duty: Dut. 
pleghen, to perform, to take care of : AS. plihtan, to 
expose to danger), to make a duty or obligation of a 
thing ; to give as a proof of good faith ; to pledge, as 
one's faith : plight'ing, imp. : plighted, pp. pllt'-Sd, 
pledged ; formally promised : plight'er, n. -er, one who 
plights or pledges. 

plinth, n. plinth (Gr. plinthos, a brick or tile, the 

base of a pillar), in arch., the lower projecting base 

column, pedestal, or wall : plinthite, n. plinth'- 

mineral of a brick-red colour. 

pliocene— see pleiocene. 

pliopithecus, n. pli'o-pith'ti-Ms (Gr. pleion, more, 



and pithekos, an ape), in geol., an extinct ape from the 
Miocene deposits of the south of France, having a re- 
seml ce to the tailed monkeys of S. Amer. 

pliosaurus, n. pWO-saw'-rus (Gr. pleion, more, and 
sauros, a lizard), a marine reptile of the Upper Oolites, 
intermediate in structure between the pltsiosaur and 
ichthyosaur. 

plod, v.pldd (Gael, plod or plodach, a puddle: Ger. 
pladdern, to dabble or paddle : Dan. pladder, mire), 
to travel slowly but steadily ; to work slowly or with 
laborious diligence ; to toil heavily ; to drudge : plod'- 
ding, imp. : adj. diligent but slow ; having the char- 
acter of that which plods : n. slowness with steadiness 
and perseverance ; the act of studying closely : plod'- 
ded, pp. : plodder, n. plod'-iU/i , a dull, heavy, laborious 
man : plod'dingly, ad. -II. 

plot, n. plot (another spelling of plat, which see), a 
small extent of ground; the ground occupied by a build- 
ing ; a plan or draft on paper : v. to make a plan on pa- 
per : plot'ting, imp. : n. the act or art of laying down 
on paper the several lines, angles, &c. , of a tract of land 
that has been surveyed or measured : to plot out, to 
lay out the ground for a design: plotting-scale, a 
mathematical instrument used in plotting or setting 
off the length of lines. 

plot, n. plot (the figurative meaning of plot or plat; 
perhaps from Gr. pleko ; L. plico, I twist or weave : 
Bohem. plot ; Pol. ploty, to braid hair), the design of a 
future action ; a secret scheme or design ; a conspiracy ; 
the knot or train of incidents developed in a story or a 
play ; an intrigue : v. to plan or devise ; to conspire 
against those in authority ; to form a scheme of mis- 
chief affecting another: plot'ting, imp. : adj. contriv- 
- - - forming an evil design : n. the act of contriving 

tor. 
nof 

W e .... 

plough, n. plciw (Dan. plog, a peg or stake ; plov, a 
plough : Sw. plig, a peg, a stake ; plog, a plough : Ger. 
pflug; Pol. plug, aplough : Ger. pflock, a peg), the instru- 
ment drawn by horses or oxen for turning up the soil 
of a field ; tillage ; a bookbinder's tool for cutting the 
edges of books : v. to turn up the earth in a field with 
a plough ; to furrow ; to run through, as the sea in 
sailing; to cut or groove with a bookbinder's tool 
of the same name; in Scrip., to labour in a calling: 
plough ing, imp.: n. the act or operation of tilling a 
field with a plough : ploughed, np.plowd ; adj. turned 
up with a plough: ploughable, a. pldw'a-bl, that 
may be ploughed ; arable : plough'er, n. -er, one who 
ploughs : ploughboy, a boy who assists in ploughing ; 
a country boy: plough-gate or plough-gang (Scot. 
gate or gang, a road or way), as much land as can be 
tilled by one plough in a year, generally about 40 
Scotch acres : plough-land, arable land ; as much land 
as a team can plough in a year : ploughman, one who 
holds or manages a plough ; any rustic ; a husband- 
man : ploughshare, n. -shar, the blade or iron plate in 
a plough which cuts the bottom of the furrow and 
raises a slice to the mould-board, which turns the earth 
over— the blade in front of the share is called the 
coulter: plough-tail, the hind part of a plough: to 
plough in, to cover by ploughing : to plough on the 
back, in Scrip., to persecute or torment : to plough 
with one's heifer, in Scrip., to obtain something 
from a husband by an application made through the 
wife. 

plover, n. pluv'-Sr (F. pluvier; It. piviere, a plover 
—from L. pluvialis, rain-bringing— so called in allu- 
sion to its alleged re*,tl i I ''id weather), 
a bird of several species that frequents open uplands 
and waste tracts, and sandy shores in winter. 

plow, plow, an old spelling of plough. 

pluck, v. pluk (Dut. plucken; Dan. plukke, to pick, 
to gather: AS. pluccian, to pluck), to pull with sudden 
force; to pull off, out, or up; to snatch: n. (Dut. 
plugghe, a thing vile and of no value : Dan. plukkeri, 
trumpery), the heart, liver, and lights of an animal ; 
courage: plucking, imp.: plucked, pp. plukt: adj. 
rejected in an examination; stripped of feathers or 
hair; robbed by sharpers. 

plug, n.plug (Dut. plug, a bung or peg: Sw. pligg, 
a peg : Fin. pulkka, a peg, a wedge), a piece of wood or 
other substance used to stop a hole; a stopple; alarge 
peg: v. to stop with a plug ; to make tight by stopping 
up a hole: plugging, imp.: n. the introduction of a 
mass of lint or other substance into the cavity of a 



mate, mtf,t, far, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



PLUM 



455 



PLUT 



wound to stop bleeding; the substance thus used: 
plugged, pp. plugd. 

plum, n. plum (Ger. pflaum ; Icel. ploma, a plum— 
from L. prunum, a plum), a well-known fruit contain- 
ing a nut, which, when dried and preserved, is caDed 
a prune; the tree itself; a raisin: plum-cake, a sweet 
cake containing raisins, currants, and spice: plum- 
padding, a pudding containing raisins or currants, 
or both: plum'my, a. -ml, containing plums, or re- 
sembling plums : plum-pudding stone, originally re- 
stricted to a conglomerate of flint-pebbles, polished 
sections of which had a fancied resemblance to the 
fruit in a slice of plum-pudding— now loosely applied 
to any conglomerate. 

plumage, n. pldm'dj (F. plume, a feather: L. pluma, 
a small soft feather: \V. pluf, feathers: Bav. j'flaum, 
loose foam, froth), the feathers that cover a bird. 

plumb, n. plum (F. plomb; L. plumbum, lead: It. 
and Sp. plumbeo, leaden), a mass of lead attached to a 
line, and so hung as to ascertain whether a wall be 
perpendicular ; also called plumb-line : adj. perpen- 
dicular; downright: ad. perpendicularly ;' heavily; 
v. to adjust to the perpendicular by a plumb-line; 
to search the depth of by a line with a weight at its 
end; to sound: plumbing, imp.: n. the art of work- 
ing in lead, and using it in buildings: plumbed, 
pp. plumd : plumber, n. pliim'ir, a worker in lead : 
to fall plump, a corruption of to fall plumb, to 
fall perpendicularly and heavily : plumb-line, a line 
or cord having a piece of lead at one end, sus- 
pended from a frame or narrow board ; a line perpen- 
dicular to the plane of the horizon: plumb-rule, a 
simple instrument, same as a plumb-line, used by 
masons, bricklayers, and carpenters: plum'bean, 
a. -be-an, also plumbeous, a. -b6- us, consisting of or 
resembling lead ; leaden ; dull ; stupid : plumbery, n. 
-er-i, a place where sheet or mill lead is manufai'tmvd 
into the various articles of a plumber's trade : plum'- 
bic, a. -of k, pert, to or containing lead : plumbic acid, 
the peroxide of lead: plumbiferous, a. plum-hif-ir-tU 
(L. plumbum, lead, and fero, I produce), producing or 
containing lead. 



given to graphite or black-lead, from its resemblanc 
to an ore of lead— used for making pencils, &c: 
plumbag'inous, a. -baj'i-niis, resembling or contain- 
ing plumbago, or consisting of it: plumbagine, n. 
pliim-ba'-jin, a substance extracted from the roots of 
the plant leadwort. 

plume, n. pl6m (F. plume, a feather— from L. pluma, 
a small soft feather), the feather of a bird, particularly 
a large one ; a bunch of feathers for a decorative pur- 
pose; a crest: v. to pick and adjust feathers ; to strip 
of feathers; to adorn with feathers or plumes; -to 
pride; to boast, as to plume one's self: plu'ming, imp.: 
plumed, pp. pl&md: adj. adjusted or arranged, as 
feathers ; adorned with feathers ; stripped of feathers : 
plumy, a plo'-mi, feathery ; feathered : plume'less, 
a. without plumes or feathers : plumelet, n. pldm'-W, 
a little plume: plumigerous, a. pl6-mij'er-iis (L. 
gero, I carry) feathered; plumed: plumil'iform, a. 
-mil'-l-faivrm (L. forma, a shape), having the shape 
of a plume or feather: plumiped, a. plo'-mi- ped (L. 
pes, a foot — gen. pedis), having feathered feet: plu'- 
mose, a. -mos, also plu'mous, a. -mus, in bot., applied 
to hairs or plants that have branches arranged like the 
beard on a feather ; feathery : plumosity, n. pl6-mos' 
%-ti, the state of being plumose. 

■$\axDmeT,plum'-er, and plum 'mery, -er-i, less correct 
spellings of plumber and plumbery— see plumb : plum- 
mer-block, the part of the spring-beam of the paddle- 
box of a steam-ship in which the end of the shaft is 
received. 

plummet, n. plum'-mSt (Sp. plomada, a plummet— 
fromL. plumb iig piece of lead attached to 

a line, used in sounding the depth of water ; the line or 
instrument itself; also the lead attached to the string : 
plum'ming, n. in mining, the operation of searching 
to find a proper place for an air-shaft : plummet or 
plummet-line, a piece of lead at the end of a line, 
generally suspended from a board or frame, used by 
carpenters and masons in order to ascertain whether 
erections are in the perpendicular or horizontal. 

plump, a. "npf, the noise made by 

something falling flat with a dull sound : Sw. plumpa, to 



to make plump ; to swell out ; to fatten : to dilate ; to 
let fall suddenly and heavily ; to fall suddenly or at 
once, like a mass of dead matter ; to give undivided or 
in a lump, as a vote to one only, where a vote to each 
of a selected two could be given: ad. with a sudden 
fall : plumping, imp.: plumped, pp. plumpt : plump'- 
er, n. -er, that which may swell out something else ; a 
vote given to one only when two candidates are to be 
elected: plump'ly, ad. -li, fully; without reserve; 
bluntly : plump'ness, n. -nSs, fulness of skin ; disten- 
sion to roundness : plumpy, a. plump'l, fat ; jolly. 

plum-pudding— see under plum. 

plumule, n. pld'mul, also plu'mula, n. -mu-ld (L. 
plumula, a little feather— from pluma, a feather), in 
bot., that point of the embryo of a seed which develops 
in a direction contrary to the radicle, being the first 
bud or gemmule of the young plant. 

plnmy— see plume. 

plunder, n. plun'-dir (Low Ger. plunden, rags: Ger. 
plunder, things of little value: Dut. plunderen, to 
seize on the goods of another by force), spoils of war; 
booty ; the produce of robbery or fraud : v. to take by 
open force, as the goods of an enemy ; to spoil ; to 
pillage; to rob: plundering, imp.: plun'dered, pp. 
-derd: plun'derer, n. -direr, one who plunders; a 
robber: plun'derage, n. -<3j, the embezzlement of 
goods on board a ship. 

plunge, v. plunj (F. plonger; Dut, plotsen or plonzen, 
to fall into the water : Swiss, bluntschen, the sound of 
a thick heavy body falling into the water), to throw 
into water or other fluid substance; to thrust into 
any substance that is penetrable; to pitch or throw 
one's self headlong into water; to dive; to fall or 
rush into any distress, or into any state or circum- 
stances in which the person is surrounded or enclosed, 
as sorrow, difficulty, darkness; among quadrupeds, to 
throw the body forward and the hind legs up, as a 
horse : n. the act of thrusting or pitching into water ; 
the act of throwing mif's self headlong, as an unruly 
horse: plung'ing, imp.: adj. diving; rushing head- 
long: n. the act of rushing into water; the attempt 
of an unruly horse to throw his rider: plunged, 
pp. plnnjd : plunger, n. -er, one who plunges ; a 
solid brass cylinder used as a forcer in a forcing- 
pump: plungeon, n. plun'-jon, a sea-fowl; the diver: 
plunge-bath, a large bath in which persons can 
put themselves wholly under water: plunge -pole, 
the pump-rod of a pumping-engine : plunging fire, 
in mil., the fire of guns directed downwards from a 
height. 

pluperfect, a. pld-pir'-fckt (L. plus, more, and per- 
fectus, perfect, complete), in gram., the tense of a verb 
with the sign liad, signifying that a certain action or 
event occurred before some other action or event took 
place, as, " I had loved." 

plural, a. plO'-ral (L. pluralis, plural— from plus, 
more— gen. pluris : It. plurale: F.pluriel), consisting 
of more than one ; expressing two or more : plu'- 
rally, ad. -li: plurality, n. plO-rdl'-l-U, state of being 
or having a greater number; a number consisting of 
more than one ; a majority over others, as of votes ; 
more than one benefice held by the same clergyman: 
pluralist, n. plo'-ral-ist, a clergyman who holds more 
than one benefice : plu'ralise, v. -\z : plu'ralising, 
imp. : pln'ralised, pp. -izd : pluralism, n. -fern, the 
holding of more than one ecclesiastical living at a 

pluri, pld'-ri (L. plus, more— gen. pluris), the first 
element of a c< m j tag several. 

pluriliteral, a, plo'-ri-lit'-dr-dl (L. plus, more— gen. 
pluris, and litera, a letter), containing more than 
three letters. 

plurilocular, a. pl6'-ri-l6k'-u-ler (L. plus, more — 
gen. pluris, and locidus, a little place), in bot., having 
several divisions containing seeds, as the lemon and 
the orange. 

pluripartite, a. plo'-rl-pdr'-tit (L. plus, more, and 
partitus, parted or divided), in bot., applied to an 
organ which is deeply divided into several nearly-dis- 
tinct portions. 

plus, ad. plus CL. plus, more), more: n. in dig. or 
arith., the sign (+ ) set between numbers or quanti- 
ties, signifying that they are to be added together. 

plush, n. plush (F. peluche; Piedm. plucia; Ger. 
plusch; Dut. pluis, a lock or tuft of hair, plush), a cloth 
with a soft or velvet nap on one side resembling short 
hairs. 

pluteus, n. pl6'-tS-us (L. a breast-work or parapet on 
towers, &c), in anc. arch., a wall sometimes built to 



round; blunt or downright; unqualified, as a lie: v. 

cow, boy, foot; pure, biid; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, (here, zeal. 



PLUT 4! 

close the intervals between the columns of a building ; 
a movable gall ■■-, shaped Lil e an arched waggon, used 
by besiegers for the protection of their archers. 

Pluto, n. plO'to (L. Pluto : Gr. Plouton), in the anc. 
myth, of the Greeks and Latins, the king of the Lower 
World, the husband of Proserpine, and the brother of 
Jupiter and Neptune: Plutonian, a. pld-to'ni-dn, of 
or relating to Pluto, or to the regions of fire ; dark : 
plu'tonist, n. -ton-ist, one who refers the formation 
of rocks and the earth's crust to the action of fire : 
plu'tonism, n. -Izm, the doctrine or theory of the 
plutonist : Plutonic, a. plo-ton'-ik, in geol., applied to 
igneous rocks found at some depth in the earth, as 
distinct from volcanic, which are consolidated on the 
surface— the Plutonic being more crystalline, and ex- 
hibiting more s h i e i u i < ii;.-n> Urn volcanic. 

Plutus, n. pl6'tus{L. Plutus; Gr. Ploutos, the god 
of riches), in anc. myth., the god of wealth; riches; 
wealth. 

pluvial, a. pl6'vi-dl, also plu'vious, a. -Us (L. plu- 
vialis, of or belonging to ruin— from pluvia, rain: It. 
pluviale: F. pluvial), of or belonging to ram; rainy; 
in geol., applied to operations and results that arise 
from or depend on the action of rain. 

pluviameter, n. pl6'vl torn < • (I pluvia, rain, and 
Gr. metron, a measure), an instrument for receiving 
and measuring the amount of rain that falls in any 
locality ; a rain-gauge : plu'viamet'rical, a. -d-mSt-rl- 
kdl, pert, to a rain-gauge: plu'viamet'rically, ad. -II: 
plu'viam'etry, n. -am'-H-tri, the art of measuring the 
rainfall : all the preceding also spelt with o for a before 
m, as pluviometer. 

ply, v. pll (Low Ger. plegen; Ger. pflegen, to take 
care of, to be accustomed to : F. plier, to fold or bend : 
Sp. plegar, to plait : L. plicare, to fold), to give 
one's mind to ; to apply closely and steadily to ; 
to work at ; to work ; to offer service ; to practise 
or perform with diligence ; to run regularly between 
two ports, as a vessel— also said of cabs running for 
hire: n. a fold; a plait: plying, imp.: n. urgent solici- 
tation ; effort or endeavour to make way against the 
wind: plied, pp. plld: plier, n. pll'er, one who plies: 
ply'ers, n. plu. -erz, in mech., a kind of balance used 
in raising or letting down a drawbridge— another spell- 
ing of pliers : to ply a trade, to exercise or follow a 
trade : to ply one T s heels, to exercise one's heels in 
running away : to ply one with flattery, to keep flat- 
tering him. 

pneumatic, a. nu-mdt'-lk, also pneumat'ical, a. -%-Ml 



ad. -II: pneum: o the science which treats 

of the mechanical properties of air, and of similar 
elastic fluids: pneumatic trough, a trough, generally 
made of wood or japanned tin, having a perforated 
shelf, used, when filled with water or mercury, for col- 
lecting gases made by chemical operations. 

pneumatooelle, n. nu-mdt'6-sel (Gr. pneuma, air or 
wind, andfcefe, a tumour), in surg., a tumour or dis- 
tension filled with flatus or air. 

pneumatology, n. nu'md-tdl'O-jt (Gr. pneuma, air or 
wind, and luq<< ) ii nco of the pro- 

perties of elastic fluids ; the science or doctrine of mind 
or spiritual existences ; a treatise on them : pneu'ma- 
tolog'ical, a. -loj'-l-kdl, pert, to pneumatology : pneu'- 
matol'ogist, n. -tol-6-jlst, one versed in pneumatology. 

pneumatometer, n. ni 
or wind, and metron, a measure), an instr. for measur- 
ing the quantity of air which can be taken into the 
lungs at one inspiration. 

pneumatosis, n. nu'md-to'sis (Gr. pneumatios, 
windy), in med., a windy swelling. 

pneumogastric, a. nu'mo ■ , 

lung, and gaster, the belly), in med., of or pert, to the 
lungs and stomach applied to a nerve, extending over 

the viscera of the chest and abdon which regulates 

the functions of respiration and digestion. 

pneumonia, n. nu-mo'-nl-d, also pneu'moni'tis, n. 
■ni'lis ((-Jr. pneumones, the lungs— from pneuma, air, 
breath), inflammation of the lungs : pneumonic, a. nii- 
vidn'il;, pert, to the lungs; pulmonic: n. a medicine 
for affections of the lungs : pneumonitis a. nu'mon- 



it'ik, pert, to pneumonitis. 

pneumothorax, n. nu'-mr>-lhn'ral:s. also pneu'mato- 
tho'rax, n. -m,d-tdtho'rdks (Gr. pneuma, air, and tho- 
rax, the chest), the escape of air or gaseous effusion 
into the pleura through a laceration of the lung. 

mate, mat, far, leuu; mete, mdt, lier; pine, pin; note, not, mCve; 



PODO 



the fingers— land was said to be poached when it v 
trodden into holes by heavy cattle : F. pocher, to bruise : 
see poke 1), to intrude or encroach upon the grounds 
of another to steal or plunder, especially game ; to take 
game by unlawful means ; to plunder by stealth ; to 
make soft by boiling slightly, as eggs broken and poured 
among boiling water, or cooked with butter : poach'ing, 
imp.: n. trespass in pursuit of game ; the employment 
of a poacher: poached, pp. pocht: adj. stolen; slightly 
boiled or dressed, as eggs broken among boiling water : 
poach'er, n. -e"r, one who steals game : poach'y, a. -i, 
wet and soft, as land ; swampy : poach'iness, n. -l-n6$, 
state of being wet and soft, as land ; swampiness. 

poachard, n. poch'-erd (from poach), a species of 
duck that inhabits marshes. 

poacites, n. plu. po'd-slts (Gr. poa, grass), in geol, 
fossil monocotyledonous leaves ; a general term for 
fossil grass-like leaves. 

pock, n. pok (Dut. pocke, a pustule or bubble, as of 
morbid matter on the flesh : Ger. pocke ; AS. pocc, a 
pock, the small-pox : F. boucle, a bubble), a pustule or 
small bubble on the skin full of morbid matter in an 
eruptive disease, as the small-pox : pocky, a. pok'-i, 
infected with small-pox; full of pocks : pock'iness, n. 
-i-wes, the state of being full of pocks : pock-mark, 
one of the pits or scars left by the small-pox : pock- 
pitted, a. marked by the scars left by small-pox. 

pocket, n. pok'et (F. poche; Norm, pouquette, a sack : 
Dut. poksak, a pocket), a small pouch or bag attached 
to or inserted in a garment ; in billiards, one of the 
nets that receive the balls ; a certain quantity con- 
tained in a bag, as of hops : v. to put or conceal in a 
pocket: pock'eting, imp.: pock'eted, pp.: pock'etful, 
n. -fdbl, plu. pock'etfuls, as much as a pocket will 
hold: pocket-book, a case containing a memoran- 
dum-book, loose papers, &c. : pocket-glass, a portable 
looking-glass : pocket-handkerchief, a napkin of silk 
or fine cotton carried in the pocket for use : pocket- 
knife, a knife with one or more blades which fold into 
the handle : pocket-money, money allowed for occa- 
sional or petty expenses : pocket-picking, the act or 
practice of stealing from the pocket : pocket-pistol, a 
firearm that can be carried in the pocket ; familiarly, 
a flask of liquor earned in the pocket : to pocket an 
insult or an affront, not to resent it or seek redress. 

poco, ad. po'ko (It.), in music, a term indicating the 
time or movement, and signifying a little less, as op- 
posed to piu, a little more. 

poculiform, a. pok'-u-ll-fawrm (L. poculum, a cup, 
and forma, a shape), in hot., cup-shaped. 

pod, n. pod (Dan. pude, a pillow: Esthon. paddi, 
a cushion, a pad : Bret, pod, a pot), the pericarp or 
seed-vessel of such plants as the pea,, bean, &c. : v. to 
swell or fill, as a pod ; to produce pods : pod'ding, imp.: 
pod'ded, pp. 

podagra, n. pdd'd-grd (L. and Gr. podagra, gout in 
the feet— from Gr. %ious, a foot— gen. podos, and agra, 
a seizing), the gout : podag'ric, a. -dg-rlk, also podag'- 
rical, a. -ri-kdl, pert, to the gout ; gouty. 

podesta, n. pi d\ sta— from L. p>otestas, 

power, authority), one of the chief magistrates of 
Venice or Genoa. 

podetium, n. pod-e'shl-um (Gr. pous, a foot— gen. 
podos), a stalk-like elevation, simple or branched, ris- 
ing from the thallus in some lichens. 

podge, n. ppj (Ger. patsche, a puddle, mire), a 
puddle; prov. Eng. for porridge: hodge-podge, a 
mixed mass; a medley of ingredients— see hodge- 
podge : podgy, a. poj'i, dumpy and fat. 

podium, n. po'-dhwm, (L. podium, a balcony), a low 
wall, generally with a plinth and cornice, placed in 
front of a building; a projecting basement round the 
interior of a building, or round the exterior, for orna- 
mental adjuncts rases, &c. 

podocarp, n. pod'6-kdrp (Gr. pous, a foot— gen. po- 
dos, and karpos, fruit), in bot., the stem supporting 
the fruit. 

podocephalous, a. podU , pous, a foot- 

gen, podos, and kephale, the head), in bot., having a 

head of flowers elevated on a, long peduncle. 

podogyne, n. p<i<i:-6-ji,ii, also podogynium, n. pod'O- 
pu'i-irm- (Gr. pmis, a toot— gen. podos, and gune, a 
woman), in bet., a fleshy and solid projection which 
serves to support the ovary, with which it is con- 
tinuous. 



PODO 



457 



POKE 



podophyllum pelta'tum : pod'ophyllous, a. -fil'lus, 

:n ent. , having the feet or locomotive organs compressed 
into the form of leaves. 

podosperm, n. pod'-o-sperm (Gr. pons, a foot — gen. 
podos, and sperma, a seed), the filament or thread by 
which the ovule adheres to the placenta. 

podosphenia, n. pdd'-d-sfe'ni-a (Gr. pons, a foot— gen. 
2X)dos, and sphen, a wedge), in geol., a genus of fossil 
microscopic plant-growths having wedge-shaped frus- 
tules or pieces. 

poecilopod, n. pe-sll'6-pdd (Gr. poikilos, variegated, 
and pous, a foot— gen. podos), a crustacean having 
various kinds of feet. 

poem, n. po'em (L. poema; Gr. poiema, a composi- 
tion in verse— from Gr. poieo, I make: F. poeme), a 
composition in blank verse or rhyme; the literary 
production of a poet : poesy, n. po-e-si, poetry; metri- 
cal composition ; the art of composing poems ; a short 
conceit engraved on a ring— also spelt posy, n. po'zi : 
poet, n. po'-et, the author of a poem; one who has 
a particular genius for writing poetry: poetess, n. 
fem. po'-ct-is, a woman gifted with poetic genius: 
poet -laureate, n. -law'-re-dt (L. laureatus, crowned 
with laurel— from laurea, laurel, or the laurel-tree), 
a salaried officer of the royal household, who was 
formerly required to write an ode on the king's birth- 
day or other special occasion— the office now is mere- 
ly honorary and a sinecure, but is always held by a 
man eminent as a poet: poet-musician, an ancient 
bard and lyrist : poetaster, n. 2 :i o'-et-ds'tcr (It. poet- 
astro, a poetaster), a petty poet; a pitiful rhymer: 
poetic, a. pO-df-ik, also poetical, a. -hkal, relating to 
poetry; expressed in poetry ; marked by poetic lan- 
guage or imagery; figurative: poetically, ad. -11: 
poetics, n. plu. po-6t'4ks, the branch of criticism relat- 
ing to poetry: poetise, v. po'et-lz, to make verse; 
to compose verse, as a poet : po etising, imp. : po'et- 
ised, pp. -Izd: poetry, n. po'-Ct-rl, the embodiment 
of high thoughts and pure emotions in a measured 
musical flow of words ; striking thoughts, picturesque 
situations, and generally the full play of the imagina- 
tion expressed in metrical compositions; prose com- 
position expressed in the vivid language of the ima- 
gination and of the feelings ; verse ; rhyme ; metrical 
compositions. 

pogon, n. po'-gon (Gr. pogon), in hot., the beard. 

poh, int. po, an exclamation of contempt. 

poignant, a. po'y'ndnt (F. poignant, poignant — from 
old F. poindre, to pierce or sting : L. pungo, I puncture 
or pierce into), very painful or acute, as grief or an- 
guish; severe; piercing; keen; irritating; stimula- 
ting to the organs of taste ; sharp ; satirical : poig'- 
nantly, ad. -U: poignancy, n. pdy'-ndn-sl, the state of 
being poignant. 

poinding, n. pdyn'ding (AS. pyndan, to shut up : 
Ger. pfanden, to seize, to distrain), in Scotch laiv, a pro- 
cess by which the property of the debtor's movables 
is transferred to the creditor. 

point, n. pdynt (F. point, a point, a dot : L. punctum, 
a small hole, a puncture), the sharp end of any instru- 
ment or body ; anything resembling a point ; the sting 
of an epigram; a small cape or headland; a turn of 
thought or ex Tikes with agreeable sur- 

prise ; in geom., that which has position but no magni- 
tude; a moment; a small space; punctilio; nicety; 
place or time near ; critical moment ; eve or verge, 
as of death; position; state; dot, mark, or spot; 
direction of view, or part viewed ; particular mark or 
aim ; particular mode or parts ; instance ; example ; 
single part; part of a whole; single position; the 
mam question; lace wrought with the needle, as 
point-lace; a division of the mariner's compass: 
v. to bring to a sharp end ; to direct towards : to 
aim ; to show by way of example ; to mark with char- 
acters in order to indicate certain distinctions ; to 
distinguish by stops or points by way of punctu- 
ation : to fill the joints with mortar and smooth them 
with a trowel, as a stone wall ; to direct attention 
to an object by the finger; to indicate, as dogs do 
to sportsmen: pointing, imp.: n. punctuation; the 
act or operation of filling the crevices of walls with 
mortar; the materials so employed: point'ed, pp. 
aimed at any particular person or' thing: adj. having 
a sharp end; keen; smart, as a rebuke; in arch., 
havingarches sharply pointed : point'edly, ad. -II, in a 
inarkcdor particular manner: point'edness,n.-nes, the 
cow, ooy,jo~bt; pure, bud; chair, 



state of being pointed ; sharpness ; keenness : point'er, 
n. -er, anything that points; hand of a tinier >iece ; 
a variety of sporting-dog employed to point out the 
game : pointless, a. -Us, without any sharpness at 
the termination : point'ers, n. plu. -erz, the two bright 
stars of the Great Bear which serve to point out the 
pole-star, a line drawn through them and prolonged 
nearly indicating it: points, among seamen, flat 
pieces of plaited cordagi rds each end, 

used in reefing; on a railway, the switches or mov- 
able guiding-rails which admit a train on to a junction- 
line, to a siding, or from the one line of rail to the 
other ; qualities, as good points : pointsman, n. pdynt s'- 
m&n, on a railivay, a workman who has the charge of 
the switches or movable guiding-rails at or near a 
junction or station, to open or shut them on the ap- 
proach of trains, as may be required : point- work, work 
done withaneedleor sma I i iment : point 

of sight, in perspective, the point which is supposed to 
be exactly opposite the eye : points of the compass, the 
points of the circumference of the compass-card, which 
is divided into 32 equal parts or points,— the circum- 
ference being 3(30 degrees, each point will be 11° 15V 
cardinal points, north, south, east, and west : point 
d'appui, p'wang-dap'-oo-e (F. point, point, cl-e, of, and 
appui, prop or support), in mil., point of support; 
base of operations: point devise or device, pivdna'' 
di-vez" or pdynt'-cU-vls' (F. point of excellence : It. 
divisare, to appear, to seem unto), in Italy in 13th 
century, retainers of the great houses wore suits hav- 
ing the two halves of different colours as a distin- 
guishing badge, and which was so called ; a particular 
sort of lace worked with a point or needle ; the con- 
dition of ideal excellence ; anything uncommonly nice 
and exact : point of incidence, the point on the sur- 
face of a body on which a ray of light falls : point of 
reflection, the point from which a ray is reflected : 
point-blank, n. in mil., direct ; the position of a gun or 
rifle aimed at an object without any elevation— the 
distance, which is more or less short, is called point- 
blank range: ad. directly : point of a horse, in min- 
ing, the spot where the vein is divided into one or more 
branches : vanishing-point, m perspective, the spot to 
which all parallel lines in the same plane tend in the 
representation: point of contact, in geom., the point 
in which a straight line touches a circle or curve: 
points of a horse, those properties of shape, sym- 
metry, &c, upon which much of the value of a horse 
depends: point of view, aspect; mode of looking at: 
to point out, to show, as by the finger: to point at, 
to treat with scorn by directing attention to, as with 
the finger : at point or on the point, as near as can 
be ; on the verge : nine points of the law, the greater 
chance of success in a suit at law: to make or gain a 
point, to accomplish a certain part of that which was 
proposed; to make advance by a step: to mark or 
score a point, in billiards, &c, to note down success- 
ful hits, &c: to strain a point, to go beyond the pro- 
per limit ; to exceed the bounds of strict propriety, or 
of dut}"— probably alluding to the points or tagged 
laces of olden costumes: vowel-points, in certain 
Eastern languages, as the Hebrew, a system of marks 
placedabove or bel> w tin- consonants to indicate vocal 
sounds and their character. 

poise, n. pdyz (F. poiser or peser, to weigh— from 
poids. weight :L. pondus, weight), a regulating power 
or weight ; the weight used with steelyards ; gravity; 
that which balances : v. to make of equal weight ; to 
balance; to load with a weight for balancing; to ex- 
amine or ascertain, as by a balance: poi3'ing, imp.: 
poised, pp. pdyzd. 

poison, n. pdy'zn (F. poison, poison : L. potto, a 
drink: Sp. povzona, a venom, poison), any substance 
which, when swallowed, inhaled, or rubbed over the 
skin, injures the health or destroys life ; venom ; any- 
thing which taints moral purity: v. to injure the 
health, or cause death, by administering poison; to 
taint ; to mar ; to corrupt, as one's morals : poi'son- 
ing, imp.: n. the act of giving poison to, or of injuring 
or killing by poison : poisoned, pp. pdy'znd: adj. in- 
fected or destroyed by poison: poi'soner, n. -zn-er, 
one who poisons or corrupts : poi'sonous, a. -zn-us, 
containing poison; injurious to health; deadly; cor- 
rupting morals or purity: poi'sonously, ad. -li: 
poi'sonousness, n. -nes, the quality of being fatal to 
life or injurious to health. 

poke', v. pok (U ut. r oK ,;,}. to poke; poke, a dagger: 



;n, thing, there, zeal. 



POKE 



458 



POLI 



or push against with anything pointed, as a hull with 
its horns ; to search or feel for, as in the dark ; to 
grope ; to search ; to feel : po'king, imp. busying one's 
self without a definite object, followed by about: 
poked, pp. pokt : poker, n. po'-ker, one who pokes ; 
an iron bar used to stir fires ; a bar of iron for driving 

hoops on mast^: poker-t n ntations of pictures 

executed by singeing the surface of white wood with 
a heated poker, such as that used in Italian irons : 
poking-stick, a laundress's wooden stirrer: to poke 
fun, to make fun : to poke at, to thrust the horns 
at: poke-weed, a tall N. Amer. weed. 

poKe, n. pok (Dut. poke; Icel, poiki; AS.pocca, a sack 
or bag), a sack ; a bag ; a pouch : to buy a pig in a 
poke, that is, a pocket or bag, to buy a thing with- 
out seeing it, or without knowing its qualities and 

polacca, n. po-ldk'-kd (It.), also polacre, n. pO-ld'-ker 
(Sp. andF.), orpolaque, n pO-ld«(E I, a thro. -n.:>:;h d 
vessel common in the ports of the Mi diterra.uea.ti i ■ I > <"■- 
masts, usually of one piece, have neither tops nor 
cross-trees. 

polar, a. po'-ler (F. polaire; mid. L. polar is, polar— 
from L. polus; Gr. polos, the end of an axis, a pole), 
pert, to one of the poles of the earth ; situated near 
one of the poles ; proceeding from the regions around 
either pole : polar angle, on the terrestrial sphere, the 
angle at the pole formed by two meridians ; on the 
celestial sphere, the angle at the pole formed by two 
hour-circles : polar bear, a species of bear inhabiting 
the arctic regions, having a silvery-white fur tinged 
with yellow : polar circles, the two parallels of lati- 
tude encircling the poles, each at a distance of about 
23° 28'— the north polar circle is called the arc tic circle, 
and the south the antarctic circle : polar distance, the 
angular distance of a heavenly body from the elevated 
pole of the heavens : polar clock, an optical instru- 
ment by which the hour is indicated by means of the 
polarisation of light: polariscope, n. pO-ldr'-i-skop (Gr. 
polos, a pole, am i ■ i niment for de- 

tecting polarised light, or for exhibiting its pheno- 
mena: polarise, v. po'ler-lz, to render incapable of 
exhibiting the ordinary phenomena of reflection and 
transmission— applied to rays of light when acted 
upon by certain media and surfaces: polarising, 
imp.: adj. effecting polai isation: polarised, pp. -izd: 
adj. affected by polarisation: polari'ser, n. -l-zer, that 
which polarises: po'lari'sable, a. -i'zd-bl, capable of 
being polarised: polarisation, n. po'-ler-i-zd'-shun, the 
act of polarising; the state of being polarised, or of 
having polarity : polarity, n. po-ldr-l-tl, the property 
possessed by certain bodies of pointing, when freely 
suspended, towards the poles of the earth, or in cer- 
tain determinate directions: polary, a. po'-ler-i, that 
tends or points to a pole : polarisation of light, the 
change produced on rays of light by the action of 
certain media through which they pass, or by the 
action of certain surfaces which reflect them, so that 
they cease to exhibit the usual phenomena of trans- 
mission in the one case, and reflection in the other, 
besides possessing other new properties. 

polders, n. pOl'-derz (Dut.), the name given in Hol- 
land to the low i , Mi I'uhi,--: i-i'Hai, no! from the sea by 
vast systems of dykes and embankments. 

pole, n. pol, plu. poles, polz (L. polus, the end of an 
axis : Gr. polos, a pivot on which anything turns : It. 
polo: F. pole), the extremities of the earth's axis; the 
extreme points of the axis on which the celestial 
sphere revolves ; in geom. and astron., the extremities 
of an axis of rotation of a sphere or spheroid ; in 
spherics, the extremities of the straight line perpen- 
dicular to the plane of the circle, and passing through 
its centre ; the two points in a magnet in which the 
power seems to be chiefly concentrated: pole-star, 
the name of the star nearest to the north pole of the 
heavens : poles of the earth, the two points in which 
the axis of the earth meets the surface— that nearest 
to Europe is called the north pole, and that most 
remote the south pole -. poles of the heavens, the two 
points of the celestial concave about which the hea- 
vens appear to turn as upon pivots— that point towards 
which the north pole of the earth is directed is called 
the north, and that towards which the south pole is 
Hip-r.i.eu i called the south: poles of the horizon, the 
zenith and the nadir: poles of the meridian, the 
points of the horizon due east and west : magnetic 
poles, the two points on the earth, near the poles, at 
which the dipping-needle is vertical, or the magnetic 
intensity greatest. 

mate, mdt,fdr, law; mete, mSt, 



pole, n. pol (L. palus, a pole : Sw. pale, a stake : 
AS. pal or pol, a pole), a Ion,-, slender, piece of wood; 
a long staff; a measure of length, W 2 feet or $ chain; 
in land-measure, 30 \ square yards ; a mast : bare 
poles, state of a vessel having all the sails closely 
furled or down: v. to furnish with poles: poling, 
imp.: poled, pp. pold: pole-axe, an axe or hatchet 
with a long pole or handle. 

Pole, n. pol, a native of Poland. 

pole-cat, n. pol'kdt (Dut. pool-kat, a pole-cat— a 
supposed corruption of foul-cat : old F. pulent, stink- 
ing), a popular name of two small carnivorous animals, 
having a very offensive smell, and nearly allied to the 
weasel. 

polemarch, n. pol'-d-mdrk (Gr. polemos, war, and 
archos, chief, leader), in anc. Greece, a magistrate 
having the charge of strangers and sojourners, &c. ; a 
military officer, originally the military commander- 
in-chief. 

polemic, a. po-lSm'-ik, also polemical, a. -l-kdl (Gr. 
polemikos, warlike— from polemos, a battle, war : It. 
polemico: F. polemigue), controversial; engaged in 
supporting an opinion or system in opposition to 
others ; disputative : polemic, n. a disputant: polem- 
ically, ad. -li : polemics, n. plu. po-Um'-iks, the art or 
practice of disputation— applied to theology. 

polemoscope, n. po-Um-o-skop (Gr. polemos, war, 
and skopeo, I see), a perspective glass contrived for 
seeing objects that do not lie directly before the eye; 
an instrument for seeing without being seen, so named 
by the inventor, under the idea that the instrument 
might be useful in time of war. 

polenta, n. po-Un'-td (It. polenta, polenta— from L. 
polenta, pearl-barley), a kind of pudding made of 
maizi meal, al (o ol hi si nut-meal. 

polianthes, n. pol'-l-dn'tfiez (Gr. polls, a city, and 
anthos, a flower), a genus of plants, the most familiar 
species of which, the tuberose, throws up from the 
heart of leaves a tall flowering scape crowned by a 
many-flowered spike of highly-fragrant flowers. 

police, n. po-les' (F. police, police; It. polizia; Sp. 
policia, police, cleanliness — from Gr. politeia, the 
state, system of government — from Gr. polls, a 
city), a body of civil officers employed to enforce the 
laws respecting good order, cleanliness, &c. ; the in- 
ternal regulations of a town, city, or state : policed, a. 
po-lest', regulated under a system of laws adminis- 
tered by the police : police-officer or police'man, one 
of the ordinary police; a constable: police magis- 
trate, a stipendiary judge who tries petty cases pre- 



headquarters of the police, or of a section of them. 

policy, n. pol'i-sl (L. politia; Gr. politeia, the state, 
system of government — from Gr. polis, a city), the 
art or manner of conducting public affairs professed 
by a party in the state ; prudence or wisdom in rulers 
or individuals in the management of affairs ; dexterity 
or art in management; in Scot., extensive pleasure- 
grounds around a mansion-house, originally the tract 
or district within which authority was exercised. 

policy, n. pol'i-sl (Sp. poliza, a policy: It. polizza, 
a note or schedule: a violent corruption of the L. 
polyptycha, a pair of tablets, a memorandum-book, 
registers of taxes— from Gr. poluptuchos, that has 
many folds), a written contract by which a corporate 
body, or other persons, engage to pay a certain sum on 
certain contingencies, as in the event of death or in 
the case of fire, on the condition of receiving a fixed 
sum or percentage on the amount of the risk, or cer- 
tain annual payments : policy-holder, one to whom 
a policy of insurance has been granted. 

^olish, a. po'lish, of or from Poland or its people. 



face produced by friction or rubbing ; artificial gloss ; 
elegance of manners; refinement; a substance used 
to impart a gloss : v. to make smooth and glossy by 
rubbing or friction ; to become smooth or glossy ; to 
make elegant or polite ; to refine : polishing, imp. : 
adj. making smooth and glossy: n. the act of making 
smooth or glossy ; the refining of manners ; smooth- 
ness; glossiness given by rubbing; a substance that 
polishes or is used in polishing: polished, pp. pol'-isht : 
adj. smooth and -lossy ; refined; polite: polisher, n. 
■er, one who or that which polishes : polishing-iron, 
a smoothing-iron ; a bookbinder's tool : polishing- 
paste, a kind of blacking for harness and leather; a 
varnish for imparting a gloss to furniture : polish- 
Tier; pine, pin; note, not, mCve; 



POLI 41 

powder, a preparation for brightening articles of 
metal. 

polite, a. po-lit' (L. politus, polished, refined: It. 
polito), refined or well-bred in manners ; polished ; 
courteous; obliging: politely, ad. -li: polite'ness, 
n. -n€s, good breeding ; refinement in manners ; 
courtesy ; obliging attentions : polite literature, 
those branches of knowledge or instruction, apart 
from art and science, which please the understand- 
ing and refine the taste. 

politesse, n. pol'4-tes' (F.), over-acted politeness, 
used in contempt. 

■a\:L.politicus: 
Gr. p -A itikos, of or belonging to civil polity or to the state: 
It. politico, cunning, political), wise, prudent, and 
discreet in the management of public affairs ; well- 
devised, and adapted to promote the welfare of the 
state ; judicious ; artful ; cunning : politics, n. plu. 
pdl'-itiks, the art or science of conducting the affairs 
of a kingdom ; system of management of public affairs 
adopted by a party ; the contest of parties in a state 
for power in the management of its affairs : political, 
a. polU'-i-kal, pert, to the civil government of a state 
and its administration — derived from an office under 
government, or from some connection with it; art- 
ful ; treating of politics or government : polit'ically, 
ad. -li: political economy, the science which treats of 
all those matters which are most favourable to the 
prosperity and permanent good of a country and its 
people: politician, n. pol'l-tish'dn, a man skilled in 
politics, or who devotes himself to them ; a man of 
artifice or deep contrivance: polity, n. pol'l-tl (Gr. 
politeia, system of government), the form or constitu- 
tion of the civil government of a country ; the gene- 
ral principles that regulate the conducting of public 
affairs. 

polka, n. pol'-kd (Bohem. pulka, half), a dance of 
Polish origin, performed by two persons in common 
time ; the air played to the dance : polk, v. polk, to 
dance the polka ; polk ing, imp. : polked, pp. pdlkt : 
polka -jacket, a kind of knitted jacket worn by 
women. 

poll, n. pOl (Dut. polle, head, top: Icel. kollr, 
skull, head: Sp. cholla, skull), the head; the back 
part of the head; a register of heads or persons; 
the entry of the names of persons qualified to vote 
for civil officers and members of Parliament; an 
election of civil officers, or the place where the 
votes are taken: v. to lop or cut off the head, as 
trees ; to clip or cut off hair or wool ; to shear ; to 
enter a person's name in a list or register of voters ; to 
receive or give votes : poll ing, imp.: adj. receiving 
giving votes, as " ~ 
where votes are 
])dld, cropped; 

lopped, as trees ; shorn: poll-book, a register of persons 
who can exercise the franchise, or who have exercised 
it : poll-clerk, a clerk who enters the names of voters 
at an election as they appear to give their vote : poll- 
evil, a swelling on the head or nape of the neck in 
horses : poll-tax, a sum of money exacted from each 
person or head as a tax: a polled cow, a hornless 
cow: polled cattle, hornless cattle, a mixed breed of 
Scotch cattle. 

poll, n. pol (Gr. hoi polloi, the many), a term ap- 

Elied at Cambridge to those men who do not take 
onours, but are contented with a degree merely. 

pollard, n. pol'lerd (from poll 1), a tree whose head 
lias been lopped; a stag without horns— also applied 
to cattle ; a clipped coin ; a mixture of bran and meal : 
v. to poll, as trees : pollarding, imp.: pollarded, pp.: 
pollard-trees, trees cut down so as to leave only the 
lower part of the trunk, which gives off numerous 
buds and branches. 

pollen, n. pol'-len (L. pollen, fine flour— akin to Gr. 
pallo, I shake : F. pollen, pollen), the fecundating pow- 
der or dust contained in the anthers of flowers, and 
afterwards dispersed on the stigma; the bloom of 
leaves : pol'lena'rius, a. -d'-rl-us, consisting of pollen or 
meal: pollenine, n. pol'-lin-in, a peculiar substance 
obtained from the pollen of certain plants : pol'linar, 
a. -lin-dr, also pollinose, a. -oz, covered with a very 
fine dust resembling pollen: pollinic, a. pol-ltn'ik, 
pert, to pollen : polliniferous, a. p6l'lin-if'er-us(L.fero, 
I bear), bearing or containing pollen: pollen mass, 
also pollinia, n. pol-lin'-i-d, an agglutinated mass of 
pollen, occurring in some orders of plants : pollen- 
tube, the tube emitted by the pollen-grain after it is 
applied to the stigma. 



: vulcs : puu i"e> imp. : auj. rei 
,s a. polling-clerk. ; designating the place 
■e given, as a j-'Olling-place : polled, pp. 
; brought to the poll, as votes : adj. 



9 POLY 

pollinctor, n. pol-lingk'tor (L.), one who prepares 
lie dead. 

pollock, n. pol'lok, alsopol'lack, n. -Idk (Ger. pollack), 
a fish of the cod family, common around the British 
shores. 

pollute, v. polW (L. polluhim, to soil or defile : F. 
polleur), to make foul or unclean ; to defile ; to taint 
with guilt ; to corrupt ; to vitiate ; to violate : pollu- 
ting, imp.: adj. adapted or tending to defile or taint : 
polluted, pp.: adj. rende: filed ; tainted 

with guilt: pollu'tedly, ad. -It, in a polluted manner; 
pollutedness, n. -nis, the state of being polluted; de- 
filement : pollu'tingly, ad. -li, corruptingly : pollu'ter, 
n. -ter, one who pollutes: pollution, h. pv-lO-shiln, 
defilement ; uncleanness ; impurity ; guilt ; idolatry. 

Pollux, n. pol'-luks (in L. and Gr. myth., a famous 
pugilist, twin brother of Castor), a bright star of the 
second magnitude in the constellation Gemini or the 
Twins : Castor and Pollux, in geol., two closely-allied 
minerals of the felspar family, resembling quartz in 
their hardness and transparency ; a constellation. 

polonaise, n. po'-lo-naz' (F. polonaise, Polish), the 
Polish language; a robe or dress adopted from the 
fashion of the Poles ; in music, a movement of three 
crotchets in a bar ; a dance adapted to such music ; 
also polonese', n. -nez', and polonise', n. -nlzf. 

poltroon, n. pol-tr&n' (F. and Sp. poltron, a scoun- 
drel, a coward : It. poltrone, an idle fellow— from pol- 
tra, a bed to lie on during day : Ger. polster, a cushion 
or mattress), a coward ; a wretch without spirit or 
courage : poltroonery, n. -er-l, baseness of mind ; 
want of spirit. 

polverine, n. pdl'ver-ln (It. polverino, ashes used in 
the making of glass— from polvere, dust : L. pulvis, 
dust), a kind of potash from the Levant, preferred in 
the manufacture of glass. 

poly,p6l'i{Gr. jyolus, many), a common prefix, signi- 
fying manv of; having many. 

polyacoustic, a. 2>6l'i-d-koics'tik (Gr. polus, many, 
and akoustos, that may be heard), that multiplies or 
magnifies sounds. 

polyadelphian, a. pol'-i-a-deT-fi-dn, also polyadel- 
phous, a. -fiis (Gr. polus, many, and udelphos, a 
brother), having the stamens united in three or more 
bundles or parcels, as in the class of plants pol'yadel'- 
phia, -fi-d. 

polyandrian, a. pol'-l-dn'dri-an, also pol'yan'drous, 
a. -driis, (Gr. polus, many, and aner, a man or male — 
gen. andros), having many stamens, or any number 
above twenty ; belonging to the class pol yan'dria, 
-drl-d. 

polyandry, n. pol'-l-dn'-drl (see above), the practice 
of women having more than one husband at the same 
time ; the opposite of polygamy ■. pol yan'dric, a. -drlk, 
relating to polyandry ; mating with several males. 

polyanthus, n. pol'-l-dn'thus (Gr. polus, many, and 
anthos, a flower), a favourite garden-flower, a culti- 
vated variety of the primrose, of many hues. 

polyarchy, n. pol'i-dr'kl (Gr. polv.s, many, and arche, 
government), the government by many— opposed to 
monarchy. 

polybasite, n.' pol'i-bd'slt (Gr. polus, many, and 
oasis, a base), a rich ore of silver of an iron-black 
colour: pol'yba'sic, a. -bd'sik, applied to acids which 
require two or more equivalents of a base for neutrali- 
sation. 

polycarpous, a. pol'i-kar'-pus, also pol'ycar'pic, a. 
-jylk(GT. polus, many, and karjyos, fruit), in bot., having 
the carpels distinct and numerous, each flower bearing 
several fruit— applied to plants which flower and fruit 
many times in the course of their life. 

polycephalous, a. pol'-i-s&f-d-lus (Gr. polus, many, 
and kephale, the head), in bot., having a common sup- 
port, capped by many like parts. 

polychord, n. pol'i-kawrd (Gr. polus, many, and 
chorde, a string or chord), an instrument having many 
strings ; an apparatus which couples two octave notes. 

polychroite, n. pol'-i-krd'-lt (Gr. polus, many, and 
chroizo, I colour), the colouring matter of saffron, which 
exhibits a variety of colours when acted upon by vari- 
ous re-agents. 

polychrome, n. pol'-l-krom (Gr. polus, many, and 
chroma, colour), a peculiar substance obtained from 
the bark of the horse-chestnut, and in quassia-wood, 
which gives to water the quality of exhibiting a curi- 
ous play of colours when acted upon by reflected light: 
adj. executed in the manner of polychromy: poly- 
chromatic, a. pol'i-kro-vidt'-ik, yielding many colours; 
exhibiting a play of colours— applied to an acid result- 



cow, t 



yy.foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



POLY 



460 



POLY 



ing from the action of nitric acid upon aloes : poly- 
chromy, n. pol'4-kro-ml, the art of colouring statuary 
to imitate nature ; the art of heightening tin > u.<, :i 
architectural decorations by tin- application of colours. 

polycotyledon, n. pol't-kot-i-le'don (Gr. polus, many, 
rtinl hiihdadon, a hollow vessel), in hot., a plant of 
which the seeds have more than two lobes : pol'ycoty- 
le'donous, a. -le'-do-nus, having more than two lobes to 
the seed, as in firs. 

polycracy, n. pd-lik'rti-sl (Gr. polus, many, and 
kratesis, power, rule), government by many rulers. 

polydipsia, n. pol't-dlp'sl-d (Gr. polus, many, and 
dijisa, thirst), n, medical term for excessive thirst. 

polyembryony, n. pol'i-em-brl'6-nl (Gr.polus.many, 
and embruon, an embryo), in bot., tlie existence or 
development of two or more embryos in the same 
seed : pol'yembryon lc, a. -bri-on'lk, having more than 
one embryo. 

polyfoil, n. pol'l-fdyl (Gr. polus, many, and Eng. 
foil), in arch., an ornament formed by a moulding dis- 
posed in a number of segments of circles. 

polygamian, a. pdl'l-ga'mi-dn, also polygamous, a. 
■j>ul-bi'<i-i)iih< (Gr. polus, many, and gamos, a mar- 
riage), in hot., pert, to plants of the class pol'yga'mia, 
-mi-d, which bear three descriptions of flowers— her- 
maphrodite, male, and female. 

polygamy, n. polig'-d-mi (see above), the practice or 
state of having several win:: at the same time: polyg'- 
amous, a. -mils, having more than one wife at the 
same time ; mating with several females ; inclined to 
polygamy : polyg amist, n. -mist, one who practises 
or maintains tin lawfulness of polygamy. 

polygarchy, n. pol'i-gdr'kl (Gr. polus, many, and 
arche, rule), government by many ; also polyarchy. 

polygastrlc, a. pol'i-gds'trik (Gr. polus, many, and 
gaster, the belly), having many stomachs: n. one of 
the most minute and simple animals of the infusoria, 
called pol'ygas'tria, -tri-d. 

polygenous, a. pollj'5-nus (Gr. polus, many, and 
genos, a kind), consisting of many kinds. 

polyglot, a. pdl'4-glot (Gr. polus, many, and glotta, 
the tongue), having or containing many lau-icr-r 
applied to books containing versions of the same text 

i si'vr.'i,] languages: n. a name given to an edition 
of the Bible in several languages. 

polygon, n. pdl'-i-gon (Gr. polus, many, and gonia, a 
corner or angle), a figure having many sides and angles, 
or more than four: polygonal, a. pol-tg'o-ndl, also 
polyg'onous, a. -nus, having many angles and sides : 
exterior polygon, in fort., the figure formed by 
lines connecting the angles of the bastions with one 
another: interior polygon, the figure formed by the 
lines connecting the centres of the bastions : polygon 
of forces, in mech., the name given to .a theorem: 
polygonal numbers, the successive sums of any series 
of numbers in arithmetical progression. 

polygonometry, n. pdl'i-gon-om'B-tri (Eng. polygon, 
and Gr. metro n, a measure), the doctrine of polygons. 

polygram, n. pol'i-yrdm (Gr. polus, many, and gram- 
me, a stroke in writing), a figure consisting of many 
lines. 

polygraph, n. pol'-l-grdf (Gr. polus, many, and 
grapho, I write), an instrument for producing several 
copies by one act of writing; a collection of the 
works of one or several authors: pol'ygraph'ic, a. 
-grdf'-ik, also pol'ygraph'ical, a. -i-kdl, pert, to a poly- 
graph, or done by one: polygraphy, n. pol-lg'-rd-fl, 
the art of writing in various ciphers ; the art of inter- 
preting or readm- doemuenl : •■ rii.iv 'iithe, 

polygyn, n. pol'-i-jin (Gr. polus, many, and gune, a 
woman), in hot., a plant having many pistils, or many 
distinct styles: polygynian, a. pol'-i-jln'i-dn, also 
polygynous, a. vol-lfi-nili having many styles or 
pistils, as the order of plants pol'ygyn'ia, -jin'l-d. 

polygyncecial, a. p6l4-jin M &l (Gr. polus, many, 
gune, a woman, and oikos, a house), in bot., a term 
applied to multiple fruits formed by the united pistils 
of many flowers. 

|:"iy' ; ^i^, >, ,./,„,, 'Ml --I' HI Ml |, Ul l,,ils. 

salt— in allusion to the number of salts which enter 
mi" its lomposil ion), a mineral occurring in compact 
fibrous masses, usually brick-red or flesh-coloured. 

polyhedron, n. pol'l-he'dron (Gr. polus, many, and 
hnlra, a. side), a solid body having many faces or sides; in 
optics, a multiplying glass or lens having several piano 
surfaces disposed in a convex form: pol'yhe'dral, a. 
-clrdl, also pol'yhe'drous, a. -drus, having many sides 
or faces. 

polymathy, n. pol-im'd-thi (Gr. polus, many, and 



mathesis, learning), the knowledge of many arts and 
sciences; varied knowledge: polymathic, a. pot'-l- 
viatli'-lk, pert, to polymathy. 

polymerism, n. pol-im'er-lzm (Gr. polus, many, and 
meros, a part), in chem., the state of a body in which, 
while the relative proportions of Die elements are the 
same, the absolute number of atoms of each element 
differs ; a variety of isomerism : polymeric, a. p6l'-l- 

llltjr'i/, having I. lie clu.. aci n <,i ..m ,e< , ,.;,n 

polymorph, n. pol'l-morf (Gr. polus, many, and 
morphe, a shape), one of a. luminous tribe or series of 
shells so irregular in form that they cannot be re- 
ferred to any known genus : pol'ymor'phous, a. -mor- 
fus, having many forms ; assuming many shapes ; in 
bot., applied to plants where parts or species are sub- 
ject to consid erabl rsityofform. 

Polynesia, n. pol-i-ne'zhl-d (Gr. polus, many, and 
nesos, an island), that which consists of many islands; 
a term applied to the groups oi islands in lie Pacific, 
lying within or near the tropics : Polynesian, a. -dn, 
pert, to Polynesia. 

polynomial, n. pol'-l-no'-ml-dl (Gr. polus, many, and 
onoma, a name), an algebraic qua.niii , ■>,, im... of 
many terms : adj. pert, to ; containing many terms or 
many names: polyonomous, a. p6l'-l-dn'6-mvs, having 
many names or titles; polyon'omy, n. -6-ml, variety 
of different names; the description of the same object 
under several names. 

polyoptron, n. polH-op'trdn, also pol'yop'trum, n. 
-triim (Gr. polus, many, and optomai, I see), a glass 
with a lens so formed that, when looked through, ob- 
jects appear multiplied, but diminished in size. 

polyorama, n. pol'-i-o-ra'-ma (Gr. polus, many, and 
""•" what is seen), a view of many objects. 



a foot— gen. podos: F. polype), one of those radiate, or 
worm-like water animals which are furnished with 
many tentacula or foot-like organs surrounding the 
mouth or free orifice. 

polypetalous, a. pbT-l-pit'-dL-lus (Gr. polus, many, 
and petalon, a leaf), in bot., having many petals; 
having the petals of the corolla perfectly distinct and 
not cohering. 

polyphagous, a. pol-ij polus, many, and 

phago, I eat), omnivorous ; feeding on different kinds 
of aliment. 

polyphony, n. pol-if-o-nl, also polyph'onism, n. 
0-n'izm (Gr. polus, many, and phone, a sound), tho 
multiplication of sounds or voices, as in the rever- 



triloquist. 

polyphore, n. pol'lfor (Gr. polus, many, and phero, 
I bear), in bot., an elongated receptacle bearing many 
ovaries, but not the petals or stamens. 

polyphyllous, a. pol'-if-ll'-lus (Gr. polus, many, and 
phullon, a leaf), composed of many subordinate pieces 
or leaves ; many -leaved. 



polypite, n. 'pdl'i-pit (L. polypus, a polypus), a fossil 
coral. 

polypode, n. pol'i-pod (Gr. polus, many, smdpous, a 
foot— gen. p>odos), an animal with many feet; the 
millepede. 

polyporous, a. pol-ip'-o-nls (Gr. pains, many, and 
poros, a passage, the pores of the skin), a nana- applied 
to those species of i'ungi found in pastures, on trunks 
of trees, &c, whose under surfaces are full of pores: 
polyporites, n. plu. pol-ip'o-rits, fossil fungus-like 
organisms found in certain Goal -measures. 

polyprismatic, a. p<jl'l-/iris-iiiut'lk (Gr. piolus, many, 
and Eng. prismatic), in min., having crystals present- 
ing numerous prisms in a single form. 

polyptychodon,n.i«_i(w/e/)/, '-o-don (G] poln man;, 
ptuche, a fold, and odous, a tooth — gen. odontos), in 
geol, a fossil sea-lizard or huge carnivorous saurian. 



mate, mdt,fdr, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



POLY 



461 



PONI 



polypus, n. pol'-l-piis, plu. pol'ypi, -pi (L. polypus; 
Gr. pt,luiJ<.>u*, a polypus— see polyne), that which has 
man)- feet or roots ; a fleshy tumour formed in the 
nose, &e., having branches or legs like feet: poly- 
pous, a. -pus, resembling polypi ; having many feet 
or roots. 

polyrhizous, a. pol'i-rl'zus (Gr. polus, many, and 
rhiza.a, root), in but., possessing numerous rootlets 
independently of those by which the attachment is 
effected. 

polyscope, n. pul'i-$J;r,p (Gr. pnhis, many, and sko- 
peo, 1 view), a glass through which objects appear 
multiplied. 

polysepalous, a. pol'i-sSp-d-lus (Gr. polus, many, 
and Eng. sepal), in bot., applied to plants where the 
sepals of a calyx fomi no cohesion ; a calyx composed 
of separate sepals. 

polysperm, n. pol'i-sperm (Gr. polus, many, and 
d), a pericarp o ntaining numerous seeds : 
pol ysper'mous, a. -spcr'-mus, many-seeded. 

polystigma, n. pui-l-stig'-mCt (Gr. polus, many, and 
stigma, a mark), very minute species of brown fungi 
found in autumn on live sloe and birdcherry leaves : 
pol'ystig mous, a. -miis, applied to plants where a 
flower has many carpels, each originating a stigma. 

polystyle, n. pol'-l-stU (Gr. polus, many, and stulos, 
a column or pillar), a portico between rows of pillars ; 
an edifice having many columns : pol'ystyl'ous, a. -stil'- 
us, in bot., applied to a compound ovary having sev- 
eral distinct styles. 

polysyllable, n. pol'X-sll'-Kt-bl (Gr. polus, many, and 
sullabe, a syllable), a word of many or more than 
three syllables : pol'ysyllab'ic, a. -sll-ldb'-lk, also pol'y- 
syllab ical, a. -l-kal, pert, to or consisting of many 
syllables, or of more than three. 
' polysyndeton, n. pol'-i-sln'-de-ton (Gr. 2?olus, many, 
svndetos, connected), a figure of speech, in which the 
conjunction is often repeated where usually sup- 
pressed. 

polysynthetic, a. pul'l-sln-thct'-lk (Gr. polus, many, 
and sunthesis, a writing or composition), a term ap- 
plied to the general grammatical structure of the lan- 
guages of America, because they are all said to agree 
in grammatical, though differing in glossarial, detail; 
a term applied to certain languages, especially the 
American, in which a composition is formed out of 
several words, which is not notably longer than any 
of them.— Latham, pol ysynthet'icism, n. -thdt'i-slzm, 
also pol'ysyn'thesis, n. -thesis, a polysynthetic char- 
acter. 

polytechnic, a. pul'l-tSk'ntk (Gr. polus, many, and 
techne, art), denoting or comprehending many arts- 
applied to a scientific institution in Loudon, and to a 
celebrated school in Paris. 

polythalamia, n. pul'l-thd-ld'-ml-d (Gr. pohis, many, 
and thalumos, a chamber), an order of minute animals 
enclosed in calcareous shells, each consisting of a 
series of distinct chambers— these shells occur in such 
vast numbers that the fine calcareous sand of the sea- 
shore and sea-bottom is entirely composed of their 
microscopic remains : pol'ythal'amous, a. -thalhl-mus, 
having many chambers or cells. 

polytheism, n. pdl'i-the'izm (Gr. polus, many, and 
tlieos, a god), the doctrine of a plurality of gods having 
an agency in the government of the world : pol'y- 
the'ist, n. -1st, one who believes in a plurality of 
gods: pol'ytheis'tic, a. -is'tik, also pol'ytheis'tical, 
a. -ti-kdl, pert, to or consisting in polytheism : pol'y- 
theis'tically, ad. -li. 

polytomous, a. pol-it'o-mus (Gr. polus, many, and 
tome, a cutting), in bot., having the limb of a leaf 
distinctly subdivided into many subordinate parts, 
but not jointed to the petiole. 

polyzba, n. pol'l-zo'd (Gr. polus, many, and zoa, 
animals), a numerous living class of mollusca or plant- 
like animals, chiefly inhabitants of the sea, found 
fossil in all formations ; known also as bryozoa: pol- 
yzo'on, n. -On, one of the polyzoa. 

polyzonal, a, pol'-l-zO : ndl(Gi. polus, many, and zone, 
a zone or belt), composed of several zones or rings, 
applied to burning lenses. 
pomaceous— see under pome, 
pomade, n. pu-mdd' [F.pommade, a pomade— from 
F. pornme; L. pomum, an apple), a fragrant or per- 
fumed ointment for the hair; also pomatum— see 
under pome— so called because originally made from 
apples. 

pomander, n. po-mdn'der (F. pornme d'ambre, 
apple of amber), a scent-ball ; a perfumed ball or pow- 



er; a small ornamental box containing perfumes, 
arried by ladies suspended from their girdles in the 
10th century. 

pome, n. pom (L. pomum, an apple : F. pornme), in 
bot., a fleshy many-celled fruit, as the apple, pear, &c. : 
pomace, n. pu-mds', apples crushed by grinding; the 
refuse of cider-pressings : pomaceous, a-.po-ma'-shus, 
consisting of apples; resembling apples or relating to 
them: poma'tum, n. -turn, formerly an ointment made 
from apples, rose-water, and lard; now any solid 
greasy substance used as a dressing for the hair: po- 
nia'tumed, a. -tiimd, dressed with pomatum. 

pomecitron, n. pom-sit'-run (F. pornme, an apple, 
and Eng. citron), a citron-apple. 

pomegranate, n. pdm'grdn-at (L. pomum, an ap- 
ple, and gran a tus, having many grains or. seeds: It. 
jiomogranato), a very showy tree producing splendid 
flowers and fruit; also its fruit; an ornament on the 
robe and ephod of the Jewish high priest resembling 
the fruit. 

pomeroy, n. pum-ro~i', also pomeroy'al, n. -rdy'-dl 
(F. pornme, an apple, and roi, a Icing), a particular 
variety of apple: pommage, n. pum'-mdj, another 
name for pomace : pornme, rupum, also pommette, n. 
pum-mSt', in her., a device, or some part of it, resem- 
bling an apple. 

pomiferous, a. p6-mlf'er-iis (L. pomum, an apple, 
and fero, I produce), apple-bearing ; applied to the 
plants that yield the larger fruits. 

pommel, n. pum'-mcl (F. pommeau or pom mclle, a 
knob : It. pomolo, an apple, any round head), a knob ; 
any globular ornament; the knob on a sword-hilt; 
the protuberant part of a saddle-bow. 

pommel, v., also pummel, v. pum'-mU (Bav. pumsen, 
to sound hollow, to beat: Lang, poumpi, to beat, to 
knock: \V. pwmp, a blow— the root pum being used 
to signify striking, from direct imitation of the sound 
of a blow), to beat; to beat roughly: pommelling, 
imp. : n. a beating ; a thumping ; a bruising : pom- 
melled, pp. -mild. 

pomology, n. pu-mul'u-jl (L. pomum, an apple or 
fruit, and Gr. logos, a discourse), the art or science oi 
rearing fruit: a' treatise on fruits: pomological, a. 
■pO'-riUhloj'-i-kal, pert, to pomology: pomologist, n. 
pO-mol-O-jist. one who is skilled in pomology. 

pomp, n. pump (L. jvmjiu ; Gr. jnnupc, a solemn pro- 
cession : It. pumpa ; F. pumpe, pomp, splendour), ex- 
terior show ; ostentation ; parade ; a splendid cere- 
mony : pompous, a. pum'piis, showy; splendid; char- 
acterised by ostentation and display : pompously, ad. 
li: pom'pousness, n. -nes, also pomposity, n. pum-pos- 
i-ti, the state of being pompous ; ostentation ; magnif- 
icence of display ; shuwiness; boastfulness. 

pompet, n. pum'pet (old F. pompette), old name of 
a printer's ball for spreading the ink on the types. 

pompholyx, n. pum'-ju-liks (Gr. pompludux, a bubble 
or blister), flowers of zinc; an eruptive skin disease. 

pompion, n. pum'-pi-un (F. pompon), a pumpkin. 

pompire, n.pum'plr (L. pomum, an apple or similar 
fruit, and pirum, a pear), an apple; a sort of pear- 

pomposo, ad. pum-pu'-su (It.), in music, grandly: 
adj. dignified. 

pompous, pompousness, pomposity— see pomp. 

poncho, n. pon'cho (Sp.), a cloak worn by Sp. 
Americans, being merely a blanket or length of wool- 
len cloth, with a slit in the middle for the head. 

pond, n. pond (AS. pyndan, to prohibit : Ger. spund; 
F. bondon, a bung, a stopper, and thence the thing 
stopped up), a piece of water penned or dammed up ; 
a small piece of still water : pond-weed, an aquatic 
plant. 

ponder, v. pon'der (L. pondero, I weigh in the mind, 
I ponder— from pondus, a weight : It. ponderare : F. 
ponderer), to weigh in the mind ; to examine ; to con- 
sider ; to think on : pon'dering, imp. : pon'deringly, 
ad. -li: pon'dered, pp. -derd: pon'derer, n. -der-er, 
one who ponders: pon'derable, a. -d-bl, that maybe 
weighed; having appreciable physical weight— op- 
posed to imponderable: pon'derabil'ity, n.-bil'-i-tl, also 
pon'derableness, n. -bl-nes, the quality or state of being 
ponderable: pon'deral, a. -a!, determined by weight 
—opposed to numeral: pon'derous, a. -us, weighty; 
massive: pon'derously, ad. -li: pon'derousness, n. 
-nes, also pon'deros'ity, n. -os'-i-ti, the state of being 
ponderous ; heaviness ; greatness in weight. 

pongo, n. pong-go, the largest species of ape known, 
inhabiting Borneo, and resembling the orang-outang. 

poniard, n. pon'-yard (F. poignard, a dagger— from 



cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



PONT 



462 



PORC 



L. pw/igere, to pierce), a small dagger: v. to stab or 

■n > | ard: poniarding, imp.: pon'iarded, 

pp. -ydr-ded. 

Pontac, n. pon-tdk (Pontac, in south of France), a 
fine kind of claret wine. 

pontage, n. pon'-tdj (Sp. pontaje ; F. pontage, pontage 
— fromL. pony, /»"///.), a tax paid for 

the repair of a bridge ; the toll paid for passing over a 
bridge. 

pontee, n. pon'-te (F. pontil, tool used to skim liquid- 
glass), in glass-works, the iron rod with which a portion 
of the liquid glass is gathered up and taken out of the 
glass-pot — also written pontil, puntel and .<';<<• 

Pontic, a. pon'-tlk, pert, to the Fortius or Black Sea. 

pontifex, n. pon'-tl-feks, plu. pontifices, pon-tif-l- 
sez (L. pontifex: F. pout if?: It. pmttefice), in anc. 
1 i i ;;■..,.,:■:.>, , / a high priest ; 

a title applied to the Pope, but who is more usually- 
styled the supreme pontiff '.- pontifical, a. pon-tif'-l-kdl, 
also pontif'ic, a. -ik, of or relating to a high priest or 
to the Pope ; splendid ; magnificent : pontifical, n. a 
book containing ecclesiastical rites and ceremonies: 
plu. the full dress and ornaments worn by an officiat- 
ing priest or bishop: pontif'ically, ad. -It: pontif- 
icate, n. -kat, the office or dignity of a high priest or 
of the Pope ; the reign of a Pope : v. to exercise solemn 
priestly functions with full ceremonial, said of the 
higher dignitaries of the R. Cath. Ch., as "to pontif- 
icate at high mass." 

Pontine, a. 7 mptinus, Pontine : It. Porv- 

tino : F. Pontin), applied to the extensive marshes or 
sea-fens near Rome. 

pontlevis, n. pdnt-18-vis or-le'- (F. pontlevis, a draw- 
bridge—from L. pons, a bridge, and levis, light), the 
resistance of a horse by rearing repeatedly on his hind 
legs. 

pontoon, n. pon-tfm' (F. ponton; It. pontone, a 
bridge of boats— from L. pons, a bridge— gen. pontis), 
a fiat-bottomed boat, or any light framework or float, 
used in the construction of a temporary bridge across 
a stream— large tin cylinders are now employed, ?2 
feet long and 2b feet in diameter; any floating body so 
employed, as an empty barrel: pontonier, n., also 
pontonnier, n. pon'-ton-er' , a soldier having charge 
of pontoons : pontoon-bridge, a temporary bridge 
made by means of floating bodies : pontoon-carriage, 
a light carriage with two wheels. 

pony, n. pO'-nl (Pol. konik, a little horse— from kon, 
a horse), a small variety of horse. 

pood, n. pod, a Russian weight of 36 lb. avoirdu- 
pois. 

poodle, n. pd'-dl (Dut. poedele, to paddle in the 
water; poedel-hond, a rough water-dog), a shaggy 
water-spaniel ; a small dog covered with long curling 
hair. 



spit), an exclamation of contempt, dislike, or disgust. 

pool, n. pol (Dut. poel, a puddle: Icel. pollr, a 
standing water : W. pwll, a pool : It. padule; L. palus, 
a swamp), a piece of standing water less than a lake ; 
a small collection of water, or of a liquid, in a hollow. 

pool, n. p6l (F. poule, a hen), the stakes in certain 
games ; the receptacle for them. 



placed above the complete deck, and reaching forward 
to the mizzen-mast : v. to strike the stern ; to roll over 
the stern, as the waves of the sea: poop'ing, imp.: n. 
the shock of a heavy sea on the stern or quarter of a 
ship ; the action of a ship running her stern against 
the stern of another : pooped, pp. popt. 

poor, a. por (F. pauvre; prov. F. poure; It. povero ; 
L. pauper, poor, needy), having small means ; needy ; 
of little or no use or value ; paltry ; mean ; wanting in 
strength, beauty, or dignity; not fertile, as a soil; 
worthy of compassion ; spiritless ; dejected; lean; 
emaciated ; without good qualities ; wretched or 
miserable, in contempt ; in Scrip., humble or con- 
trite : poorly, ad. -U, with little or no success ; some- 
what ill ; indisposed : poor'ness, n. -nSs, the state or 
condition of being poor: the poor, indigent persons 
collectively; those depending on public or private 
charity: poorhouse, a residence for persons receiving 
public charity: poor-laws, laws regulating relief for 
the poor : poor-rates, the money raised by law for the 
support of the poor : poor-john, the torsk or hake, a 



sort of fish, so called as being formerly a cheap kind 
of fare : poor-spirited, a. mean ; cowardly. 

pop, v. pop (imitative of the sound produced by a 
small explosion of air), to make a small, smart, quick 
sound; toputoutor in slily, or unexpectedly ; to enter 
in or go out suddenly, or unexpectedly ; to offer or 
present with a sudden quick motion : n. a smart quick 
sound or report: ad. suddenly; unexpectedly: pop'- 
ping, imp. : popped, pp.^op<; to pop off, to disappear 
suddenly : pop-gun, a child's toy which drives out a 
pellet with a pop: to pop the question, familiarly 
applied to a man's asking a woman if she will marry 
him. 

Pope, n. pop (L. and It. papa, a father : Gr. pappas : 
F. pape), the bishop of Rome, head of the R. Cath. Ch., 
and formerly temporal as well as spiritual sovereign 
of that part of Italy called the States of the Church : 
pope'dom, n. -dum, the office, dignity, or jurisdiction of 
the Pope : pope-joan, -jo-an, name of a game at cards : 
Popery, n. po'-per-t, a term of contempt for the R. 
Cath. religion, or for its priestcraft : po'pish, a. -pish, 
of or relating to the Pope, or to the R. Cath. Ch. and 
its adherents, used offensively and in contempt : po- 
pishly, ad. -It: pope's eye, the fatty gland in the 
tliiek of the thigh. 



cock— from Ger. papeln, to babble, to chatter, and F. 
gau; It. gallo; L. gallus, a cock), a gay trifling fop ; a 
prating coxcomb ; a parrot. 

poplar, n. pop'-lir (Ger. pappel ; L. populus; F. 
peuplier, the poplar), a tree of several species, having 
white, soft, stringy wood, one of which, the aspen, 
is distinguished by the tremulous movements of its 
leaves. 

poplin, n. pop'-ltn (F. papeline), a cloth made of silk 
and worsted, of many varieties. 

popliteal, a. pop -lit'- 6 -dl, also poplit'ic, a. -Ik (L. 
poples, the ham of the knee— gen. poplitis), in anat., 
pert, to the ham or back part of the knee-joint. 

poppet, n. pop-pet (another spelling of puppet), a 
familiar term of endearment. 

poppets, n. plu. pop-pits (a probable corruption of 
props), pieces of timber placed perpendicularly to sup- 
port a ship in the launching. 

poppy, n. pop-pi (AS. popig ; F. pavot ; L. papaver, 
a poppy), a gay flowering plant of several species, 
some of which yield opium : poppy-head, in arch. , a 
carved ornament on the top of an upright end or 
elbow, representing the head of a poppy : poppy-oil, 
one of the three fixed oils used in painting. 

populace, n. pop'-u-las (F. populace, the populace— 
from L. populus, the people), the common people ; the 
multitude ; the mob : popular, a. -ler (F. populaire ; L. 
popidaris, popular), pert, to the common people or to 
the public ; suitable or pleasing to the public in general ; 
plain ; easily comprehended : pop'ularly, ad. -It : pop- 
ularity, n. poj tul&r'-t-til h m lality or state of being 



pleasing and suitable to the people generally : pop- 
ularising, imp. : pop'ularised, pp. -tzd : populate, v. 

-jOp'u-lCit, to furnish or settle with inhabitants; to 



ularising, imp. : pop'ularised, pp. -Izd : populate, i 
j 6p'-u-lat, to furnish or settle with inhabitants; t 
propagate: pop'ulating, imp.: populated, pp. -la-tM: 



pop'ulator, n. -ter, one who populates : population, 

n. -la-shun, the inhabitants of any particular place, 
district, or country ; the whole inhabitants : popu- 
lous, a. -lus, thickly peopled ; numerously inhabited : 
pop'ulously, ad. -U: pop'ulousness, n. -nes, the state 
of having many inhabitants as compared to the extent 
of country. 

populine, n. pop'-u-Un (from Eng. poplar), an alka- 
line substance found in the root-bark of the aspen, 
one of the poplar species. 

porbeagle, n. por'-be-gl (Dut. pole; Eng. poll, a head, 
and Eng. beagle, a small kind of hound tracking by 
scent), a species of shark. 

porcate, a. por'-kat, also por'cated, a. (L. porca, a 
female swine, a ridge), ridged ; formed in ridges. 

porcelain, n. pors'-ldn (Port, porcellana, china-ware, 
so called from its resembling the enamel of the porcel- 
lana, known as the tiger or Venus' shell : F. porce- 
laine), the finest species of earthenware, white and 
semi-transparent, originally imported from China 
an.; !;i,i;!)i china-ware: adj. belonging to or resem- 
bling porcelain: porcellaneous, a. por'-se'l-ld'-ne'-ux, 
of or resembling porcelain : porcelainised, a. pors'-la- 
nlzd, in geol., baked like potter's clay,— applied to 
those clay-shales and stratified rocks that have been 



m&te, mdtyfdr, luTo; mete, mU, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, mCve; 



POKC 



463 



PORT 



converted by subterranean heat into a substance re- 
sembling in texture porcelain or kiln-baked clay: 
por'cellanite, n. -sil-dn-lt, a term applied to a clay or 
shale which has been converted by heat into a porce- 
lain-like mass, varying in colours and degrees of 
hardness : porcelain-clay, a clay, generally composed 
of alumina and silica, used in making porcelain. 

porch, n. porch (F. porche, a porch— from L. portions, 
a gallery or porch— from porta, a gate : It. portico), in 
arch., a roof supported on pillars before a doorway; 
a covered passage before the principal doorway of a 
church; when so large as to be fitted up as a small 
chapel, it is termed a galilee; a portico. 

porcine, a. por'-sln (L. porcus, a pig), pert, to swine 
or pigs. 

porcupine, n. por'-kCi-pln (It. porco spinoso, a hedge- 
hog, a porcupine— from It. porco ; L. porcus, a pig, and 
It. spi)toso ; L. spina, a thorn), a small quadruped. 
about the size of a rabbit, covered with spmcs or quills. 

pore, n. pOr (F. pore, a pore— from L. porus; Gr. 
poros, a channel or passage— from Gr. peiro, I pierce), 
one of the very minute openings or interstices in the 
skin through which the perspiration or sweat passes 
to the surface ; any minute opening or cell on the sur- 
face of an organised body: porous, a. po'riis, full of 
pores ; light and spongy ; opposed to dense: po'rously, 
ad. -ll: porousness, h. -ties, also porosity, n. po-ros'- 
l-tl, the state of having small interstices or holes; the 
opposite of density. 

pore, v. pOr (from Eng. bore, to pierce, to enter: 
akin to Sw. pala, to pore, as over a book), to look on 
steadily and minutely; to look close and long: po- 
ring, imp.: pored, pp. pord. 

porifera, n. po-rif'era (L. porus, a pore, and fero, I 
bear), a class of animals, including the sponges, per- 
forated in every part with minute orifices : porif eran, 
n. -da, one of the porifera or group of animals com- 
prising the sponges. 

poriform, a. po'rifaTvrm (L. porus, a pore, and 
forma, shape), resembling a pore or small puncture. 

porism, n. po'rlzm (Gr. 2>orismos, supply, gain— 
from porizo, I provide), in geom., a proposition airirm- 
ing the possibdity of finding such conditions as 
will render a certain problem indeterminate, or cap- 
able of innumerable solutions : poris tic, a. -rls'tlk, 
also poris'tical, a. -tl-kul, pert, to or depending on a 
porism. 

pork, n. p&rk (F. pore, a hog, swine's flesh : It. por- 
co; L. porcus. a pig), the flesh of pigs or swine, either 
fresh or salted : porker, n. pork'ir, a young hog ; a 
pig: pork ling, n. -ling, a young pig: porkmah, a 
butcher who deals in pork. 

porous, porously, porousness— see under pore. 

porphyry, n. por'-fl-ri (Gr. porphurites ; L. porphy- 
rites, a purple-coloured precious stone— from Gr. por- 
phura, purple: F. porphyre, porphyry), a term origin- 
ally applied to a reddish igneous rock found in Upper 
Egypt ; a term now employed by geologists to denote 
any rock of any colour containing embedded crystals 
distinct from the main mass or matrix; strictly speak- 
ing, those rocks which have a felspathic base: por- 
phyritic, a, por'fl-rlt'ik, having the aspect or'-' 



porphyry : por phyrising, imp. : por phyrised, pp. 

porpoise, n. por'pus, also porpesse, n. pdr'pSs (It. 
porco pesce, the hog-fish : mid. L. porpesse, a porpoise 
—from L. porcus, a hog, and piscis, a fish), the sea- 
hog or hog-fish, a cetaceous fish common in the Atlan- 
tic. 

porraceous, a. p6r-nV<ht~'s (L. pm-areus, green— 
from porrura, a leek), greenish ; resembling the leek 
in colour. 

porrect, a. por-rekt' (L. porrectum, to reach out or 
extend), in hot., extending forth horizontally as if to 
meet something. 

porridge, n. por'-rij (a corruption of Eng. pottage : F. 
potage, pottage: It. porrata, leek-pottage), a kind of 
pudding made by slowly stirring oatmeal amongst 
water while boiling till a thickened mass is formed; 
a kind of broth: porridge-pot, the vessel in which 
porridge is made : porringer, n. por'rin-jer (from por- 
ridge), a small earthenware or tin vessel out of which 
children eat their porridge— also called pottenger. 

port, n. port (F. porte; It. porta, a door, a gate : It. 
porto, a harbour— from L. porta, a gate), a gate; an 
entrance; a harbour; a safe station for ships; the 
left side of a ship : port'al, n. -al, a small door or 



gate ; any passage ; the smaller gate where there are 
two ; the arch over a door or gate: adj. in anat., re- 
lating to the porta or gateway of the liver : port'er, 
n. -«•, a door or gate keeper ; a waiter in a hall : 
port ress, n. -res, a woman who attends a gate : port- 
admiral, an officer in charge of a naval port, and of 
the vessels of war resorting thither : port charges or 
dues, certain sums paid for harbour or wharfage ac- 
commodation : port-crayon, a holder for a crayon or 
pencil: port-fire, a fuse or paper-case filled with a 
composition of saltpetre, brimstone, and pounded 
powder, used for firing mines, and formerly for artil- 
lery : port-holes, the openings for cannons in the sides 
of a ship of war, usually shortened into ports .- port- 
lids, the hanging-doors that shut the ports : port of 
entry, a harbour where a custom-house is established 
for the lawful entry of excisable merchandise : port- 
town, a town having a port, or situated near one : 
port- warden, the officer in charge of a port ; a har- 
bour-master : steam-port and exhaust-port, in a 
steam-engine, the openings for the constant or alter- 
nate entrance or exit of the steam, the former for the 
entrance, the latter for the exit. 

port, v. port (L. portare, to carry, to bear : It. por- 
tare: F. porter), to carry a rifle or firearm in a slant- 
ing direction upwards across the body in front, as in 
the military command, "to port arms"; among sea- 
men, to turn or put to the lett side of a ship, as, "port 



carried, as by hand ; not bulky or heavy ; easily trans- 
ported: port 'ability, n. -bil'-i-ti, the state of being 
portable; fitness to be carried: port ableness, n. -bl- 



cow, boy, fool; pure, bud; chair, 



nes, the quality of being portable: portage, n. -aj, 
the act of carrying ; the price of carriage ; in Amer., 
a breakinachaiiMt water communication, over which 
merchandise, stores, and boats have to be carried on 
men's backs, or otherwise: port'er, n. -ir, one who 
carries burdens for hire; one who does the heavy 
work of a ship ; a dark-coloured malt liquor, at first 
made for and drunk by porters : porterage, n. -aj, 
the money paid for the carriage of parcels or linkage 
by porters : port'ly, a. -II (F. se porter, to carry one's 
self, to behave), stately; having a dignified port or 
mien ; bulky ; corpulent : portliness, n. -li-nes, dig- 
nity of personal appearance depending upon large 
size of body and dignified manners; bulkiness; corpu- 

port, n. port (from Oporto, in Portugal), a dark 
purple wine from Portugal. 

portcullis, n. pOrt-kul'-lls (L. porta clausa, a shut 
gate : F. porte-coulisse, a sliding-gate— from couler, to 
slide), a gate like a harrow suspended over the door- 
way of a fortified place, and made to move in a groove 
up and down: v. to arm with a portcullis: to bar or 
obstruct : portcul'lising, imp. : portcul'lised, pp. 
-list: adj. having a portcullis. 

Porte, n. port, also Sublime Porte (F. porte; L. 
porta, a gate : name formerly given to the Ottoman 
Court, being a perverted F. translation of Babi AH 
—literally, the High Gate— the chief office of the gov- 
ernment), the government of the Turkish empire. 

porte-feuille, n. port-fv'-el (F.— from porter, to carry, 
and/eu<7fe, a leaf), a portfolio ; a pocket-book. 

porte-monnaie, n. port-mon'-na (V .— from porter, to 
carry, and monnaie, money), a small pocket-book for 
carrying money. 

portend, n. por-tend' (L. portendere, to indicate 
future events, to predict— from pro, forward, and ten- 
dere, to stretch : It. portendere), to indicate as some- 
thing future by signs or tokens ; to forebode ; to pre- 
sage : portend'ing, imp. : portended, pp. previously 
indicated by signs : portent, n. por'tent (L. portentum, 
an omen, a portent), an ill omen ; a sign of coming 
calamity: portentous, a. por-ten'-tus, ominous; fore- 
showing ill ; wonderful, in an ill sense : porten'tous- 
ly, ad. -li. 

portfolio, n. port-fo'li-6 (F. porte-feuille — from 
porter, to carry, and feuille, a leaf: L. portare, to 
carry, and folium, a leaf), a portable case in which to 
keep loose papers ; a collection of prints, designs, and 
suchlike ; the office and functions of a minister of 
state. 

portico, n. por'ti-ko (It. portico, a portico— from L. 
porticus, an arcade, a gallery), a walk covered by a 

game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



PORT 



464 



POST 



roof supported on columns ; an open space before the 
entrance of a building, fronted with ruin run; : a is ■,, ■ • 
or arched pathway: por'tiooed, a. -kod, furnished 
with a portico or porticoes. 

portion, n. por-shun (L. portio, a share, a portion- 
gen, portionis: It. porzione: F. portion), a part; a 
share ; lot ; final state ; fate ; a wife's dower or for- 
tune: v. to divide; to allot a share or shares: por- 
tioning, imp.: portioned, pp. por'-shund: adj. en- 
dowed with a portion : por'tioner, n. -er, one who 
divides or assigns hi shares; in Scot., the proprietor 
of a feu or small portion of land : por'tionist, n. -1st, 
one having an allowance from a foundation or college ; 
the incumbent of a benefice having more rectors or 
vicars than one. 

Portland, a. port-ldnd, of or from the island of 
Portland, in Dorsetshire : Portland-stone, a shelly 
freestone of a dull-white colour, and moderately hard, 
underlaid by thick beds of sand, from the island of 
Portland: Portland cement, a well-known cement, 
largely used in facing up brick and rough stone build- 
ings to imitate hewn masses of stone, made from com- 
mon limestone mixed with the muddy deposits of 
rivers, which run over clay and chalk, which mixture 
i3 afterwards dried and calcined: Portland Vase, a 
celebrated anc. urn or vase found in the tomb of the 
Kornan Emperor AloxnanhT Scverus, deposited by the 
Duke of Portion d in the British Museum. 

portly, portliness— see under port 2. 

portmanteau, n. port-mdn'to (F. porte-manteau— 
from porter, to carry, and manteau, a cloak), a leather 
case or trunk for clothe.-;, &c, m travelling; a loaine) 
case attached to a saddle behind the rider. 

portrait, n. pOr'trat (F. portrait, a portrait— from 
portraire, to draw, to delineate— from L. pro, forward, 
and F. traire, L. trahere, to draw forth or drag), the 
representation of a person's face, with a part or the 
whole of the body, in water or oil colours, or traced 
with a pencil or crayon^ and taken from the life ; any 
vivid representation in words, as of a person : por- 
traiture, n. por'tra-tur, the art or practice of drawing 
portraits, or of vividly describing persons in words: 
portray, v. por-trd', to paint or draw the resemblance 
of anything ; to describe vividly in words, as the ap- 
pearance of a person: portraying, imp. : portrayed', 
pp. -trad': portray'er, n. -tra'er, one who paints or 
draws to the life : portray'al, n. -dl, the act of por- 
traying: portrait-painter, one whose occupation or 
profession is to paint portraits. 



a harbour), the chief magistrate of a port or maritime 
town. 

Portuguese, n. por'tu-gez, of or from Portugal : n. 
the people or language of Portugal. 

pose, v. poz (F. apposer, to lay or sot on or near to ; 
poser, to set or lay : L. appositum, to put or place at 
or near— from ad, to or at, and positum, to put or 
place— whence apposite, as applied to answers), to put 
or bring to a stand by a question or by questions ; to 
puzzle; to pei pi i . on i iii difficult to an- 

swer: po'sing, imp.: adj. puzzling; putting to a 
stand by a perplexing question: posed, pp. pozd: 
poser, n. po'-zer, one who asks questions difficult to 
answer ; a question difficult or impossible to reply to. 

pose, n. poz (F. posi, placed— from poser, to set or 
lay), in paint, and sculp., the attitude which the 
character represented is considered to have taken 
naturally; a position formally assumed for the sake 
of effect: pose, a. po-za', in her., standing still with 
all his feet on the ground, as the attitude of a lion or 
other beast. 

pose, n. poz (AS. gepose, the pose, the stuffing of the 
head : F. poser, to place), an old medical term for a 
stuffing in the head from cold; a catarrh. Note. — 
Hooper suggests that this may be the real origin of 
pose, to puzzle, meaning in the first instance "to 
stupefy." 

posit, v.pd | >ositv , to put or place), to dis- 
pose ; to range ; in loqic, to lay down, as a position : 
pos'iting, imp. : posited, pp. : adj. set ; placed ; 
ranged. 

position, n. po-zish'iin (F. position, position— from 
L. positio, a putting or placing— gen. positionis : It. 
-posizione), the state of being placed or set ; situation ; 
place ; attitude or posture, as of a model or object to 
be copied ; a principle advanced or laid down ; state 
of affairs ; condition ; state ; a rule in arithmetic. 

positive, a. poz'-%4%v (L. positivus, settled by arbi- 



trary appointment or agreement— from positum, to 
put, to place: It. positivo : F. positif), not admitting 

my ' r.il.li Ion 'ii -ll:;. .<■;,! , ■., :,)(,. :• ; I i , , i, ,■•_.; i i );.■< ',I,M, 

lute ; direct ; explicit ; not implied ; real ; over-confident 
in opinion or assertion ; dogmol ice I ; allinnative; set- 
tled by arbitrary n,| >| >oi j , tniem, ; very certain ; in arum. , 
applied to the state of an adjective, without any in- 
crease or diminution in its stjhihoal.joh, indicated by 
a change in the form or termination : n. that which is 
capable of being affirmed ; reality ; a word which 
affirms or asserts existence : positively, ad. -II, ab- 
solutely; really; in its own nature ; directly ; express- 
ly; in strong terms : pos'itiveness, n.-rce.s.undonbfing 
assurance; full confidence: positivism, n. poz'i-tiv- 
Izm, a term applied to a French system of philo- 
sophy, originated by M. Augusto Comte, which ex- 

ciiidi':; : i philosophy everything except the natural 

phenomena or properties of knowable tilings, and 
'■■ <<" h hold ■ oil iiiniii, , oho ■:...., . ..;. other efficient 
or final, to be useless and unprofitable : posltivist, n. 
-1st, one who believes in positivism : positive electric- 

e,y, I. Iii 'pisni lij oi o|, . i , ion , .,. Inch i hod .; "onopn . 

beyond its natural condition: positive quantity, in 
alg., an affirmative quantity, or one to be added, 
which is distinguished by the sign (+) plus: positive 
o ■!<". p. tin voltaic battery the end of the wire which 
gives off the electric fluid ; the other, which receives 

the ihilii 'I 

posse, n. pos'-se (L. posse, to be able— the first word 
of posse comitatus, number of persons able to attend), 
the civil power of a county that may be called to attend 
a sheriff in the execution of justice ; a number or 
crowd of persons, as of the police. 

possess, v. pd .urn, to have and hold, 

to be master of: It. possedere: F. posseder), to have 
or hold as an owner ; to enjoy ; to occupy ; to hold 
the title of, as the rightful proprietor ; to have power 
over, or to affect by some invisible power: posses'- 
sing, imp.: possessed', pp. -zest': possessor, n. -sir, one 
who possesses; the owner: possession, n. -zesh'nn, 
state of owning or having in one's own power ; that 
which is possessi •' u racy; property; state oi' 

being under the power of invisible beings; madness : 
posses'sive, a. -zes'slv, having possession; in gram.. 
denoting the genitive case in nouns; in Eng. gram., 
when one noun possesses another it is said to be in 
the possessive case, and terminates in the mark 's, 
s\ or ': possessively, ad. -11: posses'sory, a. -ser-i, 
having possession : to possess with, to furnish or fill 
with : to give possession, to put in another's power or 
occupancy : to take possession, to bring within one's 
power or occupancy ; to enter on : writ of possession, 
the written order of a court of law directing a sheriff 
to put a person into possession of property recovered 
by legal process. 

posset, n. pos'sSt (old F. posgue— from L. posca, a 
drink of vinegar and water), milk curdled with wine 
or other acidulous liquor. 

possible, a. pos'sl-bl (L. possibilis, that may be done 
—from posse, to be able: It. possibile: F. possible), 
that may happen ; that can be done ; barely able to 
come to pass ; practicable ; not contrary to the nature 
of things: pos'sibly, ad. -Ml: pos'sibillty, n. -bil'i-ti, 
the state of being possible ; the power of being or ex- 
isting ; that which is possible ; a contingency. 

post, n. pjOst (F. poste, a post or place : L. postis, a 
doorpost— from positum, to put, to place), a piece of 
timber placed upright, generally as a support for some- 
thing else ; a station for soldiers ; a place or situation ; 
the station of duty ; employment ; a messenger who 
carries letters regularly from place to place ; a quick 
or speedy manner of travelling ; the mail ; a size of 
printing and writing paper ; a miner's or quarryman's 
term for any compact stratum of sandstone or lime- 
stone : v. to travel with speed, as by relays of horses ; 
to send with speed ; to place ; to station ; to fix ; to as- 
sign ; to advertise by putting a placard on a wall or a 
post ; to place letters in the post-office ; in book-keep- 
ing, to carry the entries from other books to the ledger : 
adj. speedy, as by post: ad. in haste; hastily: post'- 
ing.imp.: adj. travelling with speed; relating to an 
establishment where post-chaises and post-horses can 
be obtained on hire : poster, n. -er, one who posts ; a 
courier; a large printed bill for posting: post'ed, pp.: 
post'age, n. -aj, the money paid for the conveyance of 
letters by post : post'al, a. -dl, relating to posting or 
mails : post-bag, a mail-bag : post-bill, a bill or list of 
letters sent by a postmaster: post-boy, a courier; a 



boy or man who rides the horse, or one of the horses, 
mdte, mat, far, law; mete, m&t, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, mOve; 



POST 465 

of a post-chaise : post-captain, the captain of a war- 
ship in the British navy— so called to distinguish him 
from a commander, to whom the title of captain is 
sometimes given by courtesy : post-chaise, a carriage 
for conveying travellers from one place to another 
for hire : "posted up, made familiar with by study, 
as, " he is well posted up in the classics " : post- 
haste, with speed: postman, a letter-carrier: post- 
mark, the stamp of a post-office on a letter : post- 
master, one who has the superintendence and direc- 
tion of a post-office : postmaster-general, the chief 
executive head of everything connected with the postal 
and telegraphic systems of the United Kingdom, and 
the appointment of vacant offices in Ms department, 
usually a member of the Cabinet : post-office, an office 
where letters are received for transmission to various 
parts, and from which letters are delivered that have 
been received from places at home and abroad : post- 



POT 



office directory, in any large town, a book containing 
the names of the ratepayers in it, with their residences, 
trades, occupations, or professions, together with a 
variety of other useful and postal information : post- 
office order— see money-order : post-paid, a. having 
the price for the carriage of the letter paid in advance, 
usually in the form of a stamp on the letter itself : 
post-town, a town having a regular post-office : post- 
age-stamp, an adhesive government stamp, of dif- 
ferent values, for affixing to letters or parcels to be 
sent by post : from pillar to post, to and fro: knight 
of the post, one who gains his living by false evidence ; 
a sharper in general. 

post, post (L. post, behind, after), a common prefix, 
signifying behind; after,- afterwards; subsequent. 

post-date, v. post-ddt' (L. post, after, and Eng. date), 
to date a document in advance of the real date on 
which it was written; to after-date: post-dated, a. 
dated in advance. 

postdiluvial, a, p6st'dU6'vl-dl (L. jmst, after or he- 
hind, and diluvium, the deluge), happening after the 
flood of Noah: post'dilu'vian, n. -an, one who lived 
after the flood, or who has lived since the deluge. 

post-entry, n. post-en'tri (L. post, after, and Eng. 
entry), a second or subsequent entry. 

posterior, a. pos-te'-rher (L. posterior, the comp. deg. 
of posterus, coming after), later in time or place ; com- 
ing after; hinder : poste'riorly, ad. -li : posteriority, 
n. -or'-l-ti, state of being later or after : poste'riors, n. 
-erz, the hinder parts of an animal : posterity, n. pds- 
ter'i-tl, descendants ; succeeding generations ; opposed 
to ancestors. 

postern, n.jp6s ; fe'rn (old F.posfeme; ~E.pote.rne; It. 
posterla, for porterula, a little gate, a back door— 
from L. posterus, behind), any small door or gate ; a 
private entrance; in fort., a vaulted passage con- 
structed under the mass of the parapet and through 
the rampart: adj. behind; private. 

postfix, n. post'/ Iks (L. pout, alter, andflxus, fixed), 
letters, or a syllable, placed at the end of a word ; an 
affix : v. to place behind or at the end ; to place letters, 
or a syllable, at the end of a word ; to affix. 

posthumous, a. post- u- m as (V.ii.jst/i ume; It. and Sp. 
postumo, posthumous— from L. postumus, the last, the 
hindmost— from posterus, coming after), born after 
the death of a father, as a child ; published after the 
death of an author, as a work ; after one's decease, 
as fame: post humously, ad. -It. 



a marginal note, originally in the Bible; in the E. 
Cath. Ch., a homily read after the Gospel. 

postilion, n. pos-tll'-yun (F. postilion, a postilion— 
from poste, the post), the rider on the near leader in a 
travelling-carriage. 

post-meridian, n. post'mi-rid'-i-dn (L. post, after, 
and meridies, mid-day), afternoon— usually contracted 
into P.M.: adj. coining after the sun has passed the 
meridian. 

post-mortem, a. jiost-mdr'-t&m (L. after death— from 
j)ost, after, and mors, death— gen. mortis), after death ; 
made after death. 

post-nuptial, a. post-niip'shdl (L. post, after, and 
nuptia, man after marriage. 

post-obit, i uter he dies— from post, 

after, and obitum, to die), a bond payable after the 
death of a certain person named in it, from whom the 
person granting it has expectations. 

postpone, v. post-pon' (L. post, after, and ponere, to 
put or place), to put off to a future or later time ; to 
adjourn ; to delay : postpo'ning, imp.: postponed', pp. 



-pond': postpo'ner, n. -ncr, one who postpones : post- 
ponement, n. -ment, the act of deferring to a future 
time ; temporary delay. 

post-positive, a. post-pds'l-tlv (L. post, after, and 
positum, to put or place), in gram., placed after a 
word: post-position, n. post'po-zlsh'un, in gram., a 
word or particle placed after or at the end of a word, 
and which shows the relation it bears to another word 
in the sentence— distinguished frompreposition , which 
regards the word or particle when it comes before : 
post'-positi'onal, a. -dl, pert, to a post-position. 

post-prandial, a. post-prdnd'l-dl (L. post, after, and 
lyrandium, a meal), occurring after dinner. 

postscenium, n. pdst-se'-ni-um (L. post, behind, and 
scena, a scene), the part of a theatre behind the scenes. 

postscript, n. post'-skript (L. post, after, and scrip- 
turn, to write), a paragraph added to a letter below 
the signature, and usually marked P.S. 

post-tertiary system, n. pOst-ter'shdr'l sis' t dm (see 
each word separately), in geol., all the accumulations 
and deposits that have been formed since the close of 
the boulder-drift or glacial period. 

postulant, n. pos'tu-ldnt (L. postulo, I demand; 
postulatum, to demand), one who or that which de- 
mands; a candidate: pos'tulate, n. -lat, also pos'- 
tula'ttun, n. -Id'tiim, something to be assumed or 
taken for granted; in logic or phil, a proposition 
whose truth is assumed as a foundation for further 
reasoning; in geom., a self-evident problem; plu. 
postulates, -lats, or pos'tula'ta, -la'td : v. to assume ; 
to take without positive consent: pos'tulating, imp.: 
postulated, pp.: pos'tula'tory, a. -ter-i, assuming 
without proof. 

posture, n. pos'tiir or -chobr(E. posture, posture— from 
L. positura, position, situation— from positum, to put 
or place : It. positura), place ; situation ; the disposi- 
tion ofafigure ami its several parts with regard to the 
eye, as a human body or a statue ; attitude ; position ; 
frame : v. to place and dispose in a particular way for 
a particular purpose : pos'turing, imp. : postured, pp. 
-turd ■. posture-master, one who teaches or practises 
artificial postures of the body. 

posy, u. po'zl (F. pen-see, thought, a pansy ; but more 
likely a corrupt form of poesy, in the sense of "senti- 
ment "), a motto or device ; a bunch of flowers ; a bou- 
quet ; a bunch of flowers, in the sense of the language 
sentiment of flowers. 



than broad, in use for various domestic and other pur- 
poses, generally for cooking meat on a fire; a mug for 
liquor ; a deep earthenware vessel of various shapes 
and sizes ; paper of a certain size : v. to put into pots ; 
to preserve in pots; to put into casks for draining, 
as sugar: pot'ting, imp.: n. the act or process of 
putting into pots, said specially of plants ; the opera- 
tion of pouring hot liquid-sugar into earthen moulds 
for refining it ; the act of pouring new-made sugar 
into casks to cure it and drain off the molasses: 
pot'ted, pp.: adj. placed or preserved in a pot: pot'- 
ter, n. -ter, a maker of earthen vessels : pot'tery, n. 
-ter-i, all kinds of clay or earthen ware ; the place 
where earthenware goods are manufactured: pot- 
bellied, a. -bel'lid, having a prominent, bulging, or 
protuberant belly, in allusion to the prominent con- 
vexity of the circumference of common iron pots: 
pot-boy, the boy or man who carries out beer for 
sale : pot-companion, an associate in hard drinking : 
pot-herb, any vegetable suitable as an ingredient in 
soups, or for flavouring them : pot-hook, a hook for 
suspending an iron pot over a fire ; an elementary turn 
for learners in writing: pot-house, a low drinking- 
hotise: pot-luck, a familiar term for taking chance 
of what may be for dinner, without a formal invita- 
tion : pot-metal, a kind of stained glass ; melted glass 
as it comes from the glass-pot ; an alloy of lead and 
copper for making pots : to go to pot, to go to ruin ; 
to be destroyed or wasted: pot-pourri, n. po-pdbr're 
(F.), a hotch-potch; a medley; a mixture of various 
vegetable ingredients: potstone, n. pot'ston, a soft 
magnesian or talcose rock of a greenish-grey or leek- 
green colour, which may be formed into pots or vases : 
pot-valiant, a. valiant over the liquor only: potted 



is taken carefully to exclude the air : potter's 

clay, a clay suitable for being manufactured into pots 
or earthenware : potter's wheel, a wheel or revolving 
tool used by the potter in the manufacture of earthen- 



V,fdbt; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



POTA 41 

ware goods : potting-house, a house where plants are 
potted. 

potable, a. po'-td-bl (L. potabilis, drinkable— from 
poto, I drink: It. potabile: F. potable), fit to be drunk ; 
drinkable: po'tableness, n. -bl-n&s, the quality of 
being drinkable : potation, n. po-tn'. .7/ iui ;i <{, i n I :i ■ >■.- 
bout; a draught: potatory, a. po'td-ter-i, of or relat- 
ing to drinking. 

potage, a spelling of pottage, which see. 

potal, n. pot'-dl, also potale, n. pot'-dl (from pot), the 
refuse, grains, &c, from a distillery, used for feeding 
cattle and swine. 

potance, n. pO'tdns (F. potence, a gibbet), the stud 
in a watch in which the lower pivot of the verge plays. 

potash, n. pot'dsh, plu. potash'es, -dsh'-ez (Dut. 
potasch; F. potusse, potashes: Eng. pot, and ashes), 
the impure alkali obtained from the ashes of certain 
plants, so called because the ashes being washed in 
a large pot or vessel, the water is then evaporated to 
obtain the alkali; impure carbonate of potassa: po- 
tassa, n. po-tds'-d, pure or caustic potash: potassium, 
n. -si.- am, the metallic basis of potash. 

potato, n. pO t6 to (! '■('. batata, sweet potatoor yam; 
betate, original name for the beet : S. Amer. battatas), 
a well-known plant and its tubers, natives of S. Amer. ; 
plu. pota'toes, -tOz: potato-starch, the starch or flour 
obtained from potatoes : potato-stones, a quarryman's 
term for the geodes, being rounded irregular concre- 
tions of varied composition. 

poteen, n. po-ten' (Ir. potaim, I drink), Irish whisky. 

potent, a. po'-Unt (L. potens, powerful— gen. poten- 
tis: It. potente, potent: F. potence, potency), mighty; 
powerful; energetic; having power or efficacy, in a 
moral or physical sense; having great authority or 
dominion: po'tently, ad. -H: potentate, n. -ten-tat, a 
jmni.-i.K ii i.i] soven ign : potential, a. po-ten'-shdl, exist- 
ing in possibility, not in act ; in gram. , applied to a 
mood which expresses possibility, liberty, power, will, 
or obligation ; efficacious ; powerful : n. anything pos- 
sible : poten'tially, ad. -II, in a potential or possible 
manner ; in possibility ; not in act : poten'tial'ity, n. 
-shi-dl'-l-tl, the state of being potential; possibility: 
potence, n. po'-tens, same sense as potency; in her., a 
cross with crutch-like ends : po'tency, n. -ten-sl, physi- 
cal or moral power ; efficacy ; influence. 

poteriocrinites, n. po'-ter-l-ok'-rl-nitz (Gr. poterion, 
a cup or goblet, en, in or on, and krinon, a lily), in 
geol., an extensive genus of encrinites, occurring in the 
carboniferous limestones of Britain and Ireland, hav- 
ing a goblet shape of body. 

pother, n. poth'-er (a probable corruption of potter, 
to stir or disorder anything; also its synonyme bother: 
F. poudre, dust), bustle; confusion: v. to tease or 
perplex; to make disorder or confusion: poth'ering, 
imp. : poth'ered, pp. -erd. 

potion, n. po'-shun (F. potion, a potion— from L. 
potio, a draught or potion— gen. potionis— from potare, 
to drink), a medicine to be taken as a draught ; a dose. 

potsherd, n. pot'sherd (Eng. pot, and AS. sceard, a 
fragment : Dut. schroode, a bit of paper), a fragment 
or bit of a broken pot or earthen vessel. 

pottage, n. pot'-tdj F. potage, pottage, that which is 
boiled in a pot : Eng. pot), porridge ; a mess of meat 
and vegetables boiled together to softness in water. 

potter, pottery, &c— see pot. 

potter, v. pot'ter (Dut. poteren, also peuteren, to fin- 
ger, to pick with the finger: prov. Eng. pote: Sw. 
pata, to poke or pick), to stir or disorder anything; 
to work in a trifling manner: pot'tering, imp.: pot'- 
tered, pp. -terd. 

pottle, n. pot'-l (Lang, poutaras, a large jug: a dim. 
of pot), a measure of two quarts ; a small conical basket 
for containing small fruit. 

pouch, n. powch (Icel. poki; Dut. poke; F.poche; 
Norm, pouche, a sack, a wallet— same as poke or pocket), 
a small bag ; a pocket ; the bag or sack of an animal, 
as the cheek-pouch of a monkey, or the nursing- 
pouch of a kangaroo; in mil, a strong leather case, 
lined with tin divisions, in which a soldier keeps his 
ammunition; in bot., the short pod or silicle of some 
cruciferse : v. to put in a pocket or pouch ; to save : 
pouch'ing, imp.: pouched, pp. powcht: pouch-shaped, 
in bot., resembling a little bag, generally double or 
two-celled. 

poudrette, n. p6-drSt' (F. poudrette— from poudre, 
dust, powder), human dung dried and reduced to 
powder, and mixed with charcoal, gypsum, &c, used 
for manure. 

poule— see pool 2. 



6 POVE 

poult, n. pOlt (F. poule, a hen ; poulet, a chicken : 
L. pullus, a young animal), a young chicken, usually 
of a turkey; a pullet: poultry, n. pol'-trl, domestic 
birds, generally reared for the table, or for their eggs : 
poul'terer, n. -ter-cr, one who deals in poultry or game: 
poultry-yard, a yard where poultry are confined, bred, 
or fattened. 

poultice, n. pOl'-tis (L. puis, a thick pap or pottage 
made of meal— gen. pultis: Gr. pottos, porridge), a soft 
preparation of meal, bread, or herbs, &c, applied to 
sores or tumours : v. to apply a poultice: poulticing, 
imp.: poul'ticed, pp. -tlst. 

pounce, n. powns (F. ponce, pumice-stone — from 
poncer, to smooth, to rub with pumice-stone: It. 



from spreading ; powder used as a medicine or cos- 
metic : v. to rub with pounce : pouncing, imp. : 
pounced, pp. pownst: adj. ornamented with a contin- 
uous series of dots over the entire surface; sprinkled 
with pounce. 

pounce, n. powns (Sp. puncha, a thorn, a prick; 
punchar, to sting or prick : L. punctus, punctured), 
the talon or claw of a bird of prey : v. to dash down 
upon like a bird of prey: poun'cing, imp.; pounced, 
pp. pownst: adj. furnished with claws. 

pounce, n. powns (from punch, which see), cloth 
worked in eyelet-holes: v. to perforate; to work in 
eyelet-holes : poun'cing, imp. : pounced, pp. pownst. 

pound, n. poiond (Dut. pond; Ger. pfund; L. 

I„,liilil . ;;. vV i-iir) ;;. ■ l;ni<l,i ■ .!■:■.!:,■ i,< i Hi f , 

or 7000 gr. avoir.; 12 oz., or 5760 gr. troy or apoth.; a 
unit of money, of 20s. or 240d., so called from for- 
merly weighing a pound : pound'age, n. -dj, a deduc- 
tion or charge made for each pound in money or 
weight: pound'er, n. -er, that which weighs two 
or more pounds, as a cannon-ball; a large heavy 
pear : pound-cake, a rich sweet cake, so called from 
the ingredients having originally been mixed of a 
pound each in weight : pound-foolish, neglecting the 
care of large sums in the anxiety to save small ones : 
pound Scots, an anc. coin or unit of money of Scot- 
land, equal in value to 20d. sterling. 

pound, n. pdwnd (Dut. pand; Ger. pfand, a pawn 
or pledge), a public enclosure for the safe custody of 
cattle found straying or doing damage : v. to shut in 
or confine in a public pound : pounding, imp.: pound'- 
ed, pp.: adj. confined in a pound: pound'age, n. 
-dj, confinement of cattle in a pound ; the charge or 
toll for it : pound-breach, in law, the crime of the 
breaking of a public pound to release beasts con- 
fined in it. 

pound, v. pcnvnd (AS. punian, to beat, to bray : old 
Eng. pun, to stamp in a mortar), to stamp or bruise in 
a mortar ; to pulverise by beating with a pestle ; to 
strike or beat with something heavy: pounding, imp.: 
pound'ed, pp.: adj. pulverised or reduced by beating; 
bruised by beating : pound'er, n. -er, one who or that 
which pounds ; a pestle or beater. 

poupee, n. po-pd (F. poupee, a doll), a puppet ; a 
milliner's block: poupeton, n. p6'-p646n, a puppet; a 
baby ; hashed meat. 

pour, v. por (W. bwrw, to cast or throw : Scot, pere, 
to pour), to let some liquid out of a bottle or vessel ; 
to let or cause to flow, as water; to discharge in a 
continuous stream; to flow; to send forth; to move 
or rush tumultuously, as a stream or a crowd : pour- 
ing, imp.: poured, pp. pord: pour'er, n. -er, one who 
or that which pours. 

pourparty, n. pOr-par'-U (F. pour, for, and parti, 
part or party), in law, a division of lands before held 
in common. 

pourpresture, n. p6r-prSst'-ur (old F. pourprisure, 
an enclosure), a wrongful encroachment on lands. 

pout, n. powt (F. poulet, a chicken— see below), a 
sea-fish of the cod kind; a young turkey; often ap- 
plied to the young of other domestic fowls, and of the 
grouse kind. 

pout, v. powt (prov. F. pout, also poto, a lip— it has 
its origin in the interjections of contempt, trut I or tut I 
Icel. putt, representing a blurt of the mouth with 
protruded lips), to stick or thrust out the lips in ill- 
humour or in contempt: n. a fit of sullenness: pout'- 
ing, imp.: adj. projecting; prominent: n. act of one 
who pouts; childish sullenness: pouted, pp.: pout'er, 
n. -er, one who pouts ; a kind of pigeon, so called from 
its inflated breast having the appearance of pouting : 
pout'ingly, ad. -H. 

poverty, n. pov'-er-tl (F. pauvreU; L. paupertas. 



mate, mdt,fdr, laiv; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



I 



POWD 



467 



PEAN 



poverty— from F. pauvre; L. pauper, poor: It. poverta, 
poverty, want), want of sufficient means of subsist- 
ence ; penury ; defect or barrenness, as of words : 
poverty-struck, a. very destitute in means of subsist- 
ence. 

powder, n. polc'-der (F. poudre, powder— from L. 
pulvis, dust— gen. pulveris), any substance made fine 
and dry, as rough as sand, or as tine as flour: v. to 
reduce to tine or small particles ; to sprinkle with 
powder : powdering, imp. reducing to powder ; 
salting; preserving: powdered, pp. -derd: adj. re- 
duced to powder; spi der; sprinkled 
with salt: pow'dery, a. -der-l, resembling powder; 
dusty; in bot., having a surface coated with fine pow- 
der, as the bloom on plums : gunpowder, a composi- 
tion in the form of small grains, made of nitre, sul- 
phur, and charcoal : hair-powder, a composition used 
for dusting the hair : powder flask or horn, a case in 
which gunpowder is carried: powder-mill, a mill in 
which the ingredients of powder are ground and 
blended together : powder-monkey, in the R.N., a boy 
that carries the powder to the gunners : powder-room, 
in a, ship, the part in which the gunpowder is kept: 



power, n. poio'-r (F. pouvoir; old F.pooir; It. potere, 
power), ability; capacity; strength; energy; faculty 
or energy of mind ; influence ; ride or authority ; a 
sovereign; one invested with authority, usually in 
the plu.; a supernatural being or agent ; in urith. and 
dig., the product arising from the multiplying of a 
quantity or number into itself one or more times : in 
law, a reservation in a deed or agreement; in mech., 
the moving force of a body or machine, or that which 
produces it; in optics, the magnifying strength: adj. 
possessing power, as a power-loom : powers, n. plu. 
pow'-rz, those having resources, greater or less— applied 
to nations, as the gresApowers: powerful, a. p, xv'-r-j't ■■>!, 
having great powers ; mighty ; intense ; forcible ; effica- 
cious: powerfully, ad. -II: pow erfulness, n. -n6s, the 
quality of having or exerting great power; force : pow- 
erless, a. -16s. destitute of power ; weak : pow'erlessly, 
ad. -ll: pow'erlessness, n. -nes, the quality of being 
powerless: power of attorney, in law, a written 
authority empowering another to act : horse-power, 
in mech., an expression to denote the power of a 
steam-engine — that is, to denote how many horses' 
work it will accomplish : power-loom, a loom moved 
by the mechanical force of steam, wind, or water, 
as distinguished from a hand-loom: mechanical 
powers, the five simple mechanical instruments— viz., 
the lever, the inclined plane, the pulley, the screw, and 
the wheel and axle: steam-power, the strength or 
moving force of steam : water-power, the strength or 
moving force of water : in power, in office. 

powter or pouter— see pout. 

pow- wow, n. pcnv-iccnv, among the JV. Amer. In- 
dians, a priest or conjuror ; a conjuration consisting 
of dancing, &c, for the cure of a disease. 

pox, n. poks (another spelling of pocks— see pock), 
pustules or eruptions of any kind on the skin ; an erup- 
tive disease, as small-pox. 

poy, n. poy (a probable corruption of Eng. poise : F. 
appui, prop, stay), a rope-dancer's pole ; a support. 

poynding— see poinding. 

poyntell, n. poyn'tei, paving formed into small 
lozenges or squares laid diagonally. 

pozzuolana, n. poz'zo-o-ld'-na, also pozzolana, n. 

gi'-Z'j-ld'ncl, a volcanic ash or sand from Pozzuoli 
)z'-z6-d"-ll), near the Bay of Naples, largely employed 
in the manufacture of Roman or hydraulic cement. 

praam, n. pram (Dut. praam; Ger. prahm, a flat- 
bottomed boat or lighter), a flat boat or lighter used 
in Holland, the Baltic, &c; in mil., a flat-bottomed 
vessel mounting cannon ; a kind of battery used to 
cover the landing of troops. 

practicable, a. prdk'-ti-kchbl (old F. practicable; F. 
praticable, practicable— from F. pratique, skill: Gr 
praktikos, fit for doing: Sp. practicable, practicable 
— irompractico, practice, method), that may be done 
or effected by human means ; that may be passed or 
travelled, as a road: : laybe assailed: 

prac'ticably, ad. -ka-bli. in such a manner as may be 
performed: practicability, n. -6IZ-'E-<i, also prac'tica- 
bleness, n. - : - or state of being practi- 

cable; feasribil ity of being performed: 

practical, a. prak'tl-kal, pert, to action or use ; that 
may be done or acted ; derived from practice or ex- 
perience; that may be reduced to actual use; not 



theoretical : practically, ad. -It, by practice ; in real 
fact : practicalness, n. -n&s, the quality of being 
practical: practice, n. -tis, frequent actions of the 
same or a similar kind; custom or habit; use or 
usage ; method or art of doing anything ; exercise of 
any profession ; a rule in arithmetic, so called from 
its being applicable to daily transactions : practise, v. 
prdk''tis [iromthB noun), to do frequently or habitu- 
ally ; to exercise any profession or art, as medicine, 
law, &c; to use for instruction or discipline; to com- 
mit ; to form a habit of acting in any manner : prac- 
tising, imp.: adj. exercising as an art or profession; 
engaged in a professional employment : prac'tised, pp. 
-tlst: adj. having had much practice; skilled: prac'- 
tiser, n. -er, one who practises ; a practitioner : prac- 
titioner, n. prdk-tish'un-er, one engaged in the actual 
exercise of any art or profession ; one who does any- 
thing frequently or habitually : practical joke, a trick 
played that hurts or tends to hurt the body, results in 
an indignity, or injures or destroys property. 

prae, pre or pre (L.), a prefix signifying before ; 
in front of: as a prefix, pros is now commonly 
spelt pre; generally, for words beginning prce, see 
pre. 

praecipe, u. pres'l-pe (L. praecipe, take or receive 
beforehand— from pros, before, and capio, I take), in 
laiv, a writ to a defendant ordering something to be 
done, or requiring a reason why it has not been done. 

praecordia, n. prekdr'dl-d—see precordia. 

praetexta, n. pre-teks'td (L. prcetexta, woven at front 
or edge), among the anc. Romans, a long white robe 
bordered with purple, worn by priests and magistrates, 
by boys of the higher class till seventeen years of age, 
and by girls till they were married. 

praetor, n. pre- tor (L.), in anc. Rome, a magistrate 
or judge next in rank to the consul; at first only one 
held the office, but in latter times two, and even 
seven : praetorial, a. pre-to'rl-al, and praeto'rian, a, 
-dn, pert, to a praetor : praeto'rium, n. -vim, the judg- 
ment-hall ; the part of the camp in which the general 
or praetor had his tent : praetorship, n. pre'-tor-ship, 
the office of a prsetor : praetorian bands, guards, or 
cohorts, in anc. Rome, household troops ; the body- 
guards of the emperor. 

pragmatic, a.prdg-mdt'lk. also pragmatical, a.-l-kal 
(L. pragmaticus; Gr. pragmatikos, one skilled in the 
business of the law— from Gr. pragma, that which is 
done : F. pragmatique), meddling ; impertinently busy 
or officious ; relating to some important business or 
affair: pragmatically, ad. -ll: pragmat'icalness, n. 
-nes, the quality of being pragmatic ; activity ; meddle- 
someness : pragmatic sanction, in laxv, a solemn or- 
der or decree of a sovereign, promulgated by the advice 
of his council— applied specially, 1, to the decree issued 
by Charles VII. of France, A.D. 1438, which was the 
foundation of the liberties of theGallican Church ; 2, to 
the settlement by the Emperor Charles VI. of Ger- 
many of his empire on hi [aria Theresa, 
1724. 

prairie, n. prdr'l (F. prairie, an extensive meadow : 
It. prateria, meadows— from L.pratwn, a meadow), in 
JV. Amer., an open and slightly - undulating grassy 
plain of vast extent : prairie-dog, a small burrowing 
animal common on the prairies. 

praise, n. praz (It. prezzo; Ger. preis, price, praise : 
Dut. prijs, price, worth : Sp. prez, honour or glory : F. 
priser, to rate, to value: L. pretium, a price), com- 
mendation bestowed upon a person ; admiration or 
approbation expressed ; fame ; renown ; applause ; a 
glorifying or extolling, as God: v. to express appro- 
bation of ; to extol ; to commend ; to glorify in words 
or song, as God ; to celebrate : prais'ing, imp.: praised, 
pp. prazd : praiseless, a. -les, without praise or com- 
mendation : prais'er, n. -er, one who praises or com- 
mends: praise wor' thy, a. deserving of praise or 
commendation : praisewor thiness, n. the quality of 
being praiseworthy : praisewor'thily, ad. -ll. 

prance, v. prdns (Ger. prangen, to strike the eye 
with outward show: Dut. pronk, ostentation; pronk- 
paard, a horse of state: Sp. brincar, to jump, to 
frisk: W. prancio, to frolic), to spring or bound, as a 
horse in high mettle ; to ride ostentatiously ; to walk 
or strut about in a showy manner : pranc'ing, imp. : 
adj. moving as one who prances; bounding; riding 
with gallant show : n. the act of bounding, as a horse 
in high mettle : pranced, pp. pranst: pranc'ingly, ad. 
-ll : pranc'er, n. -er, one who or that which prances. 

prank, n. pr ar, to jump, to frisk : W. 



prancio, to frolic— akin to prance, which 
colv, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



), a frolic 



PEAS 4 

or freak ; a mischievous or merry trick done for sport 
rather than injury ; a capricious action : v. to dress or 
decorate to ostentation: prank'ing, imp.: pranked, 
pp. prankt: prankish, a. -ish, full of pranks. 

prase, n. praz (Gr. prason, a leek), a dark leek-green 
variety of vitreous quartz : prasinous, a. prCts'i-nus, 
in bot., grass-green ; green like a leek. 

prate, n. prdt (prov. Ger. praten ; Sw. prata; Dut. 
praaten, to chat, to tattle : Dan. prate, to prate), ex- 
cessive or idle talking; chatter; tattle: v. to talk 
much and to little purpose; to chatter; to babble: 
pra'ting, imp.: n. chatter; silly or idle talking: adj. 
talkative; garrulous: pra'ted, pp.: pra'ter, n. -ter, 
one who prates ; a chatterer : pra'tingly, ad. -II. 

pratique, n. prdt'-ik (F. pratique, custom, practice : 
It. pratica, custom), in the European ports of the 
Mediterranean, a licence granted to a vessel that has 
come from an infected place to have intercourse with 
land after ha \- ted quarantine. 

prattle, n. prdt'tl (a dim. of Eng. prate : prov. Ger. 
prateln, to chat, to tattle : Swiss, pradeln, to tattle), 
trifling talk ; the pleasant trivial conversation of young 
children: v. to talk like a child; to chatter; to talk 



tier, n. -ler, one who prattles. 

prawn, n. prawn (may be connected with Fris. 
porn; Ger. spom, a spur), a small sea crustacean of 
the shrimp family. 

praxis, n. prdks'is (G. -praxis, a course of action— 
from pratto, I do or effect any work), an example or 
form for practice or improvement. 

pray, v. prd ( F. prier, to pray: It. pregare; L. precari, 
to beseech, to beg), to entreat; to ask with earnest- 
ness ; to supplicate ; to address or petition the Supreme 
Being; to ask with reverence and humility : praying, 
imp.: adj. given to prayer: prayed, pp. prOd: pray'- 
ingly, ad. -II: pray'er, n. -er, an earnest and solemn 
address to God ; the form of supplication used ; the 
favour or blessing asked for ; earnest entreaty : pray'- 
erful, a. -fool, given to prayer ; devotional : pray- 
erfully, ad. -II: pray'erfulness, n. -n6s, the quality of 
being prayerful: pray'erless, a. -Us, neglecting the 
duty of prayer to God : pray'erlessly, ad. -li .- pray'er- 
lessness, n. -les-nes, the habitual neglect of prayer: 
prayer-book, a book containing printed forms of 
prayer for public or private use: prayer -meeting, 
a number of persons met together for making sup- 
plication to God ; a private meeting for worship : 
to pray in aid, a term used in a court of justice, when 
help is called in from another having an interest in 
the cause : I pray, or I pray you to tell me, a slightly 
ceremonious form of introducing a question. 

pre, pre (L praz), a prefix signifying before ; priority 
of time, place, or rank ; very. 

preach, v. prech (F. precher; Sp. predicar; Ger. 
predigen, to preach— from L. predicare, to announce 
or proclaim), to deliver an address or exhortation on 
the subject of religion from a pulpit in a church ; to 
declare the Gospel message from a selected text of 
Scripture; to pronounce a discourse or sermon in pub- 
lic ; to lecture or give advice to obtrusively, on relig- 
ious or moral grounds: preach'ing, imp.: n. act of 
one who preaches ; a public discourse upon a sacred 
subject : preached, pp. precht : preach'er, n. -er, one 
who preaches ; a minister of the Gospel : preach'er- 
ship, n. -ship, the office of a preacher: preach 'ment, 
n. -mint, applied contemptuously to discourse hav- 
ing the character of a sermon. 

pre-Adamic, a. pre'd-ddm'ik (pre, before, and 
Adam), prior to Adam; before Adam existed: pre- 
Adamite, n. pre-dd'-d-mit, one who lived before Adam : 
adj. used to indicate a high antiquity, especially in 
reference to the date of the creation of the world or 
of man : pre-Ad'amit'ic, a. mit'ik, that existed before 
Adam. 

preamble, n. pre-dm'bl{It. preambolo; F.preambule, 
a preamble, a preface— from L. prce, before, and ambulo, 
I go about), the introduction to a discourse or some 
writing ; the introductory part of a statute, or a bill 
before Parliament, in which the reasons are stated 
why the law or bill should be passed— the preamble 

f'onooeuroi'j v. li 1) fill plor; . • In ,,,, n jjn <i>!n r 

with previous remarks : preambling, imp.: pream'- 
bled, pp. -bid. 

pre-audience, n. pre-cnv'dl-dns (pre, before, and 
audience), a first hearing ; precedence or rank at the 
bar. 

prebend, n. prib'end (F. prebende; It. prebenda, a 
mate, mat, far, law ; mete, met, 



8 PREC 

prebend — from L. prcebens, giving, furnishine), the 
stipend granted to a canon of a cathedral out" of its 
estate: prebendal, a. pre-ben'ddl, pert, to a prebend: 
prebendary, n. preb'-in-der-l, one who enjoys ;< preb- 
end; one who receives a stipend from a cathedral or 
collegiate church : preb'endar'yship, n. -der'-i-ship, the 
office of a prebendary. 

precarious, a. pre-ka'ri-us (L. precarius, that may 
be obtained by entreaty— from precor, I pray: It. p/re- 
cario : F. precaire), depending on the will or pleas- 
ure of another ; depending on unknown or unforeseen 
causes or events ; uncertain ; held by no certain ten- 
ure: precariously, ad. -li; preca'riousness, n. -nes, 
the quality or state of being precarious ; depend- 
ent ■ on others. 

precative, a. pr&k'-d-tlv, also prec'atory, a. -Ur-i 
(L. precor, I pray), suppliant ; beseeching. 

precaution, n. pre-kaw'shun (F. precaution ; It. pre- 
cauzione; Sp. p/njaucbm, precaution, foresight— from 
L. pre, before, and cautio, wanness or circumspection 
—gen. cautionis), care or caution previously employed 
to prevent miscarriage, or to secure good : v. to warn 
or advise beforehand : precau'tioning, imp.: precau- 
tioned, pp. -shund: precau'tional, a. -shnn-dl, pre- 
ventive of mischief : precautionary, a. -shihier-i, pro- 
ceeding from caution ; adapted to prevent miscarriage 
or mischief. 

precede, v. prised' (L. prcecedere, to precede— from 
prce, before, and cedere, to go or move : It. precedere: 
F. priceder), to go before in the order of time ; to go 
before in place, rank, or importance : prece'ding, imp.: 
prece'ded, pp.: precedent, a. prS-se'aSnt, going before 
in time; former; previous: precedent, n. pr6s'-e~-dfrnt, 
that may serve as an example or rule to be followed 
in future actions of the like kind; t but which has been 
done before of a like kind ; an authority, or a judicial 
decision to be followed in similar or analogous cases : 
precedently, ad. pre-seklent-li, beforehand: prece'- 
dence, n. -dens, also prece'dency, n. -den-si, state of 
going or being before ; priority ; the right to a more 
honourable place: precedented, a,.pr8s'-e-dent-td, au- 
thorised by an example of a like kind. 

precentor, n. prS-sSn'ter (It. prectntore; Y.prccen- 
teur, a precentor— from L. prce, before, and canto, I 
sing), the leader of a choir ; in Scot., the leader of the 
psalmody in a church; in Eng. cathedrals, the cleric, 
canon, or minor canon, who has the regulation of the 
music : precen'torship, n. the office of a precentor. 

precept, n. prc'-scpt (L. prceceptum, a maxim, a pre- 
cept—from prce, before, and capio, I take: F. p/re- 
cepte: Sp. precepto), any authoritative command or 
rule of action ; an injunction ; instruction ; principle ; 
maxim; a doctrine; a command in writing to a 
magistrate or a judge : preceptive, a. pre-sep'-tiv, 
containing or giving precepts: precep'tor, n. -ter, a 
teacher; an instructor ; among the Knights Templars, 
the head of a pre, , 1)L r„ - : preceptress, n. -tres,a, wo- 
man who teaches; the head of a religious house: 
preceptorial, a. p/re'-scp-to'-ri-dl, pert, to a precep- 
tor : preceptory, a. prc-sip'-ter-i, giving precepts ; in 
the plu., precep'tories, -ter-iz, subordinate religious 
establishments in the middle ages; the colleges of 
the Knights Templars ; lands or benefices possessed 
by the more eminent Knights Templars— likewise 
used in the singular. 

precession, n. pri-sSsh'un (It. precessione; F. pre- 
cession, precession— from L. prcecessum, to go before — 
from prce, before, and cessum, to go), the act of going 
before : precession of the equinoxes, the slow back- 
ward movement of the equinoctial points along the 
ecliptic from east to west, amounting to about 50" in 
the year: precessi'onal, a. -un-ul, pert, to the pre- 
cession of the equinoxes. 

precinct, n. pre'slngkt (L. prcecinctum, to gird about, 
to encircle— from prrce, before, and cinctum, to sur- 
round), the limits or bounds of a district or division ; 
the exterior hue encompassing a place; boundary: 
the precincts, the limits ; the boundaries. 

precious, a. presh'us (It. prezioso; Sp. precioso; F. 
precieux, precious, valuable— from L. pretiosum, of 
great value— from pretium, a price), of great value : 
costly ; highly esteemed ; in irony, worthless : preci'- 
ously, ad. -li: preci'ousness, n. -nes, great value; 
high price: precious metals, silver and gold— so 
called from their great value compared to the other 
metals : precious stones, beautiful and highly-prized 
stones, used in various forms as ornaments for the 
person. 



precipe— see praecipe. 

1 pine, pin ; note, not, mtve; 



PEEC 469 

precipice, n. prfs'-i-jris (F. yrc'cipice ; It. frceipizio 



PRED 



caput, the head), a steep fall or perpendicular descent 
of laud or rocks; a headlong r :r , : precipitate, a. 
pre-slp-i-tat, headlong; flowing or falling with a steep 
descent; over-hasty; incautious; without due delib- 
eration : n. a substance thrown down from its state 
of solution in a liquid to the bottom of a vessel, gen- 
erally in a pulverised form : v. to hurry or hasten on 
blindly or rashly; to urge or press on prematurely; 
to cause to separate or fall to the bottom, as a sub- 
stance held in solution by a liquid: precipitating, imp.: 
precip itated, pp. : precipitator, n. -Ur, one who 
precipitates: precipitant, a. -taut, falling headlong; 
hasty; rashly or unexpectedly brought on: n. any 
substance which causes something held in solution by 
a liquid to fall down in a solid state : precipitately, ad. 
-tat-U. headlciiu ; in a hasty manner : precip'itantly, 
ad. -tclnt-li, with great or unadvised haste : precip - 
itance, n. -tans, also precipitancy, n. -tan-si. rash 
haste ; the forming of an opinion, or executing a 
purpose, thou-htlesslv and rashly: precip Ttable, a. 
-til-bl, that may be cast to the bottom, as a substance 
held in solution: precipltabil ity, n. -bll'-i-ti, the 
quality or state of being precipitable : precip itation, 
n. -ta'-shun. great hurry; tumult nous and blind haste ; 
the operation of throwing down from a liquid a sub- 
stance held in solution ; the process of separating any 
substance from another. Note.— When substances 
held iu solution fall down in a solid state, they are 
called precip it ates; substances merely suspended in 
a liquid, as earthy matter in water, which fall or settle 
down, are called sediments— in the former case the 
operating cause is chemical, in the latter mechanical. 
precipitous, a. -i-tus, very steep; abrupt; dan- 
gerous; hasty; rash: precipitously, ad. -a : precip - 
itousness.n. -nSs, steepness ; rash haste : red precip '- 
itate, red oxide or protoxide of mercury. 

precise, a. pre -sis' [F. precis, precise— from L. prce- 
cisum, to cut off at the end or extremity— from pro:, 
before, and ccesum, to cut or kill), cut or trimmed into 
form ; not loose, vague, or uncertain ; definite ; exact ; 
accurate ; correct ; nice ; scrupulous ; formal ; particu- 
lar: precisely. a d. -H, in a precise manner; nicely; 
accurately ; exactly ; in exact conformity to truth : 
precise ness, n. -n'es, the quality of being precise ; 
rigid nicety ; exactness: .precisian, n. prg-slzh'-an, 
one rigidly exact in the observance of rules : precisi- 
anism, n. -izm, excessive exactness; superstitious 
rigour : precision, n. -un, exact limitation ; accuracy ; 
definiteness. 

preclude, v. pri-klGcl' (L. prcccludere, to shut up, 
to hinder— from prcc, before, and claudo, I shut: It. 
precludere), to shut out ; to hinder from access ; to 
debar ; to prevent from happening or taking place : 
preclu'ding, imp. : preclu ded, pp. : preclusion, n. 
2>re-kl<j'-zhi\n (L. praclusum, to shut up), the act of 
shutting out from accessor possession: preclusive, 
a. -slv, tending to shut out ; hindering beforehand : 
preclu'sively, ad. -U. 

precocious, a. pre-ko'-sliils (L. prcccox, early ripe, 
premature — gen. pyr ozcoc is— from prcc, before, and 
coquo, I cook or boil: It. precoce: F. precoce), ripe in 
understanding before the usual or proper time ; having 
the mental powers developed at an early age ; prema- 
ture : precociously, ad. -li : preco'ciousness, n. -nes, 
also precocity, n. pre-kos'-i-ti, the quality or state of 
being precocious ; premature development. 

precognition, n. pre'-kog-nish-iin iL. prcrcognitinn 
or prcecog no seer e, to foreknow— from prcc, before, cog- 
nitum, to know; cognitio, knowledge), in Scot, law, 
the examination of witnesses before an offender is 
prosecuted: precognosce, v. pre'-kog-nos', to examine 
witnesses beforehand in order to ascertain whether 
there be good grounds for prosecuting: pre'eognosc- 
ing, imp. : pre'eognosced , pp. -nosf. 

preconceive, v. pre-kon-sev' (pre, before, and con- 
ceive), to form a previous idea or notion of ; to form an 
opinion beforehand : preconceiving, imp. : pre'eon- 
ceived', pp. -seed': adj. formed in the mind before- 
hand : pre'eoncep'tion, n. -sep'-shun, the act of precon- 
ceiving ; opinion previously formed. 

preconcert, v.pre'-kon-se rf[pre, before, and concert), 
to settle by previous agreement : preconcert, n. pre- 
kon'-sert, apre nt : pre 'concerting, imp.: 

pre'eoncert'ed, pp. : adj. settled by concert before- 
hand: pre'eoncert'edly, ad. -IX. 

precontract, v. pre'-kon-trcikf (pre, before, and con- 
cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, 



tract), to contract or bargain beforehand : n. pre-kon' 
trCikt, a contract previous to another. 

precordia, n. pre-kor'-di-d (L. prce, before, and cor, 
the heart— gen. cordis), in unat., parts about the 
heart ; the left side of the chest : precordial, a. -di-cll, 
relating to the precordia. 

precursor, n. pre-ker'-sir (L. precursor, one who 
runs before— from prce, before, and cursum, to run : 
It. precursore : F. pneursenr), he or that which pre- 
cedes an event to indicate its approach ; a forerunner ; 
an omen or token ; a sign : precursory, a. -scr-i, in- 
dicating something that is coming. 

predaceous, a. prg-dd'-shus (L. prceda, plunder, 
booty: It. prcdacL. rapacious), living by prey; preda- 
tory : preda'cean, n.-sh la a, a carnivorous animal : adj. 
living by prey : predal, a. pre-ded, pert, to prey ; prac- 
tising plunder: predatory, a. pre-da-tir-i or 'prcd'-a-, 
plundering ; pillaging ; ravenous : pre'datonly, ad. 

predecease, v. pre'-de-ses' (pre, before, and decease), 
to die before some other pel sun : n. the death of one 
before another: pre deceasing, imp. ; predeceased, 
pp. -sest'. 

predecessor, n. pre'-de-ses'sir (It. predcccssorc : 
F. preclecesseur, a predecessor— from L. prce, before, 
and decessor, he who withdraws ur retires, as from 
the province he has governed), one who has preceded 
another in the same office, place, or business. 

predesign, v. pre'-de-zin' (pre, before, and design), 
to design or purpose beforehand. 

predestinate, v. pre-dis'tin-at (L. prazdestinare, to 
determine beforehand— from prcc, before, and destin- 
are, to determine: It. pi\dtstincn-e: F. jiredestiucr), 
to appoint beforehand by unchangeable purpose to 
eternal happiness or misery ; to foredoom ; to pre- 
ordain: predestinating, imp.: adj. indicating pre- 
destination : predes tinated, pp. : adj. predeter- 
mined; foreordained: predes tinator, n. -elder, one 
who predestinates : predes tinarian, n. -tln-a'-rl-iin, 
one who holds the doctrine of predestination : adj. 
pert, to or consisting in predestination : predes'ti- 
na'rianism, n. -an-izm, the svstem or doctrines of 
the predestinarians : predes tiha tion, n. -cVshun, the 
doctrine or belief that God has decreed by immutable 
purpose whatsoever conns to pass— especially in re- 
gard to man,— and that He lias elected some to everlast- 
ing life by Jesus Clnist: predestine, v. prc-des'-tin, to 
decree beforehand : predestining, imp.: predestined, 
pp. -tii'd: adj. determined by predestination. 

predetermine, v. pre'-de-tir'-min (pre, before, and 
determine), to settle in purpose; to determine be- 
forehand: predetermining, imp.: pre'deter mined, 
pp. -mind: pre'deter'minate, a. -mi-nat, determined 
beforehand : pre'deter'mina'tion, n. -ml-na'shun, 
purpose formed beforehand ; that concurrence of God 
which determines men in their actions, good or bad : 
pre 'determinable, a. -nu-bl, that may be determined 
or settled beforehand. 

predial, a. pre-diai (L. praedivm, an estate : It. 
prediale; F. predial, predial), consisting of lands or 
farms ; attached to lands, or pert, to them. 

predicate, v. prSd'i-kat (L. prccdicatum, to make 
publicly known, to declare; prcedico, I declare— from 
prce, before, and dico, I say or tell: It. prredicato, a 
predicate), to affirm one thing of another; to affirm: 
n. that which is affirmed or denied of the subject : 
predicating, imp. : predicated, pp. : predlca'tion, 
11. -Jcd'shun, the act of affi rig of another: 

predlcator'y, a. -ter'i, affirming : predicant, n. 
-kdnt, one who affirms anything : predlcable, a. 
■kd-bl (It. predicabile: F. predicable), that may be 
affirmed or said of something ; that may be attributed 
to: n. in logic, one of the five things that can be 
affirmed of anything — viz., genus, species, difference, 
property, or accident: predlcabillty, n. -bll'-i-H, the 
quality of being predicate of something: 

predicament, n. pre-dlk'd-ment, particular situation 
or state; bad position; in logic, one of the general 
heads or classes under one or other of which all the 
terms may be arranged — viz., substance, quantity, 
quality, relation, place, time, situation, possession, 
action, suffering: pre'dicamen tal, a. -men'-tal, pert, 
to a predicament. 

predict, v. pre-dikt (L. prcedietum, to mention be- 
forehand, to foretell— from prce, before, and dico, I 

say or tell), to tell before' ,],; 

happen ; to foretell ; to forebode : predicting, imp. : 
predict'ed, pp. : adj. told before the event : predict'- 
or, n. -er one who predicts : predic'tion, n. -dik'-shim, 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



PRED 



470 



PREL 



a declaration of a future event ; a prophecy : predic'- 
tive, a. -tlv, foretelling ; prophetic. 

predilection, n.pre'-di * idilection, pref- 

erence—from prce, before, and dilectus, chosen, be- 
loved), a preference ; affection or liking beforehand ; 
prepossession of mind in favour of. 

predispose, v, pre'-dls-pOz {pre, before, and dis- 
pose), to incline beforehand: pre'dispo'sing, imp.: 
adj. creating a tendency to anything or an adaptation 
for it : pre'disposed', pp. -pozd': predisposition, n. 
-po-zlsh-un, the state of being predisposed ; previous 
inclination or propensity ; previous adaptation to any 
change or impression, as of the body to disease. 

predominate, v. pri-dom'-i-nat (pre, before, and L. 
dominor, I am lord and master ; dominatus, absolute 
rule: It. predominare; F. predominer, to predomi- 
nate), to surpass in strength, influence, or authority ; 
to be ascendant ; to prevail ; to rule over : predom'inat- 
ing, imp. : predominated, pp. : predominant, a. 
-ndnt, having superior influence, strength, or author- 
ity ; superior ; prevailing ; supreme in influence ; 
ruling: predominantly, ad. -II: predominance, n. 
-nans, also predominancy, n. -nan- si, superiority 
over others in power, influence, or authority. 

pre-eminent, a. pre-Sm'-l-nent (pre, before, and emi- 
nent: F. preeminent), superior in excellence; surpas- 
sing others, sometimes in a bad sense : pre-eminently, 
ad. -II : pre-eminence, n. distinction in something ex- 
cellent ; superiority, as in rank or dignity. 

pre-emption, n. pre-6m'-shun (pre, before, and L. 
emptum, to buy : F. preemption), act or right of pur- 
chasing before others. 

preen, n. pren (Scot, prein or preen, a pin : Dut. 
priem, a bodkin), a forked instrument used in dress- 
ing cloth: v. to clean as with a preen,— said of birds 
that dress and oil their feathers with their beak: 
preen'ing, imp.: preened, pp. prend. 

pre-engage, v. prc'-in-gdj' (pre, before, and engage), 
to engage by previous contract ; to attach by previous 
influence: pre'-enga'ging, imp.: pre'-engaged', pp.: 
pre'-engage'ment, n. a prior engagement. 

pre-establish, v. pre I re, before, and 

establish), to settle or establish beforehand: pre'es- 
tab'lishing, imp. : pre'-established, pp.: adj. settled 
beforehand: pre'-estab'lishment, n. a settlement be- 
forehand. 

pre-exist, v. prS'egz4st' (pre, before, and exist), to 
exist before something else : pre'-exis'ting, imp. : adj. 
previously existing: pre'-exis'ted, pp.: pre'-exis'tent, 
a. existing beforehand or before something else : pre'- 
exis'tence, n. existence in some former state, as some 
believe the soul to have existed before its union with 
the body ; existence before something else. 

preface, n. prSf'as (F. preface, a preface— from L. 
pro3fatio, a saying beforehand— from prce, before, and 
fatus, spoken), introductory or explanatory remarks 
at the commencement of a book ; an introduction : v. 
to introduce by preliminary remarks; to say some- 
thing by way of introduction : prefacing, imp.: pref- 
aced, pp. -ast: prefatory, a. -d-ter-i, pert, to a pref- 
ace; introductory: prefatorily, ad. -i-ll. 

prefect, n. pre'f&kt (L. pr defect as, an overseer, a 
director— from prce, before, and f actus, made : F. pre- 
fet, a prefect), in France, the superintendent of a de- 
partment of the kingdom, analogous to our sheriff, 
but possessing much greater powers ; a chief of police : 
pre'fectship, n. the office of prefect : prefecture, n. 
pre'-fek-tur, the office or jurisdiction of a prefect. 

prefer, v. pre-fer' (L. prceferre, to carry in front— 
from pros, before, and fero, I bear or bring : It. pre- 
ferire: F. preferer), to honour or esteem above an- 
other ; to esteem or like more than something else ; 
to advance or promote, as to office or dignity ; in law, 
to put forward or exhibit formally, as a charge; to 
offer: to present: preferring, imp. : preferred', pp. 
-ferd' : preferment, n. prS-fer'-m8nt, advancement to a 
higher office or dignity ; aneccles. benefice : preferable, 
a. pref'-er-d-il, worthy to be preferred; more desirable 
or excellent ; of better quality : preferably, ad. -ill : 
pref erableness, n. -il-ne's, the quality or state of being 
preferable : preference, n. -ins, the choice or estima- 
tion of one thin ii > i hi iniilii . , state of being 

preferred: preferential, a. -Sn'-shdl, giving or having 
a preference : pref eren'tially, ad. -II : preference 
shareholder, the holder of stock of a public company 

entitled to tli I ids : preference stock, the 

stock entitled to dividends before the ordinary stock 
©fa company. 

preflgure.v. prSfig'ar or -ur (It. preftgurare: Sp. pre- 
mate, m&t,fdr, law; mete, mSt. 



figurar, to prefigure— from lepras, before, axidftguro, 
I figure, I imagine: F.Jigurer, to figure, to typefy), to 
show in antecedent types irsirnili ; bo foreshadow: 
prefiguring, imp. : preflg'ured, pp. -urd i prefig'ure- 
ment, n. -ur-mSnt, the act of prefiguring; that which 
is prefigured : prefig'ura'tion, n. -u-rd'-shun, the act of 
showing by types or similitudes. 

prefix, v. pre-flks' (L. prazfixum, to fix or fasten 
before— from ptrce, before, and fixum, to fasten or fix : 
F. prefix, settled), to put or place at the beginning of 
something else; to settle: n. pre-flks, a syllable or 
particle put at the beginning of a word to modify its 
meaning: prefixing, imp. : prefixed, pp. prb-fikst'. 

pregnable, a- preg'-nd-bl (old F. pregner; L. prehen- 
dere, to take), that may be taken by assault ; that may 
be moved or convinced. 

pregnant, a. preg'-ndnt (L. prcegnans, with child, 
pregnant— from prce, before, and genere, to beget : It. 
pregnante: F. pregnant), being with child; breeding; 
fruitful ; teeming ; implying more than what is actu- 
ally expressed: pregnantly, ad. -II, in a pregnant 
manner ; fruitfully : preg'nancy, n. -ndn-sl, state of a 
female with child ; fertility. 

prehensile, a. prd-hen'-sil (L. preJiendo, I lay hold of ; 
prehensus, laid hold of), adapted for seizing or laying 
hold, as the hands, or the tails of some monkeys: 
prehen'sible, a.-si-il, that may be seized : prehen'sion, 
n. -shun, a seizing or grasping, as with the hand. 

prehnite, n. pren'-lt (after Colonel Prehn, the disco- 
verer), a mineral occurring largely in trap-rocks, in 
crystals closely aggregated, also massive, of a green- 



ing, imp.: prejudged', pp. : prejudg'ment, n. the act of 
prejudging; decision without a hearing or full ex- 
amination. 

prejudicate, v. prS-j6'-dl-kdt (L. prcejudicatum, to 
judge or decide beforehand— from prce, before, and 
judico, I judge), to form a judgment beforehand, or 
without due examination of the facts and evidence : 
preju'dicating, imp.: preju'dicated, pp.: prejudica'- 
tion, n. -ka'-shun, the act of judging without the due 

camination of the facts and evidence. 

prejudice, n. prSj'-db-dls (L. prcejudicium, disadvan- 
tage, prejudice— from prce, before, and judico, I judge : 
F. prejudice), a previous inclination of mind, formed 
without regard to evidence; bias; prepossession; 
damage or injury : v. to bias or prepossess the mind ; 
to injure or impair: prejudicing, imp.: prej'udiced, 
pp. -dist: adj. biassed; prepossessed by opinions formed 
without due examination: prej'udici'al, a. -dlsh'-dl, 
hurtful; injuri on ,h J .niveous; tending to ob- 
struct or impair : prej udici'ally, ad. -II: prejudicial- 
ness, n. -nSs, the state of being prejudicial. 

prelate, n. prel'-dt (L. prcelatum, to carry in front— 
from prce, before, and latum, to carry : It. prelato ; F. 
prilat, a prelate), a clergyman of a superior order, 
having authority over other clergymen, as an arch- 
bishop, a bishop, &c. : prel'ateship, n. the office of a 
prelate: prelatic, a. pr&-iat-ik, also prelatlcal, a. 
-i-kdl, of or rel itin ti 1 . 1 1 , or to prelacy : prelat'- 

ically, ad. -II: prelatist, n. jrr6l'-d-tist, an advocate for 
episcopacy; a high-churchman : prel'atism, n. -tizm, 
formerly the doctrines of a high-churchman : prel'- 
ature, n. -tur, the rank, office, or dignity of a prelate : 
prel'acy, n. -si, episcopacy ; the order of bishops. 

prelect, v. pre-lekt' (L. prcelectum, to choose out in 
preference— from prce, before, and ledum, to choose or 
pick out, to read), to read a lecture or discourse in 
public: prelecting, imp.: prelect'ed, pp.: prelector, 
n. -ter, one who prelects ; a lecturer : prelection, n. 
pre-lSk-shun, a lecture or discourse read to students, 
or in public. 

preliminary, a. pre-llm'-l-ner-l (It. preliminare; F. 
prMminaire, preliminary— from L. prce, before, and 
limen, a threshold— gen. liminis), that precedes the 
main discourse or business ; introductory ; prepara- 
tory: n. that which precedes the main discourse or 
business ; something preparatory ; introduction : pre- 
lim'inaries, n. plu. -ner-iz, all introductory arrange- 
ments : prelim'inarily, ad. -ll. 

prelude, n. prel'-ud (L. prceludere, to rehearse— from 
prce, before, and ludo, I play: It. preludio ; F. prd- 
hide, a prelude), a short musical flourish or voluntary 
played before the commencement of the piece to be 
performed; the overture; something introductory; 
something which indicates a future event ; v. prS-lud', 
her; pine, pin; note, not, mdve; 



PREM 



471 



PRER 



to precede ; to introduce a piece of music with a vol- 
untary movement ; to serve as an introduction to : 
preluding, imp.: preluded, pp.: prelu'der, n. -dir, 
one who preludes : prelusive, a. pre-lu'-ziv, also prelu'- 
sory, a. -ser-i (L. preclusion, to practise beforehand, to 
rehearse), introductory; indicating that something of 
a like kiud is to follow : prelu sively, ad. -siv-li, also 
prelu'sorily, ad. -sir-i-li, hitroductorily. 

premature, a. 1 re-md-tiir [L. prcematurus, too early, 
untimely— from prce, before, and maturus, ripe : It. 
2*rematuro: F. premature), ripe before the natural 
or proper time ; happening, arriving, or done before 
the proper time; arriving or receiving without re- 
liable evidence to authenticate, as a report; too 
early; too hasty: prematurely, ad. -II.: pre'mature- 
ness, n. -nes, also pre'matur ity, n. -l-tl, the quality 
of being premature ; ripeness before the natural or 
usual time. 

premaxillary , n. pr&m&ks-W-er- i (L. prce, before, and 
maxilla, a jaw), in anat., applied to a bone of the 
upper jaw, forming its margin, anterior to the true 
maxillary bone. 

premeditate, v. pre-mld'l-tdt (L. prccmeditatus, 
thought over— from prce, before, and m editor, I muse 
over or think upon : It. premeditare: F. pre'mediter), 
to muse over or think on beforehand ; to consider or 
revolve in the mind beforehand : premeditating, 
imp.: premed itated, pp.: premeditation, n.-td'-shiln, 
previous contrivance or design formed in the mind. 

premier, a. pre'mi-er (F. pi-emier, first, chief: L. 
primarius, chief, principal — from primus, first), first ; 
chief: n. in Eng., the first or chief Minister of State; 
the Prime Minister: premiership, the office of Prime 
Minister. 

premillennial, a. pre-mU-lCn'm-al ( j ire, before, and 
millennial), previous to the millennium. 

premiss, n. prCmis(L. jrxmissum, to send before— 
frornprtc, before, andmissum, to send : F. premisses, the 
premises), a first orantecedent proposition : prem isses, 
n. plu. -ls-ez, first two propositions of a syllogism from 
which the conclusion or inference is drawn : premises, 
prem'is-Ss, in a deed, the things, as houses or lands, 
set forth or proposed to be conveyed or granted to 
another; houses or lands: premise, v. prS-miz', to 
speak or write as introductory to the main subject ; 
to explain or offer previously ; to lay down as first 
propositions on which the subsequent ones are based: 
premising, imp. : premised', pp. -mlzd'. 

premium, n. pre'-mi-um (L. prcemium, profit derived 
from booty— from pro?, before, and emere, to buy : It. 
premio, a reward, a premium), a reward or recom- 
pense ; a prize offered for some specific thing ; value 
above the original cost or price, as of shares or stock ; 
the sum paid to an office for insurance, as against lire, 
or to indemnify for losses of any kind ; anything of- 
fered or given as an incentive. 

premolar, n. prS-mO'ler (pre, before, and molar), a 
tooth between the canine and molars. 

premonish, v. pri-raon'-lsh (L. prcemonitus, fore- 
warned—from pros, before, and moneo, I warn), to 
forewarn: premon'ishing, imp.: premonished, pp. 
-Isht : premonitive, a. -i-tiv, also premonitory, a. 
•l-ter-i, giving previous warning or Dotice ; foretoken- 
ing : premon'itor, n. -l-ter, one who or that which gives 
warning beforehand : premonition, n.prehau- ni sii'-iui. 
previous notice or warning. 

premorse, a. pre-mors' (L. prce, before, and mo-rsum, 
to bite), in oot., applied to a root terminating abruptly, 
as if bitten off. 

premunire, n. pre'mv-?il'ri (a corruption of L. prce- 
monere, to forewarn: F. premunir, to forearm), in 
law, the crime of introducing a foreign authority into 
England, as that of tin ue offence and 

penalty of refusing to comply with a royal mandate or 
conge d'ilire, as at the election of a bishop ; a writ, so 
called from containing the word, whereby a penalty 
is like to be incurred, as infringing some statute ; the 
penalty so incurred : premunitory, a. prg-mu'ni-ter-i, 
defining a penalty that may be incurred. 

prentice, n. pren'tis, a contraction for apprentice, 



which si 



before another ; to prepossess : preoc'cupying, imp. : 
preoc'cupied, pp. -pid: preoc'cupancy, n. -pdn-si, 
also preoc'cupa'tion, n. -pd'-shun, the right of taking 
possession before others ; prior occupation ; preposses- 
sion: preoc'cupant, n. -pant, one who. 
preordain, v. pre'6r*ddn' (pre, before, and ordain), 



to appoint beforehand ; to predetermine : pre'ordain'- 
ing, imp. :. preordained, pp. -dand': preordination, 

n. prv-Or-dl-na-shnn, the act of foreordaining. 

prepaid— see prepay. 

prepare, v. pre-pdr' (L. prceparare, to make ready 
beforehand— from prce. before, and paro, I make or 
get ready : It. preparare : F. preparer), to make ready 
for some particular purpose or service ; to fit ; to 
adapt ; to qualify ; to equip ; to put things in suitable 
order; to take the necessary preventive measures: 



coiv, boy, f dot; pure, Mid; chair, 



who prepares : preparedly, ad. -IX : prepa'redness, 
n. -nes, state of being in readiness : preparation, n. 
prep-a-i'Ci'-shun, the act or operation of preparing; 
state of being ready ; the thing prepared ; part of an 
animal body, usually a diseased part, prepared and pre- 
served for observation and instruction : preparative, 
a. pre-pdr'-d-tiv. tending to prepare or make ready; 
having the power of pre] « a. that which 

has the power of preparing: prepar atively, ad. -li : 
preparatory, a.-r-.Y-i, previously necessary; introduc- 
tory; preliminary. 

prepay, v. pre-pa' (pre, before, and pap), to pay 
beforehand, as the postage of a letter: prepaying, 
imp.: prepaid, pp. pre-pda", paid in advance: pre- 
payment, n. pre-pd'-ment, payment in advance. 

prepense, &.pre-pens' (L. pro., before, and pensum, 
to weigh), preconceived ; premeditated. 

prepollent, a. pre-pol'lint (L. prcepollens, exceeding 
or surpassing in power— from prce, before, and polleo, 
I am strong or powerful), having superior gravity or 
power ; prevailing : prepollence, n. -lens, also pre- 
pollency, n. -len-si, prevalence ; prepollent character. 

preponderate, v. prc-pdn'der-dt (L. prceponderutinn, 
to be of greater weight— from prce, beyond, and pon- 
dero, I weigh : It. preponderare), to exceed in weight ; 
to exceed in influence or power ; to incline to one side : 
preponderating, imp. : preponderated, pp. : pre- 
pon derant, a. -der-dnt, exceeding in weight; having 
superior power, weight, or influence : preponderant- 
ly, ad. -It : preponderance, n. -dns, also prepon der- 
ancy, n. -dn-si, superiority of weight, power, or influ- 
ence : prepon'dera tion, n. -d'shun, the act or state of 
outweighing. 

preposition, n. prcjf-o-zish'-un (F. preposition, a pre- 
position— from L. prccpositio, that which is put before 
—from prce, before, and positum, to put or set : It. 
prepvsizione), in gram., one of a class of words which 
express the various relations subsisting between verbs, 
nouns, and pronouns, and are nearly always placed 
before the words they govern: prepositional, a. 
-iin-dl, pert, to a preposition; having the nature or 
office of a preposition : prep ositi'onally, ad. -II : pre- 
positive, a. prSpoz'-i-tiv, put before: n. a word or 
particle put before another word : preposltor, n. -ter, 
generally pre-pos'ter, one set over others; a provost: 
prepositure, n. prepoz'l-tur, a provostship. 

prepossess, v. pre'poz-zis' (pre, before, and pos- 
sess), to have or take previous possession of ; to pre- 
occupy the mind or heart of; to bias; to prejudice: 
prepossessing, imp.: adj. tending to secure favour; 
raising a favourable opinion beforehand ; having qual- 
ities that give a favourable and pleasing impression : 
prepossessed', pp. -zest', inclined previously to fa- 
vour: prepossessingly, ad. -li: prepossession, n. 
-zesh'un, prior occupation ; preconceived opinion ; 
the effect of previous impressions on the mind or 
heart. 

preposterous, a. prS-pos'ter-us (L. prceposterus, un- 
seasonable, absurd— from prce, before, and posterus, 
coming after : It. prepostero), having that first which 
ought to be last; contrary to nature or reason; ab- 
surd; monstrous: prepos'terously, ad. -II: prepos'- 
terousness, n. -nSs, the quality or state of being pre- 
posterous ; inconsistency with nature or reason ; ab- 
surdity. 

prepuce, n. pre'pus (F. prepuce, the prepuce— from 
L. prceputium, the foreskin), the membranous or cu- 
taneous fold covering the glans penis ; the foreskin. 

prerequisite, a. pre-rek'-wl-zlt (pre, before, and re- 
quisite), previously required : n. something previously 
necessary. 

prerogative, n. prg-rog'-d-tiv (L. prcerogativus, that 
is asked before others for an opinion, preference, pre- 
rogative — from prce, before, and rogare, to ask: It. 
prerogativa : F. prerogative), an exclusive or peculiar 
right or privilege ; the special rights or powers of a 
sovereign: prerog'atively, ad. -li ■. prerogative court, 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



PRES 



472 



PRES 



the court in which will3 were formerly proved and 
administrations taken. 

presage, n. pres'aj (F. presage, presage— from L. 
prcesagiurn, presentiment, a foreboding— from prce, 
before, and sagio, I perceive quickly or keenly), some- 
thing that foreshows or points out a future event ; 
a presentiment ; a foreboding : v. pre-sdj', to forebode ; 
to indicate by some present fact what may follow ; to 
prophesy; to utter a prediction: presa'ging, imp.: 
adj. foreshowing: presaged', pp. -sdjd': presa'ger, n. 
■jer, one who or that which presages : presage'ful, a. 
■fool, foreboding; prophetic. 

presbyopia, n. pres'bi-O'pi-d (Gr. presbus, old, and 
ops, the eye), in med., a defect of vision in old persons, 
who, by a flattening of the cornea, see near objects less 
distinctly than those at a distance. 

presbyter, n. prSs'bi-ter (Gr. presbuteros, an elder, 
a presbyter— from presbus, old, venerable), an elder ; 
a priest or'minister ; a member of a presbytery : pres'- 
byte'rian, n. -te'rldn, one of a sect of Christians 
belonging to a church ruled by presbyters ; one who 
upholds that system of church government : adj. pert. 
to or consisting of presbyters; also pres'byte'rial, 
a. -te'-rl-dl: pres'byte'rianism, n. -rl-dn-lzm, the form 
of church government by presbyters— that is, by min- 
isters and elders, without the intervention of prelates 
or superior ecclesiastics : pres'bytery, n. -ter-l, a 
judicatory of the Church of Scotland and other pres- 
byterian churches, consisting <>f the clergymen of sev- 
eral adjoining parishes or districts, and one represen- 
tative iay elder for each parish church, who all possess 
equal power and rank in their official capacity ; a body 
or council of presbyters: pres'bytership, n. the office 
or station of a presbyter. 

prescience, n.pre'shi-6ns(F. prescience, prescience— 
fromh. prccsc /<',/ ! eo ■..:>> ■ i <■•■> '< - ! —from prce, be- 
fore, and scire, to know), knowledge of events before 
they take place; foresight: pre'scient, a. -6nt, fore- 
knowing; prophetic. 

prescind, v. pre-sind' (It. prescindere; F. prescin- 
der, to cut off— from L. prce, before, and scindo, I cut 
off), in meta., to consider by a separate ant of atten- 
tion or analysis : prescind'ing, imp. : prescind'ed, pp. 
prescribe, v. pre-skrlb' (L.prcescribere, to command, 
to prescribe— from proe, before, and scribo, I write : 
Sp. prescribir, to prescribe), to set or lay down for 
direction or guidance ; to give authoritatively as a rule 
of conduct ; to appoint ; to order ; to give law ; to 
claim by prescription; in med., to order as a remedy 
to be used by a patient: prescribing, imp. : prescribed', 
pp. -skrlbd': prescri'ber, n. -ber, one who prescribes : 
prescript, n. pre'-skript (L. prce, and scriptus, writ- 
ten), direction; precept: prescription, n. pre-skrlp- 
shun, the act oi ilirei binj bj rules; inmed., the direc- 
tion of remedies for a disease, and the method of 
using them; the thing prescribed; a recipe; custom 
continued until it has the force of law; a right ac- 
quired by immemorial or long use: prescrip'tive, a. 
•tlv, acquired by immemorial use and enjoyment; 
pleading the authority of custom: prescrii- >1- 
-tl-bl, that may be prescribed for : prescrip'tibil'ity, 
n. -bU'-i-tt, the quality of being prescriptible. 

present, a. prSz'ent (L. prcesens, in sight or at hand 
— gen. prcesentis : It. presente : F. present), being in a 
certain place ; being in sight or at hand ; not absent ; 
being in company ; not past or future ; favourably at- 
tentive ; not absent of mind ; attentive : n. that which 
is given or presented; a gift: v. prS-zSnf, to set or 
place in the presence of; to introduce to a superior ; to 
exhibit to view; to give to formally and ceremoni- 
ously ; to favour with a gift ; to exhibit ; to appoint 
to a church living ; to point or direct, as a gun before 
discharging it ; to salute by holding out arms, as a 
company of soldiers: presenting, imp.: present'ed, 
pp.: present'er, n. -er, one who presents: present'- 
able, a. -d-bl, that may be presented ; suitable to be 
exhibited or offered ; properly prepared for introduc- 
tion to another, or into society: presence, n. prez' 
6ns, the state of being present ; approach face to face ; 
the opposite to absence ; the situation within sight or 
call; neighbourhood, without the intervention of any- 
thing that forbids intercourse; state of being in the 
view of a superior ; air ; mien ; demeanour : pres'- 
ently, ad. -It, soon; without delay; before long: pre- 
sent'ment, n. -ment, act of presenting; appearance 
to the view; the form of laying a matter before a 
court for examination : presentation, n. prdz'-Sn-td- 
shun, act of presenting ; exhibition ; right or act of 
3 to a benefice or school: adj. present- 



ed, as a copy of a book by the author in testimony 
of respect or esteem: presen'tative, a. -td-tiv, that 
has the right of presentation, or that admits of it ; in 
meta., capable ol to /known by, or presented 

to, the mind; intuitive: presentee, n.prez'eate', one 
who is presented to a benefice : the present time, now 
existing: at present, now : to present arms, to hold 
their rifles out in a position parallel to their bodies, as 
if delivering them up, being a token of respect paid by 
a company of soldiers : presence-chamber, the room in 
which a great personage receives company: presence 
of mind, quickness at expedients ; a calm and collected 
state of mind, which enables a person to speak or act 
in the midst of unexpected difficulties without dis- 
order or embarrassment. 

presentiment, n.pr6-s8n!tt mSni [11 .<■ '-in^n ni > 
F. pressentiment, presentiment, foreboding— from L. 
prce, before, and sentio, I discern or perceive by the 
senses), previous apprehension of something about to 
come— generally of something unpleasant or distres- 
sing; a foreboding. 

preserve, v. pjre-zirv' (It. preservare; F. pr&server, 
to preserve, to keep— from L. prce, before, and servo, I 
save, I deliver), to keep or save from injury or destruc- 
tion ; to keep from decay or in a sound state ; to secure ; 
to defend ; to maintain, as appearances ; to boil with 
sugar to keep from decay: n. a fruit or vegetable 
boiled with sugar, to keep it from decay, and to render 
it pleasant to the taste ; a place set apart for the shel- 
ter and protection of game intended for sport : pre- 
serving, imp.: adj. keeping safe from injury or decay; 
defending from evil : preserved', pp. -zervd': adj. kept 
from injury or decay: preserv'able, a. -zerv-d-bl, cap- 
able of being preserved : preserv'er, n. -er, one who 
preserves ; one who keeps from ruin, or delivers from 
some impending danger : preservation, n. prez'-er-vd-' 
rhiu ;i.ei ol pre erving oi keeping afe: preserva- 
tive, a. pre-zer'-vd-tiv, also preser'vatory, a. -ter-l, that 
has the power or quality of preserving : preservative, 
u. that which prevents injury or decay. 

preside, v. pre-zid' (L. prcesidere, to have the care 
or management of— from prce, before, and sedco, I sit : 
F. presider), to sit over others, as a chairman or direc- 
tor ; to have the place of authority over others ; to 
direct or control, as a chairman or chief officer : pre- 
siding, imp. : adj. direct controlling: presi'ded, 
pp.: presidency, n. pres'i- den-sl, the term, office, or 
jurisdiction of the president of a state ; a president's 
residence : president, n. -dint, an officer appointed 
to preside over and control the proceedings of a num- 
ber of persons ; a chairman ; the highest officer of 
state in a republic ; the chief officer of a college or 
university— principally in U. S. of Amer.: president- 
ship, n. the office of a president: presidential, a. 

,/< ,,' hill, |i< i i !'.'/.,„•■ .iii: ■ y.r Id iir <.\-e 

presignify, v. prc-sig'-u i-fi ( pre, before, &n& signify), 
to intimate beforehand ; to show previously : presig'- 



and Ger. pressen, to squeeze: It. pressure; F. presser, 
to press or squeeze), an instr. or machine for compres- 
sing bodies ; a printing-machine ; the art or business 
of printing and publishing ; the whole literature of a 
country— usually restricted to the literature of news- 
papers ; a crowd ; urgency ; violent tendency ; a small 
closet with shelves ; a close, movable, wooden case 
having shelves ; in Scrip., a wine-vat or cistern : v. to 
urge with force or weight ; to crush or compress : to 
urge or enforce ; to hurry ; to overwork ; to embrace 
closely ; to force into a service, as the naval service- 
see prest ; to distress or bear strongly on ; to act with 
compulsive force ; to go forward with impulsive eager- 
ness ; to crowd or throng ; to urge with importunity ; 
to push against: pres'sing, imp.: adj. urgent; impor- 
tunate : n. an urging ; importunity: pressed, pp. prist: 
presser, n. pres'ser, one who or that which presses : 
pres singly, ad. -It: pressure, n. presh'-o~or, the force 
of one body acting on another by weight only, or by 
the continued application of power; a constraining 
force or impulse ; that which straitens ; urgency ; dif- 
ficulties ; an impression : pres'surage, n. -aj, the 
juice of the grape extracted by the wine-press : press- 
man, among printers, one who works at the press : 
press-money, pressgang— -see prest : press-work, the 
operation of taking impressions from type on paper: 
pressing-iron, an iron, when heated, used for smooth- 
ing cloth : liberty of the press, the right of publishing 
books, pamphlets, and newspapers, without previous 
restraint or censorship : press of sail, in a ship, as 



mate, mat, far, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, move.; 



PEES 



473 



PKEV 



much sail as the state of the wind can possibly allow : 
pressure-gauge, a register of the pressure of steam. 

prest, a. prist (L. prcesto, at or in hand, ready: F. 
prit: >~orm. F. prest, ready), ready; prompt: to give 
money in prest, to give money in hand, hut to be ac- 
counted for: prest-money, corruptly press-money, 
money given in hand; the earrast-money received by 
a soldier taking service : to prest or press, to engage 
soldiers. Note. — At a later period the practice of 
compelling men to enter the naval service gradually 
gave the idea that the word meant to force men, and 
the original reference to earnest-money was lost sight 
of.— See Wedgicood and Latham, prestation-money, 
money paid yearly by archdeacons, &c, to their 
bishops: pressgang, a body of seamen employed on 
land to take men by force to serve in the navy. 

pressirostral. 3.prc.< : si-ro?'-trul (L.pressus, flattened, 
and rostrum, a beak), having a compressed or flat- 
tened beak, as in the tribe of wading-birds, the pres'- 
siros ters, -terz. 

prestige, n. prSs'-tlj or -tezh' (F. prestige, a charm: 
It.prestigio, an enchantment : L. procstigia, an obscur- 
ing, as of the mental powers for a while, an illusion), 
the moral influence derived from past successes and 
achievements, on winch a confident belief is founded 
of future triumphs; influence of character or con- 
duct: prestiges, n. plu. pr£$'-tl-g6z, illusions ; magical 
tricks. 

prestimony, n. pres'-tl-mon-l (It. prcstimonia, an 
annuity granted to a priest— from L. prce, before, and 
stare, to stand), an annuity paid to a priest for saying 
prayers at certain stated hours. 

presto, ad. pr£s'-t6 (It. presto, quirk: L. prcesto, at 
hand, ready), in music, a term denoting quick time; 
used among jugglers as a word of command for sud- 
den changes; at hand; at once; quick: prestissimo, 
ad. p>res-tis'sl-mo, very quick. 

presume, v. pri-ziun' \L. prcesumere, to anticipate, 
to presuppose; prozsumptio, an anticipation — from 
irrce, before, and sumo, I take ; sumptus, taken : It. 
presumere; F. presumer, to presume), to take or sup- 
pose to be true or entitled to belief; to take for 
granted; to act without positive permission; to act with 
great confidence or arrogance: presuming, imp.: adj. 
venturing without leave; too confident or arrogant; 
unreasonably bold: presumed, pp. pre-zumd': pre- 
snm'er, n. -er. one who presumes ; an arrogant per- 
son: presumable, a. prSzuma-U, that may be taken 
for granted : presumably, ad. -Ml : presu'mingly, ad. 
-U, confidently; arrogantly: presumption, n. pre- 
ziim'-shun, a supposition previously formed; confi- 
dence grounded on strong probability; an argument 
strong but not demonstrative; blind or headstrong 
confidence ; arrogance : presumptive, a. -tlv, grounded 
on probable evidence; proving circumstantially, not 
directly ; probable, as opposed to apparent: presump- 
tively, ad. -li: presumptuous, a. pri-zfnn'-tu-us, bold 
and confident to excess; arrogant; hazarding safety 
on too slight grounds ; rashly confident ; wilful ; ir- 
reverent with respect to holy things: presumptu- 
ously, ad. -II: presump'tuousness, n. -nes, the quality 
of being presumptuous or rashly confident ; arrogance ; 
irreverence : presumptive evidence, evidence derived 
from circumstances which usually attend a fact, as 
distinct from direct evidence or positive proof; cir- 
cumstantial evidence: presumptive heir, one who 
would inherit were things to remain in their present 
state, but whose succession may be put aside by the 
birth of a nearer heir. 

presuppose, v.pre'-sup-poz {pre, before, aadsuppose: 
F. presupposer, to presuppose), to suppose as previous; 
to imply a3 antecedent ; to take for granted: pre'sup- 
po'sing, imp.: presupposed', pp. -pozd'. 

pretence— see under pretend. 

pretend, v. pr£-t£nd' (L. prcetendere, to spread before 
or in front, to allege— from prce, before, and tendo, 
I stretch: It. pretendere ; F. pretend re, to pretend), to 
hold out or aUege to others something as true which 
is feigned or unreal ; to assume or affect to feel ; to 
claim or put in a claim ; to hold out the appearance 
of possessing or performing : pretending, imp. : pre- 
tend'ed, pp. : preten'der, n. -der, one who lays claim 
to anything under the pretence of a right ; in Eng. 
hist., a name applied to the son and grandson of 
James II., the heirs to the house of Stuart, who laid 
claim to the British crown, from which their house 
had been excluded by enactment of Parliament: pre- 
tend'edly, ad. -If, by false appearance or representa- 
tion : pretend'ingly, ad. -li, arrogantly ; presumptu- 



ously: pretence', n. -tens' (L. prcetentus, alleged: 
Sp. pretenso, pretence), a holding out to others some- 
thing unreal or feigned ; that which is assumed ; a 
feigned claim; outside show; excuse: pretence less, 
a. -les, not having or making pretences : pretension, 
n. -ten-shun, a claim, true or false ; a holding out the. 
appearance of right or possession; right alleged or 
assumed : preten'tious, a. -shits, exhibiting attempts 
to pass for more than one's real value ; presuming : 
preten'tiously, ad. -li: pretentiousness, n. -nes, the 
quality of being pretentious. 

preter, pre-ter (L. prater), a prefix, signifying be- 
side ; beyond ; by ; past ; more than. 

preterimperfe'et, a. pre-ter-lm-per'-fikt (prefer, be- 
yond, and imperfect), in gram., a term applied to a 
tense with time not perfectly past — more usually 
called the imperfect tense, as, I wrote, or was writing. 

preterite, a. prSt'-er-it (L. prceteritum, to go past 
or by— from prceter, beyond, and itum, to go: It. 
preter Ito: F. preterit), in gram., a term applied to a 
tense which denotes time complete or finished, as, I 
have written; called also the perfect tense: pret'er- 
iti'on, n. -Ish'-tin, the act of going past, or state of 
being past ; in rhet., the pretence to pass over any- 
thing, while at the same time we notice it briefly: 
preteritive, a. pre-tSr'-i-Hv, in gram., applied to the 
preterite or past tenses of a verb. 

pretermission, n. pre'-ter-mlsh'-un (L. prceter, be- 
yond, and missus, sent), a passing by; an omission: 
pretermit, v. pre'-ter-mif (L. prceter, beyond, and 
mitto, I send), to pass by; to omit or neglect: pre'ter- 
mit'ting, imp. : pretermitted, pp. 

preternatural, a. pre-ter -nat'-u-rCd (preter, beyond, 
and natural), contrary to nature or the usual course 
of things; extraordinary: pre'ternat urally, ad. -II : 
pre ternat'uralness, n. a state or manner different 
from the usual order of nature. 

preterperfect, a. pre'-ter-per'-fekt (preter, beyond, 
and perfect), in gram., a term applied to a tense which 
denotes time completely past or finished— now usually 
called perfect tense. 

preterpluperfect, a. pre-ter'-pU-per'-fekt (preter, be- 
yond, and pluperrt-i). in gram., more than perfect; 
designating the tense of a verb which expresses a 
time past before another past time, as, I had written 
before you arrived— usually called plupjerfect tense. 

pretext, n. pre'-tCkst (L. prcctextum, to weave before 
or around — from ;</'<', before, and textum, to weave or 
plait : F. pretexte ; Sp. pretexto, a pretext), a pretence ; 
an assumed reason, not the real one; a motive or rea- 
son assigned as a cover for concealing the real motive. 

pretor, pretorial— see praetor. 

pretty, a. prlt-ti (AS. prate, adorned: W. prid, 
comeliness: Ger. protzen, to sulk; protzig, insolent, 
saucy — derived from the int. pjrut, the blurt of the 
mouth expressive of defiance), of a pleasing and attrac- 
tive form ; neatly arranged or ornamented ; neat and 
handsome, but not exactly beautiful; in contempt, 
foppish; affected; in irony, fine; decent; excellent: 
ad. in some degree ; tolerably ; moderately ; express- 
ing a degree less than very, as pretty fair, pretty well 
done: pret'tily, ad. -li. pleasingly; with neatness and 
taste: pret'tiness, n. -nes, the quality of being pretty ; 
pleasingness without dignity ; affectation of niceness ; 
foppishness. 

pretty, a. prit'-tl (AS. prcet, craft : Ger. protzen, to 
sulk : Dut. pratten, to be haughty : Icel. pretta, to de- 
ceive—connected with preceding), sly : crafty. 

pretypify, v. pre-tip'-i-fi (pre, before, and typify), 
to foreshow by a type; to prefigure. 

prevail, v. pr£-val'(L. prazvedere, to be very powerful 
or superior— from prce, before, and valeo, I am strong : 
It. prevalere; F. prevaloir), to be in force; to over- 
come; to gain the victory or advantage; to have 
effect, power, or influence: to persuade or induce: 
prevailing, imp.: adj. gaining the advantage or su- 
periority; predominant; most common or general: 
prevailed', pp. -vald': prevailingly, ad. -li: prevalent, 
a. prev'a-lent (L. prozvalens, very strong, very power- 
ful: It. prevalent e), gaining advantage or superiority; 



n. -ten-si, the condition or quality of being prevalent ; 
the most general reception or practice ; predominance ; 
the most general existence. 

prevaricate, v. pre-var'l-kat (L. prcevaricatus, hav- 
ing the legs verywide apart in walking, not hiving act- 
ed uprightly— from prce, before, and varicus. with feet 
spread apart : It. prevaricare : F. prevariquer), to turn 



colv, ody.foot; pure, dud; chair, game, jog, s 



PREV 



474 



PRIM 



from side to side ; to evade the truth ; to quibble ; to 
swerve from the truth : prevaricating, imp. : prevar'- 
icated, pp.: prevaricator, n. -kd-ter, one who swerves 
from the truth; a quibbler: prevarlca'tion, n. -ka' 
shiln, a shuffling or quibbling to evade the disclosure 
of the truth; a cavil; in law, a collusive fraud in 
which the informer or prosecutor and the defendant 
make a sham prosecution. 

prevent, v. pre-v&nt' (L. prccventum, to come or go 
before — from prce, before, and ventum, to come : It. 
prevenire : F. prevenir), to stop or hinder, as the ap- 
proach of a person, or the performance of something ; 
to impede ; to obstruct ; in old usage, to go before ; to 
anticipate: preventing, imp.: prevented, pp.: pre- 
ventlngly, ad. -II: preventer, n. -er, one who hinders : 
prevent'able, a. -d-bl, that may be stopped or hindered : 
prevention, n. pre-vSn'shun, hindrance; obstruction 
of access or approach : preven'tional, a. -dl, tending 
to prevent : preven'tive, a. -tiv, tending to prevent or 
hinder ; hindering the access of ; preservative : n. that 
which intercepts the access or approach of ; an anti- 
dote previously taken or employed : preventively, ad. 
-II: preventive service, the armed police who protect 
the coast against smuggling ; the duty or occupation 
of doing this. 

previous, a. pre'vi-us (L. prcevius, going before, 
leading the way— from prce, before, and via, a way : 
It. previo), going before in time ; before something ; 
foregoing ; preceding : pre'viously, ad. -li : pre'vious- 
ness, n. -nes, priority in time : the previous question, 
a mode of moving the rejection of a motion in a delib- 
erating assembly,— a member gets a motion put, an- 
other holding different views, without moving a direct 
negative, may simply move " the previous question," 
and the adoption of the latter motion secures the re- 
jection of the former. Note.— This practice is bor- 
rowed from the usage of the British Parliament, being 
an ingenious mode of endeavouring to avoid a vote on 
any question that is proposed. When a question is 
about to be put by the Speaker, a member may inter- 
pose by moving that the same question be now put, 
and if this be negatived, then the main question can- 
not be put at that time. 

prewarn, v. pre-wawrn' (pre, before, and warn), to 
warn beforehand. 

prey, n. prd (L. prceda, property taken in war : It. 
preda; F. proie, prey, spoil: W. praidd, a flock or 
herd, prey taken in war), that which is or may be 
seized to be eaten, as by a wild beast ; spoil ; booty ; 
plunder; ravage: v. to rob or pillage; to seize and 
devour ; to rest heavily on, as the mind ; to waste grad- 
ually ; to corrode : prey'ing, imp. : preyed, pp. prdd : 
beast of prey, bird of prey, animals that kill and feed 
on other animais. 

priapism, n. pn-lhl-plzm (Gr. priapos, the god of 
gardens and fruitfulness, the virile member), in med., 
the more or less morbid and permanent erection of 
the penis. 

price, n. pris (Bret, priz; F. prix; W. prid; L. pre- 
tium, the value or price), the equivalent paid for a 
thing ; the current value of a commodity ; the sum of 
money asked or paid for anything ; the cost ; value ; 
recompense : v. to value or set a price on : pri'cing, 
imp.: priced, pp. prist: priceless, a. -les, invaluable ; 
beyond price: price-current, a table or list containing 
an account of the ordinary value or price, in different 
parts, of merchandise, stocks, &c: price of money, an 
ambiguous expression, meaning occasionally the rate 
at which the precious metals are procured in exchange 
for other commodities; the ease or difficulty with 
which capital may be lent or borrowed— that is, the 
rate of the discounts ; simply, the price of credit. 

prick, n. prlk (Dut. prik, a prick or stab : W. pric, a 
skewer : Low Ger. prikken, to pick or stick : F. broche, 
a spit : AS. prica, a point or sting), a slender-pointed 
thing, hard and sharp enough to pierce the skin; a 
spine or thorn ; the wound made or pain caused by it ; 
a sharp stinging pain ; remorse of conscience ; a punc- 
ture ; a mark at which archers aim ; the print of the 
foot of a hare or a deer on the ground : v. to pierce or 
mark with a spine, or with a small thing having a 
sharp point; to erect a pointed thing, applied to 
the ears; to puncture as with a pin; to incite; to 
affect with remorse; to sting; to aim at a point: 
pricking, imp.: adj. stinging as with prickles: n. a 



sensation of sharp pain, as of being pricked ; act of 
piercing with a sharp point: pricked, pp. prikt: 
prick'er, n. -er, one who or that which pricks ; a lancer 
or light horseman: prick-post, in arch., a post in 

m&te, mdt.fCir, levw; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, ndt, m6ve, 



wooden buildings framed intermediately between two 
principal ones : prick-punch, a smith's tool for mark- 
ing on iron : pricking-up, in arch., the first coating of 
lime and hair upon lath, the surface being scratched 
over with the trowel to enable the next coat to obtain 
a better hold : pricking the ship off, in nav., marking 
a ship's position on the chart. 

prickle, n. prik'kl (AS. priccle, a prickle or point— 
from prick, which see), a small sharp-pointed shoot or 
spine growing from the bark of a plant or tree ; a 
thorn ; a sharp-pointed process or projection, as from 
the skin of an animal or the bark of a plant : prickly, 
a. -li, full of prickles : prickliness, n. -ll-n&s, the state 
of having many prickles ; the state of being prickly : 
prickly-back, a small fish so named from the prickles 
on its back ; the stickle-back: prickly-pear, a common 
name for several species of cactus ; the Indian fig, a 
fleshy and succulent plant, destitute of leaves and 
covered with spines, producing a purplish edible fruit. 

pride, n. prld (AS. pryd, haughtiness : Ger. pracht, 
pomp, splendour: Icel. prydi, to adore— from proud, 
which see), an unreasonably high opinion of one's own 
superiority ; insolence ; rude treatment of others re- 
sulting from inordinate self-esteem ; in a good sense, 
the noble and exalted pleasure springing from a con- 
sciousness of worth, upright conduct, or acts of benevo- 
lence ; generous elation of heart ; that of which men 
are proud, or which may excite boasting ; splendour ; 
ostentation: v. to rate high; to value, as to pride 
one's self: pri'ding, imp. : pri'ded, pp. : pride'ful, a. 
-fool, full of pride ; insolent. 

pried— see pry. 

priest, n. prest (old F. prestre ; AS. preost, a priest- 
corrupted from Gr. presouteros, an elder), in anc. 
times or in pagan countries, one who performed the 
rites of sacrifice ; a minister of the Christian religion 
placed over the spiritual affairs of a congregation ; in 
the Ch. of Rome and Gr. Ch., the lowest order of 
ecclesiastics empowered to consecrate the host and 
perform mass ; in the Protestant Episcopal Ch., one 
of an intermediate order between bishop and deacon : 
priest'ess, n. -es, among the heathen, a woman who 
officiated in a temple : priestly, a. -li, becoming rv 
priest; sacerdotal; belonging to a priest : priest-like, 
a. pert, to or resembling a priest : priest'liness, n. -nes, 
the appearance and manner of a priest : priest'craft, 
the trickery and frauds practised by priests to obtain 
wealth, influence, or power: priest'hood, the collective 
body of priests; the office or character of a priest: 
priest-ridden, a. influenced or governed by priests. 

prig, n. prig (a probable corruption of Eng. prag- 
matical, officious, meddling: Scot, prig, to haggle, to 
endeavour to beat down the price, to importune), a 
conceited pert fellow; a conceited stuck-up person ;* 
in slang, a thief : v. in slang, to filch or steal ; in Scot. , 
to beat down the price of a commodity: prig'ging, 
imp. : n. in slang, thieving : prigged, pp. prigd, in 



prim, a. prim (old Eng. prime, to trim, to dress : 
Scot, primp, to deck one's self In a stiff and affected 
manner), carefully kept in oraer ; trim ; affectedly 
nice ; precise : v. to deck with affected nicety : 
prim'ming, imp. : primmed, pp. primd : primly, ad. 
-li, in a precise manner ; neatly : prim'ness, n. -nes, 
the state of being prim ; affected formality ; precise- 
ness. 

prima, a. pre'-md (L. primus, first), first; chief: 
prima-donna, n. pre'md-don'nd (It. prima, first, and 
donna, lady), the principal female singer of an ope- 
ratic company. 

primacy— see under primal. 

primage, n. pri'mdj (old Eng. prime, to trim, to 
dress), in commerce, an allowance paid to the master 
and sailors of a ship for loading or unloading a cargo, 
and for the use of cables and ropes. 

primal, a. pri'-mdl (L. primus, the first : It. primo), 
first; early; the earliest or original: pri'mary, a. 
-mer-i, first in order of time or formation ; first in 
place, rank, or importance; original; principal; pre- 
paratory or lowest in order, as schools or political as- 
semblies : n. that which is first or highest in rank ; 



feathers or quills in the last joint of the wing of a bird: 
pri'marily, ad. -i-li, in the first place; chiefly: pri- 
mates, n. plu. prl-ma'tez, an order of animals, includ- 



475 



PRIN 



ing man. monkeys, and bats : primary colours, red, 
yellow, and blue— so called because all the others are 
derived from them ; the colours of the rainbow— red, 
orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet: pri- 
mary planets, the planets which revolve around the 
sun as their centre, as distinguished from the satel- 
lites: primary qualities of bodies, such qualities as 
are inseparable from them : primary rocks, in geol. , all 
slaty and crystalline strata, as roofing-slate, mica- 
schist, and gneiss, very hard and compact, and wholly 
destitute of organic remains : primate, n. pri'mat (L. 
primatus, the first place or rank: It. primate :F.pri- 
mat), the chief ecclesiastic in a national church; an 
archbishop: pri'mateship, n. the office or dignity of a 
primate: pri'macy, n. -ma-si, the chief ecclesiasti- 
cal dignity in a national church ; the office or dignity 
of an archbishop : primatial, a, pri-ma'-shi-dl, pert, to 
a primate : Primate of England, the Archbishop of 
York: Primate of all England, the Archbishop of 
Canterbury. 

prime, a. prim (L. primus, first: It. primo), first; 
original ; chief ; first in quality or importance ; first- 
rate; excellent; early: n. the first part; early morn- 
ing; the best part ; the spring of the year or life; full 
health and beauty ; utmost perfection, as of life : v. 
to put powder in the pan of a firearm ; to lay on the 
first colour in painting; to prepare: pri'ming, imp. : n. 
the powder put in the pan of a gun ; first coat of paint- 
ing; hot water carried over with the steam from the 
boiler into a cylinder: primed, pp. prlmd: primely, 
ad. prlm'li .- prime'ness, n. -nes, supreme excellence : 
prime equivalent, atomic or combining weight : prime 
mess, the second quality of pickled pork, in which the 
barrels contain the hams and shoulders as well as the 
sides • prime minister, the head or chief minister of a 
state : prime mover, in mech., a natural force applied 
to the production of power, such as muscular force, the 
weight and motion of fluids, &c; an engine or piece of 
mechanism which receives and modifieaforce or motion 
in order to apply them to drive other machines : prime 
number, any number divisible only by units or one : 
prime vertical, in astron., the vertical circle which 
passes through the east and west points of the horizon : 
priming-wire, a pointed wire used to clear the touch- 
hole of a gun. 

primer, n. prim'-er (L. primus, first), a child's first 
reading-book ; a printing-type. 

primeval, a. pri-me'vdl (L. primus, first, original, 
and cevum, an age), being of the earliest age or time ; 
first; original. 

primigenial, a. prl'mi-je'-ni-al, also primigenous, a. 
prl-miji-nus (see primogenial), first-born; original; 
first formed or generated. 

primine, n. pil'mln (L. primus, first), in tot., the 
first or outermost covering of an ovule. 

primitive, a. prlm'i-tlv (It. prirnitivo, primitive, 
first — from L. primus, first : F. primitif), of or belong- 
ing to remote or early times ; ancient ; pristine ; old- 
fashioned; denoting that from which others are de- 
rived or formed : n. an original word ; a word not de- 
rived from another : primitively, ad. -li : primltive- 
ness, n. -nes, the state of being primitive or original ; 
antiquity: primitive colours— see primary colours: 
primitive rocks— see primary rocks. 

primness— see prim. 

primogenial, . • l'm6-je i-al {L. primigenius, first 
of all, first of its kind— from priinus, first, and L. ge.no ; 
Gr. gennao, I produce or bring forth), first-born ;' orig- 
inal; primary — primigenial, the correct but less 
usual spelling: primogenitor, n. -jen'-l-ter, the first 
father; the forefather: pri'mogen'iture, n. -i-tur (F. 
primogeniture, birthright — from L. primus, and geni- 
tura, a begetting), the right which belongs to the eldest 
son and his heir to succeed to property or to an 
estate: pri'mogen'itureship, n. the state or right of 
the first-born son. 

primordial, a. pri-mor'-dl-al (It. primordiale ; F. 
primordial, original— from L. primus, first, and ordior, 
I commence), existing from the beginning; first in 
order; original; in hot., earliest formed, applied to 
the first true leaves given off by the young plant, 
also the first fruit produced on a raceme or spike : n. 
origin ; first principle or element : primordial utricle, 
the lining membrane of cells in their early state. 

primrose, n. prim'roz (L. primus, first, and rosa, a 
rose), an early spring flower, closely allied to the cow- 
slip. 



prince, n. prlns (F. prince, a prince— from L. prin- 
ceps, a chief, a leader — from primus, first, and capio, 
I take), a sovereign of a state or territory ; a title in- 
ferior to that of a king ; the son of a king or emperor ; 
a chief: princess, n. prin'sis, the wife of a prince ; 
the daughter of a king: prince'dom, n. -dum, the 
sovereignty or jurisdiction of a prince : princely, a. 
■II, resembling or becoming a prince; high-born; 
stately; dignified ; royal; very large, as a fortune: 
ad. in the manner of a prince : prince line ss, n. -ll-nes, 
the quality of being princely ; the state or dignity of a 
prince : prince's feather, n. a flower, a variety of am- 
aranth : prince's metal, a mixture of copper and zinc, 
imitating gold : Prince of Wales, eldest son of the sov- 
ereign of England. 

principal, a. p>rin'-si-pl (L. principalis, first, origi- 
nal— from princeps, a chief or leader: It. principal,:: 
F. priori pal), highest in rank or character ; the most 
important; chief; leading : capital: essential: n. a 
head or chief ; one who takes the lead ; the governor 
or chief in authority; the proprietor or head of a 
school or academy ; the capital or chief sum, as one 
lent on interest: principally, ad. -li: prin'cipalness, 
n. -nes, the state of being principal or chief: princi- 
pality, n. -pal'-i-tl, the territory of a prince, or the 
part of a country which gives him a title ; supreme 
power; sometimes in Scrip., royal state or attire: 
principalities, n. plu. -i-tlz, in Scrip., the persons or 
beings in whom the dominion or power is lodged; 
rulers, as in the phrase "principalities and powers." 

principia, n. prin-sip'l-d (L. principia, plu. ofp>rin- 
cipium, a begii aciples; the contracted 

title of Newton's great work. 

principle, n. prln'slpl (L. principium, a beginning 
—from princeps, a chief— from primus, first, and 
capio, I take: It. principio: F. principe), the cause, 
source, or origin of anything ; an element ; ground of 
action ; motive ; a constituent part ; a fundamental 
truth ; a law comprehending many subordinate truths ; 
a settled law or rule of conduct or action ; a tenet or 
doctrine : v. to establish firmly in the mind : prin'ci- 
pling, imp. -pling: principled, pp. -pld: adj. imbued 
with principles ; established in opinions or tenets. 

print, n. print (a contraction of Eng. imprint: F. 
empreinte, an impression; imprimer, to print: It. 
imprenta, an impression, a stamp— from L. imprrimere, 
to mark or stamp), a mark or character made by im- 
pression ; the representation or figure of a thing taken 
by pressure on paper from wood, from an engraved 
plate, or from a form of type ; an impression from a 
collection of type ; a small printed work or sheet of an 
ephemeral character ; a fabric figured with impressed 
figures ; calico ; in arch., a plaster-cast of any ornament 
in low relief: v. to form or copy by pressure, as from 
a form of type, or from an engraved plate ; to impress, 
as in the mind ; to fix deep ; to stamp any fabric, es- 
pecially cotton cloth, with coloured patterns; to pub- 
lish, as a book: prints, n. plu. prints, engravings; 
printed calicoes : print'ing, imp. : n. the act of im- 
pressing figures or characters on paper; the business 
of a printer, on paper or cloth ; typography : print ed, 
pp. : adj. impressed with letters ; represented in im- 
pressed letters; stamped or impressed, as a print: 
print'er, n. -er, one who prints on paper, as books, 
newspapers, and suchlike: print'less, a. leaving no 
print or impression : letterpress printing, that kind 
of printing which is done from movable types: in 
print, issued from the press ; published ; still in 
the hands of booksellers for sale : out of print, ap- 
plied to a book of which no more new copies are to 
be had on sale : printers' joiner, a workman who 
makes the woodwork required by printers: print- 
ers' rollers, rollers made of a composition of glue, 
treacle, and other materials, on which the ink is finely 
spread, used for inking the forms of type ; rollers of 
cloth used by calico-printers: printing-ink, the ink 
used by printers: printing-office, a place where the 
printing of books, newspapers, or general printing is 
carried on : printing-paper, the kind of paper gener- 
ally used in printed books, for newspapers, and the 
like : printing press or machine, the machine used 
in printing : printing-type, the type of various kinds 
used by printers for books, newspapers, and for job- 
work : print-seller, a shopkeeper who sells engravings, 
lithographic, coloured, and other prints of vai-ious 
kinds: print-shop, the shop where engravings and 
suchlike are kept for sale: print-works, the place 
where machine or block printing is carried on ; a place 
where calicoes are printed— see calico. 



caw, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



PRIO 



476 



PEOB 



prior, a. prl'-or (L. prior, former, previous : It. pri- 
ore), coming before in the order of time ; preceding ; 
foregoing: priority, n. prl-dr'i-tl, state of being first 
in time, place, or rani ; precede ne 

prior, n. pri'-or (F. prieur; It. priore, a prior— from 
L. prior, first), one placed before others in rank or 
authority ; the superior in a convent of monks, infe- 
riorto an abbot : priorate, n. prl'or-dt, alsopri'orship, 
n. the dignity, government, or office of a prior : pri- 
oress, n. -8s, the female superior of a nunnery: 
pri'ory, n. -I, a convent or nunnery, in dignity below 
an abbey. 

prise, v. prlz (F. prise, a taking, a seizing : Manx, 
prise, a fulcrum), to force open by leverage, as a box: 
prisage, n. prl'-zdj, a duty formerly paid to iiir,-.nw.- 
reign of England on wine imported ; the share of mer- 
chandise taken as a lawful prize at sea, belonging to 
tin-! admiral or sovereign. 

prism, n. prlzm (It. prisma; F. prisnie, a prism— 
from Gr. prisma, that which has been sawn or cut, a 
prism), a solid whose ends or bases are similar, equal 
and parallel planes, and whose sides are parallelo- 
grams ; a triangular bar of glass : prismatic, a. prlz- 
mdt'-ik, also pnsmatlcal, a. -i-kal, pert, to or resem- 
bling a prism, or formed as one ; formed by a prism : 
prismatlcally, ad. -II: prismatic colours, the colours 
into which a ray of light is decomposed in passing 
through a prism— viz., the three primary colours, red, 
yellow, blue, and the secondary tints arising from 
their intermixture — orange, green, violet, indigo: 
pris'moid, n. -moyd (Gr. eidos, resemblance), a figure 
resembling a prism, or only approaching to it : pris- 
moid'al, a. -ell, having the form of a prismoid. 

prismenchyma, n. prls-m6?i'kl-md (Gr. jirisma, a 
prism, and engchumos, juicy), in tot., tissues formed 
of prismatic cells. 

prison, n. prlz'-n (F. prison ; It. prigione, a prison : 
Sp. prision, capture, confinement— from L. prehensio 
or prensio, a seizure), a building for the punishment 
or safe custody of criminals ; a place for the confine- 
ment of accused persons or debtors ; any place of con- 
finement or restraint; sometimes in Scrip., spiritual 
bondage : prisoner, n. prlz'-o-ner, one who is confined 
in a prison; a captive; one whose liberty is re- 
strained: prison-house, a jail: prisoner's base, a 
boys' game. 

pristine, a, pj " (L ; ,, istinits, former, early: It. 
pristino), pert, to an earber state or period ; original ; 
ancient. 

pristis, n. prls'tis (Gr. pristes, a sawer, a fish of the 
ray kind), the saw-fish, having a long, flat, horny 
beak, armed on either side like a saw; in geol., the 
fossil beaks or saws of extinct species. 

prithee, v. prTth'i, a corruption of the phrase " I 
pray thee." 

private, a. prl'-vdt (L. privatus, peculiar to one's 
self— from privus, one's own, private : It. privato), 
unconnected with others; peculiar to one's self; be- 
longing to an individual only, or to a select number 
of persons ; not open ; not public ; retired ; not hold- 
ing a public office : n. a common soldier : pri'vately, 
ad. -U, not openly; secretly: pri'vateness, n. -nSs, 
seclusion from company or society ; retirement : pri- 
vacy, n. prl'-vd-sl or prlv'd-sl, a place of seclusion, re- 
treat, or retirement ; the place intended to be secret ; 
secrecy: privateer, n. prl'vd-ter , in time of war, an 
armed ship belonging to a private person or persons, 
sailing with a licence from government to attack and 
plunder the ships of the enemy: v. to cruise or sail in 
a privateer : pri'vateer'ing, imp. : n. the calling or 
practice of a privateer: pri'vateered', pp. -terd': pri- 
vation, n. prl-cirr.il tin, the state of being deprived of 
something, particularly in necessaries of life; hard- 
ship ; absence in general : privative, a. prlv'd-tiv, 
consisting in the absence of something; not positive: 
n. that which depends on the absence of something 
else ; a prefix denoting absence or the opposite : priv - 
atively, ad. -II: in private, not openly or publicly; 
secretly: a private act or statute, in law, one which 
operates on a particular person or a class of persons : 
private way, a way not for general use. 

privet, n. prlv'et, an evergreen shrub much used in 
hedges. 

privilege, n. prlv'i-ldj (L. privilegium, an ordinance 
in favour of a person, a privilege— from privus, sep- 
arate, private, and lex, a law— gen. legis: It. privile- 
ge : F. privilege), a right enjoyed alone or with few ; a 
peculiar benefit or advantage; liberty; favour; ad- 
vantage : v. to invest with rights or immunities ; to 



grant some particular and peculiar benefit to ; to ex- 
empt, as from censure, or from paying a tax or im- 
post: privileging, imp.: privileged, pp. -lejd: adj. 
endowed with privileges ; enjoying rights or inununi- 
ties not granted to others. 

privy, a. prlv'i (L. privus, one's own, particular: It. 
privo : F. prive), assigned to private uses ; not open or 
public; secret; admitted to the joint knowledge of 
some secret ; admitted to state secrets : n. a place of 
retirement; a necessary house: priv'ily, ad. -li, se- 
cretly: privity, n. -ti, private knowledge implying 
consent or concurrence; joint knowledge; secrecy: 
privy chamber, a retired or private apartment in a 
palace or mansion : privy council, the principal coun- 
cil of the sovereigns of England, the members of 
which are selected at their pleasure : privy council- 
lor, a member of the sovereign's eouneil of advisers: 
privy purse, money set apart for the personal or pri- 
vate useof the sovereign'; the title of the person having 
charge of this money : privy seal, the seal used by 
the sovereigns in subordinate matters, or prior to the 
use of the great seal; the principal secretary of state, 
whose proper title is Lord Privy Seal. 

prize, n. prlz (F. prise, a taking, booty: L. preti- 
urn, a price), that which is gained by, or offered for, 
some performance ; a reward ; a premium ; a capture 
from an enemy— applied to taking a vessel at sea : 
the money or goods gained by a lottery-ticket : v. to 
set a price on ; to value ; to esteem highly : pri'zing, 
imp. : prized, pp. prizd : prize-book, a book given as 
a reward of merit or superior excellence to the pupil 
of a school, or to the student of a college : prize-court, 



money : prize-fighting, a public contest or battle with 
fists for money : prizeman, the winner of a prize : 
prize-money, in nav. or mil., the money paid to the 
captors of a ship or a place where booty has been ob- 
tained, in certain proportions aceordiug to rank, the 
money divided being realised from the sale of the 
booty: prize-ring, the ring or enclosure for a prize- 
fight, usually spoken of as the ring; the system and 
practice of prize-fighting. 

pro, pro (L. pro, for : Gr. pro, before), a prefix, sig- 
nifying for ; forth ; forward ; out— as in proceed, pro- 
vide: prois sometimes changed into pur, asinpwrsue, 
pwrpose : n. the positive side of a question : pro and 
con, -Icon (L. pro, for, and contra, against), for and 
against— that is, both sides of a question : pros and 
cons, reasons or arguments for and against a thing. 

proa, n. pro'-d, also prahu, n. pr&'o (Malay), a large 
Malay boat propelled hy both oars and sails, remark- 
able for its swiftness, having the lee side flat, and the 
head and stern alike. 

probable, a. prob'-d-bl (L. protatilis, probable— from 
proto, I try or test : It. probabile : F. probable), having 
the appearance of truth ; likely ; credible : prob'abiy, 
ad. -bli : probability, n. -bil'-l-tl, appearance of 
truth ; anything having the appearance of reality or 

truth; less than moral < I i hances: plu. the 

doctrine of chances : prob'abilist, n. -bil-ist, one hold- 
ing that probability should govern our faith and 
actions : prob'abilism, n. -izm, a doctrine, chiefly of 
the Jesuits, according to which it is lawful to follow 
a probable opinion in doubtful points if inculcated by 
a teacher of authority, although another may appear 
to the mind of the inquirer more probable. 

probang, n. pro-bang (from probe), in surg., a small 
rod of whalebone with a piece of sponge at the end, 
used for rer obsti nous in the throat. 

probate, n. pro-bat (L. probatum, to prove, to test), 
the exhibition and proof of wills before the proper 
judge; the official copy of a will, with the certificate 
of its having been proved: adj. of or belonging to a 
court of probate. 

probation, n. ptro-bd'-shun (L. probatio, a trying, a 
proving— from probo, I try), trial for proof, or time of 
trial ; any proce intend licit truth; the trial of 

man in the present life, by the result of which his 
future state will be decided ; moral trial : proba'tion- 
al, a. -dl, also proba'tionary, a. -erl, serving for trial: 
proba'tioner, n. -er, one who is on trial; in Scot., a 
student licensed to preach the Gospel, but not or- 
dained or inducted to a particular church or parish : 
probative, a. prO'bd-tlv, serving for proof or trial: 
probatory, a. -ter-i, serving for trial ; relating to 
proof: probator, n. pro-ba'-ter, an examiner; in law, 
an approver or accuser. 



mate, m&t,far, law; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



PKOB 



477 



PEOD 



probe, n. prOb (L. probo, I test, try, or prove), in 
surg., a small slender rod for examining a wound, 
ulcer, or cavity ; that which searches or examines : v. 
to search or examine, as with a probe ; to search into 
or examine thoroughly ; to scrutinise : pro'bing, imp. : 
probed, pp. probd: probe-scissors, in surg., a kind of 
scissors used for laying open wounds. 

probity, n. prob'-i-ti (L. pr. bit as, goodness— from 
probus, good, excellent : It. prubita .• F. prubitc), strict 
conformity of actions to the laws of justice; honesty; 
uprightness ; integrity. 

problem, n. prob'-lem (L., Gr., and It. problema, a 
question proposed for solution : F. probleme, a prob- 
lem—from Gr. pro, before, and hallo, I throw), a ques- 
tion involving doubt or uncert linty proposed for solu- 
tion ; in geom., a proposition in which some operation 
or construction is required; in alg., a proposition 
which requires some unknown truth to be discovered 
or demonstrated; in logic, a proposition which, ap- 
pearing neither absolutely true nor false, may conse- 
quently be asserted either in the affirmative or nega- 
tive : problematic, a. -mdt'-ik, also problematical, 
a. -mdt'-i-kal, characterised by doubt and uncertainty ; 
questionable : problematically, ad. -kdl-ll. 

proboscis, n. pro-bos'-sis (L. probi <sa's .■ Gr. proboskis, 
a trunk : It. and F. proboscide, a trunk— from Gr. pro, 
before, and bosko, I feed), the snout or trunk of an 
elephant ; the long snout of other animals, par- 
ticularly insects: proboscidian, n. prob'-os-sid-i-dn, 
an animal having a proboscis: adj. having a pro- 
boscis. 

proceed, v. i>ro-sed' (L. procedere, to advance— from 
pro, forward, and cedo, I go: It. procedere: F. pro- 
ceder), to advance ; to make progress ; to come, as 
from a source ; to emanate ; to begin and cany on ; 
to conduct ; toprosecute any design"; to have a course : 
proceed ing, imp. : n. a process from one thing to an- 
other; a measure or step taken in business ; a trans- 
action : proceed'ed, pp. : proceed ings, n. plu. -Ingz, 
course of dealing with others : proced'ure, n. -ur, a 
series of actions; manner of proceeding; manage- 
ment; conduct: proceeds, n. plu. pru'-sedz, the sum 
or amount of money obtained for goods or property 

SOld. 

proceleusmatic, a. prds'-e-lus-mat'-lk (Gr. prokeleus- 
matikos— from pro, before, keleusma, a cheering cry), 
cheering or animating, as by a song or call ; applied 
to a poetical foot consisting of four short syllables. 

procellarian, n. pros'-el-ld'-rl-dn (L. procella, a 
storm), the petrel, one of a genus of birds living 
chiefly at sea— called the proc'ella'ria, -Id'-rl-d. 

proces, n.pr6'sd (F.). process: proces verbal, pro- 
sa ver'bdl, in F. law, a written report of an official 
a<x or a statement of facts. 

process, n. pros'ses or pro'scs (L. 2>rocessus, an ad- 
vance, process— from pro, forward, and cession, to go 
or move along : It. processo : F. proces), advance ; 
gradual progress ; course of operations or proceed- 
ings; series of changes in growth, decay, &c. ; con- 
tinual passage, as of time; in law, the whole course 
of proceedings in a cause; in anat., a projecting part 
of a bone ; any protuberance : procession, n. pro- 
sesh'-un, a train of persons moving with ceremonious 
solemnity either on foot or on horseback ; the act of 
issuing or proceeding from : processi'onal, a. -0.1, also 
processi onary, a. -un-er'-i, relating to or consisting 
in a procession : processi onally, ^id. -It, in the way of 
procession: processi'onal, n. in R. Goth. Ch., a book 
relating to religious processions : in process, in the 
condition of advance or accomplishment ; begun but 
not completed. 

prochein, n. pro-shin (F. prochain; L. proximus, 
the nearest, next), next ; nearest ; in the law phrase, 
pro'ehein a'mi, -d'-ml (F. ami, friend), nearest or next 
friend who is allowed by the law to manage the affairs 
of an infant or minor. 

prochronism, n. prd'kron-izm (Gr. pro, before, and 
chronos, time), the dating an event before the time it 
happened. 

procidence, n. pros'-i-dcns (L. procidentia, parts of 
the body tha I | lace— from pro, forward, 

and cadere, to fall), in surg., the falling down of some 
organ or part, as the anus, uterus, &c: prociduous, a. 
prO-sid-fi.-i'^ 

proclaim, v. pro-Mam' (L. proclamare, to vociferate, 
to proclaim— from pro, forth, and clarno, I cry out or 
call: It. proclamare: F. proclamer), to utter openly; 
to announce or publish ; to make public : proclaim'- 
ing, imp.: proclaimed', pp. -klamd": proclaim'er, n. 



•er, one who proclaims : proclamation, n. prolc'-ld-ma' 
shun, a public notice given by a sovereign or supreme 
authority of a state to the people ; official notice given 
to the public ; a decree ; an edict. 

proclivous, a. prb-kll'-vus (L. proclivus, inclining, 
sloping— from pro, forward, and clivus, a slope), in- 
clining forward or towards; descending; tending by 
nature: proclivity, n. pro-kllv'-i-tl, a steep descent; 
proneness ; tendency ; an inclination or disposition. 

proconsul, n. pro-kon'-sul (L. pro, for, and consul, a. 
chief magistrate of anc. Rome: It. proconsolo), in anc. 
Rome, the governor of a province ; one invested with 
c< msular power without the office : procon'sular, a. -sil- 
ler, pert, to a proconsul, or under his government : 
proconsulate, n. -sil-ldt, also procon'sulship, n. -siil- 
ship, the office of a proconsul, or the term of his office. 

procrastinate, v. pro-krds'tl-nat (L. procrastina- 
turn, to procrastinate — from pro, for, nud crastinus, of 
to-morrow— from eras, to-morrow: It. procrastinare : 
F. procrastincr), to put off till to-morrow, or to a future 
time ; to defer ; to delay : procrastinating, hup. : 
procrastinated, pp.: procras tinator, n. -na-ter, one 
who procrastinates: procrastination, n. -nd-shun,a. 
putting off till to-morrow, or to a futiu-e time ; delay. 

procreate, v. pro'-kri-dt (L. procreatus, generated, 
begotten— from pro, for, and creo, I make, I beget: 
It. procreare: F. procreer), to generate and produce; 
to beget; to propagate: procreating, imp.: pro- 
created, pp.: pro crea'tor, n. -ter, one who procreates : 
procreation, n. -d'shun, the act of begetting; genera- 
tion and production of young: pro'creant, a. -ant, 
generating; productive: pro'creative, a. -d-tlv, hav- 
ing power or tendency to beget; productive: pro'- 
creativeness, n. -nes, the power of generating. 

Procrustes, n. pro-krus'-tez, in anc. myth., a robber of 
anc. Greece, who tortured his victims by placing them 
on an iron bed, and fitting them to suit its length by 
stretching their bodies or mutilating them: Pro- 
crus'tean, a. -td-dn, pert, to Procrustes, or his mode of 
torture. 



procure), a duly-qualified person who acts for another 
in eccles. or civil courts ; an officer in Eng. universi- 
ties who attends to the morals of the students, and 
enforces obedience to the regulations : procto'rial, a. 
-to'-ri-dl, relating to a proctor: proc'torship, n. -ter- 
ship, the office or dignity of the proctor of a university. 

procumbent, a. pro-kn-m'-btnt (L. pmcuntbens, lean- 
ing forward — from pro, forward, and cubo, I lie down: 
lCprocunibentt), lying down, or on the nice; prostrate; 
in bot., lying upon, or trailing along the ground ; trail- 
ing. 

procure, v. prb~-kur' (L. procurare, to attend to or 
look after— from pro, for, and euro, I take care of: It. 
procurare: F. procurer), to get; to gain; to acquire; 
to cause; to bring about ;' to bring on; to draw to; to 
attract : procuring, imp. : procured', pp. -kurd' : 
procu'rer, n. -ku'-rir, one who procures ; a man who, 
andpro curess, -r&s, a woman who procures gratifica- 
tion for the lewdness of another : procurable, a. pro- 
ku'rd-bl, that may be obtained : procure'ment, n. 
-kur'-ment, the act of procuring or obtaining: procu- 
ration, n.prok'u-rd'sh un, the management of another's 
affairs ; the written instr. by which a person is em- 
powered to act for another ; the money paid to a 
bishop or archdeacon on account of visitations : proc- 
urator, n. -ter, a manager of another's affairs ; a proc- 
tor : proc'ura'torship, n. the office of a procurator : 
proc'urato'rial, a. -to'-rl-dl, pert, to or done by a proc- 
urator: proc'ura'tory, a. -ra'-ter-l, tending to procura- 
tion: procurator-fiscal, the title of a public legal 
officer in Scotland, who prosecutes offenders in the 
•inferior courts, who usual ..liminary in- 

quiries into crimes conn a limits of his 

jurisdiction, and who acts under the Lord Advecate, 
the public prosecutor-in-chief. 

procyon, n. pros'l-on (L. procyon— from Gr.jirokuon, 
a constellation— from Gr. pro, before, and kuon, a 
dog), a bright star in the constellation Canis Minor, 
so called from its rising before the dog-star Sirius. 

prodigal, a. prodM-gdl (L. prodigus, prodigal, 
lavish— from pro, forth, and agere, to drive: It. 
prodigo : F. prodigue), given to reckless or unneces- 
sary expenditure, as of money, strength, &c; lavish ; 
profusely liberal ; not frugal: n. one who is profuse 
and lavish ; a waster ; a spendthrift : prodigally, ad. 
-II: prodigality, n. -gdl-i-ti, excessive or profuse ex- 
penditure, particularly in money ; waste. 



\/,fo~ot; pure, Mel; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, (here, zeal. 



PKOD 



478 



prodigious, a. pro-dlj'-us (L. prodigium, a monster, 
a prodigy: It. prodigiu; F. prodige, a prodigy), very 
great; enormous; adapted to excite wonder ; extraor- 
dinary; amazing; monstrous: prodigiously, ad. -li: 
prodigi'ousness, n. -nes, the state or quality of being 
prodigious, or enormous of size: prodigy, n. prod- 
i-jl, anything out of the ordinary course of nature; a 
thing so extraordinary as to excite wonder and as- 
tonishment ; anything astonishing for good or bad ; a 
token or omen drawn from any extraordinary event 
or appearance ; a portent. 

produce, n. prod'-us (L. producere or production, to 
lead or bring forward, to extend— from pro, forward, 
and duco, I lead or bring; ductus, led or brought: It. 
producere .- F. produire), that which is brought forth 
or yielded; amount; profit: v. pro-dus', to bring or 
offer to view ; to bring into existence or into view ; to 
cause, as an effect ; to raise, as crops ; to yield ; in 
georn., to extend, as a line or surface: produ'cing, 
imp.: produced', pp. -dust': produ'cer, n. -sir, one 
who produces : produ'cible, a. -sl-bl, that may be 
brought into being ; that may be brought into view : 
product, n. prdd'-ukt, that which is produced by 
nature, as fruits, grain, &c; that which is made by 
art or labour: performance; result; ill arith., the 
number resulting from the multiplication of two or 
more numbers: producta, n. pro-duk'-td, in geol., a 
genus of fossil molluscs, so called from one valve of 
the shell being prolonged beyond the other: produc'- 
tile, a. -til, that may be extended in length : produc- 
tion, n. -shun, that which is produced or made; fruit; 
work; composition; in political economy, the pro- 
cesses by which the labour of man, either directly or 
indirectly, is made available for the development of 
utilities from the materials and forces supplied by na- 
ture : produc'tive, a. -tiv, that has the power or qua- 
lity of producing; fertile; fruitful; causing to exist : 
productively, ad. -li: productiveness, n. -nis, the 
quality of being productive. 

proem, n. pro'em (L. prowmium; Gr. prooimion, an 
introduction— from Gr. pro, before, and oimos, a way 
or course), a preface or introduction : proemial, a. 
pro-e'-mi-dl, introductory ; prefatory. 

proembryo, n. prd-im'-brl-6 (Gr. pro, before, and 
Eng. embryo), in hot., a name given to the first part 
produced by the spore of an acrogen in germinating ; 
also called prothallus. 

proemptosis, n. pro'-emp-to'-sis (Gr. proempiptein, to 
fall in before— from pro, before, and empipto, I fall in), 
a happening before, applied to the lunar equation or 
addition of a day to the calendar every 330 years, and 
another every '2400 years, in order to prevent the 
new moon being reckoned as happening a day too 
soon ; the opposite of metemptosis. 



It. profano; F. profane, profane), literally, outside, 
and therefore not consecrated ; in everent to anything 
sacred; tending to bring religious things into con- 
tempt; impious; godless; impure; unholy; secular; 
allowed for common use : v. to treat anything sacred 
with irreverence or contempt ; to put to a wrong use ; 
to pollute; to defile; to debase: profa'ning, imp.: 
profaned', pp. -find': profa'ner, n. -ner, one who pro- 
fanes : profanation, n. profd-nd'-shun, the act of treat- 
ing sacred things with irreverence or disrespect ; des- 
ecration: profanely, ad. -li: profane'ness, n. -nis, 
also profanity n prC fdn'i-H, irreverence of sacred 
things : profane history— see history. 

profert, n. pro'-fert (L. he brings forth— from pro, 
forth, and fero, I bring), in law, an exhibition of a 
record or paper in open court. 

profess, v. pro-fes' (L. professus, known, manifest— 
from pro, forth, and fateor, I confess or own: F. pro- 
fesser, to profess), to own or acknowledge ; to make 
open declaration of; to avow ; to declare publicly one's 
skill or qualifications; to lay claim to: profes'sing, 
imp. : adj. making or maintaining a profession, as 
a professing Christian : professed', pp. -fist: adj. 
openly declared or avowed: profes'sedly, ad. -sed-ll, 
by public declaration ; avowedly : professor, n. 
-fis'-sir, one who professes ; one employed to teach any 
science or branch of knowledge in a university or col- 
lege ; one visibly and outwardly religious : professo- 
rial, a. prO'-fis-so'-ri-dl, pert, to a professor : profes- 
sorship, n. -sir-ship, the office of a professor: pro- 
fession, n. -fesh'un, open declaration of belief, or 
one's sentiments ; public avowal ; any business or call- 
ing engaged in for subsistence, not being mechanical, 

mate, mdt,fdr, law; mete, mit, her; pine, pin; note, not, move. 



in trade or in agriculture, and the like— opposed to 
a trade ; the collective body of persons engaged in a 
particular profession, as in law or medicine ; in R. 
Cath. Ch., formal entrance into a religious order: pro- 
fessional, a. -fesh'-un-dl, pert, to a profession or call- 
ing ; according to the etiquette or rules of a professi- 
on : professionally, ad. -dl-li: learned professions, 
lirn'-ed-, are divinity, law, and medicine, to which may 
be added that of a teacher or schoolmaster. 

proffer, v. prof-fir (L. profero, I bring forth, I offer 
—from pro, forth, and fero, I bring : It. profferire, to 
proffer : F. proferer, to speak, to utter), to oiler or pro- 
pose for acceptance ; to tender ; to attempt of one's 
own accord : n. an offer made for acceptance : prof- 
fering, imp.: proffered, pp. -fird, offered for accept- 
ance : prof ferer, n. -fir-ir, one who proffers. 

proficience, n. pro- fish-ins, also profici'ency, n. 
■in-sl (L. proficiens, going forward, making progress— 
from L. pro, forward, and facio, I make : It. profici- 
ente), advancement in the acquisition of an art, a 
science, or any other branch of knowledge ; progress 
in knowledge; improvement: profici'ent, n. -int, one 
who has attained to a competent knowledge of any 
branch of learning, or of a business, by study and 
application ; an expert ; an adept : adj. well qualified ; 
skilful ; competent : proficiently, ad. -li. 

profile, n. prO'-fil (F. profil, the side of the face, a 
profile: It. profilo; Sp. perfil, an outline, contour— 
from L. pro (for per), throughout, and filum, a thread: 
It.filo, line, edge), the head or portrait represented in 
outline sidewise, or in a side view ; the contour of the 
human face viewed from one of its sides ; the contour 
outline of any object or objects shown in section a 

jut through 

to draw with 



if cut through perpendicularly from top to bottom : v. 

*■*■ draw with a side view: pro'filing, imp.: n, the art 

practice of taking profiles: pro'filed, pp. -fcld: 



pro'filist, n. -fil-ist, one who takes profiles. 

profit, n. prof ''it (F. profit ; It. prqfitto, profit, gain 
— from L. proflcio, I profit, I gain— from pro, forward, 
and/acio, I make), gain ; advantage; emolument; the 
difference in favour of the seller between the cost and 
selling price of commodities ; improvement : v. to 
benefit; to improve; to gain advantage; to receive 
profit ; to become wiser and better ; to bring good to : 
profiting, imp.: n. in Scrip., improvement: prof- 
ited, pp.: profitable, a. -d-bl, bringing profit; lucra- 
tive; useful; beneficial: profitably, ad. -Mi: prof- 
itableness, n. -d-bl-nis, the quality of being profitable ; 
gainfulness : profitless, a. -lis, void of gain or advan- 
tage : prof itlessly, ad. -Us-ll. 

profligate, a. profli-gat (L. prqfligatus, cast down, 
miserable— from pro, forward, and fiigo, I strike), lost 
to principle, virtue, or decency; shameless in vice; 
abandoned ; dissolute : n. an abandoned man ; one 
who has lost all regard to virtue or decency : profli- 
gately, - J 
cy, n. - 



profound, a. pro-fdwnd' (F. profond, profound— 
from L. profundus, deep— from pro, forward, and/ww- 
dus, the bottom), far below the surface ; not superficial 
or obvious ; deep in knowledge or skill ; intense ; ob- 
scure or abstruse ; very humble or lowly : n. the deep ; 
the sea or ocean; the abyss: profoundly, ad. -II, 
deeply ; with deep concern : profoundness, n. -nes, the 
quality of being profound: profundity, n. pro-fund' 
l-tl, depth of knowledge or skill; profoundness. 

profuse, a.. pro-jus' (L. pnfitsus, extravagant, pro- 
fuse— from pro, forth, and fusus, poured: It. profuso: 
old F. prof us), pouring forth abundantly; liberal to 
excess; exuberant; lavish: profusely, ad. -li: pro- 
fuse'ness, n. -nes, great abundance; extravagant ex- 
penditure: profu'sion, n. -fu'-zhun, lavishness; rich 
abundance. 

progeny, n. proj'8-ni (L. progenies, race, family ; 
progenitum, to bring forth— from pro, forth, and 
gigno, I beget: It. progenitore ; old F. progeniteur, a 
progenitor), offspring ; race ; descendants ; applied 
chiefly to the human race : progenitor, n. pro-jin'l- 
tir, a forefather ; the founder of a family. 

prognathous, a. prog-nd'-thus, also prognathic, a. 
prog-ndth'-lk (Gr. pro, before, arid gnathos, the cheek 
or jaw bone), having prominent or projecting jaws, as 
in the Negro and Hottentot: prognathism, n. prog'' 
nd-thizm, projection of the lower jaw. 

prognosis, n. prog-no'-sls (Gr. prognosis, foreknow- 
ledge—from pro, before, and gignosko, I know), in 
med., the knowledge of a disease drawn from a con- 
sideration of its signs and symptoms ; foreknowledge : 



PEOG 



479 



PEOM 



prognostic, a. prog-nos'ilk, foreshowing; indicative: 
n. something which foreshows ; a sign ; an omen ; a 
symptom from which an opinion of the nature of a dis- 
ease is formed: prognosticate, v. prog-nOs'ti-kat, to 
forebode; to indicate by present signs, as a future 
course or event ; to foretell ; to predict : prognos'- 
ticating, imp. : prognosticated, pp. : prognos'tica- 
tor, n. -ka-ter, one who prognosticates : prognos'tica'- 
tion, n. -kd'-shun, the act of predicting a future course 
or event by present signs ; a foretoken. 

programme, n. pro'grdm (Gr. programma, a public 
notice posted up — from pro, before, and grapho, I 
write: It. programma: F. programme), an outline or 
brief explanation of the order and subjects of any 
entertainment or public ceremony; a preliminary 
sketch. 

progress, n. prog'ris (L. progressus, a going forward, 
an advance— from pro, forward, and gressus, a step, 
a course : It. progresso : F. progres), a moving or going 
forward ; advancement ; procession ; improvement, 
either intellectual or moral; proficiency; passage 
from place to place: v. pro-gres', to move or go for- 
ward ; to proceed ; to make a circuit through ; to ad- 
vance in any sense ; to make improvement : progres- 
sing, imp.: progressed', pp. -grest': progression, n. 
■gresJi'ua, regular and gradual advance in any sense; 
improvement ; a proportional and regular increase or 
decrease in numbers or magnitudes — applied to arith. 
and geom. respectively; in music, a regular succes- 
sion of chords, or their movement in harmony : pro- 
gressi'onal, a. -dl, that is in a state of advance : pro- 
gres'sive, a. -gres'-siv, moving forward; advancing; 
improving: progressively, ad. -li: progres'siveness, 
n. -nts, state or quality of being progressive ; state of 
improvement. 

prohibit, v. prO-htb'it (L. prohibitum, to hold back, 
to restrain— from pro, before, and habeo, I have, I 
hold : F. prohiber), to forbid ; to repress ; to debar ; to 
hinder; to interdict by authority: prohibiting, imp.: 
prohibited, pp. : prohib iter, n. -i-ter, one who pro- 
hibits: prohibition, n. pro'-hl-bish'iin, the act of for- 
bidding or interdicting ; in law, a writ by a superior to 
an inferior court to stay proceedings in a cause ; a de- 
claration to disallow some action: pro'hibiti'onist, n. 
-un-lst, in commerce, one who is favourable to the im- 
position of such heavy duties on certain goods as al- 
most to amount to a prohibition of their importation 
or use : prohibitive, a. pro-hib'l-Uv, also prohibitory, 
a. -tir-i, forbidding; tending to prohibit. 

project, n. proj'-ekt (L. projectus, stretched out, pro- 
minent—from pro, forward, and factum, to throw or 
cast: It. progettare ; F.pmj.f, ,-,to scheme or contrive), 
a scheme ; a design or plan ; a thing intended or de- 
vised ; a contrivance : v. pro-jekt', to cast or throw for- 
ward; to extend beyond something else; to jut; to 
scheme ; to contrive ; to draw or exhibit : projecting, 
imp.: adj. jutting out; prominent: projected, pp.: 
project'or, n. -er, one who projects or schemes; one 
who forms schemes or designs ; by way of disparage- 
ment, one whose schemes are impracticable: pro- 
jection, n. -shun, a part jutting out; design of some- 
thing to be executed ; the representation of any object 
or surface made on a plane by straight lines ; a plan ; 
a scheme ; in alchemy, the casting in of the powder 
which is to convert ri tter into gold: 

projectile, a. -ill (F. projectile), impelling forward; 
given by impulse : n. a body thrown or cast, and still 
in motion through the air, as a stone from the hand, 
or a ball from a gun: projectiles, n. plu. -tllz, that 
branch of mechanics which treats of the motion of 
bodies thrown or driven from the surface of the earth : 
projec'ture, n. -tur, in arch., a jutting out beyond the 
main line or surface — applied to the prominence which 
the mouldings and members have beyond the plane of 
a wall or column : projections of the sphere, delinea- 
tions of the surface of the sphere on a plane, made ac- 
cording to definite laws, and furnishing the means of 
constructing maps and charts, — the three most im- 
portant projections are, orthographic, stereographic, 
and central gnomonic. 

prolapse, n. pro-laps', also prolapsns, n. pro-ldp' 
siij (L. prolapsus, slidden or fallen down), in surg., a 
protrusion or falling down of a part, especially the gut 
or womb, so as to be partly external and uncovered : 
prolapse, v. to fall down or out ; to protrude : prolap'- 
sing, imp.: prolapsed', pp. -Idpsf. 

prolate, a. pro'lat (L. prolatus, carried or brought 
out, prolonged— from pro, forth, and latus, brought), 
lengthened; extended beyond the line of an exact 



direction of its axis, generated by the revolution of ai 
ellipse about its major axis ; the opposite of an oblate 
spheroid, which see. 

prolegomena, n. plu. pro'le-gom'S-nd (Gr. prolegom- 
ena, things said first — from pro, before, and lego, I 
speak), preliminary observations ; an introduction or 
dissertation prefixed to any work: pro'legom'enary, 
a. -ner-i, also pro'legom'enous, a. -e- nus, preliminary; 
introductory. 

prolegs, n. plu. pro'legz (pro, for, and legs), the 
fleshy pediform organs, often retractile, which assist 
various larvae in their movements. 

prolepsis, n. pr6-lep'sls s (Gr. prolepsis, a taking or 
seizing before another— from pn'O, before, and lumbano, 
I take), in rhet., a figure of speech by which objections 
are anticipated and answered; an error in chronology, 
consisting in an event being dated before the actual 
time : prolep'tic, a. -tik, also prolep'tical, a. -tl-kdl, 
pert, to ; anticipatory ; previous : prolep'tically, ad. 
■II. 

proletaire, n. pro'-le-tdr' (F. proletaire— from L. pro- 
letarius, a citizen of the lowest class too poor to pay 
taxes), one of that class of the community whose only 
capital is their labour ; one of the lower part of the 
lower orders: proleta'rian, a. -td'rl-dn, mean; vul- 
gar: n. one of the lowest of the people: pro'leta'- 
riat, n. -ri-dt, general beggary ; the lower part of the 
loweporders of the people : proletairism, n.pro'-le-far- 
izm, the condition, or political influence, of the lower 
orders of the community. 

proliferous, a, pro-lif-er-us (L. proles, offspring, and 
fero, I bear or carry), in bot., producing another from 
its own centre — applied to flower-buds and leaves 
when an unusual development of supernumerary parts 
takes place, as flower-buds becoming viviparous, and 



dance ; fruitful ; productive : prolif'ically, ad. -li : pre 
liflcness, n. -ik-nes, state of being prolific : prolinca- 
tion, n. pro-H/'i-kd'shiin, generation; the growth of 
a second flower from the substance of the first. 

prolix, a. pro'liks (L. prolixus, long, extended— from 
pro, forth, and laxus, wide, loose: It. prolisso: F. pro- 
line), extended to a -r.-at length ; protracted; diffuse; 
tedious: prolixly, ad. -llks'-ll: prolixity, n. -i-ti, also 
prolix'ness, n. -nes, the state or quality of being pro- 
lix; great length; minute detail ; tediousness. 

prolocutor, n. prol'O-ku'ter (L. prolocutus, uttered, 
declared— from pro, before', and lucutas, spoken), the 
speaker or chairman of a convocation : prol'ocu'tor- 
ship, n. -ter-ship, the office or station of a prolocutor. 

prologue, n. pro-log (F. prologue, a prologue— from 
Gr. prologos, a preface— from pro, before, and lego, I 
speak), a short piece in verse, recited before a dra- 
matic performance or play begins ; a preface : v. to 
introduce by formally reciting a preface: pro'logu- 
ing, imp.: pro'logued, pp. -logd. 

prolong, v. pro-long' (F. prolonger, to prolong— from 
L. pro, forth, and longus, long: Sp. prolongar), to 
lengthen or draw out in time or duration ; to protract ; 
to extend: prolonging, imp.: prolonged', pp. -longd': 
prolong'er, n. -er, one who prolongs : prolongate, v. 
■gat, to lengthen or extend in space : prolongating, 
imp.: prolongated, pp. extended in space; continued 
in length: prolongation, n. pro'-long-gd'shun, exten- 
sion in time or space. 

prolusion, n. pro-lo'-zhun (L. prolusio, a preliminary 
exercise— from pro, before, and lusus, play, sport : It. 
prolusione: F. prolusion, i 

a preparatory exercise or trial in literary composition. 

promenade, n. prom'e-ndd' (F. promenade, a walk, 
walking— from. promener, to walk), a walk for pleasure 
or show; a place for walking: v. to walk for amuse- 
ment or exercise : prom enad'ing, imp.: prom'enad'ed, 
pp.: pro'menad'er, n. -er, one who promenades. 

Promethean, a. pro-me'the-dn, pert, to Prometheus, 
fabled in anc. myth, to have stolen fire from heaven ; 
iiiality of that fire. 

prominent, a. prom'l-nCui (1- . prom inent, prominent 
—from L. prominens, projecting— from pro, before, 
and minere, to jut : It. prominent i 

yond the surface or other parts ; full or large, as eyes ; 
distinguished above others ; most visible or striking ; 
conspicuous: prominently, ad. -li: prominence, n. 
prom'i-nens, also prominency, n. -nen-si, a standing 
out from the surface of something ; protuberance. 



>y,/obt; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



PROM 4J 

promiscuous, a. pro-mis'kd-us (L. promiscuus, 
mixed, not separate or distinct— from pro, forward, 
and misceo, I mix or mingle: It. promiscuo: old F. 
promisciie), collected together without order or dis- 
tinction, as an assembly or meeting ; confused ; com- 
mon ; not restricted : promiscuously, ad. -li, indiscri- 
minately : promis'cuousness, n. -n6s, a state of being 
promiscuous. . 

promise, n. prom'-is (L. promissum, a promise— from 
pro, forth, and missum, to send: It. promessa: F. 
promesse), word pledged ; a declaration or engagement, 
more or less formal, to another; hopes; expectation: 
v. to assure by a binding declaration ; to engage or 
undertake to do, or not to do ; to afford hopes or ex- 
pectation : promising, imp. : adj. affording just 
grounds for expectation of good; giving tokens of 
future good: promisingly, ad. -li: promised, pp. 
•1st: promlser or promisor, n. -er, one who prom- 
ises : promissee, n. prom'is- si' ', one to whom a promise 
is made: promissory, a. prdm'is-ser-i, containing a 
binding declaration of something to be performed, or 
some engagement to be fulfilled : promlssorlly, ad. 
-ssr'l-U: promissory-note, a written promise to pay a 
certain sum at a certain time specified, in consideration 
of value received by the promiser : to promise one's 
self, to be assured ; to have strong confidence. 

promontory, n. prom'-on-ter-i (L. promontorium, a 
mountain-ridge— from pro, forward, and mons, a 
mountain: It. promontorio : F. promontoire), a high 
point of land or rock projecting into the sea; a head- 
land. 

promote, v. pro-mot' (L. promotum, to advance, to 
promote— from pro, forward, and movere, to move: 
It. pro movere: F.promouvoir), to forward or advance; 
to contribute to the growth or progress of anything ; 
to raise to higher rank or honour : promoting, imp. : 
promo'ted, pp.: promo'ter, n. -ter, one who promotes; 
an eneourager : promo'tion, n. -mo' shun, advance- 
ment ; encouragement ; preferment : promo'tive, a. 
-tiv, tending to promote. 

prompt, a. prompt (L. prompt.us, visible, manifest, 
ready — from pro, forth, and emptum, to take: F. 
prompt), ready and quick to act as occasion demands ; 
quick without hesitation; done without delay; not 
dilatory ; ready ; told down, as prompt payment ; unob- 
structed : v. to incite to action or exertion ; to assist a 
speaker when forgetful or at a loss for words ; to help at 
a loss; to suggest to the mind: prompting, imp. : n. 
the act of suggesting words to a speaker ; a suggestion : 
prompted, pp. : prompt'er, n. -er, one whose business 
in a theatre is to assist an actor or speaker when at a 
loss for words ; an admonisher : prompt'ership, n. the 
office of a prompter : promptings, n. plu. -ingz, those 
things which are suggested to the heart or to the 
mind: promptly, ad. -li: promptness, n. -nSs, state 
or quality of being ready or quick; readiness; alac- 
rity: promptitxide.n. prompt 'i-tud, quickness; readi- 
ness; cheerful alacrity: prompt-book, in a theatre, 
the book used by the person who assists or prompts 
the players : prompt-note, a note of reminder of the 
day of payment and sum due, usually given to a pur- 
chaser at a sale of produce. 

promulgate, v. pro-mul'gat (L. promulgatum, to 
expose to public view— from pro, before, and vulgus, 
the people: It. promulgare: F. promulguer), to pub- 
lish; to proclaim; to ma 1 -:.; known by open declar- 
ation : promul'gating, imp. : promulgated, pp. : 
promulgation, n. prom'ul-ga'shun, the act of promul- 
gating; open declaration; publication: prom'ulga'- 
tor, n. -ga'ter, also promulger, n. pro-mul'-jer, one 
who makes known what, was before unknown. 

pronaos, n. pro-ncVos (Gr. pro, before, and naos, a 
temple), the area immediately before a temple; the 
portico in front of a building. 

pronation, n. prO-na'shun (L. promts, leaning or 
hanging forwards, stooping— see prone), in anat., the 
act by which the palm of the hand is turned down- 
wards, with the thumb towards the body ; the position 
of the hand so turned : prona'tor, n. -ter, one of the 
two muscles used in the act of turning the palm 
downwards : adj. pert, to these muscles. 

prone, a. pron (L. promts, leaning or hanging for- 
wards: Gr. proneuo, I lean or stoop forward- icim ,„,,. 
before, and neuo, I nod: It. pronn), bending forward; 
inclined ; not erect ; lying with the face downward ; 
disposed ; mentally inclined ; precipitous : pronely, 
ad. -li: prone'ness, n. -nes, state of lying with the 
face forward ; inclination of mind ; disposition. 

prong, n. prong (Norm, prokka, to scrape, to pick : 

mate, mCtt,fCir, law; mete, mSt, 



D PROP 

Scot, prog, a sharp point), one of the pointed divisions 
of a fork; a pointed projection ; a. pitchfork: pronged, 
a. prdngcl, having prongs like the tines of a fork : 
prong-hoe, a hoe having prongs. 

pronominal, a. pro-nom'l-nal (It. pronominale ; F. 
pronominal, pronominal — from L. pro, for, and nomen, 
a name), belonging to or having the nature of a pro- 
noun : pronomlnally, ad. -li. 

pronoun, n. pro'-nown (It. pronome; F. pronom, a 
pronoun— from L. pjro, for, and nomen, a name), in 
gram., a word which refers to, or stands instead of, a 
noun. 

pronounce, v. pr5-nowns' (L. pronuncio, I tell or re- 
port publicly— from pro, forth, and nuncio, I declare : 
It. pronunciare: F. prononcer), to speak; to articu- 
late ; to utter formally or solemnly ; to declare ; to 
utter an opinion: pronouncing, imp. : adj. teaching 
pronunciation: pronounced', pp. -nolvnsf.- adj. de- 
clared; decided: pronounc'er, n. -er, one who pro- 
nounces: pronounceable, a. -d-bl, that may be ut- 
tered: pronun'cial, a. -nun'-shal, pert, to the articula- 
tion of words : pronun'cia'tion, n. -sl-u'-shun, the act 
or mode of uttering or articulating syllables and 
words; utterance. 

proof, n. pro/ (AS. profian, to prove or try: F. 
preuve, a proof— see prove), evidence ; testimony ; 
test ; trial ; any effort, process, or operation to ascer- 
tain truth ; that which convinces the mind and pro- 
duces belief; capacity of resistance, as fire-proof, 
w&ter-proof; firmness or stability of mind ; a standard - 
strength of spirit, containing nearly equal weights of 
pure alcohol and water ; an impression taken from a 
form of type, or from an engraved plate, for examina- 
tion and correction : adj. able to resist something : 
impenetrable : proofless, a. -Us, incapable of being 
tested : proof copy or impression, one of the first 



guns or gunpowder is tested : proof-sheet, an impres- 
sion from type for correction: proof-spirit, spirit 
having pure alcohol in a certain fixed large propor- 
tion, generally 100 parts of alcohol to 103-09 water : 
proof-text, a passage of Scrip, for proving a doctrine. 

prop, n. prop (Dut. prop, a stopper; proppen, to 
cram : Sw. propp, a bung or cork), that on which any- 
thing rests ; a support ; a stay : v. to keep up by plac- 
ing something under or against ; to support ; to sus- 
tain : prop'ping, imp. : propped, pp. propt. 

propaedeutics, n. plu. y,; ,? \x.pro, before, 

and paideuo, I instruct), the preliminary learning 
necessary for the proper study of any art or science. 

propaganda, n. prop'-d-gCtn'-da (It. propaganda, the 
propaganda— from L. propago, I extend, I increase : 
F. propaganda), a society or association at Rome, 
called the congregation " de propaganda fide," first 
established in 16 foi diffu ing a I aowledge of Rom. 
Catholicism throughout the world, now charged with 
the management of the R. Cath. missions and the 

spread of the R. Cath. reli secret political party 

or association ; I d lol i i iitution for making pro- 

selytes : prop'agan'dism, n. -dlzm, the act or practice 
of propagating zealously tenets or principles : prop / - 
agan'dist, n. -dist, one who devotes himself to the 
pi ni ni iv] tain tenets and principles. 

propagate, v. prOp'-a-gdt (L. propagare, to extend, 
to increase : It. propngare : F. propager), to spread or 
cause to increase in number ; to extend ; to cause to 
go from person to person ; to carry from place to place ; 
to disseminate ; to have offspring or issue : prop'- 
agating, imp.: n. the act of one who propagates ; diffu- 
sion : prop'agated, pp. : prop'agator, n. -ter, one who 
propagates : prop'agable, n.-ga-bl, that maybe spread 
or extended by any means ; that may be continued 
or multiplied : prop'aga'tion, n. -ga'shun, the spread- 
ing or expansion of anything: the continuance of the 
kind by generation or successive production: prop'- 
agative, a. -ga-tiv, connected with or produced by 
propagation : propagating-glasses, small hand-glasses 

for covering an i n, .■ ,< . d ■ _,, 

ing plants in a garden or nursery. 

propagulum, n. pro-pdg'-u-lum (L. propaao, off- 
spring), in hot., an offshoot e germinating bud at- 
uiehodliv a iiii.el ish stall: iothe pa rent plant. 

propeds, n. plu. pro'-pMz (L. pro, for, and pedes, 
feet), the soft foot-like appendages of certain larva; 
placed behind the true feet, and disappearing in the 
mature insects. 

propel, v. pro-pel' (L. propeller e, to hurl or cast for- 
wards, to propel— frompro, forward, andpello, I drive), 

ter; pine, pin; note, not, mOve; 



PROP 



481 



PROR 



... -pel'-tr, or screw-propeller, a screw placed in the 
stern of a ship and moved by steam, the action of 
which propels the vessel ; the vessel thus propelled. 

propense, a. pro-pSns' (L. propensus, hanging for- 
ward— from pro, forward, and pendeo, I hang: It. pro- 
penso, propense), leaning toward, in a moral sense ; 
disposed; prone: propensity, n. -pSn'sl-ti, bent of 
mind; disposition; bias. 

proper, a. prdp'er (F. propre, fit— from L. proprius, 
one's own, special: It. propria), fit; suitable; agree- 
ing ; correct ; becoming ; decent ; such as should be ; 
peculiar ; not common ; pert, to one only of a species ; 
in gram., applied to such names as John Smith, Lon- 
don, Edinburgh, as opposed to man, city; in astron., 
the real motion of the sun and stars, as opposed to 
their apparent motion : prop'erly, ad. -II. 

property, n. prop'er-ti (F. propriety propriety— from 
L. proprietas, peculiar nature, quality— fromproprius, 
one"sown: It. proprieta), peculiar quality : that which 
is inherent in a thing, or essentially natural to it ; an 
acquired or artificial quality; the exclusive right of 
possessing and disposing of a thing ; the thing owned 
or possessed; an estate: properties, n. pl\j. -tiz, 
articles required in a play by actors : property-man, 
one having charge of the loose articles and fittings 
in a theatre : property-tax, a duty on the annual value 
of houses, &c, payable by the owner to Government. 

prophecy, n. prof'-e-sl or -si (Gr. prophetes, a sooth- 
sayer, an interpreter of the will of God : F. pro- 
phetie; It. profezia, prophecy), a declaration of some- 
thing to come by one commissioned by God ; a pre- 
diction; a book of prophecies; preaching; instruc- 
tion : proph'esier, n. -si-er, one who predicts events : 
proph esy, v. -si, to foretell future events by divine 
inspiration ; to predict ; to utter predictions ; to in- 
terpret the Scriptures : proph'esying, imp. : n. the 
act of foretelling future events ; interpretation : 
proph'esied, pp. -sld : prophet, n. -St, one who fore- 
tells future events; one inspired by God to reveal 
things that are to come ; an interpreter of Scripture : 
prophetic, a, prO-fet'lk, also prophetical, a. -i-kdl, 
foreseeing or announcing future events: prophet'- 
ically, ad. -li: prophetess, n. pr6f-6t-6s, a female 
prophet. 

prophylactic, a. prof-hldk'-tlk (Gr. pro]>hulaktikos, 
qualified for guarding against, preservative— from 
pro, before, and phulasso, I preserve), in med., de- 
fending from disease; preventive: n. a medicine 
which preserves against disease : proph'ylac'tical, a. 
■ti-kal, same as the adj. prophylactic. 

propinquity, n. pro-plng'-kwl-ti (L. propinquitas, 
relationship — from p>rope, near: It. propinquita), 
nearness of blood ; nearness of time or place. 

propitiate, v. pro-pish'i-dt (L. propitiatum, to pro- 
pitiate—from propitius, favourable, well-disposed : 
It. propiziare : old F. propitier), to render favourable ; 
to conciliate ; to make atonement : propit'iating, imp. : 
propit'iated, pp. : propitiator, n. -ter, one who pro- 
pitiates : propit'iable, a. -d-bl, that may be rendered 
favourable : propitla'tion, n. -a'shun, the act of ap- 
peasing wrath and conciliating favour; the atone- 
ment : propitiatory, a. -ter-l, having the power to 
conciliate or render favourable : n. among the Jews, 
the mercy-seat : propitlator'ily, ad. -l-ll: propiti'ous, 
a. -plsh'us, favourable ; kind ; disposed to be merciful : 
propiti'ously, ad. -II: propiti'ousness, - 



_. es, dis- 
position to treat another kindly, or to forgive. 

propolis, n. pro'-po-Us (L. and Gr. propolis, bee-glue 
—from Gr. pro, before, and polis, a city), a sort of 
glue or cement used by bees to stop the holes and 
crevices in their hives. 

proponent, n. pro-po'-ne'nt (L. proponens, proposing 
—from pro, forth, and ponens, placing), one who 
makes a proposal or lays down a proposition. 

proportion, n. pro-por'-shiin (L. proportio, compara- 
tive relation, proportion— frompro, before, and portio, 
a part or share : It. proporzione: F. proportion), rela- 
tion or correspondence of parts between unequal 
things of the same kind ; symmetry ; in arith., a rule 
in which three terms are given to find a fourth ; in 
geom., the identity, equality, or similitude of ratios; 
mutual fitness or correspondence of parts to each 
other, and to the whole ; equal degree ; equal or just 
share ; form ; size : v. to adjust the comparative rela- 
tion of one thing, or one part, to another ; to form 
symmetrically ; to divide into equal or just shares : 
propor'tioning, imp.: propor'tioned, pp. -shund: 

colv, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



propor'tionable, a. -shun-d-hl, that may be propor- 
tioned: propor'tionably, ad. -a-Ul: propor'tionable- 
ness, n. -bl-nes, the state of being proportionable : pro- 
por'tional, a. -shun-dl, being in proportion ; having 
a due comparative relation; having the same ratio: 
n. a number or quantity in proportion : proportion- 
als, n. plu. -dlz, the terms of a proportion : propor- 
tionally, ad. -alii, in a stated degree: proportion- 
ality, n. -dl'-i-tl, the quality of being in proportion : 
proportionate, a. -at, adjusted to something else ac- 
cording to a certain rate or comparative relation : v. 
to ail just according to a settled rate: proportiona- 
ting, imp. : proportionated, pp.: proportionately, 
ad. -1%, in a proportionate manner: propor tionate- 
ness, n. -nSs, the state of being adjusted by due or 
settled proportion ; suitableness of proportions : pro- 
por'tionless, a. -Us, without symmetry of parts : con- 
tinued proportion, a succession of several equal ratios: 
harmonica! or musical proportion, a relation of three 
or four quantities, such, that the first is to the last, as 
the difference between the two first is to the difference 
between the two last: in proportion, according as; to 
the degree that : reciprocal or inverse proportion, a 
proportion in which the first term is to the second as 
the fourth is to the third: continued proportionals, 
quantities of which the ratio of the first to the second, 
of the second to the third, of the third to the fourth, 
and so on, are all equal: mean proportional, the 
middle term of three in continual proportion ; or the 
square root of the first and third of three terms in 
continual proportion, as 4 is the mean proportional 
between 2 and 8. 

propose, v. pro-pHz 1 (L. propositum, to place or set 
forth— from pro, forth, and jwno, I place : It. propon- 
ere : F. proposer), to offer for consideration ; to bring 
forward for consideration or adoption ; to offer one's 
self in marriage : propo'sing, imp. : proposed', pp. 
-pozd': propo'ser, n. -zer, one who proposes or offers 
for consideration : propo'sal, n. -zdl, that which 
is offered for consideration or acceptance ; a scheme 
or design ; terms or conditions laid before ; an over- 
ture: proposition, n. prop'O-zlsh'iln, that which is 
proposed or offered for consideration or acceptance; 
an offer of terms ; in math., a theorem or problem for 
demonstration or solution ; that which is offered or 
affirmed; the first part of a poem or discourse in 
which the subject of it is stated ; in gram, and logic, a 
sentence, or part of one, consisting of a subject, a pre- 
dicate, and a copula; a form of speech in which the 
predicate is affirmed or denied of a subject : prop'ositi- 
onal, a. -un-dl, pert, to or considered as a propo- 
sition : to propose to one's self, to intend or purpose. 

propound, v. pro-pownd' (L. proponere, to propose 
—from pro, before, and pnno, I put or place), to offer 
for consideration ; to propose : propound'ing, imp. : 
propounded, pp. : propound'er, n. -er, one who pro- 
poses or offers for consideration. 

propretor or propraetor, n. pr6-pre'-tor (L.), among 
the anc. Romans, a magistrate who, after having ad- 
ministered the pratorship one year, was sent the fol- 
lowing year as proztor in a province where there 
was no army. 

proprietor, n. pro-prV-5-fer (It. proprietario ; F. 
proprietaire, a proprietor— from L. proprius, one's 
own), an owner of property, fixed or movable ; one 
having a legal ri g, whether in possession 

or not : proprietress, n. -tres, a woman who has the 
legal right to anything : proprietorship, n. the state 
of being proprietor : proprietary, a. -ter-l, belonging 
to a proprietor or proprietors : n. an owner or owners : 
propri'ety, n. -Ml, formerly, ownership or possession ; 
now, state of being right or proper; appropriateness ; 
conformity to established rules or customs ; decorum. 

proproctor, n. pro-pr6k'-t6r (pro, for, and proctor), 
in Eng. univers <■ tant proctor. 

propulsion, n. pro-pul'-shiin (L. propulsum, to hurl 
or cast forwards— from pro, forward, and pulsum, 
to drive— see propel), the act of propelling or driving 
forward: propulsive, a. -slv, also propul'sory, a. 
•ser-i, having power to propel or drive forward. 

prorogue, v. pro-rog (L. prorogare, to prolong, to 
continue; prorogatio, a prolonging— from pro, for- 
ward, and rogare, to ask : It. prorogare: F. proroger), 
to put off; to defer; to continue Parliament from the 
end of one session till the commencement of another, 
at a time mentioned, done by royal authority : pro- 
ro'guing, imp. -glng : prorogued', pp. -rdgd': pro- 
rogation, n. pi I he continuance of Par- 
liament from the end of one session till the com- 



PROS 



482 



PROT 



mencement of another, by royal authority— an ad- 
journment is a continuance of the session from day 
to day. 

prosaic, prosaical— see under prose. 

proscenium, n. pr6-se'-nl-um (L. proscenium; Gr. 
proskenion, the stage— from Gr. pro, before, and Skene, 
a tent, a stage), the whole of the stage in an anc. 
theatre ; in a modern one, the part from the curtain 
or drop-scene to the orchestra; also applied to the 
curtain and the ornamental frame-work from which 
it hangs. 

proscribe, v. prO-skrlb' (L. proscribere, to proscribe, 
to outlaw— from pro, before, and scribo, I write : Sp. 
proscribir, to outlaw), to doom to destruction by writ- 
ing down in a list ; to put out of the protection of 
law ; to banish ; to outlaw ; to prohibit or interdict : 
proscribing, imp. : proscribed', pp. -skrlbd': the pro- 
scribed, persons proscribed : proscri'ber, n. -ber, one 
who proscribes: proscript, n. pros'skrlpt, one pro- 
scribed: proscription, n. pro-skrip'-shun (L. pro, be- 
fore, and scriptus, written), the act of proscribing or 
outlawing ; in anc. Rome, the offer of a reward for the 
head of a political enemy : proscrip'tive, a. -tlv, pert, 
to proscription : proscrip'tively, ad. -II. 

prose, u. proz (L. prosa, prose— from prorsa, right 
forward, right onward— from pro, forward, and versus, 
turned : It. prosa ; F. prose, prose), the ordinary writ- 
ten or spoken language of man; the opposite of 
verse or poetry : v. to write in a dull tedious style : 
adj. relating to prose; not poetical; dull; unroman- 
tic: pro 'sing, imp.: adj. talking or writing in an un- 
interesting manner: n. dull and tedious minuteness 
in speech or writing: prosed, pp. prozd: prosaic, a. 
pro-zd'lk, also prosa'ical, a. -l-lcdl (It. prosaico; F. 
prosaique, prosaic), pert, to or resembling prose ; dull ; 
tedious; uninteresting: prosa'ically, ad. -kdl-ll: pro- 
saist, n. -ist, a writer of prose : prosy, a. pro'-zl, dull 
or tedious in discourse or writing: pro'siness, n. 
-nds, tedious dulness in talking or writing: pro'- 
singly, ad. -It. 

prosecute, v. pros'-S-kut (L. prosecutus, followed 
after— from pro, forward, and sequor, I follow), to fol- 
low or pursue after for a purpose ; to persist in or con- 
tinue, as efforts already begun ; to seek to obtain by 
legal process ; to sue criminally ; to carry on a legal 
prosecution : pros'ecuting, imp. : prosecuted, pp. : 
pros'ecutor, n. -kd-ter, one who carries on a criminal 
suit against another : prosecutrix, n. -trlks, a woman 
who undertakes a prosecution in a law court : pros'- 
ecu'tion, n. -ku'-shUn, a pursuit ; a criminal suit ; pur- 
suit by efforts of body or mind. 

proselyte, n. prds'6-llt (Gr. proselittos, a foreigner, 
a convert to the Jewish religion— from pros, to, and 
elthein, to come : It. proselito : F. proselyte), one re- 
ceived or brought over to some particular opinion or 
belief; a convert to some religion: v. to convert to 
some religion ; to gain over to an opinion : pros'ely- 
ting, imp. : proselyted, pp. : pros'elytise, v. -il-l-tiz, 
to make a convert to a religion or a religious sect: 
pros'elytising, imp.: adj. making proselytes: pros'- 
elytised, pp. -tlzd: pros'elytism, n. -tizm, the making 
of converts to a religion, sect, or party ; conversion 
to a system or creed ; the desire to make converts. 

prosenchyma, n. pr6s-6ng'kl-md (Gr. pros, near or 
to, and engchumos, juicy), in bot., fusiform tissue- 
forming wood. 

prosing, prosiness, &c— see prose. 

pro-slavery, a. pro-sla'-ver-i (pro, for, and slavery), 
that favours slavery. 

prosody, n. pros'-o-dl (L. and Gr. prosodia, the 
quantity of syllables and measure of verse, tone or 
accent of a syllable— from Gr. pros, to, or in addition 
to, and ode, a song or tune), that part of gram, which 
treats of quantity, accent, and the laws of harmony— 
chiefly restricted to versification, but may also be ex- 
tended with propriety to prose composition: proso- 
dial, a. pro-so'dl-dl, also prosod'ical, a. -sod'l-kdl, 
pert, to prosody, or according to its rules: proso'dian, 
n. -so'ili-iin, also prosodist, n. pros'6-dist, one who 
is skilled in prosody : prosod'ically, ad. -II. 

prosopopaeia, n. pros-d-po-pe-yd (Gr. prosopon, a 
face, a person, and poieo, I make), in rhet., a figure of 

i".' '-■):■ i .. which hings are spoken of or represented as 
persons ; personification. 

prospect, n. pros'-pekt (L. prospectum, to have or 
command a view of— from pro, forward, and specio, I 
look), a looking forward; a distant view ; that which is 
present to the eye, as a scene or landscape ; regard 
to something future; expectation: prospecting, n. 

mate, mdt,/dr, laYv; mete, mSt, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, mCve, 



pros-pUk'tlng, a miner's term for searching or examin- 
ing for gold, as preliminary to settled or continuous 
operations: prospective, a. -tlv, looking forward in 
time ; viewing at a distance ; future ; opposed to re- 
trospective: prospec'tively, ad. -li: prospec'tiveness, 
n. -nis, state of being prospective: prospec'tion, n. 
-shun, the act of looking forward or providing for fu- 
ture wants : prospec'tus, n. -tus, a plan or outline of 
something proposed, submitted for public approval, as 
of a new company or joint-stock association ; the plan 
of a literary work. 

prosper, v. pros'per (L. prosperare, to prosper, to be 
propitious— from prosperity, fortunate: It. prospero; 
F. prospere, prosperous), to render fortunate or happy ; 
to thrive ; to be successful ; to flourish : prospering, 
imp.: pros'pered, pp. -perd: prosperous, a. -per-iis, 
flourishing ; successful ; thriving ; making gain or in- 
crease: prosperously, ad. -II: pros'perousness, n. 
-nds, the state of being prosperous or successful : pros- 
perity, n. prds-per'i-tt, success; good fortune; thriv- 
ing condition. 

prostate, a. pros'tdt (Gr. prostates, one who stands 
before, a leader— from pro, before, and stasis, a setting 
or standing), in anat., applied to a large heart-shaped 
gland situated before the neck of the bladder, and 
behind the bulb of the urethra : prostatic, a. pros- 
tdt'-lk, of or pert, to the prostate gland. 

prosthesis, n. prds'the-sls (Gr. prosthesis, a placing 
to, an increase— from pros, to or towards, and thesis, 
a putting or placing), in gram., a figure by which one 
or more letters are placed at the beginning of a word ; 
opposite of aphozresis; in surg., an overlapping ; the 
artificial supplying of any defect or part lost— applied 
to the fresh growths which fill up ulcers or fistula; : 
prosthetic, a. -thet'ik, prefixed. 

prostitute, v. pros'ti-tut (L. prostitutum, to place or 
set forth openly— from pro, before, andsta^wo, I place : 
It. prostituire : F. prostituer), to give up or expose for 
hire that which ought not to be sold ; to devote to an 
infamous or improper purpose : adj. sold or devoted to 
infamous purposes : n. a female openly given to indis- 
criminate lewdness for hire; a strumpet ; a base mer- 
cenary or hireling : pros'tituting, imp.: pros'tituted, 
pp.: pros'titutor, n. -titter, one who prostitutes any- 
thing: prostitution, n. pro s'-tl-tu' shun, the common 
lewdness of a female for hire ; the act or practice of 
offering for sale that which ought not to be sold. 

prostrate, v. pros'trdt (L. prostratum, to spread 
out, to prostrate— from pro, before, and sternere, to 
stretch out : It. prosternare : F. (se) prosterner), to lay 
flat or at length ; to throw down ; to demolish ; to fall 
down in adoration ; to bow in humble reverence ; to 
reduce totally or exhaust, as the strength : adj. lying 
at length ; extended on the ground ; lying at mercy, as 
a suppliant ; thrown down in the humblest adoration : 
prostrating, imp.: prostrated, pp.: prostration, n, 
pros-tra'shun, the act of throwing down or laying flat ; 
great depression or dejection; exhaustion; great 
diminution of the vital energies. 

prostyle, n. prO'stll (Gr. pro, before, and stulos, a 
column), in arch., a portico for columns in front of an 
edifice ; the temple or edifice to which they belong. 

prosy— see prose. 

prosyllogism, n. prO-sll'o-jlzm (L. pro, for, and Eng. 
syllogism), a form of argument, in which two or more 
syllogisms are so connected, that the conclusion of the 
one becomes the major or minor of the next. 

prot, prot, also proto, pro'to (Gr. protos, first), in 
chem., a prefix in many scientific compounds, denoting 
the first or smallest degree of a substance which com- 
bines with a base, as protoxide, the first or smallest 
proportion of oxygen ; the first or earliest, as protog ine ; 
the earliest or lowest, as protozoa: protoxide of iron, 
denotes one equivalent of oxygen and one of iron. 

protasis, n. prot'-d-sls (Gr. protasis, an antecedent, 
the beginning of a drama— from pro, before, and teino,- 
I stretch out), in gram, and rhet., the first or subordi- 
nate member of a sentence, generally conditional— 
the second being called the apodosis ; in the anc. 
drama, the first part, containing an exposition of the 
subject. 

protean, a. prO-W-dn (Gr. Proteus, in anc. myth., a. 
sea deity having the faculty of assuming different 
shapes), of or resembling Proteus ; readily assuming 
different shapes: proteus, n. prO'tus, a genus of ba- 
trachian reptiles allied to the siren, &c, in which the 
gills of the tadpole state are retained by the adult 
animal, in addition to the lungs ; a genus of infusoria, 
whose forms are incessantly changing. 



PROT 



483 



PROT 



.-, to conceal : It. proteggere: F. protcger), to cover 

from danger ; to throw a shelter over ; to shield ; to 
guard; to patronise: protect'ing, imp.: adj. shielding 
hum injury; preserving in safety: protect'ed.pp.: pro- 
tection, n. -tek'sliiin, the act of preserving from evil 
or injury ; shelter ; refuge ; a passport or other writing 
given by authority, which exempts or secures from 
molestation ; advantage or favour given to any branch 
of industry by a government : prdtect'ingly, ad. -II : 
protectionist, n. -1st, one opposed to free trade: 
protec'tional, a. -Cil, pert, to protection : protec- 
tive, a. -tik'-tiv, serving or tending to defend or shel- 
ter: Protec'tor, n. -ter, or Lord Protector, a title 
applied to Oliver Cromwell during- the period of his 
government of Great Britain and Ireland : protec'tor, 
n. one who protects; a guardian: protec'tress, n. 
-trSs, a woman who shields or preserves from danger: 
protec torless, a. -les, without a protector: protector- 
ship, n. the office or government of a protector : pro- 
tec torate, n. -ter -at, in Eng. hist., applied to the Gov- 
ernment of Oliver Cromwell ; the orotection granted 
by a superior power to an inferior or dependent one : 
protectorial, a. prd'-tek-to'ri-dl. pert, to a protector. 

protege, n., protegee, fem. prO'tdrzha' (F. protege, a 
dependent person ; protegee, a female under the pro- 
tection of another: L. protegere, to shield from dan- 
ger), one under the care and protection of another. 

proteine, n. pro'te-ln (Gr. protcuo, I hold the first 
place or rank— from protos, first), in chem., a peculiar 
nitrogenous substance forming the basis of albumen, 
caseine, and fibrine : proteinous, a. prO-te'l-nite, of or 
pert, to, or containing proteine. 

proteranthous, a. pro'te'r-dn'-thus (Gr. proteros, first, 
and anthos, a flower), in hot., applied to flower-buds 
that expand before the leaf-buds. 

protest, n. pro-test (It. protestare; Sp. protestar, to 
protest— from L. pro, before, and testor, I bear witness), 
a solemn or formal declaration of opinion against 
some act or resolution ; the written paper containing 
reasons of dissent from a motion or resolution ; in a 
bill of exchange, a declaration against, for non-accept- 
ance or non-payment : v. pro-test', to make or enter 
a solemn declaration expressive of opposition; to 
make a solemn declaration of a fact or opinion ; to 
mark or note, through a notary public, a bill of ex- 
change for non-payment or non-acceptance : protest'- 
ing, imp.: protested, pp. marked or declared against 
for non-payment, as a bill of exchange : prptest'er, n. 
-er, onewho protests: protestation, n. proi-es-td'-shun 
or p/ro"-t£s-, a formal declaration of dissent; a solemn 
declaration of fact, opinion, or resolution: prot'esta'- 
tor, n. -ter, one who protests: protest ingly, ad. -U. 

Protestant, xx.prot'-es-tdut {lt.proi< ^tante; F.2^rotes- 
tant, a Protestant— from L. pro, before, and testor, I 
bear witness), one who adhered to Luther in 1529 when 
he made a solemn declaration of dissent from a decree 
of Charles V. and the Diet of Spires ; a name applied 
to all Christian denominations that differ from the 
Church of Rome— restricted to those sprung from the 
Reformation: adj. of or relating to Protestants, or 
their doctrines or forms of religion : prot'estantism, 
n. -tizm, the principles or religion of Protestants. 

proteus— see protean. 

prothalamium, n. pro'-thd-ld'-mi-um (Gr. pro, before, 
and thalamos, a bedchamber, a bridal chamber), the 
song addressed to, or in honour of, the bride and 
bridegroom, and which opened the marriage cere- 
monies; opposed to epithalamium, which concluded 
them. 

prothallus, n.prd-thdl'-lns, alsoprothalTium.n.-Z?- 
(Gr. pro, before, and thallos, a sprout), in hot., a name 
applied to the first results of the germination of the 
spore in the higher cryptogams, as ferns, horse-tails, 
&c. 

prothesis, n. proth'e-sis (Gr. prothesis, a placing be- 
fore— from pro, before, and thesis, a putting or placing), 
the place where the elements of the Eucharist are put 
before being set on the altar. 

prothonotary, n. pro-thon'5-ter-i (Gr. protos, first, 
and L. notarius, a scribe: It. protonotario : F. pro- 
tonotaire), a chief notary or clerk ; oria-inally the chief 
or pfincipal notary of the Emperor of the East ; one of 
the officers in the Court of Kings Bench, now super- 
seded by the master ; in Home, one of the chief secre- 
taries of the Chancery; in U.S., a registrar or clerk 
of certain courts. 

prothorax, n. prO-tho'-rdks (Gr. pro, before, and 
cow, boy, foot; pure, dud; chair, 



thorax, a breastplate), in entom., the' first or ante- 
rior segment of the thorax in insects. 

protide, n. pro'-tid (Gr. protos, first, and ide, signify- 
ing a family or L' I'.! : i 

from proteinous bodies. 

proto— see prot. 

protocol, n. pro'-to-kol (F. protocole, a register— from 
Gr. protos, first, and kolla, glue: mid. L. pr^ocolliim, 
a register of public acts made up into a book by gluing 
the leaves together by their edges : It. protocotlo), in 
diplomatics, the minutes or rough draft of a treaty, 
despatch, or other document ; a record or registry. 

protoctista, n.pro'-tok-tis'-td, or protista, n. pro-tis- 
td (Gr. protos, first, and ktista, created beings), a term 
proposed to embrace those minute fossil organ 
which seem to stand on the confines of the v ' 
and animal kingdoms. 

protogine, n. pro'-to-jin (Gr. protos, first, and gino- 
rnai, I am formed), the French term for granite com- 
posed of felspar, quartz, and talc. 

protomartyr, n. pro'-to-mdr'-ter (Gr. protos, first, and 
martur, a witness), the first martyr, St Stephen; the 
first who suffers or is sacrificed in any cause. 

protopapas, n. pro'-to-pdp'-ds (Gr. protos, first, and 
pappas, a father), in Russia, the chief pope or impe- 
rial confessor ; one of the clergy of the first rank in 
cathedrals. 

protophytes, n. plu. pro'-tO-flts (Gr. protos, first, and 
phuton, a plant), applied to those microscopic fossil 
organisms which apparently belong to the vegetable 
kingdom. 

protoplasma, n. pro'-tCqMs'md, also pro'toplasm, 
n. -pldzni (Gr. protos, first, and plasma, what has been 
formed, a model), in hot., a coating of matter deposited 
on the inside of the cells of the cellular tissue, from 
which the cell-nuclei are formed: pro'toplas'mic, a. 
-mlk, pert, to the first growth or formation; pert, to 
the material of formation of living bodies. 

protoplast, n. prO'to-pldst (Gr. protoplastos, first 
formed— from protos, first, and plastos, formed), the 
thins first formed, as a copy to be followed or imitated ; 
the first individual, of pai 1 3, of aspecies : 

pro'toplas tic, a. -We, first formed. 

protornis, n. pro-tor'nis (G. protos. first, and ornis, 
a bird), the most ancient example known of a passerine 
fossil bird, of about the size of a lark, and somewhat 
similar to it. 

protorosaurus, n ■yrO'tQ-visdw'r&s, also proto- 
saurus, n. prO'->o->o~r-ras (Gr. protos, first, or pro- 
teros, earlier, and sauros. a lizard), the fossil monitor 
of Thuringia, long the earliest-known fossil reptile. 

protostrophis, n. pro-tos'-tri.-J'is (Gr. protos, first, 
and trophe, means of living), in hot., a spiral vessel 
separating from the main bundle that enters the leaf, 
and forming part of the primary veins. 

prototype, n. pr6'-to-t\p {Gr. protos, first, and iupos, 
a type or mould), the original from which others are 
copied; the primary form to which others in their 
principal features or characteristics bear resemblance. 

protoxide, n. pro-toks'-ld (Gr. pjrotos, first, and Eng. 
oxide), in chem., a compound containing one equiva- 
lent of oxygen combined with one of a base— that is, 
the first oxide— and so of numerous other words simi- 
larly formed. 

protozoa, n. plu. prd'tO-zo'd, also pro'tozo'ans, n. 
plu. -dm (Gr. protos, first, and zoe, life, or zoon, an 
animal), the first or lowest division of the'- animal 
kingdom, including a number of creatures of a very 
low type, and apparently occupying a sort of neutral 
ground between animals and vegetables : pro'tozo'an, 
n. one of the protozoa : pro'tozolc, a. -zo'-ik, belonging 
to the protozoa ; containing the first traces of life. 

protract, v. prO-trdkV (L. protractum, to protract— 
from pro, forth, and trahere, to draw), to draw out or 
lengthen in time; to delay; to defer: protract'ing, 
imp. : protract'ed, pp. : adj. drawn out ; lengthened 
out : protract'er , n. -er, one who protracts or lengthens 
in time : protrac'tion, n. -trdk'-shun, the act of delaying 
the termination of a thing; in surv., the plotting or 
laying down dimensions on paper, as of a field : pro- 
trac'tive, a. -tiv, tending to delay ; dilatory : protrac'- 
tor, n. -ter, a math, instr. for laying down and meas- 
uring angles on paper that have been taken in the 
field ; in anat. , a muscle that draws forward any part ; 
in surg., an instr. for drawing extraneous bodies out 
of a wound: protract'edly, ad. -li. 

protrude, v. pro-trod' (L. protrudere, to thrust for- 
ward—from pro, forward, and trudo, I thrust), to 
thrust forward ; to thrust or put out ; to thrust for- 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



PROT 



4S4 



PROX 



ward beyond the usual limits : protru'dlng, imp. : 
protru'ded, pp. : protru'sion, n. -tro'zhun (L. pro- 
i> nr.n.,11. in i/ln n::i, i'm iviini), Die ;i,ri. of thrusting for- 
ward beyond the usual limit ; a push : protru'sile, a. 
-stl, that may be protruded and withdrawn : protru'- 
sive, a. -slv, thrusting or impelling forward. 

protuberant, a. pro-tu'ber-ant (It. protuberanza ; F. 
protuberance, a protuberance, a prominence— from L. 
pro, forth, and tuber, a hump or hard excrescence), 

prominent beyond the surrounding surface ; :-.u < Ji 

protu'berantly, ad. -K: protu'berance, n. -tins, a 
swelling ; a prominence ; a bunch or knob : protu'- 
berate, v. -at, to swell out ; to be prominent beyond 
the level surface ; to bulge out: protu'berating.imp.: 
protu'berated, pp. : protu'bera'tion, n. -a'shun, the 
act of swelling, lieyond i,in; sinronmiing surface, 

proud, a. prdwd (AS. prw£, proud: Ger. protzig, 
saucy, insolent : Dut. pratten, to show arrogance, to 
pout— see pride), having inordinate self-esteem; lofty 
of mien; grand of person ; possessing an unreasonable 
opinion of one's own excellence ; conceited ; arrogant ; 
haughty; diseased or fungous, as proud flesh: proud'- 
ly.ad. -II: proud'ish, a. -Ish, somewhat proud: proud- 
hearted, a. having a proud spirit. 

prove, v. pr6v (AS. prqfian, to try: Ger. proben; 
F. prouver; It. provare; L. probare, to try, to test), 
to ascertain by trial or comparison ; to subject to trial 
or test; to verify; to demonstrate; to deposit and 
register for probate, as a will ; to be found by experi- 
ence ; to turn out ; to be ascertained by the event : 
pro'ving, imp. : proved, pp. provd : proven, pp. 
prov'-n, in Scotch law, proved, as in the verdict of 
acquittal not proven, which does not express the opin- 
ion of the jury that the accused is innocent, but only 
that on the evidence they cannot find him guilty: 
prover, n. prd'ver, one who proves ; one who tests by 
sample or average to ascertain the value of the whole : 
pro'vable, a. -vd-bl, that may be verified or proved: 
pro'vably, ad. -bll. 

provedjtor, n. prO-vM'l-ter, also provedore, n. 
prov'S-dor (It. proveditore, a purveyor or provider— 
from provedere, provident, prudent : L. pro, forward, 
and video, I see), one employed to procure supplies 
for the army ; in Italy, an officer who superintends 
matters of policy; in Amer., an officer engaged in 
treaties with the Indians, &c. 

proven— see prove. 

Provencial, a. pro-vSn'shdl, also Provence, a. prdv- 
tings, of or from Provence in France, as a Provence 
rose. 

provender, n. prav'Sn-der (F, provende; It. pro- 

fenda; Dut. pi ■ i >n L prozbenda, 

the ration or allowance of food for a soldier), dry food 
for beasts, as hay, corn, &c. ; provisions. 

proverb, n. prov'erb (L. proverbium, an old saying 
—from pro, for, and verbum, a word : It. proverbio : 
F. proverbe), a short familiar sentence conveying 
some useful lesson of prudence or morality ; a wise or 



nigmatical sentence or maxim : Proverbs, a book 

of the Old Test. Scrip, containing wise maxims and 
practical truths suitable for the conduct of all classes 
of men: proverbial, a. prO-ver'bi-dl, used or current 
as a proverb ; pert, to or resembling a proverb : pro- 
ver'bially, ad. -It: prover'bialism, n. -fern, a prover- 
bial phrase: proverlrialist, n. -1st, one who speaks, 
or writes, or collects proverbs. 

provide, v. pro-vld' (L. providere, to provide ; pro- 
videns, foreseeing, provident— from pro, before, and 
video, I see : It. provedere, to furnish with), to collect 
or get ready for future use ; to prepare ; to make a 
previous conditional stipulation ; to take measures to 
counteract or escape an evil : provi'ding, imp. : pro- 
vi'ded, pp. : provi'der.n. -der, one who provides : prov- 
idence, n. prov'l-d8ns{L. providentia, foresight, prov- 
idence), foresight ; timely care or preparation; tin: 
care and superintendence of God over His creatures 
and all things; a name applied to God: provident, 
a. -dent, careful m pre. pari";; ; •;, future wants ; frugal; 
economical ; providently, ad. -It, with wise precau- 
tion: provlden'tial, a. -din'shal, that may be re- 
ferred to God's superintendence or direction ; effected 
by the providence of God : prov'iden'tially, ad. -II, in 
a providential manner : to provide against, to take 
measures for counteracting or escaping any ill : to 
provide for, to take care of beforehand: provided 
that, conj. on condition ; upon these terms ; this stip- 
ulation being made. 



province, n. prov'ins (L. provincia, a territory out 
of luly acquired by the Unmans— from pro, before, and 
vinco, I conquer : It. provincia : F. pjrovince), a divi- 
sion of a kingdom of considerable extent ; the juris- 
diction of an archbishop ; a district of a country, as 
distinguished from the capital; the proper office or 
business of anyone: provincial, a. pr6-vin'-shal, re- 
lating to a province ; local ; not polished ; rude or im- 
proper, as the pronunciation of a word ; pert, to the 
jurisdiction of an archbishop: n. an inhabitant of a 
district of the country, as dislineaiisiied f r0 m an in- 
habitant of the capital; in K. Cath. Ch„ a monastic 
superior or governor : provin'cially, ad. -It : provin- 
cialism, n. -Izm, a word, phrase, or mode of speech 
peculiar to a district of country : provin'cialist, n. 
-1st, one who lives in a province, or who speaks with 
the peculiar dialect and accent of the district. 

provision, n. %>ro-vlzh'-un (L. provisio, foresight, 
providence— from provision,, to take care, to act with 
foresight— from pro, before, and video, I see: It. prov- 
visione; F. provision, provision, vi< in.> i s ■.>.,<■ ,, ne .■ 
sures taken beforehand ; terms settled ; care taken; 
food; the thing or things provided or collected: v. 
to supply with articles of food ; to victual : provisi- 
oning, imp. : provisioned, pp. -und : provisi'ons, n. 
plu. -unz, articles of food; victuals: provisional, 
a. -un-til, provided merely for the occasion; tem- 
porary ; selected or appointed in the mean time : pro- 
visionally, ad. -II •. provisional registration, a pre- 
liminary and conditional registration of a new public 
company at the proper government office : provision- 
dealer, a grocer or shopkeeper who retails articles of 
food of daily use. 

proviso, n. pro-vl'zo (L. provisus, foreseen or pro- 
vided for— from pro, before, and video, I see), a condi- 
tional clause or stipulation in a deed or other legal 
writing, beginning with "provided that"; a stipula- 
tion : provi'sor, n. -zer, in ere/,- , one appointed by the 
Pope to a benefice or church-Jiving before the death of 
the incumbent, to the prejudice of the rightful patron ; 
the steward or treasurer of a religious house; in 
France, the principal of a college : provi'sory, a. -zer-i, 
making temporary provision ; conditional : provi'sor- 
ily, ad. -zer-l-U. 

provocation, provocative— see provoke. 

provoke, v. pro-vok' (F. provoquer, to provoke— from 
L.provocare, to call forth, to provoke— from pro, forth, 
and voco, I call : It. provocare), to call forth or bring 
into action ; to excite or move to ; to make angry ; to 
irritate ; to produce anger : provoking, imp. : adj. 
causing irritation or inclination to quarrel : provoked', 
pp. -vokf : provo kingly, ad. -11: provo'ker, n. -her, one 
who provokes : provocation, n. prov'o-ka'shun, any- 
thing that excites to anger or resentment ; the act of 
exciting anger : provocate ,< . < d-tiv, tending 

to awaken or excite; stimulating: n. a stimulant; 
anything which revives or excites appetite : provoc'- 
ativeness, n. -tlv-nis, the quality of being provocative 
or stimulating. 

provost, n. 2 ) fov'ost (AS. prafost, a president: F. 
priv6t; old F. pjrevost, a provost^-from propositus, a 
president, a chief— from L. prce, before, and positus, 
placed), the chief of a body or department, as the prin- 
cipal of a college; in Scot., the mayor of a city or 
town : prov'ostship, n. the office of a provost : prov- 
ost, also provost-marshal, often pronounced pro-vo', 
in mil. or raw., an officer whose duties are, to prose- 
cute crimes and offences against military discipline, 
to punish offenders, to take charge of prisoners, and 
to superintend the execution of punishments. 

prow, n. prow (F. proue; L. and Gr. prora, the 
fore part of a ship : It. proda, side or bank of a river, a 
prow ; prua, a prow : AS. brord, a point), the fore part 



prowess, n. prolv'Ss (F. prouesse ; It. prodczza, 
prowess, valour— from L. prodesse, to be of use, to do 
good), valour or bravery, particularly as a soldier. 

prowl, n. prowl (F. proie, prey, and alter, to go— as 
if an old F. term, proieler), a ramble in a stealthy 
manner, as one seeking prey or plunder : v. to rove or 
wander stealthily, as one seeking prey or plunder ; to 
prey; to plunder: prowl'ing, imp.: adj. roving in a 
stealthy manner, as for prey: prowled, pp. prdwld: 
prowl' er, n. -er, one who prowls : prowl'ingly, ad. -II. 

proximate, a. prdks'4-mut (L. proximitas, nearness 

•'-• — prnxiii'iux, nearest), nearest; closest; immedi- 



ate: proximately, ad. -11: proximity, n. proks-lm- 
'., mdt, far, lav); m&te, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, mOve; 



PROX 



4S5 



PSEU 



1-tl, state of being next; immediate nearness: proxi- 
mate cause, that which immediately precedes and 
produces the effect; opposed to remote or mediate: 
proximate principles, in chem., distinct compounds 
which exist ready formed in animals, as albumen, 
fat, &c, and in vegetables, as sugar, starch, &c. 

proximo— see curt. 2. 

proxy, n. proks'i (a corruption of L. procurator, one 
who takes care of, a manager for another : or of Dut. 
prokuratie, an authority or warrant of attorney), the 
person who is substituted to act for another; the 
agency of a substitute ; the writing by which one per- 
son is authorised to vote for another: v. to vote or act 
by the agency of another: prox'ying, imp. : proxied, 
pp. proks'-id. 

prude, n. pr6d (F. prude, wise, discreet; prude, a 
prude : L. prudens, knowing, wise), a name ironically 
given to a woman who sets up for preciseness of con- 
duct ; a woman affecting great reserve, coyness, and 
excessive virtue: prudery, n. prO'-dir-i, behaviour or 
manners of a prude ; excessive nicety in conduct : 
pru'dish, a. -dish, of or like a prude ; very formal, 
precise, or reserved : pru'dishly, ad. -li. 

prudent, a. prd'-dc-nt (It. prudente; F. prudent, pru- 
dent—from L. prudens, discreet, prudent), careful of 
the consequences of measures or actions ; correct and 
decorous in manner ; cautious ; wary ; judicious : pru- 
dently, ad. -li, discreetly; judiciously: pru'dence, n. 
-d6ns, the habit of acting with deliberation and dis- 
cretion; wisdom applied to practice; carefulness: 
pruden'tial, a. -din'-shal, proceeding from or dictated 
by prudence : pruden tially, ad. -thai -ll: prudentials, 
n. -shdlz, maxims of prudence or practical wisdom. 

prud'homme, pr6d-dm (F. prud'homme, a skilful 
person— from prude, grave, sober, and homme, a man 
—from L. homo prudens, a wise man), a prudent or 
discreet man— applied in France to tribunals of refer- 
ence and arbitration, composed of citizens, their prin- 
cipal office being the decision of disputes between 
masters and workmen in manufacturing towns. 

pruinose, a. pro'l-noz (L. pruinosus, full of hoar- 
frost—from pruina, hoar-frost), in hot., covered with 
glittering particles, as if fine dew had been congealed 
upon it. 

prune, n.prdn (F. prune; It. prima, a plum— from 
L. prunum, a plum), a dried plum: pruniferous, a. 
pr6nif'-er-us (L. fero, I carry or produce), plum- 
bearing. 

prune, v. pr(m (Icel. prjon ; Scot, preen or prin, a 
pin or knitting-needle— from the notion of arranging 
nicely with a pointed implement : Dut. priem, a pin or 
bodkin), to dress or trim, as trees or shrubs, to im- 
prove their growth ; to divest of anything superfluous; 
pruning, imp.: n. the dressing of trees and shrubs 
by lopping off their superfluous branches: pruned, 
pp. pr&ad: pru'ner, n. -ner, he or that which prunes : 
pruning-hook, -knife, or -shears, tools used for lop- 
ping or dressing plants or trees. 

prunella, n. pr6-nel'ld, also prunel'lo, n. -16 (F. 
prunelle, cloth made of wool dyed, from its colour re- 
sembling prunes), a smooth, strong, woollen stuff, usu- 
ally black ; a variety of plum. 

prurient, a. pr6'-rl-ent (L. pruriens, itching or long- 
ing for— gen. prurientis : It. prurire, to itch)", itching ; 
uneasy with desire: pru'riently, ad. -li: pru'rience, 
n. -ins, also pruriency, n. -en-si, an itching; a long- 
ing desire or appetite for anything. 

prurigo, n. pr6-ri'-go (L. prurigo, an itching: It. 
prurigine), an eruptive disease of the skin, accompa- 
nied by much itching ; the itch : prurig'inous, a. -rij- 

! ■■■,..,!■ . I M ' | I I I J 

Prussian, a. prush'dn, from or relating to Prussia: 
n. a native of Prussia : Prussian-blue, a well-known 
pigment of a rich blue colour: prus'siate, n. -i-at, a 
term applied to supposed compounds of prussic acid 
with bases, now known as cyanides : prussic, a. p>r\is- 
slk, a common epithet of a deadly poison (prussic 
acid), originally obtained from Prussian-blue, existing 
also in the laurel, and in the bitter kernels of fruit, 
&c., prepared commercially from the prussiate of 
potass. 

pry, v. prl (probably Scot, prize or pry, to raise by 
a lever, to force up or open, as a lid or door), to inspect 
narrowly or closely ; to attempt to discover something 
witli scrutinising curiosity: n. narrow inspection: 
pry'ing, imp.: adj. inspecting closely : pried, pp. prid: 
pry'er or pri'er, n. -er, one who pries: pry'ingly, 
ad. -li. 

pryan, n. prl'dn (Cornish, pryi, clay), in mining, 



ore contained in pebbles with a mixture of clay ; a 

.■..:■:■ . lav 

psalm, n. sum (L. psalmus; Gr. psalmos, playing 
and singing to the psaltery— from L. and Gr. i>s<diu, I 
sing to the harp : F. i>saume), a sacred song or hvmn ; 
one of the hymns by David and others which form a 
book of the Hebrew Scriptures : The Psalms, one of 
the books of the Old Test.: psalmist, n. sal mist or 
sdm'lst, a writer or composer of psalms; a name 
applied to David, the anc. Jewish king, and the other 
authors of the Psalms: psalmodic, a. sdbmod'-lk, also 
psalmod'ical, a. -i-kdl (Gr. psalmus, a psalm, and ode, 
a song), pert, to psalms: psalmodist, n. sal'-mo-dist 
or sdm-o-dist, one who sings psalms : psalmody, n. 
sal'mo-dl or sdm'-o-di, the art or practice of singing 
psalms: psalmography, n. sdbmog'ra-fi (Gr. psalmos, 
a psalm, and grapho, I write), the art or practice of 
writing psalms: psalmog'rapher, n. -rd-fer, also psal- 
mog'raphist, n. -.7 ist, one skilled in writing psalms. 

psalter, n. sawl'-ter (L. psalter ium; Gr. ps(dterioa, a 
stringed instr. of the lute kind: It. salterio: old F. 
psaltere), the Book of Psalms bound up in a separate 
book; in the R. Cath. Ch., devout sentences or aspira- 
tions, 150 in number ; a rosary of 150 beads : psalte- 
rium, n. sawbte'-rl-um, a psalter; the nianyplies or 
third cavity of the stomach of a ruminant animal ; in 
anal, apartof the brain, consisting of linos impressed 
upon the under surface of the posterior part, of the 
body of the fornix: psaltery, n. sawl'-tir-i, among the 
anc. Hebrews, an instr. of the harp kind. 

psammite, n. sdm'mit (Gr. psammites, sandy— from 
psammos, sand), among geologists, fine-grained, fissile, 
clayey sandstones, in contradistinction 10 those more 
silicious and gritty: psammitic, a. sdm-mU'-ik, pert, 
to or containing psammite. 

psarolites, n. plu. sdr'-odits, also psar'onites, n. plu. 
•nits (Gr. psai-os, speckled, and lithos, a stone), in 
gcol., silicihed stems of tree-ferns, found abundantly 

in the New lied K: : a ' ulucli leu, a. oeeljoil ; 1 1 

star-like appearance, and are popularly called star- 
stones. 

psellismus, n. s&l-lz'mus (Gr. psellizo, I stammer), 
in med., hesitation of speech; bad utterance. 

pseudssthesia, n. su'des-the'zhl-a (Gr. pseudes, 
false, and aisthesis, perception), in med., false or 
imaginary feeling or sensation ; imaginary sense of 
touch in organs that have been long removed. 

pseudepigraphy, n. su'-de-pig'-nl-fl (Gr. pseudepi- 
graphus, having a false title— inwajiscudcs, false, tpi, 
upon, and grapho, I write), the ascription of false 
names of authors to works. 

pseudo, su'do (Gr. pseudes, lying, false), a word fre- 
quently prefixed to another, and meaning false; 
spurious; in scinitijir dims, something deceptive in 
appearance, function, or relation. 

pseudo-apostle, n. su'do-d-pos'l (pseudo, false, and 
apostle), one who pretends to be an apostle. 

pseudoblepsis, n. sii'-do-hhjp'-sis (Or. /*si ud<s, false, 
and blepsis, a beholding), in med., a term applied to 
depraved sight, in which objects are imagined or 
seen different from what they are. 

pseudo-bulb, n. su'do-bulb (pseudo, and bulb), in 
bot., a swollen aerial of many orchids, resembling a 
tuber. 

pseudograph, n. su'dO-grdf (Gr. pseudes, false, and 
grapho, I write), a piece of false writing: pseudo- 
graphy, n. su-dog'rd-fi, false writing. 

pseudology, n. su-dol'o-ji (Gr. pseudes, false, and 

lOgoS, a diSCOlo el, i':.|., !l n :peecll 

pseudo-martyr, n. su'-do-mdr'-ter (pseudo, and mar- 
tvr). a false martyr. 

' aorphous, a. su'do-mor'-fus (Gr. pseudes, 
morphe, form), applied to substances found 
in the form of regular crystals, though not possessing 
a crystalline structure : pseu'domorphs, n. plu. -morfs, 
substances in tie- form ui regular crystals, but not pos- 
sessing a crystalline structure : pseu'domor'phism, n. 
-fizm, the state of having regular crystals, though not 
possessing the crystalline structure. 

pseudonym, n. su'do-nim (Gr. pseudes, false, and 
onoma, a name), a false name; a false signature: 
pseudonymous, a. sn-dOn'-i-mus, bearing a ial e ....-•:,,, 
or signature— applied to an author who uses a false 
or feigned name. 

pseadopodia, n. su'do-po'-di-d (Gr. pseudes, false, 
andpows, a foot— gen. podos), the pediform processes 
which give the power of progression to certain ani- 
mals. 

s, n. su'do-skop (Gr. pseudes, false, and 



: /,fdot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



PSEU 4 

skopeo, I see or view), in optics, an instr. which ex- 
hibits bodies, with their proper appearance as re- 
gards relief, reversed— thus a hollow body appears as 
if solid and convex. 

pseudo-spermous, a. su'do-sper-mus (pseudo, and 
spermous), in hot., applied to plants bearing fruits 
which contain a single seed, or but a small number, 
the pericarp of which so closely adheres to the seeds 
that they seem to have but one envelope. 

pshaw, int. show (see pish), an expression of con- 
tempt or disdain. 

psilanthropist, n. siddn'-thrO-pist (Gr. psilos, bare, 
naked, and anthropos, a man), a name sometimes ap- 
plied to those who believe that Jesus Christ was but 
an ordinary man, and really the son of Mary and 
Joseph. 

psilomelane, n. si-lorn- Han (Gr. psilos, bare, smooth, 
and melas, black), an uncleavable manganese ore, 
usually occurring in botryoidal, kidney-shaped, or 
stalactitic masses, having a smooth surface, foliated 
texture, and dark glistening colour. 

psilophyton, n. si-ldf'4-tdn (Gr. psilos, smooth, 
bare, and phuton, a stem), in geol., fossil stems having 
closely-pressed minute leaves, and springing from a 
root-stalk having circular areoles. 

psittaceous, a. sit-ta'-shus, also psittacid, a. slt'td- 
Kid (|,. i,y,uii(cn.:-; ; Gr. psittakos, a parrot), of or relat- 
ing to the parrot tribe -called the psittacidse, sit- 
tds'4-de. 

psoas, n. so'ds (Gr. psoa, the loins), in anat., applied 



,. sd-dd'ik, relating to or connected 



psoas: psoadic, 
with the psoas. 

psora, n. so'-rd (Gr. and L. psora, the itch, the 
mange : Gr. psoriasis, being itchy or mangy— from Gr. 
■j/soein, to rub), in med., the itch; a rough scaliness of 
the skin ; scabies : psoriasis, n. so-ri-d-sis, a skin 
disease characterised by a rough scaly cuticle, gener- 
ally accompanied by chaps and fissures : psoric, a. 
so'-rik, of or relating to psora ; scurfy : pso'ncs, n. plu. 
-rlks, medicines for the itch, 

psorophthalmia. n. sG'-rdf-thdl'-mi-d (Gr. psora, the 
itch, and ophthalmos, the eye), inflammation of the 
eye attended with itchy ulcerations. 

psyche, n. si'ke (Gr. psuche, a butterfly, the soul, 
breath), in Gr. myth., a beautiful maiden whom Cupid 
married ; spirit ; breath : psychical, a. si'ki-kOl, relat- 
ing to or connected with the soul, spirit, or mind. 

psychology, n. si-kdl'0-jl (Gr. psuche, the soul, and 
logos, a word), the doctrine of man's spiritual nature ; 
the science conversant about the phenomena of the 
mind, orconsei.i < . cubjeei, . oieni.a.i philosophy; meta- 
physics: psychologist, n. -jist, one who studies the 
nature and properties of the soul, spirit, or mind, or 
who writes on the subject; a mental philosopher: 
psychologic, a. si'-ko-loj-lk, also psy'cholog'ical, a. 
-l-kdl, pert, to psychology: psychologically, ad. 
-kdl-1%. 

psychomachy, n. si-kom'-d-kl (Gr. psuche, the soul, 
and mache, a fight or contest), a conflict of the soul 
with the body. 

psychomancy, n. si'kd-man'-sl (Gr. psuche, the soul, 
and manteia, divination), a species of divination by 
consulting the spirits of the dead. 

psychrometer, n. si-krdm'-e-ter (Gr. psuchros, cold 
or cool, and metron, a measure), an instr. for deter- 
mining the quantity of vapour present in the atmo- 
sphere. 

ptarmigan, n. tdr'-ml-gdn (Gael, tarmachan), a bird 
of the grouse kind, found in mountainous districts. 

pterichthys, n. t&r-ik'-this (Gr. pteron, a wing, and 
ichthus, a fish), in geol., a bone-encased fish of the Old 
Red Sandstone having two wing-like lateral appen- 
dages. 

pterodactyle, n. tSr'6-ddk'til (Gr. pteron, a wing, 
and daktulos, a fin ■•■*-, •), m </, <>) > iv.,: :il genus of flying 
reptiles capable of perching on trees, of hanging 
against perpendicular surfaces, and of standing firmly 
on the ground : pter'odac'tylous, a. -til-us, wing-fin- 
gered. 

pteropoda, n. plu. tHr-op'-o-dd, also pteropods, n. 
plu. ter-o-pddz (Gr. pteron, a wing, and pous, a foot- 
gen, podos), a class of encephalous molluscs that swim 
by the alternate expansion and contraction of two 
lateral appendages : pteropodous, a. t&r-op'-O-dus, 
pert, to the pteropods. 



6 PUBL 

geol., an order of extinct saurians, fitted for aerial 

flight. 

pterygium, n. tSr-ij'l-um (Gr. pterugion, a small 
wing— f rom pterux, awing), in vie,/., a disease of the 
mucous membrane of the eye, consisting of a thicken- 
ing of the parts between the external angle and the 
cornea; a disease in which the epidermis of the mar- 
gin of the nail-follicle remains attached to the surface 
of the nail, and advances with its growth till the nail 
is more or less completely covered. 

pterygoid, a. Ur'4-goyd (Gr. pterux, a wing, and 
ml,,::, appearance), in anat., applied to the wing-like 
ni'oei ■, ; :,i j I,, : hienoid bone. 

pterygotus, Ur'4-go'tus (Gr. pterux, a wing, and ous, 
anear— gen. olo--), m <jn>/.... u'o—ij, ■■ceuu.ic ioii:-,i.e, hi 
crustacean. 

ptilodictyon, n. ttl'-O-dik'-ti-dn (Gr. ptilon, a feather, 
a plume, and dikf.uon, a fishing-net), in geol., a genus 
or.Siluria.n polyzon.ns— so termed from its flat, branch- 
ing, feather-like aspect. 

ptilopora, n. til-6p'-6r-d (Gr. ptilon, a feather, a 
plume, and poroy, a, passage), in geol., a genus of Car- 
boniferous polyzoans, whose pores or cells are arranged 
in li a.ther-like form on a common axis. 

ptisan, n. tiz'-dn (Gr. ptisane; L. ptisana, barley 
crushed and cleaned), a mucilaginous decoction, as 
barley-water ; an aqueous medicine, containing little 
or no medicinal agent. 

Ptolemaic, a. tol'-e-md'-lk (Gr. Ptolemaios, an anc. 
Greek astronomer), pert, to Ptolemy, or to his system 
of astronomy, which supposed the earth to be fixed in 
the centre of the universe, and the other bodies to 
revolve round it. 

ptyalism, n. ti'-d-lizm (Gr. ptualismos, a spitting— 
from ptualon, spittle), in med., an excessive flow of 
saliva : ptyaline, n. ii'-d-lin, a peculiar substance ob- 
fained from saliva. 

ptyalogogues, n. plu. ti-dl-O-gogz (Gr. ptualon, 
spittle, and ag«gns, a, leading or driving), medicines 
that promote discharges of saliva ; also ptysmagogue, 
n. tlz'-md-gog ((jr. ptusma, saliva, agogos, driving), in 
the same sense. 

ptychoceras, n. ti-kds'-er-ds, also ptychoceratite , 
n. ti'ko-.ser'-d-tit (Gr. ptuche, a fold, and keras, a horn), 
in geol., a genus of chambered shells of the ammonite 
family, peculiar to the cretaceous formation— so named 
from the shell being ben! or folded upon itself. 

ptychodus, n. ti- ko ■ diis (Gr. ptuche, a fold or wrinkle, 
and odous, a tooth), in geol., a genus of fossil fish- 
teeth found in the Chalk formation. 

ptycholepis, n. H-kol'-S-pis (Gr. ptuche, a fold or 
wrinkle, and lepis, a scale), in geol., a genus of 
sauroid fishes, several species of which occur in the 
Lias of England. 

puberty, n. pu'ber-ti (L. pubertas, the age of 
maturity— from pubes, of ripe age : It. puberta : F. 
puberti), the age at which persons are capable of be- 
getting or bearing children ; maturity ; in law, the age 
of 14 years in boys, and of 12 in girls: puberal, a. 
pu'-ber-dl, belonging to puberty : pubescent, a. pu-bds- 
ent (L. pubescens, reaching the age of puberty, ripen- 
ing), arriving at maturity; in hot., covered with soft 
hair or down : pubes'cence, n. -ens, state of puberty ; 
in bot., the downy substance on plants: pubes, n. 
pu'-bez, in anat., the external part where the genera- 
tive organs are situated. 

public, a. pub'-lik (L. publicus, common, public— 
from popmlus, the people, a multitude: It. p-uhhiiro: 
F. public), pert, to a state or community; extending 
to a whole people; not private; common; open to 
all : n. the people at large ; the many ; the people 
indefinitely: publican, n. pnb'-li-kdn, one who keeps 
a house for the sale of beer and spirits; in anc. 
Rom.e, a tax-collector; one who farmed the public 
taxes: publicly, ad. -li: publicity, n. jmb-lis'-i-tl, 
state of being open to the knowledge of the public : 
publicist, n. piib'-li-slst, one skilled in the laws and 
rights of nations: public-spirited, a. dictated by 
anxiety for the public good: public-spiritedness, n. 
a disposition to advance the public good: public- 
house, a common inn or tavern : public law, the law 
of nations: public works, a name usually applied to 
all great works that arc being erected or constructed 
for public use, as railways, docks, and suchlike; 
strictly works constructed by engineers for the pub- 
lic, and at the public cost: in public, before the 
public at large ; in open view ; not in secret : pub- 
lication—see publish. 

publish, v. pub'-llsh (F. publier; L. publicare, to 



mdte, milt, far, law; mete, mU, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, mCve; 



PUCE 



487 



make common, to publish: Sp.publicar, to publish— 
see public), to make known to all what before wars 
private or unknown; to announce; to proclaim; to 
reveal, as a secret ; to print and offer for sale— applied 
chiefly to printed books, engravings, &c: publishing, 
imp.: adj. making known; issuing a new book, en- 
graving, &c. for sale: n. the act of making public : 
published, pp. -lisht: pub'lisher, n. -er, one who, as 
the first source of supply, issues books and other 
literary works for sale : publication, n. -U-ka'shun, 
the act of making public; a book or other literary 
work printed and offered for sale. 

puce, a. pus (L. pix, pitch— gen. picis: Gr. pissa; 
It. pece, pitch : Gr. peuke, a fir or pine tree), of a dark- 
brown or brownish-purple colour : n. a dark-brownish 
purple. 

puceron, n. pu-ser-on (F. puceron, a grub— from 
puce, a flea), the plant-louse ; the aphis or vine-fretter. 

puck, n. puk (Icel. puki, tin 1 evil spirit : W. pwca, a 
hobgoblin: It. baco, a bo-peep), name of an elf in 
Shakespeare; a demon; a mischievous spirit. 

pucker, v. puk'-er (F. poche, the bagging of an ill- 
cut garment), to gather into small folds or wrinkles, 
applied to cloth ; to rumple : n. a fold or wrinkle ; a 
collection of folds: puckering, imp.: puck'ered, pp. 
■erd: adj. gathered infolds; wrinkled. 

pudding, n. pood'lng (F. boudin; W. poten, a pud- 
ding: Dan. pude; Sw. puta, a cushion), flour or meal 
mixed and seasoned with a variety of ingredients, and 
cooked in a bag, case, or gut of an animal ; a prover- 
bial name for victuals : pudding-faced, a. having a fare 
which, from its roundness, smoothness, and fatness, 
is suggestive of a pudding : pudding-headed, a. stupid ; 
having a head thick, round, and fat, suggestive of a 
pudding: pudding-pie, pudding with meat baked in 
it : pudding-sleeve, the full sleeve of a clerical gown : 
pudding-stone, a mass of flint pebbles cemented by a 
silicious paste, having the appearance of a plum-pud- 
ding; any conglomerate : pudding-time, time of din- 
ner ; very nick of time, in reference to the pudding 
having anciently been the first dish set upon the 
table. 

puddle, n. pi re word, like paddle, re- 

presenting the sound of dabbling in the wet : Low Ger. 
pladdern, to dabble in the water : Dan. pluddre, to 
work up peat and water together), a small pool of 
muddy water; stiff clay and sand worked together: v. 
to make foul or muddy ; to mix dirt and water ; to 
make impervious to water by means of clay, as the 
embankment of a reservoir ; to convert cast-iron into 
wrought-iron by stirring it while at a red heat in a 
furnace until it adheres into a lump : puddling, imp. 
-dllng : n. the process of converting cast into wrought 
iron : pud'dled, pp. -did : adj. made foul and turbid as 
a puddle : pud'dler, n. -dler, one who works at the pro- 
cess of turning cast-iron into wrought-iron: puddly, 
a. -dll, consisting of or resembling puddles ; muddy. 

pudency, n. pu'd&n-si (L. pudens, bashful), extreme 
modesty. 

pudenda, n. plu. pii-deridd (L. pudendus, of which 
one ought to be ashamed), the external organs or parts 
of generation. 

pudic, a. pil'dUc, also pudical, a. pu'dl-kdl (L.pudi- 
cus, bashful, modest: It. pudico : F. pudique), pert, 
to the pudenda or private parts: pudicity, n. pu-dis- 
i-tl (L. pudicitia, modesty, chastity: F. pudicite), mo- 
desty; chastity. 

puerile, z^pu'-er-il (1 lish ; puerilitas, 

childhood— from puer, a boy: It. puerile; F. puiril, 
puerile), pert, to a boy; childish; trifling; in rned., 
applied to an unnatural and morbid kind of breath- 
ing: pu'erilely, ad. -li: pu'eril'ity, n. -il'i-tl, the 
quality of being puerile ; the manner or actions of a 
boy; that win. hildishness. 

puerperal, a. pu-er'per-dl (It. puerperale ; F. puer- 
peral, puerperal— from L. puerpera, a woman in child- 
bed—from L. puer, a child, a boy, and pario, I bring 
forth), relating to or fi irth ; said of a 

fever coming after childbirth. 

puff, n. piij e word: It. buffare; F. 

bouffer, to puff, to swell: Dut. poffen, to blow), a 
breath from the mouth emitted suddenly and with 
some force ; a whiff; a slight gust of wind ; anything 
swollen and light ; an exaggerated commendation or 
advertisement : v. to send air from the mouth with a 
single and sudden blast ; to swell, as with wind ; to 
inflate; to swell with pride; to praise unduly; to 
breathe quick and hard, as after violent exertion: 
puffing, imp. : n. the practice of one who puffs ; vehe- 



ment breathing, as after great exertion ; exaggerated 
praise: puffed, pp. pi'ift: adj. blown out: inflated: 
puffer, n. -/<->. < - , « f'-fir- I, ex- 

travagant praise: puf fingly, ad. -li, with shortness of 
breath; with exaggerated praise: puffy, a. puf-fl, 
swelled with air or other light matter ; tumid with a 
soft substance ; windy ; bombastic : puf'fily, ad. -II : 
puf finess, n. -7ies, the state or quality of being puffy : 
puffin, n.pi'if-fin, awater-fowl of several species which 
makes a puffing sound when caught ; a kind of fungus 
containing dust — also puff-ball: puff-paste, among 
cooks, a dough for making the light crust of tarts, &c 

pug, n. piig (Scot, pud, a little plump child : corrup- 
tion of Eng. puck, a mischievous elf), a lap-dog; a 
tame monkey; a familiar term of endearment; a.J,..o 
pug'gy, n. -gi: pug-face, a monkey-like face: pug- 
faced, a. having a face somewhat like a monkey : 
pug-nose, a nose like a monkey : pug-nosed, a. having 
a nose like a monkey's : pug-dog, a small dog with a 
face and nose like a monkey's. 

pugh, int. p6, an exclamation of contempt or dis- 
dain. 

pugilism, n. pu'jilizm (L. pugil, a boxer: It. and 
F. jnoiilr), i lie art or practice nf lighting with the fists: 
pugilist, n. -ist, one who fights with the fists ; a boxer : 
pu'gilis'tic, a. -is'tlk, pert, to boxing or fighting with 
the fists. 

pug-mill, n. pug'mll (Dan. pukke, to pound ore be- 
fore smelting : Ij.imgio, a weapon for stabbing: Pol. 
puk, the noise of a blow), a mill for working up clay 
for bricks : pug'ging, n. a stuffing or plaster put be- 
tween floors to deaden sound. 

pugnacious, a. pug-nd'-shUs (L. pugnax, combativo 
—gen. pugnacis: It. pugnace, pugnacious— from L. 
pugnare, to fight), inclined to fighting; quarrelsome: 
pugnaciously, ad. -li: pugnacity, n. pug-nds'l-tl, In- 
clination to light ; o Handsomeness. 

puing, n. pu'-ing (Ger. pauen; Scot, pew, to cheep as 
a chicken— see pule), a word expressing one of the 
sounds made by birds. 

puisne, n. pu'ne (F. puisne", since born, younger — 
from puis, since, and ne, born), younger or inferior in 
rank ; a term applied to most of the English judges : 
this word is now anglicised into puny, in the sense of 
small. 

puissant, a. pu'is-dnt (F. puissant, powerful : It. pos- 
sente, powerful— from L. posse, to be able), powerful ; 
strong; mighty: pu'issantly, ad. -II: puissance, n. 
-sdns, power; strength; might. 

puke, v. puk (Ger. spucken, to spit: Hung, pok 
spittle), to eject from the stomach ; to vomit: n. a fit 
of vomiting ; an emetic : pu'king, imp. : puked, pp. 
pukt. 

puke, n. puk, another form of puce, which see. 

pulchritude, t\. pid'krl-tud (L. pulchritudo, beauty 
—from pulcher, beautiful), beauty; comeliness ; grace ; 
moral beauty. 

pule, v. pul (F. piauler, to cheep as a young bird: 
L. pipilare, to chirp), to cry like a chicken ; to whine ; 
to cry as a whimpering child: puling, imp.: adj. 
whimpering : n. a cry, as of a chicken ; a whining : 
puled, pp. puld: pulingly, ad. -li. 

pulkha, n. jifd'-kn, a Laplander's travelling sledge, 
made in the form of a boat. 

pull, v. pool (AS. pullian, to pull: Low Ger. pulen, 
to pick), to draw forcibly ; to rend ; to draw towards 
one ; to pluck ; to gather ; to haul or tug : n. a pluck ; 
a drawing ; a contest : pulling, imp. : pulled, pp. 
poold: to pull apart, to dling: to pull 

down, to demolish ; to degrade : to pull off, to remove ; 
to separate by pulling: to pull out, to extract; to 
draw out : to pull up, to pluck up ; to extirpate. 

pullet, n. pool-let (F. poulet, a chicken — from F. 
poule, a hen : L. pullus, the young of an animal), a 
young hen; a chicken. 

pulley, n. pool'-l% (F. poulie; It. poliga, a pulley: 
Dut. paleye, a frame for torture, a pulley— from L. 
polus ; Gr. polos, the end of an axis), one of the six 
mechanical powers, consisting of a wheel turning on 
an axis, on which a rope or chain runs in a groove. 

pulmograde, a. pul'-md-grad (L. pulmo, a lung, 
and gradi, to walk), having a lung-like movement ; 
moving by the expansion and contraction of the body, 
especially of the disc, as in the case of the medusae. 

pulmonary, a. pul'mon-er-i (It. pulmonare; F. pul- 
monale, pulmonary— from L. pulmo, a lung), pert, 
to the lungs ; affecting the lungs : pulmonic, a. pul- 



cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



PULM 4 

pulmonifer, n. pul-mon'l-ftr (L. pulmo, a lung, and 
fero, I bear), an animal having lungs : pul'monif ' er- 
ous, a. -lf'-er-us, having lungs ; having organs acting 
as lungs. 

pulp, n. pulp (L. pulpa, flesh, pith: It. polpa: F. 
pulpe), the soft and juicy tissue of plants; any soft 
mass; the aril of the coffee-berry; in anat., the inner 
surface of the tooth : v. to reduce to a soft mass ; to 
separate from the fibrous and harder portions : pulp'- 
ing, imp. : pulped, pp. piilpt : pulpy, a. pulp'-l, soft ; 
fleshy: pulpiness, n. -nes, the state of being pulpy: 
pulp'ous, a. -xis, resembling pulp ; soft like pap: pulp'- 
ousness, n. -nes, the state or quality of being pulpous. 

pulpit, n. pool-pit (It. and Sp. pulpito, a pulpit— 
from L. pulpitum, a stage or platform : F. pupitre, a 
desk), a raised and generally enclosed desk in a church 
or chapel from which the sermon or lecture is deliv- 
ered : adj. pert, to or resembling the pulpit ; connected 
with the pulpit. 

puique, n. pobl'-ka (Sp. pulque), a liquor prepared 
from the 4 " 5 ™» "*«»- «~»™ o ~»i«.«f.i~. *«■." — 
ilightly i 
Mexicans. 

pulsate, v. pul'sCO (L. (niisatum, to beat, to strike; 
pulsus, a beating, a stroke of the oars in rowing : It. 
pulsare, to beat : Sp. pulso, the pulse, the wrist), to 
beat or throb, as the heart : pul'sating, imp. : pur- 
sated, pp. : pulsation, n. pul-sa'shun, the beating or 
throbbing of the heart or of an artery; a stroke by 
which some medium is affected, as light, sound, &c. ; 
vibration: pulsatile, a. pul'sd-tU, that may be beaten; 
played by beating, as a drum ; beating, as a pulse : 
puf sative, a. -tiv, also pul'satory, a. -ter-i, beating ; 
throbbing, as the heart or pulse : pulse, n. puis, the 
alternate contractions and dilatations ef an artery, 
caused by the action of the heart, and perceptible to 
the touch ; a throb ; any measured or regular beat : 
pulseless, a. -les, without a perceptible pulse : pulse'- 
lessness, n. -n6s, the state of being pulseless : to feel 
one's pulse, to try and know one's mind ; to sound 
one's opinion. 

pulse, n. puis (Sw. pylsa, a pucker in clothes : Icel. 
pylsa; Dim. poise, a sausage: Sp. bolsa, a bag), grain 
contained in a pod or case. 

pultaceous, a. pul-ta'shus (L. puis, a thick pap or 
pottage made of meal or pulse— gen. jmltis : Gr. pol- 
ios, pottage), macerated ; softened with fluid ; soft like 
a poultice. 

pulverise, v. pul'-v&r-lz (F. pulveriser, to pulverise— 
from L. pulverare, to reduce to powder— from pulvis, 
dust — gen. pulveris : It. polvere, powder), to reduce to 
fine powder by beating or grinding: pul'verising, 
imp. : pul'verked, pp. -ted: adj. reduced to fine pow- 
der: pul'veri'safcle, a. -i'zd-bl, that may be reduced 
to powder: pul'verisa'tion, n. -l-zcl'shun, the act 
of reducing to fine powder : pul'veri'ser, n. -i'zer, a 
quartz-crusher; a machine for pounding substances 
to a powder: pul'verous, a. -us, also pulverulent, a. 
pxd-ver'-u-lent, consisting of fine powder ; dusty: pul- 
ver'ulence, n. -lens, the state of being pulverulent ; 
abundance of dust or fine powder : pul'verine, n. -in, 
the ashes of barilla. 

pulvilli, n. plu. pul-vil'll (L. pulvillus, a little 
cushion), the cushions or suckers of the feet of in- 
sects, enabling them to walk on roofs, &c, against 
the law of gravity. 

pulvinate, a. pul'vl-nat, also pul'vinated, a. (L. 
pulvinatus, cushion-shaped— from pulvinus, a cush- 
ion), in hot., shaped like a cushion or pillow; cush- 
ioned ; in arch., enlarged or swelled in any particular 
part: pulvinus, n. pul-vi'mls, in hot., an enlargement 
like a swelling on the stem immediately below the 
leaf. 

puma, n. pu'-mn (Peruvian, puma), a large carniv- 
orous animal peculiar to America ; the American lion. 

pumice, n. pil'-mis or pum'is, also pumice-stone (It. 
pomice; Sp. pornez, pumice-stone — from L. pumex, 
pumice-stone— gen. pumicis— akin to L. spumo, froth 
or foam), a volcanic substance or lava, so light and 
porous as to float on water, usually of a whitish-gre-y 
colour: pumiceous, a. pu-mtsh'-us, composed of pum- 
ice ; having the nature or appearance of pumice : pu- 
miciform.a. j>u- mis'-l ifawrm (L. forma, a shape), in 
the form of or resembling pumice, applied to light 
porous rock-products, seemingly the results of igneous 
action. 

pummel— see pommel. 

pump, n. pump (F. pompe ; Icel. pumpa: Ger. 
pumpe, a pump : an imitative word referring to the 

mdte, molt, far, law; mete, met, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, move, 



8 PUNC 

idea of splashing, and akin to plump), a machine for 
raising water or other liquid, consisting of a tube, in 
which a pi-ton and two valves work in those of the 
simplest description: v. to raise water or a liquid 
with a pump ; familiarly, to elicit or draw out from a 
person by artful questions, as information or secrets : 
pumping, imp. : pumped, pp. pumpt : pump'er, n. 
-er, one who pumps : force-pump, a more complicated 
machine than a common lift-pump, being fitted to 
raise water above the level to which it is driven by 
the pressure of the atmosphere: chain - pump— see 
chain : pump-dale, the wooden tube that carries off 
the water raised by a chain-pump : pump-gear, the 
materials or fittings of apump : pump-room, the room 
at a mineral well where the waters are drawn and 
drunk: pump -stock, the solid body of a common 
pump. 

pump, n. pump, a low shoe or slipper with a single 
sole, without a heel, and unwelted, chiefly used in 
dancing. 

pumpkin, n. pump'-kin, formerly pompion, n. pomp- 
yun, orpumpion, n. pump'yiin(old F. pompon, a melon: 



pun, n. pun (old Eng. pun, to pound, as if hammer- 
ing on the word), a play upon words that agree 
or resemble in sound, but differ in meaning, by apply- 
ing them in an odd or ludicrous sense ; a kind of wit 
by quibbling on words : v. to make or utter puns ; to 
quibble on words: pun'ning, imp. : punned, pp. pund: 
punster, n. pun'stir, one who puns or is skilled in 
punning. 

punch, n. punsh (It. punzone, a sharp-pointed thing : 
F. poinson, a bodkin, a stamp : Sp. punchar, to sting, 
to prick : L. punctum, to prick, to sting : Dut. pontsen, 
to punch), a tool of iron or steel for piercing holes by 
stamping out a piece : v. to perforate or pierce with a 
steel tool by stamping out a piece : punching, imp. : 
punched, pp. punsht: punch'er, n. -er, one who or 
that which punches. 

punch, n. punish (Low Ger. bunsen, to knock so that 
it sounds : prov. Dan. pundse, to butt like a ram), a 
stroke or thrust with the fist or with the elbow : v. to 
strike or thrust with the fist or the elbow : punching, 
imp. : punched, pp. punsht : punch'er, n. -er, one who 
punches. 

punch, n. punsh (said to be derived from the Hind. 
panch, five— so called as compounded of five ingredi- 
ents—spirit, acid, spice, sugar, and water), a drink 
whose use and manufacture was originally obtained 
from India; a well-known beverage composed of 
spirit and water, sweetened with sugar, and flavoured 
with lemon-juice: punch-bowl, a vessel in which 
punch is made, or from which it is drunk. 

punch, n. punsh (Bav. punzen, a short and thick 
person or thing, a ca.sk.;panzet, short and thick ; pitnz, 
a cask: It. punzone, a puncheon), a short thick fellow; 
a stage-puppet, of which punchinello seems to be a 
diminutive: punchy, a. punsh'i, short and thick, or 



small steel instrument used for cutting, piercing, or 
stamping a body ; a measure of liquids containing 84 
gallons ; in carpentry, a short piece of timber placed to 
support a great weight, now called a stud or quarter. 

punchinello, n. punsh'in-Sl'lo (It. pulcinella: F. 
polichinel, a dim. of ponche, a stage-puppet), a buffoon; 
in the puppet-show, a short, thick, hump-backed pup- 
pet. 

punctate, a. puntjk'tdt, also punc'tated, a. -td-ted 
(L. punctum, a point, a small hole), pointed; in bot., 
having the surface covered with small holes or dots: 
punc'tiform, a. -tl-fawrm (L. forma, shape), having 
the form of a point. 

punctilio, n. pungk-Hl'4-6 (Sp. puntilla, a small 
point: It. puntiglio, the point of honour— from L. 
'punctum, a point), a nice point in behaviour or cere- 
mony; great exactness or particularity in forms: 
punctilious, a. -yus, very nice or exact in the forms of 
behaviour, &c. ; exact to excess in the observance of 
rules or customs : punctiliously, ad. -yus-li: punctil'- 
iousness, n. -n6s, the quality of being punctilious ; 
great exactness in nice forms of ceremony and be- 
haviour. 

punctual, a. 2'>i< n gk'tu-fil (L. punctum, a point: It. 
puntuale; Y.ponctuel, exact), accurate; done at the 
exact time ; exact in the observance of tirne, ap- 
pointments, or promises: punc'tually, ad. -It: punc'- 



PUNC 4 

tuality, n. -dVi-ti, also punc'tualness, n. -nSs, the 
quality of bein_r punctual ; scrupulous exactness as to 
time : " punc'tualist, n. -ist, one who is exceedingly- 
exact in observing forms and ceremonies. 

punctuate, v. pilngk'tu-at (L. punctum, a point or 
dot : F. ponctucr, to make stops), to mark off portions 
of -written lansruage by points or stops in order to ren- 
der the meaning more easy of apprehension by the 
reader, and to indicate pauses or rests for the voice : 
punctuating, imp. : punc tuated, pp. : punc'tuist, 
n. -ist, one who is skilled in punctuation : punc'tua'- 
tion, n. -a'shun, the art of marking off portions of 
written language by points or stops. <? • 

puncture, n. piingk'tur (L. puncturus, about to 
puncture— from punctum, a small hole, a point: It. 
puntura, a puncture), a small hole or wound made 
bv a pointed instrument : v. to pierce with a small- 
pointed instrument : punc'turing, imp.: punc'tured, 
pp. -turd. 

pundit— see pandit. 

pong, n. pung, in N. Amer., a rudely-made one- 
horse sleigh. 

pungent, a. piiti'-jint (L. pungens, causing a pricking 
or stinging sensation: It. and Sp. j^mngente, prick- 
ing, pungent), sharp ; stinging or pricking ; sharp on 
the tongue; sharp-tasted; biting; acrimonious; sar- 
castic: pun'gently, ad. -II: pun'gency, n. -j&n-sl, the 
state of being pungent or pricking, as to the taste ; 
acrimoniousness ; keenness. 

Punic, a. pu'nik (L. Punicus, pert, to Carthage— 
from Pocni, the Carthaginians), pert, to the Cartha- 
ginians; faithless; treacherous: n. the language of 
anc. Carthage : Punica fides, pu-ni-kdfl'-dez (L. Punic 
faith), the faith of the Carthaginians, whom the anc. 
Romans stigmatised as unfaithful and perfidious; 
hence treachery ; perfidiousness. 

puniness— see puny. 

punish, v. pun'lsh (F. punissaiit, punishing— from 
punir, to punish— from L. punire, to punish: It. pu- 
nire), to afliict with pain, suffering, loss, or any cal- 
amity, as a penalty for a fault or crime, or with a view 
to amendment; to correct; to chasten: punishing, 
imp.: punished, pp. -isht : punisher, n. -er, one who 
inflicts punishment : punishable, a. -Ish-d-bl, worthy 
of punishment ; capable of being punished by law or 
right: punishably, ad. -Mi: punishment, n. -mint, 
the infliction of suffering for a crime or fault; the 
suffering inflicted: punitive, a. piVni-tiv, that pun- 
ishes or tends to punish : pu'nitory, a. -ter-l, punish- 
ing ; tending to punishment. 

punka, n. pung'kd, in the East Indies, a large fan or 
machine used for cooling the atmosphere in rooms, 
kept in motion by pulling a cord. 

punning, punster— see pun. 

punt, u. 2>im< (Dut. pont; F. ponton, a ferry-boat: 
Sp. ponton, a bridge— from L. pons, a bridge), a flat- 
bottomed boat, used for fishing in shallow waters. 

punt, v. punt (F. ponte, a punter at cards— from L. 
punctum, a point), to play at basset, faro, or ombre 
against the banker or dealer: punting, imp.: punt'- 
ed, pp.: punt'er, n. -er, one who punts. 

puny, a. pu'ni (corrupted from old F. puisne : F. 
puine, younger — see puisne), inferior in size or 
strength: small: feeble: rm'niness. n. -nes. the con- 



pup, n. pup (L. pupus, a boy ; pupulus, a small boy : 
It. puppa, a child's baby: F. poupee, a baby: Dut. 
pop, a doll), one of the young of the dog kind ; a whelp : 
V. to bring forth young, applied to the dog kind: 
pupping, imp. : pupped, pp. piipt : pup'py, n. -pi, 
plu. pup'pies, -iz, a young dog; a conceited, finely- 
dressed young man (from the obsolete sense of a doll) : 
puppyism, n. pilp'-pl-izm, extreme affectation or con- 
ceit: pup'pyish, a. -ish, like a puppy; conceited. 

pupa, n. pupa, plu. pupse, pu'pe (L. pupa, a doll or 
pupnet), the third or last state but one of insect ex- 
istence—the first being the egg, the second the cater- 
pillar, the third the pupa, and the fourth or last the 
perfect insect or imago; a genus of small fossil land- 



m pupa, i 

ball : pupillo, a young man)~ a boy or girl under the 
care of a teacher or instructor; a scholar; in law, a 
boy or girl before puberty ; the apple of the eye ; in 

colv, toy, foot; pure, otid; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



9 PUEI 

the eye, the opening in the iris through which the rays 
of light pass to the retina: pu'pilage, n. -i'tj. state of 
being a pupil : pu'pilarity, n. -dr'-i-ti, wardship ; min- 
ority : pu'pilary, a. -er-l, pert, to a pupil or ward. 

pupiparous, a. pii-pip'a-riis (L. pupus, a child, and 
pario, I bring forth), pert, to eggs of insects which are 
hatched in the matrix of the mother, and not excluded 
till they become pupes— these insects are called pu- 
pip'ara, -d-rd, or pupip'ares, -d-rez : pupivorous, a. 1 
pxi-piv-O-rus (L. vara, I devour), feeding on the pupas 
or larvoe of insects. 

puppet, n. pup'pSt (L. pupus, a boy or child : It. pup- 
pa, a child's baby : F. poupee, a baby), a doll ; a small 
image in human form in a show; in contempt, one 
meanly under the control of another : puppet-show, 
a theatrical exhibition or play performed by puppets 
moved by wires. 

puppy, puppyism, puppyish— see pup. 

pur or purr, v. 2>i-r (a word imitative of the sound), 
to utter a soft murmuring sound, as a cat when pleased: 
pur'ring, imp.: n. the sound uttered by a cat when 
pleased : purred, pp. perd. 

Purana, n. pu-ra'-nd (Sans, purana, old, ancient), 
among the Hindoos, a sacred poetical work explana- 
tory of the Shaster : puranic, a. pu-ran'-lk, pert, to the 
sacred poems of the Hindoos. 

Purbeck-stone, n. per'-bGk-ston, a calcareous sand- 
stone, or a limestone from the island of Purbeek, on 
the coast of Dorsetshire: Purbeck-beds, in geol., the 
uppermost members of the Oolite proper, consisting 
of argillaceous and calcareous shales, and fresh-water 
limestones and marbles. 

purblind, a. per 'blind (Dut. puur, simple, only, and 
Eng. bliyid—a corruption of Eng. pure blind, that is, 
nearly blind), near-sighted; seeing obscurely: pur- 
blind'ly, ad. -II : purblind'ness, n. -nes, the quality or 
state of being purblind ; shortness of sight ; dimness 
of vision. 

purchase, n. pir'chds (F. pourchasser, eagerly to 
pursue: It. pi-ocacciare , to endeavour to get), any- 
thing acquired by paying a price in money ; anything 
obtained by labour or danger, &c; any mechanical 
power or advantage applied to the raising or removing 
of heavy bodies : v. to buy ; to obtain in exchange for 
money; to obtain at the expense of labour, skill, &c; 
to gain advantage or power by mechanical means : 
pur chasing, imp.: purchased, pp. -chdst : purchaser, 
n. -er, one who purchases: purchasable, a. -chds-d-bl, 
that may be obtained or bought for money or other 
consideration : purchase-money, the amount or sum 
of money paid for property, or anything bought. 

pure, a. pur (L. parus, clean, undehied: It. puro ; 
F. pur, pure : Sans, pu, to purify), free from every- 
thing that can debase or render unclean ; unpolluted ; 
clear; not dirty; genuine; not adulterated; holy; 
guiltless ; chaste ; not foul ; mere ; absolute : purely, 
ad. -li, merely; completely ; in a pure manner: pure - 
ness, n. -nes, also purity, n. pu'rl-tl, freedom from 
foulness or dirt ; freedom from guilt ; freedom from 
anything improper: pure mathematics, mathematics 
which treat of the principles of the science alone, and 
deal in abstract quantity only ; opposed to mixed or 
applied mathematics. 

purfle, n. pjtr'fl (It. porfilo, the outline of a person's 
face: F. pourfiler, to overcast with gold thread), orna- 
mental work about the edge of a garment— now writ- 
ten in the contracted form of purl, a kind of edging 
for lace ; in her., ermine, furs, &c, composing a 
border: V. to decorate with a wrought or flowered 
border; to embroider: pur'fling, imp. -fling: adj. 
showing a border: pur'fled, pp. -fid : adj. bordered as 
with embroidery. 

purge, v. perj (L. purgare, to purify— from purus, 
pure : It. purgare: F. purg<:r), to clean- j or clear from 
impurities ; to purify ; to clear from guilt or moral de- 
filement ; to have frequent loose evacuations from the 
intestines : n. a medicine that causes frequent evacua- 
tions of the intestines: purging, imp.: n. great loose- 
ness of the bowels; diarrhoea: purged, pp. perjd: 
purgation, n. per-gd'-shun, the act of clearing from 
imputation of guilt: purgative, a. per'gd-tlv. cleans- 
ing ; having the power of evacuating the bowels : n. 
a medicine that causes the bowels to evacuate freely : 
Pur'gatory, n. -ttr-i, in the R. Cath. Ch., the state 
after death in which souls are purged from impurities 
of earth before they are received into heaven: adj. 
cleansing: pur'gato'rial, a. -to'rl-al, pert, to Purga- 
tory. 

puriform, a. pu'rl-fawrm (L. pus. the viscous mat- 



PUEI 4! 

ter of a sore— gen. puris, and forma, shape), in med., 
consisting of or resembling pus. 

purify, v. pu'rl-fl (L. purijico, I make clean— from 
purus, clean, and facio, I make : It. purificare : F. 
23urifiersee pure), to free from guilt or uncleanness ; 
to clear from any extraneous mixture; to free from 
pollution ; to grow or become clear : pu'rifying, imp. : 
adj. making clear or pure; fining; cleansing: n. the 
act or operation of cleansing: pu'rifled, pp. -fid: adj. 
made pure : pu'rifier, n. -fl-er, one who or that which 
purines : pu'rifica'tion, n. -ka'shun, the act or opera- 
tion of making clean ; the act of cleansing from ex- 
traneous mixture; in the Old Test., the operation of 
removing ceremonial defilement or pollution : purifi- 
cative, a. jm-i-ifi-ka-tiv, also purificatory, a. -kd- 
ter-l, able or tending to purify or cleanse. 

purim, n. pit-rim (Heb. pur, plu. purim, a lot), 
among the Jews, the feast of lots, observed to com- 
memorate their deliverance from destruction by the 
machinations of Haman— see the Book of Esther. 

purist, n. pu'-rist (L. purus, clean, unstained— see 
pure), one exce in the choice of words; one 

who holds that the New Test, was written in pure 
Greek; one who affects great purity of conduct: pu'- 
rism, n. -rlzm, the practice or affectation of rigid 
purity in the use of words ; the affectation of great 
purity of conduct. 

Puritan, n. jnVrl-fna (from Eng. pure, which see), 
one who affects rigid purity in religious matters ; a 
name given in contempt to a dissenter in the reign of 
Elizabeth and in those of her two successors: adj. 
pert, to the Puritans or early dissenters : pu'ritanism, 
n. -Izm, doctrines and practice.? of the Puritans : pu'ri- 
tan'ic, a. -tdn'-ik, also pu'ritan'ical, a. -i-kdl, rigid in 
religious matters, usually as a term of reproach : pu'ri- 
tan'ically, ad. -II. 

purity— see pure. 

purl, n. perl (corruption of purfie, which see), a 
kind of edging used for lace. 

purl, v. perl (Ger. perlen, to bubble : Sw. porla, to 
simmer, to bubble : Dut. borrelen, to bubble), to flow 
or run with murmuring broken sounds, as water 
among small stones: n. the continued murmuring 
sound of a shallow stream of water running over small 
stones ; beer or ale warmed and flavoured with an 
aromatic bitter, so named from its foaming like shal- 
low water running over small stones: purring, imp.: 
adj. murmuring: n. the gentle sound of shallow water 
running over small stones : purled, pp. perld : purls, 
n. plu. perlz, the dung of sheep and horses ; dried cow- 
dung. 

purlieu, n. per'lu (a corruption of the F. words pour- 
allie; oldF. pit, d p<-i mi inflation— from pour, for, 
and alUe, a walk), land which, having once been part 
of a royal forest, was severed from it by a perambula- 
tion, and so was made free from forest laws ; an enclo- 
sure ; a certain limited extent of district ; the outer 
portion of any place. 

purline, n., also purlin, n. per'lin (F. pour, for, and 
ligne, a line), in carpentry, one of the pieces of timber 
that lie across the rafters on the inside to keep them 
from sinking in the middle. 

purloin, v. per-ldyn' (old F. purloigner, to prolong, 
to retard— from pour, for, and loin, far), to make away 
with; to appropriate to one's self; to steal: purloin- 
ing, imp.: purloined', pp. -Idynd'-. purloin'er, n. -er, 
one who purloins ; a thief. 

purple, n. per'pl (F. pourpre; L. purpura; Gr.por- 
phura, the purple-fish, purple), the colour formed 
by blending red and blue ; a purple dress or robe, 
worn exclusively by the Roman emperors— hence, im- 
perial power : adj. red or livid ; dyed with blood : v. 
to make or dye purple ; to clothe with purple : puT- 
pling, imp.: pur'pled, pp. -pld: adj. coloured with, 
or as with purple: pur'plish, a. -plish, somewhat pur- 
ple: pur'ples, n. plu. -plz, a disease— see purpura: 
purple-black, a preparation of madder, ofadeep purple 
hue, approaching to black: purple-lake, a purple pre- 
pared from cochineal : purple ochre or mineral purple, 
a deep ochre from the forest of Dean, Gloucestershire : 
purple of cassius, -kds'-sl-us, a compound of the oxides 
of tin and gold, used in porcelain-painting or enamel- 
ling, and in glass-staining. 

purport, n. per'port (old F. purport, purport : F. 
pour, for, and porter, to carry), design ; tendency of 
anything said or written; import; meaning: v. to 
mean ; to import ; to signify : purporting, imp. : pur- 
ported, pp. 
purpose, n. per'pus (old F. pourpenser, to bethink 
mate, mdt,fdr, law; mete, mSt, 



PUS 



__id positum, to lay or place), design ; intention ; end 
or aim desired : v. to determine on some end or object 
to be accomplished ; to resolve ; to intend : pur pos- 
ing, imp. : purposed, pp. per'pust : purposeless, a. 
-les, without any end or object in view : purposely, 
ad. -II, by design : on purpose, ad. designedly. 

purpresture, n. per-pres'-tur, also pourpresture, n. 
p6r-pres'tur (F. pourprendre, to possess wholly), in 
law, an encroachment ; the taking part of the com- 
mon property into one's own possession. 

purpura, n. per'pu-rd (L. purpura; Gr. porphura, 
the shell-fish that yields purple), in med., a disease, 
having several varieties, in which small distinct pur- 
ple specks and patches appear on the skin : purpuric, 
a. per-pu'-rlk, applied to an acid of a purple colour ob- 
tained from the excrement of the boa-constrictor, and 
from urinary calculi : purpurate, n. per'pu-rat, a salt 
of purpuric acid : pur'purine, n. -rln, pure madder-red. 

purr— see pur. 

purse, n. pers (F. bourse; It. borsa; Sp. bolsa, a 
purse: Gr. and L. bursa, a hide, a skin), a small 
money bag or case ; a sum of money given as a prize 
or present ; in Turkey, the sum of 500 piastres : v. to 
contract into folds or wrinkles, like the mouth of a 
purse: purs'ing, imp.: pursed, pp. perst: purser, n. 
pers'-er, the officer who keeps the accounts of the ship 
to which he belongs, and who acts as general pur- 
veyor—now called a paymaster : purse 'ful, n. -fool, as 
much as can be contained in a purse ; enough to fill 
a purse : purse-proud, a. puffed up by wealth : purse- 
net, a net that can be closed like a purse: long or 
heavy purse, wealth ; riches : light purse, poverty ; 
want of resources. 

pursiness— see pursy. 

purslane, n., also purslain, n. pers'l&n (L. porcilaca, 
purslane : It. porcellana : old F. pourcelaine), garden 
annuals with fleshy succulent leaves, growing wild in 
the S. of Europe and America, but a native of Africa. 

pursue, v. per-su' (F. poursuivre, to pursue— from L. 
persequi, to follow up), to go or proceed after ; to fol- 
low with a view to overtake ; to chase ; to prosecute ; 
to follow as an example ; to strive to reach or gain ; 
to go on; to proceed: pursu'ing, imp.: pursued', pp. 
-sud': pursu'er, n. -su'er, one who follows or pur- 
sues; in Scotch law, a plaintiff: pursu'able, a. -d-bl, 
that can be followed or prosecuted: pursu'ant, a. 
-su'dnt, agreeable; conformable ; done in consequence 
of anything : pursu'ance, n. -dm, process or continued 
exertion to reach or accomplish a thing: pursuit, n. 
■sut (F. poursuite), the act of following in haste, either 
in sport or in hostility ; endeavour to attain or gain ; 
course of business or occupation : in pursuance of, a 
legal expression signifying "in fulfilment or execution 
of." 

pursuivant, n. per'swe-vdnt (F. poursuivant, a pur- 
suer, a prosecutor— from poursuivre, to follow or pur- 
sue), a state messenger ; one of the four junior officers 
in the Heralds' College, named respectively Portcullis, 
Rouge Dragon, Blue Mantle, and Rouge Croix. 

pursy, a. per'-sl (F. poussif, short-winded : It. bolso, 
broken-winded : Dut. bidsen, to hack and cough— from 
L. pulso, I push or beat), corpulent and short-winded ; 
puffy ; bloated : pursiness, n. -ngs, fatness, with short- 
ness of breath. 

purtenance, n. per'te'-ntins (an abbreviation of ap- 
purtenance), in Scrip., the pluck of an animal. 

purulent, a. pu'rdb-lSnt CL.purulentus, full of corrupt 
matter— from pus, the viscous matter of a sore— gen. 
puris: It. purulento: F. purulent), consisting of pus 
or matter ; full of or resembling pus : pu'rulence, n. 
-lens, also pu'rulency, n. -len-si, the generation of pus 
or matter : pu'rulently, ad. -II. 

purvey, v. per-va' (F. pourvoir; old F. purveoir, to 
provide for— from L. providere, to purvey or provide 
for), to provide ; to buy in provisions ; to supply, as 
provisions: purvey'ing, imp.: purveyed', pp. -vad': 
purvey'or, n. -v&'er, one who provides victuals; an 
officer who formerly provided provisions for the royal 
household : purveyance, n. -dns, procurement of pro- 
visions ; victuals provided. 

purview, n. per'vu (F. pourvu, provided), the pro- 
visions or body of an Act of Parliament, beginning 
with " Be it enacted," as distinguished from the pre- 
amble ; the limit or scope of a statute. 

pus, n. pus (L. pus, the viscous matter of a sore": 
Sans, puj, to have an ill smell), the white or yellowish 
matter formed in wounds or on sores. 
her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



PUSE 4 

Puseyism, n. pii'zllzm, the principles of Dr Pusey 
and others of the University of Oxford, whose object 
is to bring the Church of England in discipline and 
doctrines to the state in which it was on its first 
separation from the Church of Rome: Puseyite, n. 
2^Vzi-it, one who holds the principles of Dr Pusey, 
and endeavours to introduce them into the service of 
the Ch. of Eng. 

push, n. p'Tosh (F. pousser, to push : It. bussare, to 
knock: L. pulsare, to push, to beat), a thrust; a 
shove; any pressure, impulse, or force employed; a 
vigorous effort ; a sudden emergency ; a little swell- 
ing, pustule, or pimple : v. to press against with force ; 
to urge or drive ; to make a thrust ; to enforce ; to 
press forward ; to make an attack ; to importune : 
pushing, imp. : adj. pressing forward in business ; 
enterprising ; forcing one's way : n. the act of forcing 
one's way in business, or into a position in society : 
pushed, pp. poosht: push'er, n. -er, one who pushes : 
push'ingly, ad. -II: to push down, to overthrow by 
pushing : to push on, to drive or urge forward. 

pusillanimous, a. pii'-sil-lan'-l-mus (It. pusillanimo ; 
F. pusillanime, pusillanimous— from L.pusillus, very 
little, petty, and animus, courage, spirit), mean- 
spirited ; without firmness or courage ; cowardly : 
pu sillan imously, ad. -li: pu'sillan imousness, n. 
-nis, also pu'sillanim'ity, n. -lan-lm'l-tl, want of 
firmness and strength of mind ; weakness of mind ; 
want of courage. 

puss, n. pods (Dut. poes ; Low Ger. puus, a familiar 
name for a cat : an imitative word, from the noise of 
the cat spitting), the familiar name for a cat ; a hare : 
pus'sy, n. -si, a diminutive of puss. 

pustule, n. pus'tul (F. pustule, a pustule— from L. 
pustula, a blister, a pimple— from 2ms, the matter on 
a sore : It. pustula), a small elevation of the skin or 
cuticle containing pus; a small blister: pus'tular, 
a. -tiiler, also pus tulous, a. -hU, covered with or re- 
sembling pustules: pus'tulate, v. -bit, to form into 
pustules or blisters ; to cover with blisters : adj. in 
bot., covered with glandular excrescences: pustula- 
ting, imp. : pus tulated, pp. 

pustulopora, n. pus'tu-l6p'0-rd (L. pustula, a blis- 
ter, and porus, a passage or channel), in geol., a com- 
mon tubular branched coral of the Chalk formation. 

■put, v. pdbt (F. bouter, to thrust : It. botta, a stroke : 
Dan. putte, to put), to lay; to place; to set; to pro- 
pose, as a question ; to offer ; to reduce to any state ; 
to shoot or germinate : put'ting, imp. : put, pt. pp. : 
to put about, to turn ; to change the course, as a 
ship; to occasion inconvenience, trouble, or worry: 
to put away, to discard ; to expel ; to divorce : to put 
back, to hinder ; to delay ; to place in the former posi- 
tion, or in the proper one : to put by, to lay aside : to 
put down, to deposit ; to repress ; to silence : to put 
forth, to extend ; to shoot out or germinate ; to ex- 
ert ; to propose ; to publish : to put forward, to ad- 
vance ; to promote : to put in, to insert ; to place in 
due form before a court ; to enter a harbour : to put 
in for, to stand as a candidate : to put in practice, 
to use ; to exercise : to put off, to delay or post- 
pone ; to lay aside ; to divest ; to push from land ; 
to leave the shore : to put on, to invest ; to assume ; 
to impose ; to hasten motion, as to put on steam : to 
put out, to eject; to shoot or sprout; to extinguish; 
to place at interest, as money ; to protrude ; to stretch 
forth ; to publish ; to disconcert : to put over, to sail 
over or across : to put the hand to, to take hold of; to 
begin : to put to, to add ; to refer : to put to a stand, to 
stop ; to arrest by difficulties or obstacles : to put to- 
gether, to unite ; to connect ; to accumulate into one 
sum or mass : to put to it, to press hard ; to distress : 
to put to rights, to arrange, as objects in disorder : 
to put to sea, to set sail ; to begin a voyage : to put 
to the sword, to kill with the sword ; to slay : to put 
to trial or on trial, to bring to a test ; to try ; to place 
under judicial examination : to put trust in, to con- 
fide in ; to repose confidence in : to put up, to offer 
publicly ; to store ; to set in order : to put up at, to 
take abode at, as at an hotel : to put upon, to impose ; 
to lay upon : to put up with, to receive patiently ; to 
overlook or suffer without resentment ; to take with- 
out dissatisfaction : to be put to it, to have difficulty : 
a put off, an excuse ; an evasion for delay. 

put, n. put (see above entry), a certain game at 
cards; an action of distress : v. in Scot. , to throw, with 
the hand raised somewhat on a level with the head, a 
heavy stone, &c, in playing a certain outdoor game, 
or in a series of sports: put'ting, imp.: n. in Scot, an 



PYE 

outdoor sport, which consists in tilting a stone to a 
distance, the stone being held in the hand somewhat 
on a level with the head, or above it: putting-stone, 
the stone used in the sport. 

putamen, n. pu-td'men (L. put amen, apod or shell), 
in bot., the shell or stone of a fruit, called the endo- 
carp. 

putative, a. pu'-td-tiv (It. putativo; F. putatif, sup- 
posed—from L. putatum, to suppose or imagine), sup- 
posed; reputed. 

putchock or putchuck, n. put-chiik', in India, a fra- 
grant root, highly esteemed by the Chinese as an in- 
cense—called by Europeans orris-root. 

puteal, n. pu'-ti-dl (L. 2^'teal— from puteus, a well), 
the enclosure surrounding the opening of a well to 
protect persons from falling into it. 

putlog, n. poot'log, also put'lock, n. -16k (Eng. put, 
to insert, and log, a thick piece of wood), one of the 
pieces of timber, about 7 feet long, used in building 
scaffolds, one end of which is inserted into the wall, 
and the other fastened to one of the upright poles, 
forming the skeleton of the scaffold. 

putrefy, v. piVirc-Jl (F. putrcfier, to putrify— from 
L. putrijiicrre, to make or become rotten— from putt r, 
rotten, and facio, I make : It. putre/are), to make 
corrupt or rotten; to rot: pu'trefying, imp.: adj. 
rotting; corrupting with rottenness: pu'trefied, pp. 
•fid: adj. rotten; decomposed : pu'trefier, n. -fi-er, 
one who or that which putrefies : pu'trefac'tion, n. 
•fdk'shun, rottenness ; the spontaneous decomposi- 
tion of organic bodies : pu trefac tive, a. -fry, tending 
to promote decomposition ; making putrid or rotten : 
pu'trefac'tiveness, n. -nes, the state or quality of 
bi-ing ]iutrefactive. 

putrescent, a, pu-tres'sSnt (L. putrescent, growing 
rotten — from puter, rotten), becoming putrid or rot- 
ten : putres'cence, n. -sens, a putrid or rotten state : 
putres'cible, a, -sl-bl, liable to grow putrid. 

putrid, a. pu'trld (L. put ridus, decayed— from puter, 
rotten: It. putrido : F.putride), rotten; corrupt: pu- 
tridness, n. -w&, also putridity, n. pu-trid'l-tl, cor- 
ruption ; rottenness: putredinous, a. pu-tred'-l-nus, 
rotten; stinking. 

putting, putting-stone— see put 2. 

puttocks, n. piit'toks (It. bozzago, a buzzard), long- 
winged kites ; among seamen, small shrouds which 
go from one mast to the other— a supposed corruption 
of futtock. 

putty, n. put'-ti (F. potec, brass, copper, tin, &c, 
burnt or calcined: Milanese, poltia, batter, mud— 



white-lead, chiefly used by glaziers for fastening glass 
in window-frames ; in chem., oxide of tin, or calcinated 
tin in powder ; in pottery, the mixture of ground ma- 
terials in which earthenware is dipped for glazing ; in 
foundries, the mixture of clay and horse-dung used in 
making moulds ; the mixture of dust and oil arising 
from the grinding of precious stones : v. to fix or fill 
up with putty: put'tying, imp. : put'tied, pp. -tld. 

puy.n. pwe {¥.), a provincial term for the conical 
hill-tops of Auvergne, in France, being for the most 
part the craters of extinct volcanoes. 

puzzle, n. puz'-zl (an imitative word taken from the 
puddling or troubling of water, the sound of dd and 
zz being easily interchanged, especially before I— 
puzzle-headed and muddle-headed being synonymous 
terms), bewilderment; perplexity; something to try 
ingenuity : v. to confuse ; to bewilder ; to be per- 
plexed: puz'zling, imp. -zling: adj. bewildering; 



Ian or pilz'-, —see pozzuolana and pozzolana. 

pyaemia, n. pl-e'ml-a (Gr. pwon, pus, and haima, 
blood), in med., a dangerous disease apt to occur after 
injuries and wounds, produced by the mingling of the 
poisonous matters of pus with the blood. 

pycnite, n. pik'nit (Gr. puknos, dense), a massive 
variety of topaz, of a dull-yellowish or reddish-white 
colour. 

pycnodonts, n. plu. pik'no-donts (Gr. puknos, dense, 
and odous, a tooth — gen. odontos), in geol., an exten- 
sive family of fossil fishes, having the mouth provided 
with a dense pavement of thick, round, and flat teeth. 

pycnostyle, n. pik<no-stil (Gr. puknos, dense or tihick, 
and stidos, a column), in anc. arch., a colonnade in 
which the columns stand very close to each other. 

pye— see pie. 



cov.>, boy, fool; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



PYEL 



492 



PYEO 



pyelitis, n. pi'S-ll'tls (Gr. pudos, a basin, a trough, 
and itis, a Greek terminal denoting inflammation), 
inflammation of the pelvis or expanded open space of 
the kidney. 

pygarg, n. pl'gdrg (Gr. pugargos, literally, white- 
rump, a species of antelope), the female of the hen- 
harrier ; in Scrip., a species of antelope. 

pygmy, n. plg'ml (F. pygm.ee, a pygmy— from L. pyg- 
rncei; Gr. pugmaioi, a mj I hie dwarfish race of antiq- 
uity— from Gr. pugme, the distance from the elbow 
to the knuckles) one of a fabulous nation of dwarfs a 
cubit in height; a little or dwarfish person; in zool., 
the chimpanzee : pygmean, a. pig-me'dn, very small; 
dwarfish. 

pygopterus, n. pl-g5p't&t Us (Gi puge, the rump, 
tnv\ji?i'r<m, a wing), in geol., a genus of sauroid fossil 
fishes having their subdorsal and caudal fins greatly 
developed. 

pylorideans, n. plu \ (Gr. puloros, a 

gate-keeper, and i ido til ss), certain bivalves, in- 
cluding those having the shell nearly always equivalve 
and gaping at the two extremities. 

pylorus, n. pi-lo'rus (Gr. puloros, a gate-keeper— 
from pule, a gate), the lower and right-hand orifice of 
the stomach leading to the intestines: pyloric, a. -pi- 
lor'ik, pert, to the pylorus. 

pyr, pir, or pyro, plr'-o (Gr. pur, fire : L. pyra, a 
; ,,,;., ,.] |,ii,.), , |,vcii :;i.ui.M' ; . i, ,.■■., iii. rally or figura- 
tively, "fire"; in chem., altered by heat, or obtained 
by the action of heat ; in geol, igneous. 

pyracanth, n. pir'-d-kdnth (Gr. pur, fire, and akan- 
tha, a spine), an evergreen thorn producing flame- 
coloured berries: pyr'acan'thous, a. -kdn'-thus, having 
yellow spines. 

pyrallolite, n. plr-dl'-lo-llt (Gr. pur, fire, alios, an- 
other, and lithos, a stone— referring to the changes of 
colour it undergoes before the blow-pipe), a mineral 
found in Finland, of a greenish-white colour. 

pyramid, n. plr'd-mld (F. pyramids, a pyramid 
—from L. pyr amis— gen. pyramidis ; Gr. pur amis- 
gen, puram'idos, a pyramid — a word of Egyptian 
origin), one of the great anc. structures of Egypt 
set apart for some sacred or religious use, the base 
forming a squan and facing the four cardinal points, 
the sides bounded by plane triangles ending at a 
common point at the vertex ; in geom., a solid figure 
whose sides are plane triangles ending in a common 
point at the vertex, and whose base maybe a triangle, 
square, &c. : pyramidal, a. plr-am'-l-ddl, also pyra- 
midic, a. pir-d-mid'lk, and pyr'amid'ical, a. -i-kdl, 
having the form of a pyramid: pyram'idally, ad. 
-ddl-li, or pyramidically, ad. pXr'-d-mid'-i-kdl-li : pyr- 
amidal numbers, numbers resulting from the succes- 
sive sums of polygonal numbers : pyramidoid, n. pir- 
am'-l-doyd (Gi i obi I ure resembling 

a pyramid ; a solid formed by the rotation of a semi- 
parabola about its base or greatest ordinate : pyra- 
midion, n. plr'd-mid'i-on, in arch., the small flat 
pyramid formed on the top of an obelisk. 

pyrargyrite, n. plr-dr'-jl-rit (Gr. pur, fire, and argil- 
ros, silver), a mineral of a lead-grey colour approaching 
an iron-black, constituting a rich ore of silver, widely 
diffused both in the Old and New World. 

pyre, n. pir (L. pyra, a funeral pile— from Gr. pur, 
fire), a heap of combustible materials on which a dead 
body was laid to be burned to ashes. 

pyrena, n. plr-e'-nd, plu. pyre'nae, -ne (Gr. puren, the 
kernel or stone of fruit), in hot., stony coverings of the 
seeds in the medlar. 

pyreneite, n. pir'i-ne'U (from the Pyrenees), a black 
or greyish-black variety of iron-lime garnet. 

pyretics, n. plu. pir-et'iks (Gr. puretos, a burning 
fever— from pi i i cines good for the cure of 
fever: pyrexia, n. plr-eks'-l-d. plu. pyrex'iae, 



fever, and logo Li u I I treatise or discourse oh 
fevers ; the doctrine of fevers. 

pyridium, n. plr-id'-l-um (L. pyrum, a pear), in hot., 
the same as pome. 

pyriferous, a. pir •■if- Sr-iii (L. pyrum, a pear, and 
fero, I bear), pear-shaped; also pyriform, a. plr'l- 
fdwrm(L. fori, >, 1 ir-shaped. 

pyrites, n. plu. pi-ri'tez or plr'-Uz (Gr. purites, a 
stone from which fire may be struck— from Gr. pur, 
fire : L. pyrites, flint : F ,<<</,<' i Mineral of a pecu- 



mate, mdt,fdr, law; mete, met, 



ores containing a large portion of sulphur: copper 
pyrites, a combination of copper and sulphur, being 
the most common ore of copper : iron pyrites, a com- 
bination of iron and sulphur, one of the most abundant 
minerals in nature : pyritic, a. pir-U'-ik, also pyrit'- 
ical, a. -i-kdl, pert, to or resembling pyrites : pyritif- 
erous, a. pir'4-tif-er-us (Gr. pur, fire, and L. fero, I 
produce), containing or producing pyrites. 

pyro— see pyr. 

pyro-acetic spirit, n pi /, o, and acetic 

spirit), a limpid ethereal liquid obtained by the dry 
< lis! ilia Lion of the acetates. 

pyro-acids, n. plr'-o-as'-hb; (pyro, and arid), products 



pyrogallate, n. pir-6-gdl'lat {pyro, and gallu). salt, 
of pyrogallic acid: pyrogallic acid, an acid obtained 
by the action of heat on gallic acid. 

pyrogenous, a. pvr-oj'-i-nus (Gr. pur, fire, and gin- 
omai, I am formed), produced by the agency of fire-; 
igneous. 

pyrolatry, n. pir-ol'-d-tri (Gr. pur, fire, and latreia, 
worship), fire-worship. 

pyroligneous, a. plr'-o-lig'-nb-us, also py'rolig'nous, a. 
-nus (Gr. pur, fire— gen. puros, am! i I, ,,,,,,,■■ 
obtained from the distillation of wood, usually beech, 
birch, or boxwood ; applied to wood-vinegar, also to 
crude acetic acid: pyroligneous spirit, another name 
for pyroxylic spirit : pyr'olig'nite, n. -nit, a salt of 
pyroligneous acid. 

pyrology, n. pir-ol'o-ji (Gr. pur, fire, and logos, dis- 
course), a treatise on heat ; the science of heat: pyr- 
ol'ogist, n. -jist, one who is versed in the doctrines of 
heat. , 

pyrolusite, n. pir'o-16'slt (Gr pw, fire, and lusis, 
decomposition, in allusion to its extensive use in glass 
manufactories), in rnin., a term for the black oxide of 
manganese— a substance very rich in oxygen, and 
much employed in chem. and the arts, of au iron-black 
or steel-grey colour. 

pyromancy, n. pir'o-mdn'sl (Gr. pur, fire, and man- 
teia, divination), divination by fire: pyr'oman'tic, a. 
-tik, pert, to pyromancy : n. one who pretends to skill 
in divination by fire. 

pyromania, n. pir'6-md'nl-d (Gr. pur, fire, and 
mania, madness), an insane desire for burning houses. 

pyrometer, n.pir-om'el.r (Or. par, fire, and metron, 
a measure), in chem., an instrument for measuring 
very high degrees of temperature ; a contrivance for 
ascertaining the temperature of the flues of boilers : 
pyrom'etry, n. -8-trl, the art of measuring degrees of 
heat, or the expansion of bodies by heat : pyromet- 



pyromorphite, n. plr'-d-mor'flt (Gr. pur, fire, and 

ul, a mineral 

of a green, yellow, or grev colour: pyr'omor'phous, 

a. -/ms, that assumes a crystalline form by means of 

pyrope, n. plr'op (L. pyropus, gold bronze : Gr. pur- 
opos, having a fiery aspect— from Gr. pur, fire, and 
ops, the eye, appearance), a dark-red varietv of iron 
garnet or precious garnet, being the carbuncle of the 
lapida,ries, having the appearance of fire or burning 
l held i ■ eye and the sun. 

pyrophane, n. plr'6-fan (Gr. pur, fire, and phanos, 
clear), a mineral that becomes transparent by heat: 
pyrophanous, a. plr-of-d-nus, rendered transparent 
by heat. 

pyrophorus, n. pir -of- 6 -r us (Gr. pur, fire, and pha- 
ros, bearing), any substance inflaming spontaneously 
on exposure to the air : pyroph'orous, a. -6-rus, pert, 
to or resembling pyrophorus. 

pyrophysalite, n. pir'o-fis'd-lit (Gr. pur, fire, and 
phusalh's, a Imlible of water— from phusao. I blow— in 
allusion to the manner in which it swells up when 
heated), a coarse and nearly opaque variety of topaz. 

pyroscope, n. plr'6-skop (Or pur, fire, and skopeo, I 

view), an instio in in n mi u , ni 

motion of the air, or the intensity of radiating heat. 

pyrosis, n. pir-o'-sis (Gr. purosis, a burning— from 
Gr. pur, fire), in med., a disease of the stomach, char- 
acterised by pain, with a copious eructation of a 
watery fluid, often acrid, commonly termed "black- 
water" and "water-brash." 

pyrosmalite, n. pfr-oz'md-lit (Gr. pur, fire, and 
osrne, odour, in allusion to the smell of chlorine given 
her; pine, pin; note, not, mtve; 



PYRO 4 

off when heated), a mineral of a liver-brown colour, a 
Swedish lire of iron. 

pyrotechnic, a. plr'6-tek'nik, also pyr'otech'nical, 
a. -nl-kcd (F. pyrofechnique, pyrotechnic — from Gr. 
pur, fire, and tcchne, art), pert, to fireworks, or the art 
of making them: pyrotechnics, n. plu. -niks, also 
pyr'otech'ny, n. -tck'-nl, the art of making fireworks ; 
the science which relates to the management and ap- 
plication of fire in its various operations : pyr'otech'- 
nist, n. -nlst. one skilled in the application and man- 
agement of fire, or in the manufacture of fireworks. 

pyroxene, n. jyir'-6ks-e~n (Gr. pur, fire, and xenos, a 
guest), a mineral of various shades of green, grey, and 
black, sometimes colourless ; another name for augite, 
in allusion to its usual mode of occurrence in" the 
igneous rocks : pyr'oxen'ic, a. -Sn'ik, composed of or 
containing pyroxene. 

pyroxylic spirit, n. pir'-Oks-U'lk- (Gr. pur, fire, and 
xulon, wood), one of the products of the destructive 
distillation of wood: wood-naphtha: pyroxyline, n. 
jnr-oks'-l-lin, also pyrox'yle, n. -U, in chem., gun- 
cotton. 

pyrrhic dance, n. pir'rlk dans, a military war-dance 
in great favour with the early Greeks, invented by 
Pyrrhicus : adj. pert, to the dance ; applied to a poetic 
foot containing two short syllables. 

Pyrrhonism, n. pir'-ro-nizm, the tenets of the philos- 
opher Pyrrho, who taught universal scepticism ; scep- 
ticism; universal doubt : Tpyrrhonic, a. pir-ron'ik, pert, 
to the tenets of Pyrrho: pyrrhonist, n. pir'-rO-nist, a 
follower of Pyrrho ; a sceptic. 

pyrrhotine, n. plr'-ro-tin (Gr. purrhotes, redness— 
from pur, fire), a sulphuret of iron of a reddish or 
light bronze-yellow colour, inferior in hardness to 
common iron pyrites ; magnetic iron pyrites. 

pyruvic, a. plr-6'vlk (Gr. pur, fire, and L. uva, a 
grape), in chem., applied to an acid obtained from the 
•wine-grape ; also from the destructive distillation of 
the racemic and tartaric acids. 

Pythagorean, a. pUh-dg'o-rc'&n, also pythagoric. a. 



>3 QUAD 

pith'-cl-gdr'ik, or pyth'agor'ical, a. -i-kdl, pert, to 
Pythagoras, or to his philosophy : pythag'ore an, n. 
a" follower of Pythagoras in doctrines or practice: 
pythag'orism, n. -rlzm, the doctrines or teachings of 
Pythagoras, an anc. Greek philosopher who taught 
that the solution of the principal philosophical prob- 
lems is to be sought for in the study of mathematical 
relations, and who is popularly esteemed the author of 
the doctrine of the transmigration of souls through 
different orders of animal existence. 

Pythoness, n. pith'o-nSs (Gr. puthon, the serpent or 
dragon which Apollo slew, whence he received the 
name of Pythia : L. Pytho, anc. name of Delphi), the 
priestess of Apollo at his temple at Delphi, in anc. 
Greece, who gave oracular answers; any woman 
supposed to have a spirit of divination : pyth'ian, a. 
■i-dn, pert, to the Pythoness : Pythian games, one of 
the four great national festivals of anc. Greece, cele- 
brated in honour of Apollo: python, n. pl'thon, in 
anc. Gr. myth., the serpent or dragon slain by Apollo; 
a genus of large serpents nearly allied to the boa, 
chiefly found in the E. Indies and S. Africa: pythonic, 
a. pith-On'-lk, pretending to prophecy; prophetic: 
pythonist, n. plth'6-nist, a conjurer; a soothsayer : 
pyth'onism, n. -nlzm, the art of foretelling future 
events, after the manner of the anc. Delphic oracle. 

pyxorpix, n. piks (L. pyxis; Gr. puxis, a box), in 
the R. Cath. Ch., the shrine or depository for the host 
or consecrated wafer; in nav., the box in which the 
nautical compass is suspended ; the box in which cer- 
tain selected coins arc set aside to be tested previous 
to the coinage being issued from the mint ; atrial of the 
purity of silver-plate manufactured by silversmiths. 

pyxidiculum, n. plks'l-dik'u-lum (L. pyxidicula, a 
small box), in geol., a genus of diatoms whose minute 
silicious shields present the appearance of a saucer- 
shaped box, found abounding in existing waters. 

pyxidium, n. piks-id'i-um (L. pyxis ; Gr. puxis, a 
box), in bot., a fruit dividing into an upper and lower 
half, the former acting as a kind of lid. 



quack, n. kioUk (an imitative word: the anc. Gr. 
comic poet Aristophanes represents the croaking of a 
ivog by koaxkoax: L. coaxo, I croak: Ger. quacken, to 
croak like a frog), the cry of a duck : v. to cry like a 
duck : quacking, imp. : n. the act of uttering sounds 
as a duck : quacked, pp. kwdkt. 

quack, n. kwdk (Dut. kwdk, a jest or story: Low 
Ger. quackrfen, to talk much and idly, to work un- 
skillfullv : Dan. quakle, to dabble in, to bungle), an 
ignorant pretender to medicine ; a boastful pretender 
to skill or knowledge not possessed ; an empiric: adj. 
falsely pretending to cure diseases ; pert, to or tainted 
with quackery: v. to act or practise as a quack: 
quack'ing, imp.: quacked, pp. kwdkt: quackery, n. 
kwdk'er-i, also quack'ism, n. -Izm, ignorant preten- 
sions to skill in medicine: false pretensions to any 
art: quack ish, a. -ish, boasting of skill not pos- 
sessed: quack'salver, n. -sdl-ver (Ger. quacksalber— 
from quack, and salber, one who deals in salves : Dut. 
kivakzalver), one who boasts of skill in medicines and 
salves ; an ignorant pretender. 

quadr, kicod'r. also quadra, kwod'rd, quadri, 
kivod'rl, and quadru, kwod'rob (L. quatunr, four), com- 
mon prefixes in scientific words, signifying " four," 
" containing four parts." 

quadra, n. kwod'rd (L. quadra, a square), in arch., 
a square frame or border round a bass-relief, panel, &c; 
the square piece used to support the pedestals of 
statues, vases, &c: quadrae, n. plu. kiood're, the 
bands or fillets of the Ionic base between which the 
hollow occurs. 

quadragene, n. kivod'-rd-jSn (L. nvadrageni, forty 
each), in the R. Cath. Ch., an indulgence of forty 
days. 

quadragesima, n. kwod'rd-jes'i-md (L. quadragesi- 
mus, fortieth — from quatuor. four), Lent, because it 
consists of forty days : quad'rages'imal, a. -i-mdl, pert, 
to Lent ; Benten ; used in Lent : Quadragesima Sun- 
day, the first Sunday in Lent. 

quadrangle, n. quod-rang'gl (L. quadrangulus, four- 
cornered — from quatuor, four, and angulus, a corner 
or angle: It. quadrangolo, a quadrangle: F. quad- 
rangule, with four angles), in geom., a plane figure 



having four right angles; a square; in arch., a four- 
cornered space enclosed by buildings ; the rectangular 
court of a building : quadran'gular, a. -gu-lcr, having 
four right angles ; square : quadran'gularly, ad. -ler-ll. 

quadrant, n. quod'-rdnt (L. quadrans, a fourth, a 
quarter: It. quadrante), in geom., the quarter of a 
circle ; an arc of 90° ; in nav. and astron., an instr. 
for taking elevations, adapted for measuring an arc of 
not more than 90°: quadran'tal, a, -rdn'tdl, pert, to 
a quadrant, or included in it: quadrans, n. kwod' 
rdnz, the fourth part of the Roman coin called an as. 

quadrat, n. kwod'rdt (F. quadrat, a quadrat— from 
L. qihidratus, squared), in printing, apiece of type- 
metal cast less in depth than the type, used to fill void 
spaces in a line or page, so as to leave a blank 
space on the paper when printed from. 

quadrate, a. kwod'rdt (L. quadratum, to square— 
from quadrus, square: It. quadrare, to square: F. 
quadrat, a qua red; having four equal 

sides and four right angles ; divisible into four equal 
parts; equal; exact; correspondent: n. a square: v. 
to reduce to a square ; to suit ; to correspond : quad'- 
rating, imp.: quad'rated, pp.: quadratic, a. kwod- 
rdt'lk, pert, to or containing a square: quadratic 
equation, in alg., an equation in which the unknown 
quantity is a square : quadratrix, n. kwod-ra'triks, in 
geom., a curve by means of which right lines equal 
to the circumferences of circles or other curves, and 
their various parts, may be found mechanically: quad- 
rature, n. kwod'rd-tur, the act of squaring ; the reduc- 
ing of a figure to a square; in astron., the position 
of a heavenly body, when the lines from the earth to 
the sun and it form an angle of 90°— applied particu- 
larly to the moon in its first and last quarters : quad- 
ratus, a. kwod-ra'tus, in anat., applied to certain 
muscles from their shape, as quadratus femoris, -fern' 
6r-is (L. femur, thigh— gen. femoris). 

quadrel, n. kwod'-rel (It. quadrello, a square brick— 
from L. quadrus, square), in arch., a kind of artificial 
stone or brick made from chalky earth, and moulded 
into a square form. 

quadrennial, a. kicdd-r&n'-ni-dl, also quad'rien'nial, 
a. -ri-Sn'ni-dl (L. quadriennium, a period of four 



COW, I 



i/,fobt; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, (here, zeal. 



QUAD 494 



QUAL 



years— from quatuor, four, and annus, a year), occur- 
ring once in four years ; comprising four years : quad- 
ren'nially, ad. -li. 

quadricapsular, a. kwod'-rl-k&ps'u-Ur (L. quatuor, 
four, and capsula, a small box), in hot., having four 
capsules. 

quadricornous, a. kwdd'ri-kor'nus (L. quatuor, four, 
and cornu, a horn), in zool. or ent., having four horns, 
or four antennas. 

quadricostate, a. kwod'rl-kos'tat (L. quatuor, four, 
and costa, a side), having four ribs. 

quadridentate, a. tovod'rl-den'tat (L. quatuor, four, 
and dentatus, toothed), in hot., having lour teeth on 

quadrifarious, a. kwdd'rl-fd'rl-us (L. quadri/arius, 
fourfold— from quatuor, four), in bot., in four rows. 

?[uadrifid, a. kwod'rl-fid (L. quadrifidus, four-cleft 
rom quatuor, four, and findo, I cleave), in bot., 
four-cleft; cut down into four parts to about the 
middle. 

quadriga, n. kwod-rl'-gd (L. quadrare, to square ; 
quatuor, four, &ndjugum, a yoke), in anc. times, 
a car drawn by four horses abreast, used chiefly in 
triumphal processions. 

quadrigeminous, a. kwod'rl-j&m'-i-nus (L. quadrans. 
a fourth part, and gemini, twins), in bot, fourfold; 
having four similar parts. 

quadrigenarioua, a. kwdd'ri-jdn*a'ri-us (L. quad- 
ringenarius, of four hundred each — from quatuor, 
four, and centum, a hundred), consisting of four hun- 
dred. 



andjugum, a yoke, a pair), in bot., having four pair of 
leaflets. 
quadrilateral, a. Jcwdd ■ I l&l ' (It. quadrilatero, 



four angles: n. in geom., a plane figure having four 
sides: quad'rilat'eralness, n. -nis, the- property of 
being quadrilateral. 

quadriliteral, n. kwod'ri-llt'-er-dl (L. quatuor, four, 
and litera, a letter), in gram., consisting of four 
letters. 

quadrille, n. kd-drll' (F. quadrille, a dance: It. 
quadriglia, a troop or band of men formed into a 
square— from L. quadrare, to make four-cornered— 
from quatuor, four), a game at cards played by four 
persons ; something consisting of fours ; a dance made 
up of sets of dancers, four in each set. 

quadrillion, n. kwod-drtt'ijiln (L. quadra, a square, 
and Eng. million), the fourth power of a million ; or a 
unit with 24 ciphers, according to the Eng. system ; a 
unit with 15 ciphers, according to the French or Italian 
system. 

quadrilobate, a. kw&d'-rl-lo"-bat, also quad'rilobed, a. 
-lobd (L. quatuor, four, and Gr. lobos, a lobe), in bot. 
four-lobed. 

quadrilocular, a. ku><«i i quatuor, four, 

and loculus, a little space), in bot., having four cells or 
chambers. 

quadrinomial, a. kwod'-rl-no'ml-dl (L. quatuor, four, 
and nomen, a name: Gr. norne, a division), in alg., 
consisting of four denominations or terms; quaa- 
rinom'ical, a. -ndm'l-kai, of four denominations or 
terms. 

quadripartite, a. kwod'ri-pdr'tlt (L. quadriparti- 
tus, divided into four parts— from quatuor, four, and 
partitus, divided), divided into four parts; in bot, 
divided deeply into four parts : quad'npar'titely, ad. 
-tlt-ll: quad'ripartiti'on, n. -tish'un, a division with 
four equal parts ; the taking of a fourth part of a 
quantity. 

quadripennate, a. kw5d'rl-pin'nat (L. quatuor, four, 
and penna, a feather), having four wings. 

quadriphyllous, a. kw< i '• (L quatuor, four, 
and Gr. phullon, a leaf), in bot, having four leaves. 

quadrireme, n. kwod'ri-rem (L. quadriremis— from 
quatuor, four, and remus, an oar), in anc. times, a war- 
ship propelled by four banks of oars. 

quadrisulcate, a. kwod'rl-suVkat (L. quatuor, four, 
and sulcus, a furrow), four-furrowed ; having the hoof 
divided into four parts. 

quadrisyllable, n. kw5d'H-sU'M-U (L. quatuor, 
four, and s i///./ < [1 >< , id >f four syllables: 

quad'risyllab'ic, a. -ldb'-lk, consisting of four syl- 
lables. 

quadrivalves, n. plu. kwod'ri-vdlvz (L. quatuor, 
four, and values, the folds of a door), in arch., a door 



with four folds or leaves : quad'rivalve, a. -vc1.lv, also 
quad'rivalv ular, a. -valv'-u-ler, in bot., having four 
valves. 

quadrivium, n. kwod-rlv'-i-um (L. quadrivium, a, 
thing pert, to four ways— from quatuor, four, and via, 
a way), the four lesser arts— arithmetic, music, geom- 
etry, and astronomy: quadriv'ial, n. -riv'l-dl, one of 
the four lesser arts: adj. having four ways meeting 
in a point. 

quadroon, n. kwod-rdn' (L. quadrans, a fourth 
part— from quatuor, four: F. quarteron), in Amer., 
the offspring of a mulatto and a white person. 

quadrumane, n., also quadruman, n. qwdd'rob-m&n 
(F. quadrumane, having four hands— from L. quatuor, 
four, and rnanus, the hand), an animal having four 
hands corresponding to the hands of a man, as in the 
monkey tribe : quadrumana, n. plu. kwod'rdb-mdn'd, 
the order of mammals which have four hand-like ex- 
tremities, as in the monkey tribe : quadrumanous, a. 
kwod'rdb-mdn'ils, having four hands. 

quadruped, n. kwod'-rdb-p&d (L. quadrupes, a four- 
footed animal— from quatuor, four, and pes, a foot- 
gen, pedis), any animal having four legs and four feet : 
adj. four-footed. 

quadruple, a. kwod'-rob-pl (L. quadruplus, fourfold 
—from quatuor, four, and plico, I fold: It. quadruplo: 
F. quadruple), fourfold: n. four times the same or 
quantity : v. to multiply by four : quad'rupling, imp. 
-pling: quadrupled, pp. -pld: adj. multiplied by four; 
quad'ruply, ad. -pit, to a fourfold quantity : quadru- 
plicate, a. kwdd-rd'pli-kat, fourfold : v. to make four- 
fold ; to double twice : quadruplicating, imp. : quad- 
ru'plicated, pp. : quadru'plica'tion, n. -kd'shun, the 
taking four times the simple sum or amount. 

quaere, v. kwe'-ri. (impera. of L. quos.ro, I search or 
inquire), search ; inquire— see query. 

qusestor, n. kwes'-tdr (L.), in anc. Rome, an officer 
who had the charge of the revenue. 

quaff, v. kwdf (an imitative word : Scot, waucht or 
waught, to drink copiously ; quaich, a small drinking- 
cup with two ears : Gael, cuach, a cup or bowl), to 
swallow in large draughts; to drink copiously and 
luxuriously: quaffing, imp.: n. the act of one who 
quaffs; a draught: quaffed, ppi kwd/t: quaffer, n. 
■fer, one who quaffs or drinks largely. 

quag, n. kwag (a corruption of quake), a quagmire : 
quag'gy, a. -gi, yielding or trembling under the feet, 
as soft wet earth, or a bog. 

quagga, n. kwdg'-gd (Hottentot, quagga— from its 
cry), a S. African animal, allied both to the ass and 
the zebra. 

quagmire, n. kwag'-mlr (from Eng. quake and mire: 
Dut. waggelen, to totter : old Eng. wagmire), wet 
boggy land firm enough on the surface to be walked 
on, but which yields or trembles under the feet at 
every step ; a shaking marsh ; boggy ground very 
muddy. 

quail, n. kwal (Dut. quackel, a quail ; quacken, to 
cry as aquail : It. quaglia, a quail), a bird closely allied 
to the partridge, and esteemed for its flesh : quail-pipe, 
a pipe or call for alluring quails into a net. 

quail, v. kwal (in the sense of causing the blood to 
curdle from bodily fear: It. quagliare, to curdle as 
milk ; cagliare, to curdle, to quail in one's courage : 
Dut. quaghel ; L. coagulum, the infusion used to cur- 
dle milk), to quake; to tremble under bodily fear 
or horror ; to faint ; to languish ; to give way : quail'- 
ing, imp.: quailed, pp. kwuld: adj. languishing; los- 
ing courage : n. a failing in resolution. 

quaint, a. kwdnt (pro v. F. koant, pretty: old F. 
eoint, neat, dainty : It. contigie, curious ornaments), 
odd ; fanciful ; singular ; affected : quaint ly, ad. -II : 
quaint'ness, n. -nes, oddness ; peculiarity. 

quake, n. kwCik (Ger. quackeln, to shake, to waver : 
Dut. waggelen, to stagger : AS. cwacian, to quake or 
tremble), a shudder ; a tremulous agitation : v. to 
tremble with cold or fear ; to be agitated, as the earth 
by internal movements ; to shudder : qua'king, imp. : 
adj. trembling; shaking: n. trepidation : quaked, pp. 
kwdkt: Qua'ker, n. -Mr, a term applied to the religious 
sect the Society of Friends, first given in reproach : 
qua'kerly, ad. -li, after the manner of a Quaker: 
qua'kerism, n. -Izm, manners or tenets of the Quakers : 
qua kingly, ad. -li, tremblingly ; in a quaking manner, 
qualify, v. kivdl'i-fl (F. qualifier; It. qualificare, to 
qualify— from L. qualis, how constituted, of what sort 
or kind, and/acio, I make), to fit or prepare for any- 
thing ; to render capable or competent ; to soften ; to 
diminish ; to ease ; to modify or limit, as a statement ; 



mate, mdt,fdr, law; mete, met, her ; pine, pin; note, not, mCve; 



QUAL 



495 



QUAE 



to dilute: qualifying, imp. : adj. modifying; restrain- 
ing ; furnishing with legal power : n. the act of one 
•who qualifies for a place or station: qual'ified, pp. 
-fid: adj. fitted; competent: qualifiedly, ad. -fid-ll: 
qual'ifiedness, n. -nes, the state of being qualified or 
fitted: qualifier, n. -fl-er, one who or that which 
qualifies: qual'ifi'able, a. -fi'-a-bl, that may be quali- 
fied: qualification, n. -fl-kd'shun, any natural en- 
dowment, or any acquirement, enabling a person to 
fill with success a particular office or position ; legal 
power or ability; abatement; modification: qual- 
ifica'tive, a. -tlv, having the power to qualify or mod- 
ify : n. that which serves to qualify : qual'ifica'tor, 
n. -ka'-ter, in Maine, an officer who prepares cases for 
trial in the ecclesiastical court. 

quality, n. kicol'-l-tl (L. qualitas, a quality or pro- 
perty—from quali? , of what sort or kind: F. qualite ; 
It. qaalita, quality), that which belongs to a body or 
substance ; the power or property of producing certain 
effects; disposition; temper; virtue or vice ; acquire- 
ment ; condition in relation to others ; superior rank 
or distinction ; persons ot high rank taken collective- 
ly: qual'itative, a. -td-tlv, connected with or relat- 
ing to quality ; in chein. analysis, intended merely to 
determine the nature or the names of component parts : 
qualitatively, ad. -tiv-li. 

qualm, n. kwarn (AS. cwealm and cicylan, destruc- 
tion, death: Dan. qucele, to choke: Ger. qualm, a 
choking smoke), a feeling of sickness ; a sudden fit of 
nausea; a diste tit; an uneasiness of con- 

science: qualmish, a. -ish, affected with nausea or 
sickly languor; sick at the stomach: qualm'ishly, 
ad. -ll : qualmishness, n. -nis, nausea. 

quandary, n. kwon-dd'-rl (a corruption of F. phrase, 
qu'en dirai-je. what shall I say to it?), doubt; uncer- 
tainty ; a state of difficulty or uncertainty. 

quant, n. kicont, a small piece of flat wood at the 
bottom of a leaping-pole, or of a pole used by a barge- 
man to push along his vessel, to prevent it sinking 
too easily under the weight of a person, in marshy 
places. 

quantify, v. kwon'-tl-fl (L. quant us, how great, and 
Jacere, to make), to modify or qualify with respect to 
quantity ; to mark with the sign of quantity : quan- 
tifying, imp.: quantified, pp. -fid: quan'tifica'tion, 
n. -fl-kd'shun, a modification by a reference to quan- 
tity; process or form by which anything is quan- 
tified. 

quantity, n. kicon'-tl-tl (L. quantitas, greatness, ex- 
tent— from quantus, how great: It. quantita: F. 
quantite), that property of anything capable of being 
increased or d ' weight, or number ; a 

large portion ; an indefinite extent of space ; an inde- 
terminate mass or aggregate of matter ; the measure 
of the time of a syllable or vowel in pronouncing it ; 
in logic, a general conception; in math., anything 
which can be multiplied, divided, or measured : quan- 
titative, a. -td-tlv, relating to quantity; estimable 
according to quantity : quan'titatively, ad. -tiv-li. 

quantum, n. kwon'-tum (L. quantum, as much as), 
quantity; amount. 

quaquaversal, a. kwa'-kicd-vir's&l (L. quaqua, on 
every side, and versus, turned), dipping on all sides ; 
in geal., applied to strata dipping on all sides from a 
common centre. 

quarantine, n. kicor'-dn-ten (It. quarantina ; F. 
quarantaine, forty— from L. quadraginta, forty), the 
time, originally forty days, during which a ship arriv- 
ing from a foreign port, and suspected to be infected 
■with some malignant contagious disease, must refrain 
from any communication with the shore : v. to com- 
pel a ship's company to forbear intercourse with the 
shore for a limited period on account of the real or 
supposed existence of some malignant contagious dis- 
ease on board: quarantining, imp.: quar'antined, 
pp. -tend.. 

quarrel, n. kicor'-rcl (F. querelle, altercation: L. 
querela, complaint: Ger. quarren, to grumble: Fin. 
Jcurista, to speak in a high thin tone), a petty fight or 
scuffle ; an angry dispute ; open variance between 
parties ; ground of dispute : v. to find fault ; to dis- 
pute ; to disagree ; to be at variance : quarrelling, 
imp. : n. dissension ; strife : quar'relled, pp. -reld : 
quar'reller, n. -er, one who quarrels: quarrelsome, 
a. -siim, disposed to quarrel ; contentious : quar'rel- 
somely, ad. -li : quarrelsomeness, n. -nes, disposition 
to engage in contention and brawls. 

quarrel, n. kicor'rel (F. quarreau, a quarrel), in anc. 
archery, an arrow for a crossbow with a four-square 



head ; a diamond-shaped pane of glass ; a glazier's 
diamond. 

quarry, n. kwor'-ri (F. quarricre, a quarry— from 
quarter, to cut square— from L. quadrare, to cut 
square), a place where stones are excavated and 
roughly hewn : v. to excavate from a stone-mine : 
quarrying, imp. -ri-ing : n. the act or business of 
digging stones from a mine : quar ried, pp. -rid : 
quarryman, n. one who works in a quarry : quarry- 
water, n. a familiar term among quarrymen and 
builders for the moisture contained in stone newly 
raised from the quarry, which gradually evaporates 
when exposed to the air. 

quarry, n. kwor'-ri (F. curie: old F. cuyerie, the 
entrails of the game given to the dogs at the death : 
It. curata, the contents of the abdomen and thorax of 
an animal), among falconers, any game flown at and 
killed ; dead game. 

quart, n. kwawrt (It. quarta ; F. quarte, a fourth 
part, a quart— from L. quartus, the fourth), the fourth 
part of a gallon ; two pints ; the vessel or measure 
which contains it. 

quart, n. kart (F. quarte, a quarter), a sequence of 
four cards at the game of piquet. 

quartan, a. kwawr'tdn (L. and It. 
tan ague— from L. quartus, fourt_„ . 
fourth day— applied to a form of ague. 

quartation, n. kwau <r 4 »Won,quarta- 

tion— from L. quartus, fourth), in an alloy of gold and 
silver, the separation of the gold from the silver by 
means of sulphuric acid, which dissolves the silver— 
the silver, however, must not be less than three-fourths 
of the alloy, else the gold protects the silver. 

quarter, n. kwawr'-ter (L. quartarius, a fourth part — 
from. quartus, fourth: It. quartiere: F.quartier.- Ger. 
quartier), the fourth part of anything; a weight of 28 
lb. avoirdupois ; a measure of capacity of 8 bushels ; 
a point of the compass ; a region ; a territory ; a par- 
ticular portion or district of a town, city, &c. ; proper 
station ; in mil., mercy granted by a conqueror to his 
enemy ; a part or side of a thing ; the part of the 
side of a shoe from the heel to the vamp ; the part 
of a ship's side lying towards the stern; the fourth 
part of the year ; one limb of a quadruped with ad- 
jacent parts : plu. military stations ; lodgings or resi- 
dence; in R. N., the stations or places assigned on 
duty or in action ; in building, those slight upright 
pieces of timber placed between the puncheons and 
posts used to lath upon : v. to divide into four equal 
parts; to separate into parts; in mil, to station for 
lodgings; to have a temporary residence: quar'ter- 
ing, imp. : n. in arch., a series of quarters; in mil., 
assignment of quarters ; in her. , one of the divisions 
of a shield containing many coats : quar'tered, pp. 
■terd: quarterly, a. -li, consisting of a fourth part; 
done or held once every quarter of a year ; relating to a 
quarter : ad. once in the quarter of a year : n. a periodi- 
cal published at intervals of three months : quar- 
tern, n. -tern, the fourth part : quar'teron, n. -ter-on, a 
quarter of a pound ; a tale of some goods, being a quar- 
ter of a hundred with one added ; a variable measure : 
quartern-loaf, the 4-lb. loaf, so called because original- 
ly made of one-fourth of a peck, or of a stone, of flour : 
quarter-day, the last day of the quarter, on which pay- 
ment of rent or interest is due: quarter-deck, in a 
ship, the short upper deck from the aftmost end of the 
main chains to the stern : quarter-face, a face turned 
away so that but one quarter of it is visible : quarter- 
foil, an ornament in Gothic arch, formed by a mould- 
ing disposed in four segments of circles: quarter- 
gallery, in a ship, the projecting convenience and or- 
nament of the top side connected with the stern: 
quartermaster, a regimental staff-officer charged 
with the duty of assigning quarters and providing 
food and clothing, &c, to his regiment ; in the navy, 
a petty officer who assists the mates or master in their 
duties in stowing the hold, attending the steerage, 
&c. : quartermaster-general, a staff-officer whose 
duty it is to lay down the routes, to regulate the 
marches of the troops, and to assign them quarters, 
&c. : quarter-pieces, the carved figures at the aft part 
of the quarter-gallery: quarter sessions, in Eng.,& 
general court held quarterly by the justices of peace 
of each county; in Scot., quarterly meetings of the 
justices of the peace at their county town : quarter- 
staff, a staff, so called from the manner of using 
it in attack or defence, one hand being placed in 
the middle, and the other between the middle and 
the end : quarter-round, in arch., any moulding whose 



'/,fobt; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



QUAR 4 

contour is a quadrant— also called an ovolo: head- 
quarters, the tent or residence of the commander-in- 
chief of an army: on the quarter, in nav., in the 
direction of a point of the horizon abaft the team, 
but not quite in the direction of the stern : to keep 
quarter, to keep within certain bounds, limits, or 
terms: to give or show quarter, to accept as 
prisoner an enemy in battle who submits ; to forbear 

!•> 'l-ill :li-i.-- nal n-,,1', : In :;»;:- in- In ■■: I i i = 

you keep within bounds, and do not proceed to the ut- 
most extremities against him: to quarter arms, in 
her., to place the arms of other families in certain 
compartments of a shield I he [ami I v a rms being placed 
in the first. 

quartet, n. kwaYvr-t&t', also spelt quartett' or 
quartette' (It. quartette, a quartet— from L. quartus, 
the fourth), a musical composition in four parts, to be 
performed by four voices or instruments ; a stanza of 
four lines. 

quartile, n. kivaYvr'tll (F. quartile, a quartile— from 
L. quartus, the fourth), an aspect of the planets when 
distant from each other a quarter of a circle, or ninety 
degrees. 

quartine, n. kwawr'tln (L. quartus, the fourth), in 
dot., the fourth coat of the ovule, which is often changed 
into albumen. 

quarto, a. kivaTor'to (L. quartus, the fourth : It. and 
F. quarto), the fourth part of a sheet, or a sheet folded 
in four parts : n. a book consisting of sheets so divided ; 
a book of a square or nearly square form. 

quartz, n. kwawrts (Ger. quarz, a name formerly 
given to crystals forming in the earth), a name applied 
to numerous varieties of rock-crystal of many shades 
of colour, or to crystallised silica, known under the 
various names of rock-crystal, amethyst, siderite, topaz, 
cairngorm, milk-quartz, rose-quartz, &c. : quartifer- 
ous, a. kivawr-tlf-er-Hs (Ger. quarz, and L. fero, I pro- 
duce), in geol., composed of quartz, or largely contain- 
ingquartz: quartzite.n. kwaXurt'slt,an aggregation of 
quartz-grains, applied to sandstones which have been 
indurated or altered by heat so as to assume the ap- 
pearance of quartz-rock: quart zose, a. -soz, abound- 
ing in quartz, applied to sands, sandstone, and grits, 
essentially composed of quartz : quartz-rock, a term 
properly applied to a stratified rock of the metamor- 
phic series, consisting almost entirely of silica. 

quash, n. kivosh, a species of pumpkin ; the Amer, 
squash, which see. 

quash, v. kivosh (old F. quasser ; F. casser, to crash 
in pieces, to annul: L. quassare, to shatter or shiver: 
Ger. quetschen, to crush, to bruise— an imitative word), 
to crush ; to subdue suddenly ; in law, to annul or 
make void ; to suppress : quashing, imp. : quashed, 
pp. kivosht. 

quasi, prefix, kwd'sl (L. quasi, as if, as it were), ap- 
parently; almost; of the same import: quasimodo, n. 
kwds'l-'mo'do (L. quasi, as if, and rnpdo, only, merely), 
in the R. Cath. Ch., the first Sunday after Easter, so 
called from the introit for that day commencing with 
the words Quasi modo. 

quassia, n. kwosh'l-d (said to be so called after a 
negro named Quassy, who first discovered its med- 
icinal qualities), a S. Amer. plant whose wood is in- 
tensely bitter— the bark is used as a tonic : quassine, 
n. ku-ds'sin, also quas'site, n. -sit, the bitter principle 
of quassia. 

quaternary, a. kivd-ter'ner-l (L. quaternarius, con- 
taining four— from quaterni, four each— from quatuor, 
four), consisting of fours; in hot., arranged in fours, 
as a leaf; in geol., applied to all accumulations above 
the true tertiaries, equivalent to post-tertiary: n. 
the number four : quater'nate, a. -nat, in hot, applied 
to leaves coming off in fours from one point. 

quaternion, n. kwdt 
a set of four parts, objects, or individuals; in Scrip., 
a file of four soldiers : quaternions, n. plu. -onz, in 
math., the mn i phii I I ion which exists between 
any two right lines having definite lengths and direc- 
tions in space. 

quateron, n. kwd'Ur-un, a quadroon, which see. 

quatorze, a. kd-torz' (F. quatorze, fourteen), four- 
teen : n. four cards at the game of piquet, so called 
because each quatorze reckons fourteen points. 

quatrain, n. kioot'ran or kd'trdn (F. quatrain, a 
quatrain— from quatre, four— from L. quatuor, four), 
in poetry, a stanza of four lines, usually rhyming alter- 
nately. 

quatrefoil, n. kd'tr-foyl, another spelling of quar- 
ter/oil (F. quatre, four, and feuille, a leaf or blade), in 



QUER 



arch., an ornamental arrangement of cusps or folia- 
tions into four leaves; the leaf-shaped figure formed 
by the cusps ; in her., four-leaved irrass. 

quaver, v. kwd'ver (Ger. quabbeln, to shake like a 
jelly : Dut. quabbe, a dewlap, from its quavering move- 
ment: Sp. quiebro, a quaver, a movement of the 
body), to tremble; to vibrate ; in -music, to produce a 
note with a tremulous modulation of the voice : n. 
a musical note of very short time, equal to half a 
crotchet ; a rapid vibration of the voice : quavering, 
imp.: adj. tremulous : n. the act of shaking the voice; 
the act of producing a shake on a musical instru- 
ment: qua'vered, pp. -verd: adj. distributed into 
quavers : qua'verer, n. -vcr-er, one who quavers. 

quay, n. ke (F. quai; Dut. kaai ; Bret, kae, a quay, 
an enclosure, a dyke along a river or canal: Dut. 
kade or kae, a dyke or causeway), a bank or wharf at 
which vessels are loaded and unloaded : quay'age, n. 
-aj, quay-dues; wharfage: quay-berth, a blading or 
discharging space for a ship in a dock : also written 
/,,'/ /,< imu. 

quean, n. kwen (Dut. queen, a barren cow : Low Ger. 
queue, a heifer), an abusive term for a woman; a 
worthless woman. 

queasy, a. kwe'zl{lcel. quasa, to pant ; queisa, colic : 
Wal. quase, a belch), sickish at stomach; squeamish; 
causing nausea: queasily, ad. -U: quea'siness, n. 
-nes, nausea ; qualmishness. 

queen, n. kwen (AS. cwen, a woman, a wife, queen : 
Icel. quinna, a woman ; quen or quaen, a woman, a 
wife: Gr. gune; Sans, gani, a woman), the wife of a 
king ; a female sovereign ; the highest of her kind : 



queen-bee, the fertile female of a hive or swarm: 
queen-consort, the wife of a reigning king: queen- 
dowager, the widow of a king : queen-mother, the 
mother of a reigning king : queen-post, one of the two 
posts rising at right angles from the tie-beam, which 
passes across the roof of a house— they support the 
timber roof; when there is only one it is called a king- 
post ; queen's bench— see under king : queen's coun- 
sel—see under king: queen's evidence— see under 
king: queen's metal, a superior kind of pewter: queen 
regent or regnant, a queen reigning in her own right : 
queen's yellow, a colour formed from the subsulphate 
of mercury: queen's ware, a cream-coloured glazed 
earthenware : queens, in slating, slates three feet long 
and two feet wide. 

queer, a. kiver (an old cant term, quier, bad; quyer- 
kyn, a prison-house), curious ; out of the common way ; 
odd; singular: queer'ly, ad. -lis aueerlsh, a. -ish, 
rather queer: queer'ness, n. -nils, oddity ; singularity. 

queest, n. kwist (Icel. qvisa, a bird: Eng. cushat), 
the European wood-pigeon ; the cushat. 

quell, v. kxoil (Dan. qucele, to choke: AS. civellan. 
to kill; cwellere, a man-slayer: Norm, querka, to 
strangle), to cause to cease ; to crush ; to quiet ; to 
calm ; to reduce or bring down : quelling, imp. : 
quelled, pp. kweld: quel'ler, n. -er, one who crushes 
or puts down. 

quench, v. kwench (AS. cwincan, to decrease : old Fris. 
kwinka, to waste away : AS. cwencan, to quench : Dut. 
quijnen, to languish), to extinguish; to put out; to 
still ; to repress ; to allay ; to stifle : quenching, imp. : 
n. act of one who quenches; that which quenches: 
quenched, pp. kwencht: quench'able, a. -d-bl, that 
may be extinguished: quench 'er, n. -er, one who or 
that which quenches : quenchless, a. -les, that cannot 
be quenched; irrepressible: quenchlessly, ad. -II: 
quenchlessness, n. -n&s, the state of being quenchless. 

quercitron, n. kwer'sl-trun (L. quercus, an oak-tree, 
and citrus, the citron-tree), the bark of the quercus 
tinctoria, a tree of N. Amer., yielding a valuable yel- 
low dye : quer'citrine, n. -trin, the yellow colouring 
principle of certain oak-barks : quercus, n. kwer'kiis 
(L.), the scientific name of the oak-tree. 

querimonious, a. kw&r'i-mo'ni-us (L. and It. queri- 
monia, a complaint— from L. queror, I complain), 
complaining; querulous: quer'nno'niously, ad. -II: 
querlmo'nfousness, n. -nSs, a complaining temper; 
disposition to complain. 

querist— see under query. 

quern, n. kwern (Goth, qucerniis; AS. cweorn; Icel. 
quorn, a mill), a hand-mill for grinding grain. 

querulous, a. ktu&r'u-lus (L. querulus, complaining 
—from queror, I complain: It. querulo), habitually 
complaining; discontented: querulously, ad. -li: 
quer'ulousness, n. -nes, the state of being querulous ; 






mdte, mat, far, law; mete, mdt, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, mCve; 



QUER 



497 



QUIN 



disposition to complain ; the habit of murmuring or 
complaining. 

query, n. moS'ri (L. qucere, seek, ask; qucero, I seek: 
old F. qucrre; F. quirir, to seek, to go and fetch), an 
inquiry or question to be answered or resolved ; an in- 
terrogatory, or one marked by a point of interrogation : 
v. to ask a question or questions ; to mark with a 
query; to doubt of: querying, imp.: queried, pp. 
-rid : que'rist, n. -rlst, one who asks questions. 

quest, n. kwist (F. quite; old F. queste, quest— from 
L. quccsitum, to seek for), search; inquiry; pursuit. 

question, n. kivist'yiin (It. questione.; F. question, a 
question— from L. qucestio, a seeking— from qucesitum, 
to seek), an interrogatory ; something proposed which 
is to be solved by answer; examination by torture; 
inquiry; doubt; subject of dispute or debate: v. to 
examine by questions ; to interrogate ; to doubt ; to 
have no confidence in; to inquire: int. a call to 
speak to the point : questioning, imp. : questioned, 
pp. -yund: questioner, n. -yun-er, one who interro- 
gates or questions : questionable, a. -d-bl, that maybe 
doubted; disputable; suspicious: questionably, ad. 
-d-bll: quest'lonableness, n. -bl-nis, the quality or 
state of being questionable: quest ionary, a. -ir-l, 



universities, and about to be examined for honours 
degrees: begging the question, taking for granted; 
assuming without proof : in question, in debate ; under 
discussion, or in course of examination : leading ques- 
tion, a question that suggests to a person questioned 
the reply it is desirable to make: out of the question, 
not worthy of consideration ; not a matter to be thought 
of; impossible: past question, beyond question; un- 
doubtedly : previous question— see previous : to the 
question, to the point in dispute, or to the real matter 
under debate. 

questor— see quaestor. 

queue, n. kii (F. queue, a tail), the tie of a wig; in 
Tier., the tail of a beast ; a cue. 

quibble, n. kwlb'-bl (Bret, gwiblen, a weather-cock: 
Gael. cuibMe, circiUar motion: W. chivip, a quick 
flirt or turn), a petty or contemptible evasion ; a petty 
cavil ; a pretence : v. to evade by artifice, or by a play 
upon words ; to cavil in argument or discourse : quib- 
bling, imp.: quibbled, pp. -bid: quib'bler, n. -bier, 
one who acts by trifling evasions; a caviller: quib- 
tolingly, ad. -II. 

quick, a. kiclk (AS. civic, living: Icel. quika, to 
move: Dut. quicken, to shake, to move: Dan. quceg, 
living, quick : Sans, giva, living), done or occurring in 
a short time ; active ; alive ; living ; sprightly ; ready ; 
swift ; nimble : ad. speedily ; without delay ; in a short 
time: n. the living flesh; the living, as "the quick 
and the dead " ; sensitive parts or points ; a living 
plant— applied to the hawthorn: quickly, ad. -li : 
quick'ness, n. -nis, rapidity of motion ; celerity ; ac- 
tivity : quick-grass, couch-grass ; quitch-grass : quick- 
lime, recently -burnt lime, or lime yet unslaked— 
so called from its caustic and corrosive qualities : 
quick-match, cotton strands dipped in a composition 
of white vinegar, saltpetre, and gunpowder : quick- 
sand, sand easily moved or readily yielding to pres- 
sure; anything deceptive, treacherous, or dangerous: 
quick-scented, a, acute of smell: quick-set, n. a living 
plant set to grow for a hedge— applied to the haw- 
thorn : adj. made of quick-set : qufck-sight'ed, a. -sit- 
ed, acute of sight or perception: quick-wit'ted, a. 
-wlt'-tid, of ready wit. 

quicken, v. kwlk'n (from quick, which see), to make 
alive ; to become alive ; to revive or resuscitate ; to 
increase the speed or velocity of; to hasten ; to sharp- 
en ; to stimulate ; to incite ; to reinvigorate ; to 
move with activity: quick'ening, imp. -nlng: adj. 
giving life to ; inciting ; reviving : n. the first felt mo- 
tion of the foetus in the womb: quick'ened, pp. -nd: 
quick'ener, n. -ner, one who or that which quickens. 

quicksilver, n. kwlk'sil-ver {quick, and silver), the 
familiar term for fluid mercury, in allusion to its 
mobility, and silver- white colour: quick'silvered, a. 
sU-verd, ovei aicksilver hori- 

zon, a shallow trough of quicksilver to form an artifi- 
cial horizon, used for observing altitudes. 

quid, n. kwid (AS. cud, what is chewed : in Surrey, 
quid, what is chewed), a piece of tobacco rolled about 
in the mouth, like a cow chewing the cud. 

quiddity, n. kwid'i-ti (mid. L. quiditas, the white- 
ness or distinctive nature of a thing, a byword in- 
troduced by the nice distinctions of the schools— from 



L. quid, what: It. quiddita, quiddity), a subtilty or 
nice refinement ; a trifling nicety ; a captious ques- 
tion. 

quidnunc, n. kind'nungk (L. quidnunc, what now?), 
a term of reproach applied to one who is curious to 
know everything that passes ; one who pretends to 
know all occurrences: quid-pro-quo, n. kwid-pro- 
kwo (L. what for what), one thing for another ; in law, 
an equivalent. 

qufesce, v. kivles' (L. quiesco, I rest or keep quiet 
—from quies, rest), to be silent, as a letter : quies'cing, 
imp.: quiesced', pp. -esf : quies'cent, a. -sent, rest- 
ing ; being in a state without motion ; calm : un- 
ruffled, as the mind ; silent ; not sounded, as a letter: 
n. a silent letter : quiescently, ad. -U : quies'cence, n. 
-sins, rest ; state of being without motion ; a state of 
the mind free from agitation or emotion ; silence. 

quiet, a. kivl'it (F. quiet, quiet— from L. quietus, en- 
joying rest, quiet — from quies, rest: It. quiete), calm ; 
still ; free from motion, disturbance, or alarm ; with- 
out noise or resistance ; unruffled ; smooth ; not noisy 
or restless: n. repose; stillness; freedom from dis- 
turbance or alarm ; peace ; security : v. to still ; to 
calm ; to pacify ; to allay or suppress : qui'eting, imp.: 
adj. reducing to stillness; appeasing; tranquillising : 
quieted, pp.: qui'eter, n. -er, one who or that which 
quiets : qui'etly, ad. -li : qui'etness, n. -nis, the state 
of being quiet ; stillness ; calmness ; tranquillity : 
Qui'etists, n. plu. -ists, a sect of mystics who flour- 
ished towards the close of the 17th century, and who 
taught that the soul, in the pursuit of the supreme 
good, must retire from the reports and gratifications 
of sense, and in silence be absorbed in contemplation 
of the Deity : qui'etism, n. -izm., mental tranquillity 
or inaction; the tenets of the Quietists: qui'etis'tic, 
a. -tis'tlk, pert, to quietism : qui'etude, n. -tud, rest ; 
repose: quietiu L ). rest; repose; death: 

quie'tus est, -ist (L. he is quiet), a term used in the 
exchequer on giving an accountant a discharge or ac- 
quittance. 

quill, n. kwll (Ger. kiel, a stalk or quill : Dan. kogle, 
a fir-cone : F. quille, the keel of a ship : Bret, kige'l, a 
distaff L. caulis; Gr. kaulos, a stalk or stem), one of 
the large strong feathers of a goose or other large 
bird, used in making pens for writing ; an instrument 
for writing; the spine of a porcupine; the piece of 
reed on which weavers wind the thread which is to 
form the woof of cloth : v. to plait or form with small 
quill-like ridges ; to wind on a quill, as thread or yarn : 
quilling, imp.: n. a narrow border or trimming of lace 
and the like, somewhat resembling a row of quills : 
quilled, pp. kwlld. 

quilt, n. Jncilt (W. cylch, a hoop; cylcJied, what goes 
round about or enwraps : Gael, coilce, bed-clothes : L. 
culcita, a mattress: Dut. kulckt ; It coltre; F. coultre, 
a quilt), a thick cover for a bed, formed by stitching 
one cover over another with some soft substance or 
stuffing between ; any thick or warm coverlet: v. to 
stitch two plies of cloth, one over the other, with some 
soft stuffing between: quilting, imp.: n. the act of 
making a quilt ; that which is quilted ; the materials 
for bed-quilts, bed-covers, and the like : quilt'ed, pp. : 
adj. formed as a quilt, or into a quilt. 

quinary, a. kwv-ner-l (L. quinarius, containing five 
—from quinque, five), consisting of five, or of a mul- 
tiple of five. 

quinate, a. kwi'nat (L. q-uini, five each— from quin- 



quince, n. kwlns (F. coignasse, pear-quince : It. 
cotogno; L. cotoneum, a quince: L. Cydonia, a town 
in Crete, whence they are said to have come), the fruit 
of the Cydonia vulgaris or quince-tree, much used in 
making preserves and tarts. 

quincunx, n. kicln'kungks (L. quincunx, five-twelfths, 
the form of a quincunx— from quinque, five, and uncia, 
a twelfth part, a bit or atom), an arrangement of five 
objects in a square, one at each corner, and one in the 
middle; in bot., the arrangement of the leaves of a bud 
into five, of which two are exterior, two interior, and 
the fifth covers the interior with one margin, and has 
its other margin covered by the exterior : quincuncial, 
a. tevin-kun'shi-al, arranged in a quincunx: quincun- 
cially, ad. -It. 

qurndecagon, n. kwtn-dik'd-gSn (L. quinque, five, 
Gr. deka, ten, and Gr. gonia, an angle), in georn., a 
plane figure havh • ad 15 angles. 



cow, boy, foot; pure, bud.; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



QUIN 



49S 



QUIV 



■board of fifteen priests who had the charge of the sibyl- 
line hooks, and of religious affairs generally; plu. 
quin'decem viri, -vlr-l: quin'decem'virate, a. -vi-rdt, 
the body of fifteen priests, or their office. 

quinine, n. kwln'in (F. quinine, quinine— from Sp. 
quina, Peruvian bark— from cinchona, the Peruvian 
hark, said to have derived its name from Cinchon, 
vice-queen of Peru, who was cured by its bark), one 
of the alkaline proximate principles in which the 
medicinal virtues of the Peruvian bark reside, highly 
valued in the treatment of agues, &c, and for it3 tonic 
properties ; also called quina, kwl'nd, quinia, kivin- 
i-d, or quinina, kwin'l-nd: quinicine, n. kwln'l-sin, 
an alkaloid much resembling quinine and quinidine, 
from either of which it may be prepared : quinidine, 
n. kwln'l-dln, an alkaloid found in quinine. 

quink, n. kwlnk (see quirk), in 'building, a piece of 
ground for a court or yard taken out of any regular 
ground-plot or floor. 

quinoidine, n. kwin-dyd'ln(Sp. quina, the Peruvian 
hark, and Gr. eidos, resemblance), a resinous substance 
obtained from the mother liquors of the quinine 
manufacturers, remaining after all the crystals of 
quinine that can be separated are obtained; called 
also amorphous quinine. ' 

quinquagesima, a. kwin'kwd-jes'l-md (L. quinqua- 
gesimus, the fiftieth), fiftieth ; applied to the seventli 
Sunday before Easter; also to the fiftieth day before 
Easter; Shrove Sunday. 

quinquangular, a. kwln-kwdng'gu-ler (L. quinque, 
five, and angulus, an angle), having five angles or 

quinque, kwin'kwS, contr. quinqu(L. quinque, five), 
a prefix in many compound words, signifying "five." 

quinquecapsular, a. kwin'-kwi-kd-p'su-ler (L. quin- 
que, five, and capsula, a little chest), in hot., having 
five capsules. 

quinquecostate, a. kwln'kwi-kds'-tdt (L. quinque, 
five, and casta, a rib), in hot., five-ribbed. 

quinquedentate, a. kwln'kwe-ddn'tdt (L. quinque, 
five, and dens, a tooth— gen. dentis), in hot. or zool., 
five-toothed. 

quinquefarious, a. Jet n'l us (F. quinqud- 

faric— from L. quinque, five), in hot, applied to leaves 
disposed in five rows along the stem. 

quinquefid, a. kwiri-ktni-i'ui (L. quinque, five, and 
findo, I split), in hot., five-cleft ; cut into five parts as 
far as the middle. 

quinquefoliate, a. kwln'-kwSfd'-li-dt (L. quinque, 
five, a,nd folium, a leaf), in hot., having five leaves. 

quinqueliteral, a. kwln'-kwe-lWer-dl (L. quinque, 
five, and litera, a letter), having five letters. 

quinquelobat.e, a. kivin'kwe-lo'bdt, also quin'que- 
lobed, a. -lobd (L. quinque, five, and Gr. lobos, the 
lobe or lower part of the ear), in bot., five-lobed ; di- 
vided nearly to the middle into five distinct parts, 
with convex margins. 

quinquelocular, a. kivin'kwe-lok'-u-ler (L. quinque, 
five, and loculus, a little place or cell), in bot., having 
five cells, as a pericarp. 

quinquennial, a. kwin-kwSn'nl-dl (L. quinque, five, 
and arums, a year), happening every five years, or 
lasting five years. 

quinquepartite, a. km L quinque, five, 

and partitus, divided), in bot., divided deeplyinto five 
parts. 

quinquevalve, a. 7avin'kiv8-vdlv, also quin'que- 
valv'ular, a. -vdlv'u-ler (L. quinque, five, and valvce, 
the folds of a door), in bot., having five valves. 

quinquereme, n. kwln'kice-rem (L. quinque, five, 
and remits, an. oar), in anc. Rome, a galley with five 
banks of oars. 

quinquina, n. kwln-ku <> mina, Peruvian 

bark), another name for the cinchona or Peruvian 
bark. 

quinsy, n. kwln'zl (corrupted from F. squinancie ; 
It. squinanzia, quinsy— from L. cynanche, a bad kind 
of sore throat: Gr. kundngche, literally, a dog-throt- 
tling), acute inflammation of the tonsils ; inflamma- 
tory sore throat. 

a fifth— from L. quintus, 
the fifth), a set or sequence of five. 

quintain, n., also quintin, n. kwin'tin (F. quin- 
taine, a quintain), in former times, a post to be tilted 
at in military exercises, sometimes taking the form 
of a man turning on a pivot ; for mounted soldiers, 
the upright post was surmounted by a transverse 
bar, having a flat board at one end, and the other 
loaded and balanced by a heavy bag of sand, which 
mate, mdt.fdr, law; mete, met, 



knocked the rider off his horse as it turned on its 
pivot, if he struck the flat-board end unskilfully. 

quintal, n. kwin'tdl (It. quintale; F. quintal— from 
L. centum, a hundred), a sigh [sting of 100 lb. 

or 112 lb. 

quintessence, n. kwln-Us'sSns (F. quintessence ; It. 
qumtessenza, quintessence— from L. quinta essentia, 
lifth essence), the pure essential part of anything ; 
according to the alchemists, the highest essence of 
power in a natural body ; a preparation consisting of 
a vegetable essential oil dissolved in spirit of wine: 
quin'tessen'tial, a. -sen' - of quintes- 

sence. 

quintet or quintette, n. kwln-tet', also spelt quin- 
tet'to, n. -to (It. quintetto— from quinto, the filth: 
L. quintus, the fifth), in music, a composition for five 
voices or five instruments. 

quintile, n. kivin'-t'd (F. quintil, quintile— from L. 
quintus, lifth), the position of two planets when dis- 
tant from each other 72 degrees, or the fifth part of a 
circle. 

quintillion, n. kwln-tll'yun (L. quintus, fifth, and 
Eng. million), in Eng. notation, a number produced 
by raising a million to the fifth power, or a unit fol- 
lowed by 30 ciphers ; in the F. and It. notations, a 
unit followed by 18 ciphers. 

quintine, n. kivin'-tin (L. quintus, the fifth), in bot., 
the fifth coat of the ovule ; also called the embryo- 
sac. 

quintuple, a. kioln'tu-pl (L. quintuplex, fivefold — 
from quintus, fifth, and plico, I fold.: It. quintuple) ; 
F. quintuple), fivefold ; in music, having five crotchets 
in a bar: v. to multiply by five; to make fivefold: 
quintupling, imp. -pllng : quintupled, pp. -pld. 

quinzaine, n. kwln'zdn (F. quinzaine, a fortnight — 
from quinze, fifteen — from L. quindecim, fifteen), the 
14th day after a feast-day, or the 15th if the feast-day 
be included. 

quip, n. kwip (W. chwip, a quick turn or flirt; 
ckwipio, to whip : Icel. hvipp, moving swiftly), a cut ; 
a smart stroke, as with a whip ; a jibe ; a jeer: v. to 
taunt; to scoff: quip'ping, imp.: quipped, pp. kwipt. 

quippa, n. kwlp'-'pd (Peruvian, quipu, a knot), in 
anc. Mexico and Peru, a knotted cord of variously- 
coloured threads, from which there hung smaller 
threads, in the manner of a fringe, used to record 
events ; also spelt quip'po, -po, and quip'pu, -poo. 

quire, n. kwir (F. quaier, a quire of written. paper : 
L. quaterni, four at a time : Sp. quaderno, four sheets 
of paper stitched together : Dut. quatern, a few sheets 
stitched together), a quantity of twenty -four sheets of 
paper, each folded once. 

quire, n. kwir, another spelling of choir, which see : 
quirister, n. kwir'is-ter, for chorister. 

quirk, n. kwerk (prov. Eng. quirk, to turn : AS. 
thwir, perverse, crooked: Ger. zwerch, athwart), a 
shift ; a cavil ; a subterfuge ; an artful turn for eva- 
sion; a quibble; a smart taunt or retort; a slight 
conceit ; in arch., a small acute channel or recess be- 
tween mouldings ; in building, a piece of ground cut 
off from any regular ground-plot— see quink : quirked, 
a. kwerkt, having a quirk : quirk'ish, a. -ish, consist- 
ing of or resembling a quirk. 

quit, v. kwit (L. quietus, enjoying rest— in mid. L. 
used in the sense of "free from the claim of another 
party": It. quieto, a discharge from legal claims: F. 
quitter, to forsake, to let go), to discharge u vi,. ■ 
tion ; to absolve ; to acquit ; to conduct ; to abandon ; 
to forsake ; to resign ; to give up : adj. free; clear; 
discharged from: quit'ting, imp.: quitted, pp. kwlt- 
ed, also quit, pp. : quit'ter, n. -er, one who quits : 
quit-rent, in law, a small rent paid to a superior in 

token Of submission ■■ io<- release ,- '.le :J.onis: 

quittance, n. kwit'tdns disi aarge from a debt or obli- 
gation: quits, a. int. kwits, denoting that parties 
are quit, or put on equal terms. 

qui tam, n. kwl'tdm (L. who as well), in law, a penal 
action in which half the penalty is given to the Crown, 
and the other to the informer. 

quitch-grass, n. kwich- (see couch), properly, quick- 
grass ; dog-grass or couch-grass. 

quite, ad. kwlt (from quit, which see: F. quitte, 
discharged, clear), wholly; entirely; perfectly; to a 
great extent or degree ; very. 

quittance— see quit. 

quitter, n. kwit'ter, an ulcer above the hoof of a 
horse's foot : quitter-bone, a hard round swelling on 
the coronet of a horse. 

quiver, n. kwlv'-er (old F. quivre; Ger. ko'cher; Dan. 
Mr; pine, pin; note, not, mCve; 



QUIV 4! 

Jager ; Dut. koker, a case), a case for arrows, slung at 
the back of the warrior, or hung to his belt : quivered, 
a. -erd, sheathed as in a quiver; furnished with a 
quiver. 

quiver, v. kwlv'er (related to Eng. quaver : L. vib- 
rare, to set in tremulous motion: Sp. quebrar, to 
break : Dut. kuyveren, to shiver, to tremble), to tremble 
or shake ; to quake ; to shiver ; to be agitated with a 
tremulous motion: quivering, imp. : adj. fluttering; 
tremulous: n. a fluttering tremulous motion: quiv'- 
ered, pp. -erd: quiv'eringly, ad. -li. 

qui vive, ke-vev' (F. qui vive, who is there— from 
qui, who, and vivre, to live), the challenge of a French 
sentinel, " who goes there ? " "to what party do you 
belong?": to be on the qui vive, to be on the alert, 
like a sentinel. 

quixotic, a. kwiks-ot'lk, like the hero Don Quixote, 
of the famous Spanish romance of the same name, 
who hadhigh-tKmii and absurd notions of chivalry; 
romantic to absurdity: quixotism, n. kwiks'-o-tizm, 
and quix'otry, n. -trl, romantic and absurd notions ; 
visionary schemes. 

quiz, n. kwlz (originated as a slang term), something 
to puzzle; an odd fellow; one addicted to mockery 
and jesting in simulated gravity : v. to banter and 
play upon familiarly; to examine narrowly with an 
air of mockery; to peer at: quizzing, imp. -zing: n. 
the act of mocking by pretended seriousness of con- 
versation, or by seeming serious flattery : adj. fitted 
for quizzing: quizzed, pp. kivizd: quizzing-glass, a 
small eye-gl a. -n-kal, comical. 

quodlibet, n. kwdd'li-bet (L. what you please), a nice 
point; a subtilty : plu. questions on general subjects 
without order or connection : quod'libet'ical, a. 
-l-kdl, not restrained to a particular subject; dis- 
cussed at pleasure for curiosity or entertainment: 
quod'libet'ically, ad. -li. 

quoif, n. koyf (F. eoiffe, a hood), a cap or hood: 
quoiffure, n. koyf ■dor' (V.), a head-dress— see coif. 

quoin, n. kdyn (F. coin, a corner— from L. cuneus, 
a wedge: It. cuneo; Sp. cuna, a wedge), the corners 
of brick or stone walls in brick buildings, frequently 
formed of stones, laid in long and short courses ; a wedge 
used to elevate a mortar or gun to a proper level ; in 
printing, a small wedge used to tighten the pages of 
type within the chase. 



d RACE 

quoit, n. kdyt (Scot, coit; F. cottir, to butt or strike 
with the horns : prov. Eng. coit, to toss, to throw : 
Fin. kuutta, a qi . . i , ,. . ., , 

ing or throwing at a mark on the ground at play : 
plu. the game played : v. to throw or play at quoits : 
quoit'ing, imp. : n. the act of playing at quoits : 
quoit'ed, pp. 

quondam, a. kwon'-ddm (L. quondam, formerly), 
having been formerly ; former, as g ;■■■ i. ,m 

quorum, n. kwor'-um (L. quorum, of whom, being 
the gen. plu. of qui, who— from the first word of the 
commission, beginning " quorum aliquem vestrnm," 
1 ■ •■" [ "■' ■ ' ' ' • ■- !"esein.e, at >ug 

with the ordinary justices, was legally required to 
constitute a court), such a number of individuals of 
any regularly-constituted body who are entitled by 
law, or by their own rules, to transact business ; a spe- 
cial commission of justices. 

quota, n. kwo'td (L. quotus, which or what in num- 
ber, order, &c— from quot, how many), the share, part, 
or proportion assigned to each. 

quote, v. kwot (old F. quoter; F. coter, to set or put 
marks: L. quotus, what in number), to cite or note 
with chapter and verse ; to name or adduce, as a pas- 
sage from some author, by way of authority or illus- 
tration ; to name, as the price of an article : quo 'ting, 
imp.: quo'ted, pp.: quo'ter, n. -ter, one who quotes: 
quo'table, a. -td-bl, that may be quoted or cited: 
quotation, n. kwo-td'-shun, the act of quoting or 
citing ; the words or passage from an author quoted ; 
the price of an article named or given. 

quoth, v. kwoth (Ger. quatschen, to chatter: AS. 
cwcethan; Goth, quitha, to say), say, says, or said, 
—used only in the 1st and 3d persons, and always 
followed by its nominative, as, quoth he. 

quotidian, a. kwo-tld'-i-dn (L. quotidianus, every 
day— from quotus, how many, and dies, a day), daily ; 
occurring every day, or returning daily : n. anything 
returning daily ; a j .a rf i c 1 1 i a r to n n of ague. 

quotient, n. kivo-shSnt (F. quotient, quotient— from 
L. quoties, how often, how many times), in arith., the 
number resulting from the division of one number by 
another, thus showing how often a less number is 
contained in a greater. 

quotum, n. kwo'tum (L. quotus, how many— see 
quota), part or proportion ; share. 



rabate, v. rd-bdtf (F. rabattre, to beat down), to re- 
cover or bring back a hawk from its flight to the 
fist: raba'ting, imp.: raba'ted, pp. 

rabbet, n. rdb'-bet (F. raboter, to plane), in carpentry, 
a groove cut in the edge of a piece of timber or plank 
in order that it may lap over, or evenly fit, another like 
piece ; that part of the keel, stem, and stern-post of a 
ship which is cut for the plank of the bottom to fit 
into : v. to lap over and unite by a rabbet : rabbet- 
ing, imp. : n. the act or work of preparing rabbets ; 
the process by which a plank is rabbeted : rab'beted, 
pp. 

rabbi, n. rdb'-bl or -bl, also rabTjin, n. -bin (Gr. 
rhabbi ; Heb. rabi, my master— from Heb. rab, master, 
a chief: F. rabbin), a chief; a doctor; a master: a 
title assumed by the Jewish learned men : rabbinic, 
a, rclb-bin'lk, also rabbin'ical, a. -i-kdl, pert, to the 
rabbis, or to their opinio i md l< n ing : rabbin'ic, n. 
the later Hebrew : rabbin'ically, ad. -li : rabbinism, 
n. rdb'-bln-izm, an expression or phraseology peculiar 
to the rabbins ; also their doctrines or traditions : 
rab binist, n. -ist, or rab'binite, n. -it, one who adheres 
both to the teachings of the Talmud and to the tradi- 
tions of the rabbins. 

rabbit, n. rub-bit (prov. F. rabotte ; Wal. robe tt ; Dut. 

robbe, a rabbit), a well-known animal of the hare kind, 

which burrows in the earth and feeds on herbage: 

rabbit-warren, an open common or enclosure where 

.. eed in great numbers. 

rabble, n. rdb'-bl (Dut. rabbelen, to gabble : Swiss, 
rdblete, an uproar, a crowd of people: L. rabula, a 
brawler: It. rabulare, to bawl, to scold), a tumultuous 
crowd of the lower classes ; the mob ; a disorderly 
crowd: rab'blement, n. -ment, a tumultuous crowd 
of the lower orders. 

rabdology, rabdomancy, &c— see rhabdology. 

rabid, a. rab -id (L. rabidus, furious— from rabies, 
cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, 



madness: It. rabido), furious ; raging ; mad, as a dog: 
rab'idly, ad. -li: rab'idness, n. -nes, the condition of 
being rabid; madness. 

rabies, n. rd'-bi-ez (L. rdbies, madness), that distem- 
per of dogs— rarely of other animals— under which, 
should their saliva be absorbed into the human system 
by a bite or scratch, the disease called hydrophobia is 
produced. 

raca, n. rd'-kd (Syriac), an expression of extreme 
contempt among the anc. Jews, expressing "beggarli- 
ness, vanity, or folly."— (Mat. v. 22). 

raccoon, n. rdk-kon' (F. raton, a small rat), a N. 
Amer. animal somewhat larger than the fox, and re- 
sembling a badger. 

race, n. rds (AS. rccs, a course, a stream : old F. 
esracer, to pluck off or pull down : Ger. reissen, to 
rage or tear : Pol. raz, a stroke or blow : AS. reosan, 
to rush : Norm, raas, a stream : old F. rase, a mill- 
race), a rapid course, whether of animals or of waters ; 
any running with speed ; a contest in running ; pro- 
gress ; course ; career ; the tide-wave when arrested 
by a promontory, and caused to flow off obliquely with 
considerable velocity, as the "race of Portland"; the 
water-course leading to a water-wheel : plu. a meeting 
of horses to contend against each other in running: v. 
to run swiftly ; to run or contend in a race : ra'cing, 
imp.: raced, pp. rast : racer, n. rd'ser, a race-horse: 
race-course, the road staked off in which horses con- 
tend in swiftness of running ; the canal along which 
the water is conveyed to and from a water-wheel: 
race-horse, a horse bred and trained to run in the 
race-course. 

race, n. rds (F. race; It. razza, race, family: Sp. 
raza, a race, a ray or line of light : old H. Ger. reiz 
or reiza, a line: L. radix, a root), a continued series 
of descendants from a parent, called the "stock"; a 
family; a particular breed, sort, or variety; in bot., 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



EACE 



500 



RADI 



a permanent variety ; the particular strength, taste, 
or flavour of wine, indicating its kind and origin; 
smack — see under racy : race-ginger (old F. raiz, 
root), ginger in the root. 

raceme, n. rd-sem' (L. racemus, the stalk of a cluster 
of grapes), in bot., an inflorescence in which there is a 
common axis or stem hearing stalked flowers, as in 
the hyacinth, the currant, &c. : racemed', a. -semd', 
having a raceme or racemes: racem'ic, n. -sdm'ik, a 
peculiar acid found in the tartar obtained from the 
grapes of certain vineyards on the Rhine, called para- 
tartaric acid: racemation, n. rds'e-md'shun, a cluster, 
as of grapes ; their cultivation : rac'emif erous, a. -mi/' 
eriis (L. fero, I produce), bearing racemes: rac'e- 
mous, a. -mils, alsorac'emose, a.-woz, hearing flowers 
in racemes or clusters. 

rachis, n. rd'kls (Gr. rhachis, the spine or back- 
hone), in bot., that part of a culm which runs up 
through the ear of corn ; the stalk or axis which bears 
the flowers in other plants ; the stalk of the frond in 
ferns ; the common stalk bearing the alternate spike- 
lets in some grasses; in zool., the vertebral column in 
mammals and birds : rachitic, a. rd-klt'-lk, pert, to the 
muscles of the back; rickety: rachitis, n. rd-ki'tls 
(Gr. rhachis, the spine, and itis, denoting inflamma- 
tion), the diseased state of the bones called rickets ; 
in bot., a disease producing abortion in the fruit or 
seed. 

raciness— see under racy. 

rack, v. rdk (F. raque, dirt, mire), to decant or strain, 
as wines ; to draw wines off the lees : rack'ing, imp. : 
n. the act of drawing off liqaorsfrom the lees : racked, 
pp. rdkt. 

rack, v. rdk (Dut. rekken ; Ger. recken, to stretch : 
AS. roecan, to extend: Dut. racke, a frame on which 
torture was inflicted by stretching the joints), to 
strain ; to stretch ; to torture by stretching ; to affect 
with extreme pain or anguish : n. an instrument for 
stretching ; an engine of torture ; extreme pain ; an- 
guish: rack'ing, imp.: adj. distressing; torturing; tor- 
menting : racked, pp. rdkt : rack'er, n. -er, one who 
racks : rack-rent, n. the rent of premises unduly raised, 
and beyond the real value : rack-rented, a. subject or 
liable to excessive rent : to put to the rack, to subject 
to extreme torture; to torment: to rack one's brains, 
to strain them to the uttermost without adequate re- 
sults : racking-pace, the pace of a horse, the same as 
an amble, but swifter in time and shorter in tread. 

rack, n. rdk (Ger. riicken; Dan. rxjg, the ridge or 
back), the neck or spine of a fore quarter of veal or 
mutton. 

rack, n. rdfr (Low Ger. rakk, a bookstand: Dut. 
reke, a rake or comb ; rek or rak, a dresser, a clothes- 
horse), a reoeptacle for hay for feeding horses, &c, 
formed of a range of upright bars ; a frame on which 
articles may be placed or spread out, as a plate-rack ; 
the frame from which the yarn or thread is drawn in 
spinning; in mining, an inclined plane on which the 
ore is washed from the slime or earth ; 

a flat bar with teeth on one side to work into those of 
a pinion. 

rack, n. rdk (Icel. reka, to drive ; rek, drift, motion), 
the drift of the sky ; thin, flying, broken clouds— not 
to be confounded with reek, a mist or vapour. 

racket, n. rdk'et (Scot, rack, crash, shock: prov. F. 
raque, the noise made in striking the hands together : 
F. raquette, racket), irregular clattering noise; the bat 
or battledore used at tennis; the game itself: v. to 
make a confused noise or clamour; to strike as with 
a racket: rack'eting, imp. : rack'eted, pp.: rack'ety, 
a. -ti, noisy. 

racquet, n. rdk'St, another spelling of racket. 

racy, a. rd'sl (Ger. reizen; Sw. reta, to provoke, to 
entice : Bav. rassen, to incite or stimulate : Swab. 
ress, sharp in taste: Swiss, riiss, sharp, cutting— see 
race), pungent; piquant; having a strong flavour, in- 
dicating its origin fresh rich; exciting to the men- 
tal taste; piqna.ni anil [uTic'I'mr, nppl led to thought Or 

language: ra'cily, ad. -li: ra'ciness, n. -si-no's, the 
quality of being racy, or piquant and peculiar. 

raddle, v. rdd'-dl (from Eng. reed, which see), to 
twist together: n. a long stick used in hedging; a 
hedge formed by interweaving the shoots and branches 
of trees ; in domestic weaving, a wooden bar, with a 
row of upright pegs, used to keep the warp in a proper 
position when wound upon the beam (Scot, red, to dis- 



entangle, to put in order): raddling, imp. -dllng. 
rad'dled, pp. -did. 
radiate, v. rd'-di-dt (L. radiatum, to furnish with 

mate, mat, far, laXu ; mete, mSt, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, move 



spokes, as a wheel, to emit beams— from radius, the 
spoke of a wheel, abeam or ray from any shining ob- 
ject—akin to radix, a root : It. radiare, to sparkle), to 
send out rays or beams, as from a centre ; to shine ; to 
fill with brightness; to proceed in direct lines from 
any point or surface : ra'diate, a., also ra'diated, a. 
formed of rays; In bot., arranged liki raj i . ■ < : > < i i i . -_ 
from a common centre ; disposed like the spokes of a 
wheel; in mi/n., having crystals ging from a com- 
mon centre ; in zool., belonging to the radiata or rayed 
animals : ra'diating, imp. : adj. emitting rays : ra'- 
diated, pp. : adj.— see above— adorned witli rays : 
ra'diator, n. -Ur, a body from which rays proceed: 
radiation, n. -d'shun, the emission and diffusion of 
rays of light or heat from a luminous or heated body ; 
the diverging or shooting fortli from a point or surface, 
like the diverging rays of light: ra'dial, a. -dl, hav- 
ing the quality <>j appearuM-i; of a ray; in anat., be- 
longing or attached to the outer bone of the forearm, 
called the radius : ra'diant, a. -dnt, emitting rays of 
light or heat; shining; sparkling; in bot., applied to 
flowers which form a ray-like appearance : n. in geom., 
a straight line proceeding from a given point or fixed 
pole, about which it is conceived to revolve ; in optics, 
the luminous point or object from which light ema- 
nates : ra'diantly, ad. -II: ra'diance, n. -dns, also 
ra'diancy, n. -dn-sl, brilliant brightness ; lustre ; 
splendour: ra'dia'ta, n. -d'td, in zool., one of the 
lowest divisions of the animal kingdom, including all 
those animals whose parts are disposed round a cen- 
tral axis in a radiated form, like that of the star-fish ; 
also called ra'dia'ria, n. -d'rl-d: ra' diary, n. -er-l, one 
of the radiata : ra'diative, a. -d-tlv, having a tendency 
to radiate. 

radical, a. rdd'l-kdl (It. radicale; F. radical, radi- 
cal—from L. radix, a root— gen. radicis: probably 
akin to Sans, ridh, to .grow, to arise), pert, to or aris- 
in.'j . r.oro i lie root jfundami atal; implanted by nature; 
constitutional ; original ; not derived or compounded ; 
primitive; in bot., proceeding from a point close to 
the summit or crown of the root, applied to leaves 
close to the ground clustered at the base of a flower- 
stalk; complete; thorough: n. a root; in chem., the 
base or distinguishing part of a compound, whether 
itself a simple or compound ; a primitive or uncom- 
pounded word or letter ; a democrat or extreme poli- 
tician : radically, ad. -It : radicalness, n. -nes, the 
state or quality of being fundamental : radicalism, n. 
-Izm, the principles or doctrines of democrats : radi- 
cal quantity, in alg., the quantity before which the 
sign of the root is placed: radical sign, in alg., the 
sign \/ ' , placed before a quantity to indicate the root 
to be extracted. 

radicant, a. rdd'l-kdnt (F. radicant, radicant— from 
L. radix, a root— gen. radicis), in bot., taking root on 
or above the ground ; producing roots from the stem : 
radicate, a. -kdt, also radicated, a. -kd-Ud, possess- 
ing roots ; deeply planted ; fixed firmly, as by a root : 
radica'tion, n. -kd'-shun, the act of taking root and 
fixing deep; in bot., the general disposition and ar- 
rangement of the roots of a plant. 

radicle, n. rdd'i-kl (L. radicula, a little root— from 
radix, a root: F. radicule), in bot., the part of the 
embryo in the seeds of plants which becomes the root ; 
the small roots of plants, or the fibres about the top 
roots. 

radiolites, n. pin. rd'-di-o-lltz (L. radius, a ray, and 
Gr. lithos, a stone), in geol., a genus of cretaceous 
bivalves— so called from the radiated structure of the 
outer layer of their opercular-looking upper valves. 

radish, n. rud'ish (AS. rcedic; F. radis; It. radice; 
Ger. rettig, a radish— from L. radix, a root— gen. 
radicis), a plant whose root is like a small carrot, 
or a small turnip-bulb, eaten as a salad. 

radius, n. rd'-di-iis, plu. radii, rd'di-l (L. radius, 
the spoke of a wheel, a ray— from Gr. rhabdos, a rod 
or wand : It. radio), in geom., a straight line drawn or 
extending from the centre of a circle to its circum- 
ference; the spoke of awheel; in anat., the exterior 
or smaller bone of the forearm, reaching from tho 
elbow to the wrist, above the thumb ; in bot., the ray 
or outer part of the heads of composite flowers: 
radius vector, n. -vek'tor (L. vector, a bearer or car- 
rier), in astron., an ideal straight line drawn to any 
body moving in an orbit from a fixed point considered 
as the centre of the motion, as n line joining a planet 
to the sun as its centre: radius rods, in a steam- 
engine, the guiding-rods in a parallel motion to coun- 



RADI 



501 



RAKE 



teract the vibratory motion communicated by the 
beam. 

radix, n. a root: Gr. rhadix, the 

branch of a tree), in arith. and math., the base of any 
system of computation, as of logarithms; in hot., the 
part of a plant situated in the ground, by which the 
plant is fixed, and through which it derives its nourish- 
ment ; the root ; a primitive word ; origin. 

raff, n. rdf (It. raffola-ruff'jla a scrambling crowd, 
riff-raff: Ger. raffen, to rake together), the sweepings of 
society— the rabble, used chiefly as a compound, riff- 
raff. 

raffle, n. rdf'-fl (It. raffolare, to rake or scrape to- 
gether: F. rafter, to scrape or scratch: Icel. hrafla; 
Ger. raffen, to scrape together), a game of chance in 
which the winner sweeps all the stakes away; a petty 
kind of lottery : v. to cast dice or draw tickets for a 
prize or stake : raffling, imp.: raffled, pp. -fld: raf- 
fler, n. -fler, one who raffles. 

raft, n. raft (Icel. raftr, a pole, a stake: Dan. raft, 
a spar, a pole: Fris. rafte, a lath : Bav. raf en, the roof- 
spar), a number of pieces of timber, logs, or planks 
fastened together for floating on water; prepared 
timber fastened together and floated down a stream 
to a certain point : v. to carry on or in a raft : raf- 
ting, imp.: rafted, pp.: rafter, n. -ter, one of the in- 
clined or sloping beams in the side of a roof, which 
serves to support the roof-covering: raftered, a. 
-terd, furnished with rafters : raftsman, n. rdfts'-man, 
one who manages a raft floating down a river. 

rag, n. rdg (Sw. ragg, long coarse hair, as of goats : 
Dan. rage, to project : Lith. ragas, a horn, tooth of a 
wheel: Gael, rag, a rag, a wrinkle : AS. hracod, torn), 
a piece of cloth torn or rent from the rest ; a tatter ; a 
fragment ; cloth or dress very much worn : plu. gar- 
ments much worn ; apparel tattered and torn : ragged, 
a. rdg'gid, rent or worn into rags; having a rough 
fracture ; rough ; uneven ; rugged ; intended for the 
very poor, as a school : rag'gedly, ad. -II : rag'gedness, 
n. -nes, state of being dressed in torn or tattered 
clothes: ragamuffin, n. rdg'-a-muf-fin (Eng. rag, and 
prov. Ger. muffen, to smell musty), a low disreputable 
person ; a blackguard : rag-bolts, iron pins having 
jags or barbs on both sides: rag'man, one who col- 
lects or deals in rags : rag'stone, a prov. Eng. term for 
any hard coarse-textured rock, as Ke?ifish rag, much 
used for building purposes: rag-tag, the scum of the 
population: rag-wheel, in a machine, a wheel hav- 
ing a notched margin. 

rage, n. rdj (L. rabies; It. rabbia; Sicil. raggia; F. 
rage, rage: Dut. rabbelen, to gabble: Ger. rappcln, to 
rattle), fury ; anger excited to fury ; anger expressed 
in wild excited words and gestures ; an unsupportable 
increase of anything painful ; extreme violence ; ex- 
treme eagerness or passion directed to some object : v. 
to be furious with anger; to be violent and tumultu- 
ous ; to ravage ; to continue with unchecked fury or 
fatal effect, as a storm or a pestilence ; to be driven 
with impetuosity : ra'ging, imp. : adj. acting with vio- 
lence or fury; violent; impetuous; vehement: n. 
fury; impetuosity; violence: raged, pp. rdjd; ra'- 
gingly, ad. -li. 

ragg, n. rdg, another spelling for rag or ragstone 
— see rag. 

ragged, &c— see rag. 

ragout, n. ra-g6'(F. ragoM, a ragout— from ragouter, 
to restore the appetite— from L. re, again, and gmtus, 
a tasting), a sauce or seasoning for exciting a languid 
appetite ; meat stewed and highly seasoned. 
«► raid, n. rad (Scot.— from AS. rad, a riding, an in- 
cursion), a hostile or predatory incursion ; a foray. 

rail, n. rdl (It. riga, a streak, a line : Dut. regcl, a 
row or line : Ger. riegel, a bar, a rail : F. rayaux, bars, 
or long narrow pieces of metal), a bar or strip of 
wood, metal, &c, extending from one upright post or 
support to others ; in arch., the horizontal bar in any 
piece of framing ; one of the iron bars on which a 
'railway -carriage runs; the railway itself: v. to en- 
close with rails or railing : rail'ing, imp. : n. a fence or 
barrier made of posts and rails ; materials for rails : 
railed, pp. raid: rail- fence, a framework of upright 
posts and wooden or other rails : rail or life guards, 
in locomotive engines, strong iron rods, reaching down 
within two inches of the rails, to catch and throw to 
one side any obstruction that may chance to be on the 
rails : railway, n. ral'wa, also rail'road, n. -rod (rail, 
and way or road), a road or way on which bars of iron are 
■laid for the eas ver them of wheel-carriages; 

a prepared and exclusive highway for passenger and 



goods traffic by means of locomotives : railway-chairs, 
grooved pieces of cast-iron bolted on to the sleepers, 
in which the rails are firmly set : railway-plant, the 
tools, machinery, locomotives, carriages, trucks, &c, 
for either constructing or working railways : railway- 
sleepers, planks of wood laid across the permanent 
way, usually at a distance of 3 feet from each other, 
from centre to centre, on which the chairs are fastened : 
railway-slide, a turn-table : by rail, by railway. 

rail, n. rdl (F. rale; Fin. raakka, the rail: It. rag- 
Hare, to bray like an ass), a bird having peculiar harsh 
notes ; a name applied to the corncrake or land-rail, 
and the water-rail. 

rail, n. rdl (AS. hrcegel or rcegel, a garment : old H. 
Ger. hragil, a garment) a woman's upper garment, as 
night-rail. 

rail, v. rdl (F. railler, to jest or sport : Dan. ralle, to 
rattle : Norm, ralla, to tattle : Dut. rallen, to talk 
idly), to use opprobrious words; to utter reproachful 
language; to scoff: rail'ing, imp.: adj. opprobrious: 
n. insolent or reproachful language: railed, pp. 
raid: rail'er, n. -&r, one who rails or insults: rail'- 
ingly, ad. -II: raillery, n. ral'er-i or rdl- (F. railhru ), 
slight satire ; banter ; good-humoured irony : railleur, 
n. rdl-ijeY (F.), one who uses raillery; a banterer. 

raiment, n. rd'-mint (contr. of arrayment—see 
array), clothing in general; dress. 

rain, n. ran (AS. raign; Ger. regent; Fris. rein; 
Goth, rign, rain : L. rigo, I wet : Gr. raino, I sprinkle), 
water that falls from the clouds or the atmosphere in 
drops: v. to fall in drops from the clouds, as water; 
to shower down like rain : rain'ing, imp. : n. the 
falling of rain ; the showering or falling of bodies like 
rain : rained, pp. rdnd : rainless, a. -les, without rain : 
rain'y, a. -i, abounding in rain; wet: rain'iness, 
n. -i-nSs: rain-beaten, a. exposed to the rain, or 
beaten by it : rainfall, the water that falls in rains : 
rain-gauge, an instr. for measuring the quantity of 
rain which falls at any given place : rain-tight, a. so 
close as to exclude rain: rain-prints, in geol., those 
markings on the surfaces of statified rocks of every 
formation, presenting an appearance precisely similar 
to the markings after a shower on the half- consoli- 
dated muds and sands of our present shores : rain- 
water, water that has fallen from the clouds in rain : 
rainbow, n. rdn'-bo (rain, and bow), a bow or arch 
formed in the heavens, consisting of many beautiful 
and brilliant colours, which are produced by the re- 
fraction and reflection of rays of light falling on 
watery particles in the part of the heavens opposite 
to the sun : rainbow-hued, a. having tints or colours 
like those of the rainbow. 

raise, v. rdz (Goth, risun, to stand up; raisjan, to 
raise: Icel. reisa, to excite, to raise: AS. reosan or 
hreosan, to rush, to fall), to cause to rise ; to elevate 
from high to low ; to lift up ; to elevate ; to erect or 
build ; to set up ; to utter loudly ; to advance or prefer ; 
to increase, as the price; to arouse or stir up ; to call 
into view from the state of spirits ; to bring from death 
to life ; to collect or obtain, as a sum of money; to oc- 
casion or begin ; to ordain or appoint ; to assemble or 
levy ; to make porous ; to leaven ; to procure ; to pro- 
pagate : rais'ing, imp.: n. the act of lifting or setting 
up ; in Amer., the operation or work of setting up the 
frame of a building: raised, pp. rdzd: raiser, n. 
rdz'er, one who raises : to raise a blockade, to re- 
move the ships that make it, either voluntarily, or by 
their being driven away: to raise a purchase, among 
seamen, to disp.e such a way as 

to exert the force required : to raise a siege, to relin- 
quish, on the part of the besieging force, the attempt 
to take a place, or to drive away from besieging it. 

raisin, n. rd'zin or rdz -n (F. raizin; Prov. razim, a 
grape: L. racemus; Sp. racimo, a bunch of grapes), a 
dried grape. 

rajah, n. rd'jdh or r&'j&h > ■ til, to shine, to 
rule: Gael, righ king) - ■■« a native king, 

prince, or chieftain : ra'jahship, n. the dignity or ter- 
ritoryofarajah: rajpooc ins. raja-putra, 

the offspring of a king), in India, a Hindoo of the 
higher military tribe or order. 

rake, n. rdk (Gael, rdc, to rake : Icel. raka, to scrape : 
F. racier, to rasp or grate : Dut. rceckelen, to rake), a 
toothed instrument like a large comb crossed on a 
long handle, used for dressing the soil in gardens, and 
for drawing together light bodies ; among seamen, a 
term for "slope," as a mast, &c; the inclination of a 
mast of a ship from the perpendicular to the keel ; i.n 
mining, a rent or fissure in strata, vertical or highly 



ij,fdbt; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



RAKE 5< 

inclined ; all that part of the hull of a ship which 
hangs over both ends of the keel : v. to gather or 
smooth with a rake; to collect or gather together 
something scattered ; to gather with difficulty or 
labour; in mil., to fire guns in the direction of the 
length of anything, as at the stern or head of a ship, 
that the balls may pass over the whole length of the 
deck; to scratch into in search of something; to 
grope: ra'king, imp.: adj. cannonading a ship in the 
direction of its length : raked, pp. rdkt -. raker, n. ra- 
ker, one who or that which rakes ; a self-acting contri- 
vance in a locomotive engine for cleaning its grate ; 
a gun so placed as to rake an enemy's ship : ra'kish, 
a. -kish, applied to the particular appearance of a 
vessel, with its mast sloping towards the stern: to 
rake up, to cover the ashes over the fire ; to bring up 
or revive, as old quarrels and grievances. 

rake, n. rdk (Sw. raka, to riot about: Icel. reika, to 
rove about : Scot, raik, to rove, to wander at large : 
Dut. reiken, to stretch), a loose, disorderly, idle fel- 
low; a man addicted to lewd and vicious acts: v. to 
gad or ramble idly ; to lead a dissolute life: ra'king, 
imp.: raked, pp. rdkt: rakish, a. ra'kish, loose; wan- 
ton; dissolute: ra'kishly, ad. -li: ra'kishness, n. -tic's, 
dissolute practices. 

rakehell, n. rdk'hSl (Dut. helleveeg; F. racaille, the 
base and rascal sort : Low Ger. raoken, to scrape), a 
profligate ; the scrapings of hell. 

rally, v. rdl'-ll (F. railler, to jest, to deride— see rail), 
to joke; to banter; to attack with good-humoured 
satire, or with slight contempt: rallying, imp.: ral'- 
lied, pp. -lid. 

rally, v. rdl'-ll (F. rallier, to reassemble, to reunite: 
prov. F. raloir, to put together the bits of a broken 
thing : L. religare, to bind fast), to collect and reduce 
to order, as troops thrown into confusion after a de- 
feat; to put into order; to recover or resume strength 
and vigour : rallying, imp. collecting and reducing to 
order: rallied, pp. -lid: rallying-point, the spot, or 
subject, or purpose, round which people unite or 
agree. 

ram, n. rdm (Dut. ram, a ram : Dan. ram, rank in 
smell or taste, in allusion to the strong smell of the 
animal : Ger. ramm, the male sheep), a male sheep- 
called also a tup; an anc. warlike instrument for bat- 
tering walls; Aries, a sign of the ecliptic; a steam 

'•• ■■'■!• ;i 1 1 1 > ; ed >. i Ui a heavy steel or iron beak for driv- 

ing against, and so destroying other vessels ; a machine 
for raising water by the moving force of part of the 
water to be raised ; the hammer of a pile-driver ; the 
piston of a hydraulic press : v. to strike like a ram 
with his head ; to thrust in with much force ; to drive 
hard down or together : ram'ming, imp.: rammed, pp. 
ramd: rammer, n. rdm'mer, he who or that which 
rams ; an instrument with which anything is driven 
hard ; the rod with which the charge is forced into a 
gun— also called a ramrod : ram'mish, a. -mish, rank ; 
strong-scented; lascivious: rams' horns, a familiar 
term in England for the incurved or curled fossil 
shells called ammonites. 

Ramadan, n. rdm'-d-ddn' (Ar. Ramadan, the hot 
month), the ninth month of the Mohammedan year, 
during which the Mohammedans fast daily from sun- 
rise to sunset ; also spelt Ram'adhan or Rhamadzan. 

ramal, a. rd'-mdl (L. ramus, a branch), in hot., be- 
longing to branches ; growing on a branch, or originat- 
ing on it. 

Ramayana, n. rdm'-d-yd'-nd (Sans.), the more anc. of 
the two great epic poems in Sans., describing the life 
of Rama and his wife Sita. 

ramble, v. rdm'-bl (Sw. ramla, to rattle : Dut. ram- 
mclen, to rattle, to clash, to talk loosely and confused- 
ly : Ger. rammeln, applied to the pairing of animals), 
to wander about from place to place without any par- 
ticular object in view; to rove about loosely or irreg- 
ularly ; to talk in an incoherent way : n. a wandering ; 
a moving about loosely and irregularly: ram'bling, 
imp. -bllng.- adj. roving; wandering: n. a wandering 
from place to place ; an irregular excursion : ram- 
bled, pp. -bid: ram 'bier, n. -bier, an irregular wan- 
derer; a rover: ramTalingly, ad. -li. 

ramenta, n. rdmSn'-td (L. ramenta, scrapings, shav- 
ings), in bot., thin, brown, leafy scales with which the 
stems of some plants, especially ferns, are covered: 
ramentaceous, a. rdm'&n-td'-shus, covered with ra- 
menta. 

rameons, a. rd'mS-us (L. rameus, of or belonging to 
branches— from ramus, a branch), in bot., belonging 
to a branch ; shooting or growing from a branch. 



2 RAND 

ramify, v. rdm'l-fi (It. ramificare; F. ramifier, to 
ramify— from L. ramus, a branch, and facio, I make), 
to divide into branches ; to shoot or spread out into 
branches: ramifying, imp.: ramified, pp. -fid: ram'- 
ifica'tion, n. -i-fi-kd'shun, the act of branching, or 
dividing into branches; abra.iieh ; in hot., subdivisions 
of roots or branches; the manner in which a tree pro- 
duces its branches ; in anat., the issuing or spreading 
of small vessels from a large one. 

rammed, rammish, &c— see ram. 

ramollescence, n. r&m'-dl-l8s'6ns (F. ramollir, to 
soften— from L. mollio, I make soft), a softening ; e 
ervation : ram'ollisse'ment, n. -i*"'.*"**** «« #»»./»* 
diseased condition of a part of 
becomes softer than is natural. 

ramous, a. rd'-mus, also ramose, rdm'-oz (L. ramus, 
a branch), in bot., producing branches ; very much 
branched. 

ramp, v. rdmp, also romp, v. romp (It. rombare, to 
rumble : F. tamper, to creep : Dut. rammelen, to rat- 
tle: Ger. rammeln, to sport in an excited manner: 
allied to Eng. rampage, to scour up and down), to 
jump; to leap; to bound; to sport about in a wild 
riotous manner ; to climb, as a plant : n. a leap ; a 
bound ; in hand-railing, a concave bend or slope on 
the upper side; in fort., a road cut obliquely into, or 
added to, the interior slope of a rampart, or of a para- 
pet: ramping, imp.: ramped, pp. rdrnpt: rampant, a. 
ramp'-dnt, overgrowing the usual bounds; overleap- 
ing restraint ; in her., standing erect on the hind legs, 
as if for attack: ramp'antly, ad. -li: ramp'ancy, 
n. -dn-si, exuberance ; excessive growth or practice. 

rampage, v. rdm'jp&j (It. rampare, to clamber, to 
paw like a lion or bear: F. tamper, to climb: Ger. 
rammeln, to tumble and toss about the limbs— the 
same as Eng. ramp or romp), to romp or prance 
about with unrestrained spirits: ram'paging, imp.: 
ram'paged, pp. -pdjd. 

rampart, n. rdm'-pdrt (F. rempart, the wall of a 
fortress : It. riparo, a defence), a mound or wall of 
earth or masonry, usually of both, surrounding a for- 
tified place, on which troops and guns are placed, and 
on which the parapet is raised,— situated between the 
ditch and the place thus protected, it consists of an 
interior and exterior slope, a banquette, &c. ; in a re- 
stricted sense, the platform behind the parapet; any- 
thing that fortifies or secures safety. 

ramphorhynchus, n. rdm'-fo-rin-kus (Gr. ramphos, 
a bird's beak, and rhungchos, a beak or snout), in 
geol., a fossil genus of pterosaurians or winged rep- 
tiles, having horny toothless mandibles. 

rampion, n. rdm'pl-6n (It. raperonzo; F. raiponce, 
rampion— from L. rapum, rape), a native plant of the 
genus campanula. 

ramrod, n. rdm'-rod (see ram), the rod used in driv- 
ing home the charge to a gun. 

ramnli, n. plu. rdm'-u-li (L. ramulus, a little branch 
—from ramus, a branch), in bot., twigs or small 
branches : ram'ulous, a. -lus, also ram'ulose, a. -loz, 
having many small branches. 

ran, pt. of run, which see. 

rana, n. rd'-nd (L. and It. rana, a frog: akin to 
Sans, ru or raw, to utter a sound), the systematic name 
for frogs and toads : ranine, a. rd'nln, applied to an 
artery under the tongue: rananites, n. plu. rd'-nd ■ 
nits, a sect among the Jews who venerated frogs, be- 
cause they had plagued Pharaoh : ranula, n. run'u-ld, 
a kind of swelling or tumour under the tongue. 

rancescent— see rancid. 

rancho, n. rdn'cho, in Mexico, a small village or 
large private establishment where cattle are reared : 
ranchero, n. rdn-chd'-rO, in Mexico, a herdsman. 

rancid, a. rdn'-sid (L. rancidus, stinking : It. ran- 
cire, to become tainted : F. ranee, musty : Dut. ranst; 
Ger. ranzig, rancid), having a rank unpleasant odour 
or smell, particularly applied to fats and oils in bad 
condition: mustv: ran'cidly, ad. -II: ran'cidness, n. 
-nes, also rancidity, n. rdn-sld'i-ti, a strong disagree- 
able smell or odour, as of old oil : rances'cent, a. -ses- 
ent, becoming rancid. 

rancour, n. rdng'-ker (It. rancore, rage, spite: prov. 
F. rancceur, disgust : L. rancens, putrid), deep-seated 
hate or malice ; implacable enmity ; spite ; bitterness : 
ran'corous, a. -its, characterised by deep and bitter 
malice; malignant; spiteful: ran'corously, ad. -li. 

randanite, n. rdn'-ddnlt, a soluble silica, princi- 
pally composed of infusorial remains, occurring as a 
fine earth, near Algiers, and near Randan, in France, 
whence the name. 



. mdte, mdt,/dr, lafo; mite, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, mCve; 



EAND 



503 



EAPI 



random, a. rdn'dom (AS. randun, rushing: F. ran- 
don, force, violence: It. randello, a violent hurling or 
whistling noise in the air: Ger. randal, noise, uproar), 
done at hazard, or without settled aim, purpose, or 
calculation ; left to chance ; done or uttered without 
previous calculation : n. want of direction ; chance : 
at random, ad. without external guidance ; without 
settled aim or purpose. 

rang, pt. of ring, which see. 

range, n. ranj (F. rang, order; ranger, to arrange 
or set in order : W. rhenc, a row, a line : It. rangiare, 
to range or set in order), a rank ; a row ; a class or 
order ; things in a line ; compass or extent of excur- 
sion, or space or room for it ; compass taken in ; an 
extended kitchen apparatus for cooking ; a piece of 
wood fixed to the inside of a ship to belay the ropes ; 
the distance to which a shot can be projected or 
thrown from a gun ; the line a shot describes to the 
point where it lodges ; a bolting-sieve to sift meal : v. 
to set or place in a row or line ; to dispose in proper 
order ; to pass over, or from one point to another ; to 
rove at large ; to lie in a particular direction ; to travel 
about without restraint or direction ; to separate the 
flower from the bran, as to range through a sieve: 
ranger, n. ran'-jer, a dog that beats the ground for 
game : ran'ging, imp.: ranged, pp. rdnjd: adj. placed 
in order, or in rank : range of a gun, as far as the shot 
from the gun will reach : range of mountains, a stretch 
or line of mountains. 

ranger, n. rdn'-jer (old F. ramage, the right of cut- 
ting branches in the forest, and the duty payable for 
the same; ramageur, the officer appointed to look 
after the woods : mid. L. ramagium, the right of cut- 
ting branches in the forest — from L. ramies, a branch), 
an officer whose duty it is to take care of a forest or 
park : ran'gership, n. the office of a ranger. 

ranine— see rana. 

rank, n. rdngk {F. rang, order: W. rhenc, a line, a 
rank— see range), a row or line, as of soldiers standing 
abreast ; grade ; station or condition ; class or order ; 
status or station in society ; degree of eminence or 



set or place in a particular class, order, or division ; 
to have a certain grade in the orders of civil or mili- 
tary life; to be ranged; to be esteemed: ranking, 
imp.: n. arrangement ; order: ranked, pp. rdngkt: adj. 
arranged or disposed in an order or class : the ranks, 
the order of common soldiers ; the common people : 
rank and file, the whole body of common soldiers : to 
take rank of, to enjoy precedence over; to have the 
right to occupy a higher place. 

rank, a. rdngk (AS. ranc, strong in growth, fruit- 
ful: Icel. rammr, robust, strong: Ger. ranken, to 
climb by the help of tendrils : Norm, rangla, to revel, 
to riot), strong or luxuriant in growth ; vigorous ; ex- 
cessive in any quality ; raised to a high degree ; ex- 
treme; violent; strong; barefaced: ad. strongly; 
fiercely: rank'ly, ad. -li, with vigorous growth; 
coarsely ; grossly : rank'ness. n. -nSs, the condition 
or quality of being rank ; luxuriance ; vigorous 
growth ; excess. 

rank, a. rdngk (F. ranee; Dut. ranst; Ger. ranzig, 
musty— see rancid), musty ; strong-scented ; over-rich 
or offensive from excess ; high or strong tasted : 
rank'ly, ad. -li: rank'ness, n. -nes, rancidness; rank 
smell ; strong taste. 

rankle, v. rang'kl (from Eng. rank, vigorous, exces- 
sive in any quality), to fester ; to become putrid ; to 
become painfully disquieted or irritated in mind: 
ran'kling, imp. -Ming: n. a festering; deep and ac- 
tive irritation of mind : ranltled, pp. -kid. 

rannee, n. rdn-ne' (Hind, rajni), in Eindostan, a 
queen or princess ; the wife of a rajah. 

ranny, n. rdn'-ni (L. mus araneus, a kind of small 
mouse), the shrew-mouse. 

ransack, v. rdn'sak (Sw. ransaka, to search for 
stolen goods : Gael, rannsaich ; Manx, ronsee, to 
search, to scrutinise), to search for plunder ; to search 
thoroughly ; to pillage : ran'sacking, imp. : ran- 
sacked, pp. -s&kt : adj. plundered; pillaged; searched 
thoroughly. 

ransom, n. rdris&m (F. rancon; Ger. ranzion, ran- 
som — from L. re-emptio, a purchase back), price paid 
for the freedom of a prisoner or slave, or for the resti- 
tution of goods taken by an enemy ; a fine paid for 
pardon, or in lieu of corporal punishment : v. to free 
from captivity, slavery, or punishment, by the pay- 
ment of a price ; to redeem from the bondage or pun- 



ishment of sin: ran'soming, imp.: ran'somed, pp. 
-sumd : ran'somer, n. -er, one who ransoms : ran'som- 
less, a. -les, incapable of being ransomed. 

rant, v. rant (Ger. ranzen or ranten, to move noisily 
about : Dut. randen or randten, to be foolish, to rave), 
to rave or swagger in violent or extravagant lan- 
guage ; to be boisterous and noisy in speech or decla- 
mation: n. boisterous empty talk or declamation: 
rant ing, imp. : rant'ed, pp. : ranter, n. run'-ter, a noisy 
talker; a boisterous preacher: Ranters, n. -terz, a 
term applied in contempt and reproach to the Primi- 
tive Methodists, a fanatical religious sect which arose 
in 1645. 

ranula— see rana. 

ranunculus, n. rd-niin'ku-lus (L. ranunculus, a little 
frog— from rana, a frog : It. ranuncolo: F.rcnoncule), 
crow-foot or frog's-foot, a genus of flowering plants, 
including also the kingcups and buttercups among 
native plants— so called from the species which grow 
where frogs abound. 

rap, n. rdp (Sw. rajip, a stroke, a blow: Dan. rap, 
quick, brisk: Manx, raip, to rend or tear: Gv.rapizo, 
I smite : L. rapidus, quick, swift), a quick sharp 
blow; the noise caused by a blow; a knock: v. to 
strike with a quick sharp blow ; to knock : rap'ping, 



rap, v. rap (AS. njpan, to break in pieces, to spoil: 
L. rapere, to seize and carry off), to seize and bear 
away, as one"s mind or thoughts ; to raise to ecstasy 
or rapture; to snatch by sudden violence: rap'ping, 
imp.: rapped or rapt, pp. rdpt, transported ; ravished : 
adj. enraptured: to rap out, to utter or throw out 
with rapidity or vehemence. 

rap, n. rdp (Scot, rap, a cheat, an impostor, a coun- 
terfeit coin : a counterfeit coin formerly used in Ire- 
land as small change), familiarly, the smallest coin; 
a halfpenny; money in general, as, I haven't a rap, I 
don't care a rap: rapscallion, n. rdp-skdl'yun {rap, 
and F. escouillon, a dishclout), a low tattered wretch 
not worth a rap. 

rapacious, a. rd-pd'shus (It. and F. rapace, rapa- 
cious—from L. rapax, greedy of plunder— gen. rapa- 
cis), given to plunder ; subsisting on prey ; voracious ; 
greedy of gain; extortionate: rapaciously, ad. -li: 
rapa'ciousness, n. -n6s, also rapacity, n. rd-pds'i-ti, 
the quality of being rapacious ; the act or practice of 
seizing by force; excessive greediness. 

rape, n. rdp (F. rapt, rape : Dut. rapen, to snatch 
away : L. rajrio, I seize or snatch), a carrying away by 
violence ; sexual intercourse with a woman forcibly 
and against her will. 

rape, n. rdp (L. rapum, a turnip, rape: It. rapa: 
Gr. rapus), a plant of the cabbage kind, cultivated 
chiefly for the oil obtained from the seed; a plant: 
rape-cake, compressed refuse of rape-seeds after the- 
expression of the oil : rape-oil, oil expressed from the 
rape-seeds. 

rape, n. rdp (F. rape, grapes put among spoiled 
wine to mend it: Dut. rapen, to bind or restrain), 
fruit plucked from the cluster; the refuse stalks and 
skins of raisins used in making a kind of wine. 

rape, n. rdp (Norm, repp, a district: Scot, raip, a 
rope, a measure of length), a division of the county of 
Sussex. 

raphe, n. rd'fe (Gr. rhaphe, a seam), in dot., a term 
applied to parts which look as if they had been sewn 
together ; in seeds, the channel of vessels which con- 
nects the chalaza with the hilum; in umbelliferous 
plants, the line of junction of the two halves of 
which their fruit is composed; in anat., the raised 
seam-like line which runs along the perinceum to the 
anus. 



found in the tissues of plants : raphidian, a. rd-fid'-i- 
dn, pert, to the raphides. 

raphilite, n. rdf'l-lit (Gr. rhaphis, a needle, and 
lithos, a stone), a variety of asbestiform tremolite, 
found in groups of delicate acicular crystals, of a 
white or bluish-green colour. 

rapid, a. rdp'ld (L. rapidus, tearing or hurrying 
along, swift : It. rapido; F. rapide, rapid: Dan. rap, 
swift), characterised by quickness of motion or of 
utterance ; quick ; swift ; expeditious : rapids, n. 
plu. rdp'ldz, those portions of a river-course— often 
obstructed by rocks— where the current moves with 
much greater swiftness than the ordinary flow of the 
stream: rapidly, ad. -li: rap idness, n. -nes, also 



coty, toy, foot; pure, lud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



RAPI 



504 



EATH 



utterance ; speed; haste ; velocity. 

rapier, n. rd'pl-er (F. rapiere, a rapier: Sp. raspa- 
dera, a raker : Ger. rappier), formerly a long sword 
for thrusting ; now, a small sword : rapier-fish, the 
sword-fish. 

rapil, n. rdp'-il (It. rapillo), pulverised volcanic sub- 
stances. 

rapine, n. rdp'-in (L. rapina, robbery, pillage : It. 
rapina : F. rapine), the act of plundering ; pillage ; 
robbery with violence. 

rapparee, n. rdp'pd-ri' (from the rapary or half- 
pike with which he was armed), a wild Irish plun- 
derer. 

rappee, n. rdp-pe' (F. rape", a grater— from raper, to 
grate), a coarse pungent kind of snuff. 



rapport, n. rdpport' (F. rapport, relation), relation ; 
contact ; reference : eo rapport, dng rdp-pUr 1 , in re- 
lation ; in connection. 

rapt— see rap. 

raptores, n. plu. rdp-to'-re'z (L. raptor, a snatcher, a 
robber ; raptores, robbers— from rapio, I snatch), the 
birds of prey; the systematic name of an order of 
birds characterised by the strength of their claws and 
bills : raptor, n. -tor, one of the order of the birds of 
prey: raptorial, a. rdp-to'ri-dl, also rapto'rious, a. 
-ms, pert, to birds of prey. 

rapture, n. rdp'tur or -chobr (L. raptura, about to 
seize and carry off: It. and Sp. raptura, ravishment), 
violence of any pleasing passion ; transport ; extreme 
joy or pleasure ; great enthusiasm : raptured, a. -turd, 
transported: rap'turous, a. -tu-rus, ravishing; trans- 
porting : rap'turously, ad. -li. 

rare, a. rdr (L. rarus, not thick or dense : It. raro: 
F. rare), occurring but seldom; scarce; unusual; un- 
usually excellent; incomparable; thin; not dense: 
rarely, ad. -li : rare'ness, n. -nSs, also rarity, n. ra' 
ri-tl, state of being uncommon ; value arising from 
scarcity ; thinness ; opposed to density : rare bit, a 
dainty morsel. 

raree-show, n. rd'rdshO (contracted from rarity- 
shoiu), a show carried in a box. 

rarefy, v. rd'-ri-fl (L. rarefacere, to rarefy— from 
rarus, thin, and/acio, I make: It. rare/are: F. rare- 
fier), to make or become thinner and lighter ; to cause 
to expand or increase in bulk without adding any new 
portion, as air by heat: ra'refying, imp. : ra'refied.pp. 
-/id: adj. made thin or less dense: ra'refi'able, a. 
-fi'-d-bl, able to be made thinner or less dense: ra're- 
fac'tion, n. -fdk'shiln, the act of making rare or less 
dense ; the state of being rarefied. 

rascal, n. rds-kdl (Norm, raska; Sp. rascar; It. ras- 
care, to scrape : F. racaille, the base and rascal sort, 
the scum : Dut. racalie, the dregs of the people), liter- 
ally, meaning one of the scrapings and refuse of any- 
thing ; a tricking dishonest fellow ; a rogue ; a scoun- 
drel : adj. mean ; lean : ras'cally, a. -II, meanly trickish 
or dishonest; vile; worthless; base: rascallion, n. 
rds-kdl'-yun, a low mean wretch ; a rascal ; same as 
rapscallion— -see under rap : rascal'ity, n. -i-tl, mean 
trickery or dishonesty ; base fraud. 

rase, v. rdz (L. rasum, to scrape, to erase : It. ras- 
are ; F. raser, to rase), to scratch or rub out ; to oblit- 
erate; to level with the ground: ra'sing, imp.: rased, 
pp. rdzd: rasure, n. rd'sur, a rubbing or scraping 
out. 

rash, a. rdsh (Ger. rasch, quick, impetuous: Low 
Ger. rask, quick: Icel. ruska, to make a creaking 
noise : AS. rascian, to move rapidly to and fro), acting 
hastily and incautiously ; uttered in haste and with 
too little reflection ; indiscreet ; headstrong : n. a 
rushing or sudden breaking out of an eruption on the 
skin; corn in the straw so dry as to easily fall out in 
the handling (Bav. rosea, crackling, crisp): rashly, 
ad. -II: rash'ness, n. -nes, the quality of being rash; 
inconsiderate promptness. 

rasher, n. rdsh'er (It. rasare, to rase, to cut down ; 
raschiare, to scrape or grate : L. rasurus, about to 
cut close), a slice of broiled bacon; a thin slice of ba- 
con for frying. 

raskolniks, n. plu. rds-kol'niks (Russ. raskolo, a divi- 
sion), in Russia, the most important body of dissent- 
ers from the Greek Church. 

rasores, n. plu. rd-zo'rez (L. rasum, to scrape or 

scratch), the systematic name of an order of birds, so 

called from their habit of scraping or scratching up 

the soil in search of food, as the common barn-fowl, 

m&te, mdt./dr, law; mite, mit, 



turkey, &c. : raso'rial, a. -ri-dl, pert, to the rasores or 
scraping birds. 

rasp, n. rdsp (Sp. raspar, to rake or scrape : It. ras- 
care, to scrape, to hawk or spit up phlegm with a harsh 
noise: Bav. raspen, to scrape upon a fiddle), a kind of 
rough file ; a fruit, so called from its roughness : v. to 
rub or grate with a rough file or rasp : rasp'ing, imp.: 
rasped, pp. rdspt .• rasper, n. -er, a scraper : rasp'- 
ings, n. plu. -ings, particles scraped off: rasp'atory, 
n. -ter-i, an instr. used by surgeons in scraping dis- 
eased bones. 

raspberry, n. rds'-btr-i (It. raspo, a bunch or cluster 
of any berries : Eng. rasp, and berry), the fruit of a 
kind of bramble. 

rastrites, n. plu. rds-trl'tez (L. rastrum, a rake), in 
geol., that division of graptolites or sea-pens that have 
their cells widely placed, and standing out like the 
pointed teeth of a rake. 

rat, n. rdt (Ger. ratze ; It. ratto ; F. rat; Gael. 
radon; AS. rcet, a rat), an animal of the mouse kind, 
but much larger and more voracious, which infests the 
lower floors of houses, ships, &c. ; one who deserts his 
party; one who works at less than the established 
prices : v. to work under the established prices— a term 
in use among printers ; to forsake one's party for the 
sake of gain or power: ratting, imp. : rafted, pp.: 
rafter, n. -er, one whose business it is to catch rats : 
to smell a rat, to suspect something and be on the 
watch : rat's-tail, a virulent disease in horses in which 
the hair of the tail is permanently lost: ratsbane 
{rat, and bane), a poison for rats ; arsenious acid. 

ratable— see rate. 

ratafia, n. rdt'd-fe"-d (Sp. ratafia, ratafia— from 
Malay, arak, ami tujia, spirit distilled from molasses), 
a fine spirituous liquor, consisting of a brandy fla- 
voured with the kernels of apricots and cherries, &c, 
and sweetened; in France, the generic name of 
liqueurs made of alcohol and sugar, and flavoured 
with the odoriferous principles of plants. 

ratan, n. rd-tdn' (Malay, rotan; Javan, rottang), the 
long slender shoots or stems of the Indian cane ; a 
cane ; a walking-stick made from a ratan. 

ratchet, n. rdch'et, also rochet, n. roch-et, and ratch, 
n. rdch (so named from its resemblance to a watch- 
man's rattle : It. rocchetto, the cog-wheel of a mill : F. 
rochet, a ratchet : Eng. rack), in clock and watch mak- 
ing, a small arm or bar, one end of which abuts against 
a toothed wheel, called a ratchet-wheel, whose use is 
either to communicate motion or to prevent backward 
motion— in the former case being called a click or paul, 
and in the latter a detent; in mech., a bar having 
angular teeth, into which a paul drops to prevent a ma- 
chine being reversed when in motion : ratchet-wheel, 
a wheel with sharp saw-like teeth against which a 
ratchet abuts. 

rate, n. rat (L. ratus, reckoned, calculated : It. rato), 
a calculated proportion ; allowance settled ; an assess- 
ment at a certain proportion ; a tax ; price or amount 
stated or fixed; degree in which anything is done; 
class or rank, as of a ship ; comparative height or 
value : v. to compute ; to estimate ; to value ; to de- 
termine the degree or proportion of ; to be placed in a 
certain class or rank, as aiship: ra'ting, imp.: adj. 
setting at a certain value ; laying on a tax : n. the act 
of one who rates or estimates : ra'ted, pp. set at a cer- 
tain value ; set in a certain order or rank: ra'ter, n. 
-ter, one who rates : ratable, a. rd'td-bl, set at a cer- 
tain value; liable or subjected by law to taxation: 
ra'tably, ad. -bli: ratability, n. -bil'i-ti, the quality 
of bejng rated : rate of chronometer, the daily change 
in its error: rate of sailing, in nav., the speed of a 
ship at sea, ascertained by heaving the log every hour : 
pro rata, pro rd'-td (L.pro, according to, and rata, the 
calculated part, parte being understood), in propor- 
tion : ratepayer, one who is assessed, and pays a rate 
or tax. 

rate, v. rdt (Eng. rate, to tax, in the sense of " to 
impute or lay something to one's charge : " Sw. rata, 
to find fault with), to reprove; to chide; to censure 
severely : ra'ting, imp. : n. the act of chiding or scold- 
ing : ra'ted, pp. chid ; reproved. 

ratel, n. rd'tel, a carnivorous animal of the weasel 
family, found in India and the Cape of Good Hope. 

rath, n. rath, in Ireland, a hill or circular mound. 

rath or rathe, a. rath (AS. rathe or hrathe, early, 
soon ; hrathian, to be quick : Icel. hradr, quick : Dut. 
rad, nimble : It. ratto, quick), coming before others ; 
before the usual time ; soon ; early : ad. early ; be- 
times : rather, ad. rafh'er, more readily or Millingly ; 
her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



sooner : the rather, the sooner ; the more so : I had 
rather, I would sooner : rather deaf, slightly or some- 
what deaf. 

ratify, v. zare; F.ratifier, to ratify 

—from L. rat us, fixed, settled, and facio, I make), to 
confirm; to approve and sanction: ratifying, imp. : 
ratified, pp. -fid : rat'ifier, n. -fl-er, one who ratifies : 
ratification, n. -fi-kd'shiin, confirmation; act of 
giving sanction and validity to something done by 
another. 

ratio, n. rd'-shl-d, plu. ratios, rd'shi-oz (L. ratio, a 
reckoning, a calculation— from rear, I reckon or think), 
the relation of two quantities of the same kind to one 
another ; the rate in which one quantity exceeds or is 
less than another— thus, 3 is to i in the same ratio as 
6 to 8 ; rate ; degree ; proportion. 

ratiocinate, v. rdsh'i-os'i-nat (L. rationatus, com- 
puted, reasoned— from ratio, a computation), to otfer 
areason; to reason deductively : rat ioc'inating, imp.: 
ratiocinated, pp.: ratiocination, n. -nd'-shun, the 
act or process of reasoning ; the act of deducing con- 
sequences from premises : ratloc'inative, a. -nd-tiv, 
argumentative. 

ration, n. rd'shiin (It. razione; F. ration, a ration 
—from L. ratio, a proportion, a computation), the 
fixed quantity of provisions allowed to a soldier or 
sailor for his daily subsistence; a fixed allowance 
dealt out. 

rational, a. rdsh'-un-dl (L. rationalis, belonging to 
reason— from ratio, reason: F. rationnel), endowed 
with reason; agreeable to reason; judicious; acting 
in conformity to reason ; sane : rationally, ad. -U : 
rati'onalness, n. -nes, also rationality, n. -dl'i-ti, the 
power of reasoning; soundness or sanity of mind; 
in arith. and alg., applied to definite quantities, or to 
those of which an exact root can be found : rationale, 
n. -d'16, a series of reasons assigned as the solution 
of the principles of an opinion, action, phenomena. 
Ac: rationalise, v. -dl-lz, to convert to ration- 
alism; to interpret like a rationalist: rationalising, 
imp. : adj. professing or affecting rationalism : rati- 
onalised, pp. -Izd: rationalist, n. -didst, one whose 
opinions and arguments are grounded solely on 
human reason ; one who denies the inspiration of 
Scripture, and the supernatural character of its re- 
corded miracles: rationalism, n. -Izm, a system of 
opinions deduced from reason, as opposed to inspira- 
tion, in the interpretation of Scripture : rationalistic, 
a. -is : ffA-, also rati onalis tical, a. -is'ti-kdl, pert, to or 
resembling rationalism : rati'onalis'tically, ad. -II: 
rational horizon, in geog., the plane passing through 
the earth's centre parallel to the sensible horizon at 
the observer's station: rational quantity, in alg., a 
quantity that can be expressed without the use of a 
radical sign — opposed to irrational or radical quan- 
tity. 

ratlines, n. rdt'Uns (a corruption of rattling lines 
—see rattle), in ships, the small lines or cords which 
traverse the shrouds horizontally at regular distances, 
thus forming ascending - ladders to the mast-head; 
also called ratling. 

ratoon, n. rd-tdn' (Sp. retono, aratoon: F. rejeton, 
a young shoot), a sprout from the root of the sugar- 
cane, which has been cut: v. to sprout or spring up 
from the root, as the sugar-cane of the previous year's 
planting: ratooning, imp.: ratooned', pp. -tdnd'. 

ratsbane— see rat. 

rattening, n. rdt'-tn-lng (probably from rat, in allu- 
sion to its destructive propensities ; or a word merely 
coined from the general idea of such syllables as rat, 
tat, pat, signifying a touching or handling), the form of 
organised terrorism of trades-unions, which consists in 
the secret injuring or destruction of the tools or pro- 
perty used in the workshops by those workmen who are 
non-unionists. 

rattle, n. rdt'tl (Ger. rasseln; Dut. ratelen, to make a 
collection of sounds as might singly be represented by 
the syllable ras or rat: Low Ger. rattern, to speak 
quick and indistinct), a succession of short noisy 
sounds, quickly repeated; clattering sounds; loud, 
rapid, but empty talk; a child's toy, also an instr. 
possessed by a policeman, which produces a clat- 
tering noise when shaken : v. to produce a rapid and 
confused succession of sounds, not sonorous, by the 
shaking of bodies ; to speak rapidly and noisily: rat- 
tling, imp. -ling: adj. sounding as a rattle: n. noise 
produced by a quick succession of small sounds not 



5 RAZE 

musical, as the wheels of a carriage over a causeway : 
rattled, pp. -Id : rat tier, n. -ler, a giddy noisy person : 
rattlesnake, n. -sndk, a very poisonous Amer. snake, 
having bones in the tail, which produce a rattling noise 
when the creature is in motion. 

raucous, a. rato'kus (L. raucus, hoarse: It. rauco: 
F. rauque), hoarse; rough; harsh: rau'cously, ad. 
-li : raucity, n. raiv'-sl-tl, hoarseness ; a loud rough 
sound. 

ravage, n. rdv'-dj (F. ravage, spoil — from ravir, 
to snatch, to seize— from L. rapere, to seize and carry 
off), destruction by violence or by decay ; spoil ; ruin ; 
waste: v. to lay waste; to pillage ; to destroy: rav- 
aging, imp.: ravaged, pp. -djd: rav'ager, n. -d-jer, one 
who ravages ; a plunderer. 

rave, v. rdv (F. ravacher or ravasser, to rave, to 
talk idly : Dut. ravelen, to rave, to dote : It. rabulare, 
to scold— akin to L. rabies, rage, madness), to act 
or talk senselessly ; to talk irrationally ; to wander 
in mind or intellect; to dote: ra'ving, imp.: adj. 
delirious: n. delirium: raved, pp. rdvd: ra'ver, n. 
-ver, one who raves : ra'vingly, ad. -1%. 

ravel, v. rdv'l (F. raveler; It. ravagliare, to ravel 
out: Dut. ravelen, to ravel out, to talk confusedly), to 
become confused and entangled, as thread; to en- 
tangle ; to involve ; to untwist or unweave, followed 
by out : ravelling, imp. : n. the act of untwisting ; that 



ravellino, a wicket or postern gate), in fort., a c .. 
tached triangular work having two faces meeting in a 
salient angle towards the country ; a half -moon bat- 
tery. 

raven, n. rd'-vn (AS. hrccfen; Icel. hrafn, a raven: 
Dut. raven, to croak : L. ravus, hoarse), the largest 
of the crow family: raven's duck, a kind of sail- 
cloth. 

raven, v. rdv'-cn (F. ravine; prov. F. rabina, vio- 
lence, impetuosity— from F. ravir, to snatch— see rav- 
age), to devour with great eagerness ; to prey with 
great rapacity: ravening, imp. rdv'-in-xng : adj. prey- 
ing with violence : n. violence ; propensity to pi under : 
ravened, pp. -end: rav'ener, n. -6/i-er, one who or 
that which plunders : raven or ravin, n. rdv- in, prey ; 
plunder: rav'enous, a. -en-iis (prov. F. ravineu.r, im- 
petuous, violent), eating with indecent haste and 
greediness ; furiously voracious or eager : ravenously, 
ad. -li: rav enousness, n. -nes, the state or quality 
of being ravenous ; extreme voracity. 

ravine, n. rd-ven' (F. ravin, gutter caused by a 
flood; ravine, a great flood: It. rovina, ruin, decay: 
L. ruina, ruin), a deep hollow formed by violent 
floods ; the narrow excavated channel of some moun- 
tain-stream ; a gorge ; a mountain-cleft. 

ravish, v. rdv-ish (F. ravir, to snatch, to seize: L. 
rapere, to seize and carry off: It. arrappare, to ravish 
—see ravage), to fill with great joy and delight; to 
entrance ; to enrapture ; to have sexual intercourse 
with a woman by force and against her consent ; to 
violate: ravishing, imp.: n. rapture; transport : rav'- 
ished, pp. -isht: adj. delighted to rapture: ravlsher, 
n. -er, one who ravishes : ravishment, n. -ment, for- 
cible violation of chastity; transport of delight : rav 7 - 
ishingly, ad. -li, with rapture. 

raw, a. raw (AS. hreaw; Dut. rouw, rough, raw: 
Ger. rauh; It. ruvido, rough, raw: L. rudis, rough, 
unwrought), not roasted, boiled, or cooked; not al- 
tered from its natural state ; not manufactured ; 
bare, as flesh; immature; inexperienced; bleak; 
chilly ; cold, with damp : raw'ish, a. -ish, rather raw : 
rawly, ad. -ll .- rawness, n. -nis, the state of being 
raw ; uncooked ; state of being inexperienced ; chilli- 
ness with dampness : raw-boned, a. having little flesh 
on the bones ; lean and large-boned. 

ray, n. rd (F. ray, a beam of the sun : L. radius; It. 
radio, a ray: Sp. rayo, a beam of light; raya, the 
stroke or dash of a pen : Ger. reihe, a line, order), a 
line of light ; something that shoots forth as from a 
centre ; a gleam of intellectual light ; in bot. , the outer 
flowers in umbels, when differently formed from the 
inner ; a flat fish, so named from the structure of the 
pectoral fins, which resemble the rays of a fan: v. 
to shoot forth in lines ; to streak : raying, imp. : 
rayed, pp. rdd .- rayless, a. -Us, destitute of rays. 

rayah, n. rd'yd, in Turkey, a non-Mohammedan 
subject who pays the capitation tax. 

raze, v. rdz (F. ras, cut close away; rez, level: L. 
rasum, to scrape — see rase), to lay level or even with 
the ground ; to ruin utterly ; to destroy : ra'zing, imp. : 



ccnv, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



506 



REAP 



razed, pp. rilzcl, overthrown ; wholly ruined : razee, 
n. rd-ze, a large ship of war cut down to one of a smaller 
class, as a seventy-four to a frigate : v. to cut down to 
an inferior class, as a ship of war : razeeing, imp. : 
razeed', pp. -zed': razor, n. rd'zer, a knife with a 
keen edge and broad back, used for shaving : razor- 
bill, a bird, the common auk : razor-fish, a common 
shell-fish, having a shell long and narrow like the 
handle of a razor: razor-strop, a strop for sharpening 
razors on. 

razzia, n. rdt'sl-d (Ar. rgazia, a razzia), a hostile 
incursion for plunder and destruction. 

re, re or r5 (L. re or red, back: Sans, pard, back- 
wards), a prefix, signifying " back or again" ; anew or 
a second time. 

re, rd, in music, the second note of the scale in as- 
cending according to the sol-fa system = D. 

reabsorb, v. re'db-sorb' (re, again, and absorb), to 
absorb again ; to draw or imbibe again what has passed 
Off, said of fluids. 

reach, v. recti (Ger. reichen,to extend to : Dut. reiken, 
to reach : Low Ger. raken, to reach or touch : It. recare, 
to reach unto : Or. oregeai; L. porrigere, to reach for- 
ward), to extend, or extend to ; to stretch; to touch; to 
attain ; to take by extending the arm ; to strike from 
a distance, as with a weapon ; to include or compre- 
hend : n. extent ; a stretching ; act of touching or 
seizing by extending the hand ; the power of extend- 
ing to ; power of attainment ; limit of faculties ; effort 
of mind ; of a rivzr, as far as it stretches in one direc- 
tion: reaching, imp.: reached, pp. recht. 

reach, v. reck, reaching, other spellings of retch 
and retching— see retch. 

react, v. re-dkt' (L. re, again, and actus, done or 
acted), to resist by an opposite force ; to resist any in- 
fluence or power ; in chem., to act mutually on each 
other, as two reagents: reaction, n. re-dk'shun, the 
resistance made by a body to the action or impulse 
of another body ; an action or force arising in opposi- 
tion to another which has preceded : reac'tive, a. 
-tlv, having power to react ; able or tending to react : 
reac'tionary, a. -shun-er-i, implying reaction ; in 
politics and history, applied to certain stages in the 
progress of events, when, after a decided movement in 
one direction, as, for example, towards democracy, the 
■■ ..!:,-...,, i, - or contrary sen- 
timents begin to predominate. 

read, v. red (AS. rcedan, to advise, to interpret : Icel. 
rada, to consult; rceda, discourse: Ger. reden, to 
talk), to pronounce or give utterance to that which 
the written symbols placed before the eyes are meant 
to convey; to peruse, as a book, either silently or 
aloud ; to discover by characters or marks ; to study, 
as a student ; to perform the act of reading ; to be stu- 
dious ; to know by reading or observation : read'- 
ing, imp.: adj. addicted to reading: n. a perusal; a 
public recital ; a lecture ; a given word or passage as 
it reads in a particular MS. or printed book ; a version 
or interpretation of a particular passage in a book, as 
conveying the true meaning of its author ; the formal 
recital of a bill before Parliament, as first reading -. 
read, pp. rSd : reader, n. red'-er, one who reads ; a 
corrector of the press ; one whose office is to read 
prayers in a church ; a lecturer before a university : 
read'ership, n. the office of a reader : read'able, a. 
•d-bl, that may be read; legible: read'ably, ad. -bit: 
read'ableness, n. -bl-nes: well-read, a. -rid, versed 
in books ; learned : reading-book, a book containing 
selections to be used as exercises in reading: reading- 
desk, a desk at which the church service is read: 
reading-room, an apartment furnished with news- 
papers, &c, where persons are admitted to read for 
payment. 
readily, &c— see ready. 

readjourn, v. re'dd-jern' (re, back or again, and ad- 
journ), to adjourn a second time. 

readjust, v. re'-dd-just' (re, back or again, and ad- 
just), to put in order again what had been disarranged: 
re'adjust'ment, n. a second adjustment. 

readmission, n. rS'dd-mlsh'un (re, back or again, 
and admissvn,, < n > n , i_ inntted again; the 
act of admitting again ; also re'admit'tance, n. -mit' 
(Ins: re'admit', v. -mit', to admit again. 

readopt, v. re'd-doptf (re, back or again, and adopt), 
to adopt again. 

readorn, v. re'dd-dawrn' (re, back or again, and 
adorn), to decorate a second time. 

ready, a. rcd'-l (AS. reed; Low Ger. reed; Dut. gereed; 
Ger. bereit, ready: Dan. rede, plain, straight: Sw. reda, 



to arrange), prepared; quick; prompt; not embar- 
rassed; furnished with what is necessary; arranged; 
set in order; not hesitating: willing; disposed; 
being at the point; not distant; easy; expeditious; 
expert ; skilful ; in hand, as a weapon or money ; next 
to hand : ad. in such a state of preparation as to need 
no delay : readily, ad. -i-li: readiness, n. -n6s, quick- 
ness ; freedom from reluctance ; promptitude ; will- 
ingness ; fitness of condition ; being in a state of pre- 
paration : to make ready, to prepare ; to put in order : 
ready-made, a. made beforehand; kept on hand for 
sale or use ; not made to order : ready money, cash ; 
means of immediate payment; not credit: ready- 
reckoner, a book of tables and figures giving the cal- 
culated prices of articles in any number from a farthing 
each in value upwards : ready-witted, a. having ready- 
wit. 

reaffirm, v. re'dfferm' (re, back or again, and 
affirm), to affirm a second time. 

reagent, n. re-d'jent (re, back or again, and agent). 
in chem., a substance used to detect the presence of 
other bodies in compounds ; a test. 

reaggravation, n. re-dg'grd-vd'shun (re, back or 
again, and aggravation), in the eccles. law of the R. 
Cath. Ch., the last monitory or warning, published 
after three admonitions, and before the last excom- 
munication. 

real, a. rS'dl (Sp. real, actual: F. riel, real: mid. L. 
realis, real— from L. res, a thing), not fictitious or 
imaginary ; true ; genuine ; permanent or immov- 
able, as real estate— that is, lands and tenements: 
re'ally, ad. -II: reality, n. re-dl'l-ti, actual being or 
existence of anything; fact; truth; not a mere ap- 
pearance or show : real action, an action at law in 
regard to lands or tenements : real estate, lands, and 
all that appertain to them: real presence, in the It. 
Cath. Ch., the believed actual presence of the body 
and blood of Christ in the Eucharist. 

real, n. re'dl (Sp. real— from L. regalis, royal), a Sp. 
coin of small value, from about 3d. to 6d. sterling ; 
spelt also rial. 

realgar, n. re-dl'gdr (F. rialgar— origin unknown — 
name used by the alchemists), a mineral, generally 
of a brilliant red colour, occurring native in various 
formations in the form of fine prismatic crystals, or 
massive and disseminated ; a similar substance pre- 
pared artistically and used as a pigment; known al30 
as red orpiment and reel sulphuret of arsenic. 

realise, v. re'-dl-iz (It. realizzare; F. realiser; Sp. 
realizar, to realise— see real), to bring into being or 
act ; to convert money into lands or tenements ; to 
convert property of any kind into money ; to consider 
or treat as real ; to feel vividly and strongly ; to come 
up to, as one's expectations: re'alising, imp.: re'al- 
ised, pp. Jizd: re'alis'able, a. -lz'd-bl, that may be real- 
ised: realisation, n. re'dl-l-zd'shun, the act of making 
or believing as real ; the act of bringing into being 
or act: re'alists, n. plu. -ists, in the scholastic phil., 
tin. f alio folio ocl ■ i oes of Aristotle with re- 

spect to universal ideas, who taught that previous to, 
and independent of, matter, there were no universal 
ideas or essences; opposed to nominalists: re'alis'tic, 
a. -tik, pert, to or characteristic of the realists : re'al- 
ism, n. -izm, the doctrines of the realists, 
reality— see real. 

reallege, v. re'dl-lSj' (re, back or again, and allege), 
to allege again. 

realm, n. r&lm (old F. realme; It. reame, a king- 
dom: L. regnurn, dominion), the dominions of a king 
or sovereign; a royal jurisdiction. 

ream, n. rem (AS. rearna, what binds up or covers : 
Dut. riem, a strap or thong, a bundle : Fin. rihma, a. 
bundle of forty squirrels' skins : Sp. rezma, a ream of 
paper), a quantity of paper consisting of twenty 
quires ; among printers, twenty-one and a half quires. 
ream, v. rem (Ger. raumen, to remove, to clear 
away— from raum, room), in block-making, to level 
out or increase the size of a hole with an instrument : 
reaming, imp.: reamed, pp. remd: ream'er, n. -er, 
an instrument for enlarging a hole in a bevelled 
form. 

reanimate, v. re-dn'-lmat (re, back or again, and 
animate: F. ranimer), to revive; to restore to life, 
as a person apparently dead ; to infuse new life or 
courage into : reanlma'tion, n. -shun, the act of re- 
animating. 

reannex, v. re'dn-nSks' (re, back or again, and an- 
nex), to annex again ; to reunite. 
reap, v. rep (AS. ripa, a handful of corn in the ear; 



arfUe, mdt,fur, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, m&ve; 



EEA.P 



507 



REBU 



ripan, to harvest the corn: Goth, raupjan; Ger. 
ran p.in ; Dut. roopen; Low Ger. ruppen, to pluck), to 
cut 'with a sickle or machine, as grain at harvest ; to 
obtain ; to receive as a reward ; to perform the opera- 
tion of reaping ; to receive the fruit of labour or work : 
reaping, imp.: reaped, pp. rept: reap'er, n. -er, one 
who or that which reaps: reaping-hook, an instru- 
ment used in cutting down grain with the hand: 
reaping-machine, a machine propelled by horse-power 
for cutting and laying down grain, which has to a 
great extent superseded the labour of reaping with 
the hand. 

reapparel, v. r&dp-p&r'&l (re, back or again, and 
cpi-'n\l\, to clothe again. 

reappear, v. re'dp-per' (re, back or again, and ap- 
pear), to appear a second time: reappearance, n. 
-dns, a second appearance. 

reapply, v. re-dp-pli' (re, back or again, and apply), 
to apply again : re'applica'tion, n. a second applica- 
tion. 

reappoint, v. re-dp-pdynf (re, back or again, and 
appoint), to appoint again: re'appoint'ment, n. a 
second appointment. 

reapportion, v. re"-dp-p6r'-shun (re, back or again, 
and apportion), to apportion again. 

rear, n. rer (old F. riere, rear— from L. retro, be- 
hind: It. dietro, behind), the part behind the rest; the 
part of an army or fleet behind the other; the last 
class ; the last in order : rear-admiral, an admiral of 
the third rank : rear-guard, the portion of an army 
marching behind to cover and protect the main body : 
rear-line, the last rank of a battalion, &c, when 
drawn up in open order : rear-rank, the hindermost 
rank of a body of troops : rearward, n. rer'-wdrd, the 
last troops ; the train behind : ad. at or towards the 
rear. 

rear, v. rer (another form of raise, which see : AS. 
rceran, to rear, to raise), to raise ; to stir or rouse up ; 
to breed and bring up to maturity, as cattle ; to edu- 
cate or instruct; to rise on the hind legs, as a horse: 
rearing, imp.: reared, pp. rerd: rear-mouse, the 
mouse that raises itself from the ground ; the bat. 

reascend, v. re'-ds-semV (re, back or again, and as- 
cend), to rise, mount, or climb again : re'ascen'sion, n. 
-sen -sh tin, a remounting : re ascent', n. -sent', a return- 
ing ascent. 

reason, n. re'-zn (F. raison; Sp. razon; It. ragione, 
reason— from L. ratio, judgment, understanding, a 
computation— see read), that power or faculty in man 
■which eminently distinguishes him from the other ani- 
mals, and the possession of which enables him to de- 
duce inferences from facts or propositions, and to dis- 
tinguish good from evil, and truth from falsehood ; a 
thought or a consideration as bearing on a question ; 
cause ; ground ; motive ; that which justifies or sup- 
ports a determination, or a plan, &c; final cause ; end 
or object sought; justice; moderation; purpose; de- 
sign : v. todebate or discuss ; to persuade by argument ; 
to deduce inferences justly from premises : reasoning, 
imp.: n. the act or process of exercising the faculty 
of reason; arguments employed: rea'sonless, a. -les, 
destitute of reason ; not warranted or supported 
by reason: reasoned, pp. re'-znd: rea'soner, n. -er, 
one who reasons; an arguer: reasonable, a. -d-bl, 
endowed with or governed by reason ; moderate ; not 
excessive; sane: reasonably, ad. -d-bli: reasonable- 
ness, n. -bl-nes, the quality of being reasonable ; the 
state or quality of a thing which justifies ; moderation : 
by reason of, by means of; on account of: in reason 
or in all reason, in justice ; on rational grounds. 

reassemble, v. re'-ds-sim'-bl (re, back or again, and 
assemble), to assemble or convene again: reassem'- 
blage, n. assemblage a second time. 

reassert, v. re'-ds-sert' (re, back or again, and assert), 
to maintain after an interval of suspension or cessa- 
tion. 

reassign, v. re'-ds-sln' (re, back or again, and as- 
sign), to transfer back what has been assigned. 

reassimilate, v. re-ds-sim'-l-lat (re, back or again, 
and assimilate), to change again into a like substance ; 
to cause to resemble anew. 

reassume, v. re'-ds-swn' (re, back or again, and as- 
sume), to assume or take again : re'assump'tion, n. 
•sum-shun, a second assumption. 

reassure, v. re'ds-sh&r' (re, back or again, and as- 
sure), to restore courage to ; to insure a second time 
against loss: re'assu'rance, n. -dns, an assurance of 
property by an underwriter to relieve himself from 
the risk he has undertaken. 



reattach, v. re'-dt-tdch'(re, back or n ■..•■•li .. ; i nil 
to attach a second time : reattachment, n. a second 
attachment of the same person or thing. 

reattempt, v. re'-at -tempt' (re, back or again, and 
attempt), to attempt again. 

Reaumur's thermometer, rdXo'-mers-, a thermome- 
ter, named after its inventor, in which the distance 
between the freezing and boiling points of water is 
divided into 80°, the freezing-point being marked 0° 
—see thermometer. 

reave, v. rev (AS. reaf, spoil ; reafian, to seize, to 
take hold of: Ger. rauben, to plunder: L. rapio, I 
seize), to take away by violence or stealth : reav er, n. 
-er, a robber ; a riever. 

reavow, v. re'-d-vdu/ (re, back or again, and avow), 
to vow again. 

rebaptise, v. rS'-bdp-Hz' (re, back or again, and bap- 
tise), to baptise a second time : rebap'tism, n. a second 
baptism. 

rebate, v. rS-bdf (F. rabattre, to abate, to beat or 
press down), to blunt; to deprive of keenness; to 
deduct from : n. the deep groove or channel to receive 
the edge of a plank, or of a number of planks ; a hard 
freestone used for paving : rebating, imp.: reba'ted, 
pp.: rebate ment, n. -ment, a deduction from, as of 
discount or interest. 

rebec, n. re'-bek (F. rebec; It. ribecca), a Spanish. 
stringed instrument like a violin, having three strings 
tuned in fifths. 

rebel, n. reb'-Sl (F. rebeller, to rebel, to revolt— from 
L. rebellare, to rebel— from re, back or again, and 
bellare, to make war), one who makes war against con- 
stituted authorities ; one who takes up arms against 
the authority of a government to which he owes alle- 
giance; in feudal law, one who disobeys his lord: adj. 
rebellious : v. re-bel', to take up arms and openly re- 
sist a constituted government to which allegiance is 
due; to revolt: rebel'ling, imp.: rebelled', pp. -beld': 
rebel'lion, n. -bSl'-yun, open and avowed resistance 
to a government by force of arms : rebellious, a. -yus, 
opposing a government by force of arms, to which alle- 
giance or obedience is due; disobedient: rebel'liously, 
ad. -II: rebel'liousness, n. -n6s, the quality or state of 
being rebellious. 

rebiting, n. re-bi'-ting (re, back or again, and biting), 
the act of restoring worn lines on au engraved plate 
by means of the action of an acid. 

rebound, v. re-bo~ivnd' (re, back or again, and bound), 
to start or spring back ; to drive back : n. the act of 
starting ' or springing back ; a recoil : rebounding, 
imp.: adj. re-echoing : rebounded, pp.: adj. produced 
by a rebound. 

rebreathe, v. re-breth' (re, back or again, and 
brca/hr), to breathe again. 

rebuff, n. re-buf (L. re, back or again, and It. buffa, 
a blurt or puff with the mouth made at one in scorn ; 
rabbvffare, to check, to rebuke : old F. rebouffer, to 
drive away with contempt), a sudden check; refusal; 
a sudden and unexpected repulse : v. to refuse quickly 
and suddenly ; to reject solicitation : rebuffing, imp.: 
rebuffed', pp. -buff. 

rebuild, v. re-bild' (re, back or again, and build), to 
build again ; to renew a structure. 

rebuke, v. re-buk' (F. rebecquer, to answer saucily : 
Bret, rebecha, to reprove : It. ribeccamento, a check or 
rebuke ; rimbeccare, to beat back, to retort back), to 
reprove or reprimand for a fault ; to check by reproof ; 
in Scrip., to afflict for correction: n. a reproof or repri- 
mand for faults; a chiding into silence; in Scrip., 
chastisement; affliction for correction: rebu'king, imp. 
rebuked', pp. -MM': rebulier, n. -Mr, one who rebukes: 
rebuttable, a. -kd-bl, deserving of rebuke: rebu'king- 
ly, ad. -II. 

rebury, v. ri-bSr'l (re, back or again, and bury), to 
inter again. 

rebus, n. re-bus (L. rebus, to or from things), a riddle 
in which words and phrases are represented by pic- 
tures of things, whose names chance to bear some re- 
semblance to them in sound, as the figure of an eye 
for the pron. I; common in former times as a family 
device or bearing, an example of which may be seen 
on one of the windows of a chapel in Gloucester Ca- 
thedral — the nan pton i , represented by the pic- 
ture of a comb, followed by the syllable ton; plu. re- 
buses, re-bus'-ez. 

rebut, v. re-buf (F. rebuter, to put or thrust back : 
It. buitare, to throw or fling; ributtare, to cast back, 
to reject), to oppose by argument; to repel; in law, 
to return an answer : rebutting, imp. : rebut'ted, pp. : 



cow, toy, J 'Sot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



RECA 



508 



RECI 



rebut'ter, n. -er, in law, a plaintiff's answer to a de- 
fender's rejoinder. 

recall, v. re-kawl' (re, back or again, and call), to 
call back or again ; to revoke ; to revive in the mind : 
n. the act or power of calling back ; a revocation. 

recant, v. ri-kdnt' (L. recanto, I sound back, I recall, 
—from re, back or again, and canto, I sing : It. rican- 
tare, to sing again : F. deschanter, to recant, to un- 
say), to recall words; to retract former words or a 
former declaration; to unsay something formerly said: 
recanting, imp.: recant'ed, pp.: recant'er, n. -er, one 
who recants: recantation, n. re'-kdn-td'-shun, the act 
of recalling ; a declaration that contradicts a former 
one. 

recapitulate, v. re'-kd-pit'-u-ldt (F. ricapituler ; It. 
ricapitolare, to recapitulate— from L. re, back or again, 
and capitulum, a small head— from caput, the head), 
to go over again the principal things mentioned or 
written, as in a discourse or essay ; to detail again : 
re'capit'ulating, imp.: re'capit'ulated, pp.: re'capit- 
Ula'tion.n. -la-shun, a summary or concise statement 
of the principal heads or points in a discourse or essay: 
re'capit'ulatory, a. -ter-l, repeating a summary. 

recaption, n. re-kdp'-shun (L. re, back or again, and 
captain, to lay hold of, to seize), reprisal; the act of 
retaking one's own goods, chattels, &c, from one 
wrongfully retaining them: recap'tor, n. -ter, one who 
takes a prize which had formerly been taken : recap'- 
ture, v. -tur, to retake : n. the act of retaking. 

recast, v. re-kdsf (re, back or again, and cast), to 
cast again; to mould anew; to compute a second 



back, and cedo, I go or move: It. recedere), to retreat; 
to withdraw ; to desist: rece'ding, imp.: rece'ded, pp. 

receipt, n. re-set (F. recette; It. ricetta, a receipt— 
from L. receptus, received or taken back— from re, 
back, and captus, taken), a written acknowledgment 
of having received goods or money, &c. ; in Scrip., 
place of receiving; written instructions for compound- 
ing certain ingredients, as for making a cake, pastry, 
a cordial, for tanning leather, &c: v. to sign a written 
acknowledgment of having received goods, money, 
&c: receipting, imp.: receipted, pp.: receipt-book, 
a book containing instructions or prescriptions; a 
book containing printed forms of receipts, to be filled 
up as may be required, in acknowledgment of hav- 
ing received goods, money, &c. : receipt-stamp, a 
government stamp affixed to all accounts at settle- 
ment, or to any acknowledgment of the receipt of 
money, when such amount to £2 or upwards — see 
recipe. 

receive, v. rS-cev' (F. recevoir; It. recepere, to receive, 
to admit— from L. recipere, to receive or get back— 
from re, back or again, and capio, I take), to take or 
obtain from another in any manner ; to accept ; to 
take or obtain intellectually ; to embrace ; to admit ; 
to welcome; to take in or on; in Scrip., to believe: 
receiving, imp.: received, pp. ri-sevd': receiv'er, n. 
-er, one who or that which receives; an officer ap- 
pointed to receive the public money, or to hold money 
in trust ; in chem., a vessel or receptacle for receiving 
any product ; the glass vessel of an air-pump ; one who 
co-operates with a thief by taking possession for dispo- 
sal of the goods which he steals : receiv'able, a. -d-bl, 
that may be received : receiv'ably, ad. -d-bli: receiv- 
ableness, n. -nes, capability of being received : receiv'- 
edness, n. -nes, general allowance or belief : receiving- 
house, a store ; a place where parcels or letters are left 
to be collected for transport. 

recelebrate, v. re-sel'-e-brdt (re, back or again, and 
celebrate), to celebrate again. 

recency— see recent. 

recension, n. re-sen'-shun (L. recensio, a reviewing— 
from re, back, and censeo, I reckon), a review; a criti- 
cal examination of the text of an ancient author ; a 
revisal. 

recent, a. re'-sent (L. recens, that has not long ex- 
isted, fresh— gen. recentis: It. recente-. F. recent), of 
late origin or existence; modern; fresh; lately re- 
ceived; not long parted from; not ancient; in geol., 
that has taken place during the human epoch, or is 
still in progress: re'cently, ad. -li: re'centness, n. 
-nes, also recency, n. re's&n-sl, late origin; lateness 
in time ; freshness. 

receptacle, n. rS-sSp'td / 1 (L - • ptacvZum, a maga- 
zine or storehouse— from re, back, and capio, I take : 
F. receptacle: Sp. receptaculo), a place or vessel into 
which a thing is received, or in which it may be con- 



tained; in bot., that part of the fructification which 
bears or receives other parts, as the expanded top of 
the peduncle of a dandelion, the inner surface of a fig, 
&c: receptacular, a. res'-ep-tdk-u-ler, in bot., pert, to 
the receptacle, or growing on it. 

reception, n. re-sdp'shun (L. receptio, a receiving- 
gen. rece.pt ionis— from re, back, and capio, I take : F. 
reception), the act or thepowerof receiving ; admission 
of anything sent or commuhi<-at.i-d ; treatment at first 
coming; entertainment; a receiving officially; admis- 
sion, as of an opinion or doctrine : recep'tibil'ity, n. 
-tibU'iti, possibility of receiving or being received: 
recep'tive, a. -tlv, having the quality of receiving or 
admitting what is communicated : receptivity, n. re' 
s6p-tiv'-l-tl, the state or quality of being receptive; 
the power or capacity of receiving, as the impressions 
of the external senses. 

recess, n. re-sis' (L. recessus, a going back, a retreat 
—from re, back or again, and cedo, I go or move: It. 
recesso: F. recez), a cavity in a wall made for use or 
ornament; suspension of business or procedure; the 
time or period during which public business is sus- 
pended; retreat; retirement; place of retirement ; a 
secret part ; a receding, as of the shore : recesses, n. 
plu. -sez, in bot. , the bays or sinuses of lobed leaves : 
recession, n. re-s6sh'-un, the act of receding— see re- 
cede. 

Rechabites, n. plu. rek'-d-blts, in Scrip., the descend- 
ants of Jonadab, the son of Rechab, who carefully fol- 
lowed their father's injunctions to abstain from all 
intoxicating liquors ; a society of modern abstainers. 

rechange, v. re-chunf (re, back or again, and change), 
to change again. 

recharge, v. re-chdrf (re, back or again, and charge), 
to charge or accuse in return ; to attack again. 

recharter, n. re-chdr'-ter (re, back or again, and 
charter), a new charter or contract. 

recheat, n. re-chef (F. requite, a note of the chase 
to recall the dogs— from requiter, to hunt anew), among 
hunters, a particular sounding on the horn to recall 
the hounds when they have lost the scent of the game : 
v. to sound the recall on the horn: recheat'ing, imp.: 
recheat'ed, pp. 

recherche, a. rd-sher'-shd (F. recherche, well fin- 
ished), nice to an extreme ; out of the common ; rare ; 
exquisite. 

rechoose, v. re'-ehOs' (re, back or again, and choose), 
to choose a second time. 

recipe, n. res'-ipe, plu. rec'ipes, -p6z (L. recipe, take 
or receive— from recipio, I receive or get back : F. re- 
cipe'), the first word of a medical prescription written in 
Latin; a physician's written directions to a patient 
as to what medicines he shall take ; a formulary or 
prescription for making some combination or mixture 
of materials. Note. —It appears to be pretty well estab- 
lished, in the common usage of good society, that receipt 
should be restricted to acknowledgments for money, 
&c, received; and that when a prescription in medi- 
cine is meant, or, in general, any written directions for 
a mixture or combination of materials, recipe should 
be employed. 

recipient, n. rS-slp'-i-ent (L. recipiens, receiving or 
getting back— from re, back or agam, and capio, I take : 
It. recipiente: F. recipient), the person or thing that 
receives; a receiver: recipience, n. -6ns, also recip'- 
iency, n. -en-si, the state or quality of being recipient ; 
a receiving. 

reciprocate, v. rl-slp'-ro-kat (L. reciprocatum, to 
move backwards and forwards, to reciprocate— from 
reciprocus, alternating, reciprocal: It. reciprocare : F. 
reciproquer), to give and receive mutually; to inter- 
change ; to act alternately in any direction or manner: 
recip'rocating, imp. : adj. acting interchangeably; al- 
ternating: reciprocated, pp.: recip'roca'tion, n. -ka' 
shun, a mutual giving and returning; interchange; 
alternation: reciprocity, n. res'-i-prds'l-H, inter- 
change ; equal mutual rights or benefits to be yielded 
or enjoyed ; mutual action and reaction : reciprocal, 
a. re-'slp'-ro-kdl, alternate; mutually interchangeable: 
n. in arith., the quotient resulting from the division 
of unity by any given number : recip'rocally, ad. -li : 
recip'rocalness, n. -nes, the quality of being recipro- 
cal; alternateness : reciprocal proportion, in arith., 
the quotient arising from dividing unity or one by 
any quantity ; a proportion in which the first term has 
to the second the same ratio as the fourth to the third : 
reciprocating motion, in mech., motion alternately 
backward or forward, or up and down, as of a piston- 
rod : reciprocity treaty, a treaty between two countries 



mate, m&t, far, law; mete, met, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, rnCve; 



EECI 



509 



EECO 



which confers equal privileges, especially in regard to 
trade. 

recision, n. rS-slzh'iin (L. recisio, a cutting off— gen. 
recisionis—from re, back, and mvV., I cut: It. recisi- 
one : F. recision), the act of cutting off. 

recite, v. ri-slf (L. recito, I repeat from memory— 
from re, back or again, and cito, I proclaim: It. recit- 
are: F. reciter), to repeat, as the words of another ; to 
relate; to go over particulars ; to rehearse or repeat, 
as a lesson from memory: reciting, imp.: reci'ted, 
pp.: reciter, n. -te-r, one who recites: recital, n. -tal, 
the repetition of the words of another ; rehearsal from 
memory; narration: recitation, n. res'-i-ta'-shiin, the 
delivery aloud, with appropriate gestures, before an 
audience, of a composition committed to memory ; the 
composition or matter deli vei'e< 1 ■ <r i> hearsed : re'-sl-td- 
shim, a second citation : recitative, n. res'-i-td-tev' (It. 
recitative), a kind of speaking, more musical than ordi- 
nary speech ; words spoken in the sounds of the musi- 
cal scale ; a kind of half-singing and half-speaking the 
words of a written composition: adj. pert, to the mu- 
sical pronunciation of words : recitativo, a. res'i-td- 
te'-vo (It.), recitative. 

reck, v. rek (AS. reccan; Low Ger. rochen; Dut. 
roecken, to reck, to care for), to regard ; to heed ; to 
care for: reck'ing, imp.: recked, pp. rekt: reckless, 
a. -16s, careless ; heedless : recklessly, act. -li : reck- 
lessness, n. -nes, the state or quality of being reckless ; 
heedlessness; negligence. 

reckon, v. rik'-n (AS. recan, to number, to reckon : 
old H. Ger. rachon, to say or tell: Low Ger. reken; 
Ger. rechnen, to reckon), to number ; to compute ; to 
set in the number or rank of; to regard; to esteem; 
to estimate; to take into calculation; to be answer- 
able for; to depend on: reckoning, imp. rek'n-lng: 
n. a statement and comparison of accounts with 
another person; computation; an account of time; 
money charged for entertainment or refreshments ; in 
nav., the computation of a ship's way, usually by the 
log: reckoned, pp. rek'nd: reckoner, n. -mir, he or 
that which reckons or computes : ready-reckoner— 
see ready. 

reclaim, v. rS-kldm' (L. reclamo, I cry out against— 
from re, back or again, and cl i mo, I call: It. reclam- 
are: F. reclamer), to claim back; to bring back from 
error or vicious habits ; to reduce from a wild or un- 
cultivated state, as land; to recover or regain: re- 
claiming, imp.: reclaimed, pp. rd-kldmd': reclaim- 
able, a. re-kldrn'-d-bl, that may be brought from a wild 
state, or reformed: reclaim ably, ad. -bli: reclama- 
tion, n. rik'-ld-md'-shiin, state of being reclaimed; re- 
covery : reclaiming note, in Scots la w, a note of ex- 
ceptions to the judgment of the Lord Ordinary in the 
Court of Session by a dissatisfied party, who appeals to 
a higher division of the same court. 

recline, v. re-klln' (L. reclino, I bend back— from re, 
back, and L. clino; Gr. klino, I bend: It. reclinare: 
F. recliner), to lean to one side ; to lean ; to rest or 
repose: reclining, imp.: reclined, pp. re-klind': re- 
clrnate, a. ri-kli'ndt (L. reclinatum, to recline), in 
bot., curved downwards from the horizontal; bent 
down on some other part ; applied to leaves which are 
folded longitudinally from apex to base in the bud: 
reclination, n. rek'-li-nd'shun, a leaning ; in surg., an 
operation for the cure of cataract; in dialling, the 
angle which the plane of a dial makes with a vertical 
plane. 

reclose, v. re-kloz' {re, back or again, and close), to 
close again. 

recluse, n. rS-klos' (F. reclus : Sp. recluso— from L. 
re, back or again, and clausus, shut), one who lives 
in retirement or seclusion from the world, as a hermit 
or monk ; a religious devotee who lived in one of a 
series of isolated cells, usually attached to a monastery : 
adj. retired from the world or from public notice ; soli- 
tary: reclusely, ad. -li : recluse ness, n. -nes, retire- 
ment from society: reclu'sion, n. -zhun, religious re- 
tirement; the life of a recluse: reclusive, a. -slv, 
a Hording retirement or seclusion. 

recognise, v. rek'og-nlz (L. recognosco, I know again, 
I recall to mind— from re, again, and cognosco, I know : 
It. ricognoscere : old F. recognoistre), to know again ; 
to recollect or recover the knowledge of; to avow; to 
admit with a formal acknowledgment : rec'ognising, 
imp. : rec ognised, pp. ■nlzd: rec'ogniser, n. -zir, one 
who recognises: rec'ogni'sable, a. -za-bl, that may be 
known again: rec'ogni'sably, ad. -Ill: recognisance, 
n. re-kOg'-ni-zdns, also re-kon'-l-zdns, an acknowledg- 
ment of a person or thing; in law, an obligation of 
cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, 



record which an individual enters into before a court 
of record, or before a magistrate duly authorised, with 
condition to do some particular act, as to appear before 
the court again, or to keep the peace ; the verdict of 
a jury upon assize: recognisee, n. re-kog'-ni-ze" or re- 
kon'i-ze', one to whom a recognisance is made : recog'- 
nisor, n. -zer, one who enters into a recognisance : 
recognition, n. rek'6g-nlsh'-iin(L. recognition, to know 
again), renewed or revived knowledge ; knowledge 
confessed or avowed: recognitor, n. re-kog'-nl-ter, one 
of a jury upon an assize: recog'nitory, a. -tir-i, pert, to 
or containing recognition. 

recoil, n. re-ko~yl' (F. reader, to draw back- from 
cul, the rump: L. re, back, and cuius; It. culo, the 
posteriors : formerly written recule or recuil), a start- 
ing or springing back ; a rebound, particularly of fire- 
arms : v. to rebound ; to fall back ; to move or start 
back ; to shrink or revolt ; to feel abhorrence : recoil'- 
ing, imp. : n. act of shrinking back ; revolt : recoiled', 
pp. -koylcl' : recoil'er, n. -er, one who recoils : recoil'- 
ment, n. -mint, the act of recoiling : recoil'ingly, ad. 
■It. 

recoin, v. rS-kdyn' {re, back or again, and coin), to 
coin again : recoin'age, n. -dj, that which is coined 
anew. 

recollect, v. rek'-ollekt' (L. re, back or again, and 
collectum, to gather together — see collect), to bring 
back to the mind or memory ; to call to mind ; to re- 
member ; to recover composure or resolution of mind 
after temporary confusion or surprise: recollecting, 
imp. : rec'ollect'ed, pp. : rec'ollec'tion, n. -lek'shun, 
the act of recalling to the memory ; the operation by 
which things of the past are recalled to the memory 
or revived in the mind ; period within which things can 
be recalled to the mind : rec ollec'tive, a. -lek'-tlv, hav- 
ing the power of recollecting. 

re-collect, v. re-kdl-lekt' (re, again, and collect), to 
gather again what has been scattered. 

recollet, n. rek'-ol-let (F. recollet, a Franciscan friar 
or nun : Sp. recokto, belonging to a con vent— from L. re, 
back, and collectum, to gather), a monk of a reformed 
branch of the order of Franciscans ; also spelt rec ol- 
lect, n. -Ukt. 

recolonise, v. ri-kol'6-niz (re, again, and colonise), 
to colonise anew. 

recombine, v. re'kom-bln' (re, again, and combine), 
to combine again. 

recommence, v. re'kom-mSns' (re, again, and com- 
mence), to begin anew. 

recommend, v. rek'-om-mind' (re, again, and com- 
mend), to praise or commend to another; to intro- 
duce to another's notice as worthy of some kindness 
or advancement ; to advise to some particular course 
or act : rec'ommend'ing, imp. : rec'ommend'ed, pp. : 
rec'ommend er, n. -er, one who recommends : rec om- 
mend'able, a. -d-bl, worthy of commendation or praise : 
rec'ommenda'tion, n. -men-dd'-shun, the act of repre- 
senting in a favourable manner for the purpose of 
procuring the goodwill and confidence of another; 
anything which secures a kind or favourable recep- 
tion: rec'ommen'datory, a. -du-ter-1, that commends 
to another. 

recommission, n. re'-kom-mlsh'un (re, again, and 
commission— see commit), a new commission. 

recommit, v. re-kom-init' (re, again, and commit), 
to give back into keeping; to refer again to a com- 
mittee : re commit ting, imp. : re'eommit'ted, pp. : 
recommittal, n. -dl, also re'eommit'ment, n. -mint, 
the act of giving back into keeping ; a renewed refer- 
ence to a committee. 

recompact, v. re'-kdm-pdkf (re, again, and compact), 
to join anew. 

recompense, v. rSk'om-pSns (It. ricompensare ; F. 
recompenser, to reward— from L. re, again, and com- 
pensare, to compensate), to reward; to return an 
equivalent for some service ; to remunerate ; to repay 
or requite : n. the equivalent returned for anything 
given or done ; compensation : recompensing, imp. 
■sing : recompensed, pp. -penst. 

recompile, v. re'kom-pll' (re, again, and compile), to 
compile or digest anew: recompilation, n. re-kom- 
pil-d'-shrin, a new compilation of what had been com- 
piled before. 

recompose, v. re'-kom-pOz' (re, again, and compose), 
to compose or tranquillise anew; to form or adjust 
again : re'eompo'sing, imp. : re 'composed', pp. -pozd': 
recomposition, n. re-kom'po-zlsh'iin, a new composi- 
tion of matter that had previously been composed. 

reconcile, v. rSk'dn-sU (L. reconciliare, to reunite— 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



EECO 



510 



EECT 



from re, again, and concilio, I unite, I make friendly : 
It. reconciliare: F. rdconcilier), to reunite in friend- 
ship and goodwill after estrangement ; to restore to 
favour ; to content ; to bring to quiet submission ; to 
bring to agreement seeming contradictions; to ad- 
just ; to compose, as differences : reconciling, imp. : 
reconciled, pp. -slid : rec'onci'ler, n. -sl'ler, one who 
reconciles: rec'oncilable.a. -ld-bl, capable of renewed 
kindness ; that may be made to agree or be consist- 
ent: re'conci'lably, ad. -Ml: rec'onci'lableness, n. -Id- 
bl-nds, the quality oi' being reconcilable ; the possibil- 
ity of being restored to friendship: rec'oncile'ment, 
n. -mSnt, renewal of frendship : rec'oncilia'tion, n. 
-sil-l-a'shun, renewal of friendship a iter disagreement 
or enmity; agreement of things apparently contra- 
dictory or inconsistent; intf'.r/y;., the divine method 
of bringing sinners into a state of favour with the 
Creator by Christ Jesus : rec'oncil'iatory, a. -sil'-l-d- 
ter-i, able or tending to reconcile. 

recondense, v. re'-kon-dens' (re, again, and condense), 
to condense again. 

recondite, a. rek'on-dlt or rS-kdn-dlt (L. reconditus, 
hidden, concealed: It. recondito-. old F. recondlt), 
secret ; hidden from the view or intellect ; abstruse. 

reconduct, v. re'kon-dukt' (re, back or again, and 
conduct), to conduct back or again. 

reconfirm, v. re'-ko/i-ferm' (re, again, and confirm), 
to confirm anew. 

reconnaissance, n. rS-kon'nd-sdns' (F.), the exam- 
ination of a tract of country for military or civil en- 
gineering operations : reconnaissance in force, a 
demonstration or attack with a large body of troops 
for the purpose of discovering the position and 
strength of the enemy. 

reconnoitre, v. rSk'on-noy-ter (F. reconnaitre, to ob- 
serve : L. recopnoscere, to know again), to examine an 
enemy's position and movements, and the state of his 
army or camp, by as near an approach to them as can 
be attained ; to examine or survey the line of country 
intended for military operations : rec'onnoi'tring, 
imp. -tring -. rec'onnoi'tred, pp. -terd. 

reconquer, v. re-kong'-k&r (re, again, and conquer), 
to recover by conquest: recon'quest, n. -kwdst (re, 
again, and conquest), a second conquest. 

reconsecrate, v. re-kon'sd-krdt (re, again, and con- 
secrate), to consecrate anew. 

reconsider, v. re'-kon-sld'er (re, again, and consider), 
to turn over in the mind again ; to take up for consid- 
eration again that which has already been acted 
upon, as a vote, a motion, &c: re'consid'era'tion, n. 
■a'-shun, renewed consideration or review. 

reconstruct, v. re'kon-strukt' (re, again, and con- 
struct), to construct anew; to rebuild: re'construc- 
tion, n. -struk'-shun, the act of constructing again : 
re'construc tive, a. -tlv, able or tending to reconstruct ; 
reconstructing. 

reconvene, v. re'kdn-ven' (re, again, and convene), 
to call together again ; to assemble or come together 
again. 

reconversion, n. re'kdn-ver'shun (re, again, and 
conversion), a second conversion. 

reconvert, v. re'kon-vert' (re, again, and convert), to 
convert again. 

reconvey, v. re'kon-vd' (re, back or again, and con- 
vey), to transfer back to a former owner : re'convey'- 
ance, n. -vd'-dns, the act of transferring back to a 
former proprietor. 

record, n. rSk-ord (L. recordor, I am mindful of a 
thing, I remember— from re, back or again, and cor, 
the heart — gen. cordis : It. ricordare: F. recorder), a 
register; an authentic or official copy of any facts 
and proceedings which have been entered into a book 
for preservation; the book containing these: v. re- 
kawrd', to write or register any facts or proceedings 
in a book for the purpose of preserving authentic 
evidence of them ; to cause to be remembered ; to 
imprint deeply on the mind or memory : recording, 
imp.: record'ed, pp.: record'er, n. -er, one whose duty 
it is to enrol or write in a book facts and particidars 
of transactions for preservation; the chief .judicial 
officer of a city or borough, so called from his court 
being a court of record; a registrar: record'ership, 
n. the office of a recorder: in the phrase court of 
record, the accent is placed on the last syllable, thus, 
ri-kawrd'. 

recount, v. rS-kownf (F. reconter, to relate over 
again ; raconter, to relate, to narrate : L. re, again, 
and computo, I sum up, I reckon— from con, together ; 
puto, I reckon : F. compter), to go over in particulars ; 



to tell distinctly ; to narrate ; to describe : recounting, 
imp. : recounted, pp. 

re-count, v. re-kownt' (re, again, and count), to count 
or reckon over again. 

recoup, v. re-kop/ (F. recouper, to cut again— from 
re, again, and coup, a blow, a stroke), to diminish a 
claim for damages by keeping back a part ; to make 
good. 

recourse, n. rS-kors' (L. recursum, to run back— from 
re, back, and cursurn, to run : It. ricorso : F. recours), 
a going to with a request or application ; resort ; ap- 
plication of efforts, labour, or art. 

recover, v. re-kuv'-er (L. recupjero, I get or obtain 
again— from re, again, and capio, I take : It. ricov- 
erare; F. recouvrer, to recover, to retrieve), to get 
or obtain again ; to get or regain that which was lost ; 
to restore, as from sickness ; to revive ; to release, 
as in 2 Tim. ii. 26; to bring back to a former state or 
condition, often implying a better one ; to grow well ; 
in law, to obtain title to by judgment of a court : re- 
covering, imp.: recovered, pp. -erd: recov'erer, n. 
-er-er, one who recovers: recoverable, a. -d-bl, that 
may be regained ; that may be brought back to a 
former state or condition : recov'erableness, n. -d-bl- 
nes, the state of being recovera hie ; capability of being 
recovered : recov'eree', n. -ir-v', the person against 
whom a judgment is obtained in common recovery— 
the person who obtains it is called the recoveror: re- 
cov ery, n. -tr-l, the act of regaining ; the obtaining 
possession of anything lost; restoration from sick- 
ness; in law, the obtaining a right to something from 
an opposing party by the judgment of a court. 

recreant, a. r&k'-re-dnt (mid. L. recredere; It. ricre- 
dere ; old F. recroire, to give up, to yield, as in a com- 
bat), cowardly ; mean-spirited ; craven: n. a cowardly 
wretch ; a mean-spirited creature ; a coward : rec're- 
antly, ad. -II: rec'reancy, n. -dn-si, mean-spirited- 
re-create, v. re'kredf (re, again, and create), to 
create anew : re'-crea'ted, a. created anew. 

recreate, v. rgk're~-dt (L. recreatum, to make or 
create anew— from re, again, and creo, I make : It. re- 
creare : F. ricreer), to revive or refresh after toil, as 
the spirits or strength ; to amuse ; to entertain ; to 
cheer ; to afford pleasurable occupation to weariness, 
or in depression of spirits ; to enliven : recreating, 
imp.: ree'reated, pp.: recreation, n. rek'-re-d'-shun, 
refreshment of the strength or spirits ; amusement ; 
diversion : recreative, a. -a-tiv, enlivening after weari- 
ness of body or mind ; amusing ; diverting : ree'rea'- 
tively, ad. -U-. ree'rea'tiveness, n. -d'-tlv-nZs, the 
quality of being recreating or diverting. 

recrement, n. rtk'-re-ment (L. recrementura, the 
thing sifted away, refuse— from re, back or again, and 
cemo, I separate: It. recremento: F. rdcriment), use- 
less parts separated or thrown off ; refuse ; dross : rec'- 
remen'tal, a. -rnen'-tdl, also ree'rementiti ous, a. 
-tish-us, drossy; consisting of useless matter sepa- 
rated from that which is valuable. 

recriminate, v. re-krim-i-ndt (It. recriminare ; F. 
recrirniner, to recriminate— from L. re, back or again, 
and criminor, I accuse one of a crime— from crimen, 
an accusation), to return one accusation for another ; 
to accuse in return : recrim'inative, a. -nd-tiv, also 
recrim'ina'tory, a. -nd'ter-i, retorting accusation : re- 
crim'inating, imp.: recrim'inated, pp. : recrim'ina'tor, 
n. -ter, one who recriminates : recrim'ina'tion, n. -nd- 
shun, the charge against an accuser of a like crime 
by the person accused. 

recross, v. rekros' (re, again, and cross), to cross a 
second time : recros'sing, imp. : recrossed, pp. re-krost'. 

recruit, n. re-krot' (F. recroist, a reincrease, a new 
or second growth ; recroistre, to grow or spring up 
again : L. recrescere, to grow again), a new supply of 
anything wasted or deficient; a newly-enlisted sol- 
dier : v. to supply or fill up ; to reinforce ; to raise 
new soldiers ; to regain or recover, as one's strength : 
recruiting, imp. : adj. enlisting recruits : recruit'- 
ed, pp.: recruiter, n. -er, one who recruits: recruit '- 
ing, n., also recruit'ment, n. -rnent, the employment 
of raising new soldiers for an army. 

recrystallise, v. re-krls'tdl-lz (re, again, and crys- 
tallise), to crystallise a second time. 

rectangle, n. rekt'dng-gl (F. rectangle, a rectangle— 
from L. rectus, right, and angulus, an angle : Sp. rect- 
angulo), in georn., a fou having all its 

angles right angles: rectangular, a. r&d-dng'-gd-lir, 
having right angles : rectan'gularly, ad. -ler-ll. 

rectembryse, n. plu. rek-tem'-brl-e (L. rectus, 



mate, mdt,fdr, law; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, mCve; 



EECT 



511 



KEDD 



straight, and Gr. embruon, the foetus), in tot., those 
leguminous plants which have the embryo straight 
In the axis of the seed. 

rectify, v. rik'-n-fi (F. rectifier, to rectify— from L. 
rectus, straight, and fiacio, I make), to make or set right; 
to correct; to redress; in chem., to purify a substance 
bv repeated distillation ; to regulate or adjust : rec'ti- 
fying, imp.: rec'tified, pp. -fid : adj. improved by re- 
distillation : rectifier, n. -filer, one who rectifies; 
that which rectifies or corrects ; one licensed to refine 
and compound spirits : rec'tifi able, a. -fil'-d-bl, capable 
of being corrected or set right : rectification, n. rSk' 
tifil-kd-shiin, the act or operation of correcting or 
Betting right ; in chem., the repeated distillation of a 
spirit in order to make it finer and purer ; in astron. 
and geog., putting the globe into a proper position for 
obtaining a correct answer to a problem; in geom., 
the determination of a straight line, the length of 
which is equal to a portion of a curve. 

rectilineal, a. rek'ti-lin'e-dl. also rec'tilin'ear, a. 
-8-er (L. rectus, straight, and linea, a line : Sp. recti- 
lineo, rectilinear), consisting of right lines, or bounded 
by them; straight. 

"rectinervis, a. rek'ti-ner'-vls (L. rectus, straight, and 
nervus, a nerve), in hot., straight and parallel- veined. 

rectirostral, a, rek'ti-ros'trdl (L. rectus, straight, 
and rostrum, a beak), having a straight beak. 

rectiserial, a. rek'ti-se'rldl (L. rectus, straight, and 
series, a row), in bot., disposed in a rectilinear or 
straight series— applied to leaves. 

rectitude, n. rck'ti-tud (F. rectitude, rectitude— 
from L. rectus, straight or upright), uprightness ; 
Tightness of principles and practice ; integrity ; right 
judgment. 

rector, n. rSk'ter (L. rector, a ruler, a master— from 
rego, I rule or govern ; rectum, to rule or govern : F. 
r< cteur), in the Ch. ofEng.,a clergyman of a parish who 
receives the large and small tithes, or the clergyman of 
a parish where the tithes are not impropriate; in Scot., 
the head-master of a higher-class school; the head of 
a convent or religious house : rec torship, n. the office 
of a rector ; also rec'torate, n. -at : rectory, n. rek- 
tc-r-l, a rector's house ; also, his church, benefice, or 
rights : rec'toral, a. -dl, also rectorial, a. rck-to'-ri-dl, 
pert, to a rector. 

rectrix, n. rik'-trlks, plu. rectrices, r$k'trl-se~z (L. 
rectrix, she that leads or guides— see rector), the chief 
feathers in the tails of birds, which regulate the direc- 
tion of their flight. 

rectum, n. rek'tum (L. rectus, straight), in anat., 
the last part of the large intestine, so called because 
formerly supposed to be straight : rec'tus, n. -tus, in 
lot., applied to the stem and other straight parts of 
plants; in anat, a name for several muscles of the 
body, on account of the rectilinear direction of their 
fibres. 

recumbent, a. re-kiun'bSnt (L. recumbens, lying 
down, reclining at table— from re, back, and cumbens, 
lying), leaning; reclining; prostrate; inactive: re- 
cumbently, ad. -II: recum'bence, n. -bens, also re- 
cumliency, n. -b&n-sl, the posture of lying or lean- 
ing; rest; repose. 

recuperative, a. re-ku'per-a'tlv, also recu'pera'tory, 
a. -d'-ter-i (L. recuperatura, to recover — from re, back, 
and capio, I take : It. recuperare ; F. recuperer, to re- 
cover), tending or pert, to recovery : recu'pera'tion, 
n. -a'shun, recovery, as of anything lost. 

recur, v. re-Mr' (L. recurrere, to return, to recur— 
from re, back, and curro, I run: Sp. recurrir: F. re- 
courir), to return to the thoughts or mind ; to have 
recourse to ; to occur at a stated interval, or accord- 
ing to some established rule : recur'ring, imp. : adj. 
applied to that portion of a decimal fraction which re- 
peats itself in the same order of figures— more usually 
called circulating decimals: recurred, pp. re-kerd": 
recurrent, a. rS-kiir'-rent, returning from time to time ; 
reflected or running back again : recurrently, ad. -U: 
recurrence, n. -reus, also recur'rency, n. -ren-si, re- 
turn; resort. 

recurvate, a. rS-ker'vat (L. recurvatum, to curve 
backwards— from re, back, and curvus, crooked), in 
hot., bent or curved downwards; bent backwards: 
v. to bend back; to recurve: recur' vating, imp.: re- 
cur'vated, pp.: recurvation, n. re'ker-vd'-shun, also 



recurvature, n. re-ker'vd-tur, the act of recurving, 
state of being recurved: recurve, v. re-kerv', to bend 
or curve back : recur'ving, imp.: recurved', pp. -kirvd', 
bent backwards: recurvity, n. ri-ker'-vi-ti, a bending 
or flexure backwards. 

cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



recurvirostral, a. rS-ker'vl-ros'trdl (L. recurvus, 
bent back, and rostrum, a beak), having the beak re- 
curved or bending upwards— applied to the genus of 
birds, the recur'viros'tra, -ros-trd. 

recusant, a. r&k'-u-zdnt (L. recusans, rejecting, re- 
fusing—gen. recusantis: It. recusare,- F. nxuser, to 
except against, to refuse), refusing to conform, or to 
take certain oaths : n. in Eng. hist., one who refused 
to acknowledge the king's supremacy as head of the 
Church, or to conform to the Church's rites : rec'u- 
sancy, n. -zdn-sl, non-conformity. 

red, n. rid (Goth, rands; Icel. raudr; W. rhwdd; 
L. rutilus; Gr. eruthros, red), one of the primary 
colours, having several varieties of shade, as scarlet, 
crimson, pink, &c. : adj. having a bright colour like that 
of arterial blood : redly, ad. -II: red'ness,n. -nes, the 
quality of being red: red'dish, a. -ish, having some 
degree of redness : red'dishness, n. -nSs, a moderate 
degree of redness : red-ant, a very small species of ant, 
of a red colour : red antimony, a crystalline mineral 
of a red colour : red-bay, a species of laurel : red-book, 
a name applied to a book containing the names of all 
persons in the service of the state : redbreast, a well- 
known bird— so called from the colour of its breast ; 
the robin: red-berried, a. -ber'rid, having red berries, 
as a plant : red-chalk, a kind of clay ironstone ; 
reddle : redcoat, a familiar name for a soldier : red 
coral, a species of coral of a bright red colour: red 
cross, the cross of St George, the national emblem of 
England : red-deer, the common stag, a native of the 
temperate regions of Europe and Asia: red-fire, a 
pyrotechnical compound, which burns with a beauti- 
ful red or pink flame : red-haired, a. having red hair, 
as on the head : red-hand or red-handed, ad. in 
the very act, as it were with red or bloody hands : 
red-hot, a. heated to redness: red -iron ore, a 
name applied to an ore of iron, including those 
varieties of lnematite which have a non -metallic or 
sub-metallic lustre : red-lead, a fine scarlet pigment, 
the deutoxide of lead of the chemists— used for paint- 
ing, and in the arts : red-liquor, a crude acetate of 
alumina employed in calico-printing: red-man or 
red-skin, one of the copper-coloured aboriginals of 
Amer., as distinguished from the ichite men : red- 
marl, a familiar name for the upper members of the 
New Red Sandstone or Trias, developed in England- 
known also by the name variegated marls : red ochre, 
a term comprehending a class of colours rather than 
an individual colour, as Indian red, scarlet ochre, &c: 
red orpiment or realgar, a pigment obtained in a 
native state, or prepared from yellow orpiment by 
burning it : red-precipitate, the red oxide of mercury 
obtained by calcining the nitrate : red republican, one 
prepared to maintain and enforce extreme republican 
doctrines, even at the expense of blood : Ked Sea, the 
long, narrow, deep channel lying between Arabia and 
Africa, formerly separated from the Mediterranean 
Sea by the Isthmus of Suez, but now united to it by 
a canal admitting the passage of vessels of large 
burden from sea to sea : red-snort, a. breaking short 
when red-hot, as a metal : red-tape, the tape of a red 
colour— used for tying up loose documents in public 
oftices ; extreme official formality : red-tapism, -tap- 
izm, strict adherence to official formalities : red-tap- 
• mi; hin official -ho is stupidly tenacious of strict 
official formality and routine: red-water, a disease 
of cattle. 

redaction, n. rS-ddk'shun (F. redaction— from L. re, 
again, and agere, to act, to do), the act of digesting or 
arranging in order ; the digest so made : redacteur, 
n. rd-ddk-ter" (F.). one who digests and arranges matter 
for publication; an editor: redactor, n. re-ddk'ter, 
one who puts anything into shape. 

redan, n. re-ddn' (F. redan; old F. redent, a redan 
—from L. re, back or again, and dens, a tooth), in fort., 
a field-work, consisting: "i' tvo i parapets of earth placed 
in the form of an inverted V, the angle being turned 
towards the enemy. 

red-deer— see under red. 

redden, v. rSd'n (from red, which see), to make red ; 
to become red; to blush: reddening, imp. red'ning : 
adj. becoming red: reddened, pp. -recl'nd. 

reddendum, n. re-den'-dum (L reddendum, to be re- 
turned—from re, back, and dare, to give), in law, 
the clause in a lease by which rent is reserved. 

reddish, reddishness— see red. 

reddition, n. red-dish'-un (F. reddition, reddition-- 
from L. redditio, a giving back, returning— from re, 
back, and dare, to give), a returning of anything; 



REDD 



512 



REEF 



restitution ; surrender ; explanation : red'ditive, a. 
-tiv, returning ; answering to an interrogative. 

reddle, n. rid'-dl (from red, which see), a red argilla- 
ceous ore of iron— called also red-clay or red-chalk, 
being simply decomposed haematite, and having a 
strong clayey odour when breathed on; the term 
reddle in thi3 country is generally applied to the 
land used for marking sheep— also spelt raddle and 
ruddle. 

redeem, v. rS-dem' (L. redimere, to buy back— from 
re, back, and emo, I buy ; ernptum, to buy : It. redi- 
mere : F. redimer), to deliver from captivity, or from 
any liability to suffer, by paying a price ; to ransom ; 
to recover ; to repurchase ; to save or improve, as 
time ; to make good by performance ; to regain a 
thing alienated by repaying the price of it to the 
possessor; to perform the work of redemption : re- 
deeming, imp. : redeemed', pp. -demd' ; redeem'er, 
n. -ir, one who ransoms ; a title of the Lord Jesus : 
redeemable, a. -d-bl, that may be redeemed: re- 
deem'ableness, n. -nSs, the state of being redeemable : 
redemption, n. -dim'-shun, ransom; release; re- 
purchase ; deliverance from sin and misery by the 



passage-money : redemp'tive, a. -tiv, pert, to redemp- 
tion: redemp'torist, n. -ter-ist, in K. Cath. Ch., one of 
areligious order founded in Naples by Liguori in 1732 : 
redemp'tory, a. -ter-i, paid for ransom. 

redeliberate, v. re'-de-llb'er-at (re, again, and de- 
liberate), to reconsider. 

redeliver, v. re'-de-liv'er (re, again, and deliver), to 
deliver again ; to liberate a second time : re' delivery, 
n. -er-i, a second delivery or liberation: redeliv'- 
erance, n. -tins, a second deliverance. 

redemand, v. re'di-mdnd' (re, again, and demand), 
to demand back again : n. a demanding back again. 

redemption— see redeem. 

redented, a. rS-d&nt'Sd (L. re, back or again, and 
dens, a tooth— gen. dentis), formed like the tooth of a 
saw ; indented. 

redescend, v. re'-dS-sSnd' (re, again, and descend), to 
descend again. 

redigest, v. nV,li.-jr:;t'(re, again, and. digest), to digest 
or reduce to form a second time. 

redintegration, n. rd-dln'tH-grd'shun (L. redinte- 
gratio, a renewal— from re, again, and integro, I make 
whole: F. reintegration), renovation; restoration to 
a whole or sound state. 

redisburse, v. re'dis-bers' (re, again, and disburse), 
to repay or refund. 

rediscover, v. re'dls-kuv'er (re, again, and discover), 
to discover again. 

redispose, v. re'dls-pOz' (re, again, and dispose), to 
dispose or adjust again. 

redissolve, v. re'-dlz-zoW (re, again, and dissolve), to 
dissolve a second time. 

redistribute, v. re'-dis-trlb'ut (re, again, and dis- 
tribute), to distribute again; to deal back again: re- 
dis'tribu'tion, n. -bu'shun, a dealing back ; a second 
or new distribution. 

redolent, a. red'o-Unt (L. redolens, diffusing an 
odour— from re, back or again, and oleo, I smell : It. 
redolente : old F. rddolent), having a sweet scent ; dif- 
fusing fragrance: red'olently, ad. -It: red'olence, n. 
-lens, also red'olency, n. -Un-sl, fragrance ; perfume ; 
sweet scent. 

redouble, v. rS-dub'l (re, again, and double: F. re- 
cloubler), to repeat often ; to increase by repeated addi- 
tions; to become twice as much: redoubling, imp.: 
redoubled, pp. -dub'ld. 

redoubt, n. rS-dowt' (F. redoute; It. ridotto ; Sp. 
reducto, a redoubt : L. reductus, drawn back— from 
re, back, and ductus, led), a little fort within which 
soldiers may retire on occasion ; a general name for 
field-works entirely enclosing a post. 

redoubtable, a. re-dowt'd-bl, also redonbt'ed, a. -Sd 
(F. redoutable, formidable ; redouter, to fear or 
dread), terrible to foes ; formidable ; valiant. 

redound, v. r8-ddwnd' (F. ridonder, to redound : 
L. redundare, to run or stream over— from re, back or 
again, and unda, a wave : It. ridondare), to be sent, 
rolled, or driven back ; to conduce in the consequence 
or effect ; to result ; to contribute: redounding, imp.: 
redounded, pp. 

redraft, n. re-draft' (re, again, and draft), a second 
draft or copy ; a new bill of e'xehange which the holder 
of a protested bill draws on the drawer or indorsers : 
v. to draft or draw anew. 



redraw, v. rt-draW (re, again, and draw), to draw 
again ; in commerce, to draw a new bill of exchange ; 
to draw or write a second draft or copy. 

redresa, v. r6-dr6s' (F. redresser; It. ridrizzare, to 
straighten, to redress— from L. re, again, and dirigo, 
I place or lay straight), to rectify ; to amend ; to re- 
pair ; to remedy ; to relieve : n. a rectifying ; an ad- 
justing ; remedy ; deliverance from injury or oppres- 
sion : redres'sing, imp.: redressed', pp. -drdst': redres - 
ser, n. -sir, one who redresses : redress'less, a. -Us, 
without redress or relief: redres'sible, a. -si-bl, that 
may be relieved or repaired : redres'sive, a. -slv, afford- 
ing relief. 

red-tape, red-taplsm— see under red. 

reduce, v. r6-dus' (L. reducere, to lead or bring back 
—from re, back, and duco, I lead: It. reducere; F. re- 
duire), to bring into any state, particularly one made 
less or diminished ; to degrade ; to lessen ; to subdue ; 
to conquer; to class or arrange; to impoverish; to 
bring down ; to make less in size, quantity, or value ; 
in arith., alg., and logic, to bring from a form less fit, to 
one more fit, for the operation ; in metallurgy, to con- 
vert an oxida or an ore into the metallic state, as by 
smelting; in surg., to restore to its proper place or 
state, as a dislocated bone: reducing, imp.: reduced', 



brought into another state : redu'cibleness, i . .. 
nSs, quality of being reducible : reduct', n. -dukt', in 
arch., a small piece or place taken out of a larger to 
render it more uniform and regular, or for some other 
convenience : reduc'tion, n. -auk'shun (L. reductum, 
to lead or bring back; reductio, a restoration), the act 
of reducing or being reduced ; diminution ; conquest ; 
the operation of changingfrom one denomination into 
another without altering the value ; in alg., the opera- 
tion of solving an equation by bringing the unknown 
quantity to the one side, and the known quantities to 
the other ; the collection of observations to obtain a 
general result; the operation of separating a metal 
from the ore ; the operation of restoring a dislocated 
or fractured part to its former place ; a rule in arith- 
metic : reduc'tive, a. -tiv, having the power to reduce : 
n. that which reduces : reduc'tively, ad. -li : to reduce 
to the ranks, to degrade, as a sergeant to the position 
of a common soldier, for misconduct. 

redundant, a. rd-dun'ddnt (L. redundans, running 
back or over— from re, back, and unda, a wave : F. 
redondant), overflowing; excessive; exceeding what 
is natural or necessary : redun'dantly, ad. -II: redun- 
dance, n. -ddns, also redundancy, n. -ddn-si, the 
quality of being redundant ; that which is redundant 
or in excess. 

reduplicate, v. rS-du'pli-kdt (L. reduplicatum, to 
double again— from re. again olico, I double : 

It. reduplicare), to double again : adj. double ; in bot., 
applied to a form of aestivation in the edges of the 
sepals or petals which are turned outwards: redu'- 
plica'tion, n. -kd'shun, the act of doubling again : re- 
du'plicative, a. -ka-tiv, double. 

ree, n. re, also rea and rei, re, a Portuguese copper 
coin, equal in value to about one-sixteenth of an Eng- 
lish penny. 

re-echo, v. rS-ek'-o (re, again, and echo), to echo back ; 
to return back or be reverberated, as an echo. 

reed, n. red (Dut. riet ; Ger. ried ; AS. hreod, a 
reed— probably so called from their rustling or whis- 
pering sounds: Fin. rytista, to rustle; njti, a reed: 
Sans, ru, to sound as shaken with the wind), a name 
common to many aquatic plants which have jointed 
hollow stems ; the little mouthpiece of some musical 
instruments ; the tongue-pieces of certain wind instru- 
ments ; certain stops in an organ ; that part of a loom 
which keeps the threads apart in the operation of weav- 
ing : reed'ed, a. covered with reeds ; formed with chan- 
nels and ridges like reeds : reed'y, a. -i, abounding 
with reeds ; sounding as a reed, that is, like a harsh 
thick voice: reed'less, a. -Us, without reeds: reed- 
grass, the plant bur-reed: reed-mace, the plant cat's- 
tail : reed-pipe, a musica L pip furni I « iiii a reed : 
reed-stop, a set of pipes in an organ furnished with 

re-edify, v. re-ed'l-fl (re, again, and edify), to edify 
again ; to rebuild. 

reef, n. ref (Ger. raufe, a kind of fixed comb for 
dressing flax or hemp, a rack, a grate : Icel. hrifa, a 
rake : Dut. rieve or rieffe, a rake or comb : Sw. ref, 
a reef of rocks), a chain or ridge of rocks lying at or 



mate, mat, far, law; mete, mSt, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



513 



REFL 



near the surface of the water, or projecting but a little 
way above it, at full tide— improperly applied to a pro- 
jecting sandbank or spit of sand, — a shoal or bank 
occupies a wider area than a reef, and is for the most 
part composed of soft material, as mud, sand, and 
gravel: reefy, a. -I, full of reefs: coral-reef— see 
coral. 

reef, n. ref (Dut. reef or rif, a reef— akin to rieffe, 
a rake or comb), a row of short ropes stretching across 
a sail for the purpose of tying the strip of sail above 
the reef up to the yard, and so diminishing the size of 
the sail— when loose they hang against the sail like 
the teeth of a comb, whi v the name?: v. 

to reduce the exposed surface of a sail by tying toge- 
ther two parallel rows of short ropes which hang loosely 
on the sail: reefing, imp.: reefed, pp. reft: reefer, 
n. -er, one who reefs— a name often applied to midship- 
men : reef-band, the cross piece of canvas in which 
the reef -holes are formed. 

reek, n. rek(AS. rec; Icel. reykr; Ger. rauch; Dut. 
rook, smoke), smoke; steam; vapour: v. to give out 
smoke; to steam; to exhale: reeking, imp.: adj. 
emitting vapour : reeked, pp. rekt : reeky, a. rek'-l, 
smoky ; soiled with smoke or vapour. 

reel, v. rel (Scot, reile, to roll the eyes : Swiss, riegeln, 
to rattle, to wriggle : Sw. ragla, to reel, to stagger), to 
move unstei :en man: reeling, imp.: 

n. a staggering ; a vacillating walk : reeled, pp. reld. 

reel, n. rel (known in Norway and Denmark under 
the name of ril or riel : Gael, righil, a reel— see reel 1 
and 3), in Scot. , a dance in which three or four dancers 
in a row twist in and out and round each other. 

reel, n. rel (Scot, reil, a confused motion: Low Ger. 
rallen, to make a noise as children at play : Dan. vraale, 
to squall), a frame turning on an axis on which yarn, 
thread, &c, are wound : v. to gather yarn off the spin- 
dle : reeling, imp.: n. the process of winding thread, 
cotton, silk, &c, into a skein : reeled, pp. reld. 

re-elect, v. re'S-Wcf [re, again, and elect), to elect 
again : re'-elec'tion, n. an election a second time. 

re-eligible, a. re-SV-i-jl-bl (re, again, and eligible), 
capable of being elected again to the same office : re- 
el' igibil'ity, n. -bll'i-tl, the capacity of being elected 
agaui to the same office. 

re-embark, v. re'em-bdrk' (re, again, and embark), 
to embark or go on board ship again ; to put on board 
again : re-embarkation, n. a putting on board or a 
going on board again. 

re-embody, v. re'-im-bod'-i (re, again, and embody), 
to embody again. 

re-embrace, v. re'-embrds' (re, again, and embrace), 
to embrace again. 

re-emerge, v. re'e-merf (re, again, and emerge), to 
appear again after being plunged, obscured, or over- 
whelmed. 

reeming, n. "-em'lng (AS. ream ; Ger. rahm, cream), 
in a ship, the act of opening the seams between the 
planks by caulking-irons in order to recaulk them. 

re-enact, v. re'-en-akf (re, again, and enact), to pass 
again, as a law : re'-enact'ment, n. the enacting or 
passing a law a second time. 

re-enforce— see reinforce. 

re-engage, v. re'-en-gaj (re, again, and engage), to 
engage a second time : re'-engage'ment, n. a second or 
renewed engagement. 

re-enjoy, v. re'-en-joy'(re, again, and enjoy), to enjoy 
anew, or a second time. 

re-enkindle, v. re'-&n-kln'dl(re, again, and enkindle), 
to enkindle again. 

re-enlist, v. re'en-llst' (re, again, and enlist), to 
enlist again : re'-enlist'ment, n. a new or second en- 
listment. 

re-enter, v. re-Sn'ter (re, again, and enter), to enter 
again or anew ; to deepen lines with the graver : re- 
entering, imp.: re-en'tered, pp. -terd: re-en'try, n. 
-tri, an entering again ; in law, the resuming or re- 
taking possession of lands lately lost : re-entrance, 
n. -trdns, the act of entering again : re-entering- 
angle, in/o?-f., the angle of a work whose point turns 
inwards to v. .: jfended place. 

re-establish, v. re'Ss-tab'llsh (re, again, and estab- 
lish), to establish anew ; to fix or confirm again: re'- 
establishing, imp.: re'estab lished, pp. -lisht: re'- 
estab'lishment, n. restoration ; renewed confirma- 
tion. 

reeve, n. rev (AS. gerefa; Icel. greifi, a governor: 
Dut. graef; Ger. graf, count), a steward or governor 
— now used only in composition, as shire-reeve or 
sheriff, 



reeve, v. rev (from Eng. rive ; Icel. rif a, to tear asun- 
der ; Icel. rifinn, ragged, torn : Dan. rove, to rob ; rive, 
to rasp, to tear), to pass the end of a rope through any 
hole, as a block, through which it is to run : reel- 
ing, imp.: reeved, pp. revd, also rove, pp. rov, did 
reeve. 

reeve, n. rev, a bird, the female of the ruff, which 



re'egz-dm'in (re, again, and examine), 
to examine anew. 

re-exchange, v. re'Sks-chanf (re, again, and ex- 
change), to exchange anew ; in commerce, the expense 
chargeable on a bill of exchange which has been dis- 
honoured in a foreign country. 

re-exhibit, v. re^eks-hlb'-U (re, again, and exhibit), 
to exhibit again. 

re-expel, v. rS'-Sks-pSl' (re, again, and expel), to ex- 
pel again. 

re-experience, v. re'Skspe'-rl-Sns (re, again, and ex- 
perience), to experience again, or a second time : n. a 
renewed or repeated experience. 

re-export, v. re'eks-port' (re, again, and export), to 
export what has been imported ; to export again : re- 
ex port, n. any commodity re-exported. 

re-expulsion, n. re'-eks-piil'shun (re, again, and ex- 
pulsion), renewed or repeated expulsion. 

refashion, v. re-fash'un (re, again, and fashion), 
to fashion or form a second time. 

refasten, v. re-fas'-n(re, again, and fasten), to fasten 

refection, n. ri-flk'-shtin (F. rdfection, a meal : L. 
refectio, refreshment — from re, again, and facio, I 
make), a restoring; a repairing; refreshment after 
hunger or fatigue ; a spare meal or repast : refec'tive, 
a. -tiv, refreshing ; restoring : n. that which refreshes : 
refec'tory, n. -ter-i, in a monastery or convent, a 
hall or apartment where refreshments are taken ; an 
apartment for refreshments or meals. 

refer, v. rS-fer' (F. refe"rer, to refer : L. referere, to 
bear or give back — from re, back, and fero, I bear 
or carry : It. riferire), to direct or send to for infor- 
mation or jadgment ; to assign, as to a class or order ; 
to point or have reference; to impute; to have re- 
course; to allude: referring, imp.: referred', pp. 
-ferd': refer'rer, n. -er, one who refers : referrible, a. 
rS-fer'ri-bl, that may be referred: referable, a. -d-bl, 
capable of being considered in relation to something 
else ; that may be assigned : referee', n. -e", one to 
whom anything is referred for hearing or decision: 
reference, n. -ens, a sending or direction to an- 
other for information ; allusion to ; the submission of 
a matter in dispute to another for decision: refer- 
en'dary, n. -6n'der-i, in early hist., an officer who 
delivered the royal answer to petitions, and exercised 
certain duties in reference to decrees, diplomas, &c: 
ref eren'tial, a. -in'shul, that points or" refers to some- 
thing else. 

referment, v. ri'fer-m&nt' (re, again, and ferment), 
to ferment anew. 

refine, v. rS-fln' (re, again, and fine: F. rafflner,- 
Sp. reflnar, to refine), to free from dross or extraneous 
matter; to purify; to polish or improve, as in lan- 
guage, manners, taste, &c; to improve in accuracy or 
excellence; to become pure: ren'ning, imp.: n. the 
act or process of purifying or improving : refined', pp. 
-find': adj. made pure; polished; elegant; polite: 
refi'ner, n. -ner, one who refines, particularly metals : 
refine'ment, n. -fln'mint, state of being pure or re- 
fined; high polish; purity or elegance of language, 
manners, &c. ; politeness ; cultivation to a high degree ; 
artificial practice; affectation of elegant improve- 
ments; excess, as of cruelty: refi'nedly, ad. -nSd-li: 
refi'nedness, n. -nes, state of being refined: refi'- 
nery, n. -ner-i, a place where anything is purified, 
particularly metals. 

refit, v. re-ftf (re, again, and fit), to prepare again ; 
to restore after damage or decay: refit'ting, imp.: n. 
the fitting afresh: refit'ted, pp.: refit'ment, n. -ment, 
a fitting out a second time. 

refix, v. re-fiks' (re, again, and ./to), to fix again ; to 
establish anew. 

reflect, v. rS-flSkt' (L. refiectere, to bend or turn 
backwards— from re, back, and flecto, I bend or turn 
round), to throw back light, heat, &c; to return rays 
or beams ; to throw back ; to revolve in the mind ; 
to ponder ; to meditate ; to cast censure or reproach 
on or upon : reflecting, imp.: adj. throwing back light, 
heat, &c, as a mirror or other surface ; given to atten- 
tive thought; thoughtful: reflect'ed, pp.: adj. thrown 



)t; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



EEFL 



514 



REFU 



back; returned: reflect'edly, ad. -li, in a manner I 
bent or curved backward : reflect'ingly, ad. -II, with 
reflection; with censure: reflector, n. -er, a surface 
of polished metal, or any other suitable material, 
which throws rays of light, heat, or sound in any re- 
quired direction: reflect'ible, a. -i-bl, that may be 
thrown back : reflect'ent, a. ~.-Snt, bending or flying 
back : reflection, n. -fUk'shun, the act of reflecting 
or throwing back ; the rebound of heat, light, or sound, 
or other body, from a surface against which it has 
struck ; the action of the mind by which it views its 
own operations ; attentive consideration ; censure or 
reproach: reflec'tive, a. -tlv, throwing back images; 
considering the operations of the mind or things of 
the past; pondering; musing: reflec'tively, ad. -II: 
reflectiveness, n. -nes, the state or quality of being 
reflective: reflecting-circle, an astronomical instru- 
ment for measuring angular distances, being the same 
in principle with the sextant, but having its limb a 
complete circle: reflecting-telescope, a telescope 
which has a mirror or speculum as its magnifier. 

reflex, a. re'-flaks (L. reflexum, to bend or turn back 
—from re, back, and flexurn, to bend, to curve— see 
reflect), thrown or bent backwards ; in hot., very much 
curved backwards; in phys., applied to a class of 
actions in which certain muscles act without the will 
of the individual; in paint., illuminated by a light 
reflected from another body in the same picture : n. 
reflection: reflexible, a. rS-flSks'i-bl, capable of being 
reflected or thrown back: reflexlbillty, n. -bll'i-ti, 
the quality of being reflexible; capability of being 
reflected: reflexed, a. re-fiekst', bent backward: re- 
flexive, a. -iv, bending or turned backward ; having 
respect to something past : reflex'ively, ad. -li. 

refluent, a. ref'ldd-ent (L. refluens, a flowing back 

—from re, back, and fluo, I flow: It. rifluire; F. ref- 

luer. to flow again), flowing or running back; ebbing. 

reflux, n. re'-flaks (F. reflux, ebb— from L. re, back, 

nndfluxum, to flow), a flowing or running back. 

reforge, v. re-fOrf (re, again, and forge), to forge 
again or anew. 

reform, v. ri-fawrmf (L. reformare, to shape again, 
to change— from re, back, and forma, a shape: F. 
reformer: It. riformare), to change from bad to good, 
or from worse to better; to change or return to a 
former good state; to be amended or corrected; to 
amend; to correct; to reclaim: adj. advocating or 
supporting reform: n. a change from worse to bet- 
ter; amendment: reforming, imp.: reformed', pp. 
-fawrmd'.- adj. restored to a good state; Protestant; 
applied to all those Christian bodies which have sepa- 
rated from the Church of Rome since the Reformation ; 
a name often assumed by a dissatisfied body of indi- 
viduals who have separated themselves from a parent 
religious society or association, as "Reformed Presby- 
terian Church": reform'edly, ad. -ed-li: reform' er, n. 
-er, one who reforms ; applied to one of those who en- 
gaged actively in the separation from the Church of 
Rome in the 14th century; one who professedly de- 
votes himself to promote the correction of abuses in 
the state : reform'able, a. -d-bl, that may be reformed : 
reformation, n. r&f'-or-ma'shiin, the act of changing 
from worse to better, as in life or manners ; amend- 
ment : The Reformation, the great change in religious 
opinions in Europe, begun by Luther and others in 
1517: reformative, a. rS-fawrm'd-tiv, forming again; 
having the quality of renewing form : reformatory, 
n. -ter-i, a house in which young offenders are placed 
and treated, with a view to make them good members 
of society : adj. tending to improve maimer of life and 
character. 

re-form, v. re-faTvrm' (see preceding entry), to put 
into order or arrange anew, as a procession; to re- 
arrange and put into military order a body of troops 
scattered or in confusion. 

refortify, v. re-for'-ti-fl (re, again, and fortify), to 
fortify anew. 

refound, v. re-fdwnd' (re, again, and found), to 
found or cast anew ; to re-establish. 

refract, v. rS-frdkt' (L. refractum, to break up or 
in pieces— from re, back, and fractum, to break : It. 
rifrangere, to deviate from : F. refracter, to refract), 
to break, as the natural course of the rays of light ; to 
cause to deviate from a direct line, as rays of light : re- 
fracting, imp.: refract'ed, pp.: adj. bent back at an 
acute angle: refrac'tive, a. -frdk'-tiv, allowing or fa- 
vouring refraction: refrac'tion, n. -shun, the bend- 
ing of a ray of light towards the perpendicular when 
it passes into a denser medium, as from air into 



water, and from the perpendicular when it passes 
into a rarer medium, as from water into air ; in mech., 
the incurvation or change of determination in the 
body moved ; in astron. , the apparent angular eleva- 
tion of celestial bodies above their true places, caused 
by the refracting power of the atmosphere : double 
refraction, the refraction of light in two directions, 
and consequent production of two distinct images. 

refractory, a. re-frdk'-ter-l (L. refractarius, stub- 
born : F. refractaire : Sp. refractario), difficult to man- 
age; obstinately unyielding; perverse; in chem., dif- 
ficult of fusion : refrac'torily, ad. -ll: refractoriness, 
n. -tie's, perverse or sullen obstinacy. 

refragable, a. ref-rd-gd-bl (L. refrangor, I oppose or 
resist— from re, back, and frango, I break), that may 
be opposed or resisted ; capable of refutation. 

refrain, v. re-frdn' (L. refreno, I hold back or in 
with a bridle, I check— from re, back, and frenurn, a 
bridle: It. refrenare: F. refriner), to restrain; to 
keep from action ; to keep one's self from action or 
interference; to forbear: refraining, imp.: refrained', 
pp. -frand". 

refrain, n. re-frdn' (F. refrain, a refrain : Sp. refran, 
a proverb), the burden of a song or piece of music ; a 
kind of musical repetition. 

reframe, v. re-frdm' (re, again, and frame), to frame 
anew. 

refrangible, a. rS-frdn'jl-bl (It. refrangibile ; F. re- 
frangible, refrangible— from L. re, again, and frango, 
I break in pieces), capable of being turned out of a 
direct course when passing from one medium into an- 
other, as rays of light passing from air into water: 
refran'gibillty, n. -bll'i-ti, the disposition of rays of 
light to be turned out of their direct course in passing 
from one medium into another. 

refresh, v. re-fresh' (L. refrigesco, I grow cold or 
cool : old F. refreschir; mod. F. rafraichir, to refresh), 
to relieve or revive after fatigue or depression; to 
give new strength to ; to invigorate ; to cool ; to im- 
prove by new touches: refreshing, imp.: adj. reviv- 
ing ; reanimating : refreshed, pp. rS-frisM: refreah'- 
ingly, ad. -li .- refresh'er, n. -er, one who or that which 
refreshes ; a fee to insure attention or expedition : re- 
freshment, n. -m6nt, new strength or vigour received 
after fatigue ; that which strengthens or invigorates, 
as food or rest. 

refrigerate, v. re-frlj'er-dt (L. refrigeratum, to 
make cool or cold— from re, again, and frigus, cold — 
gen. frigoris : It. refrigerare, to refrigerate : F. refrig- 
erant, cooling), to make cold or colder ; to lessen the 
heat of ; to refresh: refrigerating, imp.: refrig'erated, 
pp.: refrig'erant, a. -dnt, cooling; allaying heat : n. a 
medicine which cools or abates heat: refrig'erator, 
n. -a-ter, a vessel for cooling liquids, or for condensing 
hot vapours into liquids : refrig'era'tory, a. -er-d'-t&r-i, 
cooling: n. the vessel or apartment in which hot liq- 
uids are cooled, or hot vapours condensed into liquids 
—same as refrigerator: refrig'era'tive, a. -d'-tiv, cool- 
ing: n. a medicine that allays heat: refrig'era'tion, 
n. -a'-shun, act or state of being cooled; abatement of 
heat. 

reft, v. reft, for bereft— see bereave. 

refuge, n. rif'uj (L. refugium, an escape, a place of 
refuge— from re, back, and fugere, to flee : It. refugio : 
F. refuge), that which shelters or protects from danger 
or calamity ; an asylum or retreat ; a covert ; a strong- 
hold; resource: v. to shelter: ref'ugeless, a. -Us, 
without shelter or protection : refugee', n. -u-je!, one 
who seeks safety or shelter in another country from 
persecution in his, .own: cities of refuge, among the 
anc. Jews, certain cities in different parts of Palestine 
appointed for the retreat and safety, from the avenger 
of blood, of those who killed a person without design. 

refulgent, a. re-ful'jent (L. refulgens, reflecting a 
shining light— from re, back, and fulgeo, I shine : It. 
rifulgente : Sp. refulgente), reflecting a shining light ; 
casting a bright light; splendid; shining: reful'gent- 
ly, ad. -li: refulgence, n. -j6ns, also reful'gency, n. 
-j6n-si, a flood of light ; splendour. 

refund, v. re-fund' (L. refundere, to restore, to re- 
place—from re, back, and f undo, I pour: F. refonder ; 
It. rifondere, to refund, to restore), to repay ; to re- 
turn, as money in compensation ; to restore : refund'- 
er, n. -er, one who refunds : refunding, imp. : refund'- 
ed, pp. 

refurbish, v. re-fer'btsh (re, again, and furbish), to 
furbish a second time. 

refurnish, v. re-fer'nish (re, again, and furnish), to 
supply or provide anew. 



mate. mdt,ftir, law; mete, met, Mr; plne,pln; note, ndt, m6ve; 



REFU 



515 



REGN 



refuse, r. rgfiiz' (L. refusum, to pour back, also found 
in the sense of "reject": It. rifusare; Sp.refusar; F. 
refuser, to refuse), to deny, as a request, an invita- 
tion, or a demand ; to decline to do or accept ; to re- 
ject: refusing, imp.: refused, pp. rS-fuzd' : refu'- 
sal, n. -zdl, the denial of anything solicited or offered 
fur acceptance ; choice of taking or refusing; option: 
refu'ser, n. -zer, one who refuses: refu'sable, a. -zd-bl, 
that may be rejected. 

refuse, n. re/'tis (Eng. re/used, rejected : F. refus, 
refusal), that which is refused or rejected as useless; 
waste matter: adj. rejected; worthless; of no value. 

refute, v. ri-filf (L. refutare, to refute, to repel: It. 
refutare: F. refuter), to overthrow or repel by argu- 
ment or evidence ; to prove to be false or erroneous ; 
to disprove: refuting, imp.: refu'ted, pp.: refu'ter, n. 
-ter, one who refutes: refu table, a. -td-U, that may be 
proved false or erroneous : refu'tably, ad. -bll: refu'ta- 
fcil'ity.n. -ta-bU'l-ti ■. refutation, n. rcf'-ii-td'aJum, the 
act of proving to be false or erroneous: refutatory, a. 
ri-fu'-td-terl, tending to refute. 

regain, v. re-gdn' {re, back, and gain: F. regagner, 
' i back), to recover; to repossess: regain'ing, 



gen. regis : It. regale ; F. regal), pert, to aking ; kingly; 
royal: re'gally, ad. -H: regalia, n. plu. re-ga'li-d (L. 
plu. neut. of regalis, kindly), riisigns and insignia of 
royalty; the decorations or insignia of an office or 
order, as of freemasons: rega'lian, a. -ll-dn, belonging 
to a king; sovereign: regality, n. r&gal'-l-tl, sove- 
reignty; in Scot., originally a territorial jurisdiction 
conferred by the king. 

regale, v. r6-gaV (F. re'galer, to treat : Sp. regalar, 
to make good cheer, to entertain : It. gala, good cheer : 
F. galler, to entertain with sport and' glee : L. regalis, 
kingly, becoming a king), to entertain with something 
that delights; to gratify ;' to feast royally: regaling, 
imp. : regaled, pp. re-gdld': rega'ler, n. -ler, one who 
regales: regalement, n. regdl'mSnt, refreshment; 
entertainment. 

regard, v. re-gdrd' (F. regarder; It. riguardare, to 
look upon, to see— see guard), to notice with particu- 
lar attention; to observe; to remark; to attend to 
with respect ; to fix the mind on, as a matter of im- 
portance ; to pay attention to ; to respect ; to esteem : 
n. attention of mind from a feeling of interest ; atten- 
tion as a matter of importance; notice; heed; respect; 
esteem ; relation ; reference to ; look ; aspect directed 
to another: regarding, imp.: regard'ed.pp.: regard'- 
er, n. -er, one who regards ; in laiv , an officer whose 
business is to inspect the forests, the inferior officers, 
&c. : regardant, a. -ant (F.), in her., looking behind; 
in feudal law, annexed to the manor or land : regard'- 
ful, a. -fool, attentive ; taking notice : regard'fully, 
ad. -II: regardless, a. -lis, unobservant; heedless; 
inattentive : regardlessly, ad. -li : regardlessness, n. 
-n4s, the state or quality of being regardless ; heed- 
lessness: regards', n. plu. -gdrdz 1 , respects; good 
wishes. 

regather, v. re-gdih'er (re, again, and gather), to 
collect a second time. 

regatta, n. ri-gdt'-td (It. regata, a boat-race at 
Venice ; rigattare, to strive for the victory : Sp. re- 
gatear, to rival in sailing), a sailing or rowing match 
in which a number of boats and yachts contend for 
prizes. 

regency— see regent. 

regenerate, v. rd-jSn'er-dt (L. regeneratum, to re- 
produce—from re, again, and generare, to beget: It. 
regenerare: F. regenerer), to form into a new and 
better state ; to make to be born anew ; to renew the 
old affections of man by a change of heart ; to cause 
to be spiritually born : adj. born again : changed in 
heart: regen'erating, imp.: regenerated, pp.: adj. 
renewed, as by grace ; born again : regen'erateness, 
n. -n6s, the state of being regenerated: regen'era - 
tion, n. -d'-shun, in Christian theol., that change of 
nature produced in the heart of man through the 
working of the Holy Spirit, significantly called " a 
being born again," which enables him to walk " in 
newness of life " ; in phys., the renewal of a portion of 
lost or removed tissue: regen'eratory, a. -d-ter-i, 
tending to reproduce or renovate. 

regent, n. [ riding, governing— gen. 

regentis— from rego, I rule: It. reggente; F. regent; 
Sp. regente, a regent), one who governs during the in- 
capacity or minority of a sovereign ; a governor : re- 
gentship, n. the office or dignity of a regent : regency, 



n. rc'-jcn-si, the office or jurisdiction of a regent; the 
collective body intrusted with vicarious government. 

regerminate, v. re-jer'-min-dt (re, again, and ger- 
minate), to germinate anew. 

regicide, n. rtj'i-sld (F. regicide; It. regicida, a 
regicide— from L. rex, a king— gen. regis, and cccdo, I 
kill), one who m r sovereign ; the mur- 

der of a king : reglci'dal, a. -sl'ddl, pert, to a regicide, 
or to regicide. 

regild, v. re-glbl (re. again, and gild), to gild anew. 

regime, n. rd-zhem' (F. regime; Sp. regimen, gov- 
ernment), mode of living ; form of government ; rule ; 
i ration. 

regimen, n. rlf-i-mSn (L. regimen, direction— from 
rego, I rule: It. reggime: F. regime), in med., regula- 
tion of diet and habit; in gram., that part which 
treats of the regulation and dependence of words on 
each other. 

regiment, n. rSj'mint (F. regiment ; It. reggimento, 
a regiment : L. regimen, a guiding or directing), a body 
of soldiers, consisting of a number of companies if in- 
fantry, and of squadrons if cavalry, under the com- 
ld of an officer called a colonel: v. to form into 



articles of military dress. 

region, n. re'-jun (L. regio, a boundary-line, a terri- 
tory—gen. regionis— from -re-go, I rule : It. regione : F. 
region), a portion or space of territory of indefinite 
extent; a country; a district; a tract of space; any 
large tract of sea or land characterised by some fea- 
tures not found in other areas or parts ; in anat., apart 
or division of the body. 

register, n. rej'is-ter (F. registre ; It. registro, a 
register— from L. re, back, and gestum, to carry), a 
written account, or entries in a book, of acts or pro- 
ceedings for preservation and for reference ; a record ; 
the book in which the record is kept; that which 
regulates or adjusts; a written document issued to 
captains of foreign-bound vessels as evidence of nation- 
ality ; in printing, a regulation of the forms, by which 
the lines of pages on one side of a sheet are printed ex- 
actly on the back of those on the other side ; one of the 
inner parts of the mould in which printing-types are 
cast ; the compass of a voice or instrument ; in an 
organ, a sliding piece of wood perforated with a num- 
ber of holes for regulating the admission of wind into 
the pipes ; a stopper or sliding-plate for regulating the 
heat of a fire : v. to enter, or cause to be entered, in the 
record-book; to enrol: registering, imp. : registered, 
pp. -terd : adj. recorded ; enrolled : registry, n. -trl , 
enrolment; place where a register is kept; a series 
of facts recorded : registering pyrometer, an instr. 
for measuring high temperatures by the expansion of 
bars of metal : registering thermometer, one which 
records its own indications : parish register, a book 
for recording the baptisms, marriages, and burials of 
a parish: registered company, an association not 
possessing a charter, but only registered under the 
" Joint Stock Act " : registered letter, a letter or par- 
cel on which a special fee has been paid for insuring 
safe delivery : register office, a record office ; in Scot., 
a large building in Edinburgh set apart for the safe 
custody of the national archives, and for the recording 
of titles and burdens connected with real estate : the 
Lord Clerk Register, a Scottish officer of state who 
has the custody of the national archives : registrar, 
n. -trdr, one whose business it is to write or keep 
a register, as one of births, deaths, and marriages: 
reglstrarship, n. the office of a registrar : reg'istra- 
tion, n. -trd'-shun, the act of inserting into a register. 

regius, a. re'ji-us (L. regius, kingly— from rex, a 
king), founded or appointed by a king, applied to cer- 
tain professorships : regium donum, re'-ji-um do'num 
(L. a royal grant), an annual grant of public money 
formerly paid by the Legislature in aid of the incomes 
of the Presbyterian ministers in Ireland. 

reglet, n. rig-lit (L. regula, a straight-edged ruler : 
F. regie, a rule ; reglet, a ruler), in arch., a flat narrow 
moulding employed to separate"panels, &c, or to form 
ornaments, as frets or knots ; among printers, strips 
of wood of various thicknesses. 

regma, n. reg'md (Gr. rhegma, a rupture), in bot., a 
seed-vessel, the two valves of which open by an elastic 
movement, as in euphorbia. 

regnant, a. rSg'ndnt(L. regnans, ruling or reigning: 
F. regnant: It. regnante), exercising regal authority; 
ruling ; prevalent : regnancy, n. reg'ndn-si, the con- 
dition or quality of being regnant. 



'j, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



KEGO 



516 



REIN 



regorge, v. re-gorf (re, again, and gorge), to swal- 
low again ; to eject from the stomach. 

regraft, v. re-graft' {re, again, and graft), to graft 
anew. 

regrant, v. re-grdnt' (re, back, and grant), to grant 
back. 

regrate, v. re-grdt'(F. regrat, sale of salt by retail ; re- 
gratter, to exercise the trade of a broker : Sp. regatero, 
a haggler, a huckster : It. rigattare, to wrangle), to buy 
and sell again any wares or victuals in the same mar- 
ket, or within five miles thereof; to renovate old 
hewn stone by removing the outer surface (F. gratter, 
to scratch) : regra'ting, imp. : n. forestalling the mar- 
ket ; removing the surface of an old hewn stone : re- 
gra'ted, pp. : regra'tor, n. -ter, one who regrates ; a 
huckster. 

regress, n. re'grSs (L. regressus, a going back— from 
re, back, and gre»?us, a stepping: F. regres : It. re- 
gresso), passage; power of returning: v. ri-gris', to 
go back or backwards : regres'sing, imp. : regressed, 
pp. rS-grSst': regres'sive, a. -grSs'slv, passing back ; 
returning: regres'sively, ad. -II : regressi'on, 11. 
-gresh'-uii,, th". act of passing back or returning. 

regret, n. r6-gr6f (F. regretter, to lament: Icel. 
gratr, weeping : Scot, greet, to cry), a slight degree of 
grief or sorrow arising from some occurrence of the 
past ; pain of conscience for some fault ; slight re- 
morse : v. to remember with pain of mind ; to grieve 
at; to be sorry for; to repent of: regret'ting, imp. : 
regret'ted, pp. : regret'les3, a. -Us, without regret : 
regret'ful, a. -fJbl, full of regret: regret'fully, ad. 
-II: regret'table, a. -td-bl, admitting of or deserving 
regret. 

regular, a. rSg'u-lir (L. regularis, of or pert, to a 
straight-edged ruler or bar of wood— from regula, a 
rule : It. regolare, done according to rule : F. rigulier, 
regular), done according to rule, order, or established 
practice ; in accordance with the ordinary form or 
course of things ; consistent ; governed by rules ; 
uniform in practice; pursued with uniformity or 
steadiness; straight; level; having the parts all 
symmetrical; in hot., applied to an organ, the parts 
of which are of similar form and size : n. in the Ch. of 
Rome, a member of any religious order professing and 
following a certain rule of life; a soldier of the per- 
manent army: regularly, ad. -II: regularity, n. 
-ldr'-l-tl, agreeableness or accordance with rule or es- 
tablished practice; certain order; method ; steadiness 
in a course: regular figures, in georn., applied to 
bodies the sides and angles of which are equal : reg'- 
ulate, v. -lat, to put or keep in good order ; to dis- 
pose; to arrange; to subject to rules or restrictions: 
reg'ulating, imp. : regulated, pp. : reg'ulator, n. 
-la-ter, the small spring of a watch which regulates 
Its motions ; the part of any machine which regulates 
its movements : reg'ula'tion, n. -la'shun, a rule or 
order prescribed by a superior : reg'ulative, a. -la-tiv, 
tending to regulate. 

regulus, n. r&g'-u-lus (L. regulus, a petty king— from 
rex, a king), a name applied by the old chemists to 
several inferior metals when freed from impurities, as 
antimony, arsenic, bismuth, &c; a fixed star of the 
first magnitude. 

regur, n. re'-ger, the native name for the cotton soil 
of India, being of a bluish-black or greenish-grey 
colour, and of marvellous fertility. 

regurgitate, v. rS-ger'jl-tat (It. regurgitare, to re- 
gurgitate—from L. re, again, and gurges, a raging 
abyss, a whirlpool— gen. gurgitis), to throw or pour 
back from a deep or hollow place, as from a whirlpool ; 
to throw back in great quantity : regurgitating, 
imp.: regurgitated, pp.: regur'gita'tion, n. -ta'shun, 
the act of flowing or pouring back by the same orifice 
or place of entrance ; the act of swallowing again ; 
the natural and easy vomiting of food by infants. 

rehabilitate, v. re'-hd-bll'i-tdt (F. rihabiliter ; Sp. 
rehabilitar, to reinstate— from L. re, again, and habeo, 
I have), to restore to former rank or privileges, or 
to rights which had been lo3t or forfeited ; a term of 
the civil and canon law: rehabilitating, imp.: reha- 
bilitated, pp.: re'habll'ita'tion, n. -ta'shun, restora- 
tion to former rights. 

rehash, v. re-hdsh' (re, again, and hash), to hash 
over again. 

rehear, v. rg-hSr' (re, again, and hear),to hear again . 
to try a second time: rehearing, imp.: n. in law, a 
second hearing or trial : reheard', pt. pp. -herd', heard 
a second time. 

reh8ar3e, v. rS-hers' (F. rehercer, to repeat what one 
mate, mdt, far, law; mite, mSt, 



has already said: Icel. hrifa, a rake, also iteration: 
Gael, rue, to rehearse), to relate in the hearing of 
others ; to recite ; to repeat ; to recite in private pre- 
paratory to a public recital or delivery : rehearsing, 
imp. : rehearsed', pp. -hirst' : rehears'er, n. -er, one 
who rehearses : rehears'al, n. -dl, a recital ; a telling, 
as of particulars in detail; the private recital, as of 
a dramatic piece before the public representation of 
it, or of a musical composition before its public per- 
formance. 

Keichsrath, n. rlhs'rdth(Gar. council of the empire), 
the imperial parliament of the Austrian empire. 

reign, v. ran (L. regnare, to rule or govern— from 
. ■x, a king: It. rajnare: K. ngner, to reign), to rule 
as a king ; to be king; to hold supreme power; to be 
predominant: n. supreme power; sovereignty; the 
time during which a king rules; empire; power; in- 
fluence: reigning, imp.: reigned, pp. rdnd. 

reilluminate, v. re'U-lum'ln-dt (re, again, and illum- 
inate), to enlighten again; to reillumine. 

reillumine, v. re-ll-lom'-ln (re, again, and illumine), 
to enlighten again. 

reimburse, v. re'lm-bers' (re, again, and imburse-. F. 
rembourser : It. rimborsare: see purse), to refund ; 
to repay or return what has been taken, lost, or ex- 
pended: reimbursing, imp. : reimbursed', pp. -Mi st ': 
re'imburs'er, n. -bers'er, one who reimburses : re'im- 
burse'ment, n. -mint, repayment of what has been 
taken, lost, or expended ; the act of making good, 
as loss or expense. 

relmplant, v. re'lm-pldnf (re, again, and implant), 
to implant again. 

reimport, v. re'im-pOrf (re, again, and import), to 
import again ; to recon vey : re'importa'tion, n. the act 
of importing what had been exported. 

reimpose, v. re'im-pdz' (re, again, and impose), to 
impose anew, as a tax. 

reimpregnate, v. re'lm-prSg'ndt (re, again, and 
impregnate), to impregnate again. 

reimpress, v. re'tm-prSs' (re, again, and impress), to 
impress anew : relmpressi'on, n. a second or repeated 



reimprint, v. ri'-im-prlnt' (re, again, and imprint), 
to imprint again. 

reimprison, v. re"-lm-pris'n (re, again, and imprison), 
to imprison again, or after a release from prison : re - 
impris'onment, n. the act of confining again in prison 
after a release from it. 

rein, n. rdn, plu. reins, rdnz (F. resne or reine ; It. 
redina, a rein or bridle : Bret, rina, to direct or govern : 
L. retinere, to hold in), the straps of a bridle which ex- 
tend from the horse's mouth to the hands of the rider 
or driver, and by which the horse is restrained and 
guided ; the instrument or power of curbing or re- 
straining; government: v. to govern by a bridle or 
reins; to control; to restrain: reining, imp.: reined, 
pp. rdnd: reinless, a. -les, without restraint; un- 
checked : to give the reins to, to give licence ; to 
allow to be without control : to take the reins, to 
assume control. 

reincense, v. r&'-ln-sHns' (re, again, and incense), to 
incense again. 

reincorporate, v. re'ln-kor'po-rdt (re, again, and 
incorporate), to incorporate again ; to embody anew. 

reincur, v. rS'ln-ker' (re, again, and incur), to incur 
a second time. 

reindeer, n. rdn'dSr (Ger. rennthier ; Icel. hreindyr; 
Dan. rendyr, a reindeer), a large animal of the deer 
kind, inhabiting the northern parts of Europe and 
America, domesticated by the Laplanders, &c, and 
driven in their sledges : reindeer-moss, a lichen which 
furnishes food for the reindeer. 

reinduce, v. re'in-dus' (re, again, and induce), to 
induce again. 

reinforce, v. rS'-in-fOrs 1 (re, again, and inforce), to 
strengthen with new force, assistance, or support : re- 
iniforc'ing, imp. : reinforced', pp. -fOrstf : re'in- 
force'ment, n. an additional force ; fresh assistance ; 
any augmentation of strength or force by adding 
something. 

reinform, v. rS'-in-fawrm' (re, again, and inform), to 
inform anew. 

reinfuse, v. rS'ln-fuz' (re, again, and infuse), to in- 
fuse again. 

reinhabit, v. ri'-ln-hdb'-it (re, again, koA inhabit), to 
inhabit again. 

reinquire, v. re'ln-kwlr' (re, again, and inquire), to 
inquire a second time. 

reins, n. plu. rdnz (L. renes; Gx.phren, plu. phrenes, 

her; pine, pin; note, not, mCve; 



REIN 517 



EELE 



lower part of the back; the inward parts; the affec- 
tions and passions ; the heart. 

reins— see rein. 

reinsert, v. re'-Xn-serf (re, again, and insert), to in- 
sert a second time : reinsertion, n. a second inser- 
tion. 

reinspect, v. re'-in-spekf {re, again, and inspect), to 
inspect again : relnspec tion, n. the act of inspecting 
a second time. 

reinspire, v. re'-ln-splr' {re, again, and inspire), to 
inspire anew. 

reinspirit, v. re'-ln-splr'-tt (re, again, and inspirit), 
to inspirit anew. 

reinstall, v. re'-Xn-stawl' (re, again, and install), to 
install again; to seat anew: re instalment, n. a 
second instalment. 

reinstate, v. re'-ln-stdt' (re, again, and instate), to 
place again in a former state ; to restore : re'insta- 
ting, imp. : reinstated, pp.: reinstate ment, n. the 
a jt of restoring to a state from which one had been 
removed. 

reinstruct, v. re'in-strufcf (re, again, and instruct), 
to instruct anew. 

reinsure, v. re'-ln-sh&r' (re, again, and insure), to 
insure the same property a second time: re'insu'- 
rance, n. a contract in which the first insurer is re- 
lieved by another from the risks he had undertaken. 

reinter, v. re'-ln-ter' (re, again, and inter), to inter 

reinterrogate, v. re'-in-tSr'-6-gdt (re, again, and inter- 
rogate), to question again or repeatedly. 

reintroduce, v. re-ln'-trO-dus' (re. again, and intro- 
duce), to introduce again : rein'troduc tion, n. a sec- 
ond introduction. 

reinundate, v. re'Xn-un'-ddt (re, again, and inun- 
date), to inundate again. 

reinvest, v. re'-Xm-vSst' (re, again, and invest), to in- 
vest anew: re'invest ment, n. the act of investing 
anew. 

reinvestigate, v. re'-ln-ves'tt-gdt (re, again, and in- 
vestigate), to investigate again. 

reinvigorate, v. re'ln-vW-o-rdt (re, again, and in- 
vigorate), to revive ; to reanimate. 

reinvolve, v. re'-ln-volu' \re, again, and involve), to 
involve anew. 

reis, rais, or ras, n. rdz (At. prince, chief, or head), 
a common title over the whole East for various per- 
sons in authority, as the captain of a ship: Reis- 
Effendi, n. rdz'-ef-fen'-dl, in Turkey, the chancellor of 
the empire, and minister for foreign affairs. 

reissue, v. re-ish'-shu (re, again, and issue), to issue 
a second time : n. a second or repeated issue. 

reiterate, v. rS-lt'-er-dt (F. reitirer, to reiterate— 
from L. re, again, and iteratum, to repeat), to repeat 
again and again ; to say again that which has alreadv 
been said: reit'erating, imp. -d-tlng: reit'erated", 
pp.: adj. repeated again and again : reit'era'tion, n. 
■a'-shiin, repetition again and again: reit'era'tedly, 
ad. -II, repeatedly. 

reiters, n. plu. rlt'erz (Ger. reiter, a rider, a horse- 
man), the German cavalry of the 14th and 15th cen- 
turies, especially in France during the religious wars. 

reject, v. re-jekt' (L. rejectum, to throw or cast back 
—from re, back, and jacio, I throw: It. rigettare: F. 
rejeter), to throw away or aside as anything useless or 
vile; to discard; to decline; to refuse to receive or 
accept: reject'ing, imp.: reject'ed, pp.: reject'er, n. 
-er, one who rejects : rejection, n. re-jek'-shun, the act 
of throwing away or casting aside ; refusal to accept 
or grant : rejec'tive, a. -tiv, that rejects ; tending to 
reject : reject ment, n. -ment. matter thrown away. 

rejoice, v. re-joys' (F. rejouir, to rejoice: L. re, 
again, and gaudere, to rejoice: Sp. regocijar, to re- 
joice), to experience gladness in a high degree: to 
be glad; to exult; to delight or gladden: rejoicing, 
imp.: adj. displaying joy; animating with gladness: 
n. the act of expressing joy and gladness ; the subject 
or experience of joy: rejoiced', pp. -joTisf: rejoic'er, 
n. -er, one who rejoices : rejoicingly, ad. -1%. 

rejoin, v. rl-jdyri (re, again, and join: F. rejoindre, 
to rejoin), to unite after separation ; to answer to a 
reply: rejoin'ing, imp.: rejoined', pp. -jdynd': re- 
join'der, n. -jdyn'-der, an answer to a reply; an an- 
swer or reply ; in law, the defendant's answer to the 
plaintiffs replication. 

rejoint, v. re-jdynf (re, again, and joint), to reunite 
the joints of; to joint anew. 

cote, oo~j,fobt; pure, lud; chair, 



rejudge, v. ri-jiij' (re, again, and judge), to re-exam- 
ine ; to call to : 

rejuvenescent, a, re-jd'-ven-es-sSnt (L. re, again, and 
juvenesco, I become young again), growing young 
again: reju'venes'cence, n. -es'-sens, also reju'venes- 
cency, n. -Ss'-sen-si, a renewing of youth. 

rekindle, v. re-kXn'-dl (re, again, and kindle), to set 
on fire anew ; to rouse again : rekin dling, imp. -dllng : 
rekindled, pp. -did. 

reland, v. re-land' (re, again, and land), to put on 
shore what had been shipped ; to go on shore after 
having embarked. 

relapse, v. re-laps' (L. relapsus, sunk or fallen back 
— from re, back, and labor, I slide or glide onwards \ 
lapsus, a slipping: F. relaps, a relapse), to slip or fall 
back into a former bad state ; to fall back from a state 
of convalescence or recovery: n. a sliding or falling 
back into a former bad state: relap'sing, imp.: re- 
lapsed', pp. -lapsf: n. in the R. Cath. Ch., a term 
applied to a heretic who fails back into an error which 
he had abjured : relap'ser, n. -ser, one who relapses. 

relate, v. re-ldt' (L. relatum, to repeat, to report ; 
relatio, a report, a narration— from re, back, and 
latum, to carry: F. relation, a relation, a narrative), 
to report ; to rehearse ; to give particulars, either or- 
ally or in writing ; to ally by connection or kindred ; 
to have reference or respect to ; to refer to : rela'ting, 
imp.: rela'ted, pp.: adj. allied by kindred; connected 
by blood : rela'ter or rela'tor, n. -ter, one who relates : 
rela'tion, n. -la-shun, narrative; account; respect; 
reference ; connection between things ; connection by 
birth or marriage ; kindred ; a person connected by 
birth or marriage; direct conformity of parts to a 
whole and to each other: rela'tionship, n. ship, state 
of being connected by birth or marriage, or other alli- 
ance : relational, a. -al, having relation or kindred : 
rela'tionally, ad. -II. 

relative, a. rSl'-d-tXv (It. relativo,- F. relatif, relative 
— see relate), respecting ; having reference to ; not ab- 
solute or existing by itself; incident to man in society, 
as rights or duties"; particular: n. one connected or 
allied by blood ; that which has relation to something 
else; in gram., one of the words who, which, that, be- 
cause they relate or refer to some word or words going 
before: relatively, ad. -II: rel'ativeness, n. -nes, the 
state of being relative or bearing relation : relative 
terms, terms which imply relation, as servant and 
master, husband and wife. 

relax, v. re-ldks' (L. relaxare, to relax, to unbend 
—from re, back, and laxo, I loose or slacken : F. re- 
l&cher: It. relassare), to loosen ; to make less rigid or 
tense, as sinews or strings ; to make less rigorous or 
strict ; to mitigate ; to relieve from close attention ; to 
unbend ; to grow slack or feeble ; to abate in severity : 
relaxing, imp.: relaxed', pp. -Wcsf: relaxation, n. 
rc'-ldks-d-shiin, the act of slackening or remitting ten- 
sion ; abatement of rigour or severity ; an opening or 
looseness : relaxative, a. re-ldks'-d-tlv, havingthe qual- 
ity of relaxing. 

relay, n. rS-ld' (F. relayer, to relieve another by un- 
dertaking his task: It. rilasso, a relay of horses, &c), 
a supply of fresh horses in readiness to relieve others, 
that the traveller may proceed without delay ; a sup- 
ply of dogs at certain points for the pursuit of game. 

relay, v. re-Id' (re, and lay), to lay again or a second 
time. 

release, v. rS-les' (L. relaxare, to slacken : It. rilces- 
ciare, to release, to set at liberty: F. relaisser, to re- 
linquish), to set free from restraint of any kind; to 
let go; to free from oMi alty: n. a set- 

ting free from any claim, obligation, or restraint ; ac- 
quittance: releasing, imp.: released', pp. -lesf: re- 
leaser, n. -er, one who releases: release'ment, n. 
-ment, the act of releasing from restraint or obligation. 
relegate, v. rel'-e-gdt (L. relegatum, to banish— from 
re, back or again, and leao.rr-.iv send with a legal com- 
mission), to despatch ; to send into exile ; to banish : 
relegating, imp. : rel'egated, pp. : rel'ega'tion, n. -gd' 
shun, exile ; judicial banishment. 

relent, v. re-hh\t' (L. reientesco, I grow slack again 
—from re, again, and lentesco, I become pliant: F. 
ralentir; It. rallentare, to slacken), to become less 
rigid or hard ; to become more mild and tender ; to 
feel compassion: relenting, imp.: relent'ed, pp.: re- 
lentless, a. -Us, destitute of pity or compassion ; un- 
merciful; unforgiving; cruel: relentlessly, ad. -li: 
relentlessness, n. -nes, the quality of being unmoved 
by pity, 
relessee, n. re'-les-se' (re, again, and lessee), the per- 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



RELE 



518 



HEME 



eon to whom a release is executed : relessor', n. -sdr', 
the person who executes a release. 

relet, v. re-let' {re, again, and let), to let again, as a 
house. 

relevant, a. rSl'6-vdnt (L. relevans, lifting or raising 
up, relieving: F. relevant, raising again— from relever, 
to raise again: It. rib •">,:' 

applicable ; pertinent ; suitable : rel'evance, n. -vans, 
also rel'evancy, n. -van-si, state of being relevant; 
in Scotch law, sufficient to support the cause. 

reliable, a. rd-ll'-a-bl (re, back or again, and liable: 
see rely), that may be relied on or trusted : reli'ably, 
ad. -Ml: reli'ableness, n. -bl-nSs, the state or quality 
of being reliable : reli'ance, n. -tins, trust ; confidence ; 
dependence : reli'ant, a. -tint, confident ; trusting. 

relic, n. rSl'ik (L. reliquiae, the remains— from re, 
back or again, and Imrjao, I leave or forsake : It. reli- 
quia: F. relique), that, which is left after the loss or 
decay of the rest : relics, n. plu. -ties, the body of a 
deceased person, or part of it, or their garments or 
parts of them , a.nything preserved in remembrance; 
in the R. Cath. and Or. Churches, the remains of saints 
ormartyrs, or parts of them, or of their garments, &c, 
preserved in their churches, which are enjoined to be 
held in veneration, and which are alleged to be endued, 
in many instances, with miraculous powers. 

relict, n. rSl'lkt (L. relictum, to leave behind— from 
re, back or again, and linquo, I leave : old F. rilicte, a 
widow), a woman whose husband is dead ; a widow : 
relicted, a. rS-ltkt'gd, in law, left bare, as land by the 
receding water : reliction, n. -shun, land left bare by 
water. 

relied— see rely. 

relief, n. ra-lef (F. relief, relief— from L. relevare, to 
lighten, to raise or lift up— from re, back or again, 
and levo, I make light : It. rilevare ; F. relever, to 
raise again), removal in whole or in part of any evil, 
grievance, or affliction ; that which mitigates ; help ; 
succour; remedy; dismission of a sentinel from his 
post ; in the feudal law, a payment made to the lord 
by the tenant on coming into possession of an estate 
to beheld under him ; in fort., the projection or promi- 
nence of a work above the ground-plan ; in the fine 
arts, the appearance of projection in painting; in 
sculp., the projection of figures from the ground or 
plane on which they are formed, being of three kinds 
— alto-relievo, or high relief, mezzo-relievo, medium 
or middle relief, basso-relievo, or low relief: relief- 
valve, in a steam-engine, a valve through which the 
water escapes into the hot well when shut off from 
the boiler : relieve, v. rS-lev', to set free in whole or in 
part, as from any pain of body or distress of mind ; 
to mitigate ; to alleviate ; to help ; to succour ; to re- 
lease, as from a post or duty: relieving, imp.: adj. 
abating the violence of, as pain or distress ; serving or 
tending to relieve : relieved, pp. r6-levd'. relievable, 
a. rS-lev'd-bl, capable of being relieved : reliev'er, n. 
-er, one who or that which relieves : relieving-officsr, 
an officer under a poor-law board, to whom paupers 
apply for assistance. 

relievo, n. rd-le'-vO (It.), that part of sculpture in 
which designs are made to project from the ground or 
plane on which they are formed— see relief. 

relight, v. re-lit' (re, again, and light), to light anew ; 
to rekindle. 

religieux, n. rd-lezh'l-6 (F.), a monk ; a friar • relig'- 
ieuse, n. -Oz, a nun. 

religion, n. rS-Uj'-un (L. religio, reverence for the 
gods, piety— from re, again, and ligo, I bind : F. reli- 
gion: It. religiow, religi b - ition or sense 
of duty which rests on the minds of men, arising from 
the felt relation in which they stand to some superior 
power ; belief in God, with a sincere desire to do His 
will ; godliness ; any system of faith or worship : re- 
ligi'onless, a. -Us, without religion : religi'onist, n. 
-1st, one who talks much on religious subjects, but has 
little devotional feeling ; a sectarian bigot : religi'- 
onlsm, n. -Izm, adherence to religion, or practice of 
it; appearance of religion: religi'ous, a. -us, of or 
relating to religion ; loving and obeying God; pious; 
devout ; teaching religion : religi'ously, ad. -li -. re- 
ligiousness, n. -nSs, the quality or state of being re- 
ligious. 

relinquish, v. rS-Ung'-kwis?i [L relinquo, Heave be- 
hind—from re, back or again, and linquo, I leave : It. 
relinquere: old F. relinquir), to give up: to leave 
without the intention of resuming ; to forsake ; to 
abandon ; to quit : relinquishing, imp. : relinquished, 
pp. -kwisht: relinquishment, n. -mint, a leaving or 
mate, mdt, far, law; mSie, mU, 



quitting without the intention of resuming; aban- 
donment. 

reliquary, n. rSl'4-kwer-i (F. reliquaire, a shrine for 
relics— from L. reliquiae, the remains: see relic), a 
small chest or casket in which relies arc kept. 

relique, n. ril'lk (F.), a relic. 

reliquiae, n. plu. ri-llk'-wi-e (L. reliquiae, the re- 
mains), remains of the dead; in bot., the remains of 
withered leaves attached to the plant; in geol., all 
organic remains, whether animal or vegetable. 

reliquidate, v. re-llk'wl-dat (re, again, and liqui- 
date), to liquidate anew : reliq'uida'tion, n. a renewed 
liquidation or adjustment. 

relish, v. rel'-lxh fprov. F. relicher, to lick : akin to 
Sans, lih; Gr. leicho, I lick or lap up), to have a taste 
or liking for ; to be gratified with the enjoyment or 
use of; to have a pleasing taste: n, enjoyment of food 
in taste and flavour; something taken 'with food to 
increase the pleasure of eating; that which gives pleas- 
ure; the enjoyment given by anything ; savour; zest; 
gusto : relishing, imp.: adj. palatable ; savoury : rel- 
ished, pp. -Isht: reiluhable, a. -Ish-d-M, having an 
agreeable taste. 

relive, v. ri-llv' (re, again, and live), to live again ; 
to revive. 

reload, v. re-lOd' (re, again, and load), to load anew, 
as a gun: reloading, imp.: reload'ed, pp. 

reluctant, a. ri-luk'-tdnt (L. reluctans, opposing, re- 
sisting—from re, back or again, and luctor, I wrestle), 
much opposed in heart; unwilling; averse: reluc'- 
tantly, ad. -ll: reluctance, n. -tans, also reluc'tancy, 
n. -tdn-sl, the state or quality of being reluctant ; aver- 
sion of mind. 

relume, v. re-Urn' (L. re, again, and lumen, light: 
F. rallumer, to light again), to light again; to re- 
kindle: also relu'mine, v. -W-mln: retaining, imp.: 
relumed', pp. -I6md': also relu'mining, imp.: relu- 
mined, pp. -mind. 

rely, v. rH-ll' (F. relayer, to ease another by under- 
taking his task), to rest or repose on ; to have full con- 
fidence in; to depend on: relying, imp.: relied', pp. 
-lid': reli'er, n. -er, one who relies : reli'able, a. -a-U, 
that may be depended on : see reliable. 

remain, v. rS-mdn' (L. remanere, to stay or remain 
behind— from re, back or again, and maneo, I stay : It. 
rimanere; Norm. F. remainer, to remain), to con- 
tinue ; to be left after ; to stay ; to last or endure : 
remaining, imp.: remained', pp. -mdnd'.- remain'der, 
n. -der, that which is left or remains; in arith., the 
difference ; remnant ; residue ; in law, an estate 
limited to lands and tenements after another estate 
in the same is determined : remains', n. plu. ■mdnz', 
that which is left ; a dead body ; relics ; remnants. 

remake, v. remakf (re, again, and make), to make 
anew. 

remand, v. rS-mdnd' (It. rimandare, to send back 
again: L. re, back or again, and mando, I commit 
to one's charge : F. remander, to send word again), to 
send back to custody or to jail an accused person for 
further examination on a future day: n. the being 
sent back to prison for further examination ; the state 
or period of being remanded : remanding, imp. : re- 
mand'ed, pp. 

remark, n. rS-mdrk" (F. remarque, remark, observa- 
tion—from re, again, and marquer, to mark : It. rv- 
marcare, to observe, to remark), notice or observation 
expressed in words or writing; a comment: v. to 
notice ; to observe ; to regard ; to express in words or 
writing thoughts about what is seen or heard ; to ex- 
press, as observations : remarking, imp. : remarked', 
pp. -m&rkf: remark'er, n. -er, one who remarks : re- 
mark'able, a. -d-bl, worthy of particular notice ; that 
may excite wonder; notable; extraordinary; distin- 
guished ; famous : remark'ably, ad. -a-Ui : remark'- 
ableness, n. -bl-nes, the state of being remarkable. 

remarry, v. re-mdr'-rl (re, again, and marry), to 
marry a second time : remar'riage, n. -rij, a second 
marriage. 

remast, v. rg-mdsf (re, again, and mast), to furnish 
lasts a second time. 

remasticate, v. re-mds'-tl-kdt (re, again, and masti- 
cate), to chew over and over. 

remblai, n. rdng-bla' (F. remblai, the working for a 
bank or a causeway), in fort., the mass of earth or 
rubbish brought to fill up a hollow or to raise a bank: 
deblai, its opposite, denotes the materials excavated. 

remeasure, v. re-mizh'-dbr (re, again, and measure), 
to measure again. 

remedial, remediless, &c— see remedy. 
her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



HEME 



519 



EEND 



remedy, n. rSm-8-dl (L. remedium, a cure or remedy 
—from re, again, and medeor, I heal: It. remedio: F. 
Tsnie.de), that which cures a disease or restores health ; 
a cure ; a reparation ; that which counteracts or re- 
pairs an evil of any kind ; relief ; redress : v. to cure ; 
to heal ; to remove or repair an evil of any kind : 
remedying, imp.: rem'edied, pp. -did: remedi- 
able, a. re-me'dl-a-bl, that may be removed or cured: 
remediably, ad. -bll: reme'diableness, n. -bl-nes : 
reme'dial, a. -01, tending to remedy or remove: re- 
me'dially, ad. -II: remediless, a. rem'e-di-Us, not 
admitting a cure ; incurable : rem'edilessly, ad. 4% : 
rem'edilessness, n. -nes, the state of being without 
remedy. 

remelt, v. re-mSW {re, again, and melt), to melt a 
second time. 

remember, v. re-mem'ber (old F. remembrer ; It. ri- 
membrare, to rem ember— from L. re, back, and memo- 
rare, to make mindful of), to bring back to the memory ; 
to recollect ; to retain in the mind or memory ; to bear 
in mind ; not to forget : remem'bering, imp.: remem- 
bered, pp. -bird : remem'berer, n. -ber-er, one who re- 
members : remem'brance, n. -brdns, the act or power 
of remembering ; retention or revival in the mind or 
memory ; a token by which to keep in memory ; memo- 
rial : remembrancer, n. -brdn-ser, something that re- 
minds or recalls to memory ; a memento ; a recorder ; 
one of certain officers of the Court of Exchequer, and 
Of some corporations, as of the city of London. 

remiges, n. plu. rem'-i-jez (L. remigo, I row, I glide 
through the air), the large quills of the wings of birds. 

remind, v. re-mind' (re, again, and mind), to cause 
to remember ; to bring to notice : reminding, imp. : 
reminded, pp. : reminder, n. -er, one who or that 
which reminds. 

reminiscence, n. rSm'l-nls'sSns (F. reminiscence, 
reminiscence— from L. reminiscor, I recall to mind), 
the recalling to the mind, orthe revival in the memory, 
of ideas or impressions formerly received but forgot- 
ten ; a statement of what one recollects or remembers. 

remiped, n. rem'-l-ped (L. remus, an oar, and pes, a 
foot— gen. pedis), an aquatic animal whose feet serve 

remise, v. rS-mlz' (F. remise, remittance : L. remis- 
sus, sent back), in law, to give or grant back ; to re- 
sign a claim by deed : n. in law, a surrender ; a release, 
as of a claim: remi'sing, imp.: remised', pp. -mizd'. 

remiss, a. re-mis' (L. remissus, slack, negligent — 
from re, back or again, and missus, sent : Sp. re- 
miso, careless : It. rimesso, defective), careless ; neg- 
ligent ; not attending to duty or engagements ; slow ; 
not intense: remissly, ad. -II: remissness, n. -nes, 
the state of being remiss ; want of attention to busi- 
ness or duty; negligence: remis'sible, a. -si-bl, that 
may be remitted or forgiven : remission, n. r8-mish- 
tin (F. remission; It. remissione, remission, indul- 
gence), abatement ; release ; cessation of intenseness ; 
pardon; the sending of money to a distant place: 
remis'sive, a. -slv, remitting ; forgiving. 

remit, v. r8-mlf (L. remitto, I loosen, I resign— from 
re, back, and mitto, I send : It. rimettere: F. remettre), 
to relax; to surrender the right of punishment in 
whole or in part ; to pardon; to absolve ; to transmit 
to another to a distance, as money, bills, &c: remit'- 
ting, imp.: remit'ted, pp. : remit'ter, n. -er, one who 
remits : remit'ment, n. -ment, forgiveness : remit'tal, 
n. -til, a giving up ; surrender : remittance, n. -dns, 
the sending of moneys, bills, &c, to a person at a dis- 
tant place; the sum, bill, &c, remitted: remit'tent, 
a. -ent, ceasing, applied to diseases whose symptoms 
alternately diminish and return. 

remix, v. re-mlks' {re, again, and mix), to mix again 
or repeatedly. 

remnant, n. rSm'-ndnt (a contr. of old. Eng. rema- 
nent, that which remains: L. remanens, remaining or 
staying behind— from re, back, and maneo, I remain : 
It. rimanente, a remnant), the part which is left ; resi- 
due ; that which is left of a piece of cloth, &c. 

remodel, v. re-m6d'-ei (re, again, and model), to model 
or fashion anew: remod'elTing, imp. : remod'elled, 
pp. -eld. 

remonstrate, v. re-mon'-strdt (old F. remonstrer ; F. 
remontrer, to remonstrate— from L. re, back or again, 
and monstrare, to show), to urge strong reasons against 
any measure or proceeding ; to expostulate ; to suggest 
urgent reasons in opposite ling : remon'stra- 

ting, imp.: remonstrated, pp.: remon'strant, a. 
-strdnt, urging strong reasons against an act ; expos- 
tulatory: n. one who remonstrates; in eccles. hist., 



one of the Armenians who remonstrated against the 
decisions of the Synod of Dort, 1618 : remon'strator, n. 
-strd-ter, one who remonstrates : remonstrance, n. 
-strdns, strong representation against a measure or pro- 
ceeding ; reasons urged in opposition ; expostulation. 

remora, n. riyn'-o-rd (F. remora, an obstacle— from 
L. remorari, to delay), delay; a fish having an oval 
sucking-disc on the top of its head, fabled to delay a 
ship by attaching itself by its disc. 

remorse, n. r8-mors' (L. remorsum, to torment, to 
disturb— from re, back or again, and mordeo, I bite : It. 
rimorso : F. remords), the gnawing pains or reproach 
of conscience; the pain or anguish of conscience ex- 
cited by the recollection of guilt : remorse ful, a. -fool, 
full of remorse : remorse'fully, ad. -II : remorse less, 
a. -ies, unpitying; insensible to distress: remorse- 
lessly, ad. -II: remorselessness, n. -n6s, the state or 
quality of being remorseless ; insensibility to distress. 

remote, a. re-mot (L. remotus, afar off, distant— from 
re, back, and motus, moved : It. remoto : old F. remot), 
distant in any sense; not near; afar off; alien; not 
agreeing with ; inconsiderable, as resemblance : re- 
motely, ad. -II: remote'ness, n. -nes, distance in any 
sense ; not nearness ; slightness. 

remould, v. re-mold' (re, again, and moidd), to mould 
or shape anew. 

remount, v. re-mdivnt' (re, again, and mount), to 
mount again ; to reascend : n. a fresh horse with his 
equipments. 

remove, v. re-m6v' (L. removere, to remove— from re, 
back, and moveo, I move: It. rimovere: old F. re- 
mouvoir), to take or put away ; to put from its place ; 
to change place in any manner: n. change of place; a 
step in any scale of gradation ; an indefinite distance ; 
a dish to be changed while the rest of the course re- 
mains: remo'ving, imp.: removed', pp. -mdvd': adj. 
remote; distinctly separate from others : removable, 
a. -vd-bl, that may be removed from an office or 
station : remo'vabillty, n. -bU'-l-ti, the capacity of 
being removed or displaced : remo'val, n. -vdl, state 
of being removed ; dismission from a post ; change of 
place ; act of putting an end to : remo'vedness, n. 
■ved-nes, the state of being removed. 

remunerate, v. re-mu-ner-dt (L. remuneratus, re- 
warded or recompensed— from L. re, back, and munus, 
a gift : It. remunerare : F. remunerer), to reward or 
recompense for any service, loss, or expense ; to repay 
or requite: remunerating, imp.: remunerated, pp.: 
remu'nerable, a. -d-bl, capable of being remunerated) 
fit or proper to be recompensed : remu'nerabil'ity, n. 
■bU'-l-ti, the capability of being rewarded: renvu'ner- 
a'tion, n. -d'-shun, a payment or equivalent for ser- 
vices, loss, or sacrifices ; reward ; recompense : remu- 
nerative, a. -d-tlv, yielding reward or recompense; 
profitable : remu'neratory, a. -d-ter-l, affording recom- 
pense; rewarding. 

remurmur, v. re-mir'mer ( re, again, and murmur), 
to return or echo in low hoarse sounds ; to utter back 
in murmurs. 

renal, a. re'-ndl (It. renale; F. renal, renal— from L. 
renes, the kidneys, the reins), pert, to the reins or 
kidneys. 

renard, n. r8n'erd (F. renard: Ger. reineke), a fox, 
usually so named in fables ; written also reynard. 

renascent, a. re-nds'-sent (L. renascens, being born 
again— from re, again, and nascor, I am born: It. 
rinascente; F. renaissant, new-born, born again), 
springing or rising into being again : renas'cence, n. 
-sens, also renas'cency, n. -sen-si, state of being pro- 
duced again: renas'cible, a. -si-bl, that may spring 
again into being. 

renavigate, v. re-ndv-i-gdt (re, again, and navigate), 
to navigate again. 

rencounter, n. r8n-k&wn-i encontre, an acci- 

dental meeting — from L. re, again, and contra, against), 
a meeting in opposition or contest ; a dash or clash ; a 
shock; a sudden contest: v. to meet unexpectedly, 
whether friend or foe ; to fight hand to hand : ren- 
countering, imp. : rencountered, pp. -terd :— a very 
usual spelling is in the French form, rencontre, rdng- 
kong'-tr. 

rend, v. rend (AS. rendan,' to tear : Icel. roena, to 
plunder), to separate or part with violence ; to lacer- 
ate; to force asunder; to sever; to split: rending, 
imp. : rent, pt. pp. r8nt, did rend : n. a tear ; an open- 
ing caused by a forcible division : ren'der, n. -der, one 
who rends. 

render, v. ren'der (F. rendre ; It. rendere, to render 
—from L. reddere, to give up, to yield— from re, back 



cow, boy, f dot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, seal. 



REND 



520 



REPE 



or again, and dare, to give), to return ; to restore ; to 
surrender; to give up; to inflict, as retribution; to 
give in or deliver, as an account; to assign, as a 
reason ; to cause to be ; to translate ; to give or 
afford, as assistance: ren'dering, imp.: n. a version 
or translation ; a first coat of plaster on a wall : ren- 
dered, pp. -dcrd : ren'derer, n. -er, one who renders : 
ren'derable, a. -d-bl, that may he rendered. 

rendezvous, n. rin'-di-vo or rdng'-di-v6 (F. rendez- 
vous, a rendezvous— literally, give yourselves up or 
show yourselves), an appointed place of meeting or 
assembling, as for troops or ships ; a place of meeting : 
v. to bring together at a particular place : rendez- 
vousing, imp. -vo'lng: rendezvoused', pp. -v6d'. 

rendition, n. rin-dish'-un (Sp. rendition, rendition, 
yielding— from L. redditio, a giving back or up), the 
act of yielding possession ; surrender. 

renegade, n. rin'-i-gdd, also ren'ega'do, n. -gd'-do 
(Sp. renegado; It. rin'negato; F. renignt, an apostate), 
an apostate ; one who renounces his faith ; a wicked 
perverse person ; a deserter. 

renerve, v. re-nerv 1 (re, again, and nerve), to give 
new vigour to. 

renew, v. ri-nu'(re, again, and new), to make to look 
as good as new ; to restore to a former good state ; to 
repair; to rebuild; to revive; to begin again, as a 
course ; to grant again or repeat, as a loan or a bill ; 
to transform to a new life : renew'ing, imp. : n. act of 
making new; renewal: renewed', pp. -nud'-. adj. re- 
paired; re-established; repeated; revived: renew'er, 
n. -er, one who renews : renewable, a. -d-U, that may 
be renewed: renewal, n. -dl, act of forming anew; 
revival ; restoration to a former good state ; repetition 
of a loan, or the same bill : renew'edness, n. -id-nis, 
the state of being renewed. 

reniform, a. rin'-i-fawrm (L. renes, the kidneys or 
reins, and forma, a shape), kidney-shaped; in gcol., 
applied to concretions of ironstone, limestone, &c, 
which have a flattish, oblong, or kidney-shaped form ; 
in bot., resembling the longitudinal section through a 
kidney. 

rennet, n. rin'-nit, also runnet, n. riin'-nSt (Ger. ren- 
nen, to run; rennse, rennet: AS. gerunnen, to run to- 
gether, to coagulate: Dut. runnen, to curdle; runsel, 
rennet), a decoction of the inner membrane of a calf s 
stomach, used for coagulating milk. 

rennet, n. rin'-nit (F. reinette, a little queen— from 
reine, a queen), a variety of apple from France. 

renounce, v. ri-ndions' (L. renunciare, to retract, to 
renounce — from re, back or again, and nuncio, I make 
known : It. renunziare : F. renoncer), to disown ; to 
repudiate ; to reject ; to give up ; to refuse to acknow- 
ledge or own; to abandon; in card-filaying, not to 
follow a suit whbn a person has a card of the same 
sort: n. act of renouncing: renoun'cing, imp.: n. act 
of disowning or rejecting : renounced, pp. ri-ndwnst': 
renoun'cer, n. -ser, one who renounces: renounce'- 
ment, n. -mint, the act of disclaiming or rejecting. 

renovate, v. rin'-o-vdt (L. renovatum, to renew, to 
restore— from re, again, and novo, I make new : It. ri- 
novare), to renew ; to refresh ; to restore to the first 
state, or one resembling it: ren'ovating, imp.: adj. 
renewing ; restoring : ren'ovated, pp. : adj. made 
new, fresh, or vigorous : ren'ovator, n. -ter, he or that 
which renovates: ren'ova'tion, n. -vd'-shun, the act 
of renewing after decay ; renewal. 

renown, n. ri-ndivn' (F. renommie, renown, fame : 
Sp. renombre, renown— from L. re, again, and nornen, 
a name), widespread reputation; fame; celebrity: 
renowned', a. -nownd', famous; celebrated; remark- 
able : renown'edly, ad. -id-li. 

rensselaerite, n. rins'-si-le'-rlt (after Stephen Van 
Rensselcer), a steatitic mineral with a fine compact 
texture, and variously coloured, worked in the lathe 
into inkstands and other articles. 

rent, pp. of rend, which see. 

rent.n. rint(AS. rent; Dut. or Dan. rente; F. rente; 
Sp. renta ; It. rendita, revenues, yearly rents : L. 
redditus, given back, restored), yearly income; an- 
nual payment ; the yearly sum paid by an occupier or 
lessee to a proprietor : v. to hold or occupy by the pay- 
ment of a yearly sum ; to lease or let for an annual 
payment : rent'ing, imp. : rent'ed, pp. : renter, n. 
-er, one who rents ; a tenant : rentable, a. -d-bl, that 
may be rented : rental, n. ren'-tal, a list or account of 
rents; the whole rents of an estate: rent-charge, a 
yearly charge upon an estate, granted or secured by 
deed : rent-roll, a schedule or list of rents payable at 
stated times. 

mdte, mdt, fdr, law; mete, mSt, 



rente, n. rdngt (F.), yearly income; shares; public 
funds or stocks : rentier, n. rang'tia', one who has an 
income from land or stocks ; a proprietor. 

renter, v. rint'-cr (F. rentraire, to fine-draw), to fine- 
draw ; to sew together two edges of cloth so finely 
that the seam is scarcely visible ; to work new warp 
into a piece of damaged tapestry, and so restore it: 
rent'ering, imp.: rent'ered, pp. -erd: rent'erer, u. 
-er-er, a fine-drawer. 

remunerate, v. re-nu'-mer-dt (re, again, and numer- 
ate), to recount. 

renunciation, n. ri-nun'-sl-d'-sliun (see renounce), 
disavowal; denial; abandonment. 

renverse, a. rin-vers' (F. renverser, to throw down), 
in her., reverse; set with the head downwards, or 
contrary to the natural position. 

reobtain, v. re'ob-tdn' (re, again, and obtain), to 
obtain again : re'obtain'able, a. capable of being ob- 
tained again. 

reoccupy, v. rS-6k'-u-pl (re, again, and occupy), to oc- 
cupy again. 

reopen, v. ri-o'-pn (re, again, and open), to open 
again. 

reoppose, v. rc'-op-pOz' (re, again, and oppose), to op- 
pose again. 

reordain, v. re'or-ddn' (re, again, and ordain), to or- 
dain again. 

reorder, v. rS-or'-der (re, again, and order), to order 
a second time. 

reorganise, v. rc-or'-gdn-lz" (re, and organise), to re- 
duce again to a regular body, or to a system : reor'- 
ganisa'tion, n. the act of organising anew. 

rep, a. rep (a corruption of rib), having the surface 
of a cord-like or ribbed appearance— applied to a cer- 
tain style of fabrics : n. a fabric having a corded or 
ribbed appearance. 

repaciiy, v. ri-pds'-X-fl (re, again, and pacify), to 



second time. 

repaid, v. re-pad', pt. and pp. of repay, which see. 

repaint, v. re-pant' (re, again, and paint), to paint 
anew. 

repair, v. ripdr' (L. reparare, to restore, to renew 
—from re, again, and paro, I make or get ready: It. 
reparare ; F. reparer), to restore to a good state after 
decay or injury ; to mend ; to make amends for, as for 
an injury : n. restoration after decay, waste, or injury ; 
supply of loss : repair'ing, imp. : n. the act of restor- 
ing after injury or dilapidation : repaired', pp. -yard': 
repairer, n. -er, one who repairs: repayment, n. 
-mint, act of repairing. 

repair, v. ripdr' (F. repaire, a lodging, a haunt; re- 
pairer, to haunt, to frequent: It. riparo, a defence, a 
place of refuge), to resort to ; to betake one's self; to 
return, as to one's den ; to resort : n. a haunt or re- 
sort : repair'ing, imp. : repaired', pp. 

repand, a. ripdnd' (L. repandus, bent backward, 
turned up— from re, back, aaA pandits, bent, crooked), 
in bot., applied to a leaf when its margin is undulated, 
and unequally dilated ; also repan'dous.a. -pdn<dus, 
bent or curved backwards. 

reparation, n. rip'-d-ra'-shun (F. riparation ; Sp. re- 
paration, reparation : L. reparare, to restore, to renew 
—see repair 1), the act of restoring to a good state; 
supply of what is wasted; renewal; satisfaction or 
compensation for injury; amends: rep'arable, a. 
-rd-bl, that may be repaired, amended, or restored : 
rep'arably, ad. -Ml: reparative, a. ri-pdr'a-tlv, that 
amends defects ; that repairs or makes good : n. that 
which repairs. 

repartee, n. rip'-dr-te' (F. repartie, a reply— from 
repartir, to return quickly a thrust or a blow, to reply), 
a smart, ready, and witty reply ; a retort. 

repass, v. rc-pds' (re, back or again, and pass: F. 
repasser), to pass or travel back. 

repast, n. rS-pOsf (old F. repast; F. repas, a repast: 
L. re, again, and pastum, to feed), a meal ; food taken ; 
victuals. 

repay, v. rS-pd' (re, back, and pay: F. repayer), to 
pay back, as money ; to refund ; to reimburse ; to re- 
compense: repaying, imp.: repaid', pp. -pidd' : re- 
payable, a. -pd'-d-bl, that may be repaid ; that is to bo 
refunded : repay'ment, n. -mint, the money repaid. 

repeal, v. re-pel' (F. rappeler, to call back— from L. 
re. back, and ajpeVo, I call upon, I speak to), to re- 
voke ; to make void ; to abolish ; to abrogate : n. the 
act of annulling or making void; revocation: repeal'- 
ing, imp. : repealed', pp. -pild'-. repeal'able, a. -d-U, 
Mr; pine, pin; note, not, more: 



REPE 



521 



REPO 



capable of being repealed or revoked : repeal'ableness, 
n. -nes, capability of being repealed: repeal'er, n. -ir, 
one who agitates the repeal of a law, &e. 

repeat, v. re-pet' (F. repeter, to repeat— from L. re- 
pctere, to resume, to renew— from re, again, and 
veto, I seek : It. repetere), to do or utter again ; to re- 
hearse ; to quote or recite from memory : n. a mark in 
music which directs a part to be sung or performed 
again : repeating, imp. : repeat'ed, pp. : adj. done or 
spoken again; frequent: repeater, n. -er, that which 
repeats, applied to a watch that strikes the hours ; in 
arith., that number or figure of a decimal which may 
be repeated as often as wished : repeat'edly, ad. -U : 
repeating-circle, an instrument for measuring the 
angular distance of two objects by repeating the 
measurement of the angle required without multiply- 
ing the single reading off. 

repel, v. r6-p6l' (L. repellere, to drive or thrust back 
—from re, back, and pello, I drive : It. repellere ; Sp. 
repeler), to drive back ; to repulse ; to check the ad- 
vance of; to act with force in opposition to force im- 
pressed : repealing, imp. : adj. driving back ; resist- 
ing approach : repelled , pp. -pgld': repel'ler, n. -er, 
he or that which repels : repel'lent, a. -hit, able or 
tending to repel: n. a medicine which drives back 
morbid humours: repellency, n. -en-si, the principle 
of repulsion. 

repent, a. re-pent (L. repens, creeping— gen. repen- 
tis), m tot., lying fiat upon the ground, and emitting 
roots along the under surface. 

repent, v. re-pent (F. repentir, to repent— from L. re, 
again, aud panite.re, to cause to repent: It. ripcntere, 
to repent), to feePsorrow or regret for something done 
or spoken ; to express regret for something past ; to 
change the mind ; to remember with sorrow ; to feel 
such sorrow for sin as to produce amendment of life ; 
in Scrip., as applied to God, to will a change in the 
course of His providence : repent ing, imp.; adj. griev- 
ing for the past ; feeling contrition for sins : n. act of 
repentance: repent'ed, pp.: repen'tant, a. -tdnt, sor- 
rowful on account of past conduct or misdeeds ; ex- 
pressing or showing sorrow for the past: repen'tantly, 
ad. -U : repen'tance, n. -tans, such sorrow for sin as 
to produce newness of life ; sorrow for anything done 
or said : repent ingly, ad. -li. 

repeople, v. re-pe'-pl (re, again, and people), to people 
anew ; to furnish again with a stock of inhabitants : 
repeo'pling, imp. -pllng: n. the act of stocking with 
people anew: repeo pled, pp. -pld. 

repercussion, n. re'-per-kush'-un (F. rdpercussion, re- 
percussion: L. rep^raissio, a rebounding— from re, 
back or again, and percussum, to strike or beat : It. 
ripercussione), the act of driving back; a rebound; 
reverberation; in music, frequent repetition of the 
same sound: re'percus'sive, a. -kiis'-siv, having the 
power of driving back; driven back; causing to rever- 
berate. 

repertory, n. rSp'-er-ter'-i (F. repertoire, a repertory: 
L. reperio, I find out or discover : Sp. and It. reper- 
torio, a repertory), a place in which things are arranged 
in an orderly manner, so as to be easily found; a 
magazine; a treasury. 

repetend, n. rep'-e-tend' (L. repetendus, to be brought 
back— from re, again, and peto, I seek), in arith., that 
part of a repeating decimal which recurs continually 
ad infinitum. 

repetition, n. rep'e-tish'-un (F. ripitition, repeti- 
tion : L. repetitio, a repetition— from re, again, and 
peto, I seek: It. repetizione), the act of repeating; 
recital; rehearsal: rep'etiti'onal, a. -dl, containing 
repetition: repetitive, a. re-pet'-l-tlv, containing rep- 
etition; repeating. 

repine, v. re-pin' (F. repoindre; It. ripugnere, to 
prick or sting again : re, again, and pine, which see), 
to feel a discontent which preys on the spirits ; to fret 
one's self; to be discontented ; to murmur : repi'ning, 
imp. : adj. disposed to murmur or complain : n. the act 
of fretting and brooding over a thing : repined', pp. 
•plnd'i repi'ner, n. -ner, one who repines : repi'ningly, 
ad. -II. 

replace, v. re-plds' (re, again, and place : F. replacer), 
to put again in a former position; to put in a new 
place; to refund; to put: repla'cing, imp.: replaced', 
pp. -pldst: replacement, n. -mint, exchange of places ; 
substitution. 

replait, v. re-plat (re, again, and plait), to plait or 



planter), to plant again. 



replead, v. re-pled' (re, again, and plead), to plead 
repleader, n. -ir, a second plead 

replenish, v. re-pUn'-ish (old F. replenir, to replen- 
ish; replenissant, replenishing: L. re, again, and 
plenus, full), to fill ; to stock with numbers or abun- 
dance: replenishing, imp.: replenished, pp. -isht, 
abundantly supplied: replen'isher, n. -er, one who 
replenishes : replenishment, n. -mint, act of replen- 
ishing, or the state of being replenished. 

replete, a. re-plet (L. repletus, filled— from re, again, 
and plere, to fill: It. repleto: F. replet), completely 
filled; full: replete'ness, n. -?ies,the state of be' ng re- 
plete: repletion, n. re-ple'-shun, superabundant ful- 
ness; plethora: reple'tive, a. -tlv, tending to fill or 
replenish : reple'tively, ad. -li. 

replevin— see replevy. 

replevy, v. re-piev'-i (L. re, again, and F. plevir, to 
promise, to answer for : F. plevine, warranty : mid. L. 
replegiare, to redeem by surety— see pledge), to take 
back or reclaim, as cattle or goods, upon giving secur- 
ity to try the rights of distraint at law : replevying, 
imp.: replevied, pp. -pl6v'id: replevlable, a. -i-d-bl, 
that may be recovered from illegal distraint : replevin, 
n. -in, in law, an action to recover possession of goods 
or cattle wrongfully distrained. 

replica, n. rip'-li-kd (It. replica, a repetition), a copy 
of an original picture done by the same master. 

replicate, a. rep'-li-kat (L. replicatwu, to fold or roll 
back— from re, back, and plico, I fold), in hot., doubled 
down, so that the upper part comes in contact with 
the lower. 

replication, n. rep'-li-kd'-shun (L. replicatio, a fold- 
ing or bending back again— see reply), a response ; au 
answer ; in law, the plaintiif's answer to the defend- 
ant's plea. 

replied, replier, &c— see reply. 

replum, n. re'-pliim (L. replum, a door-cheek, the 
leaf of a door), in hot., a longitudinal division in a 
pod formed by the placenta, as in crucifera ; the per- 
sistent portion of some pericarps after the valves have 
fallen away. 

reply, v. rS-plV (It. replicare; F. repliquer, to reply 
—from L. replicare, to fold or roll back— from re, back, 
and plico, I fold), to make a return in Avoids or in 
writing to something which has been said or written 
by another; to answer; to respond: n. an answer; 
that which is said or written in answer to another : re- 
ply'ing, imp.: replied', pp. -plid'-. repli'er, n. -er, one 
who replies. 

repohsh, v. rC-pol'-lsh (re, again, and polish), to pol- 
ish again. 

repone, v. re-pOn' (L. reponere, to replace, to re- 
store—from re, back or again, and ponere, to put or 
place), in Scotch laiv, to restore to a situation furmerly 
held: repo'ning, imp.: reponed', pp. -pond'. 

report, v. re-port' (L. reportare, to carry or bring 
back— from re, back or again, and porto, I carry : It. 
riportare : F. rapporter), to bear or bring back, as an 
answer; to give an account of; to relate; to make a 
statement of facts ; to follow the business of a re- 
porter: n. an account or statement circulated; that 
which is noised about respecting a thing; common 
fame; noise, as of a gun; an official statement of 
facts; a statement of proceedings, &c: reporting, 
imp.: n. the act of giving an account of anything 
orally or in writing ; the art or profession of a re- 
porter: reported, pp.: report'er, n. -er, one who 
writes down in shorthand the proceedings of Parlia- 
ment, of courts of law, and of public meetings, &c, 
with a view to publication : report'able, a. -d-bl, fit to 
be reported : to be reported, or to be reported of, to 
be well or ill spoken of; to be mentioned with respect 
or reproach : to report one's self, to present one's self 
before a superior, or at headquarters, for inspection 
or orders. 

repose, v. rc-pozf (L. repositum, to place back again 
—from re, back or again, and pono, I place : It ripos- 
are : F. reposer), to lay or be at rest ; to place or rest 
in, as confidence ; to sleep ; to recline ; to rely, with 
in or on : n. state of sleep ; rest ; quiet ; rest of mind ; 
in paint., certain parts in the composition of a pic- 
ture which seem to tranquilJise its aspect : repo'sing, 
imp.: reposed', pp. -pozd'-. repo'sal, n. -zal, the art 
of reposing or resting: repo'sedly, ad. -zed-li: repo'- 
sedness, n. -zid-n6s, state of being at rest: repo ser, 
n. -zer, one who reposes: repos'it, v. -poz'-lt, to lay 
up ; to lodge, as for safety or preservation : reposlt- 
inc imr • renos'ited. tin.: reposition i> ,-,-:,„,.-/./,: 



ing, imp.: reposlted, pp.: reposition, n. re'-po-sish'- 
-~n, the act of replacing ; the act of laying up in safety 
yy.fotl; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



EEPO 



522 



REPU 



repository, n. rS-poz'i-tir'i (L. repositorium, a cup- 
board), a place where things are deposited for safety 
or preservation ; a place where articles are kept for 
sale. 

repossess, v. re"-p$z-z8s' (re, again, and possess), to 
possess again : re'possessi'on, n. the act of possessing 
again. 

repour, v. rZ-por' (re, again, and pour), to pour 
again. 

repousse, n. rS-p6s' (F.), ornamented metal -work 
formed in relief by striking up the metal from behind 
until the reqn: induced in relief 

upon the surface, being afterwards finished by the 
process of chasing. 

reprehend, v. rgp'-rS-hgnd' (L. reprehendere or re- 
prehensurn, to check, to restrain— from re, again, and 
prehendere, to lay hold of: It. riprendere: F. repren- 
dre), to administer reproof or censure to ; to chide ; to 
rebuke ; to censure : rep'rehend'ing, imp. : rep're- 
hend'ed, pp.: rep'rehend'er, n. -er, one who repre- 
hends: rep'rehen'sible, a. -sl-bl, deserving reproof or 

— —e; blamable: rep'rehen'sibly, ad. -bli: rep'™- 



(F. riprihension), reproof; censure: rep'rehen'sive, a. 
-slv, also rep'rehen'sory, a. -ser-i, containing reproof 
or censure. 

represent, v. rSp'-rS-zSnf (L. reprcesentare, to re- 
present—from re, again, and prazsentare, to place 
before: It. rappresentare : F. reprdsenter), to show 
or exhibit by resemblance; to describe; to show by 
words and actions, as in a play on the stage; to 
personate; to act the character of another, as in a 
play; to act as a substitute for; to show by argu- 
ments or a statement of facts: rep'resent'ing, imp.: 
represented, pp.: rep'resent'er, n. -er, one who 
represents: represent able, a. -d-bl, that may be 
represented: rep'resent'ment, n. -mint, image; an 
idea proposed as exhibiting the likeness of some- 
thing: rep'resenta'tion, n. -ta'shun, tho act of de- 
scribing or showing; a respectful declaration; that 
which exhibits by resemblance, as a picture or a statue ; 
a plan ; a map ; a model ; performance, as of a play on 
the stage : rep'resen'tative, n. -td-tlv, one who ex- 
hibits the likeness of another ; an agent ; a deputy ; a 
substitute ; one who represents another or others ; in 
nat. hist., that which presents the full character of 
the type of a group : adj. bearing the character or 
power of another ; conducted by the agency of dele- 
gates chosen by the people: representatively, ad. 
-li: rep'resen'tativeness, n. -ngs, the state or quality 
of being representative. 



squeeze), to put or keep down ; to crush ; to restrain 
to subdue: repressing, imp.: repressed', pp. -prist'. 
repres'ser, n. -sir, one who represses : repres'sible, a. 
-sl-bl, that may be repressed: repres'sibly, ad. -bit: 
repressi'on, n. -presh'un, the act of subduing ; check ; 
restraint : repressive, a. -pr&s'-slv, tending or able to 
repress : repres'sively, ad. -II. 

reprieve, v. rS-prev' (old Eng. reprive or reprie, to 
reprieve : perhaps F. reprise, a retaking), to suspend 
or delay the execution of a criminal; to grant a re- 
spite to ; to relieve from any suffering for a time : n. 
the temporary suspension of the execution of the 
sentence of death : repriev'ing, imp. : reprieved', pp. 
-pr€vd'. 

reprimand, v. rSp'ri-mdnd' (F. reprimander, to rep- 
rimand: L. reprimendus, to be curbed or restrained— 
from re, back, and premo, I press), to administer a 
severe reproof or rebuke to for a fault ; to chide or re- 
prove; to censure; to admonish: n. severe reproof 
or censure for a fault: rep'rimand'ing, imp.: rep'ri- 
mand'ed, pp. 

reprint, v. rS-prlnf (re, again, and print), to print 
a second or new edition : n. re-print, a second or new 
edition of a book: reprinting, imp.: reprint'ed, pp. 

reprisal, n. re-prl'-zdl (F. represaille, retaliation: L. 
reprehensum or reprensum, to hold back, to seize), a 
taking or seizing in return ; a seizure from an enemy 
by way of retaliation. 

reprises, n. plu. ri-prl'-zis (F. reprise, a retaking : 
L. reprensum, to take or hold back), deductions arid 
payments made annually out of lands, as rent, 
charges, annuities, &c. 

reproach, v. rS-prOch' (F. reprocher ; Sp. reprochar ; 
it. rimprocciare, to reproach, to blame), to pass cen- 
sure upon in contemptuous terms; to upbraid; to 



charge with a fault in severe language : n. censure 
mingled with contemptuous language ; severe re- 
proof; shameful condition or treatment ; infamy; ob- 
ject of contempt or scorn ; that which is the cause 
of shame : reproaching, imp. : reproached', pp. 
-procht': reproach'er, n. -er, one who reproaches : re- 
proach'able, a. -a-bl, capable of being reproached: 
reproach'ably, ad. -Ml: reproach'ableness, n. -bl-nis, 
the state of being reprostehable : reproach'ful, a. -f<Tol, 



proach'fully, ad. -li: reproach'fulness, n. -ribs, the 
quality of being reproachful : reproach'less, a. -lis, 
without reproach. 

reprobate, a. rUp'-rO-bat (L. reprobatum, to disap- 
prove, to condemn: It. reprobare; F. riprouver, 
to reject, to reprobate), wholly given up to sin ; lost 
to virtue or grace ; depraved ; abandoned ; rejected : 
v. to disapprove with marks of extreme dislike ; to 
give up to destruction without hope of pardon: n. 
a person lost to virtue and religion : rep'robating, 
imp.: rep'robated, pp.: adj. rejected; abandoned: 
rep'robateness, n. -n6s, the state of being reprobate : 
reprobation, n. -bd'-shun, the act of disallowing, 
with expressions of extreme dislike; in theol., state 
of being consigned or abandoned to destruction with- 
out hope of pardon— the opposite of election: rep'ro- 
ba'tioner, n. -er, one who holds that part of the human 
race were created for reprobation. 

reproduce, v. re'pr6-dus' (re, again, and produce : 
F. reprroduire : Sp. reproducir), to form anew in whole 
or in part what has been cut off or lost: re'produ'- 
cing, imp.: re'produced', pp. -dusf: re'produ'eer, n. 
-sir, one who or that which reproduces : re'produc'- 
tive, a. -duk'tlv, pert, to or used in reproduction: 
reproduction, n. -shun, the art or process of renew- 
ing that which has been lost or destroyed ; that which 
is reproduced. 

repromulgate, v. rS-prO-mul'gdt (re, and promul- 
gate), to promulgate again. 

reproof— see reprove. 

reprove, v. re-pr6v' (F. riprouver, to reject, to dis- 
allow : L reprobare, to condemn— see reprobate), to 
reprimand; to chide; to charge with blame or censure ; 
to rebuke : repro'ving, imp. : reproved', pp. -j/r6vd': 
repro'ver, n. -ver, one who reproves: repro'vable, 
a. -pr6'-vd-bl, deserving censure ; blamable: repro'- 
vably, ad. -bit: repro'vingly, ad. -li: reproof, n. -i/r6f. 
blame expressed to the face ; censure. 

reprune, v. reprdn' (re, again, and prune), to prune 
a second time. 

reptant, a. rSp'tdnt (L. reptans, creeping, crawb'ng), 
in bot., creeping and rooting: reptation, n. rep-id- 
shv.v, in zool., the act of creeping or crawling. 

reptile, n. rip'-tll (F. reptile; Sp. reptil, a reptile: L. 
reptilis, a reptile— from reptare, to creep along, to 
crawl), an animal that creeps on its belly, or moves 
along by means of short legs, as snakes, lizards, &c. ; 
a grovelling mean creature: adj. moving on the 
belly, or by means of small feet or legs : reptilia, n. 
rip-tll'-l-d, the systematic name for the cold-blooded 
vertebrate animals that breathe air but imperfectly : 
reptilian, a. -1-dn, belonging to the reptiles or 
reptilia. 

republic, n. rS-piib'-Uk (L. rerpublirn -. It. republico, 
a republic— from res, a thing, and jjublicus, belonging 
to the people : F. ripublique), a state or country in 
which the supreme power is vested in rulers elected 
periodically by the people ; a commonwealth : repub- 
lican, a. -H-kdn, pert, to a republic ; consonant to the 
principles of a republic : n. one who favours or prefers 
the government of a republic: republicanism, n. 
-izm, a republican form of government, or the prin- 
ciples on which it is founded : republic of letters, a 
term applied to the whole body of literary and learned 
men. 

republication, n. re-pnb'-lt-kd'-shun (re, again, and 
publication), a new publication of something before 
published. 

republish, v. - nd publish), to 

publish a new edition of a work : republishing, imp.: 
republished, pp. -llsht. 

repudiate, v. rS-pu'-dl-dt (L. repudiatum, to repudi- 
ate—from repudium, a separation, a divorce : It. re- 
pudiare: F. ripudier), to disclaim; to disavow; to 
discard ; to divorce; to refuse to pny or acknowledge 
any longer, as a debt: repudiating, imp.: repudia- 
ted, pp.: repu'diator, n. -ter, one who repudiates: 

foTvn'/li'o'Mo a -/I .hi fh a f tyi a ir V, s - -a- J - .ei. 



repudiable, a. -d-bl, that may be rejected ; fit or pro- 
mate, m&t, fdr, IcvCo; mite, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



REPU 5 

per to be put away: repu'dia'tion, n. -a'shun, dis- 
avowal; rejection; divorce. 

repugnant, a. ri-pug'ndnt (L. repugnans, fighting 
against, opposing— gen rom re, against, 

and pugno, I fight: It. repugnante: F. repugnant), 
characterised by opposition or contrariety; adverse, 
with to ; inconsistent ; inimical : repugnantly, ad. 
-U: repug'nance, n. -nans, also repug'nancy, n. 
•ndn-si, opposition of mind; struggle of passions; 
resistance; inconsistency; aversion; dislike. 

repulse, v. rS-puls' (L. repulsus, driven back; re- 
pulsa, a refusal, a denial— from re, back, and pello, I 
drive: It. ripulsa; old F. repulse, a refusal), to drive 
back by force ; to repel : n. a being checked or driven 
back by force; refusal; denial: repulsing, imp.: re- 
pulsed', pp. -puUt' : repul'ser, n. -ser, one who re- 
pulses: repulsion, n. -pul'-shiin, the act of driving 
back ; the power by which bodies or their particles, 
under certain circumstances, are made to recede from 
each other: repulse'less, a. -puls'-les, that cannot be 
repelled : repulsive, a. -slv, tending to repulse ; cold ; 
reserved; forbidding: repulsively, ad. -II: repuT- 
siveness, n. -nis, the quality of being repulsive or for- 
bidding. 

repurchase, v. re-pdr-chds (re, again, and purchase), 
to buy back : n. the act of buying again what has been 
Sold. 

repute, v. rS-puf (L. reputare, to compute, to cal- 
culate—from re, again, and puto, I think : It. reput- 
are: F. reputer), to estimate; to think; to hold; to 
reckon : n. character ; established opinion ; general 
estimation: reputing, imp.: reputed, pp.: adj. 
reckoned ; accounted : repute 'less, a. -Ms, disgraceful ; 
without repute: reputable, a. rtp'-u-id-bl, having the 
good opinion of men ; held in esteem ; respectable : 
rep'utably, ad. -td-bll: rep'utableness, n. -bl-nGs, the 
quality of being reputable : rep'uta'tion, n. -td'shun, 
good name ; character by public opinion ; credit : re- 
putedly, ad. re-2>u't6d-ll. 

request, n. re-kwSst' (L. requisitum, to seek or search 
for— from re, again, and qucesitum, to seek : F. requite ; 
old F. requeste, a request), a desire expressed to an- 
other for something to be granted or done ; the thing 
asked or solicited; petition; prayer; entreaty: v. to 
express a desire for ; to solicit respectfully : request- 
lng, imp.: request'ed, pp.: request'er, n. -er, one who 
requests : in request, in demand ; in credit or reputa- 
tion. 

requiem, n. rlk'-wi-Pm (L. requiem, rest, repose, as 
from labour, suffering, or cave: F. requiem: It. requie). 



requin, n. rik'win (F. requin, a corruption of requi- 
em, a hymn or mass for the dead), the white shark, so 
called by the French sailors from the danger to life 
from them if falling by accident into the water of the 
seas where they abound. 

require, v. ri-kwlr" (L. requirere, to want, to re- 
quire—from re, back < rro, I seek : F. 
rcqi'f'rir), to ask, as of right or by authority; to de- 
mand ; to call for ; to make necessary ; to need : re- 
qui'ring, imp.: required', pp. -kwlrd': requi'rer, n. 
■rer, one who requires : requi'rable, a. -rd-bl, capable 
of being required : require'ment, n. -mGnt, demand ; 
claim; in the plu., things for the supply of needs; 
necessaries. 

requisite, a. rSJe'-ivl-zit (L. requisitus, needed, beins 
requisite— from re, back or again, and qucero, I seek : 
It. and Sp. requisito, requisite), necessary; needful; 
essential: n. something required by the nature of 
things, or by circumstances ; a want ; a need : req'- 
uisitely, ad. -U : req'uisiteness, n. -nes, the state of 
being requisite or necessary: req'uisiti'on, n. -zish'un, 
a written request or invitation ; a demand : requisi- 
tive, a. rS-kwiz'-i-tlv, expressing or implying demand. 

requite, v. r$-kiclt' ( re aY), to make a 

return for treatment, either Rood or evil ; to repay ; to 
recompense; to avenge: requi'ting, imp.: reijui'ted, 
pp.: requi'ter, n. -ter, one who requites: requi'tal, n. 
-tdl, the act of requiting ; return for treatment, good 
or bad ; retribution ; recompense. 

reredos, n. re'-re-dos (F. arriere, away, and dos, 
back), in arch., the back of a fireplace; the carved 
ornamental screen at the back of the altar, in height 
from 3 to 6 feet above it ; a screen ; a partition-wall. 

reremouse, n. rer'-mows (AS. hreremus, a bat — from 
AS. hreran; Icel. hrcera, to move), the bat. 



13 RESE 

re-resolve, v. re'-rS-zolv' [re, again, and resolve), to 
resolve a second time. 

rereward, n. rer'-wawrd (from rear, and ivard), the 
part of an army which marches in the rear. 

resail, v. re-sal' (re, again, and sail), to sail back. 

resale, n. re'sdl (re, again, and sale), a second sale. 

resalute, v. re'-sd-ldt' (re, again, and salute), to sal- 
ute or greet anew. 

rescind, v. re-slnd' (L. rescindere, to abolish, to re- 
scind—from re, back or again, and scindere, to cut, to 
split : It. rescindere : F. rescinder), to render null or 
make void; to revoke; to repeal: rescinding, imp.: 
rescind'ed, pp. 

rescission, n. re-sizh'iin (L. rescissum, to abolish : It. 
rescissione, rescission— see rescind), act of abrogating 
or annulling : rescissory, a. ri-sis'-ser-l (It. rescissorio), 
having power to rescind. 

rescribe, v. rG-skrlb' (L. rescribere, to write in reply 
to— from re, again, and scribo, I write), to write back ; 
to write over again: rescri'bing, imp.: rescribed', pp. 
-skrlbd'. 

rescript, n. re'-skrlpt (L. rescriptum, to answer in 
reply to— from re, again, and scriptum, to write), an 
answer in writing ; the answer of a pope or an emperor 
to any question of law to one consulting him, which 
answer has the force of law; an edict or decree: re- 
scription, n. re-skrip'-shun, the answering of a letter. 

rescue, v. res'-ku (old Eng. rescous, rescue— from old 
F. rescouyr, to recover : It. riscuotere. to fetch a thing 
out of pawn— from L. re, back or again, and excutere, to 
take away by force), to set free from danger or re- 
straint ; to deliver from evil in any way ; to recapture ; 
to liberate : n. deliverance from danger or restraint ; 
release; liberation; recapture; in latv, the forcible 
taking away against law of things lawfully distrained : 
res'cuing, imp. : res'cued, pp. -kud .- res'cuer, n. -ku- 
er, one who rescues. 

research, n. re-serch' (re, again, and search: F. re- 
cherche, inquiry, search), a laborious or continued 
search after facts or principles; investigation; ex- 
amination. 

reseat, v. re-set' (re, again, and seat), to seat anew. 

resection, n. i-e-sek'-shtin (re, again, a,nd section), the 
act of cutting or paring off; the surgical operation for 
the removal of a bone. 

reseek, v. re-sckf (re, again, and seek), to seek again. 

reseize, v. re-sez' (re, again, and seize), to seize a 
second time: reseizure, n. re-sezh'-dbr, the act of seiz- 
ing again. 

resell, v. re-sll' (re, again, and sell), to sell again 
what has been bought or sold. 



rassembler, to resemble), to be like; to possess similar 
external form or structure ; to possess like or similar 
qualities: resem'bling, imp.: resem'bled, pp. -bid: re- 
semblance, n. -bldns, likeness ; state of having similar 
external form or structure ; image ; similarity. 

resend, v. re-sdnd' (re, again, and send), to send 
again. 

resent, v. rS-zSnt' (F. ressentir; It. risentire, to resent 
— fromL. re, again, and sentire, to feel), to take ill; 
to consider as an injury or an affront ; to be some- 
what provoked at: resenting, imp.: resent'ed, pp.: 
resent'er, n. -er, one who resents: resent'ment, n. 
-mint, the feeling of anger or irritation caused by a 
deep sense of injury or insult; anger; prolonged an- 
ger : resent'ful, a. -fool, easily provoked to anger, and 
retaining it long : resent'fully, ad. -II. 

reserve, n. rG-zerv' (L. reservare, to reserve— from 
re, back, and servo, I keep : It. riservare : F. reserve?-), 
something kept in store for future use ; in mil., a body 
of troops kept in the rear of an army in action to give 
support where required, or to meet any contingency ; 
a laying up and keeping for a future time ; reservation 
or exception, as, a sale by auction without reserve; 
caution in personal behaviour ; shyness : v. to keep in 
store for future use ; to withhold from present use for 
another purpose; to retain; to keep: reserving, imp.: 
reserved', pp. -zervd': adj. restrained; shy: reserv'- 
edly, ad. -Sd-li: reserv'edness, n. -Gd-nes, the state 
of being reserved ; want of frankness : reseiVer, n. 
-er, one who reserves: reservation, n. rSz'er-va-shun, 
the act of reserving or keeping back; concealment in 
the mind; exception in favour; something reserved : 
in reserve, in keeping for other or future use; in 
store. 

reservoir, n. rSz'-erv-ioaYvr' (F. riservoir, a reservoir 
—from L. re, again, and servo, 1 keep or preserve), a 



colv, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



RESE 



524 



RESP 



place where water is collected and stored for use ; a 
mill-pond ; a basin. 

reset, v. re-set' (re, again, and set), to set again ; in 
Scotch law, to receive stolen goods : n. the offence of 
receiving and keeping stolen goods : reset'ter, n. -er, 
one who receives stolen goods. 

resettle, v. re-sW-l (re, again, and settle), to settle 
again : reset'tlement, n. a second or new settlement. 

reshape, v. re-shdp' (re, again, and shape), to shape 
again. 

reship, v. rS-shlp' (re, again, and ship), to ship a 
second time; to ship again what has been imported: 
reship'ment, n. goods reloaded and sent back again. 

reside, v. rS-zid" (L. residere, to remain, to abide— 
from re, again, and sedeo, I sit : It. risedere : F. rdsid- 
er), to continue in a place as an inhabitant; to abide; 
to live; to dwell: residing, imp.: resi'ded, pp.: re- 
si'der, n. -der, one who resides in a particular place: 
resident, a. res'-i-cUnt, dwelling or abiding in a place: 
n. one who resides or dwells in a place ; an inhabi- 
tant; a public minister residing at a foreign court: 
residence, n. -dens, place where one resides; home; 
an abode; also residency, n. -din-si, an abode; the 
official dwelling of a government officer in India: 
residential, a. -d&n'sh&l, having actual possession; 
constituted or connected with residence: res'iden'- 
tiary, a. -slier -l, residential: n. one who keeps a cer- 
tain residence. 

residue, n. rSz'i-du, (L. residuum, a remainder— from 
re, back, and sedeo, I sit: It. residuo: V. residu), that 
which remains after the greater part has been taken 
or separated ; the rest ; the remainder ; the remainder 
of an estate after payment of debts and legacies : re- 
sidual, a. rS-zbl'i'i-al, remaining after the greater part 
has been taken : resid'uary, a. -er-l, that takes the 
residue or remainder of an estate after paying debts 
and legacies ; entitled to the residue, as a residuary 
legatee : resid'uum, n. -urn, the residue ; the remain- 
der ; plu. resid'ua, -d. 

resign, v. re-sin' (re, again, and sign), to sign again. 

resign, v. r&-zln' (L. resignare, to resign— from re, 
back, and signare, to mark, to sign : It. risegnare : F. 
resigner), to Rive up, as a claim or an office ; to yield 
into the hands of another ; to submit without resist- 
ance or murmuring; to submit; to quit; to forsake: 
resigning, imp. : resigned', pp. -zind'-. adj. calmly 
submitting to the will of God: resign'edly, ad. -Sd-ll: 
resign'er, n. -er, one who resigns : resignation, n. riz'- 
ig-na'-shiin, the act of yielding or giving up; habitual 
submission to the will of God ; submission ; patience. 

resile, v. rS-zil' (L. resilire, to leap or spring back— 
from re, back, and salio, I leap or spring), to start 
back ; to recede : '•esiling, imp.: resiled', pp. -zlld': 
resilient, a. re-zll'-l-ent, leaping or starting back; re- 
bounding: resilience, n. -Sns, the act of springing 
back or rebounding; also resiliency, n. -Sn-si. 

resin, n. rez'-ln(L. resina, resin: It. resina: F. rd- 
sine), a substance which exudes from many trees, 
especially from firs and pines, usually of a yellowish 
or amber colour, and more or less transparent; the 
commonest resin, forming the remains of the still 
after distilling turpentine, is usually called rosin; 
volatile oil rendered concrete by the oxygen of the 
atmosphere : reslny, a. -i, partaking of the qualities 
of resin: res'inous, a. -us, containing or yielding 
resin ; possessing the properties of resin : reslnously, 
ad. -II: reslnousness, n. -nSs, the quality of being res- 
inous: mineral resins, pitchy or resinous substances, 
as asphalt, amber, retinite, &c: resinous electricity, 
electricity which is excited by rubbing bodies of the 
resinous kind— called also negative, and opposed to 
vitreous or positive electricity: resino-electric, a. ex- 
hibiting negative electricity: reslnif'erous, a. -If -er- 
as (L. fero, I produce), producing resin : reslniform, a. 
-i-fawrm (L. forma, shape), having the form of resin. 

resist, v. re-zlst' (L. resistere,_ to resist, to oppose— 
from' re, back or again, and sisto, I stand: It. resis- 
tere: F. re" sister), to act in opposition to ; to strive or 
act against; to withstand; to make opposition: n. a 
sort of paste or mixture to preserve portions of white 
colour in print-dyeing: resisting, imp.: resist'ed, pp.: 
resist'er, n. -er, one who resists : resistible, a. -i-bl, 
that may be resisted : resist'ibly, ad. -bit: resist'ible- 
ness, n. -bl-nes, also resistlbil'ity, n. -bll'-l-ti, the 
quality of being resistible : resist' ance, n. -dns, opposi- 
tion; hindrance; the powers by which motion in a 
body is diminished or destroyed : resist'ant, a. -Cint, 
making resistance : n. one who or that which resists: 
resistless, a. -lis, that cannot be effectually 



or resisted: resist'lessly, ad. -li: resist'lessness, n. 
■tie's, the state of being resistless. 

resoluble, a. rUs'-o-loo-bl (re, back or again, and solu- 
ble: F. resoluble, .resolvable), that may be melted or 
dissolved. 

resolute, a. rSz-O-Wt (It. risoluto; F. risolu; Sp. 
resoluto, resolute, bold : L. re, back, and solutum, to 
loose), determined; decided; characterised by firm- 
ness and constancy in pursuing a purpose ; undaunted: 
res'olutely, ad. -li, firmly; constantly; steadily: res- 
oluteness, n. -nfo, the quality of being resolute in a 
fixed purpose ; unshaken firmness : res'olu'tion, n. 
-lo-shun, fixed determination ; steadiness or fixedness 
of purpose; constancy; firmness; the process of sep- 
arating the component parts of bodies; analvsis; a 
formal proposition brought before a public body for 
discussion and adoption ; the dispersion or disappear- 
ance of a tumour or inflammatory part; in dyn., the 
dividing any single force into two or more others. 

resolve, v. rS-zoli/ (L. resolvere, to separate, to un- 
fasten—from re, back, and solvo, I loose : It. risolvere: 
Sp. resolver), to reduce to simple parts or first princi- 
ples ; to analyse; to clear of difficulties; to explain; 
to determine in one's own mind ; to fix in a determina- 
tion ; to decide ; to purpose ; to constitute by vote or 
formal declaration; in med., to disperse or scatter, as 
a tumour : n. fixed purpose of mind ; determination : 
resol'ving, imp.: resolved', pp. -zolvd': adj. fixed or 
determined in purpose : resol'ver, n. -ver, one who re- 
solves : resol'vable, a. -vd-bl, capable of being res. .1 ved ; 
that may be reduced to first principles : resol'vabil'ity, 
n. -Ml'l-tl, capability of being resolved: resol'vedly, ad. 
-vSd-li: resot'vedness, n. -lie's, fixedness of purpose; 
firmness: resol'vent, a. -vhit, in med., having the 
power to dissolve or scatter, as a tumour: n. a medicine 
which dissolves a tumour: to resolve a nebula, in 
astron., to cause a nebula by a powerful instrument 
to appear separated into distinct stars. 

resonant, a. rdz'6-n.ant (L. resonans, resounding or 
re-echoing— from re, back, and sono, I sound : It. riso- 
nante; F. risonnnut, resounding), returning sound; 
echoing back: resonantly, ad. -li: res'onance, n. 
-ndns, the returning or prolongation of sound, as by 
the air acting on the bodies of stringed instruments. 

resort, v. rS-zorf (F. ressortir, to go forth again, to 
repair; ressort, spring, elasticity, supply of needful 
power— akin to L. sur'gere, to rise), to repair or betake 
one's self to ; to have recourse ; to frequent : n. act of 
resorting; a place much frequented; concourse; tri- 
bunal, as in the phrase last resort: resorting, imp. : 
resort ed, pp.: resort'er, n. -er, one who resorts: last 
resort, final tribunal; that from which there is no 
appeal. 

resound, v. rS-sdwnd' (re, again, and sound), to sound 
again. 

resound, v. rZ-zdvmd' (L. resonare, to resound— from 
re, back, and sonare, to sound: It. risonare: F. r6- 
sonner), to send back sound ; to re-echo ; to praise or 
celebrate by the sound of the voice or an instrument; 
to spread the fame of; to be sent back, as sound; to 
be much and loudly praised : n. the return of sound ; 
an echo: resounding, imp.: n. the act of sounding 
back : resounded, pp. 

resource, n. risers' (F. ressource, resource: L. re, 
again, and surgere, to rise— see source), any person 
or object which may be resorted to for aid, safety, or 
supply; an expedient; a contrivance: resource'less, 
a -Us, destitute of resources. 

resow, v. re-so" (re, again, and sow), to sow anew. 

respect, v. rg-spekt' (L. respectare, to look back, to 
respect— from re, back or again, and specto, I look at, 
I behold: It. rispettare: F. respecter), to regard; to 
view or consider with some degree of reverence ; to 
esteem for worth or superiority ; to have relation to : 
n. that estimation or honour in which men hold the 
worth or good qualities of others ; deference ; partial 
regard; undue bias; in Scrip., goodwill or favour: 
respects', n. plu. -spekts', deferential good wishes; 
complimentary regards : respecting, imp. : respect'- 
ed, pp.: respect'er, n. -er, one who respects : respecf- 
less, a. -Us, having no respect; without regard: re- 
spect'able, a. -Ci-bl, deserving respect; worthy of 
esteem and honour ; moderately excellent ; not mean; 
ordinary: respect'ably, ad. -bli: respect'abillty, n. 
-bil'-i-tl, the qualities in character which deserve or 
command respect: respect'ful, a. -fool, marked by 
outward civility; deferential; courteous; civil: re- 
spectfully, ad. -II: respect'fulness, n. -ties, the qual- 
ity of being respectful : respective, a. re-spek'-tiv, hav- 






mate, mdt, far, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



EESP 



525 



ing relation to a person or thing; not absolute; be- 
longing to each, as respective abodes: respectively, 
ad. -ft, as each belongs to each; particularly: respect- 
ing, prep. rc-spSkt'lng, with relation or regard to ; re- 
gaining: in respect of, prep, in relation to; with re- 
gard to. 

respire, v. re-splr' (L. respirare, to respire— from 
re, back or again, and sjnro, I breathe: It. rispiran: 
F. respirer), to breathe out ; to draw air into the lungs 
and expel it again ; to rest : respi'ring,.imp.: respired', 
pp. •splrd': respi'rable, a. -ra-bl, fit for breathing or 
for the support of animal life: respi'rableness, n. -bi- 
ne's, alsorespi'rabillty, n. -bil'-l-tl, the state or quality 
of being respirable : respiration, n. res'-pl-ra'-shun, the 
act of breathing ; relief from toil: res'pirator, n. -ra- 
ter, an apparatus for covering the mouth, which serves 
to warm the air before being inhaled into the lungs: 
respiratory, a. -tir'-i, pert, to or serving for respira- 
tion. 

respite, n. res'-pit (old F. respit, respite : It. rispitto, 
respite, pause— from L. respectus, regard, considera- 
tion), delay, as for breathing; pause; interval; tem- 
porary suspension of the execution of a capital sen- 
tence"on a criminal ; a reprieve : v. to suspend ; to de- 
lay for a time ; to relieve by an interval of rest: res- 
piting, imp.: respited, pp. 

resplendent, a. rS-splen'dSnt (L. resplendens, shin- 
ing brightly — from re, back or again, and spknilev, I 
shine), very bright ; having a beautiful lustre ; shining 
with brilliancy : resplen'dently, ad. -ft : resplen'dence, 
n. -dens, also resplen'dency, n. -den-sl, brilliant lustre ; 
vivid brightness. 

resplit, v. re-spllf (re, again, and split), to split or 
rend a second time. 

respond, v. respond' (L. resjwndere, to answer or 
reply — from re, back or again, and spondco, I promise 
solemnly: It. rispondere: F. repondre), to answer; to 
rejoin; to reply: n. in sacred music, a short anthem 
interjected in some service: responding, imp.: re- 
sponded, pp.: respondent, a. -ent, that answers to 
demand or expectation : n. one who answers, as in a 
suit at law ; one who answers in reply : respondentia, 
n. re'-spon-d&n'-shi-d, a contract by which a loan is 
effected on the security of the freight of a ship. 

response, n. re-spans' (L. responsum, an answer or 
reply— from re, back, and siiondeo, I promise solemnly : 
It. risponso; old F. respons, a response), a reply or 
answer; an oracular answer ; the answer of the peo- 
ple in i-.-rtain parts of divine service; rejoinder: re- 
sponsible, a. re-spon'-sl-bl, answerable: accountable; 
amenable: respon'sibly, ad. -6ft: respon'sibleness, 
n. -bl-nes: respon'sibil ity, n. -bil'i-tl, state of being 
accountable or answerable: respon'sive, a. -slv, mak- 
ing answer; correspondent: respon'sively, ad. -ft: 
respon'siveness, n. -n6s, the state of being responsive : 
respon'sion, n. -shun, the first examination which 
students at Oxford undergo before they can take any 
degree— familiarly called " the little-go ": respon'sory, 
a. -ser-i, containing or making answer. 

rest, n. rest (Ger. rast ; Dut. ruste, ease, quiet, re- 
pose: AS. rest or rcest, repose), a state free from 
motion or disturbance; quiet; repose; sleep; final 
sleep ; cessation from labour ; that on which a thing 
leans for support ; trust ; peace ; in music, a pause in 
sound, or the mark to indicate it : v. to lay or place 
at rest ; to cease from action or motion of any kind ; 
to be tranquil; to be at peace; to recline; to be 
in a state of repose or slumber; to sleep the final 
sleep; to lean on; to trust or rely: resting, imp.: 
rested, pp.: restless, a. -les, not still; unquiet; dis- 
turbed ; sleepless ; unsettled ; roving : restlessly, ad. 
-ft : restlessness, n. -nes, the quality or state of being 
restless ; uneasiness ; want of sleep : rest-house, in 
East Indies, an empty house for the accommodation 
of travellers : resting-place, a place to rest at : to rest 
with, to be in the power of; to depend upon. 

rest, n. rest (L. restare, to remain, to resist: F. 
rester, to remain : It. restare, to leave an overplus), 
that which remains, or may remain, after the separation 
of a part ; overplus ; residue ; others ; a surplus fund 
held in reserve by a bank or a public company in 
order to equalise the dividends, should the profits 
made in any one year fall below the amount required 
for paying the usual dividend to the shareholders: 
resting owing (F. en reste, in arrear), in Scotch law, 
Ding due. 

restant, a. res'-tdnt (L. restans; F. restant, remain- 
ing), in hot, remaining, as foot-stalks after the fructi- 
fication has fallen off. 



EESU 

re-staf {re, again, and state), to state 



restate, 
anew. 

restaurant, n. rSs'-to-rdng (F. restaurant), an eating- 
house ; a place for the sale of refreshments : restaura- 
teur, n.res-to'-rd-ter', an eating-house keeper; one who 
keeps a place for the sale of refreshments. 

restem, v. re-stem' (re, back, and stem), to force back 
against the current. 

restiff, a. res'-tif (F.), another spelling of restive: 
res'tiffness, n. -nes, for restiveness—see restive. 

restiform, a. rCs'-ti-fawrm (L. restis, a cord, and 
forma, shape), like a cord; rope-shaped. 

restipulate, v. re-stlp'u-lat (re, again, and stipulate), 
to stipulate anew: re'stipula'tion, n. a new or second 
stipulation. 

restitution, i\.rSs'-ti-tfi tution; Sp. res- 

titucion, restitution— from L. restitutio, a restoration 
—from re, back, and statuo, I put or place), the act of 
making good any loss, damage, or injury ; the restora- 
tion of something lost or taken away ; amends ; re- 
paration. 

restive, a, res'-tiv (It. rcstio, drawing back, restive : 
F. restif, stubborn : L. restare, to stand still), restless 
and unwilling to stir, or only moving backwards, as a 
horse ; obstinate in refusing to move forward ; impa- 
tient under restraint or opposition ; uneasy : res'- 
tively, ad. -ft: res'tiveness, n. -nes, obstinacy or un- 
willingness to move forward; obstinate unwillingness 
or impatience— sometimes spelt restiff: resty, a. res'-ti, 
restive. 

restore, v. rl-stor' (L. restaurare, to make to stand 
again, to restore— from re, again, and sto, I stand : It. 
ristaurare: F. restaurer), to replace ; to give or bring 
back that which has been lost or unjustly taken away ; 
to bring back to its former state ; to rebuild ; to re- 
new: resto'ring, imp.: restored, pp. re-stord': resto- 
rable, a. -rCi-bl, capable of being brought to a former 
condition : resto'rableness, n. -nes, the quality or state 
of being restorable : restoration, n. res'-to-ra-shun, 
the act of restoring or replacing; renewal; recovery; 
in Eng. hist., the re-establishing of the monarchy 
under Charles II., 1660: res'tora'tionist, n. -shiin-ist, 
one who believes in a final restoration of all to the 
favour of God, and that there is only a temporary 
future punishment; a universalist : restorative, a. 
re-stor'-a-tiv, having power to restore or renew, as 
health and vigour: n. a medicine efficacious in re- 
cruiting the vital powers : restor'atively, ad. -ll : re- 
storer, n. -er, one who restores. 

restrain, v. rH-stran' (L. restringere, to check, to re- 
strain — from re, back, and stringo, I draw tight: It. 
restringere: F. restreindre), to' hold back; to bind 
fast ; to curb ; to repress ; to limit ; to abridge : re- 
straining, imp.: restrained, pp. rg-strdnd': re- 
strain 'er, n. -er, one who restrains : restrain'able, a. 
■d-bl, capable of being restrained : restrain'ment, n. 
-ment, the act of restraining : restrain'edly, ad. -ed-li : 
restraint', n. -strant' , the act of restraining ; abridg- 
ment of liberty ; restriction; hindrance of will; re- 
pression ; that which restrains. 

restrengthen, v. re-strength'-n (re, again, and 
strengthen), to strengthen anew. 

restrict, v. re-strlkt' (L. restrictum, to confine, to 
restrict— from re, back, and stringere, to draw tight 
—see restrain), to keep back within certain limits ; 
to circumscribe; to limit: restrict'ing, imp.: re- 
strict'ed, pp. limited; confined to bounds: restric- 
tion, n. ri-strW-shUn, limitati al rhich restricts : 
restrictive, a. -tlv, having the quality of limiting or 
expressing limitation; imposing restraint: restric'- 
tively, ad. -ft. 

resty— see restive. 

resubject, v. re'-silb-jekf (re, again, and subject), to 
subject a second time : re'subjec'tion, n. a second sub- 
jection. 

resublime, v. re-sub-llm' (re, again, and sublime), to 
sublime again. 

result, v. re-zuli tare, to spring or leap back 

—from re, back, and salio, I leap : It. resultare: F. re- 
sulter), to follow or have origin, as a consequence, from 
facts, arguments, thought, &c. ; to spring ; to arise ; 
to originate ; to issue ; to ensue : n. that which pro- 
ceeds from a given state of facts, &c. ; consequence ; 
inference; decision; issue: resulting, imp.: result'- 
ed, pp.: result'ant, n. -ant, in dyn., a force which 
results from the composi iutting together of 

two or more forces acting from different directions on 



cow, bo~y,fobt; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal- 



EESU 



526 



RETI 



resume, v. rd-z6'md (F. risumi, a summary), a 
summing up ; a condensed statement ; a recapitula- 
tion. 

resume, v. rd-zum' (L. resumere, to resume— from 
re, again, and sumo, I take : F. resumer: Sp. resumir), 
to take back that which has been given or taken 
away ; to proceed again after interruption ; to begin 
again : resu'ming, imp. : resumed', pp. -zumd': resu'- 
mable, a. -md-bl, that may be taken back or up again : 
resumption, n. -zump'shiin (L. resumptum, to re- 
sume), the act of taking back or taking again: re- 
sump'tive, a. -tlv, taking back or again. 

resummon, v. re-sum'mon (re, again, and summon), 
to summon or call again. 

resupinate, a. rS-su'pl-nat (L. resupinatum, to bend 
or turn back— from re, back or again, and su/nno, I 
bend backwards), in hot., so turned or twisted that the 
parts naturally the undermost become the uppermost, 
and vice versd: resupine, a. res'u-pln, lying on the 
back. 

resupply, v. rS'sup-pll' (re, again, and supply), to 
supply again. 

resurrection, n. rHz'-er-r&k'shun (L. resurrectum, to 
rise or appear again— from re, again, and surgere, to 
rise : F. resurrection : It. resurressione), a rising again 
from the dead ; the rising of the dead from the grave 
at the general judgment ; a moral revival, as from a 
state of ignorance or degradation : resurgent, a. r6- 
ser'jent, rising again, as from the dead; swelling up. 

resurvey, v. re'ser-vd' (re, again, and survey), to 
survey a second time. 

resuscitate, v. r6-sus'-sl-tat (L. resuscitatum, to 
rouse again, to revive— from re, again, and suscitare, 
to raise: It. resusciture: F. ressusciter), to recover from 
apparent death ; to revivify ; to revive ; to come to 
life again: resus'citating, imp.: resus'citated, pp.: 
r^susxitator, n. -ter, one who resuscitates : resus'ci- 
table, a. -td-bl, that may be recovered from apparent 
death : resus'cita'tion, n. -td'-shun, the act of reviving 
from a state of apparent death : resus'citative, a. -td- 
tlv, revivifying. 

ret, v. ret (Ger. rosten ; Dut. rotten, to rot, to pu- 
trefy), to destroy by rotting : to ret flax, to steep it 
in water in order to separate the fibre by incipient 
rotting : ret'ting, imp. : ret'ted, pp. : ret'tery, n. 
-ter-i, a place or factory for preparing flax. 

retail, v. rg-tal' (F. retail, a shred or small piece 
cut from a thing— from L. re, again, and F. tailler, to 
cut), to sell in small quantities; to sell at second- 
hand ; to relate in broken parts : n. re'-tdl, the sale of 
goods in small quantities; opposite of wholesale: re- 
tailing, imp.: retailed', pp. -tdld' : retail'er, n. -er, 
one who retails . retail'ment, n. -mint, the act of re- 
tailing. 

retain, v. rS-tdn' (L. ret inert, to keep back, to re- 
strain—from re, back, and teneo, I hold : It. ritenere : 
F. retenir), to hold or keep in possession ; to keep ; to 
keep back ; to hold from escape ; to keep in pay ; to 
employ by a fee paid: retaining, imp.: retained', 
pp. -tdnd': retain er, n. -er, an attendant ; a servant ; 
a hanger-on ; a retaining fee to counsel : retain'able, 
a. -d-bl, capable of being retained : retaining-wall, 
a wall built to support a body of earth. 

retake, v. re-tdkf(re, again, and take), to take again ; 
to recapture. 

retaliate, v. rd-tdl'l-dt (L. re, back, and F. talion, a 
pain or requital equal to the harm done ; retalionnc, 
requited or paid back with the like : L. re, back, and 
talis, suchlike), to return by giving like for like, in an 
ill sense ; to requite or pay back with the like : retal'- 
iating, imp.: retaliated, pp.: retaliation, n. -d'shtln, 
the return of like for like; retribution: retal'iative, 
a. -d-tlv, also retaliatory, a. -d-ter-t, returning like for 
like. 

retard, v. rS-tdrd' (L. retardare, to impede, to re- 
tard—from re, back or again, and tardare, to make 
slow; tardus, slow: It. ritardare: F. retarder), to 
impede; to hinder; to render slower: retarding, 
imp. : retard'ed, pp. : retard'er, n. -er, he or that 
which retards : retard'ment, n. -mint, also retarda- 
tion, n. re'tdr-dd'shun, the act of lessening the velo- 
city of motion ; hindrance : retard of the tide, the 
interval between the transit of the moon at which a 
tide originates and the appearance of the tide itself: 
retardation of mean solar time, the change of the 
mean sun's right ascension in a sidereal day, by which 
he appears to hang back, as it were, in his diurnal re- 
volution. 

retch, v. rech (It. recere, to vomit: AS. hrcecan, to 



retch: Norm, rcekja, to hawk, to spit: Dut. rachelen, 
to cough), to make an effort to vomit ; to strain ; to 
heave at the stomach : retching, imp. : retched, pp. 
recht. 

rete, n. re'-te (L. rete, a net, a snare), a net ; network : 
retecious, a. re-tff-shus, resembling network: reticle, 
n. ret'l-kl, a small net: rete mirabile, -mlr-db't-le (L. 
a wonderful net), in mint., an arrangement of blood- 
vessels at the base of the brain of quadrupeds : rete 
mucosum, -mu-ko'zum (L. a mucous net), in anat.,the 
soft under layer of the epidermis or scarfskin, which 
gives the colour to the skin. 

retell, v. re-tel' (re, again, and tell), to tell again. 

retention, n. ri-tSn'shun (L. retentio, a holding 
back— from re, back, and teneo, I hold : It. ritevzione: 
F. retention), the act or power of retaining, as in the 
memory; the undue withholding of some natural 
discharge; restraint: reten'tive, a. -tlv, having power 
to retain : reten'tively, ad. -ll .- reten'tiveness, n. -n6s, 
the quality of being retentive. 

retepora, n. plu. re'-Upo'-rd (L. rete, a net, and 
porus, a pore), in geol., a genus of fossil bryozoa or 
compound molluscs, which have their cell-pores ar- 
ranged in net-like order : retepore, n. re'-te-pOr, one 
of the retepora. 

retiary, n. re'shl-er'l (L. retiarius, one who fights 
by using a net— from rete, a net), one of the class of 
spiders which spin webs to catch their prey : adj. net- 
like : retiaris, n. plu. re'shl-d'ri-e, the systematic 
name for the class. 

reticence, n. ret'l-sdns, also ret'icency, n. -si (L. 
reticens, keeping silence— from re, back or again, and 
taceo, I am silent : F. reticence ; It. reticenza, conceal- 
ment), the state of observing continued silence ; con- 
cealment by silence: reticent, a, -sent, silent; re- 
served ; taciturn. 

reticule, n. ret'l-kiil(L. reticulum, a small net— from 
rete, a net : F. reticule, a net), a lady's work-bag ; a small 
bag for carrying in tin- hand ; in a telesaij/e, a network 
of five spiders' threads, or of wires crossing each other 
at right angles, and dividing the field of view into a 
series of small equal squares : reticular, a. rd-tik'u-ler, 
having the form of a small net ; having interstices like 
network : reticulate, a. -Idt, also retic'ulated, a. -Id- 
ted, resembling network; in arch., formed of dia- 
mond-shaped stones, or square stones laid diagonally; 
in zool. or bot., having distinct veins or lines cross- 
ing like network : retic'ulating, imp. running into 
meshes: retic'ula'tion, n. -Id'shun, any organisation 
resembling network: retic'ulum, n. -lum, the second 
or honeycombed cavity in the compound stomach of 
ruminant animals ; in bot., the debris of crossed fibres 
about the base of the petioles in palms. 

retiform, a. rSt'l-fawrm (L. rete, a net, and forma, 
shape), having the structure of a net. 

retina, n. ret'-i-nd (L. rete, a net), one of the coats 
of the eye, resembling fine network, which receives 
the impressions resulting in the sense of vision : ret'- 
ini'tis, n. -ni'tts (itis, denoting inflammation), inflam- 
mation of the retina. 

retinaculum, n. rSt'i-ndk'u-lum (L. retinaculum, a 
holdfast, a band— from retinere, to keep back), in bot., 
the viscid matter by which the pollen - masses in 
orchids, &c, adhere to a prolongation of the anther. 

retinasphalt, n. ret'in-ds-J alt' (Gr. rhetine, resin, and 
asphaltos, bitumen), a mineral resin found in the coal 
strata; retinite. 

retinervis, a. rSt'4-ner'vls (L. rete, a net, and nervus, 
a nerve), in bot., having reticulated veins; also ret- 
ive'nius, a. -ve'ni-us (L. rete, and vena, a vein). 

retinite, n. rit'-l-n\t (Gr. rhetine, resin or rosin), one 
of the mineral resins, occurring in brown coal and 
peat formations in roundish irregular lumps, of a yel- 
lowish-brown colour, and slightly transparent; also 
called resinite or retinasphalt : retinoid, a. -ndyd(Gr. 
eidos, form), resin-like. 

retinue, n. rtt'-l-nii (F. retenir, to hold land of a 
superior ; retenue, a train of retainers : L. retineo, I 
retain), the attendants of a person of distinction, 
chiefly on a journey ; a train of persons. 

retire, v. re-tlr 1 (F. retirer, to draw back : It. tirare, 
to draw, to pull : Goth, tairan, to tear, in the sense 
of any violent action), to depart ; to withdraw ; to go 
from company ; to withdraw from business or active 
life ; to fall back, as the tide from the shore ; to take 
up and pay when due, as a bill of exchange : reti'ring, 
imp. : adj. modest ; reserved : retired', pp. -tlrd'; 
adj. secluded from public notice ; private : retiredly, 
ad. -tlrd'll: retired'ness, n. -nes, a state of retirement ; 



mdte, mdt,fdr, law; mete, met, her ; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



RETO 



527 



RETU 



solitude: retirement, n. rS-tir'-mSnt, state of being 
withdrawn; act of withdrawing from active life or 
from public notice ; private way of life ; seclusion; 
departure : retired-list, a list of officers retired from 
the public service: retiring pension or allowance, a 
pension or annuity granted to a person on Ms with- 
drawal from office or service. 

retold, pp. of retell, which see. 

retort, v. retort' (L. retortu^, twisted or bent back 
—from re, back or again, and torqueo, I twist), to return 
or throw back, as an argument, an accusation, or an 
incivility ; to make a severe reply : n. (F. retorte), the 
return of an argument, censure, or incivility ; a severe 
reply ; a round-shaped chemical vessel having a long 
bent neck ; an iron or fire-clay cylinder in a gaswork 
for charging with coal to he converted into gas ; a dis- 
tillingapparatus : retort'ing, imp.: n. the act of throw- 
in- back in the way of censure or incivility : retort'ed, 
pp.: retort ive, a. -it?, containing retort. 

retouch, v. re-tiich' (re, again, and touch: F. re- 
toucher), to improve, as a painting, by new touches ; 
to go over a work of art a second time in order to 
restore a faded part, or to add portions for its general 
improvement: n. in paint, and sculp., the finishing 
off, by some slight applications of the master's hands, 
of a completed work. 

retrace, v. re-trds' (re, back or again, and trace: F. 
retracer), to go back by the same path or course ; to 
renew the defaced outline of a drawing : retracing, 
imp.: retraced, pp. re-trdsf. 

retract, v. rg-trdkf (L. retractum, to withdraw— 
from re, back or again, and tractum, to draw : F. re- 
trader: Sp. retractar), to recall, as something said or 
declared ; to take back ; to withdraw ; to unsay ; to 
recant : retracting, imp. : retracted, pp. : adj. in 
hot., bent backwards : retractable or -tible, a. re-trdk- 
td-bl or -tl-bl, that may be withdrawn or recalled : 
retraction, n. -shiin, also retractation, n. re'-trdk-td' 
shiin, act of withdrawing something advanced; a 
withdrawal; a declaration of change of opinion; 
recantation: retractile, a. ritrdk'-til, that may be 
drawn back: retrac'tive, a. -tlv, withdrawing; taking 
from : n. that which withdraws or takes from : retrac - 
tively, ad. -ll. 

retransform, v. re'trdnsfaXcrm' (re, back or again, 
and transform), to transform anew ; to change back 
anew. 

retranslate, v. rg'trdns-ldt' (re, again, and trans- 
late), to translate anew. 

retraxit, n rS-trdks'-lt (L. retraxit, he has with- 
drawn), in law, the withdrawing or open renunciation 
of a suit in court by the plaintiff. 

retread, v. re-trSd' (re, again, and tread), to tread 
again. 

retreat, v. rStret' (F. retraite, retreat— from L. re- 
tractum, to withdraw), to withdraw for safety or seclu- 
sion ; to retire from any position or place; in mil., 
to retire before an enemy : n. retirement ; seclusion ; 
place of safety or privacy ; the retiring of an army 
before an enemy, or from an advanced position : re- 
treat ing, imp.: adj. moving in retreat ; going back: 
retreated, pp. 

retrench, v. rg-trSnsh' (re. back or again, and 
trench: F. retrancher, to cut off), to pare away ; to ren- 
der less or smaller ; toabridge; to diminish expenses : 
retrench ing, imp. : retrenched', pp. -trensht': re- 
trenchment, n. -mint, the act of lopping off or remov- 
ing what is superfluous ; a lessening ; diminution. 

retribution, n. ret'-ri-bu'shiin (F. retribution; Sp. 
Tetribucion, retribution — from L. retributum, to give 
back, to restore— from re, back, and tribuere, to give 
or assign), requital; retaliation; reward or punish- 
ment suitable to the action ; the rewards or punish- 
ment of the final judgment : retribnter, n. retrlb'-u- 
ter, one who makes retribution : retrib'ntive, a. -tlv, 
rewarding or punishing according to action ; repaying ; 
also retrib'utory, a. -ter-l : retrib'utively, ad. -ii. 

retrieve, v. re-trev" (F. retrouver, to find again— 
from L. re, again, and F. trouver, to find : Ger. treffen, 
to hit : It. trovare, to find), to recover ; to regain ; to 
bring back from loss or injury to a former good state : 
retrieving, imp. : retrieved, pp. re-trevd': retriev'er, 
n. -er, one who retrieves ; a kind of sporting-dog : re- 
triev'able, a. -d-bl, that mav be recovered or regained : 
retriev'ably, ad. -bit : retriev'ableness, n. -bl-nes, the 
state of being retrievable : retriev'al, n. -01, also re- 
trieve'ment, n. -ment, act of retrieving. 

retrim, v. re-trim' (re, again, and trim), to trim 



retro, rS'-trO or rSt'-ro (L.), aprefix, signifying " back- 
ward," "back" 

retroact, v. rg'-tro-dkf (L. retro, back, and aches, 
done or acted : F. retroactif, acting on the past), to 
act backward; to act on something past or preced- 
ing: re'troac'tion, n. -dk'-shnn, action on something 
past or preceding: re'troac'tive, a. -dk'-tlv, affecting 
what is past ; retrospective. 

retrocede, v. re'-tro-sed' (It. retrocedere, to retro- 
cede : F. retroceder, in law, to make over again— from L. 
retro, back, and cedere, to go or move), to go back; to 
cede or grant back: re troce'ding, imp.: re troce'ded, 
pp.: re'troce'dent, a. -se'-dint, in med., applied to dis- 
eases which move from one part of the body to another, 
as gout. 

retrocession, n. re'-trd-sSsh'-un (L. retro, back, and 
census, gone or moved : F. retrocession), the act of re- 
troceding ; a moving backwards. 

retroduction, n. re'tro-duk'-shunCL. retro, back, and 
ductum. to lead), a leading or bringing back. 

retroflex, a. re'-tro-fleks (L. retro, backward, and 
flecto, I \>end;flexus, bent), bent backwards; in bot., 
bent this way and that. 

retrofract, a. re'-tro-frdkf, also ret'rofract'ed, a. (L. 
retro, backward, and fractus, broken), in bot., bent 
backwards, and appearing as if broken. 

retrograde, a. ri'-tro-grad (L. retrogradi, to retro- 
grade — from retro, backward, and grddus, a step : It. 
retrogrado : F. retrograde), going or moving backward ; 
apparently moving from east to west, as a planet; de- 
clining from a better to a worse state ; in bot., applied 
to hairs when they are bent back or down : v. to go or 
move backward : retrograding, imp. : re'trogra'ded, 
pp.: re'trograda'tion, n. -dd-shun, the act of going or 
moving backward. 

retrogression, n. retro-grSsh'-un (L. retrogressus, 
gone back or backward — from retro, backward, and 
gressus, a stepping— see retrograde), the act of going 
backward: retrogressive, a. -gres'slv, moving back- 
ward ; declining from a better to a worse state : re'- 
trogres'sively, ad. -II. 

retromingent, a. re'-trO-mln'-jSnt (L. retro, backward, 
and mingens, discharging urine), discharging the urine 
backward: n. an animal that discharges its urine 
backward: re tromin gently, ad. -II: re'tromin'gency, 
n. -jen-si, the act or quality of being retromingent. 

retropulsive, a. re'-tro-pul'siv (L. retro, backward, 
andpulsian, to drive), driving back; repelling. 

retrorse, a. re-trors' (h. retrorsum. backwards— from 
retro, backwards, and versus, turned), turned back- 
wards: retrorse'ly, ad. -II. 

retrospect, n. re'tro-spikt (L. retrospectum , to look 
backward at— from retro, backward, and spectum, to 
look at), a looking back on things past; review or con- 
templation of the past: retrospection, n. -spek'-shun, 
the act or faculty of looking back on things past : re'- 
trospec'tive, a. -spek'-tiv, having reference to what is 
past : re'trospec tively, ad. -U. 

retrovert, v. re'-tro-verf (L. retro, backwards, and 
vertere, to turn), to turn back: re'trovert'ing, imp.: 
re'trovert'ed, pp.: adj. turned back: retroversion, 
n. -shun (L. versus, turned), a turning or falling back- 
ward. 

rettery, retting— see ret. 

return, v. re-tern' (F. retourner, to return— from L. 
re, again, and F. tourner, to turn : It. ritornare, to 
return or go back : re, again, and turn), to come or go 
back to the same place ; to go back to the same state ; 
to revert ; to retort ; to come again ; to bring or send 
back; to give back; to reply or make answer; to 
restore; to render: n. the act of coming or going 
back to the same place ; the act of coming back 
to a former state or condition; repayment; profit; 
requital; an official report: returning, imp.: re- 
turned, pp. re-ternd': return'er, n. -er, one who re- 
turns: return'able, a. -d-bl, that may be restored; 
legally to be returned, given, or rendered: returns, n. 
plu. re-ternz', statistics in a tabulated form issued by 
Government for general information; profits or re- 
ceipts in business ; the figures or state of the poll at 
an election: return - chaise, a carriage going back 
empty from a post-station : return-days, in a court of 
law, certain days on which writs are returnable, and 
on which defendants must appear in court: return- 
ticket, a ticket for a railway-journey and back, usually 
at a reduced rate ; also a ticket for a journey by a 
coach or steamboat and back: returning-omcer, the 
presiding officer at an election who returns the per- 
sons duly elected. 



cole, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, tftere, zeal. 



EETU 



528 



REVI 



retuse, a. re-tils' (L. retusus, blunted— from re, back, 
and tundere, to beat : It. retuso: F. rdtus), in bot., hav- 
ing the extremity broad, blunt, and slightly depressed ; 
appearing as if bitten off at the end. 

reunite, v. re'-u-nit' (re, again, and unite), to join 
after separation ; to become united again : re'uni'- 
ting, imp.: re'uni'ted, pp.: adj. reconciled: reunion, 
n. ri-iin-yun (F. r&union, return to a state of union 
after separation or discord: Sp. reunion, reunion), 
cohesion of parts after separation, as the lips of a 
wound ; an assembly of familiar friends or associates. 
reurge, v. re-erf (re, again, and urge), to urge 
again. 

reu3site, n. rds'slt (Reusz, an Austrian mineralo- 
gist), a hydrous sulphate of soda and magnesia, oc- 
curring in white, flat, six-sided crystals. 

revaccinate, v. re-vdk'-sln-at (re, again, and vaccin- 
ate), to vaccinate a second time. 

revalue, v. re-vdl'u (re, again, and value), to value a 
second time : reval'ua'tion, n. a second valuation. 

reveal, v. re-vel' (L. revelare, to uncover— from re, 
back, and veto, I cover or veil: It. rivelare: F. rivi- 
ler), to uncover ; to lay bare or open ; to make known 
something before concealed: revealing, imp.: re- 
vealed, pp. re-veld': adj. disclosed; made known: 
reveal'er, n. -er, one who reveals : reveal'able, a. 
-d-bl, that can be revealed: reveal'ably, ad. -Mi: re- 
veal'ableness, n. -hl-nts, the state of being revealable : 
revelation, n. rSv'i-Wshun, the act of disclosing to 
others what was formerly unknown to them; the 
communication of truth by God to men ; the Apoca- 
lypse. 

reveals, n. plu. rS-velz' (L. revellere, to pull or tear 
ou t— from re, back, and vello, I pluck or pull), the ver- 
tical sides of the aperture for a window-frame, a door- 
fr-iine, &c. ; also spelt revels', n. plu. -vilz'. 

reveille, n. ra-vSl'ya (F. reveiller, to awake), in.mil., 
the beat of drums or sound of trumpet at daybreak, 
after which the sentries do not challenge— pronounced 
in U. States service re'v'-a-le'. 

revel, n. rSv'-Sl (Swiss, rdbeln, to make a disturb- 
ance : Bret, ribla, to revel : prov. F. revel, noise, dis- 
turbance : Dut. ravelen, to be excited, to be restless), 
a feast with loose and noisy jollity: v. to feast with 
loose and noisy merriment ; to enjoy with a feeling of 
unbounded freedom : revelling, imp. : n. a feasting 
with noisy merriment ; enjoyment under the feeling 
of unbounded freedom: rev'elled, pp. -eld: reseller, n. 
■41-er, one who revels : rev'elry, n. -H, loose and noisy 
festivity; playful jollity: revel-rout, n. -rdwt, a mob 
or rabble en<;a:ced in tumultuous festivity, 
revels— see reveals. 

revenge, n. re vSnf (F. revanche, requital, revenge : 
old F. revenger, to revenge : L. re, back or again, 
and viwlirare, to make a claim upon), a malicious or 
spiteful infliction of injury in return for an injury ; the 
passion for retaliation excited by an injury or an af- 
front : v. to inflict pain or injury maliciously in return 
for injury done, or an affront received ; to punish in re- 
turn—an injury is revenged, a crime avenged : reven'- 
ging, imp.: revenged', pp. -vinjd': reven'ger, n. -jer, 
one who revenges: revenge'ful, a. -/obi, vindictive; 
prone to revenue: revengefully, ad. -U: revenge'ful- 
ness, n. -nes, the state of being revengeful: reven'- 
gingly, ad. -II. 

revenue, n. riv'-Sn-il (F. revenu, revenue— from rev- 
enir, to return— from L. re, back or again, and venire, 
to come), annual income from rents, &c. ; the public 
income of a state derived from taxes, &c: revenue- 
cutter, an armed vessel employed by the custom- 
house authorities to suppress smuggling: revenue- 
officer, an officer in the service of the customs ; an ex- 
ciseman. 

reverberate, v. re-ver'bir-at (L. reverberatum, to 
beat, cast, or drive back— from re, back or again, and 
verbero, I strike or beat : It. reverberare: F. reverbe'rer), 
to return or send back, as a sound ; to echo ; to drive 
from side to side ; to be repelled ; to resound ; to re- 
flect, as rays of light: reverberating, imp.: rever- 
berated, pp. : reverTjera'tion, n. -a'-shun, the act of 
reflecting light and heat, or of repelling sound : rever'- 
bera'tor, n. -a'-ter, that which reverberates; a reflect- 
ing-lamp : rever'berator'y, a. -a-ter'i, returning or 
driving back, as light or heat ; applied to a furnace 
so constructed that the flame is thrown down upon a 
hearth or space bevond it. 

revere, v. rS-ver' (F. rdvcrer, to revere— from L. re- 

vereri, to stand in awe or fear of— from re, back or 

again, and vereor, I feel awe : It. reverire), to regard 

mate, mat, far, law; mete, met, 



with fear mingled with respect and affection ; to hon- 
our in estimation : revering, imp. : revered', pp. 
-verd': reve'rer, n. -rer, one who reveres : reverence, n. 
riv'er-ens (L. reverens, reverent), fear mingled with 
respect and affection, as for a parent or one in author- 
ity; an act of obeisance; a. title L'iven in addre-sin<j 
a cleryman : v. to regard with fear mingled with re- 
spect and affection : referencing, imp.: rev erenced, 
pp. -dnst: reverencer, n. -ser, one who reverences: 
rev'erent, a. -Gut, expressing reverence; humble sub- 
mission: rev'eren'tial, a. -Cn'shrU, pp. re-din .,■ f n „, L 
reverence, or expressing it: rev'eren tially, ad. -It, in 
a reverential manner: rev'erently, ad. -II, in a rev- 
erent manner ; respectfully. 

reverend, a. rev'-er-end (F. reverend; It. reverendo, 
reverend : L. reverendus, venerable— from revereri, to 
stand in awe or fear of), entitled to or worthy of rev- 
erence ; atitle of honour applied to a Clergyman : Rev., 
a common contraction of reverend, usually prefixed to 
the name of a clergyman: very reverend, prefixed to 
that of a dean, the principal of a Scotch university 
when a clergyman, and the moderator of the General 
Assembly of the Church of Scotland : right reverend, 
prefixed to the name of a bishop: most reverend, 
prefixed to the name of an archbishop. 

reverie, n. rSv'er-e, also rev'ery, n. -i, plu. rev'eries, 
-12 (old F. resverie, ideas floating irregularly in the 
mind; resver, to speak idly : F. reverie), a loose irregu- 
lar train of ideas floating in the mind ; a fit of deep 
musing, during which the whole or greater part of the 
external senses remain unconscious of surrounding 
objects. 

reverse, v. rS-vers' (L. reversus, returned or come 
back— from re, back or again, and verto, I turn : It. 
riversare, to upset or overturn), to turn or put in the 
contrary direction, position, condition, or order; to 
turn upside down ; to invert ; in lair, to change by a 
contrary decision ; to annul: adj. having the contrary 
or opposite direction ; opposite : n. a contrary ; an 
opposite ; a change for the worse ; misfortune ; the 
side or face of a coin or medal opposite to the side on 
which the head or principal figure is impressed— the 
latter being called the obverse: reversing, imp. : re- 
versed', pp. -versf: adj. changed or turned to the 
contrary; annulled; in conch., applied to a shell 
whose whorls run from right to left, or whose aperture 
i3 on the left when placed before a spectator with its 
apex upwards : reversal, n. ri-ver'-sal, a change ; a 
contrary decision: reverse'ly, ad. -vers'-li: reverse'- 
less, a. -Us, not to be reversed : reversible, a. rg-ver'- 
sl-bl, that may be reversed: rever'sibly, ad. -bli: re- 
ver'sedly, ad. -sSd-ll: reversion, n. -shiin, a return- 
ing ; right to > future possession or enjoyment, as 
an estate or annuity after the death of a person now 
living ; succession ; the right which a person has to 
any inheritance or place of profit after the decease of 
another: reversionary, a. -er-i, that maybe enjoyed 
in succession : rever'sioner, n. -er, one who holds a 
reversion : to reverse an engine, to cause it to perform 
its revolutions in an opposite direction with the view 



'.ways, a curve like the letter S, consisting of two 
curves lying in opposite directions : reverse fire, in 
mil., a fire in the rear: reversing-gear, apparatus for 
causing a locomotive or marine engine to move back- 
wards. 

revert, v. rS-verf (L. revertere, to turn back— from 
re, back or again, and verto, I turn: It. rivertere), to 
fall back; to refer back to ; to return to the original 
owner, or to his heirs : revert'ing, imp. : revert'ed, 
pp.: revertible, a. ri-ver'-ti-bl, that may revert or re- 
turn : rever'tive, a, -tiv, changing ; causing reversion : 
rever'tively, ad. -It. 

revery— see reverie. 

revetment, n. rS-vet'-mSnt (F. revetement, the lining 
of a ditch— from revetir, to clothe), in mil., the protec- 
tion of a permanent work against: <• ises of destruc- 
tion, by having its slopes and sides faced with ma- 
sonry ; mfteld-vjorks, gabions, fascines, sods, &c, are 
used to form the revetments. 

revibrate, v. re-vx'brat (re, again, and vibrate), to 
vibrate back, or in return. 

revictual, v. re-vlt'-l (re, again, and victual), to fur- 
nish with provisions anew. 

review, n. re-vu' (re, again, and view: F. revue, a 
review— from revoir, to see again, to revise), a second 
examination, as for improvement or amendment ; a 
survey ; critical remarks on a new publication ; a 
periodical generally consisting of critical remarks or 
Mr; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



EEVI 



529 



EHAM 



essays: a public inspection of troops or ships by a 
superior officer: v. to view and examine again; to 
reconsider; to examine critically, as a new publica- 
tion; to inspect, as troops: reviewing, imp.: adj. 
inspecting, as an army : n. tbe practice of writing and 
publishing criticisms of new publications ; the busi- 
ness of a reviewer : reviewed, pp. ri-vud' : review'er, 
n. -er, one who reviews ; a literary critic : review'al, 
n. <d, the review of a book. 

revile, v. re-vll' (L. re, again, and vilis, mean, 
worthless— see vile), to treat with opprobrious and 
contemptuous language ; to upbraid : revi'ling, imp.: 
n. the act of reproaching ; the act of using contume- 
lious language : reviled', pp. -vi Id' : revi'ler, n. -lex, 
one who reviles : revi'lingly, ad. -II. 

revindicate, v. rC-vi 
cate), to vindicate again ; to demand and take back 
what has been lost. 

revise, v. ri-vlz' (L. revisere, to come to see again— 
from re, again, and visere, to look at attentively : F. 
reviser ; Sp. revisar, to revise), to look over with care 
for correction ; to alter ; to amend : n. a re-examina- 
tion ; a second proof-sheet in correcting for the press 
for examination by the first: revi'sing, imp. : revised', 
pp. -vlzd' : adj. re-examined for correction : reviser, 
n. -zer, one who revises : revi'sal, n. -zdl, the act of 
examining for correction and improvement : revisi'on, 
n. -vizh'-un, the act of examining for correction: re- 
visional, a, -dl, pert, to revision: revi'sor, n. -vl- 
zer, in Russia, one who takes the number of inhabi- 
tants : revi'sory, a. -zer-i, able or tending to revise. 

revisit, v. re-viz'U (re, again, and visit), to visit 
again. 

revive, v. rS-vW (L. revivere, to live again— from 
re, again, and vivo, I live : It. rivivere : F. revivre), to 
recover new life or vigour ; to restore or bring again 
to life ; to be reanimated after depression ; to reani- 
mate ; to quicken ; to refresh ; to bring back to the 
memory ; to inspire anew with hope or joy ; in chem., 
to recover or reduce to its natural state, as a metal 
after calcination : revi'ving, imp.: adj. coming to life 
again ; reanimating : n. the act of coming to life 
again: revived', pp. -vivd' : revi'ver, n. -ver, he or 
that which revives - : revi'vingly, ad. -II: revi'val, n. 
-vdl, recovery to life from death, or apparent death ; 
return to activity from a state of languor; recov- 
ery from a state of neglect or depression; renewed 
and more active attention to the importance of relig- 
ion : revi'valist, n. -vdl-lst, one who endeavours to pro- 
mote a greater earnestness in religion : revi'ver, n. 
-ver, that which invigorates or revives ; one who brings 
into notice again after neglect : revivor, n. -ver, in 
law, the renewal of a suil bedby the death 

of one of the parties to it : revivification, n. re-viv'l- 
flka'shun (h.facio, I make), restoration of life; the 
act of recalling to life. 

revivify, v. re-vlv'l-fl (re, and vivify), to give new 
life or vigour to ; to reanimate. 

reviviscent, a. rev'l-vi-'-se/it (L. ra-iriscens, coming 
to life again— from re, again, and vivesco, I get life), 
regaining or restoring life : rev'ivis'cence, n. -s£ns, 
also rev'ivis'cency, n. -sln-si, renewal of life. 

revivor— see under revive. 

revocable, a. rev'o-ka-bl (L. revocabilis, revocable— 
from revocare, to recall— from re, back or again, and 
voco, I call: It. revocabile: F. revocable), that may be 
recalled: that may be repealed or annulled: rev'o- 
cably. ad. -bli: rev'ocableness, n. -bl-nes, also rev'- 
ocabil'ity, n. -bil'i-ti, the quality of being revocable : 
rev'oca'tion, n. -kd'sliun (F. revocation, revocation — 
from L. revocatio, a calling back), the calling back of 
a thins granted; repeal; reversal: revocatory, a. 
rev'o-ka-ier-l, tending to revoke. 

revoke, v. rS-vokf (L. revocare, to recall— from re, 
back or again, and voco, I call : It. revocare : F. re- 
voquer), to repeal ; to annul ; to reverse, as a law ; to 
declare void ; to renounce at cards : n. the act of re- 
nouncing at cards: revoking, imp.: revoked, pp. rS- 
vokt' : revoke ment, n. -mint, repeal ; recall ; revoca- 
tion. 

revolt, v. re-v6lf (F. rivolter, to raise a rebellion : 
It. rivoltare, to revolt ; rivolta, a revolt— from L. revolu- 
tion!, to roll back— from re, back, and volvere, to roll), 
to fall off or turn from one to another ; to renounce 
allegiance to a sovereign or a state ; to shock ; to cause 
to turn away from with abhorrence or disgust : n. a 
change of sides ; insurrection ; rebellion : revolting, 
imp.: adj. doing violence to the feelings ; exciting ab- 
horrence : revolt'ed, pp. : adj. turned away from 



allegiance or duty; shocked: revolt'ingly, ad. -II: 
revolt'er, n. -er, one who revolts. 

revolute, a. rev'-o-l6t (L. revolutum, to revolve — 
from re, back or again, and volvere, to roll), in bot., 
rolled backwards from the margins upon the under 
surface, usually applied to the edges of leaves ; also 
rev'olu'tive, a. -16-tiv. 

revolution, n. rgv'6-l6'shun (F. revolution, revolu- 
tion—from L. revolutum, to revolve— from re, back, 
and volvere, to roll), the motion of a body round any 
fixed point or centre ; motion or course of anything 
which brings it back to the same state or point ; charge 
or alteration of system ; a change in the constitution 
of a country ; in Eng. hist., that change which placed 
William and Mary on the throne, a.d. 1688 ; that of the 
U. States, beginning 1775 ; that of France, the first or 
great Revolution, 1789 : rev'olu'tionary, a. -er-i, pert, 
to a revolution, or tending to produce one : rev'oiu'- 
tionise, v. -%z, to effect an extensive or entire change 
in the form or principles of a thing : rev'olu'tionising, 
imp.: rev'olu'tionised, pp. -izd: revolutionist, n. 
-1st, one engaged in endeavouring to effect a change 
in the government of a country. 

revolve, v. re-volv' (L. revolvere, to revolve— from 
re, back, and volvere, to roll : It. rivolvere : old F. re- 
volver), to roll in a circle ; to turn round, as on an 
axis ; to move round a centre ; to turn over and over, 
as in the mind; to meditate on: revolving, imp.: 
adj. rolling or turning round; performing a revolu- 
tion : revolved', pp. -volvd': revol'vency, n. -vol'ven- 
si, act, state, or principle of revolving: revol'ver, 
n. -ver, a pistol having several chambers to one barrel, 
each containing a separate charge, and which can be 
discharged in rapid succession by giving the barrel a 
slight revolving motion : revolving light, the light of 
a lighthouse so arranged as to appear and disappear 
at certain intervals : revolving storms or cyclones, 
violent storms which, while advancing bodily in a 
definite direction, rotate about an axis with great ra- 
pidity. 

revomit, v. re-vdm'-it (re, again, and vomit), to vomit 
or pour forth again. 

revulsion, n. rS-viil'shun (F. revulsion, revulsion — 
from L. revulsio, a tearing off or away— from re, back 
or again, and vellere, to pull), the act of holding or 
drawing back; a violent separation; in wed., the act 
of turning or diverting a disease from one part of the 
body to another: revul'sive, a. -siv, tending to cause 
revulsion : n. a medicine to cause a revulsion : revuT- 
sively, ad. -It. 

reward, n. rS-waTvrd' (re, again, and award: prov. 
F. eswarder, to inspect goods, to pronounce them good 
and marketable), a suitable return for kindness, or for 
services, and suchlike ; the fruits of labour or indus- 
try ; a sum of money offered for the apprehension of a 
criminal, or for the recovery of lost property ; punish- 
ment : v. to recompense ; to give in return, either good 
or evil ; to remunerate ; to punish ; to repay evil : re- 
warding, imp. : reward'ed, pp. : reward'er, n. -er, he 
or that which rewards : reward'able, a. -d-bl, that may 
be rewarded: reward'ableness, n. -bl-nes, the state of 
being worthy of reward : reward'less, a. -les, without 
a reward ; having no reward. 

rewrite, v. re-rlt' (re, again, and write), to write a 
second time. 

rex, n. riks (L.), a king. 

reynard, n. rinklrd, another spelling of renard, a 
trich see. 



of Napier's rods or bones: rhabdologic, a. 
rdb'do-loj'ik, pert, to rhabdology, or performed by it. 

rhabdomancy, n. rdb'do-man'si (Gr. rhabdos, a rod, 
and manteia, divination), divination by a rod or wand, 
generally of hazel, to indicate where metals, minerals, 
or water may be stored within the crust of the earth — 
a superstitious practice not yet altogether abandoned ; 
also called met' alios' copy or hydros'copy. 

Rhadamantine, a. rdd'd-mdn'tin (Gr. Radaman- 
thus, a son of Jupiter), strictly just ; severe as a judg- 
ment of Rhadamanthus, one of the three judges in the 
infernal regions. 

Rhaetic-beds, n. plu. ri'tik-bSdz, in geol., a term 
generally applied to the - which lie be- 

tween the Trias and Lias, from their extensive de- 
velopment in the Rhietic Alps. 

rhamnine, n. rdm'nin (Gr. rahamnos, the white- 
thorn), a crystalline principle obtained from buck- 
thorn-berries. 



coiv, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



EHAP 



530 



EHYM 



rhaponticine, n. rd-pon'tl-sln (L. rhaponticum, 
rhubarb), the yellow substance which water extracts 
from rhubarb. 

rhapsody, n. rdp'-sO-dl (Gr. rhapsodia, the Greek 
title of each book of the Homeric poems, the chanting 
of poems— from rhapto, I put together, and ode, a 
poem or song), any number of parts joined together 
without necessary dependence or natural connection ; 
a confused jumble of words or sentences without de- 
pendence or natural connection ; any rambling com- 
position: rhap'sodist, n. -dlst, one in the Homeric 
age who recited in public his own or another's verses ; 
one who speaks or writes in an unconnected way: 
rhapsodical, a. rdp-sod'l-kdl, also rhapsodic, a. -Ik, 
consisting of rhapsody; unconnected; rambling: 
rhapsod'ically, ad. -kdl-li : rhapsodise, v. rdp'so-dlz, 
to write or utter rhapsodies: rhapsodising, imp.: 
rhap'sodised, pp. -dlzd. 

rhatany, n. rdt'-d-ni (F. rhatanie: Peruvian, rat- 
ana), a highly-astringent n>ot of a Peruvian plant, 
said to be clandestinely employed in the colouring of 
port wine— also spelt ratany. 

Rhenish, a. rSn'lsh, pert, to the river Rhine : n. wino 
from the vineyards in the districts of the Rhine. 

rheometer, n. re~-om'-6-ter (Gr. rheos, a current, and 
matron, a measure), an instrument for measuring the 
intensity of a galvanic current: rheom'etry, n. -6-trl, 
the method of determining the force of galvanic cur- 
rents: rheomotor, n. re'o-mO'tor (L. motor, a mover— 
from moveo, I move), the apparatus by which an electri- 
cal or galvanic current is originated: rhe'ophore, n. 
-for (Gr. phoreo, I bear along), the connecting-wire of 
an electric or voltaic apparatus : rhe'oscope, n. -skop 
(Gr. skopeo, I view), an apparatus for ascertaining the 
pressure of a galvanic current, or merely its existence : 
rhe'ostat, n. -stdt (Gr. statos, thatstamls), an apparatus 
for enabling a galvanic needle to be kept at the same 
point during an experiment ; an instr. for adjusting 
or regulating the circuit: rhe'otome, n. -tOm (Gr. 
temno, I cut), an instrument for periodically interrupt- 
ing an electric current: rhe'otrope, n. -trOp (Gr. 
trepo, I turn), an instrument for reversing the direction 
of a voltaic current. 

Rhetian, a., also spelt Raetian, re'shl-dn, pert, to 
Rhae'tia, -d; the modern Tyrol and Grisons. 

rhetoric, n. rdt'-o-rik (F. rliitorique, rhetoric— from 
L. rhetorica; Gr. rhetor ike, oratory— from Gr. rheo, 
I flow, I speak), the science of oratory; the art of 
speaking in public with propriety, elegance, and force ; 
the power of persuasion and attraction in speech : 
rhetorical, a- rH-tdr'i-kdl, pert, to rhetoric ; persua- 
sive; figurative: rhetorically, ad. -II: rhetorician, 
n. rW-O-rlsh'-dn, one skilled in the art of rhetoric, or 
an instructor in it. 

rheum, n. r6m (Gr. rheuma, that which flows— from 
rheo, I flow: F. rhume), the increased action of the 
vessels of any organ of the body producing a flow of 
humours; the increased secretions of the mucous 
glands caused by a cold: rheum'y, a. -i, pert, to or 
abounding in rheum ; affected with rheum. 

rheum, n. re'um (Rha, old name of the river Volga, 
in Russia, from which first brought), in hot., the sys- 
tematic name of rhubarb. 

rheumatism, n. rd'md-tlzm (L. rheumatismus ; Gr. 
rheumatismos ; It. reumatismo ; F. rhumatisme, 
rheum, catarrh— from Gr. rheuma, a watery fluid), a 
painful disease affecting the muscles and joints, caus- 
ing swe ,i: -~ 
also rhe 
rheumatism, 

rhinencephalic, a. rl-nSn-sS/'d-llk (Gr. rhis or rhin\ 
the nose, and engkephalos, the brain), belonging to the 
nose and brain, applied to the prolongation of brain 
substance which forms the olfactory nerves. 

rhinoceros, n. ri-nos'er-ds (L. rhinoceros ; Gr. rhin- 
okeros— from Gr. rhis or rhin', the nose, and keras, a 
horn), a well known large animal of Asia and Africa, 
allied to the elephant, the hippopotamus, &c, deriving 
its name from the one or two solid fibrous horns which 
arm its snout : rhinocerial, a. rl'no-se'rl-dl, pert, to a 
rhinoceros. 

rhinoplastic, a. rl'nd-plds'ttk (Gr. rhis or rhin', the 
nose, and plasso, I form), nose-forming, applied to an 
operation in surgery by which the nose is renewed. 

rhiza, n. rl'zd (Gr.), a root. 

rhizanths, n. plu. rl'zdnths (Gr. rhiza, a root, and 

anthos, a flower), a class of plants occupying a position 

between the (lowcriic, ami non i lowering species. 

rhizocarpous, a. rl'zo-kar'pus (Gr. rhiza, a root, 

mate, mdt,fdr, law; mete, m£t, 



and karpos, fruit), in hot., applied to plants whose 
roots last many years, but whose steins perish annu- 
ally. 

rhizodus, n. rl'zO-dus (Gr. rhiza, a root, and odous, 
a tooth), in geol., a genus of carboniferous sauroid 
fishes : rhi'zodont, n. -dOnt, a reptile whose teeth are 
planted in sockets, as the crocodile. 

rhizogen, a. ri'z0-j6n (Gr. rhiza, a root, and gennao, 
I produce), in hot., producing roots: plu. a class of 
plants growing on the roots of other plants. 

rhizome, n. rl'zOm, also rhizoma, n. rlzO'md (Gr. 
rhizoma, what has taken root), in lot., a thick stem 
running along and partly under ground, and sending 
forth shoots above and roots below. 

rhizophagous, a. rizdf-d-gus (Gr. rhiza, a root, and 
phago, I eat), feeding on roots. 

rhizophorous, a. ri-zdf-o-nls (Gr. rhiza, a root, and 
phero, I bear), in hot., root-bearing: rhizophora, n. 
plu. -o-rd, a genus of tropica Men root in the 

mud, and send down from their branches stems and 
new roots, forming thus a dense thicket to the very 
verge of the water, as the mangrove. 

rhizopods, n. plu. rl'zO-pods (Gr. rhiza, a root, and 
pous, a foot— gen. podos), a class of simple beings, 
minute and gelatinous, generally covered by a shell, 
and provided with retractile filaments. 

rhizotaxis, n. rl'zO-tdks'ls (Gr. rhiza, a root, and 
taxis, a putting in order), in bot., the arrangement of 
the roots. 

rhodanic, a. rO-ddn'ik (Gr. rhodon, a rose), denoting 
an acid, also called sulphoeyanio acid, producing a 
red colour with persalts of iron. 

rhodanthe, n. ro-ddn'the (Gr. rhodon, a rose, and 
anthos, a flower), a beautiful flowering annual, much 
esteemed. 

Rhodian, a. rO'di-dn, pert, to the island of Rhodes, 
in the Mediterranean : n. a native or inhabitant. 

rhodium, n. ro'di-um (Gr. rhodon, a rose), a rare 
metal discovered by Wollaston in 1803, of a white or 
silver-grey colour, and extremely hard, so named from 
the colour of one of its solutions. 

rhodocrinus, n. ro-dok'rln-ils (Gr. rhodon, a rose, 
and krinon, a lily), in geol., a genus of palaeozoic eu- 
crinites. 

rhododendron, n. rO'dOdSn'dron (Gr. rhodon, a 
rose, and dendron, a tree), an ornamental plant, noted 
for the beauty of its evergreen leaves and its large 
brilliant flowers. 

rhodonite, n. ro'do-nlt (Gr. rhodon, a rose), man- 
ganese spar— so named from its dark rose-red colour. 

rhomb, n. rom, usually written rhombus, n. -bus 
(L. rhombus; Gr. rhombos, a magical wheel— from 
Gr. rhombeo, I whirl round), a four-sided figure whose 
sides are equal, but whose angles are not right angles : 
rhomT>ic, a. -bik, shaped like a rhombus: rhomb- 
spar, a variety of dolomite or crystallised magnesian 
limestone : rhom'boid, n. -bdyd (Gr. eidos, appearance), 
a four-sided figure having only its opposite sides equal, 
and its angles no ightanj is: rhom'boid or rhom- 
boid'al, a. -dl, rhombus-like ; lozenge-shaped : rhom- 
boid-ovate, between rhoi -shaped. 

rhombohedron, n. rom'-bo-he'-dron (Gr. rhombos, a 
magical wheel, and hedra, a base), a solid figure 
bounded by six planes in the form of rhombs : rhom- 
bohe'dral, a. -drdl, pert, to a rhombus ; presenting 
forms derived from a rhombus. 

rhonchus, n. rong'kiis (L. rhonchus; Gr. rhongchos, 
a snoring), in med. , an unnatural rattling or wheezing 
sound produced in the air-passages by obstructions. 

rhopalodon, n. ro-pdl'o-ddn (Gr. rhopalon, a club, 
and odows or odont', a tooth), in geol., the generic name 
applied to certain reptilian remains from the Permian 
deposits of Russia. 

rhubarb, n. ro'bdrb (Rha, old name of river Volga, 
in Russia, on whose banks first found, and L. barbarus, 
foreign : F. rhubarbe), a plant, now grown abundantly 
in this country, whose foot-stalks are used in making 
tarts, &c, the root being used in medicine. 

rhumb, n. rum, also rhumb-line (It. rombo; 
Port, rumbo; F. rumb, a point of the compass,— in 
old charts marked by large lozenges or rhombs, 
whence the name rhumb is said to be given to a point 
of the compass), the curve on the earth's surface 
which cuts all the meridians at the same angle : to 
sail on a rhumb, to sail on a particular compass direc- 
tion. 

rhyme, n. rim (It. rima ; F. rime ; Ger. reim, rhyme : 
AS. rim or gerim, number, rhyme), the correspon- 
dence of sound in the terminations of words at the 
hlr; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



EHYN 



531 



end of successive or alternate lines of certain kinds of 
poetry ; a word or sound to answer to another : v. to 
put into rhyme ; to make verses or lines terminate in 
words or syllables similar in sound : rhyming, imp. : 
rhymed, pp. rlmd: adj. put into rhyme: rhy'mer, n. 
-nwr, also rhymester, n. rlm'-ster, a versifier ; a poor 
poet, in contempt: rhyme'less, a. -Us, without rhyme : 
without rhyme or reason, not having the terminating 
syllables of the same sound, and without sense, as a 
poetical composition ; undertaken or done recklessly, 
or without due thought and consideration. 

rhynchonella, n. rin'-ko-nel'-ld (Gr. rhungchos, a 
beak), in geol., a genus of brachiopodous bivalves 
acutely beaked: rhyn'cholites, n. plu. -litz (Gr. lithos, 
a stone), in geol., fossil remains of the beaks of cer- 
tain cephalopods: rhyn'chosau'rus, n. -saw'rus (Gr. 
sauros, a lizard), in geol., a remarkable genus of 
saurians from the New Red Sandstone of Warwick- 
shire, combining the lizard type of skull with toothless 
jaws. 

rhythm, n. rlthm [G asured motion, 

proportion : L. rhythmus : F. rhythme), the agreement 
of measure and time in prose and poetry; also in 
music and in motion, as in dancing: rhythmic, a. 
rith'mlk, also rhyth'mical, a. -mi-kcil, pert, to rhythm ; 
having rhythm ; harmonica! : rhythmically, ad. -II. 

rhythmometer, n. rlth-mom'-e-ter (Gr. rhuthmos, 
measured motion, and raetron, a measure), an instru- 
ment for marking time to movements in music. 

rib, n. rib (Dut. ribbe, a rib, a beam : Ger. rippe, a 
rib : AS. hrif, the intestines), one of the curved bony 
hoops or bars which protect the lungs, heart, &c; one 
of the curved timbers in an arched roof to which the 
laths are nailed ; in bot., the central longitudinal nerve 
or vein of a leaf; in a ship, one of the curved tim- 
bers which give form and strength to its side ; some- 
thing long, thin, and narrow ; a familiar term for a 
wife : v. to furnish or surround with ribs ; to form 
with rising lines or ridges, as cloth: ribbing, imp.: 
ribbed, pp. ribd: adj. furnished with ribs; in bot., a 
leaf having strongly-marked nerves or veins: rib- 
grass or rib-wort, a species of plantain. 

ribald, a. rib'ald (old F. ribault or ribauld ; It. 
ribaldo, any loose character : Dut. rabaud, a worth- 
less fellow), low; base; .filthy; obscene: n. a low, 
vulgar, foul-mouthed creature : rib'aldry, n. -dl-dri, 
mean, vulgar, or obscene language ; lewdness : rib- 
aldrouB, a. -drus, containing ribaldry. Note.— The 
American term rowdy is exactly synonymous with 
old F. ribauld. 

ribband, n. rib'-bdnd (compounded of rib and band : 
F. ruban, a ribbon : Dut. rijghband, a band or tie— 
from rijghe, a row or line), a long, narrow, and thin 
piece of timber nailed upon the outside of the ribs of 
a ship from the stem to the stem-post, or nailed to 
the timbers of a square body under which shores are 
fixed. 

ribbon, n. rlb'bdn (F. ruban, a ribbon— see ribband), 
a narrow web of silk or other texture— generally used 
as trimming for some part of a lady"s attire ; a long 
narrow strip of anything : rib'boned, a. -bond, 
adorned with ribbons : Rib'bonism, n. -bon-izm, the 
principles of a secret association or combination 
m Ireland, avowedly unlawful, and having violent 
objects in view. Note.— Ribbon, in this sense, is pro- 
bably a mere corruption of old Eng. ribald, a word 
used to designate the humblest class of foot-soldiers 
in the composition of the armies of former times, and 
thus applied to the soldiers of the army of James II. as 
an opprobrious epithet, or to his partisans : old F. ri- 
bauld, a loos« r : Dut. rabaud, a rascal ; 
the supposed origin from some distinguishing badge 
or piece of bunting is not so probable. Rib'bonman, a 
member of the secret society in Ireland holding the 
principles of Ribbonism : ribbon-jasper, a variety of 
jasper, exhibiting green, red, and yellow colours of va- 
rious shades, and arranged in stripes of parallel lay- 
ers : blue ribbon, a term used to designate the highest 
order of British knighthood— viz., the order of the 
Garter— so called from the colour of the ribbon by 
which the badge is suspended; the symbol of the 
highest degree of excellence : red ribbon, the order of 
the Bath— so called from the colour of the ribbon 
which suspends the badge ; a symbol or badge of the 
second degree of excellence. 

rica, n. ri'-kd (L. rica, a veil thrown over the head), 
the ceremonial veil worn by ladies in Greece and 
Rome on occasions of religious solemnity. 

rice, n. ris (F. riz or ris; Ger. reisz; L. oryza; Gr, 



certain plant, and brought from China,— it is not pre- 
pared from rice, as erroneously supposed. 

rich, a. rich (AS. rice; pro v. F. ric, noble, rich: Sp. 
ricos, grandees : Goth, reiks, ruler : Ger. reich. rich). 
wealthy; having ample means for the supply of 
wants ; costly ; yielding or producing largely ; fertile ; 
highly endowed ; made with costly ingredients, as a 
rich cake; abundant; full of; perfect; having some- 
thing precious: rich'es, n. -ez (F. richesse, riches— 
originally a noun singular, but now used as a plural), 
abundance of lands, goods, or money ; wealth ; afflu- 
ence ; opulence ; great plenty beyond wants : richly, 
ad. -li, with abundance ; with ample means ; amply ; 
truly : rich'ness, n. -nds, the state of being rich ; any 
good quality existing in abundance; fertility; produc- 
tiveness ; pampering qualities, as in food : the rich, 
n. persons possessed of wealth. 

ricinic, a. ri-sin'ik (L. ricinus, the castor-oil plant), 
applied to an acid, being one of the products obtained 
from the distillation of castor-oil at a high tempera- 
ture. 

rick, n. rlk (AS. hreac; Icel. hraukr, applied to a 
heap of fuel : Norm, rbyk or rauk, a small heap, as of 
corn-sheaves, or of turf), a heap of corn or hay piled 
up in the field or open air, and usually covered with 
thatching : v. to pile up in a heap in the open air, as 
grain in the ear, or hay: ticking, imp.: ricked, pp. 
rlkt: rickle, n. rik'l, in Scot., a small heap. 

rickets, n. plu. rlk'dts (Gr. rachitis, disease of the 
spine— from rhachis, the spine : AS. hric, the back, a 
ridge), a diseased state of the bones in infancy and 
childhood, resulting in general debility : rickety, a. 
-et-i, affected with rickets; feeble in the joints; im- 
perfect and unstable. 

ricochet, n. rik'6-shd' or rik'o-sMt' (F. ricochet, a 
duck and drake), the projection of shot or shell in 
such a manner as to insure its striking the ground at 
a certain point. > along the sur- 

face ; the guns fired for ricochet are but slightly ele- 
vated, and have a diminished charge : v. to fire shot or 
shell from a gun so as to bound along the surface ; 
to operate by ricochet: ric'ochet'ting, imp. -shet'tlng: 
ric ochet'ted, pp. -shet'Ud. 

rid, v. rid (AS. hreddan; Icel. hrioda, to clear 
away: Dan. rydde, to grub up, to clear: Ger. reuten; 
Bav. rieden, to clear away : Scot, red, to set in order), 
to free; to deliver; to clear away; to disencumber; 
to remove by violence : adj. clear ; delivered ; freed : 
ridding, imp.: rid, pt. pp. rid, did deliver or free : 
rid'dance, n. -dans, act of clearing away ; deliverance ; 
escape : to get rid of, to free one's self from. 

ridden— see ride. 

riddle, n. rid'dl (AS. hriddel; Ger. reiter; Bret. 
ridel; W. rhidyll; Gael, rideal, a corn -sieve), an 
instr. for separating grain from the chaff, or for 
separating larger from smaller particles ; a sieve : v. 
to separate, as grain from the chaff, with a riddle ; to 
make numerous holes or openings in, as with balls or 
shot; to make many little holes in: riddling, imp.: 
rid'dled, pp. -did. 

riddle, n. rid'dl (AS. rcedelse, an imagination : old 
H. Ger. ratsal or radisli, a riddle: Bav. rdten; Dan. 
raade, to divine, to imagine), something proposed for 
solution by guess or conjecture ; a puzzling question; 
anything ambiguous or puzzling : v. to make riddles ; 
to speak obscurely: rid'dling, imp.: rid'dled, pp. 
•did: rid'dler, n. -ler, one who speaks obscurely or 
ambiguously. 

ride, v. rid (Icel. reida, to sway, to move up and 
down, as a ship at anchor ; rida, to be borne in a ship 
or on a horse : Dut. rijden, to ride, to slide on the ice : 
AS. ridan, to ride), to be borne or carried along, as in 
a carriage or on horseback ; to sit on a horse, and so 
be carried along ; to be supported in motion ; to sit 
or rest on so as to be carried ; to be at anchor, as a 
ship : n. an excursion on horseback or in a vehicle ; a 
drive ; the course or road passed over in riding : ri'- 
ding, imp.: adj. employed for travelling on horseback ; 
suitable for riding on, as a riding-horse : n. the act of 
one carried on a horse or in a carriage : rode, pt. rod, 
did ride: ridden, pp. rld'-n, been carried or borne 
along, as on horseback : rider, n. ri'der, one who 
rides ; one who breaks or manages horses ; an addition 
made to a MS. , &c. , and inserted after its completion ; 
the matrix of an ore ; anything added to strengthen : 



colv, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



EIDG 5 

ri'der3, n. -derz, the interior ribs to strengthen and 
bind the parts of a ship together : ri'derless, a. -les, 
without a rider : riding-habit, -hub-it, the long upper 
garment worn by ladies on horseback : riding-school, 
a place where the art of riding is taught : riding- 
master, a teacher of the art of riding : to ride rough- 
shod over one, to be overbearing or oppressive; to 
act tyrannically. 

ridge, n. rij (AS. hricg ; Low Ger. rugge; Dan. ryg ; 
Ger. riicken, the back), anything formed like the back 
of an animal; along horizontal elevation from which 
the surface slopes down on each side ; a strip of soil 
thrown up by the plough ; the angular top of the 
roof of a building ; a raised or elevated line : v. to 
cover with or form into ridges ; to rib or wrinkle : 
ridg'ing, imp.: ridged, pp. rijd: ridgy, a. rlj'-i, hav- 
ing ridges ; rising in a ridge : ridge-tiles, tiles form- 
ing the ridge or apex of a roof : ridge and furrow, 
the alternate elevations and depressions of ploughed 
land. 

ridgel, n. rij'61, also ridge'ling, n. -ling (Norm. 
rigla, to rock or waver: Manx, reagh, ruttish, wan- 
ton—see rig 2), a ram imperfectly castrated, and 
consequently liable to excited movements under the 
sexual impulse. 

ridicule, n. rid'i-kul (L. ridiculus, laughable, droll 
—from ridere, to laugh: It. ridicolo; F. ridicule, 
ridiculous), remarks designed to excite laughter, with 
some degree of contempt ; mockery ; satirical re- 
marks : v. to treat with contemptuous merriment ; to 
mock; to deride; to sneer at: ridiculing, imp.: 
ridiculed, pp. -ktlld: ridlculer, n. -ku-ler, one who 
ridicides: ridiculous, a. rldlk'n-lus, exciting ridi- 
cule; laughably absurd: ridlc'ulously, ad. -II: ridic- 
ulousness, n. -nes, the quality of being ridiculous. 

Riding, n. rl'dlng (a corruption of old Eng. thrith- 
ing; Icel. thridjungr ; Norm, tridjung, a third part), 
one of the three divisions into which the county of 
York is broken up. 

ridotto, n. ri-dot'46 (It.), among the Italians, an 
entertainment of music an ild on fast-eves. 

rife, a. rlf (AS. ryf; Ger. reif, mature: Dut. rijf, 
copious: Icel. rifr, liberal; rifka, to increase), preva- 
lent, used of epidemic diseases; abounding; plenti- 
ful: rifely, ad. -II: rifeness, n. -n6s, abundance; 
prevalence. 

riffraff, n. rlf-rclf (rif, and raf: old F. rif-ni-raf, of 
everything, every atom: It. raffola-ruffola, by hook 
or by crook— see raff), refuse; dregs; scum of anything, 
as of society ; the rabble. 

rifle, v. ri'fl (F. rifler, to ransack: Dut. rijffeln, to 
scrape: It. raf a, a rifling: AS. reajian, to rob, to 



a robber. 

rifle, n. ri'fl, (Low Ger. rifeln, to streak, to furrow: 
Dan. rifle, to groove a column), a musket or hand-gun, 
the inside of the barrel of which is grooved or formed 
with spiral channels in order to make the bullet 
revolve: v. to channel or groove: ri'ning, imp.: ri'- 
fled, pp. -fid : ri'flemen, n. -fl-min, a body of sharp- 
shooters or lighl infant] a rmed with rifles— called by 
the French tirailleurs: rifle-pits, in mil, holes or 
short trenches, about 4 feet long and 3 feet deep, form- 
ing, with the earth thrown out of them, cover for two 



to burst open : rifting, imp. : rift'ed, pp. 

rig, v. rig (Norm, rigga, to bandage, to rig a vessel : 
Icel. riga, to be stiff: AS. wrigan, to cover, to clothe), 
to clothe; to dress; to fit with tackling; to furnish 
with gear : n. dress ; the peculiar manner of fitting the 
shrouds, stays, braces, &c, to their respective masts 
and yards in a ship: rig'ging, imp.: n. all the cordage 
belonging to the masts, yards, or other parts of a 
ship: rigged, pp. rigd: rig'ger, n. -er, one who rigs; 



braces, &c, to their proper masts and yards. 

rig, n. rig (Norm, rugga or rigla, to rock U i >»avci 
—probably from the excited movements of animals 
under thesexual impulsi •'..■nix, reagh, wanton, spor- 
tive— see ridgel), a wanton; a romping girl: to rig 
about, to be wanton ; to romp : to run a rig, to act 
in an excited manner; to do something outrageous: 
to rig the market, literally, to play tricks with it,— 
a term applied to a dishonest combination among a 
number of merchants to buy up so extensively any 



particular article or commodity as to be able to resell 
the same at greatly enhanced prices. 

riggle, v. rig'-gl, another spelling of wriggle, which 
see. 

right, a. rlt (AS. riht; Goth, raihts; Ger. recht; 
L. rectus, straight, stretched out : Gr. orego, I stretch), 
straight; not crooked; direct; true; not wrong; ac- 
cording to the standard of truth or of moral rectitude, 
or to the will of God ; not erroneous or wrong ; fit ; 
proper; well performed; applied to one of the hands 
which it is most convonient or right to make use of, or 
which is naturally used in preference to the other, from 
some inherent physical power in itself— see left ; on 
the right hand, as a leg or a part ; applied to the side 
or bank of a river on the right hand when looking to- 
wards its mouth; denoting an angle of 90°; denoting 
the side of cloth designed to appear externally : n. not 
the wrong ; perfect standard of truth and justice ; jus- 
tice ; freedom from error ; legal title ; just claim ; that 
which justly belongs to one ; privilege : v. to relieve 



ly ; in a direct line ; very ; thoroughly, as right valiant : 
int. an expression of approval: righting, imp.: 
righted, pp. : right'ful, a. -fool, consonant to jus- 
tice ; having a legal or just claim ; equitable: right'- 
fully, ad. -It: rightfulness, n. -nes, the state of being 
rightful ; accordance with the ndes of right : rightly, 
ad. -It, according to justice ; properly ; fitly : right'- 
ness, n. -n$s, the state of being right ; conformity 
to truth: right and left, in all directions; on all 
sides: right angle, in geom., an angle formed by one 
straight line standing on another when the adjacent 
angles are equal; an angle of 90°: right-angled, a. 
-dng'gld, in geom., containing one or more right 
angles: right ascension and declination, the equi- 
noctial co-ordinates for defining the position of points 
of the celestial <•■,.,. m 

relatively to each other, the former being measured 
on the equinoctial from the first point of Aries east- 
ward, the latter on the secondaries of the equinoctial 
to the north and south poles of the heavens from 0° to 
90° : right away or off, at once ; without delay : right- 
handed, a. using the right hand more easily than the 
left: right-handed screw, a screw, the threads of 
which wind spirally from left to right : right-hearted, 
a. good-hearted: right honourable, a title used in 
addressing all noblemen below the rank of marquis, 
their wives, their eldest sons where there is a second 
title, and the daughters of those above the rank of vis- 
count, all privy councillors, the lord mayors of London 
and Dublin, the provosts of Edinburgh and Glasgow, 
and certain others : right-minded, a. -mlnd'Sd, well- 
disposed : right or left, extreme right, extreme left, 
terms derived from the usage of the French Chamber 
of Deputies or legislative assembly, where the party 
on the side of the administration occupy the right 
side of the hall, and the opposition the left side: 
right sphere, that position of the sphere, being the 
appearance to a spectator on the equator, in which 
the circles apparently described by the heavenly 
bodies are at right angles to the horizon: at right 
angles, applied to a line which crosses or stands on 
another perpendicularly: bill of rights— see under 
bill : by rights, properly ; correctly : on the right, on 
the same side with the right hand : to right a vessel, 
to restore her to an upright position : to set or put to 
rights, to arrange ; to put into good order. 

righteous, a. rlt'yus or ri'chiis (from Eng. right: 
old Eng. rightwys; AS. rightwis, righteous, pious— 
from AS. riht, right, and wis, wise), agreeing with 
right ; living, acting, or done according to the will of 
God; honest; just; equitable: right'eously, ad. -II: 
right'eousness, n. -nSs, what is right ; justice ; up- 
rightness ; conformity of heart and life to the divine 
law ; integrity ; the perfection of God's nature. 

rigid, a. rij -id (L. rigidus, stiff, inflexible : It. rigido : 
F. rigide), not pliant or easily bent; stiff; severely 
just ; strict ; unyielding ; inflexible ; rigorous : rigidly, 
ad. -li, severely; inflexibly: rigldness, n. -nes, also 
rigidity, n. rl-jld'l-ti, inflexibility ; stiffness ; quality 
of resisting change of form ; want of ease : rigidulous, 



of wood used in making up a form, or for tightening 
the pages. 

rigmarole, n. rlg'md-rol' (a corruption of ragman- 
roll, formerly a popular game consisting in drawing 
mdte, mat, far, law ; mete, mSt, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



RIGO 



533 



EIPT 



characters from a roll by means of hanging strings, i 
the amusement consisting in the application or mis- 
application of the characters to the persons who drew 
them : old Eng ragm .a n ime applied to the devil), 
a succession of confused or nonsensical sentences or 
statements: adj- pert, to or consisting of rigmarole; 
nonsensical 

rigor, n. rig'or (L. rigor, stiffness, rigidity: It. 
rigore. F. rigueur), in mid., a sudden coldness with 
shivering, symptomatic of the hymning of a disease, 
especially of a fever: rigor-morbls, -mOr'-bis (L. stiff- 
ness of death), the stiffening of the body caused by the 
contraction of the muscles after death. 

rigour, n. rlg'er (see rigor), stiffness or severity in 
opinion, temper, or manners; strictness; sternness; 
quality of being strict or exact; quality of being 
severe or very cold, as the weather ; unabated exact- 
ness : rigorous, a, rigf-er-us, allowing no abatement 
or relaxation ; scrupulously exact or accurate ; severe ; 
harsh; very cold, as a winter: rigorously, ad. -li: 
rig'orousness, n. -nes, the state of being rigorous: 
rigorist, n. rig'-er-Ut, one very severe and exact in 
matters of religion ; a Jansenist. 

rile, v. rU— see roil. 

rilievo, n. rl-le'-vo (It.), see relief, a term in the fine 
arts. 

rill, n. ril (Low Ger. rille, a little stream: Dut. 
rilkn, to shiver : Icel. rylla, to tumble about), a very 
small brook: a streamlet: v. to run in very small 
streams: rilling, imp.: rilled, pp. rlld. 

rim, n. rim (AS. -rima, margin, edge: Dan. bryn, the 
surface of the sea, the brow or rim of the eye : W. 
rhim, the edge or rim), the edge or margin winch sur- 
rounds a thing; the border; the lower part of the 
belly: v. to put a rim or hoop to: rimming, imp.: 
rimmed, pp. rimd. 

rime, n. run (AS. hrim ; Dut. rijm ; Sw. n'm„hoar- 
frost: Icel. hrim, soot, hoar-frost), hoar-frost; con- 
gealed dew or vapour : rimy, a. rl'ml, abounding with 
rime; frosty. 

rimo8e, a. rl-m6s', also rimous, a. rl'mus (L. rimo- 
sus, full of cracks: It. rimoso: F. rimeiuc), in hot., 
covered with cracks or fissures, mostly parallel, as the 
bark of a tree; chinky: rimose'ly, ad. -li: rimosity, 
n. rl-mos'-i-ti, the state of being rimous or chinky. 

rimple, v. rim'-pl (AS. hrympelle; Dut. rimpel, a 
wrinkle: Low Ger. rumpeln, to rumble, to jolt), to 
wrinkle ; to pucker ; to corrugate : n. a fold or wrinkle : 
rim pling, imp. : nm'pled, pp. -phi : adj. puckered ; 
wrinkled. 

rind, n. rind (AS. rind or hrinde; Dut. and Ger. 
rinde, crust or bark), the skin or outer coat of fruit, 
&c.\ the peel ; the bark of trees. 

rinderpest, n. rin'der-pist (Ger. rinderpest — from 
rinder, black cattle, kine, an&pest, a pestilence), cattle- 
plague i a peculiarly fatal disease of cattle and dairy 
stock, propagated by cvntagion, and consisting of 
poison generated in the blood, its usual course being 
seven days. 

rinforzando, n. rXn'-fdrt-sdn'do (It.), in music, with 
increased volume of sound. 

ring, n. ring (Icel. hringr, a circle, a ring: Dan. 
kringel, crooked, twisted: W. crych,a, curling), any- 
thing in the form of a circle ; a small hoop of gold, 
variously ornamented, worn as on the finger ; a hoop ; 
a circular course ; the betting arena on a race-course : 
v. to encircle ; to fit or arm with a ring ; to cut a ring 
of bark out of a tree : ring'ing, imp. : ringed, pp. 
ringd: ring'less, a. -lis, without a ring: ring-bolt, an 
iron bolt having a ring at one end : ring-bone, a callous 
substance in the foot of a horse : ring-dove, a species 
of pigeon : ring-fence, a fence encircling an estate 
within one enclosure ; an enclosing fence or line: ring- 
finger, the third finger of the left hand, on which 
the wedding-ring is put: ring-head, an instrument 
used to stretch woollen cloth: ring-ousel, a kind of 
thrush: ring-mail, in armour, small rings of steel 
sewn edgewise upon a strong garment of leather or 
quilted cloth : ring-sail, a light sail set abaft the span- 
ker : ring-shaped, a. having the shape of a ring : ring- 
streaked, a. having circular streaks or lines on the 
body : ring-tail, the female of the hen-harrier : ring- 
worm, in med., a contagious eruptive disease, appear- 
ing on the skin in distinct circular patches, chiefly on 
the scalp, the forehead, and the neck : fairy rings- 
see fairy. 

ring, v. ring (Icel. hringia, to ring bells: Dan. 
ringle, to ring or tinkle : an imitative word), to sound, 
as a bell or other sonorous body ; to cause to sound ; to 



tinkle ; to be spread abroad, as, the whole town rang 
with the news : n. the sound as of a bell or a metallic 
body; the loud repeated sounds, as of voices in acclama- 
tion; a peal or chime of bells: ring'ing, imp.: rang, 
pt. rang, did ring: rung, pp. rung: ringer, n. ruuj'-ir, 
one who rings bells. 

ringent, a. rin'-jent (L. ringens, opening wide the 
mouth), in hot., applied to a labiate flower in which 
the upper lip is much arched, and the lips are sepa- 
rated by a distinct gap ; gaping. 

ringleader, n. ring-led'-ir (ring, and leader), the 
leader of a ring ; the head of a society engaged ; n an 
illegal enterprise ; the head or chief of a riotous body 
of persons. 

ringlet, n. ring-lit (dim. of ring 1), a small ring ; a 
curl of hair : ringleted, a. baring ringlets. 

rinse, v. rins (F. rincer; Dan. reuse, to cleanse: 
Icel. hrein ; Ger. rein; Dan. reen, pure, clean), to 
cleanse by the introduction of water ; to give a final 
cleansing to after washing, as to linen : rinsing, imp. : 
n. a cleansing with a second water: rinsed, pp. rinit : 
rinser, n. rin'-ser, one who rinses. 

riot, n. rl'-6t{AS. icreotan, to make a cracking noise : 
F. rioter, to chide, to brawl: Gael, rauit, indecent 
mirth : It. riotta, riot), a disturbance of the peace by 
a few or many persons ; wild and noisy festivity ; ex- 
cessive and expensive feasting : v. to raise an uproar 
or disturbance of the peace ; to feast with loose and 
noisy mirth ; to run to excess in feasting or other sen- 
sual indulgence: rioting, imp.: n. act of one who 
riots ; revelling : rioted, pp.: rioter, n. -er, one who 
disturbs by riots: riotous, a. -us, partaking of the 
nature of an unlawful assembly; seditious; uproari- 
ous ; noisy and licentious in festivity : riotously, ad. 
■li : ri'otousness, n. -nes, the state or quality of being 
riotous : to run riot, to act or move without control 
or restraint. 

rip, v. rip (Icel. hrifa, to scrape, to snatch : Dut. 
roopen ; Ger. ruufen, to pluck : F. /riper, to rub, to 
wear: AS. rypan,. to spoil), to separate the parts of a 
thing by cutting or tearing ; to cut or tear open or off; 
to tear up for disclosure or alteration: n. a place 
torn ; a rent by part of a seam giving way : rip'ping, 



skeleton), anything worthless or thoroughly v 

a rip of a horse is a thin worn-out horse ; a morally 
ill-conditioned person. 

riparian, a. rl-pd'-rian (L. riparius, that frequents 
the banks of rivers— from ripa, the bank of a stream), 
pert, to the bank of a stream. 

ripe, a. rip (Dut. rijp ; Ger. reif, ripe), brought to 
perfection or maturity ; mature; mellow; fit for use; 
ready; prepared: ripely, ad. -li: ripeness, n. -nes, 
full growth ; maturity ; fitness for use ; complete sup- 
puration, as of an abscess : ripen, v. rl'-pn, to become 
ripe ; to mature ; to grow ripe, as grain or fruit ; to 
bring to completeness or perfection : ripening, imp.: 
ripened, pp. -pnd. 

Kiphean, a. rlfe'Ctn, a term applied to certain 
mountains in the north of Asia. 

ripidolite, n. rl-pid'6-llt (Gr. rhipis, a fan, and 
lithos, a stone), a mineral of an olive-green colour, 
occurring in tabular crystals, often united in comb-like 
or fan-like groups. 

ripieno, a. rip'-e-a'-no (It.), in music, a term meaning 
full. 

ripple, n. rlp'pl (AS. hrympelle; Dut. rimpel, a 
wrinkle: Low Ger. rumpeln, to rumble, to clatter: an 
imitative word |, 1 ling waves on the surface 

of water : v. to ruffle the surface of water ; to curl on 
the surface : rip'pling, imp.: n. the breaking of ripples, 
or the noise of it : rip'pled, pp. -pld : rip'plingly, ad. 
-pUng-ll: ripple-grass, a species of plantain: ripple- 
marks, the marks on the sand of a sea-beach by the re- 
ceding tide ; in geol., the ridgy or wavy marks on the 
surface of many sandstones. 

ripple, v. rip'-pl (Fris. rebbel; Dan. ribbel, a frame 
with iron teeth, through which thrashed straw is 
drawn, to save any remnants of com : Ger. raufen ; 
Swiss, riip/eln, to pluck), to pluck off the seed-capsules 
of flax by drawing the straw through a fixed iron 
comb : n. a kind of comb or frame with long wire 
teeth, through which flax-plants are passed, to re- 
move the capsules containing the seeds. 

rip-rap, n. rip'rdp, in civil engin., a foundation of 
stones thrown together without order, as in deep 
water or on a soft bottom. 

ript, v. ript, another spelling of ripped— see rip 1. 



'j.foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, 8tere, zeal. 



KISE 



534 



ROB 



rise, v. rlz (Icel. risa; Goth, urreisan; AS. arisan, 
to rise up : Dut. riisen, to rise up : Bav. reisen, to fall), 
to ascend ; to move upward ; to get up, as from a re- 
cumbent position ; to get up from rest or repose ; to 
spring or grow ; to begin to appear or to exist ; to in- 
crease ; to advance, as in price ; to gain elevation in 
position ; to break forth ; to be elevated above the 
surface ; to have its source in ; to commence ; to make 
insurrection ; to be roused ; to close a sitting, as a court 
of justice, or Parliament ; in Scrip., to be revived from 
death : n. act of rising ; ascent ; elevation ; source ; be- 
ginning ; increase ; advance, as in value : ri'sing, imp. : 
adj. mounting advancing appearing above the hori- 
zon ; increasing, as in wealth or position ; reviving 
from death : n. act of getting up from any recumbent 
posture; a tumour; ascent; act of reviving from the 
dead; aninsurrei fciOH < >> it government; sedition; 
prorogation of Parliament ; the close of the sitting of 
a court : rose, pt. roz, did rise : risen, pp. riz'-n : riser, 
11. ri'zer, one who rises. 

risible, a. rlz'i-bl (F. and Sp. risible; It. risibile, 
risible— from L. visum, to laugh), having the faculty 
or power of laughing ; capable of exciting laughter; 
prone to laugh : ris'ibly, ad. -Ui: ris'ibil'ity, n. -bll- 
i-ti, the quality oi ! - ri lible; proneness to laugh. 

risk, n. rlsk\F. risque; It. risico; Sp. riesgo, risk: 
Bret, riska, to slip or slide), exposure to injury or 
loss ; danger ; hazard : v. to expose to the chance of 
injury or loss; to hazard; to peril: risk'ing, imp.: 
risked, pp. rlskt .- risk'er, n. -er, one who risks : risk'- 
ful, a. -fool, also risk'y, a. -I, attended with danger ; 
hazardous : to run a risk, to incur hazard ; to encounter 
danger : to take a risk, to assume danger ; to insure. 

rissoles, n. plu. rls'solz (F. rissoler, to fry meat till 
it is brown : Dan. risle, to purl, to murmur), a mince 
wrapped in a thin puff paste in the form of a sausage 
and fried. 

risus, n. rl'-ziis (L. risus, laughter : It. risn ; F. risie, 
laughter), a laugh; laughter: risus sardonicus, -sdr- 
ddn'i-kus, in med., a singularly convulsive grin or 
laugh, implying great hatred ; the peculiarly horrible 
expression of countenance observed in cases of tet- 
anus, so called because supposed to be produced by 
eating of a species of ranunculus growing in Sar- 
dinia. 

rite, n. rlt (L. ritus, a religious usage or ceremony: 
It. rito : F. rit or rite), a formal act of religious wor- 
ship ; external observance ; form ; ceremony : ritual, 
a. rlt'-u-al, pert, to rites, or prescribed by them: n. 
a book of rites or services: rit'ually, ad. -li: rit'ual- 
ism,n. -%zm, obfiervanceofprescribedforms in religious 
services ; excessive or prominent observance of forms ; 
sometimes opposed to spiritual worship: rit'ualist, n. 
-1st, one who adheres to rituals, or to external forms in 
worship ; one unduly devoted to mere external forms 
In worship : rit'ualists, n. plu. -ists, the extreme party 
in the Ch. of Eng, which seeks both in doctrine and 
ritual to assimilate it to the B. Cath. Ch. 

ritornelle, n. rlt'or-nSl, also ritornello, n. rlt'-or- 
nSl'lo (It. dim. of ritorno, return), in music, a short in- 
troductory or concluding symphony to an air ; a re- 
peat or burden of an air or song. 

rival, n. rl'val (L rivalis one who uses a brook or 
small stream in common with another, a near neigh- 
bour—from rivus, a brook or small stream : It. rivale : 
F. rival), one who is in pursuit of the same object as 
another ; a competitor : adj. having the same preten- 
sions or claims : v. to strive to gain the object which 
another is contending for ; to stand in competition 
with ; to emulate : rivalling, imp. : ri'valled, pp. -void: 
ri'valry, n. -vdl-rl, a striving to obtain an object an- 
other is pursuing ; competition : ri'valship, n. conten- 
tion for superiority or for the same object. 

rive, v. rlv (Icel. rifa, to tear asunder: AS. reaf, 
spoil: Scot, reiver, a robber: Dan. rive, to rend or 
tear : Dut. rijven, to rake), to split ; to rend or burst 
asunder; to be split: ri'ving, imp.: rived, pp. rlvd, 
also riven, pp. rlv'n: river, n. rl'ver, one who rives. 

river, n. rlv'er (F. riviere, a shore: It. riviera, a 
shore or bank : L. rivus, a river : It. rivo), a stream 
flowing in a channel into another river, into the ocean, 
or into a lake or sea ; a copious flow ; abundance : 
riv'ulet, n. -u-let, a small river or stream: river- 
basin, the whole extent of valley or basin-shaped 
country drained by anv river and its tributaries: 
river-craft, small vessels or boats which do not put 
to sea : river-bed, the bottom of a river : river-god, a 
deity supposed by the ancients to preside over a river: 
river-horse, the hippopotamus— an animal living in 
mate, mat, far, law; mete, ;nSt, 



rivers : river-water, water of a river, as distinguished 
from spring, rain, or sea water. 

rivet, n. riv'-et (F. rive, a strip along the edge of any- 
thing ; rivet, the welt of a shoe, a rivet or clinch : F. 
river ; Port, rebiiar, to double back the edge or point 
of a thing, to clinch a nail), a metal pin inserted into 
a hole pierced through two plates overlapping each 
other, and hammered broad at both ends in order to 
fasten the plates firmly together : v. to fasten firmly ; 
to clinch ; to make firm or immovable : riv'eting, imp.: 
riv'eted, pp.— spelt often with tt. 

rivose, a. rl'voz (L rivus, a small stream), applied 
to surfaces marked with irregular grooves or furrows. 

rivulet— see river. 

rix-dollar, n. riks-dol'ler (Ger. reichsthaler, literally, 
the dollar of the empire), a silver coin of Germany, 
Denmark, &c, varying in value from 2s. 6d. to 4s. (ill. 

roach, n. roch (AS. reohche: Ger. roche), a fresh- 
water fish of the carp family. 

roach, n. roch, the curve or arch at the foot of a 
square sail. 

road, n. rod (from Eng. ride: AS. rad; Dut. reede; 
Dan. ridt, a riding, a road: F. rade, an anchorage- 
ground for ships), a public way by which passengers, 
vehicles, and animals may pass from place to place; a 
highway; a journey: road-metal, stones broken small 
for covering and repairing roads : roadstead, n. rod' 
stSd, also the roads, a place where ships may safely 
ride at anchor, at some distance from the shore: 
road'ster, n. -st&r, a horse fitted for travelling ; a ship 
at anchor : road-surveyor, an officer whose duty it 
is to see public roads kept in a good state of repair : 
road'way, n. -ana, the part of a road travelled by 
vehicles : roadmaking, n. the making of roads : road- 
side, a. n. the side of a road, as a roadside inn : on 
the road, travelling: to take to the road, to engage 
in robbery upon the highways. 

roam, v. rom (old F. romier; It. romeo, a pilgrim, 
one who makes a pilgrimage to Rome— from Roma, 
Rome: the derivation more likely in the following 
direction— AS. ryman, to make room: Icel. ryma; 
Ger. raiimen ; Dut. ruimen, to make or leave room), 
to range; to ramble ; to wander over ; to move about 
from place to place without any certain purpose : n. 
a ramble : roaming, imp. : n. the act of wandering ; a 
ramble: roamed, pp. romd: roam'er, n. -er, one who 

roan, a. r6n (F. rouan; Sp. ruano; It. roano, roan), 
applied to a horse of a bay or dark colour, with spots 
of grey or white thickly interspersed; of a colour hav- 
ing a decided shade of red: n. grained sheepskin 
leather. 

roan-tree or rowan-tree, n. ro'dn-trS or row'dn- (Icel. 
runa, a charm : Latham gives Dan. rbn or ronnetros), 
a tree bearing small red berries in large clusters ; the 
mountain-ash, the branches and other parts of which 
are famous among the superstitious as spells against 
witches and warlocks. 

roar, n. ror (AS. rarian, to roar, to cry out : Dut. 
reeren, to roar : an imitative word), the deep full cry 
of a large animal ; any deep loud noise of some con- 
tinuance; the howling of a tempest; the sound of 
stormy waves of the sea : v. to utter a deep loud cry, 
as a large animal ; to give forth a loud and deep con- 
tinuous noise ; to cry aloud ; to bawl : roaring, imp. : 
adj. uttering a deep loud sound: n. a loud deep cry, 
as of a lion ; a loud deep cry of distress : roarer, n. -er, 
one who roars; a broken- winded horse: roar'ingly, 
ad. -li: roared, pp. rord. 

roast, v. rost (old F. rostir, to roast : It. rosta, a fry- 
ing-pan : Ger. rost; Pol. roszt, a grate), to dress meat 
for the table by exposing it to the direct action of 
heat, as on a spit, in an oven, &c. ; to heat to excess ; 
to dry and parch by heat ; to tease or banter ; to burn 
broken ore in a heap to free it from some foreign 
matters : n. that which is prepared by heat, as meat : 
adj. prepared by heat: roasting, imp.: n. act of one 
who roasts ; the process by which anything is roasted ; 
a bantering: roast'ed, pp.: roast'er, n. -er, he who or 
that which roasts : to rule the roast, to govern ; to 
manage ; probably only a corruption of " to rule the 
roost" in allusion to the cock among his hens, or "to 
rule the rod,," in allusion to the emblem of authority 
—that is, " to rule or wield the rod." 

rob, v. rob (old F. rober; Sp. robar; It. rubare ; Dut. 
rooven; Dan. rove; AS. reqfian, to take by violence, 
to plunder), to deprive of by force, or by secret theft ; 
to steal; to plunder: rob'bing, imp.: robbed, pp. 
robd : roVber, n. -ber, one who takes the goods of 
her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



BOB 



535 



ROGA 



another by force, by open violence, or by secret theft : 
rob bery.n. -I, the forcible taking away of the goods 
or money of another ; a plundering ; theft. 

rob, n. rob (It. robbo ; F. rob ; Ar. robb, rob), the 
extract or juice of ripe fruit prepared with honey or 
sugar. 

robbins, n. plu. rob'binz (a corruption of rope-bands: 
Ger. raabanden— from Icel. ra, a sail-yard, and band, 
a tie), small ropes on board a ship that fasten sails to 
their yards. 

robe, n. rob (It. roba, a long upper garment ; F. robe, 
a gown or mantle : Sp. ropa, clothes), a long loose gar- 
ment worn over the dress ; a dress of dignity or state ; 
an elegant dress : v. to put on a robe ; to dress with 
magnificence or splendour; to array; to dress: ro- 
bing, imp. : robed, pp. robd: robemaker, one who 
makes the official robes or gowns of clergymen, bar- 
risters, aldermen, &c. : master of the robes, an officer 
of the royal household who orders the sovereign's 
robes : mistress of the robes, the lady highest in rank 
attending on the queen, and who has the care of her 
robes: robing-room, the apartment or apartments 
where noblemen and lawyers put on their official 
robes. 

robert, n. rSb'ert, or herb-robert (said to be in allu- 
sion to Robert, Duke of Normandy), an annual plant 
of the genus geranium, found in waste ground, among 
stones and debris of rocks, formerly esteemed as a 
medicine ; the herb stork-bill. 

robin, n. rob-in (from Robin, the familiar corruption 
of Robert), the most familiar of our wild birds, called 
robin-redbreast. 

robust, a. robust' {1,. robustus, hard, solid, strong— 
from robur, a very hard kind of oak : It. robusto : F. 
robuste), strong'; stout; hardy; vigorous; possessing 
perfect strength and vigour: robust'ly, ad. -li: ro- 
bustness, n. -n6s, strength ; vigour. 

roc, n. rok, also spelt rukh, rook (Ar. rukh), afabled 
monstrous bird in Arabian mythology. 

rocambole, n. rok'dmbol (F. rocambole: Ger. rok- 
kamboln), a sort of wild garlic ; a kind of shallot. 

roccellic, a. rok-sel'lik (It. rocca, a rock, because the 
plant grows on rocks), name for a fatty acid obtained 
from the herb archil, vims,- systematic name is roc- 
cella tinctoria, rok-sel'-ld tink-to'-rl-d. 

roche, a. n. rosh (F. roche, a rock), used in com- 
pounds, as roche-alum, alum deprived of part of its 
water of crystallisation by heat. 

roche moutonnee, n. rOsh md-ton-na (F. roche, rock, 
and moutonne'e, frizzled, woolly — from mouton, a 
sheep), the name given by French geologists to the 
projecting eminences of Alpine rocks that have been 
rounded and smoothed by glacier action, so called 
from their resemblance to sheep at rest. 

Rochelle, a. ro-shel, of or from Rochelle, a town of 
France: Rochelle salt, the tartrate of soda and po- 
tassa. 

rochet, n. rbch'-lt (It. rocchetto, a garment of plaited 
lawn worn by bishops : F. rochet, a smock-frock: Ger. 
rock, a coat), the garment of a priest resembling the 
modern surplice, but shorter and open at the sides ; a 
round frock ; a linen habit, now peculiar to a bishop. 

rock, n. rok (It. rocca ; F. roc or roche ; Sp. roca, a 
rock, a crag), a large mass of stone bedded in the 
earth's crust, or resting on its surface ; figuratively, 
defence; protection; immovability; a hard stalk of 
sweetmeat: adj. hard like rock; resembling or com- 
posed of rocks: rocks, n. plu. roks, in geol., the sub- 
stances, less or more solid, which compose the crust 
of the earth : rocky, a. rok'-i, full of rocks ; very hard ; 
stony : rock'iness, n. -nes, the state of being rocky : 
rock'less, a. -Us, without rocks: rockery, n. -er-l, 
a hillock formed of stones and earth, &c, for plants: 
rock -alum, roche-alum, which see: rock- bound, 
hemmed in by rocks: rock-basins, curious basin-shaped 
cavities occurring in the granites of high and exposed 
regions, like that of Dartmoor, in Devonshire, from one 
to many feet in diameter : rock-butter, a soft yellow- 
ish admixture of alum, alumina, and oxide of iron, 
oozing out of rocks containing alum— the product of 
decomposition : rock-cork, a variety of asbestos whose 
fine fibres are so interlaced and matted as to give it 
the texture and lightness of cork: rock-crystal, a 
familiar term for the transparent and colourless 
varieties of crystallised quartz,— but the name is ex- 
tended to the coloured varieties: rock -leather, the 
same as rock-cork, which see : rock-oil, the familiar 
as well as commercial term for petroleum or min- 
eral oil: rock-pigeon, the wild pigeon, building its 
cow, boy, foot; pure, Mid; chair, 



nest in rocky hollows— the original of the domestic 
pigeon: rock-plant, rock-rose, plants : rock-ruby, the 
red garnet, having a cast of blue : rock-salt, the famil- 
iar as well as the scientific term for common salt 
(chloride of sodium), when it occurs in the earth's 
crust as a solid rock-mass : rock-soap, one of the clays 
or silicates of alumina, of a pitch-black or bluish-black 
colour and slightly greasy feel: rock-shells, certain 
univalves, characterised by the long straight canal 
which terminates the mouth of their shells: rock- 
wood, a variety of asbestos, of a brown colour, occur- 
ring in long compacted fibres, which give it the aspect 
and texture of wood : rock-work, in gardening, stones 



._, a. rok (Icel. rockr; old H. Ger. rocco; It.rocca, 
a distaff), the staff or frame about which flax or wool 
is arranged, and from which the thread is drawn in 
spinning. 

rock, v. rdk (Dan. rokke ; Norm, rugga, to rock, to 
shake : old F. rocquer, to rock a child : Ger. ruck, a 
shake or toss), to move backward and forward, as in 
a cradle, a chair, &c; to lull; to quiet; to be moved 
backward and forward: rock'ing, imp.: n. action of 
one who rocks; state of being rocked: rocked, pp. 
rokt: rock'er, n. -er, he who or that which rocks ; the 
curved support of a cradle, &c: rocking-chair, a 
chair mounted on rockers, so as to be easily moved 
backwards and forwards: rocking-horse, a wooden 
horse mounted on a frame, on which children may play 
at riding : a rocking-stone, a rock, often of large size, 
so poised that it can be slightly moved with but little 
force. 

rocket, n. rok'-St (It. rocca, a rock or distaff; rocch- 
etto, a rocket or bobbin to wind silk on, any kind of 
rocket or squib of wildfire : Ger. rackete, a rocket), a 
cylindrical case of pasteboard or iron filled with a com- 
position, the combustion of which produces a recoil so 
great as to project it rapidly through the air, its flight 
being guided by a rod attached. 

rocket, n. rOk'et (F. roquette; It. ruchetta; Ger. 
ra>tk>-, the rocket), an ornamental garden-plant. 

rocoa, n. ro'-ko-A (F. roucou: Brazilian, urucu), the 
vegetable pulp which yields annotta. 

rod, n. rod (Dut. roede -, Ger. ruthe, a rod: Wal. 
ruda', the pole of a carriage), something long and slen- 
der ; a staff or wand as a badge of authority ; a shoot 
or long twig ; an instrument of punishment or correc- 
tion; a measure of length containing five yards and a 
half; in Scrip., a sprout, hence race or family: rod- 
iron, long slender bars of iron for making nails. 

rode, v. rod, past tense of ride, which see. 

rodentia, n. plu. ro-dcn'-shi-d (L. rodens, gnawing- 
gen, rodentis), an extensive class of animals, so called 
from their habit of gnawing or nibbling their food, as 
the rat, hare, rabbit, beaver, &c: rodent, a. ro'-dent, 
gnawing : n. one of the gnawers, as the rat, the squir- 
rel, &c. 

rodomontade, n. rod'-6-mdn-tad' (F. rodomontade— 
from Rodomonte or Rodomont, a brave but proud and 
insolent character in Ariosto's ' Orlando Furioso': It. 
rodomonte, a vapouring fellow), empty noisy bluster ; 
empty vaunting or ranting: v. to boast or bluster: 
rod'omonta'ding, imp.: rod'omonta'ded, pp.: rod'- 
omonta'dist, n. -dlst, or rod'omonta'dor, n. -der, one 
who indulges in boasting and bluster. 

roe, n. ro (Icel. ra; Ger. reh, a small kind of deer : 
Dan. raa), a small species of deer, remarkable for its 
agility in leaping; the female of the hart; also roe- 
buck, n. ro'-buk. 

roe, n. ro (Icel. hrogn; Sw. rog; Dut. roghe, the 
eggs of a fish: Ger. roqen, spawn), the eggs or spawn 
of fish : roed, a. rod, filled or impregnated with roe : 
hard roe, familiarly applied to the spawn of the fe- 
male ; soft roe, to the milt of the male : roestone, a 
familiar term for Oolite, from its being composed of a 
mass of small rounded grains or spherules, presenting 
a considerable resemblance to the roe of a fish ; larger- 
grained varieties are called peastones or pisolites, pea- 
grits, &c. 

rogation, n. ro-gd'-shun (L. rogatio, a question or 
interrogation — from rogo, I ask: It. rogazioni ; F. 
rogations, rogation-days), litany ; supplication : roga- 
tion-week, the second week before Whitsunday, so 
called because of the extraordinary prayers offered up 
on the first three days for the fruits of the earth, or as 
a preparation for the devotions of Holy Thursday- 
called specially rogation-days. 
game, jog, shun, thing, (here, zeal. 



EOGU 



536 



ROMP 



rogue, n. rog (F. roder, to roam, to wander : Prov. 
rodar or rogar, to roll, to tramp about), an idle dis- 
reputable person; a vagrant; a sturdy beggar; a 
dishonest person ; a familiar term of slight endear- 
ment; a sly fellow: roguery, n. ro'ger-i, cheating; 
dishonest practices; waggery: ro'guish, a. -glsh, 
fraudulent; dishonest; waggish; slightly mischiev- 
ous: ro'guishly, ad. -li: roguishness, n. : n&s, the 
quality or state of being roguish ; mischievousness ; 
sly cunning : rogue's march, an air played when a sol- 
dier is drummed out of a regiment : rogue's yarn, 
yarn of different twist and colour to the rest inserted 
in the royal cordage to distinguish it from that used in 
the merchant service. 

roil, v. royl (Icel. rugla, to mingle together In con- 
fusion : Gael, ruaimlich, to agitate water), to render 
turbid, as wine or other liquor, by stirring up the 
sediment ; to excite to anger or resentment ; to vex 
and disturb: roil'ing, imp.: rolled, pp. rdyld;— also 
spelt rile, v. HI : riling, imp. : riled, pp. Hid. 

roister, v. rdys'ter (F. rustre, a swaggerer: Bret. 
rouestler, a disturber : Gael, riastair, to become tur- 
bulent : Low Ger. rastern, to clatter), to behave turbu- 
lently ; to bluster : rois'ter, n. , also rois'terer, n. -er, 
a rude, blustering, turbulent fellow: rois'tering, a. 
noisy; uproarious. 

role, n. rol (F. role, a roll, a scroll), a part or char- 
acter in a play or other public performance. 

roll, v. rol (It. rotolare; F. rouler; Dut. and Ger. 
rollen; Icel. rulla; Dan. rulle, to roll: an imitative 
word, from the rattling sound characteristic of rolling 
bodies), to move by turning over and over ; to move 
round, as a wheel ; to revolve ; to cause to revolve ; 
to involve ; to form or be formed into a round mass ; 
to wrap round upon itself; to spread or flatten by 
means of a roller or cylinder ; to drive with a circular 
motion, or forward, as in a stream; to perform a 
periodical revolution ; to move, as waves ; to sound 
as a drum, the strokes producing a continuation of 
sounds ; to be tossed about, or to move from side to 
side, on rough water, as a ship ; to run on wheels ; to 
move tumultuously : n. act of rolling; the state of 
being rolled; the thing rolling; a mas3 made round 
(F. rouleau) ; a writing or paper rolled upon itself; a 
volume; a public writing; a register or catalogue; 
anything wound into a cylindrical form ; a twist of 
tobacco ; a small piece of baked bread : rolling, imp. : 
adj. revolving ; movable : n. the motion of a ship from 
side to side : rolled, pp. rold: roller, n. rol'-ler, a long 
round body of wood, stone, or iron, used to press, 
crush, grind, or smooth ; in surg., a long broad bandage 
of cotton or linen : rollers, n. plu. -lerz, the tumbling 
heavy waves of a ground swell ; huge rolling waves : 
rolling-mill, heavy steel rollers for reducing red-hot 
masses of iron, copper, &c, to bars or thin plates, or 
sheets : rolling-pin, a round piece of wood for press- 
ing and shaping dough or paste : rolling prairie, un- 
dulating prairie-land in N. Amer. : rolling-press, a 
press consisting of two rollers: rolling stock, the 
locomotives, carriages, and waggons belonging to a 
railway company: rolls, n. plu. rolz, a part of London 
between the City and Westminster enjoying certain 
liberties, so called from the court rolls or law records 
being deposited in its chapel; the office where the 
Chancery records are kept, hence "the master of 
the rolls"— that is, "the judge of the court": long- 
roll, in mil., a prolonged roll of the drums, as the 
signal for an attack, or for troops to fall into line : 
master of the rolls, a high officer of the Court of 
Chancery, ranking immediately after the chief justice 
of the Queen's Bench, who is intrusted with the cus- 
tody of the public records, of the records of the law 
courts, and those of the Court of Exchequer : rolls of 
court or of Parliament, &c, the parchments, &c, on 
which the acts and proceedings are engrossed: to 
call the roll, to recite a list or register of the names 
of persons, as of a school, college, or of any organised 
body of persons, to ascertain their presence or absence. 
rollick, v. rol'-llk (Scot, rollochin, lively, free-spoken: 
prov. Eng. rallack, to romp: Sw. rolig, merry), to 
move or act with a careless swaggering air : rollick- 
ing, imp. : adj. careless ; swaggering : rol'licked, pp. 
-Ukt. 
rollocks, rdl'loks, for row-locks— see row. 
roly-poly or rolly-poly, n. rol'i-pol'l (said to be a 
compound of roll, and pool, a hollow), a game in 
which a ball rolling into a certain hollow place wins ; 
a pudding formed of a sheet of paste on which a con- 
serve of fruit is spread, then rolled up and cooked. 

mate, mat, far, law; mite, met, 



tongue : adj. of or relating to modern Greece, or its 
language. 

Roman, a. rO'mdn (L. Romanus, a Roman), pert, to 
Rome or its people ; pert, to the Pope ; papal ; the 
type commonly used in printing, as distinguished from 
the Italic: n. a native or citizen of Rome: Romanic, 
a. ro-mdn'-ik, derived from the Roman alphabet: Ro- 
manism, n. ro'mdn-izm, the tenets of the Church of 
Rome : Ro'manist, n. -ist, an adherent of the Church 
of Rome : Ro'manise, v. -tz, to convert or to conform 
to the R. Cath. religion ; to Latinise : Ro'mani'sing, 
imp.: adj. tending towards the Church of Rome : Ro- 
manised, pp. -izd: adj. inclined towards the Roman 
language, or to the Ch. of Rome : Roman Catholic, 
a. applied to that form of the Christian religion of 
which the Pope, the Bishop of Rome, is the acknow- 
ledged chief or head : n. one who professes that form 
of Christianity: Roman Catholicism, the doctrines 
and practices of the R. Cath. Ch. : Roman cement, 
a cement or mortar used in the surface-fronting of 
brick and other buildings to imitate stone, which 
art was brought from Italy: Roman candle, a fire- 
work in form of a large candle, generally held in the 
hand : Roman Indiction— see indiction : Roman law, 
the name given to the laws founded on the laws and 
statutes of anc. Rome, and incorporated more or less 
into the laws of every country of Europe: Roman 
order, in arch., the composite order. 

romance, n. r6-mdns' (Eng. Roman, the Latin or com- 
mon language of Rome, or any language which grew out 
of it, as the Spanish, Italian, Provencal— from L. Ro- 
manus, a Roman : F. Roman or Romance, romance: Sp. 
Romance ; It. Romanzo, the common vulgar language : 
Prov. romansar; F. romancier, to write in the vulgar 
tongue), a name applied to those languages of south- 
ern Europe which grew out of the literary Latin of 
Rome, .and the ordinary spoken dialects of anc. Italy, 
in the different provinces of Roman Europe, and 
which became the popular languages ; in Sp., the term 
came to signify a ballad; in Eng., first applied to 
translations from the French, and subsequently a 
story of fiction, a sense the word had acquired in 
French ; any tale of wild adventure in love or war re- 
sembling those of the middle ages: adj. sprung from 
the literary Latin and the dialects of anc. Italy : v. to 
lie ; to deal in extravagant stories : romancing, imp. 
ro-mdn'sing : adj. indulging in romance : romanced', 
pp. -mdnst : roman'cer, n. -ser, also roman cist, n. 
-sist, one who writes romances; one who invents wild 
and extravagant stories of love or war : romancero, 
n. rO'mdn-se'ro (Sp.), a collection of national ballads 
or romances: Ro'manesque', n. -isk' (F.), the debased 
style of architecture and ornament adopted in the later 
Roman empire ; the common dialects of some of the 
southern districts of France, founded on the literary 
Latin and the dialects of anc. Italy; in paint., that 
which is made up of fable and romance : Romansh', 
n. -mdnsh', the romance, language of the Grisons of 
Switzerland. 

Romanism, Romanist, Romanise— see Roman. 

romantic, a. ro-mdn'tik (from romance, which see), 
pert, to romance, or resembling it ; wild ; extravagant ; 
full of wild or fantastic scenery, with which the sub- 
lime and the beautiful are more or less blended : ro- 
man'tically, ad. -li : roman'ticness, n. -nis, the state of 
being romantic : roman'ticism, n. -tl-sizm, a term used 
to express the unnatural productions of the modern 
French school of novelists. 

romanzovite, n. ro-mdn'zd-vit (after Count Roman- 
zoff), a brownish-black variety of lime-garnet. 

Rome, n. rom (L. Romulus, its founder; Roma, 
Rome), the chief city of anc. Italy, and now of the king- 
dom of Italy,; the seat of the popedom; the R. Cath. 
religion : Romish, a. ro'mish, of or belonging to the 
Ch. of Rome : a term offensively applied to the adhe- 
rents of the R. Cath. Ch. : Ro'mishly, ad. -li. 

romp, n. romp (another spelling of ramp, which see : 
Ger. rammeln, to sport in an excited manner: Dut. 
rammelen, to rattle, to romp), a young person of un- 
restrained spirits ; a girl noisy and boisterous in play : 
v. to jump and throw about the limbs in play ; to play 
in a rude and boisterous manner : romping, imp. : n, 
act of one who romps : adj. boisterously playful : 
romped, pp. rompt: romplsh, a. -ish, given to bois- 
terous play; inclined to romp: romplshly, ad. -li: 
romplshness, n. -nis, the quality of being rompish; 
disposition to rude sport ; rudeness. 
her; pine, pin; note, not, m&ve; 



ROND 



537 



ROSE 



ronde bosse, n. rongd'bos (F. ronde, round, spheri- 
cal, and bosse, a bunch, a swelling), in arch. , a term ap- 
plied to sculptured objects in their full forms, in con- 
tradistinction to those which are in relief, or attached 
more or less to a plane or ground. 

rondeau, n. ron'do (F. rondeau, a rondeau— from 
rond, round), a poem, usually of thirteen verses, di- 
vided into three parts, parts of which are repeated; a 
musical composition in three strains, the second and 
third ending with the first part repeated ; also spelt 
rondo. 

rood, n. r6d (from Eng. rod, which see : Dut. roede, 
a measure of ten feet in land-surveying), the fourth 
part of an acre ; 40 poles or perches. 

rood, n. r6d (AS. rod, the cross : Fris. rode, gallows, 
cross : Ger. ruthe, a long transverse pole), a cross ; an 
instrument of punishment, consisting of one rod laid 
at right angles over another ; the figure of Christ on the 
cross, generally with a representation of the Father and 
Holy Spirit, formerly in most R. Cath. churches : rood- 
loft, a gallery, generally placed over the chancel-screen 
in parish churches, on which the cross or rood was set 
to view : by the rood, by the cross, a form of words 
formerly used in swearing. 

roof, n. r6f (AS. hrof; old Dut. roef; Russ. krov, a 
roof: Serv. krovnat, thatched), the top part or cover 
of a house or other building ; the inner side of a vault 
or arch ; the interior upper part ; a house or dwelling : 
v. to cover or furnish with a roof ; to shelter: roor- 
ing, imp. : n. the materials of a roof: roofed, pp. 
rdft : roofy, a. rdf'l , having roofs : roofless, a. -lis, 
having no house or home. 

rook, n. rook (AS. hroc: Dut. roek, a rook: Gael. 
roc, to cry hoarsely: L. raucus, hoarse), a bird of 
the crow fan base of the bill bare of 

feathers, noted for its thievish propensities ; a cheat ; 
a thief : v. to cheat: rook'ing, imp.: rooked, pp. 
rdbkt: rookery, n. rook'er-l, a place where rooks con- 
gregate and build their nests ; a close assemblage of 
poor mean buildings inhabited by the lowest poor ; a 
place for thieves, &c. 

rook, n. rook (It. rocco ; F. roc, the rook— from Pers. 
rokh, a camel), the castle at chess. 

room, n. r6m (AS. rum ; Ger. raum ; Goth, rums, 
space: Icel. ryma; Ger.. raumen; Dut. ruimen, to 
clear a space, to make room), space ; place or space 
unoccupied ; an apartment of a house ; station ; place 
of another; stead; scope; opportunity; possible ad- 
mission or mode; latitude: roomful, n. -fool, as 
many as a room will hold : room'y, a. -i, having ample 
room ; spacious : roomily, ad. -II: room'iness, n. -nt*, 
the state of being roomy ; large extent of space ; spa- 
ciousness : to give room, to withdraw, to allow others 
to pass or be seated : to make room, to open a space, 
way, or passage. 

roost, n. rOst (AS. hrost; Dut. roest, the seat or 
perch of a bird, so called from the rod or perch : Ger. 
riiste, a roost), the pole or perch on which a bird settles 
itself to rest : v. to sit or sleep on the branch of a tree, 
or any other thing, as a bird at night : roost'ing, imp.: 
roost'ed, pp. : roost'er, n. -cr, a cock, considered as 
the head of the roost : at roost, in a state of rest or 
sleep. 

root, n. r6t (Icel. rdt, a root: AS. wrotan; Dut. 
ivroeten; Dan. rode, to root, as a pig or a mole : Norm. 
rota, to dig, to dabble), that part of a plant which de- 
scends into and fixes itself in the earth, and through 
which the plant is nourished ; the part of anything re- 
sembling a root in manner of growth ; the lower part 
of a thing ; the original or cause of anything ; first an- 
cestor ; impression ; durable effect ; in a language, 
that element which serves as a common basis to one 
or more words, the root being contained in the lan- 
guage itself, or in its older forms derived from a for- 
eign language ; in alg., the value of an unknown quan- 
tity in an equation; in arith., any number which 
multiplied by itself produces a square or power— that 
number is the root of the square or power : v. to plant 
or fix in the earth ; to enter the earth ; to impress 
deeply ; to tear up from the ground ; to tear up the 
earth with the snout, as swine ; to extirpate : roofing, 
imp. taking root ; turning up the earth with the snout, 



full of roots : root'iness, n. -i-nes, the state of being full 
of roots : rootless, a. -Us, without a root : rootlet, 
n. -let, a little root ; a radicle : root-leaf, in bot. , a leaf 
growing immediately from the root : root-stock, in 



bot., a subterranean prostrate stem which emits roots 
from its lower surface : root-crop, a crop of esculent 
roots, as the potato or turnip, &c. : to take root, to 
become planted or fixed ; to increase and spread : to 
tear up by the root, to eradicate ; to extirpate. 

ropalic, a. ropdl'lk (Gr. rhopalon, a club), club- 
formed. 

rope, n. rop (Icel. reip, a rope : Dut. reep or roop, a 
cord or rope : AS. rap, a rope), a cord or line composed 
of several strands twisted together ; a small cable ; a 
row of things depending : v. to draw out or extend 
into a string or thread by means of a glutinous or ad- 
hesive quality: ro'ping, imp.: n. the state or quality 
of being glutinous and adhesive : roped, pp. ropt : 
ropy, a. ro'pi, stringy ; adhesive : ro'piness, n. -nis, 
aptness to draw out into strings or threads without 
breaking ; the partial viscosity and roping of liquors : 
ropery, n. -per-i, a place where ropes are made : 
ro'pish, a. -pish, tending to ropiness: ro'per, n. 
-per, a ropemaker: rope-dancer, one who walks and 
performs feats on an extended rope: rope-ladder, 
a ladder made of ropes, hung over a ship's side, or 
otherwise used, as being easily portable : ropemaker, 
one who makes ropes : ropemaking, n. the making of 
ropes : ropewalk, a long covered walk where ropes 
are extended as they are spun : rope-yarn, yarn con- 
sisting of single threads for making ropes : a rope of 
sand, a band easily broken ; anything worthless as a 
tie or bond of union. 

roquelaure, n. rok-S-la~cr' (after the Duke de Eoque- 
laure), a short cloak or surtout, made to button from 
top to bottom, much used in the beginning of last cen- 
tury. 

rorqual, n. ro ;:ian, rorqualus, a whale 

with folds), one of the whale kind, having a more 
slender body than the common whale. 

rosalina, n. rO'zd-ll'nd (L. rosa, a rose), in geol, a 
genus of many-celled foraminiferous organisms— so 
called from tin: ■■* , nation of the 

chambers. 

rosary, n. r6'zd-ri (L. rosarius, pert, to roses; 
rosarium, a rose-garden: F. rosaire; It. rosario, 
a rosary— from L. rosa, a rose), a title of many 
works, consisting of compendiums of flowers, as 
it were, culled from preceding authors,— latterly 
specially appropriated to a string of Paternosters and 
Ave Marias to be recited in a certain order, — now re- 
stricted to a string of beads used to keep count in the 
recitation of them. 

rose, n. roz (L. rosa; Gr. rhodon, a rose: It. rosa: 
Ger., Dan., and F. rose), a well-known plant, or its 
universally-admired flower, having many species and 
varieties: rosaceous, a. ro-z&'shus, belonging to the 
order of rose-plants, called rosa'ceae, -shi-e ; like a 
rose ; in bot. , applied to corollas having separate sessile 
petals like the rose: rosacic, a. ro-zas'-ik, applied to a 
substance (rosacic acid) of a brick-like, rose, or red 
colour, deposited by the urine in gout and inflamma- 
tory fevers : roseal, a. ro'z6-al, like a rose in smell or 
colour: ro'seate, a. -at, of a rose colour; resembling 
a rose : ro'sy, a. -zi, blooming ; red ; blushing ; charm- 
ing: ro'siness, n. -zi-nes, the quality of being rosy ; re- 
semblance to the colour of the rose : rose-coloured or 
rose-hued, a. having the colour of a rose : rosebud, a 
rose before it expands : rose-bush, the shrub or plant 
which bears roses : rose-diamond, a diamond nearly 
hemispherical, cut into twenty-four triangular planes 
or facets : rosedrop, a confection or sweetmeat ; a ruddy 
eruption upon the nose : rose-engine, an appendage 
to the turning-lathe, by which a surface of wood or 
metal, as a watch-case, is engraved with a variety of 
curved lines, presenting some resemblance to a full- 
blown rose : rose-gall, a curious excrescence on the 
dog-rose : rose-mallow, the hollyhock : rose-pink, a 
pigment of a rose colour: adj. having a pink colour, 
like that of the rose : rose-quartz, a more or less trans- 
parent variety of quartz, of a fine rose-red or pink 
colour: rose-water, a perfume distilled from rose- 
leaves: rose -window, in arch., a circular window 
with its compartments branching from a centre, form- 
ing divisions which bear a general resemblance to the 
leaves of a rose : rosewood, a wood of Brazil, highly 
esteemed as a veneer, and which, when fresh, has a 
faint but agreeable smell of roses : under the rose, a 
translation of the Latin " sub rosa," which signifies, 
in a manner that forbids disclosure; in secrecy; 
privately: Latham connects this phrase with the 
practices of the secret sect of the Rosicrucians of the 
17th century, who were popularly styled the brothers 



'» bdy,fcTot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



EOSE 5: 

of the rosy cross, from a mistaken notion of the real 
origin of the word: wars of the Roses, in Eng. hist., 
the long and bloody feuds between the houses of 
York and Lancaster for the possession of the Eng. 
crown— the white rose being the badge of the house 
of York, and the red rose that of the house of Lan- 
caster. 

rose, n. roz, also rose-rash, n. rOz'rdsh (rose, and 
rash, an eruption), in Scot., an eruption on the skin of 
small rose-coloured patches, very slightly elevated ; 
erysipelas ; St Anthony's fire. 

rose, pt. of rise, which see. 

roselite, n. ro'zellt (after G. Rose of Berlin), a deep 
rose-red-coloured variety of cobalt bloom. 

rosemary, n. rOz'-mdr-l (L. rosmarinus, rosemary— 
from ros, dew, and mare, the sea : It. rosmarino : F. 
rosmarin), a pretty, fragrant, evergreen shrub, em- 

,;,,,.'..: i, ,, ;,.] 1,,.. I 1 1 ■ ! • > : 1. . . i.i-.ci ;,, n:.i,i:'<l '■'■:. bi in- 

of a dewy nature, and thriving best near the sea ; also 
rose-marine, -md-ren'. 

roseola, n. ro-ze'o-ld (mid. L. roseola, a little rose— 
from L. rosa, a rose— so called from its colour), inmed., 
a rose-coloured rash of several varieties. 

roset, n. ro'z&t (F. rosette, red ink or red chalk— 
from F. rose; L. rosa, a rose), a rose-coloured pig- 
ment. 

Rosetta-stone, n. ro-zSt'td-ston, a stone discovered 

y.\. ■:;,, '. ,/< III .' , ;. : ..■■:.! 11 i-. ! ■,.■,:., I In I h I ill 

which a key was obtained to the hieroglyphics of 
anc. Egypt. 

rosette, n. ro-zet' (F. rosette; It. rosetta, a rosette— 
from L. rosa, a rose), ribbon arranged in a cluster 
somewhat like a rose, and used as an ornament or 
badge ; in arch., a rose-like ornament used in decora- 
tions. 

rosetum, n. rO-ze'tum (L. rosetum, a rose-garden or 
bed of roses— from rosa, a rose), a garden or parterre 
devoted to the cultivation of roses. 

Rosicrucians, n. plu. ro'zi-kro'shl-dns (L. ros, dew, 
and crux, a cross — gen. crucis), a secret sect of philoso- 
phers, or rather fanatic alchemists, who are said to 
have arisen in Germany in the beginning of the 17th 
century, making great pretensions to science, and 
asserting that they possessed the secret of the philoso- 
pher's stone— according to whom, dew was the most 
powerful dissolvent of gold,— their possession of light 
was signified by the figure of the cross on their cru- 
cibles : ros'icru'cian, a. -shl-dn, pert, to the Rosicru- 
cians or their arts. 

rosin, n. roz'ln (another spelling of resin, which 
see), the residuum of turpentine after the oil is dis- 
tilled off: v. to rub or cover with rosin: ros'ining, 
imp.: ros'ined, pp. -Ind: ros'iny, a. -in-l, partaking of 
the qualities of rosin. 

rostel, n. ros'tSl, also rostellum, n. ros-tSl'lum (L. 
rostellum, a little beak— from rostrum, a beak, a bill), 
In hot., that part of the heart of a seed which descends 
and becomes the root ; an extension of the upper edge 
of the stigma in some orchids; in anat., a beak -shaped 
process : ros'tellate, a. -KM, having a small beak : ros- 
telliform, a. ros-tel'-li-fawrm (L. forma, shape), beak- 
shaped ; having the form of a rostel. 

roster, n. ros'ter (a corruption of register, which 
see), a tabular form showing the order or rotation of 
officers, soldiers, or regiments for any service or duty ; 
a list or muster-roll. 

rostral, a. ros'trdl (L. rostrum, the bill, snout, or 
muzzle of animals, a ship's beak : It. rostri ; F. ros- 
tres, a rostrum), pert, to a beak ; resembling the beak 
of a ship : ros'trate, a. -trdt, also ros'trated, a. having 
a process resembling the beak of a bird; in oot., fur- 
nished with beaks ; having a long sharp point : ros'- 
trum, n. -trum, the beak or bill of a bird, or any- 
thing resembling it ; the prow of a ship ; in anc. Rome, 
an erection for speakers in the Forum— so called from 
being adorned with the beaks of an enemy's ships ; a 
platform or pulpit from which a speaker may address 
an audience : rostrlform, a. rOs'-trl-fawrm (L. forma, 
a shape), beak-shaped. 

rostrulum, n. ros'trob-lum (L. rostrum, a beak), in 
entom., the name of the oral instrument of the flea and 
suchlike insects. 

rostrum— see under rostraL 

rosy— see rose. 

rot, v. rot (Icel. rotna, to decay, to fall of: Dut. rot, 
rotten : AS. rotian, to putrefy), to putrefy or decay : to 
be decomposed ; to make putrid ; to bring to corrup- 
tion: n. putrid decay; a fatal distemper peculiar to 
sheep — supposed to be owing to wet seasons and moist 



8 EOUG 

pastures : rotting, imp. : adj. decomposing wholly 
or partially: rot'ted, pt.: adj. decomposed wholly or 
partially; affected with rot: rotten, pp. rOt'n: adj. 
putrid ; corrupt ; decomposed by the natural process 
of decay: having some defect in principle; treacher- 
ous: rottenly, ad. -It: rottenness, n. -nSs, the state 
of being rotten; putrefaction; unsoundness: rotten- 
stone, a soft earthy kind of stone, being decomposed 
silicious limestone, used in a state of powder for pol- 
ishing brass, silver, &c. 

rotalia, n. plu. rO-td'H-d, also rotalites, n. plu. ro- 
td-l%ts (L. rota, a wheel, and Gr. Mhos, a stone), in 
geol., a genus of foraminiferous shells— so called from 
their nautiloid wheel-like contour. 

rotary— see under rotate. 

rotate, v. ro-tdt' (L. rotatum, to turn a thing round 
like a wheel— from rota, a wheel : It. rotare, to rotate), 
to move round a centre or axis, like a wheel : adj. in 
oot. , applied to a gamopetalous corolla, having a very 
short tube, and the limb spreading out more or less at 
right angles ; wheel-shaped : rotating, imp.: rotated, 
pp.: rotation, n. -td'-shun, the act of turning a wheel 
or other body on its axis ; the state of being whirled 
round; in hot., the internal circulation of the fluids in 
the cells of plants : rotate-plane or rotato-plane, a. in 
oot., wheel-shaped and flat, without a tube : rotary, 
a. ro'ter-l, turning on an axis, as a wheel ; whirling : 
rotator, n. ro-td'tir, that which gives a circular or 
rolling motion— applied to certain muscles of the 
body : rotatory, a. ro'-tdter'i, going in a circle; mov- 
ing in succession : rotatories, n. plu. -iz, a section 
of infusorial animals or wheel animalcules— so called 
from their circles of cilia, which, under the micro- 
scope, appear like revolving wheels : rotary engine, 
a steam-engine in which is produced a continuous 
motion round an axis, by the direct action of steam. 

rote, n. r6t (L. rota, a wheel, as being a mere round 
of words : Flem. ruyten, to chatter, to talk idly : old 
F. rotuenge, the burden of a song), the practice of im- 
pressing words on the memory by mere repetition 
without an effort of the understanding : by rote, by 
mere repetition, without the exercise of the under- 
standing. 

rotifer, n. ro'tl-fer (L. rota, a wheel, and ferre, to 
carry), one of the rotifera, rO-tif-er-d, a class of in- 
fusorial animals— called also wheel animalcules— see 
rotatories, under rotate. 

rotted, rotten, rotten-stone— see rot. 

rotund, a. ro-tund' (L. rotundus, wheel-shaped— 
from rota, a wheel : It. rotondo), round ; spherical ; 
inclining to be round : rotun'dity, n. -tun'di-tl, round- 
ness ; sphericity : rotun'da, n. -dd, also rotun'do, n. 
-do, a building that is round both on the outside and 
inside. 

rouble, n. rd'bl, a Russian silver coin, in value 
about 3s. l^d. ; the bank rouble of account, value 
about lid. 

roue, n. r6'd (F. roue, one broken on the wheel— 
from rouer, to break on the wheel— from L. rota, a 
wheel), one devoted to a profligate life ; a confirmed 
rake. 

rouge, n. rtzh (F. rouge), a delicate red paint pre- 
pared from safflower, and used to impart an artificial 
bloom to the cheeks : adj. red : v. to tinge the cheeks 
with rouge ; to tinge or paint with rouge : roug'ing, 
imp.: rouged, pp. rdzhd: adj. tinged with rouge, as 
the face: rouge-et-noir, -dnwawr (F. red and black), a 
notorious game at cards, and so called as the table on 
which it is played is divided into small red and white 
compartments, or from the colours on the cards. 

rough, a. ruf{Ger. ranch; Dut. ruych; AS. hruh or 
ruh; Dan. ru, rough, hairy), not smooth or plain; 
rugged ; not wrought or polished ; violently agitated, 
as the sea ; harsh to the taste or ear; grating ; rugged 
of temper ; coarse in manners ; crude ; imperfect ; 
hard-featured ; hairy or shaggy : v. to put up with 
things in a rough way, followed by it : n. state of being 
coarse or unfinished, as articles in the rough : rough - 
ing, imp.: roughed, pp. ruft: rough'ly, ad. -II, in a 
rough manner ; with uneven surface ; harshly ; se- 
verely : rough'ness, n.-nes, the quality or state of being 



ish, rather rough: roughs, n. plu. riifs, coarse un- 
mannerly men ; rowdies : to rough a horse, to break 
him in, particularly for military service; to make 
its shoes rough: roughing-in, in arch., a plastering 
of three coats on brick or stone work: rough-cast, 
n. a rude or first model ; fluid mortar mixed with 



mate, mdt.fdr, law; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



EOUL 



539 



ROWE 



fine gravel, employed as a finishing-coat on outer 
vails : v. to mould in a rude unfinished state : rough 
diamond, a diamond uncut ; a person possessing 
great worth, but rude and unpolished in manners : 
rough draft or draught, a first or unfinished sketch 
or representation: to rough-draw, to draw or de- 
lineate coarsely : rough-drawn, pp. : rough-footed, a. 
feather-footed: rough-hew, v. -hit, to give the first 
form or shape to anything ; to hew rudely : rough- 
hewn, pp.: adj. rugged; unpolished: rough-rider, in 
the army, a non-commissioned officer who assists the 
riding-master of a cavalry regiment ; one who breaks 
horses: rough-shod, a. having shoes armed with 
points : to ride rough-shod, to pursue a course selfish- 
ly, regardless of the consequences to others : to rough- 
work, v. to work coarsely, or without regard to nicety 
of finish : rough-wrought, a. done coarsely : rough- 
ings, n. plu. riiflngz, grass that follows mowing or 
reaping : in the rough, in the original material ; in an 
unwrought condition : a rough customer, in familiar 
language, a troublesome and somewhat dangerous per- 
son to deal with: roughen ; v. ruf-n, to make rough; 
to become rough : roughening, imp. ruf'nlng : rough- 
ened, pp. ruf-nd. 

rouleau, n. r6-lo" (F. rouleau, a roll— from rouler, 
to roll), a little roll ; a roll of coin made up in paper. 

roulette, n. r6-lef (F. roulette, a little wheel— from 
rouler, to roll), a small instrument used by engravers 
to produce a series of dotted lines on a plate ; a game 
of chance played with a small ball on a circle divided 
into red and black spaces. 

rounce, n. rdwns (probably a mere corruption of 
round— that is, an in and out again), the handle of a 
printing-press, by which the carriage with the form of 
type is run in under the platen and out again. 

round, a. rdivnd (L. rotundas, round— from rota, a 
wheel: It. r Hondo ; Sp. redondo; old F. reont ; F. 
rond ; Ger. rund, circular), circular; globular; smooth 
orflowing ; notdefectiveorabrupt ; not inconsiderable ; 
large ; quick, as to travel at a round rate ; bold : ad. 
on all sides ; every way ; not in a direct line : prep, 
on every side of ; about; all over: n. a circle; a globe; 
a sphere ; an action or passage in a circle returning to 
the point of commencement ; a walk or circuit per- 
formed by a guard or an officer among sentinels; a 
revolution or rotation ; the step of a ladder ; a volley, 
as of firearms by troops ; a short song or catch in parts 
returning to the same point in the performance : v. to 
make circular ; to become round ; to encircle ; to make 
protuberant; to make full, smooth, and flowing: 
rounding, imp.: rounded, pp.: round'ly, ad. -It: 
round'ness, n. -n&s, the quality or state of being 
round ; cylindrical form ; fulness or smoothness of 
flow ; boldness : round'i3h, a. -ish, nearly round : 
round-shouldered, a. having a round back or shoulders : 
roundhead, a term of reproach given to Puritans and 
the adherents of Parliament during the wars of Charles 
I. : round-house, the cabin or apartment on the after 
part of the quarter-deck of a ship : round number, a 
number which ends in a cipher, or that is divisible by 
ten ; a complete or full number ; an approximate num- 
ber : at a round rate, rapidly : round-ridge, to form 
round ridges by ploughing: round-robin, n. -rob'in 
(said to be a corruption of F. ruban ronde, a round 
ribbon), a written petition or memorial signed with 
the names arranged in a circle so as not to show who 
signed first: round table, the table around which 
King Arthur and his knights sat : round tower, one of 
the lofty ancient towers, found chiefly in Ireland : all 
round, in every direction : to bring round, to restore ; 
to revive : to come round, to revive ; to become more 
placable: to get round, to recover; to wheedle; to 
become able to exercise undue influence over : a round 
of cartridges, one cartridge to each man : a round 
of beef, the thick fleshy part of the thigh cut through 
and across the bone at the top : to round to, among 
seamen, to turn the head of a ship towards the wind : 
round'about, a. -chbdwt, indirect ; circuitous ; loose : 
n. a horizontal revolving-wheel at fairs on which child- 
ren ride: prep, around: round-hand, in penmanship, 
a style in which the letters are formed round and full. 

roundel, n. rown'del, also roun'delay, n. -de-la (F. 
rondeau, a piece of poetry or music; rondelet, round- 
ish—a dim. of rond, rov J> 
the passages or parts ai 

roundish— see round. 

roup, n. rowp (AS. hrepan, to cry, to call out ; hreop, 
cried, called out : Dut. roepen, to call ; roep, a call, a 



cry), in Scot, a sale of goods by auction : v. to expose 

foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



to sale by auction : roup ing, imp.: rouped, pp. rdivpt : 
articles of roup, conditions under which property is 
exposed to sale by auction. 

roup, n. rop (mid. L. rupia, foul scurf), a disease in 
poultry. 

rouse, v. rouiz (Low Ger. ruse, noise, disturbance : 
Ger. rauscJien, to rustle : Gr. roizos, any rushing 
sound, as the whizzing of an arrow : the original sense 
is preserved in a rousing fire— viz., a roaring crack- 
ling fire ; a rousing lie, a very great or astounding 
lie), to raise from sleep, or from dulness and inactiv- 
ity ; to excite to action ; to drive, as a beast from its 
lair ; to awake : n. noise ; uproar ; excess of drinking : 
rousing, imp.: adj. exciting; having power to rouse : 
roused, pp. rdivzd: rous'ingly, ad. -li. 

rout, n. rdivt (Icel. hriota, to mutter, to grumble : 

Prov. rota, tumult : old F. route ; Ger. rotte, a gang, 

a crowd), a tumultuous clamorous crowd ; a rabble ; a 

ble assembly or large evening-party. 

rout, n. rdivt (F. route, a discomfiture : It. rotta, the 
overthrow of an army : L. ruptus, broken), the defeat 
of an army or body of troops ; the confusion and dis- 
order attending a defeat : v. to break the ranks of a 
body of troops, and put them to a disorderly flight ; to 
put to confusion by a repulse or a defeat : rout'ing, 
imp.: rout'ed, pp. 

route, n. r6t (F. route, a trace, a way: Wal. rote, 
a trace, footsteps— from L. rota, a wheel), the road or 
way which has been travelled or is to be passed ; 
ourse; road; journey. 

routine, n. r6-ten' (F. routine, rote— from route, a 
road— from L. rota, a wheel), the round or daily course 
of business or official duties ; any regular habit or 
practice which does not accommodate itself to circum- 
stances. 

>ve, v. ro v (Eng. roll; Scot, row, to roll, to re- 
volve : Scot, rove, to card wool into flakes ; row, to 
roll wool for spinning: Icel. rifa, to tear asunder: 
connected with next entry), to draw through an aper- 
ture or eye, as wool or cotton; in Scot., to card wool 
or cotton into flakes; in prov. Eng., to turn into 
thread, as " to rove a stocking " : n. a roll of wool drawn 
out and slightly twisted : ro'ving, imp.: n. the opera- 
tion of giving the first twist to yam by drawing it 
through an eye or aperture : roved, pp. r6vd .- roving- 
frame, the machine employed in roving wool or cot- 
ton. 

rove, v. r6v (Dut. roover, a robber: Icel. rafa, to 
wander about: Dan. rave; Sw. raga, to totter, to 
stagger : F. roder, to roll, to roam— from L. rota, a 
wheel), to move about without certain direction in 
any manner ; to wander : to ramble : ro'ving, imp. : 
n. act of one who roves ; a rambling ; a wandering : 
roved, pp. rovd: ro'ver, n. -ver, one who wanders 
about ; a pirate : ro'vingly, ad. -li : ro'vingness, n. 
-nes, the state of roving. 

row, v. ro (Dut. roede, a rod, an oar ; roeden, to 
row : Ger. ruder, an oar : AS. rowan, to row), to pro- 
pel with oars, as a boat ; to labour with the oar : n. an 
excursion in a boat with oars : row ing, imp. : n. the 
act or practice of one who rows : rowed, pp. rod : 
rower, n. ro'er, one who rows : row-lock, n. rul'-ok, 
the part on which the oar rests in rowing : row-port, 
one of the little openings in small vessels of war for 
rowing in calms. 

row, n. ro (AS. rcewa; Ger. reihe; F. raie, a row or 
line : It. ruga ; F. rue, a row of houses : L. radius, a 
rod, a spoke of a wheel), a line ; a file ; a series of per- 
sons or things placed in a straight line ; a line of 
houses ; a street. 

row, n. row (Swiss, rauen, to make a dull, hollow, 
muttering sound : Low Ger. ruse, noise, tumult : prov. 
Eng. row, to stir about), a noisy disturbance ; a riotous 
noise ; a broil ; a tumult : v. to scold noisily : row'ing, 
imp. : rowed, pp. rdicd : rowdy, n. row'di, a riotous 
turbulent fellow : row'dy-dow, n. -ddiu, a word ex- 
pressive of continuous noise : row'dyish, a. -ish, char- 
acterised by the manners of a rowdy : row'dyism, n. 
-izm, the conduct of a rowdy ; noisy riotous black- 
guardism. 

rowan-tree— see roan-tree. 

rowel, n. row'Sl (F. rouelle— dim. of roue, a wheel, 
any small hoop or ring movable in the place which 
holds it : Venetian, rodela, the rowel of a spur), the little 
star-like wheel of a spin ; a little ring or wheel on a 
horse's bit; in surg., a seton or roll of hair, silk, or 
lint put into a wound to keep it open : v. to insert 
a little ring or wheel in : row'elling, imp. : row'elled, 
pp. -eld. 



ROWE 



540 



f rowen, n. rmv'Sn (said to be a corruption of rough- 
' ings), a field left untilled till after Michaelmas, that 
the grain left on the ground may sprout and produce 
green herbage for cattle or sheep ; the grass on it. 

royal, a. rdy'ai (F. royal, royal or legal— from L. i 
galis, kingly,— from rex, a king— gen. regis), becoming 
"or like a king; kingly; majestic; illustrious; spe- 
cially patronised by the sovereign, or in his service : n. 
a large kind of paper ; in a ship, a small sail spread 
immediately above the top-gallant sail ; one of the 
shoots of a stag's head : royally, ad. -li : roy'alty, n. 
-ti, the character, state, or office of a king ; the sove- 
reign ; share or portion due to a king or to a superior, 
as to an inventor for the use of his patent, or to a 
landowner for the privilege of working mines on his 
estate : plu. emblems of royalty ; rights of a king : 
roy'alist, n. -ist, an adherent of the king; one at- 
tached to a kingly government : roy'alism, n. -izm, 
attachment to the principles or cause of royalty : 
Royal Academy, the public school of art, where the 

annual exhibit oi paintings by living artists are 

held: Royal Academician, a member of the Royal 
Academy: Royal Society, the oldest incorporated 
scientific society in London, instituted for the promo- 
tion of science : royal-yard, the fourth yard from the 
deck, on which the royal is set. 

roystering, roysterer, another spelling of roister, 
which see. 

rub, v. rub (Icel. rubba, to move a thing from its 
place, to rub : Sw. rubba, to disorder : Dan. rubbe, to 
rub or scrub : W. rhwbio ; Gael, rub, to rub : Ger. 
reiben, to grind), to move one body along the surface 
of another with pressure ; to clean ; to scour ; to re- 
move by friction ; to erase ; to fret : n. act of rubbing ; 
friction ; hindrance ; difficulty ; pinch ; sarcasm : rub- 
bing, imp.: n. act of scouring or polishing: rubbed, 
pp. rubd: rubber, n. rub'ber, he who or that which 
rubs ; a polishing substance of various kinds ; a coarse 
file, or a whetstone ; two games out of three in whist, 
a game at cards ; a contest, consisting of three games ; 
the game deciding the contest ; the cushion of an elec- 
trical machine; india-rubber: rubstone, a kind of 
sandstone used for scouring : to rub down, to clean 
by rubbing, as a horse : to rub off, to clean anything 
by rubbing: to rub out, to erase; to obliterate: 
to rub up, to polish ; to clean ; to refresh, as know- 
ledge. 

rubace, n. rd'bds, or rubasse, n. rd'bds, a name 
given by French jewellers and lapidaries to a variety 
of rock-crystal with rose-coloured cracks; cut and 
polished quartz slightly tinged with violet, and be- 
sprinkled internally with minute brown spangles of 
specular iron. 

rubbish, n. rub'-blsh (F. rabascher, to rumble, to 
rattle: Low Ger. rabakken, to rattle— the idea being a 
rattling, crashing, or falling down — same origin as 
rubble), the mixed materials of ruined or crumbling 
buildings ; waste fragments ; any mingled mass ; any- 
thing valueless ; nonsense ; confusion : rub'bishy, a. 
-i, abounding in or having the nature of rubbish. 

rubble, n. rub'bl (Dut. rabbelen; Ger. rappeln, to 
rattle: F. rabalter, to rumble or rattle), the upper 
fragmentary matter of rocks; coarse walling, con- 
structed of rough stones irregular in size and shape : 
rub'bly, a. -bit, resembling < > abounding in rubble: 
rubble-work, walls built of rubble-stones. 

rubefacient, n. rd'bS-fd'sM-dnt (L. ruber, red, and 
facio, I make), that which produces redness and heat, 
when applied to the skin, without blistering: adj. 
making red. 

rubellite, n. rt'-Wl-lt (L. rubellus, reddish, and Gr. 
lithos, a stone), red tourmaline containing a consider- 
able proportion of manganese, generally occurring in 
closely -aggregated crystals, varying from a slight 
tinge of red to a fine pink. 

rubeola, n. rd-be'd-ld (L. ruber, red; rubere, to 
blush), a term often used for measles, but now re- 
stricted to an eruptive disease which presents the 
characters of both measles and scarlet fever : rubeloid, 
a. rd'be-loyd (Gr. eidos, resemblance), resembling 
the eruptive disease rubeola. 

rubescent, a. rd-bes'sSnt (L. rubescens, becoming 
red), becoming red ; tending to a red colour. 

Rubezahl, n. rd'be-zdl (Ger. rube, a turnip, and 
znhl, a number), Number Nip, a famous mountain- 
spirit of Germany, sometimes friendly, sometimes 
mischievous, corresponding to English Puck. 

rubican, a. r6'bi-kdn (F. rubican— from L. rubere, 
to grow red), of a bay, sorrel, or black colour, with a 



light-grey or white on the flanks ; red predominating 
over grey in the colour of a horse. 

rubicelle, n. rO'-bl-sdl (F. rubicelle— from L. ruber, 
red), a gem, a variety of ruby, of a yellow or orange 
red. 

Rubicon, n. r6'bl-kdn, a small river which formed 
the boundary between ancient Gaul and Italy, by 
passing which, Julius Caesar, the famous Roman 
general, declared war against his country— probably 
the modern Pisatello : to pass the Rubicon, to take a 
desperate step in an enterprise ; to commit one's self 
to a difficult and hazardous enterprise by a decisive 
step. 

rubicund, a. rO'bi-kiind (L. rubicundus, very red— 
from ruber, red: It. rubiconclo: F. rubicund), inclin- 
ing to redness ; ruddy : ru'bicundly, ad. -li : ru'bi- 
cund'ity, n. -i-tl, inclination to redness; ruddiness. 

rubied— see ruby. 

rubiginous, a. r6-bij'-i-nus (L. rubiginoms, abound- 
ing in rust— from rubigo, rust, mildew), in bot., of a 
brownish-red tint; red, with much grey. 

ruble— see rouble. 

rubric, n. rO'-brik (F. rubrique, rubric— from L. ru- 
brica, red earth : It. rubrica — from L. ruber, red), the, 
directions printed in prayer-books which were for- 
merly done in red letters ; in anc. canon-law boolcs, 
the part printed in red letters : plu. directions : ru'- 
brical, a. -bri-kdl, placed in a rubric : ru'bricaire, n. 
-kar, also rubricist, n. -slst, one versed in ancient ru- 
brics : rubricate, a. -kdt, marked with red : v. to mark 
or distinguish with red: rubricating, imp.: rubrica- 
ted, pp. 

ruby, n. rO'bi (L. ruber, red : F. rubis : It. rubino), 
a precious stone, varying in colour between a bright 
scarlet and crimson, next in value to the diamond; 
among printers, a letter of a particular size : adj. of 
the colour of the ruby ; red : v. to make red : ru'by- 
ing, imp.: ru'bied, pp. -bid: adj. red as a ruby. 

rudd, n. rud (AS. rud, red), a river-fish of a red- 
dish golden hue. 

rudder, n. rud'der (Ger. ruder, an oar— see row 1), in 
a ship, that part of a helm which consists of a piece of 
timber broad at the bottom where it enters the water, 
and which is attached to the stern-post by hinges, on 
which it turns ; that which governs or directs the 
course of a ship or vessel; anything that guides or 
directs : rud'derless, a. -Us, without a rudder. 

ruddily, ruddiness— see ruddy. 

ruddle, n. rud'dl (W. rhuddell, a red colour: AS. rud, 
red), a species of red earth ; red chalk ; red ochre : v. 
to mark with ruddle, as sheep : ruddling, imp. : rud'- 
dled, pp. -did; same as reddle, which see. 

ruddock, n. rud'-duk (AS. rudduc, a ruddock— from 
rud, red), the robin-redbreast. 

ruddy, a. rud'di (Low Ger. rood;W. rhudd; AS. 
rudu, redness— akin to Gr. rhodon, arose), tinged with 
red ; of the colour of the human skin in high health : 
rud'dily, ad. -dl-ll : rud'diness, n. -nSs, a lively flesh 
colour ; that redness of the face which indicates per- 
fect health. 

rude, a. r6d (L. rudis, rough, raw, wild : It. and F. 
rude), unformed by art ; shapeless ; untaught ; rough ; 
inelegant ; coarse in manners or behaviour ; imperti- 
nent ; not polished or refined ; boisterous ; harsh ; in- 
clement: rude'ly, ad. -II, unskilfully; coarsely; vio- 
lently: rudeness, n. -nes, the state of being rude; 
coarseness ; incivility ; unskilfulness ; inelegance ; 
violence; impetuosity. 

rudenture, n. ro-dcn'tur (F. rudenture, indenture 
— fromL. rudens, a rope or line— gen. rudenHs), in 
arch., the figure of a rope or staff with which the 
flutings of columns are sometimes filled— also called 
cabling. 

rudiment, n. rd'dl-mSnt (L. rudimentum, a first 
attempt or trial— from rudis, unformed, unused : It. 
rvtlimrvto: F. rudiment), a first principle or element ; 
anything in a rude imperfect state: plu. elemen- 
tary instruction: rudiment'al, a. -mSnt'dl, also ru'- 
diment'ary, a. -er-%, pert, to first principles; in an 
original or simple state; in bot., in an early stage 
of development, or in an imperfectly-developed con- 
dition. 

rue, v. r6 (AS. hreowan or reowan, to be sorry for, 
to lament : Ger. reue, mourning : Icel. hryggr, sorrow- 
ful), to lament; to grieve for; to repent: n. sorrow; 
repentance: ru'ing, imp.: rued, pp. r6d: rue'ful, a. 
-fdbl, woeful; mournful ; i | i >w : ruefully, 

ad. -li, mournfully ; sorrowfully : ruefulness, n. -nes, 
the state of being rueful ; sorrowfulness. 



m&te, m&t, far, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



KUE 



541 



BUMP 



rue, n. r6 (L. ruta ; Gr. rhute, the herb rue : F. rue), 
a perennial plant which is usi-d medicinally. 

rufescent, a. r6-fSs'-s&nt (L. rufescens, becoming red 
—from ruf us. red), growing red ; tinged with red. 

ruff, n. ri</(Dut. ruyffelen, to rumple: Port, arrufarse, 
to curl, as the surface of water : Lang, rufo, a wrinkle 
or rumple), a collar of plaited or rumpled linen ; any- 
thing puckered or plaited; a species of shore-birds 
having long feathers on the neck which stand out as 
ruffs were formerly worn ; a variety of pigeon. 

ruff, v. ru/(Scot. ruff: Port, ruf a or rufla, a roll 
on the drum), in Scot., to beat -with the hands or feet, 
or with both, in token of applause ; to trump any other 
suit of the cards at whist : n. a beating with the hands 
and feet as expressive of approbation ; a roll of the 
drum : ruf 'fing, imp. : n. applause by beating the hands 
and feet: ruffed, pp. ruft. 

ruffian, n. ruf-fi-dn (F. ronfler, to snore, hence old 
Eng. Tiiffler, a bully: It. ruffiano ; Sp. rvfian, a swag- 
gerer, a bully : F. rufien, a libertine), a brutal feliow, 
ready for any desperate enterprise or crime: adj. 
brutal ; savage : ruffianly, a. -ll, also ruffian-like, a. 
like a ruffian ; bold in crimes ; violent : ruf fianish, a. 
-Ish, having the qualities or manners of a ruffian : ruf- 
fianism, n. -izm, the act or conduct of a ruffian. 

ruffle, n. ruf'fl (from ruff 1, which see), a strip of cam- 
bric or fine linen plaited or contracted into wrinkles, 
and sewed to the border of a garment, generally un- 
derstood of ornaments at the wrist ; disturbance ; 
agitation : v. to wrinkle or plait a strip of fine cloth ; 
to disturb a smooth surface, as water ; to agitate ; to 
discompose; to put out of temper: ruffling, imp.: 
•fling: adj. growing turbulent; becoming rough: n. 
commotion ; disturbance ; agitation : ruffled, pp. -fld: 
adj. rough; disordered; agitated: ruffleless, a. ruf'l- 
les, having no ruffles. 

ruffle, n. ruf'fl (Port, rufa or rufla, a roll on the 
drum: F. ronfler; Lang, rouflar, to snore, to growl), 
in mil., a low roll of the drum, accompanied with the 
presenting of arms ; a kind of flourish upon a drum : 
v. to beat the ruffle. 

rufin, n. ro'fln (L. ru/us, red), a red substance 
formed by the action of heat on phloridzine: rufous, 
a. -Jus, in hot., reddish; orange-coloured; rusty. 

rug, n. rug (Sw. rdgg, long coarse hair: Dan. 
rage, to project : Ger. rauh, hairy, shaggy), a coarse, 
warm, woollen cloth or coverlet having a long shaggy 
nap ; a soft woolly mat or hearth-rug. 

rugae, n. plu. r6'-je (L. rugae, plaits or folds— from 
ruga, a plait or wrinkle), in anat., the folds into which 
the mucous membrane of some organs is thrown by 
the contraction of the external coats : ru'gate, a. -gat, 
wrinkled : ru'gose, a. -gos, full of wrinkles ; rough with 
wrinkles: rugosity, n. rO-gos'i-ti, the state of being 
wrinkled. 

rugged, a. rug'gid (from Eng. rug: Norm, rugga, to 
rock, to jog : Sw. ruggig, rough, shaggy), rough ; un- 
even ; shaggy; full of irregular points or asperities; 
rough in temper; harsh; rocky; inhospitable, as a 
coast: ruggedly, ad. -ll: rug'gedness, n. -n6s, the 
quality or state of being rugged; roughness; harsh- 
ness ; coarseness ; boisterousness. 

rugose— see under rugae. 

ruin, n. rd'-ln (L. ruina, a rushing or tumbling 
down, ruin— from mere, to fall with violence: It. 
ruina: F. mine), fall; destruction; overthrow; that 
change of a thing which destroys it, which entirely 
defeats its object, or which unfits it for use ; subver- 
sion ; that which destroys ; loss of happiness or for- 
tune ; mischief: plu. the remains of any decayed or 
demolished place or thing, as a house or city : v. to de- 
molish; to destroy ; to subvert ; to bring to an end in 
any manner; to impoverish; to bring to misery: ru'- 
ining, imp.: ruined, pp. r6'ind: adj. demolished; 
destroyed ; reduced to poverty ; undone : ru'ina'tion, 
n. -i-na-shun, in familiar lannuage, destruction; ruin; 
overthrow ; ru'iner, n. -ner, one who ruins : ru'inous, 
a. -nus, entirely gone to decay; dilapidated; tending 
to ruin; pernicious; baneful: ru'inously, ad. -II: ru- 
inousness, n. -ncs, the state or quality of being ruinous : 
ruiniform, a. ro'ln-i-fawrm (L. forma, a shape), in 
geol, having the appearance of ruins: ruin-marble, 
marble whose polished surface presents the appear- 
ance of ruined buildings. 

rule, n. r6l (L. regula; Prov. regla ; F. regie, a 
straight piece ofwood), an instrument by which straight 
lines are drawn, or short lengths measured; some- 
thing established for guidance and direction ; govern- 
ment ; supreme command ; control ; a prescribed mode 



of operation by which certain results maybe obtained ; 
in gram., a statement by which some established 
order in the construction of words is expressed : v. to 
govern ; to conduct ; to direct ; to determine, as a court 
of justice ; to decide ; to lay down and settle ; to exer- 
cise supreme authority: ru'ling, imp.: adj. having 
control or authority; ma aes, as with a 

ruler ; predominant ; controlling ; reigning : ruled, pp. 
r6ld : ruler, n. rO'-ler, a governor ; an instrument with 
a straight edge or side for drawing straight lines: 
ru'lingly, ad. -ll: rule of three, a rule in arithmetic 
which tells how to find a fourth term, when throe are 
given, which shall bear the same ratio to the third as 
the second bears to the first. 

rum, a. rum (rome or rum, in cant or slang lan- 
guage, signified good, noted: in the Gipsy tongue, 
rome, a man, hence rome or rum, what is good or ex- 
cellent), odd ; queer ; curious ; out of the way— all in 
a contemptible sense : rum, n. (in the Gipsy or slang 
tongue, rum booze, good drink, strong drink: Ger. 
rahm, cream : F. rum), spirits distilled from any of 
the produce of the sugar-cane, generally from the re- 
fuse, and molasses. 

rumble, v. rum'-bl (Dut. rommelen ; Ger. rummeln, 
to rumble : It. rombare, to make a clattering noise), 
to make a low, heavy, continued sound, as of wheels : 
n. a hoarse, low, continued sound ; a revolving cask or 
shaking-machine in which small cast-iron articles are 
cleaned and rubbed bright by friction against one 
another ; a seat for servants behind a carriage : rum'- 
bling, imp. : adj. making a low, heavy, continued 
sound: u. a heavy hoarse sound: rumbled, pp. -bid: 
rum'blingly, ad. -ll: rum'bler, n. -bier, he who or that 
which rumbles. 

ruminant, n. rO'ml-ndnt (L. ruminans, bringing up 
from the throat, chewing over again— from rumen, the 
throat or gullet: It. ruminante: F. ruminant), an 
animal that chews the cud, as the cow, sheep, camel, 
&c: adj. having the property of chewing the food over 
again ; chewing the cud : ru'minantly, ad. -ll: ru'mi- 
nate, v. -nat, to pass the food from the stomach in 
order to chew it over again; to meditate; to think 
again and again ; to muse on ; to ponder over: ru'mi- 
nate, a., or ru'minated, a. in bot., applied to the hard 
albumen of some seeds presenting a mottled appear- 
ance, and full of chalky matter, like a nutmeg: ru'- 
minating, imp.: ru'minated, pp.: ru'mina'tor, n. -ter, 
one who ruminates or muses on any matter : ru'mina- 
tion, n. -na'-shun, the act or power of chewing the 
cud ; a musing or continued thinking on a subject : 
ru'minan'tia, n. plu. -ndn'shi-d, the division of mam- 
mals « Inch ruminate, having four stomachs. 

rummage, v. rum'maj(Y. remuage, the act of moving 
or stirring— from remucr, to move, to stir : Dut. mini; 
old F. rum, the hold of a ship : old Eng. spelling, rom- 
age), to search thoroughly among the things stowed in a 
given receptacle : n. the proper stowing of merchandise 
in a ship; a searching carefully by tumbling over 
things : rum'maging, imp. : rum'maged, pp. -majcl : 
rummage-sale, a clearance-sale of unclaimed goods 
at the docks, or of the remainders of a warehouse 
stock. 

rummer, n. rum'mer (Sw. remmer; Dut. roomer; 
Ger. rbmer, a large drinking-glass), a large drinking- 
glass standing on a foot ; a drinking-cup. 

rumour, n. rd'-mer (L. rumor, a repeated saying or 
telling, the talk of the many : It. rumore : F. rumeur), 
a story passing from one person to another without 
any known authority for its truth ; a flying report : v. 
to circulate by report: ru'mouring, imp.: ru'moured, 
pp. -merd, reported. 

rump, n. rump (Ger. rumpf: Dut. rompe, trunk, 
body separate from the extremities : Sw. rumpa, the 
tail, rump), the end of the backbone of an animal, with 
the parts adjacent ; the fag-end of anything ; a name 
applied in contempt in Eng. hist, to the remnant of the 
Long Parliament, which met in May 1659 : rump'less, 
a. -les, destitute of a rump or tail: rump -steak, a 
choice slice or piece of beef cut from the thigh near 
the rump. 

rumple, v. rum'-pl (Ger. rummeln or rumpeln, to 



one another about: Icel. 
cow, bay, J 'dot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



RUN 



542 



RUST 



clash, noise), a great disturbance; noise and con- 
fusion. 

run, v. run (AS. rinnan, to run : Dut. rennen, to 
run : Icel. renna, to flow : Dan. rinde, to flow ; reticle, 
a canal), to go, move, or pass on a surface in almost 
any manner ; to cause to move swiftly ; to move on 
the ground by long quick steps ; to rush violently ; to 
fuse or melt ; to become liquid ; to take a course at 
sea ; to drive with violence, as a ship ashore ; to ply 
or pass, as a coach or ship ; to move or flow, as water ; 
to pursue ; to contend in a race ; to have success ; to 
strive at, followed by after; to contract, as a debt, 
followed by into or in; to pass from one state or 
condition to another ; to fall ; to pass ; to make tran- 
sition; to proceed; to discharge matter, as a sore; 
to extend to: n. flow; course; motion; a pleasure- 
trip; continued success; an unusual demand on a 
bank for payment of its notes, and for the return of 
deposits ; distance sailed by a ship ; a voyage : run'- 
ning, imp. : adj. in succession ; kept for the race ; 
being in motion; flowing; successive; continuous; 
easy; discharging matter, as a sore: n. act of mov- 
ing on with celerity; the discharge of a wound or 
sore: run, pp. run: ran, pt. ran, did run: runner, 
n. run'ner, he who or that which runs ; a messen- 
ger ; a pulley ; a wheel ; the support of a sleigh ; in 
oot., a leafy shoot; a slender prostrate stem rooting 
at the joints : to let run, to allow to pass or move 
freely: to run after,. to pursue or follow; to endeav- 
our to obtain: to run amuck, to run wildly and 
madly; to act entirely without discrimination: to 
run at, to attack with sudden violence : to run away, 
to flee ; to elope : to run away with, to carry off ; 
to drag rapidly and with violence, as a horse run- 
ning off: to run down, to chase to exhaustion, as a 
fox ; to crush or overthrow ; to traduce or censure : to 
run down a coast, to sail along it : to run down a ship, 
to run against her and sink her : to run on, to continue 
in the same line or course : to run out, to waste ; to 
exhaust ; to come to an end : to run over, to over- 
flow ; to recount cursorily ; to go over, as by riding or 
driving; to examine : to run not, to go to the utmost 
excess: to run through, to expend; to waste; to 
pierce, as with a sword : to run up, to build hastily, 
as a house ; to swell or increase, as an account ; to 
erect: in the long-run, at last; in the end or final 
result : the common run, the generality of people ; or- 
dinary course or kind : a sheep-run, a range or large 
extent of ground for feeding a flock : running-fight, a 
fight between a party pursuing and a party fleeing : 
running-fire, t^e fire of troops in rapid succession: 
running-knot, a kind of knot made to draw or slip 
easily, as on a snare for catching rabbits : running- 
rigging, those parts of a ship's rigging or ropes which 
pass through blocks : running-title, the title of a book 
continued from page to page on the upper margin- 
called also a heading. 

runagate, n. run'-dgdt (Eng. run, and old Eng. gate, 
a way), a refugee or runaway ; a fugitive ; an apostate ; 
a renegade. 

runaway, n. run'-d-ivd (run, and away), a fugitive ; 
one who flies from danger or restraint. 

runcinate, a. run'-sl-ndt (L. runcinatum, to plane 
off; runcina, a large saw), in hot., applied to a leaf 
having large marginal divisions directed in a curved 
and serrated manner towards the base. 

rundle, n. run'-dl (Ger. rund, circular: Eng. round), 
a round ; a step of a ladder. 

rundlet, n. rund'let, also runlet, n. run'ISt (a dim. 
of Eng. round: old F. rondelle, a rundlet), a small 
cask or barrel. 

Rune, n. ron (Goth, runa, a mystery, a furrow or 
line : Icel. run, plu. runir, Runic letters : AS. run, 
a magical character), a Runic letter or character : plu. 
Runic letters or poetry: Runic, a. rd'-nlk, pert, to 
the anc. Goths, or their language and letters : n. the 
letters of the alphabet of the anc. Scandinavians, prin- 
cipally formed of straight lines. 

rung, pp. of the verb ring, which see. 

rung, n. rung (Goth, rugga, a staff: Gael, rong ; 
Icel. raung, a staff, the rib of a boat), a staff; a spoke ; 
a step of a ladder ; a spar ; a floor-timber in a ship. 

runlet— see rundlet. 

runner, running— see run. 

runnet— see rennet. 

runt, n. runt (Scot, runt, a cabbage-stalk: prov. 
Eng. runt, dead stump of a tree : Ger. rump/, a trunk), 
an old woman or withered hag; a poor, lean, and 
sorry animal below the usual size. 



rupee, n. rt-pe' (Hind, rupah, a rupee— from Sans. 
rdpya, silver), an East Indian current coin— the gold 
rupee value in sterling money about 29s., the silver 
rupee about 2s. 

rupestris, a. r6-p6s-trls (L. rupes, a rock), in oot, 
growing naturally on rocks. 

rupture, n. rup'-tur or -chobr (F. rupture, a rupture 
—from L. rupAum, to burst, to rend), state of being 
broken or violently parted ; a fracture ; a breach ; open 
hostility ; a tumour caused by the protrusion of a part 
of the bowels ; hernia : v. to part by violence ; to burst ; 
to suffer a breach or disruption : rupturing, imp. : 
ruptured, pp. -turd. 

rural, a. ro'-ral (F. rural, rural— from L. ruralis, 
belonging to the country— from rus, the country: It. 
rurale), pert, to the country, as distinguished from the 
city or town ; pert, to farming : ru'rally, ad. -U : ru'- 
ralness, n. -nes, the state or quality of being rural : 
ru'raiise, v. -lz, to ramble in the country ; to lead a 
country life : ru'rali'sing, imp. -zing : ru'ralised, pp. 
-Xzd : ru'ralist, n. -1st, one who leads a rural life : rural 
dean, one having, under the bishop, the special Tire 
and inspection of the clergy within a certain district. 

ruse, n. roz (F. ruse, cunning), means employed to 
deceive ; a little artifice or stratagem ; a clever trick 
or stratagem. 

rush, v. rush (Ger. rauschen, to rustle, to whisper, 
as the wind among bushes, to move swiftly: Dut. 
ruysschen, to roar, to groan : Norm, rusk, noise, rattle), 
to tumble down with rapidity, as a stream ; to move 
with force or violence ; to enter with undue haste or 
eagerness : n. a violent motion or course ; a driving 
forward with eagerness and haste : rush'ing, imp. : 
adj. moving with impetuosity : n. a violent driving of 
anything; rapid course: rushed, pp. rusht: rusher, 
n. -er, one who or that which rushes. 

rush, n. rush (AS. rise; Low Ger. rusk, a rush— the 
rush being probably so called from its whispering 
sound when moved by the wind : AS. hriscian, to 
make a rustling noise : Sw. ruska, to shake), a plant 
of many species growing on wet ground ; anything 
worthless or of little value: rush -like, a. weak: 
rushed, a. rusht, covered with or made of rushes: 
rushy, a. rush'-i, abounding with rushes : rush'iness, 
n. -nes, the state of abounding with rushes : rush- 
bottomed, a. having a bottom made of rushes : rush- 
light, a night-light having a wick of rush-pith. 

rusk, n. rusk (probably only a corruption of Eng. 
rasp, in allusion to its surface having the appearance 
of the rasped crust of bread : Sp. raspar, to scrape : 
Scot, rusk, to scratch), bread or cake sliced and ex- 
posed in a slow oven until of a pale-brown colour, used 
as food for infants and invalids ; a small light cake. 

Russ, a. riis, pert, to Russia: n. the Russian lan- 
guage : Russian, a. rush-da, pert, to Russia : n. a 
native of Russia, or the language. 

russet, a. rus'-sSt (F. roux; It. rosso; L. russus, red), 
of a reddish-brown colour ; home-spun : n. a country 
dress: rus'sety, a. -tl, of a russet colour: rus'set or 
rus'seting, n. a variety of apple having a rough skin 
and russet colour. 

rust, n. rust (Ger. rost; Dut. roest, rust), the coating 
formed on most metals when exposed to the air or 
moisture ; the reddish matter formed on iron or steel ; 
loss of power or ability by inactivity or want of use; 
foul or extraneous matter ; a disease in grain : v. to 
gather extraneous matter; to become rusty; to lose 
ability or power by want of use ; to degenerate in idle- 
ness : rusting, imp. : rusted, pp. : rusty, a. rust'-i, 
covered with rust or extraneous matter ; surly ; hav- 
ing a rusty appearance and rancid flavour, as bacon ; 
impaired by inaction or neglect of use ; rough : rust'- 
ily, ad. -i-li: rust'iness, n. -nes, the state of being 
rusty. 

rustic, a. rus'-ttk (L. rv g to the coun- 

try, rurafc— from L. rus, the country : It. rustico : F. 
rustique), pert, to the country; rural; having the 
manners of those living in the country ; plain ; rude ; 
untaught ; awkward ; honest ; simple ; unadorned : 
n. an inhabitant of the country ; a peasant : rus'ti- 
cal, a. -ti-kdl, rough ; rude : rus'tically, ad. -It : rus'- 
ticalness, n. -n8s, the quality of being rustical : rus- 
ticity, n. rus-tis'i-tl, rustic manners; simplicity: rus- 
ticate, v. rus'-ti-kat, to dwell or reside in the country ; 
to banish from a university or college for a time : rus'- 
ticating, imp. : rus'ticated, pp.: rus'tica'tion, n. -kd- 
shun, residence in the country ; state of being rus- 
ticated: rustic chair, a chair or seat made of the 
undressed branches or boughs of trees, or made to 



mate, mdt,fdr, law; mete, met, Mr; pine, pin; note, nut, mCve; 



RUST 



543 



SACK 



resemble such: rustic-work, in arch., roughiy-c< 
strueted masonry, in which the surfaces of stones ; 
left in a rough unhewn state nearly as they came from 
the quarry. 

rustle, v. rus'-l (AS. hristlan; Low Ger. russeln ; 
Ger. rasseln, to rustle, to rattle : Sw. ruskla, to move 
with a slight noise— an imitative word), to make a low 
rattling noise, as the rubbing or movement of silk, 
dry leaves, &e. : rustling, imp. rus'ling: adj. making 
a low slight sound, as of silk cloth when shaken or 
rubbed : n. a quick succession of low short sounds, as 
of a rubbing or moving among leaves or dry straw : 
rustled, pp. -hi: rustler, n. -ler, one who rustles. 

rut, n. rtH (F. ruit or rut, the lust of deer or boars : 
Bret, ruda, to be on heat: Swiss, ruden, to bellow: 
Sp. ruido, noise, uproar), the engendering or copula- 
tion of deer or boars: v. to engender as deer: raf- 
ting, imp.: rut 'ted, pp.: rut'tish. a. -tlsh, lustful; 
wanton. 

rut, n. rut (F. route ; It. rotaia, the track of a wheel 
—from L. rota, a wheel : akin to Sans, ratha, a chariot), 
the track of a wheel ; a line cut in the soil with a 
spade : v. to cut into ruts, as a road ; to cut a line on 
the soil with a spade : rafting, imp. : rafted, pp. : 
ruf ty, a. -ti, full of ruts. 

rath, n. rdth (AS. hreowan, to be sorry for, to rue: 
Ger. reue; old Ger. hriuu-a, mourning: Icel. hryggr, 
sorrowful — see rue), pitifulness ; sorrow ; regret ; 



mercy: ruth'ful, a. -fool, pitiful; tender: ruth'fully, 

ad. -li,— are used in poetry only: rath'less, a. -les, 
cruel; pitiless; insensible to the miseries of others: 
ruthlessly, ad. -li: ruthlessness, n. -nes, want of 
compassion ; insensibility to the miseries of others. 

ruthenium, n. ro-the'-ni-um, a grey metal, very hard 
and brittle, and very fusible, extracted from the ore 
of platinum. 

ratile, n. ro'-tll (L. rutilus, red, shining), titanic 
acid of a dark-red colour, or reddish brown, occurring 
in four or eight sided prisms, massive, and in crystals 
—a mineral found in many places in Scotland : m'til- 
ite, n. -it, native titanate and silicate of lime, used 
in painting porcelain. 

ratter, n. rut'-tir (Ger. ritter), a horse-soldier; a 
rider; a trooper. 

ryacolite, n. ri-dk'0-lU (Gr. rhuax, a lava-stream, 
and lithos, a stone), a mineral of a white or grey col- 
our, with a vitreous lustre, resembling glassy felspar. 

ryder, n. ri'-der, a clause added to a document; also 
spelt rider— see ride. 

rye, n. rl (AS. rige; Dut. rogge ; Dan. rug; W. rhyg, 
rye), a cereal of a quality inferior to wheat, but more 
hardy, and hence much cultivated in northern coun- 
tries : rye-grass, one of the grasses cultivated for pas- 
ture and hay ; a kind of barley. 

ryot, n. n'-ot (Hind.), in Hindostan, a farmer or cul- 
tivator of the soil. 



Sabaism, n. sd'-bd-izm, also Sabalsm, sd-b&'-lzm— see 
Sabian, &c. 

Sabaoth, n. sd-bd'-oth (Heb. sebaoth, the plu. of 
saba, an army or host), armies; hosts; used only in 
the Scripture phrase of " Lord of Sabaoth." 

Sabbath, n. sab-bath (Heb. Shabbath, the Sabbath— 
from shabath, to rest from labour: Gr. Sabbaton), the 
day or time of rest ; the day of cessation from all or- 
dinary labour or employment ; among the anc. and 
modern Jews, the seventh day of the week ; among 
Christians, the first day of the week ; the Lord's Day ; 
Sunday; among the Jews, the Sabbatical year. Note.— 
In strict propriety, the first day of the week is " the 
Lord's Day, " or, as generally spoken of, ' ' Sunday " ; the 
seventh day of the week is "the Sabbath," or, as gen- 
erally spoken of, "Saturday." Sab'bathless, a. -lis, 
■without repose from labour: Sabbath-breaker, one 
who profanes the Sabbath: Sabbath-breaking, the 
breaking or profaning of the Sabbath : Sabbatarian, 
a. sdb'-bd-td'-rl-dn, pert, to the Sabbath : n. a rigid 
observer of the Sabbath ; one who keeps the Sabbath 
on the seventh day : Sab'bata'rianism, n. -ri-an-izm, 
the tenets of the Sabbatarians : Sabbatic, a. sd-bdt- 
Ik, also Sabbatical, a. -ikal, pert, to or resembling 
the Sabbath ; enjoying or bringing rest : Sabbath- 
day's Journey, a distance of nearly a mile, which the 
Jews were allowed to travel on the Sabbath : Sabbat- 
ical year, every seventh year, in which the Israelites 
did not till their fields or vineyards : Sab'batism, n. 
-tizra, rest. 

Sabellian, n. sd-Ul'li-dn, a follower of SabeUius, a 
philosopher in the third century, who taught that 
there is only one person in the Godhead, and that the 
Son and Holy Spirit are only different attributes, 
emanations, or functions of God the Father : adj. 
pert, to Sabelli ;rines: Sabel'lianism, n. 

-ism, the tenets of SabeUius. 

Sabian, n. sa'-bi-dn, also Sabsean, n. sd-be'-dn (Heb. 
saba, an army or host— applied particularly to the 
heavenly host of the angels, or to the celestial bodies), 
a worshipper of the host of heaven ; one of an early 
sect of Christians, called also Christians of St John 
(Sabiin, or washers, a term applied by the Mohammed- 
ans to the professors of a mixed creed of Parsees and 
Gnostics, from their frequent ablutions) : adj. pert, to 
the Sabians or their worship : Salrianism, n. -izm, 
also Sabaeanism, n. sd-be'dn-izm, the worship or doc- 
trines of the Sabians. 

sable, n. sd'bl (It. zibellino ; Ger. zobel; Pol. sobol, 
the sable), an animal of the weasel kind, found in the 
northern parts of Asia, chiefly hunted for its black 
glossy fur; the fur of the animal: adj. black; very 



sabre, n. sa'-ber (F. sabre; Ger. sabel, a sword : Hung. 
szablya, a sword— from szabjii, to cut), a sword with 
a broad and heavy blade, thick at the back, and hav- 
ing the edge a little curved backwards at the point : 
v. to wound or kill, as with a sabre : sa'bring, imp. 
-ing -. sa'bred, pp. -bird. 

sabretasche or sabretache, n. sdb'-er-tash (F. sabre, 
a sword, and Ger. tasche, a pocket), a leathern case 
or pocket worn by a cavalry officer at the left side, and 
suspended from the sword-belt. 

sabulous, a. sdb'-ii-lus (L. sabulum, sand), sandy ; 
gritty: sab ulos ity, n. -I0s'i-ti, sandiness ; grittiness. 

sac, n. sdk (AS. sac), in Eng. laiu, the ancient privi- 
lege enjoyed by the lord of a manor of holding courts. 

sac, n. sdk (AS. sacc; F. sac; L. succus, asack, a bag), 
a bag or membranous receptacle. 

saccade, n. sdkkad' (F. saccade, a jerk), a sudden 
check or jerk with the bridle. 

saccate, a. sdk'kdt, also sac'cated, a. (L. saccus, a 
bag), in hot., furnished with a sac, or having the form 
of one ; gibbous towards the summit. 

saccharic, a. sdk-kar-ik (L. saccharum, sugar), ap- 
plied to an acid formed during the action of nitric acid 
on sugar or gum: sacchariferous, a. sak'-kd-rif'-er-iis 
(L. fero, I produce), yielding sugar : saccharify, v. sdk- 
kdr'-i-fi (L. facio, I make), to convert into sugar : sac- 
charifying, imp.: saccharified, pp. -fid: saccharine, 
a. sdk-kd-rln, pert, to sugar; having the qualities of 
sugar ; sweet : n. the uncrystaUised sugar of malt-wort : 
saccharine fermentation, the fermentation by which 
starch is converted into sugar, as in the process of 
malting : sac'charite, n. -rit, a species of felspar, found 
in fine granula t lit e colour : sac'charoid, 

a. -rdyd, also sac'charoi'dal, a. -rdy'-ddl (Gr. eidos, re- 
semblance), having a texture resembling that of loaf- 
sugar: sac'charom'eter, n. -rom'-e-ter (Gr. metron, a 
measure), an instr. for indicating the quantity of sac- 
charine matter in a liquid, as in brewers' worts : sac'- 
charam, n. -rilm, a species of plants, widely distributed 
through the tropical parts of the world, from which 
sugar is obtained, including the sugar-cane. 

saccholactic, a. sdMko-l -(arum, sugar, 

and lac, milk), applied to an acid obtained from the 
sugar of milk, or from gum— now called mucic acid. 

saccule, n. sdk'-iil (L. sacculus, a little bag— from 
saccus, a bag), a little sac ; a satchel ; a cyst or cell. 

sacerdotal, a. sds-er-do'tdl (L. sacerdotalis, sacer- 
dotal—from sacerdos, a priest— from sacer, sacred, 
and do, I give), pert, to priests or the priesthood; 
priestly: sac erdo tally, ad. -tal-ll: sac'erdo'talism, 
n. -izm, the spirit of the priesthood. 

sachel, n. sach'61— see satchel. 

sachem, n. sa'chem, a chief among some of the In- 
: sribes of N. America. 

sack, n. sdk (AS. sacc; L. saccus; Gr. sakkos; Heb. 



coiv, boy, foot ; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



SACK 



544 



SAFE 



sak, a bag), a large bag made of coarse cloth or can- 

-,, ;■ nicasun of 3bushelsj '280 lb. of corn, meal, or 
flour ; 3G4 lb. of wool in Eng. ; a rude coarse cloak 
of our ancestors ; a loose upper garment : sack'ful, 
n. -fool, as much as a sack will hold : sacking, n. 
the coarse cloth of which sacks or bags are made: 
sackcloth, n. -Moth (sack, and cloth), coarse rough 
cloth worn for mortification, or as a mark of mourning 
or distress. 

sack, n. sdk (F. sec; old Eng. seek, sack— from L. 
siccus; Sp. seco, dry), a name given to different sorts 
of dry wine extensively used in England in the 16th 
century ; a variety of sweet wine : sack-posset, a posset 
made of sack- wine, milk, and some other ingredients. 

sack, v. sdk (Sp. saquear ; F. saccager, to sack a 
town, so called from the use of a sack in removing 
plunder— from L. saccus, a sack or bag : Dut. sacken, 
to put up in sacks, to plunder), to plunder or pillage, 
as a town or city : n. the pillage or plunder of a town 
or city, as by soldiery; devastation: sack'ing, imp.: 
sacked, pp. sdkt : sack'age, n. -aj, the act of storming 
and plundering a place : sack'er, n. -er, one who sacks : 
to give the sack, to dismiss from employment— that 
is, to send off bag and baggage. 

sackbut, n. sak'but (F. saquebute, a sackbut— from 
Sp. sacabuche, a sackbut, the tube of a pump— from 
sacar, to draw, and buche, the stomach,— as if the 
breath, in using the instrument, were drawn up from 
the stomach), a kind of trombone ; a kind of trumpet 
drawn out or shortened by means of sliders, used as a 
bass in concerts ; a kind of harp or lyre. 

sackcloth, sacking— see sack 1. 

sacral— see sacrum. 

sacrament, n. sdk'-rd-m&nt (L. sacramentum, a sol- 
emn obligation or engagement, an oath— from sacer, 
sacred: It. sacramento: F. sacrement), a solemn relig- 
ious rite instituted by Christ to be observed by His 
followers ; the Lord's Supper ; the Eucharist ; baptism ; 
an outward and visible sign of an inward and spirit- 
ual grace ; in the JR. Cath. and Gr. Ch., baptism, the 
Eucharist, marriage, penance, confirmation, orders, 
and extreme unction, are called sacraments : sae'ra- 
ment'al, a. -ment'dl, pert, to a sacrament; constitut- 
ing a sacrament : sac'rament'ally, ad.-Zi : sae'rament'- 
als, n. plu. -dlz, rites which are of a sacramental char- 
acter, but are not sacraments : sae'ramenta'rian, n. 
-ta'rl-dn, one who differs from the Church of Rome in 
regard to the sacraments : adj. pert, to the sacraments : 
sae'ramen'tary, n. -ter-l, an anc. book of the Church 
of Rome, containing the prayers and ceremonies used 
in the celebration, of the Eucharist : adj. pert, to the 
Eucharist. 

sacrarium, n. sd-krd'ri-um (L. sacrarium, a shrine 
—from sacer, sacred), among the anc. Romans, a do- 
mestic chapel devoted to some particular divinity ; 
the adytum of a temple. 

sacred, a. sa'kred (old Eng. sacre, to set apart, to 
consecrate ; sacred, set apart : F. sacri, sacred— from 
sacrer, to consecrate, to swear— from L. sacer, sacred, 
accursed), pert, to God, or to His worship ; pert, to 
religion or religious uses ; not profane ; inviolable : 
sa'credly, ad. -li: sa'credness, n. -nSs, the state of 
being sacred ; the state of being consecrated to God, 
or to His worship ; holiness. 

sacrifice, n. sdk'ri-fls (L. sacrificium, a sacrifice— 
from sacer, sacred, and facio, I make), the act of offer- 
ing and burning a victim on an altar in honour of 
God, or of a heathen deity ; the thing offered in sacri- 
fice ; loss made or incurred to effect some object, or to 
oblige another : v. to offer to God in worship, or to a 
heathen deity, a slain victim on an altar ; to destroy 
or give up for the sake of something else ; to make 
offerings to God on an altar : sae'rificing, imp. : sac- 
rificed, pp. -flzt: sae'rificer, n. -fi'zer: sac'rifici'al, 
a. -fish' 01, performing sacrifices; including or con- 
sisting in sacrifice: sac'rifici'ally, ad. -II: sacrific, a. 
sa-krlf'ik, also sacrif'ical, a. -i-kdl, employed in sac- 
rifice : sacrif'icant, n. -kdnt, one who offers a sacrifice. 

sacrilege, n. sdk'rl-lej (L. sacrilegium, sacrilege— 
from sacer, sacred, and legere, to gather or take un- 
justly : It. sacrilegio : F. sacrilege), the profanation of 
anything, or anyplace, dedicated to the service of God ; 
the crime of stealing sacred things, particularly out of 
churches: sac'rile'gious, a. -le'jus, violating sacred 
things; containing sacrilege : sac'rile'giousiy, ad. -li: 
sac'rile'giousness, n. -nes, the quality of being sacrile- 
gious : sac 'rile 'gist, n. -jist, one guilty of sacrilege. 

* i ci t stan; It. sag- 

rista, a sacristan— from L. sacer, sacred), a person 



employed in a cathedral to copy out music for the 
choir, and to take care of the books ; in some places, 
a minor canon: sacristan, n. sdk'ris-tdn, one who 
has the care of the utensils and other movables of 
the church; one who prepares the graves for the 
dead, and keeps the church clean— usually written 
sexton : sae'risty, n. -tl, an apartment in a church 
where the sacred utensils, vestments, &c, are kept— 
now usually called vestry. 

sacrum or os-sacrum, n. os'sd'krum (L. os, a bone, 
and sacrum, sacred), in anat., the bone which forms 
the termination or basis of the vertebral column: 
sacral, a. sa'-krul, relating to the sacrum. 

sad, a. sdd (W. sad, wise, sober: Low Ger. sade, 
rest, quiet— from setten, to set or fix: Dan. sat, se- 
date), sorrowful ; melancholy ; gloomy ; depressed by 
grief or affliction ; serious or grave ; calamitous, as an 
event ; as a word of burlesque or familiar complaint, 
inconvenient ; vexatious ; bad : sad'der, comp. -der, 
more sad : sad'dest, superl. -dist, most sad : sad'ly, 
ad. -li : sad'ness, n. -Tie's, the state or quality of being 
sad ; heaviness ; sorrowfulness. 

sadda— see sadder. 

sadden, v. sdd'n (from sad, which see), to make sad 
or sorrowful; to become sad: saddening, imp. sdd' 
ning: saddened, pp. sdd'nd. 

sadder, n. sdd-der, also sad'da, n. -dd (Pers. sad- 
dar, the hundred gates or ways— from sad, a hundred, 
and dar, a gate, a way), a summary or abridgment 
of the Zendavesta or sacred books of the anc. Persians, 
in modern Persian. 

saddle, n. sdd'dl (Dut. sadel ; Ger. sattel, a saddle : L. 
sedile, a seat), a seat placed on the horse's back for 
the rider to sit on ; among seamen, a block of wood 
nailed on the lower yard-arms: v. to put a saddle 
on; to load; to burden: sad'dling, imp. -ling: sad'- 
dled, pp. -Id: sad'dler, n. -ler, one who makes or 
sells saddles: sad'dlery, n. -I, materials for sad- 
dles; articles sold by saddlers: saddle of mutton, 
of venison, &c, two loins of mutton, venison, &c., 
cut together : saddle-back, in geol. , a familiar term 
foranticlinal strata, from their sloping or dipping right 
and left in saddle form ; a hill constituting a ridge : 
saddle-backed, a. shaped like a saddle : saddle-bags, 
two bags of leather united by straps to be thrown 
across the horse's back, one hanging on each side: 
saddle-bow, the pieces which form the arched form 
of a saddle : saddle-cloth, a cloth under a saddle, 
and extending behind it: saddle-girth, the band or 
girth which passes under the horse's belly to fasten 
the saddle : saddle-horse, a horse suitable for riding, 
or trained for it: saddle-shaped, a. in bot., bending 
down at the sides so that a rounded form is given to 
the upper part : saddle-tree, the framework of a sad- 
dle : to put the saddle on the right horse, to impute 
blame where it is really deserved : well or firm in the 
saddle, firmly seated or settled. 

Sadducees, n. sdd'du-sez, (from Sadoc, the founder 
of the sect, about 250 B.C.), a sect among the anc. 
Jews who denied the resurrection of the dead, or the 
existence of angels or spirits, and who adhered to the 
written law alone : Sad'duce'an, a. -se'dn, of or pert, 
to the Sadducees : Sad'duce'ism, n. -izm, the tenets of 
the Sadducees. 

sadly, sadness— see sad. 

safe, a. sdf (F. sauf; It. salvo; L. salvus, safe), free 
from danger or risk ; secure ; no longer dangerous ; 
placed beyond the power of doing harm ; certain : n. a 
box or press, generally detached, and hung on a wall, 
usually covered with wire-cloth or perforated zinc, in 
which meats may be kept cool ; a fireproof chest or 
closet for containing money, valuable documents, and 
the like: safe'ly, ad. -li: safe'ness, n. -nes, also safe'- 
ty, n. -ti, the condition or quality of being safe ; free- 
dom from harm or danger ; trustworthiness, as insu- 
ring against harm or loss ; the quality of making safe 
or secure : safe-conduct (F. sauf -conduit), that which 
give3 a safe passage in times of danger ; convoy ; pass- 
port : safeguard, a convoy or guard to protect a trav- 
eller, or a party, in times of war or danger ; that which 
secures safety ; defence ; protection : safe-keeping, the 
act of keeping or preserving in safety : safety-arch, 
an arch formed in a wall, as over a door or window : 
safety-belt, a belt constructed of some light material, 
or capable of being inflated with air, for enabling a 
person to float in water ; a life-preserver : safety-buoy, 
an article constructed of very light materials, general- 
ly in the form of a circle, to be thrown into water to 
enable persons to float till they are rescued : safety- 






mate, mdt,f&r, law; mete, mSt, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, mdve; 



SAFFL 



545 



SALE 



lamp, a lamp covered with wire-gauze for use in mines : 
safety -plug, a plusr of fusible metal placed in an ori- 
fice iii a steam-boiler, so that should the temperature 
of its fusing-point be reached, danger is lessened by 
its melting and letting out water and steam : safety- 
valve, a valve in the boiler of a steam-engine which 
opens when the pressure within becomes too great for 
safety. 

safflower, n. sdffldtv-r (from Eng. saffron, and 
floiver), a kind of saffron; its dried flowers; a deli- 
cate and beautiful red colour obtained from it. 

saffron, n. sdf'-ron (F. safran: Dut. saffraan : Ger. 
saffrati), the dried stigmata of bulbous-rooted plants 
allied to the crocus : adj. having the colour of saffron 
flowers; yellow. 

sag, v. sdg (Scot, seg, to sink, as liquids in a cask 
from absorption : Gael, sug, to imbibe ; sugh, to 
drain, to dry up : Ger. sickern, to drain away, to ooze : 
AS. sigan, to suck in), to sink gradually down; to 
be depressed; to incline from an upright position: 
to cause to bend or give way : sag'ging, imp. : sagged, 
pp. sdgd: adj. overloaded : to sag to leeward, in nuv., 
to make a considerable leeway. 

saga, n. sd'gd, plu. sagas, -gas, the heroic tales and 
myths of the races of northern Europe. 

sagacious, a. sd-gd'shus (L. sagax, wise, foreseeing 
—gen. sagacis : It. and F. sagace), acute; discerning ; 
foreseeing : shrewd ; intelligent : saga'ciously, ad. -U : 
saga'ciousness, n. -nes, also sagacity, n. sd-gds'i-ti, 
the quality of being sagacious ; acuteness ; penetra- 
tion. 

sagamore, n. sdg'dmOr, a chief among some tribes 
of Amer. Indians. 

sagapenum, n. sdg'd-pe'-ii iim (Gr. sagapenon), a fetid 
gum-resin brought from the Eas* ~~ 

sagathy, n. sdg'-d-thi (Sp. sag.. 
silk and cotton ; a kind of serge. 

sage, a. sdj (F. sage; It. savio or saggio, wise, sage 
—from L. sagus, presaging, prophetic— from sagio, 
I perceive quickly), wise; prudent; proceeding from 
wisdom; grave; well-judged: n. a wise man; a man 
venerable in years, and renowned for wisdom and 
gravity; a grave philosopher: sage'ly, ad. -II: sage'- 
ness, n. -n<?s, the quality of being sage ; wisdom ; pru- 
dence; sagacity. 

sage, n. sdj (F. sauge, sage— from L. salvia, sage: 
It. salvia), an aromatic garden herb, employed in 
cookery as a condiment, and in medicine : sagy, a. 
sa'-jl, full of sage ; seasoned with sage. 

sagger, n. sdg'ger (prov. Eng. saggard; a probable 
corruption of safeguard), a clay used to make the pots 
in which earthenware is baked ; the pots are then 
called saggers or seggers. 

sagitta, n. sd-jit'-td (L. sagitta, an arrow or dart), 
an arrow: one of the old constellations: sagittal, 
a. sdj'lt-tdl, pert, to or resembling an arrow: sag'itta'- 
rius, n. -td'ri-iis (L. Sagittarius, an archer), one of the 
twelve signs of the zodiac, which the sun enters on 
•J2d November : sag'ittary, a. -ter-l, pert, to an arrow : 
n. a centaur, a fabled animal, half man, half horse, 
arrned with a bow and quiver : sagittate, a. -tat, in 
tot., shaped like the head of an arrow: sagittal 
suture, in anat., the suture which unites the parietal 
bones of the skull. 

sago, n. sd'gO Ola lay, sagu, bread), a kind of starch 
cranulated, obtained from the pith of several species 
of palms. 

sagum, n. sd'-gum (L.), in anc. Rome, the military 
cloak worn by common soldiers and inferior officers, 
made of wool, and open in front, and usually fast- 
ened across the shoulders. 

sagy— see sage •_'. 

sahlite, n. sd'llt (Salila, in Sweden, and Gr. lithos, 
a stone), a massive variety of augite of a dingy-green 
colour. 

saic, n. sd'ik (Turk. sJiaika: F. saique), a Turkish 
or Grecian sailing-vessel, common in the Levant. 

said, v. sed (from say, which see), pt. and pp. of 
the verb say ; uttered; declared; reported; before- 
mentioned. 

sail, n. sal (Ger. segel; Icel. segl, a sail: W. siglo, 
to shake, to rock), a sheet of strong canvas which, 
when spread out in a ship, catches the wind to im- 
pel it through the water— there are many sails in a 
ship, and each one has a different name ; a ship or 
ships ; an excursion in a ship ; in poetry, wings : v. 
to be moved or impelled by the force of the wind on 
sails, as a ship on water; to begin a voyage; to float 
or pass smoothly along ; to fly without striking with 
cdv.i, boy, fool; pure, bud; chair, 



the wings, as a bird: sail'ing, imp.: n. art of direct- 
ing a ship by means of adiart : sailed, pip. said : sail - 
er, n. -er, a "vessel with reference to her speed or sail- 
ing qualities : sail'or, n. -er, a seaman ; a mariner : 
sail'less, a. -les, without a sail: sail-cloth, cloth of 
which sails are made : sailing-master, the officer who 
directs the navigation of a ship of war : sail-yard, a 
yard or spar on which a sail is extended: to loose 
sails, to unfurl them: to make sail, to extend an 
additional quantity of sail : to set sail, to begin a 
voyage: to shorten sail, to take in a part ot the 
sails: to strike sail, to lower the sails suddenly: full 
sail, with all sails set : under sail, having the sails 
spread. 

sainfoin, n. san'fdfm (F. sain, wholesome, and/oi'n, 
hay), a leguminous plant which grows luxuriously ori 
calcareous mountains, cultivated for feeding cattle. 

saint, n. sdnt (F. saint; It. santo, a saint; — from L. 
sa7ictus, holy), a holy person ; one of the blessed in 
heaven ; one canonised by the R. Cath. Ch.: v. to can- 
onise; to act with a show of piety: saint ing, imp.: 
sainted, pp.: adj. sacred; holy; entered into ever- 
lasting happiness : n. sometimes used simply for "the 
dead": saintly, a. -li, also saint-like, a. resembling 
or becoming a saint: sainthood, n. the state of 
being a saint ; the united body of saints : saintship, 
n. the character or qualities of a saint : saints-bell, a 
small church bell rung to call attention to certain 
solemn parts of the service of the mass : St Anthony's 
fire, erysipelas, so called as supposed to have been 
cured by that saint : St Cuthbert's beads, a popular 
term for the detached bead-like joints of the eneri- 
nites : St George's ensign, the distinguishing badge 
of ships of the royal navy, consisting of a red cross on 
a white field, with the union-jack in the upperquarter 
next the mast : St Peter's finger, an old and familiar 
term for belenmitrs, manv of which have a finger-like 
form : St Vitus's dance, a disease affecting the muscles 
of voluntary motion: Saint Simonian, -sl-mo'-nl-dn, 
a follower of Saint Simon, who recommended a com- 
munity of property as a cure for all social evils, and 
who died 1852. 

sake.n. sdk (AS. sacu, contention, dispute: Low Ger. 
sake, suit at law; saken, to complain: Ger. sache, a 
complaint, an affair), final cause; end; purpose of 
obtaining ; regard to any person or thing. 

saker, n. sd'kir (F. sacre ; It. sagro, a saker— from 
L. sacer, sacred), a hawk ; a species of falcon ; in former 
tirnes, a small cannon: sa'keret, n. -tt, the male of the 
saker hawk. 

sal, n. sdl (L. sal, salt), a word much used by the 
older chemists as a prefix, as sal-volatile, n. sul'vo- 
Idt'l-lS, popularly pronuiinced rOt-a-tli[L. volatile salt), 
the popular name for ammonia. 

salaam, n. sd-lam', same as salam, which see. 

salacious, a. sd-ld'shus (L. salax, lustful— gen. sala- 
ds), lustful: sala'ciously, ad. -&: sala'ciousness, n. 
-nes, also salacity, n. sd-lds'i-ti, lust. 

salad, n. sdl'dd (F. saladi ; It. iusalata; Ger. salat, 
a salad), certain herbs, usually seasoned, eaten raw as 
a relish with other food : sal'ading, n. vegetables for 
making a salad : salad-oil, olive-oil used for dressing 
salads, and for culinary purposes. 

salseratus, n., also saleratus, n. sdl'e-rd'tus (L. sal, 
salt, and Eng. aerated), a prepared mixture of car- 
bonate of soda and salt— used by bakers and house- 
keepers v.ith cream of tartar and butter-milk for 
baking bread. 

salam, n. sd-lam' (Ar. salam, peace, safety), the 
Eastern form of salutation, or compliment of cere- 
mony or respect ; peace be with you. 

salamander, n. sdl'-d-mdn'der (L. or Gr. salarnan- 
dra), a fabulous animal, said to have been able to live 
amongst fire ; a reptile of the lizard kind : sal'aman'- 
drine, a. -drln, pert, to a salamander; enduring fire: 
salamander's hair, amianthus and asbestos. 

sal-ammoniac, n. sal'-dm-mo'ni-dk (see sal, and am- 
monia), a salt of a sharp acrid taste— much used in 
the mechanic arts, and in pharmacy. 

salamstein, n. sdl'dm-stin, also sal'am-stone, n. 
-ston (Ger. stein, a stone), a name applied to the blue 
or Oriental sapphire from Ceylon. 

salary, n. sdl'd-ri (F. salaire; It. salario, salary— from 
L. so.larium, salt-money— from sal, salt), a fixed sum 
paid to a person for his services, yearly, half-yearly, 
or quarterly ; stipend ; wages : v. to fix or pay a salary 
to : sal'aried, a. -rid, having a salary ; receiving a 
salary. 

sale, n. sdl (Icel. selia; AS. sellan, to transfer, to 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



2M 



SALE 



546 



SALT 



sell: Icel. sola, delivery), the exchange of any sort of 
goods for money, or equivalent value; an auction: 
saleable, a. sdl'-d-bl, that may he sold; that finds a 
ready market : sale'ably, ad. -Mi : sale'ableness, n. 
-M-n&s, the state of being saleable : sale-work, work 
made only for sale ; work not executed with the usual 
care : bill of sale— see bill : on sale or for sale, that 
, may be bought ; offered to purchasers : salesman, n. 
sdlz'-mdn, one who attends to the sale of goods; a 
dealer in the way of selling ; one who sells beasts at 
market; a commercial traveller: sale'room, n. -row,, 
the room or department where sales are made ; an 
auction-mart. 

salep, n. sdl'-rp (Turk. ; <//M,), the dried tubes of a 
plant reduced to a granular powder, imported from 
Persia and Asia Minor— spelt also saloop, and some- 
times saleb and salop. 

saleratus— see salaeratus. 

salesman— see sale. 

salic, a. sdl'-lk (F. salique, salic law— derived from 
the laws of the anc. Salian Franks— called in Latin, 
the leges salicce), applied to the law of France, which 
excludes females from the succession to the throne. 

salicine, n. sdl'-i-sln (L. salic, a willow— gen. solids: 
F. salacine), a bitter crystallisable substance ex- 
tracted from the bark of the willow or the poplar : 
sal'icyl'ic acid, -sil'-ik, an acid obtained by the action 
of fused potassa on salicine. 

salient, a. so -u ■ cut (L. sulirns, leaping— gen. salien- 
tis), leaping; beating; springing; projecting outwards, 
as an angle ; forcing itself on the attention ; conspicu- 
ous ; noticeable : sa'liently, ad. -it — sometimes written 
sa'liant when used in heraldry. 

saliferous, a. sd-lif'-er-u<{L. sal, salt, and /fro, I pro- 
duce), yielding or bearing salt ; an epithet applied to 
the New Red Sandstone system. 

salify, v. sdl'-i-fl (L. em, salt, and facio, I make), to 
form into a salt: sal'ifying, imp.: sal'ifled, pp. -fid: 
sallfi'able, a. -fl-d-bl, capable of combining with an 
acid to form a salt : salification, n. -ft-kd-shun, the 
act of salifying. 

saline, a. sd'-lin or sd-llnf (It. salino; F. salin, 
saline— from L. sal, salt), consisting of salt, or consti- 
tuting salt; partaking of the qualities of salt: n. a 
salt-spring: salineness, n. sd-lin'-nSs, the state of 
being saline: salinas, n. plu. sd-li'no.z, the name given 
in S. Amer. to those superficial deposits which often 
occupy extensive plains on the Pacific or rainless side 
of the Andes— usually covered with a white saline 
efflorescence : salination, n. sdl'-i-nd'-shun, a washing 
or steeping in salt liquor : sal'inif'erous, a. -nlf-er-us 
(h.fero, I produce), producing salt: sal'inom'eter, n. 
-nom'-S-ter (Gr. .netron, a measure), an instr. formeasur- 
ing the quantity of salt that may be in solution in the 
water of the boiler of a marine steam-engine, indicated 
by the specific gravity of the water. 

salique, n. sdl'-lk or sd-lek' (F.), same as salic, which 
see. 

■ saliva, n. sd-ll'-vd (L. saliva, spittle: It. saliva: F. 
salive), the frothy fluid which gathers in the mouth- 
discharged from the mouth, it is called spittle: sali'- 
val, a. -vdl, also salivary, a. sdl'-i-ver-%, pert, to saliva ; 
secreting or conveying saliva: salivate, v. -vat, to 
produce an unusual secretion and flow of saliva— 
usually by administering mercury : salivating, imp.: 
salivated, pp.: sallvant, a. -vdnt, producing saliva- 
tion : n. that which produces salivation : sallva'tion, 
n. -vd'-shun, the act or process of producing an ex- 
cessive flow of saliva— usually by mercury : salivous, 
a. sd-li'vus, pert, to saliva, or resembling it. 

sallow, a. ; ' -/, dark in colour: Bav. 

sal, discoloured: F. salir, to dirty), of a pale sickly 
colour, tinged with dark yellow : sal'lowness, n. -nes, 
paleness, tinged with a dark yellow. 

sallow, n. sdl'-lo (AS. salig ; Gael, seileach ; L. salix, 
a willow), a small tree or shrub of the willow kind. 

sally, n. sdl'-ll (F. saillie, a breaking out upon, a 
leap ; saillir, to leap — from L. satire, to leap, to spring), 
a sudden rush of troops from a besieged place to at- 
tack the besiegers ; an excursion ; sprightly exertion ; 
wild gaiety ; a flight of fancy : v. to rush out, as troops 
from a besieged town ; to issue suddenly : sallying, 
imp.: sallied, pp. -lid: sally-port, n. the postern-gate 
in a fortified place. 

salmagundi, n. sdl'-md-gun'-di (F. salmigondis, cor- 
rupted from Sp. salpiron, cold chopped meat sea- 
soned and dressed), a mixture of various ingredients 
with seasoning ; an olio or medley. 

sal-mirabile, n. sdl'-ml-rdb'i-le (L. wonderful salt), a 



term of the older chemists for sulphate of soda, or 
Glauber salts. 

salmon, n. sdm'-un (L. salmo, a salmon— gen. sal- 
monis: It. salmone: F. saumon), a sea-fish, having 
reddish flesh, which ascends rivers to deposit its 
spawn : salm'onet, n. -un-6t, also samlet, n. sum-let, a 
young or little salmon : salmonoid, a. or n. sdl'-mon- 
6yd (Gr. eidos, appearance), a fish of the salmon fam- 
ily: salmonidse, n. plu. sdl-mOu'-i-O.e, the salmon fam- 
ily, including the salmon and the trout tribes: sal- 
mon-fry, the salmon when recently hatched from the 
spawn : salmon-peel, a young salmon : salmon-trout, 
a sea-trout, a migrating fish, next in value to the sal- 
mon. 

saloon, n. sd-lon (F. salon, a large hall : F. salle: It. 
sala, a hall : Icel. salr ; AS. solo, a house, a hall), a 
hall or state-room ; a spacious apartment for the re- 
ception of company. 

saloop, n. sd-ldp, a decoction of salep sweetened— 
see salep. 

salop, n. sdl'-vp—see salep. 

salpinx, n. sdl'-plngks (Gr. salpingx, a trumpet), in 
anat., the Eustachian tube, or channel of communica- 
tion between the mouth and ear. 

sal-prunella, n. sdl'-prO-nel'-ld (L. sal, salt, and Ger. 
prunelle— probably from L. pruna, a burning or live 
coal), a name commonly given to nitre when fused and 
cast into cakes or balls. 

salses, n. plu. sdl'-sez (L. salsus, salted, briny— from 
sal, salt: It. salso, salt), eruptions of hot acidulated 
mud from small orifices, gem-rally in volcanic districts, 
and often accompanied with the emission of steam 
and gases at a high temperature, sometimes inflam- 
mable. 

salsify, n. sdl'-sl-fl (F. sul-ifis: Hp.salsifi), the purple 
goat's-beard or oyster-plant, a culinary and garden 
plant. 

sal-soda, n. sdl-so'-dd (L. sal, salt, and Eng. soda), in 
Amer., a commercial name for carbonate of soda. 

salsola, n. sdl'-sd-ld (L. salsus, salted, salt), a genus 
of plants found chiefly on the sea-shore, many yielding 
kelp and barilla ; salt-wort. 

salt, n. sawlt (L. sal; Gael, salann, salt: W. halen, 
salt ; hallt, salted : Gr. hals, the salt, the sea), a com- 
mon culinary substance, obtained from sea-water, 
salt-springs, and from mines ; in chem., called chloride 
of sodium ; a term applied to a combination of an acid 
with an alkaline base; that which preserves from cor- 
ruption ; figuratively, wit ; piquancy : adj. having the 
taste of salt; impregnated with salt: v. to season, 
sprinkle, or impregnate with salt: salting, imp.: n. 
the act of impregnating with salt: salt'ed, pp.: salt'- 
ern, n. -ern, a salt-work; a salting-tub: saitless, a. 
-les, without salt; insipid: saltish, a. -ish, a little 
salt : saltlshly, ad. -li : saltlshness, n. -n6s, a mod- 
erate degree of saltness : saltly, ad. -li -. salt'ness, n. 
-nes, the quality of being salt ; taste of salt: salts, u. 
plu., familiarly, Epsom salts: salt-cellar, n. -sel'-Urr, a 
vessel for holding salt: salt junk, hard salt beef for 
use at sea: salt-marsh, grass-land subject to be over- 
flowed by sea -water: salt-mine, a place from which 
rock-salt is dug : salt-pan, the vessel in which salt is 
made from sea-water: salt water, sea-water, as op- 
posed to spring or river water; water impregnated 
with salt: salt- wort, a plant— so called because it 
abounds in saline matter : salt of lemons, binoxalate 
of potassa: salt of sorrel, oxalate of potash: salt of 
tartar, carbonate of potash : salt of vitriol, sulphate 
of zinc: salt of wormwood, carbonate of potash. 

saltant, a. soTrU'-ord (L. sultans, dancing— gen. sal' 
tantis — from salto, I leap), leaping; jumping; in her., 
in a leaping position: saltation, n. sdl-td'-shun (L. 
saltatio, a leaping, a dancing), a leaping or dancing; 
palpitation : sal'tatory, a. -tir-i (L. saltator, a dancer), 
leaping or dancing : sal'tato'res, n. plu. -to-rez, those 
insects which possess great powers of leaping, as the 
grasshopper, the locust, &c. 

saltern— see salt. 

saltier, n., alsosaltire, sdl'-ter (F. saultoir, a stirrup 
—from sauter, to mount— from L. saltare, to leap), in 
her., an ordinary in the form of St Andrew's cross- 
that is, the form of an X. 

saltigrades, n. plu. sdl'-ti-grddz (L, saltus, a leap, 
and gradior, I walk), a family of spiders that seize 
their prey by leaping upon it from a distance : salti- 
grade, a. formed for leaping. 

saltish, saltishness— see salt. 

saltpetre, n. sawlt-pe'-ter (L. sal petrce, the salt of 
i rock— from sal, salt, and petra, a rock or stone, a 



mate, mdt.fdr, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, move; 



SALU 



547 



SAND 



salt stone: Ger. salpeter: F. sal pitre), a salt formed 
by the combination of nitric acid with potassa ; 
nitre, found native in loose stony soils, or exuding 
from walls. 

salubrious, a. sdl6'bri-iis (L. salubris, health-bring- 
ing— from salus, health : It. and F. salubre), healthful ; 
favourable to health ; promoting health : salu'briously, 
ad. -II: salu'briousness, n. -nSs, also salubrity, n. 
-bri-ti, healthfulness ; favourableness to the pre- 
servation of health : salutary, a. sdl'-u-ter-i (L. salu- 
taris, heathful), promotive of health or safety ; health- 
ful; wholesome ; contributing to some beneficial pur- 
pose: saJ.'utar'ily, ad. -ter'-i-li: sal'utarlness, n. -nes, 
the quality of contributing to health. 

salute, n. sa-lot' (L. salutare, to wish health to— 
from salus, health, welfare : It. salutare), the expres- 
sion of kind wishes or respects to any one present ; a 
greeting; a kiss; in the army and navy, a mark of 
respect, signified by a discharge of firearms, lowering 
of the flag, &c: v. to address with expressions of kind 
wishes and respect; to greet; to give a passing re- 
cognition to by a bow, &c; to kiss; in the army or 
navn, to honour by a discharge of firearms, striking 
the colours, &c: saluting, imp.: salu'ted, pp.: salu- 
tation, n. sal-O.-tO.'-thutt, a greeting; the act of paying 
respect or reverence in the usual style : saluter, n. 
sd-16'ter, one who salutes : salu'tatory, a. -td-ter-i, 
speaking a welcome; greeting; a term applied in 
the U. S. of Amer. to the introductory lectures at 
colleges. 

salvable, a. sdl'-vd-bl (L. salvus, safe, unbanned), 
that maybe saved ; admitting of salvation : sal'vably, 
ad. -Ml: sal'vabil'ity, n. -bU'-l-tl, the possibility of 
being admitted to everlasting life. 

salvage, n. sdl'vdj {F. salvage or sauvage, salvage— 
from sauver, to save — from L. salvus, saved, pre- 
served), the allowance or compensation paid to those 
by whose exertions a ship, or goods therein, have been 
saved from loss at sea; the goods that have been 
saved : salvor, n. -re;-, one who is entitled to salvage. 

salvatella, n. sdl'vd-tgl'ld (mid. L. salvatum, to 
save — from L. salvus, safe), a vein in the arm termi- 
nating in the fingers, formerly regarded as having 
peculiar influence on the health when opened. 

salvation, n. sdl-vd'shiin (mid. L. salvatio, safety— 
from salvatum, to save— from L. salvus, saved : It. sal- 
vazione: Sp. salvation), preservation; health; deliv- 
erance from enemies ; the redemption of man from 
everlasting death, and the bestowal on him of everlast- 
ing happiness through the merits of Christ Jesus. 

salve, n. sdv (Goth, salbon ; Ger. salven, to anoint : 
AS. seal/, salve), an ointment for healing ; v. to heal 
by the external application of an ointment : salv'ing, 
imp.: salved, pp. s&vd. 

salver, n. sdl'ver (Sp. salva or savilla, a salver), a 
plate or tray on which anything is presented. 

salvo, n. sdl'vo (contracted fromL. salvo jure, saving 
the right— an expression used in reserving rights), an 
exception ; a reservation ; a military salute, as a salvo 
of artillery. 

salvor— see salvage. 

sal-volatile— see under sal. 

samar, n. sd'-mdr, also samara, n. sd'md-rd (L. sa- 
mara, the seed of the elm), in bot., a compressed, few- 
seeded, coriaceous or membranaceous, indehiscent 
pericarp, with a membranaceous expansion at the 
end or edges, as in the ash, maple, and elm : sa'maroid, 
a. -6yd (Gr. eidos, appearance), resembling a samara. 

Samaritan, n. sd-mdr'l-tdn, an inhabitant of Sa- 
maria ; a descendant of the foreign race placed in 
Samaria after the captivity of Israel ; the language ; 
a charitable or benevolent person— in allusion to the 
character of the "good Samaritan" in the parable: 
adj. denoting the ancient characters and alphabet 
used by the Hebrews before the Babylonish captivity, 
and thereafter the language of thi amari i i . ■ 

Sambo, n. sdm'bo (Sp. Zambo), the offspring of a 
negro and a mulatto. 

same, a. sdm (Goth, sama, same : Slav, sam; Euss. 
sayniii, self: Pol. sam, alone: Sans, sama, alike, 
equal), not different or other ; identical ; equal ; that 
was mentioned before : same'ness, n. -nSs, near re- 
semblance ; similarity. 

Samian, a. sd'mt-dn, from the isle of Samos. 

samiel, n. sa'rni-el (Turk, sam-yeli— from Ar. samm, 
poison, and Turk, yel, wind), the hot and poisonous 
wind which often blows in Arabia ; also called the 
simoom. 

samlet— see salmon. 



samp, n. sdmp (an Amer.-Indian word), in Amer., 
bruised maize boiled and eaten with milk. 

sampan, n. sdm'-pdn, in China, a canoe or boat. 

samphire, n. sdm'- fir or sam'fer (a supposed cor- 
ruption of F. Saint Pierre, St Peter), the herb of St 
Peter, a marine plant whose leaves are used as a 
pickle. 

sample, n. sdm'pl (a corruption of Eng. example or 
ensample: L. exemplum, a model), a specimen; a part 
shown as evidence of the quality or character of the 
whole; example: v. to put up or take samples of: 
sam'pling, imp. : n. the taking small quantities of 
wines, spirits, &c, or of merchandise from the bulk, 
from the docks or bonded warehouses, to exhibit them 
for sale : sam pled, pp. -phi : sampler, n. -pier (L. ex- 
emplar, a pattern), a specimen ; a piece of ornamen- 
tal needlework done by girls for improvement. 

Samson's post, n. sdm'-s6n'spost(Samson, the ancient 
champion of Israel against the Philistines, renowned 
for his great strength, and post), hi a ship, a strong, 
wooden, upright post or pillar in the centre of the hold, 
resting on the keelson. 

sanable, a. sdn -a- bi {L.sanub His, that can be healed, 
curable— from sanare, to heal— from sanus, sound, 
healthy), that may be healed or cured : san'abil'ity, n. 
■bil'i-tl, also san'ableness, n. -bl-nes, the state of being 
sanable ; curableness : san'ative, a. -tlv, having the 
power to cure or heal: san'ativeness, n. -n£s, the 
power of healing: san'atory, a. -ttr-i (It. sanatoria, 
sanatory, healing), healing; curing. Note.— The spel- 
ling sanitary is often used in the same sense, but 
improperly. Though both are derived from the Latin, 
sanare, to heal, sanatory properly signifies "condu- 
cive to health," while sanitary has the more general 
sense of "pertaining to health."— See sanitary. 

sanctify, v. sungk-tlfi (F. sanctifier ,- It. santificare, 
to sanctify— from L. sanctus, holy, and facio, I make), 
to make pure or holy ; to purity from sin ; to set 
apart for sacred use; to hallow: sanctifying, imp.: 
adj. tending to increase holiness ; purifying from 
sin; setting apart for sacred uses: sanc'tified, pp. 
-fid : adj. set apart for sacred services ; conse- 
crated : sanc'tiflca'tion, n. -fi-kd'shun, the act of 
making holy; the work of God's grace, by which 
men are gradually purified from sin ; the state of being 
purified or sanctified : sanc'tiner, n. -er, he that makes 
holy ; the Holy Spirit : sanc'tifyingly, ad. -It. 

sanctimonious, a. sdngk'-ti-mo-m 
sacredness— from sanctus, holy: It. santimonia ; old 
F. sanctimonie, sacredness), saintly; holy; devout; 
having the appearance of. Sanctis : sane timo'niously, 
ad. -li : sanc'timo'niousness, n. -nes, the appearance of 
sanctity or devoutness:sanc'timony, n. -»i<m-2,devout- 
ness ; holiness ; the appearance of sanctity. 

sanction, n. sdngk'-shiin (L. sanctio, a decree, sanc- 
tion—from sanctus, holy: F. sanction), a confirming 
or giving authority or validity to ; ratification ; au- 
thority ; influence or custom : v. to ratify or confirm ; 
to give authority to ; to countenance or support : 
sanc'tioning, imp. : sanc'tioned, pp. -shund. 

sanctity, n. sangk-ti-ti (L. snnctitas, holiness— from 
sanctus, holy: eld. F. sanctite), state of being sacred 
or holy ; purity ; holiness ; the being inviolable or sol- 
emnly binding. 

sanctuary, n. sdngk'tu-er-l (It. santuario ; F. sanc- 
tuaire, a sanctuary— from L. sanctus, holy), a holy 
place ; a place consecrated for the worship of the 
Deity; in a R. Cath. Ch., the part around the altar 
enclosed by a balustrade ; a sacred asylum beyond 
the reach of the civil power ; shelter ; protection. 

sanctum, n. sdngk'tum (L. sanctus or sanctum, holy), 
a sacred place ; a private retreat or room, as an edi- 
tor's sanctum: sanctum sanctorum, -sdngk-to'-rum (L. 
the holy of holies), the most holy place : sanc'tus, n. 
•tus, an anthem, originally commencing with the Latin 
word sanctus, holy. 

sand, n. sdnd (Icel. sandr; Ger. sand; Gr. psammos, 
sand), various stones and other substances reduced to 
powder or fine particles, usually by the action of 
water, found in the beds of seas, rivers, and within 
the crust of the earth : v. to sprinkle with sand : 
sand'ing, imp.: sand'ed, pp.: adj. covered with sand ; 
barren : sands, n. plu. sdndz, a desert tract of land 
consisting mostly of sand ; extensive tracts exposed 
by the ebb of the tide : sandy, a. sdnd'-l, consisting of 
sand : sand'iness, n. -i-nes, the state of being sandy : 
sand-bag, a bag filled with sand: sand-bath, a cov- 
ering for vessels that are to be heated without coming 
into direct contact with the fire : sand-box, a box for 
', boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, (here, zeal. 



SAND 



548 



SAPI 



sand; an evergreen S. Amer. tree: sand-drift, a heap 
or hillock of sand formed by the force of the wind: 
sand-eel, a small fish that can dart into the sand : 
sandpaper, paper made rough with sand or pounded 
glass, for smoothing and polishing: sand-pillars, the 
sand-storms of desert tracts, like those of the Sahara 
and Mongolia, in allusion to their whirling and pillar- 
like form in their onward march : sand-pipes or sand- 
galls, the name given to the cylindrical or pipe-like 
hollows, often of considerable depth, which occur in 
chalk-rocks, and which are usually filled up with sand, 
gravel, and clay from above: sandpiper, a wading- 
bird : sand-scratches, in geol. , rocks or rock-surfaces 
worn smooth, or marked with scratches and furrows, 
by sand carried by the wind passing over them : sand- 
stone, stone composed of consolidated sand: sander- 
ling, n. sdn'der-ling, a small wading-bird, so called 
because it obtains its food by searching the moist sands 
of the sea-shores. 
sandal, n. saii'tlal (L. sumialium; Gr. sandalion, a 
: It. sandalo : F. sandale), a kind of shoe, con- 



sandaliform, a. sdn-ddl'4-fawrm (L. forma, a form), 
sandal-shaped. 

sandal-wood, n. sdn'ddl-wdbd (Ar. sandal), a tree 
having a white wood, the inner wood of which, when 
old, becomes yellow and highly odoriferous— highly 
valued for cabinet-work. 

sandarac, n., also sandarach, n. sdn'dd-rdk (L. san- 
daraca; Gr. sandarake, a red pigment), a resin, 
Sili^htlv fragrant, used in making varnishes. 

sanders, n., or sanders-wood, sdn'derz- (same as 
sandal-wood, which arc), a red wood used as a dye- 
stuff; red sandal- wood. 

sandiver, n. sdn'di-vir (corrupted from F. sel de 
verre, salt of glass), the whitish -salt scum which 
forms on glass during its first fusion ; glass-gall. 

sandwich, n. sdnd'-ivich (said to be after the Earl of 
Sandwich), two thin slices of bread with a thin slice 
of meat, seasoned with mustard, &c, between them. 

sandstone, sandy— see sand. 

sane, a. saw (L. sanus, sound in body, whole : It. 
sano : F. sain), sound ; not disordered ; healthy ; not 
disordered in intellect ; of sound reason ; the opposite 
of insane: sanely, ad. -li: sane'ness, n. -n8s, also 
sanity, n. sdn'i-tl (L. sanitas), the condition or 3tate 
of being of sound mind ; soundness or healthiness of 
mind. 

sang, pt. of sing, which see. 

sangfroid, n. sdng'frwd (F. sang, blood, and froid, 
cold), coolness; indifference. 

sangiac, n. sdn'jl-dk, the Turkish governor of a dis- 
trict forming part of a pachalic : san'giacate, n. -d-kdl, 
the government or district of a sangiac. 

Sangreal, n. sdng'gre-dl, or Saint Graal, n. sdnt 
grdl (mid. L. graddle, a cup : or a corruption of the 
old F. le Sang Real, the true blood— i.e., of Christ), in 
legendary hist., a sacred relic, the true blood of Christ 
preserved in an emerald cup, or, according to others, 
"the cup used at the Last Supper," said to have been 
brought to England by Joseph of Arimathaea, "the 
quest of the St Graal " being narrated at great length 
in the romantic story of King Arthur. 

sanguiferous, a. sdng-gwif'er-us (It. sanguifero, 
sanguiferous— from sanguis, blood, and fero, I bear), 
conveying blood. 

sanguification— see sanguify. 

sanguify, v. sdng'-givl-fl (It. sanguiflcare ; F. san- 
guifier, to make or produce blood— from L. sanguis, 
blood, and facio, I make), to form or produce blood ; 
to convert chyle into blood : san'guifying, imp. : san'- 
guified, pp. -fid: san'guifica'tion, n. -kd'-shun, the 
conversion of chyle into blood. 

sanguinary, a. sdng'gwln-er-X (L. sanguinarius, 
bloodthirsty, cruel— from sanguis, blood— gen. san- 
guinis), attended with much bloodsheddmg, as a 
battle ; eager to shed blood, applied to persons ; bloody ; 
bloodthirsty : san'guinar ily, ad. -er'i-ll. 

sanguine, a. sdng'gwln (L. sanguis, blood), warm 
or ardent in temper ; cheerful ; confident ; hopeful : 
san'guinely, ad. -li: san'guineness, n. -nes, the con- 
dition or quality of being sanguine ; heat or ardour 
of temperament : sanguin'eous, a. -gwin'8-us (L. san- 
guineus, of blood), resembling blood ; abounding with 
blood. 

sangulnivorous, a. sdng'gwln-W-o-rus (L. sanguis, 
mate, mdt.fdr, law; mete, mSt, 



blood, and voro, I eat or devour), eating or subsisting 
on blood. 

sanguisuge, n. sdng'gwl-suj (L. sanguis, blood, and 
sugere, to suck), the blood-sucker ; a leech. 

Sanhedrim, n. sdn'e-drlm (Heb. sanhedrin; Gr. 
sunedrion, a council— from Gr. sun, together, and 
hedra, a seat), the great judicial council among tho 
ancient Jews, consisting of 71 members, including 
the high priest. 

sanicle, n. sdn'l-kl (It. sanicula; F. sanicle, sanicle— 
from L. sano, I heal), a plant called self-heal, of several 
species. 

sanies, n. sd'ni-ez (L. sanies, diseased or corrupted 
blood : It. and F. sanie), a thin reddish discharge from 
wounds or sores : sa'nious, a. -us, pert, to sanies. 

sanitary, a. sdn'-i-tir-i(L. sanitas, healthy state or 
condition— from sanus, sound), preservative of health ; 
tending to promote health— see sanatory, under san- 
able,— both are often used indifferently, but impro- 
perly : san'ita'rium, n. -la'i-i-ihn, a hospital or retreat 
for convalescents.; a health-station : sanity— see under 
sane. 

saniak, n. sdn'jdk, same as sangiac, which see. 

sank, pt. of sink, which see. 

Sanscrit, also Sanskrit, n. sdn'skrit (Sans. Sanskrita, 
the polished or perfect language : Hind. Sanskrit), the 
ancient and still the sacred and learned language of 
Hindostan, and radically connected with its various 
dialects— also allied to the principal European lan- 
guages, as well as to the Greek and Latin. 

santaline, n. sdn'td-lin (F. santalin, sandal-wood), 
the colouring matter of red sandal or sanders wood. 

santon, n. sdn'ton (Sp. santon— from L. sanctus, 
holy), a Turkish dervise or priest, esteemed by the 
people as a saint. 

santonine, n. sdn'to-nln (Gr. santonion, wormwood), 
the tincture or extract obtained from the seeds of the 
plant called southernwood, popularly known as the 
tasteless worm medicine, and known in pharmacy as 
ivormseed. 

sap, n. sdp (Low Ger. sapp, juice, wet : Ger. saft, 
juice), the vital juice or circulating fluid of plants : 



-pi-nes, state or quality of being full of sap; juici- 
ness : sap-green, a pigment obtained by evaporating 
to dryness the juice of the berries of the buckthorn 
mixed with lime : sap-sago, a green-coloured cheese 
from Switzerland of an agreeable flavour : sap-tube, 
the tube conveying the sap in trees: sapwood, the 
alburnum or external part of the wood next the 
bark. 

sap, v. sdp (F. sapper, to undermine : It. zappare, 
to dig ; zappa, a spade : Wal. sapare, to dig), to sub- 
vert by digging or wearing away ; to mine or under- 
mine ; to proceed by mining ; to proceed secretly; to 
undermine, as one's reputation : sap, n., also sap'ping, 
n. the art of approaching a fortress, when within range 
of fire, by excavating trenches in such a manner as to 
protect the men from fire: sap'ping, imp.: sapped, 
pp. sdpt: sappers, n. plu. sdp'perz, also sappers and 
miners, in mil., those specially-trained men in an 
army who are<' i:ing saps, in executing 

field-works, and luilding ■ . ■■: i fi cations : flying-sap, a 
sap made under cover of night, or during a slackness 
of fire, by placing gabions simultaneously in a line : 
full sap, a trench commenced in the usual way under 
the cover of a large gabion. 

sapajou, n. sap'-d-jd (Brazilian, sajuassu), a S. 
Amer. variety of monkey. 

sapan-wood, n. sd-pdn'-wood (Sp. sapan; Malay, 
sapang), a dye-wood resembling Brazil-wood, the pro- 
duce of a thorny tree of southern Asia. 

saphena, n. sd-fe'nd (Gr. saphenes, clear, manifest), 
in anat., a name applied to two conspicuous veins of 
the lower extremities— the internal running along the 
inner side of the foot, leg, and thigh, and the external 
on the out border of the foot : saphe'nous, a. -nits, a 
name given to the superficial vessels and nerves of 
the thigh and leg. 

sapid, a. sdp'-ld (It. sapidn ; F. sapide, having taste 
or flavour— from L. sapio, I taste), tasteful ; palatable ; 
that affects or stimulates the palate : sap'idness, n. 
-n8s, also sapidity, n. sd-pid'4-tl, taste ; the quality of 
affecting the organs of taste. 

sapient, a. sd'pi-ent (L. sapiens, wise— from sapio, 
I taste, I have sense or discernment: It. sapiente), 
wise ; sagacious ; characterised by wisdom or discern- 
ment,— almost always used in an ironical sense : sa'- 
Mr; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



SAPL 5 

piently, ad. -li: sapience, n. -ens, wisdom; know- 
Ledge,— -used in an ironical sense. 

sapling, sapless— see sap. 

sapodilla, n. sdp'O-dll'-ld (F. sapotillier: Sp. sapo- 
tilled, a name given to a tree and its fruit, a native of 
the W. Indies and S. Amer. 

saponaceous, a. sdp-o-na'-shus (It. saponaceo; F. 
saponace, saponaceous— from L. sapo, soap— gen. sap- 
onis), soapy ; having the qualities of soap ; feeling like 
soap to the touch: saponify, v. sd-pon'i-fi (L. sapo, 
soap, and/aci'o, I make), to convert into soap ; to com- 
bine to form soap : saponifying, imp. : saponified, pp. 
-fid: saponification, n. -fi-kd'-shiin, conversion into 
soap : saponine, n. sdp-6-nin (L. sapo, soap— gen. sapo- 
nin), a peculiar substance obtained from the plant 
soap-wort: sap'onule, n. -mil, an imperfect soap formed 
by the action of an alkali upon an essential oil. 

sapor, n. sd'por (L. sapor, taste, relish — from sapio, 
I taste), taste : savour; relish: saporous, a. sdp'O-ri'.s, 
having taste ; savoury : sap'oros'ity, n. -os'l-ti, the 
quality in a bodv hv which it excites the sensation of 
taste: sap'orif'ic, a. -rif'-ik (L. facio, I make), giving 
taste or flavour. 

sappers— see under sap 2. 

Sapphic, a. sdf'fik, pert, to Sappho, an anc. Grecian 
poetess ; pert, to a certain kind of verse. 

sapphire, n. sCif'fir or -fir (Gr. sappheiros ; L. sap- 
phirus, a sapphire), a precious stone, a variety of cor- 
undum, of great hardness and beauty, found of various 
shades of blue : sap'phirine, a, -in, resembling sap- 
phire : n. a mineral resembling the sapphire. 

sappiness, sapwood— see sap 1. 

saraband, n. sdr'd-bdnd (Sp. zarabanda), a dance 
used in Spain, said to be derived from the Saracens. 

Saracen, n. sdr'd-sen (It. Saraceno; F. Sarrasin, a 
Saracen — from Ar. Sliarkiin, the Eastern people), an 
Arabian; a Mussulman: Sar'acen'ic, n.-sen'ik, alsoSar - 
acenical, a. -i-kaf, pert, to the inhabitants of Arabia: 
possessing the characters of that species of decorative 
art introduced into Europe by the Arabs or Saracens. 

sarcasm, n. sdr'kdzm (L. sarcasmtis; Gr. sarkas- 
mos, a sarcasm— from Gr. sarkazo, I strip the flesh 
from the bones— from sarks, flesh: It. sarcasyno: F. 
sarcasme), a keen, reproachful, cutting expression ; a 
taunt or gibe; irony: sarcastic, a. siVr-kds'-Uk, also 
sarcas'tical, a. -ti-kal, bitterly satirical or ironical; 
taunting : sarcastically, ad. -It 

sarcenet, n. sdrs'net (It. saracinetto, Saracen's silk), 
a fine, thin, woven silk, used for ribbons, linings, &c. 

sarcocarp, n. sdr'kOkdrp (Gr. sarks, flesh, and 
karpos, fruit), in bot., the fleshy part of certain fruits, 
usually that eaten; also called sarcoderm, which 
see. 

sarcocele, n. sdr'ko-sgl (Gr. sarks, flesh, and kele, a 
tumour), a fleshy and firm tumour on a testicle. 

sarcocol, n. sdr'ko-kot, also sar'cocol'la, n. -kol'ld 
(Gr. sarks, flesh, and kolla, glue), a semi-transparent 
solid substance resembling gum-arabic, imported from 
the east and northern part of Africa. 

sarcode, n. sdr'kod (Gr. sarkodes, fleshy — from 
sarks, flesh, and eidos, resemblance), a term applied 
to the simple glutinous substance which constitutes 
the body or vital mass of the protozoa or lowest forms 
of animal life. 

sarcoderm, n. sdr'kO-dirm (Gr. sarks, flesh, and 
derma, skin), the fleshy covering of a seed, lying 
between the internal and external covering ; also 
called sarcocarp. 

sarcolemma, n. sdr'kodSm'md (Gr. sarks, flesh, and 
lemma, skin, rind), in anat., the proper tubular sheath 
of muscular fibre. 

sarcoline, a. sdr'ko-lin (Gr. sarks, flesh), flesh-col- 
oured. 

sarcolite, n. sdr'kd-ttt (Gr. sarks, flesh, and lithos, a 
stone), a stone of a rose-flesh colour. 

sarcology, n. sdr-kol'-o-jl (Gr. sarks, flesh, and logos, 
a discourse), the division of anatomy which treats of 
the soft parts of the body: sarcological, a. su.r'-ko-loj- 
i-kdl, pert, to sarcology: sarcol'ogist, n. -jist, one 
versed in sarcology. 

sarcoma, n. sdr-ko'md (Gr. sarkoma, a fleshy excres- 
cence — from sarks, flesh), any firm fleshy tumour or 
excrescence not inflammatory : sarcomatous, a. sdr- 
kom'a-tus, affected with, or disposed to having, firm 
fleshy tumours. 

sarcophagus, n. sdr-kof-d-giis (L. sarcophagus; Gr. 
sarkophagos, flesh-devouring— from Gr. sarks, flesh, 
and phago, I eat), a species of limestone called lapis 
Assius, or Assian stone, of which coffins were made— 



9 SASH 

said to have the property of consuming or decompos- 
ing bodies in a short time; a stone coffin or tomb: 
sarcoph'agous, a. -d-gus, feeding on flesh : sarcoph- 
agy, n. -ji, the practice of eating flesh. 

sarcosis, n. sar-ko'-sis (Gr. sarkosis, the producing of 
flesh, a fleshy excrescence— from sarks, flesh), the gene- 
ration of flesh : sarcotic, a. sdr-kot'-lk, that promotes 
the growth of flesh. 

sard, n. sard (Gr. sardion, the sard or cornelian 
—so called from the anc. Sardis, where originally 
found), a brownish-red variety of chalcedony, cf a 
blood-red colour by transmitted light ; cornelian : sar- 
dachates, n. plu. sdr'-dd-kdtz, a name given by the 
ancients to varieties of agate, partaking of the nature 
of cornelian, or which contained layers of sard or cor- 
nelian ; the flesh-coloured agate when clouded and 
spotted : sar'del, n. -d&l, also sar'dine, n. -din, and 
sar'dius, n. -di-iis, the sard ; a precious stone men- 
tioned in Scripture ; one set in Aaron's breastplate. 

sardine, n. sO.r-din |F. sardim ,• It. and Sp. sardinf. 

—so called from the island of Sardini: ar » inch r 

is caught), a small fish of the herring tribe ; a species 
of pilchard, potted as a delicacy. 

Sardinian, a. sdr-din'i-dn, pert, to the people or 
island of Sardinia : n. a native of Sardinia, 

sardonic, a. sdr-don'lk, also sardo'nian, a, -dn'ni-an 
(supposed to be so called from the herba sardonica, a 
plant of Sardinia, which is said when eaten to produce 
convulsive motions of the cheeks and lips as in laugh- 
ter : perhaps rather from Gr. sardanios (gelos), a forced 
bitter or scornful laugh), forced ; heartless ; fiendish- 
applied to laughter, smiles, or grins, as a sardonic 
laugh: sardonic laugh, a convulsive horrible grin, 
the forced result of a certain disease— see risus sar- 
donicus. 

sardonyx, n. sdr'dO-niks (L. sardonyx; Gr. sar- 
donuks, a sardonyx— from Gr. Sardeis, Sardis, in Asia 
Minor, or from Sardo, the island of Sardinia, and 
onuks, a nail— so named from its resemblance in col- 
our to the flesh under the finger-nail), a precious stone, 
a variety of onyx, composed of alternate layers of sard 
and nearly opaque-white chalcedony, the most beauti- 
ful, the rarest, and the most valued form of onyx. 

sargasso, n. sdr-gds'so, also sargassum, n. -sum 
(Sp. sargazo, sea-weed), the floating sea-weed of the 
north Atlantic, covering large areas, known by the 
name Sargasso sea. 

sarigue, n. sd-reg' (F. sarigue), a species of opossum 
found in Cayenne. 

sark, n. sdrk (AS. syrce; Scot, sark; Icel. serkr, a 
shirt), a kind of tunic; a shirt: sarked, a. sdrkt, cov- 
ered with thin deals : sarking, n. sdrk'ing, thin 
boards for lining, to be placed under slates, and for 
similar purposes. 

sarlac, n. sdr'ldk, also sar'lyk, n. -lik (Mongolian, 
sarlyk), the grunting ox of Tartary— called also the 
yak. 

Sarmatian, a. sdr-md'shl-dn, also Sarmat'ic, a. -mdt' 
Ik, pert, to Sarmatia,(-md'shi-d) and its inlia bitants, the 
ancestors of the Poles and Russians, extending from 
the Vistula to the Don. 

sarment, n. sdr'mint, also sarmentum, n. sdr-men- 
turn (L. sarmentum, a twig : It. sarmento; F. sarment), 
in bot., a running stem which gives off leaves and 
roots at intervals, as the strawberry ; also a twining 
stem which supports itself by means of others : sar'- 
mento'sae, n. plu. -to'ze, applied to plants which have 
climbing stems and branches, as the vine: sarmen- 
tous, a. sdr-men'tus, applied to a running naked stem 
having only leaves in bunches at the joints or knots 
where it strikes the ground. 

sarplar, n. sdr'plar (F. serpilliere ; Sp. arpillera, 
sackcloth), a sack of wool containing 80 tods of 28 
lb. each : sar'plier, n. -pier, coarse cloth of hemp, &c, 
used for packing goods. 

sarsaparilla, n. sdr'sa i & * \ -"rzaparrilla; 
It. salsapariglia— from Sp. zarza, a bramble, and par- 
rilla, a vine), the root of a plant of the W. and E. Indies 
and S. Amer., highly valued for its medicinal quali- 



cow, boy, foot; pure, I 



which are scattered over the surface of the Chalk 
downs— known also as Druid stones and grey wethers. 

sartorious, a. sdr-to'ri-us (L. sartor, a tailor— gen. 
sartoris), in anat., applied to that muscle of the thigh 
which enables the legs to be thrown across each other, 
or to be bent inwards obliquely. 

sash, n. sash (old It. sessa, a Persian turban), a loose 
; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, Hiere, zeal. 



SASH 



550 



SAUR 



belt, generally of silk, worn for ornament round the 
waist or over the shoulders : v. to dress with a sash. 

sash, n. stlsh (F. chassis, the sliding-frame of a win- 
dow ; chasse, a kind of frame : L. capsa, a chest), the 
framework in which the panes of a window are set, 
which is made to move up and down, generally on 
pulleys, or is hung as a door : v. to supply with sash- 
windows : sashing, imp.: sashed, pp. sdsht: sash- 
frame, the frame in which sashes are fitted: sash- 
window, a window fitted with sashes : sash-line, the 
line by which a sash is suspended in a frame. 

sasine, n. sd'-siu (V. snisim; possession of land— from 
saisir, to take possession— see seiz< ) In So ■ » >••>■ <'"<■ 
act of giving legal possession of feudal property, or 
the written document by which that fact is proved; 
seisin. 

sassafras, n. sds'-sd-frds (F. sassafras; It. sasso- 
frassa, sassafras— from L. sarinn, a stone, andfrango, 
I break), the root of a tree of like name, of the laurel 
family, having a fragrant odour and a sweetish aro- 
matic taste. 

sassoline, n..sds'-s6-lin (from Sasso, near Sienna, where 
first known at the hot springs : F. sassolin), in min., 
a term for borncir. arid, which occurs in thin, scaly, 
irregular, six-sided crystals, of a whitish colour, pearly 
lustre, and less or more translucent, found with vari- 
ous impurities in many volcanic regions. 

sastra, n. sds'-trd, also shastra, n. shds'-trd, and 
shaster, n. shds'ter (Hind, shastr or shastra— from 
shas, to govern), among the Hindoos, the sacred books 
containing the institutes of their religion ; the six 
great sasfras, containing, according to the Hindoos, 
all knowledge human and divine, are the Vedas, the 
Upavedus, the Vedanga, the Upangas, including the 
Puranas and the Dharmashastra. 

sat, pt. cf set, which see. 

Satan, n. s&'t&n (Heb. satan, an adversary or ene- 
my: Gr. satan), the evil one; the chief of the fallen 
angels; the devil: satanic, a. sd-tdn'-ik, also satan'- 
ical, a. -i-kdl, pert, to or resembling Satan ; infernal ; 
devilish : satan'ically, ad. -U. 

satchel, n. sdtch'&l (F. sachet, a little sack: Dut. 
sackel; Ger. sdckel, a purse— from L. sacculus, a small 
bag, a purse), a bag in which schoolboys and lawyers 
carry papers and books ; also spelt sachel. 

sate, v. sdf (I,, sal in. rr, to satisfy — from satis, enough 
—a contracted form of satiate), to satisfy the appetite ; 
to glut ; to surfeit ; to feed beyond natural desires : 
sa'ting, imp. : sa'ted, pp. 

satellite, n. sttt'61-llt (II and r<\ saidiite, a satellite 
—from L. s.ifr/lis, an attendant— gen. satclliris), a 
small planet which attends on or rolls round a large 
one, and accompanies it in its revolution round the 
sun; an obsequious attendant and lianger-on. 

satiate, v. sd'-shi-dt (L. satiatum, to fill, to satiate— 
from satis, enough), to gratify fully, either appetite or 
desire ; to fill beyond want or natural desire ; to glut ; 
to surfeit : sa'tiating, imp. : sa'tiated, pp. glutted : 
sa'tiable, a. -d-bl, that may be appeased or gratified : 
sa'tiably, ad. -Mi: satiety, n. sd-H'-dtl (L. satietas, 
satiety), fulness of gratification beyond desire or plea- 
sure; surfeit; repletion. 

satin, n. sdt'in (F. satin; Port, setim, satin— said to 
be a Chinese word), a glossy silk cloth : sat'inet, n. 
-i-net, a thin kind of satin ; a particular kind of 
woollen cloth : satiny, a. -in-i, resembling satin : 
satin-spar, a mineral, a fibrous kind of carbonate of 
lime, having a silky appearance when polished : satin- 
wood, a tree, the wood of which is of a yellow colour 
and close groin, a native of the East Indies. 

satire, n. sdt'-ir or -er (F. satire; It. satirn, satire— 
from L. satira, a satire— from satur, full, rich), such 
witty keenness and severity of written composition 
on the vices and follies of the age as tend to bring them 
into contempt ; keenness and severity of remark ; 
irony; sarcasm: satiric, a. sd-tir'-ik, also satirical, a. 
-i-kdl, conveying or containing satire ; sarcastic or 
cutting in language: satirically, ad. -li: satirise, v. 
sdt'-er-iz, to censure with keenness or severity : sat'- 
iri'sing, imp.: satirised, pp. -izd: satirist, n. -ist, 
one who writes satire. 

satisfy, v. sat'-Xs-fi (L. satisfacere, to satisfy— from 
satis, enough, and facio, I make: F. satisfaire: Sp. 
satisfacer), to afford full gratification to ; to pay all 
claims to the full extent ; to appease by punishment ; 
to convince ; to give content : satisfying, imp. : sat'- 
isfled, pp. -fid : satlsfler, n. -fi-er, one who gives satis- 
faction : satisfaction, n. -fdk'-shun, the condition of 
mind resulting from full gratification of desire ; re- 



lease from suspense or doubt ; amends ; atonement ; 
recompense; the settlement of a claim; payment: 
satisfactory, a. -ter-i, yielding content; gratifying; 
causing conviction: satisfactorily, ad. -i-li: satls- 
factoriness, n. -nrs. the quality or condition of being 
satisfactory: satlsfyingly, ad. -II, in a manner tend- 
ing to satisfy. 

satrap, n. sd'-frdp (L. and Gr. satrapes, the governor 
of a province— originally a Persian word), in anc. Per- 
sia, the name of the governor of a province; a kind of 
viceroy : satrapal, a. sd'-trd-pdl, pert, to a satrap : sa'- 
trapy, n. -pi, the government of a satrap. 

saturate, v. sdt-u-rat (L. saturatum, to glut, to sa- 
tiate—from satur, full or filled : It. saturare : F. sa- 
turer), to supply or add to fidness ; to impregnate with 
till no more can be received: saturating, imp.: sat- 
urated, pp.: sat'urable, a. -rd-bl, that may be satu- 
rated : sat'urant, a. -rant, impregnating to the full : 
n. a substance which neutralises the acid in the sto- 
mach: sat'uration, n. -rd'-shun, the condition of a 
body in which it lias received as much of another sub- 
stance as it can contain or dissolve. 

Saturday, n. sdt'-ir-dd (AS. Smte.r-dcpg, Sitter's day, 
Saturday— from Salter, one of the Norse deities, and 
duij, day), the seventh or last day of the week. 

Saturn, n. sdt'-ern (L. Suturnus, Saturn), in anc. 
myth., one of the oldest and chief gods, under whom 
the golden age existed, and the father of Jupiter; 
one of the planets, next in magnitude to Jupiter; 
in her., the black colour in the arms of sovereign 
princes: saturnalia, n. sdt'-er-nd'-ll-d, in anc. Rome, 
the annual festival of Saturn— a period of unrestrained 
enjoyment for all classes, even slaves: sat'urna'lian, a. 
-dn, free ; loose ; dissolute : saturnian, a. sd-ter'-nl- 
dn, pert, to Saturn or the golden age; happy; pure: 
saturnine, n. sdt'-er-nin, under the influence of the 
planet Saturn ; dull ; gloomy; not light and cheerful; 
phlegmatic: sat'urnist, n. -nist, a person of a dull 
grave temperament. 

satyr, n. sdt'-cr (L. satyrus; Gr. saturos, a faun, a 
monkey), in anc. myth., one of the sylvan or minor 
gods, attendants on Bacchus, the upper half of whose 
bodies is represented as a man, and the lower as a 
goat, and said to have been extremely wanton: sa- 
tyric, a. sd-tir'lk, also satyr'ian.a. -i-dn, of or relating 
to satyrs: satyriasis, n. sdt '-l-ri'-d-sis (Gr. ), a kind of 
madmss in males ; satyr-like lasciviousness. 

sauce, n. saYvs (F. sauce; It. salsa, a mixture of salt, 
any relishing addition to food : L. salsus, salted— from 
salio, I salt), a liquid mixture to be eaten as a condi- 
ment or seasoning for food ; anything that stimulates 
the palate; insolence; pertness; petulance: v. to sea- 
son or eat with sauce ; to treat with pertness : sau'- 
cing, imp.: sauced, pp. saibst: saucer, n. saw'ser[F. 
sauciere, a saucer), a little dish to hold sauce; a shal- 
low piece of earthenware in which a cup is set : sau'ey, 
a. -si, rude ; impertinent ; disrespectful : sau'eily, ad. 
-si-tt: sau'einess, n. -nSs, the quality of being saucy; 
impertinent boldness : sauce-pan, an iron cooking 
utensil with projecting handle: to serve one with 
the same sauce, to retaliate one injury with another. 

saucisse, n. so- sis', also saucisson, n. sO'-sis-sSng': (F. 
savrisse, a sausage), in mil.., a long pipe or tube of 
pitched cloth or leather filled with gunpowder, and 
used for firing a mine; a long bundle of fagots, used 
for keeping up the earth in the erection of batteries 
and other purposes. 

saucy— see sauce. 

sauerkraut, n. sowr-krowt (Ger. saver, sour, and 
kraut, a vegetable, cabbage), an article of diet much 
prized among the Germans, consisting of cabbage cut 
fine, pickled with salt, and allowed to ferment. 

saunders-wood— see sanders. 

saunter, v. sdHJon'ter (Ger. schlentcrn; Sw. slantra, 
to wander idly about: Ger. schlendern, to saunter: 
Dan. slunte, to idle), to wander or stroll about idly ; 
to loiter: n. a stroll: sauntering, imp.: adj. listlessly 
loitering : n. the act or habit of one who saunters : 
sauntered, pp. -terd: saunterer, n. -ter-er, one who 
wanders about idly. 

saurian, n. saw'-rl-dn (Gr. sauros, a lizard), one of 
the saurians or scaly reptiles of which the common 
lizard and the crocodile have been taken as the repre- 
sentatives : adj. of or pert, to the saurians : sau'rians, 
n. plu. -dnz, an order of fossil reptiles of gigantic forms. 

saurocephalus, n. sau-'-ro-sef'-d-lus (Gr. sauros, a 
lizard, and kephale, head), a genus of fossil fishes, so 
called from the peculiar formation of the head. 

saurodon, n. saw'-ro-don (Gr. sauros, a lizard, and 



mdte, mdt,fdr, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, mdve; 



SAUR 



551 



SCAL 



odoii*, a tooth— sen. odont'is), a genus of fossil fishes, 
so called from their aiiinity to the saurians, and the 
character of their teeth. 

sauroid, a, saw'-royd (Gr. sauros, a lizard, and eidos, 
likeness), having some of the characteristics of the 
saurians: sauroidei, n. plu. salc-roy'-de-X, an order of 
fossil fishes, so called from their exhibiting certain 
sauroid or reptilian characters. 

sauropsis, n. saTc-rop'-sis (Gr. sanros, a lizard, and 
opsis, appearance), a genus of sauroid fishes, so called 
from the character and arrangement of their teeth. 

sauropterygia, n. saw-rdp'-tir-ij-i-d (Gr. sauros, a 
lizard, and pterux, a wing or fin), the flying reptiles; 
one of the tliirteen orders of the reptiles proposed by 
Professor Owen. 

sausage, n. sriw's&j (F. saacisse, a sausage: It. 
salsiccia, a sausage — from salsa, sauce, seasoning— 
from L. salsus, salted), the entrail or gut of an animal 
stuffed with chopped meat seasoned. 

saussurite, n. sucs'-sd-ri' {after Saussure, the Swiss 
geologist), an impure variety of Labrador felspar, of a 
bluish or greenish-grey colour, forming the jade of the 
Swiss Alps. 



wood), an uncivilised human being ; a fierc 
man; a barbarian: adj. wild ; uncultivated; untamed; 
rude; unpolished; fierce; brutal: sav'agely, ad. -II: 
sav'ageness, n. -nes, the state or quality of being sav- 
age; cruelty: savagery, n. -d-jer-i, a wild, unculti- 
vated condition ; barbarism. 

savannah, n., also savanna, n. sd-vdn'-nd (Sp. sa- 
bana, a sheet, a large plain), the great central plain 
of N. Anier.; any very large grassy plain or natural 
meadow. 

savant, n. sd-vdncf (F. savant, a savant— from sa- 
voir, to know), a man of learning: savants', n. plu. 
-vingz', the learned ; the literati. 

save, v. sdv (F. sauver; It. salvare, to save, to pro- 
tect), to preserve from any evi] ; to rescue ; to deliver ; 
to bring out of danger ; to preserve from everlasting 
misery ; to hinder from being spent or lost ; to prevent ; 
to preserve or lay by; to spare : prep, except ; not in- 
cluding: sa'ving, imp.: adj. frugal; not lavish; that 
secures everlasting salvation; incurring no loss; se- 
curing from loss or damage: n. something kept from 
being expended or used unnecessarily; that which is 
saved: prep, excepting: saved, pp. sdvd: saver, n. 
sa'ver, one who saves : savingly, ad. -li : sa'vingness, 
n. -n6s, the quality of being saving; frugality: sa'- 
vings, n. plu. -vlmjz, things kept from being wasted 
or lost; money laid by from time to time: saveall, 
a small pan placed in a candlestick for burning out 
the ends of candles : savings bank, an institution in 
which small savings, up to a certain amount, are 
kept at interest : to save appearances, to preserve a 
decent outside ; to do something to avoid exposure or 
embarrassment. 

saveloy, n. sdv-S-ldfi (F. cerv^as. a kind of sausage 
—from cervelle, brains), a kind of sausage, sold ready 
cooked. 

savin, n. sdv'-ln (F. savhu'er; It. sabina), a tree or 
shrub having a dark-coloured foliage, and producing 
small berries with a glaucous bloom; a coniferous 
shrub of the juniper tribe. 

Saviour, n. sdv'yer (from Eng. save, which see : F. 
sauveur. a deliverer: L. salvus, saved), one who saves; 
a title of Christ Jesus, He who saves the world. 

savour, n. sa'ver (old F. saveur; L. sapor, taste), 
taste ; flavour ; relish ; that quality which renders 
anything valuable or agreeable; reputation: v. to 
have a particular taste or smell ; to have the appear- 
ance of: sa'vouring, imp.: sa'voured, pp. -verd: sa'- 
vourless, a. -les, destitute of smell or taste: sa'voury, 
a. -I, pleasing to the taste or smell ; relishing : n. an 
aromatic pot-herb: sa'vourily, ad. -II: sa'vouriness, 
n. -nes, the quality or condition of being savoury. 

savoy, n. sd-vdy 1 (so called because originally from 
Savoy, in France : Ger. savoyer-kohl, savoy-cabbage), 
a variety of the cabbage, cultivated for winter use. 

saw, n. saw (Ger. sage; It. sega; F. scie, a saw: Low 
Ger. suggen, to hack, to cut with a blunt knife), a cut- 
ting instrument with a toothed edge: v. to cut or 
separate with the saw; to use a saw: saw'ing, imp.: 
n. the act of one who saws : sawed, pp. sdwd, also 
sawn, pp. sawn : sawyer, n. saw'-yer, one whose oc- 
cupation it is to cut up timber : sawdust, the small 



snout: saw-fly, a fly having a saw-like appendage: 
saw-mill, a place where timber is sawn by machin- 
ery : saw-pit, the place over which timber is sawn : 
saw-gin, a machine used in dressing raw cotton: 
saw -wrest or -set, an instrument used to turn the 
teeth of a saw a little outwards on both sides al- 
ternately: saw-wort, a plant: circular saw, a disc of 
steel with saw-teeth around the circumference. 

saw, n. saw (Dut. saege, a narration : Icel. saga, a 
narrative), a saying ; a proverb. 

saw, pt. of see, which see. 

saxatile, a. sdks'-d-tll (L. saxatilis, that is found 
among rocks— from saxum, a rock), pert, to rocks, or 
living among them. 

saxicavous, a. sdks'-i-ka-v*s (L. saxum, a rock, and 
cauus, hollow), a term applied to animals that make 
holes in rocks and live in them. 

saxifrage, n. sdks'-l-frdj (L. saxifragus, stone-break- 
ing— from saxum, a rock, undfrango, I break), a plant 
or medicine supposed to have the power of dissolving 
stone in the bladder; a species of plants, natives of 
alpine regions: saxifragous, a, -if-rd-gus, dissolving 
stone, especially in the bladder. 

Saxon, n. sdks'-n (AS. Seaxa, a Saxon; Seaxan, the 
Saxons— from seax, a short sword, a dagger), one of 
the people who conquered England in the 5th and 6th 
centuries; the language: adj. pert, to the Saxons: 
Sax'onism, n. -n-izm, an idiom of the Saxon lan- 
guage : Sax'onist, n. -ist, one versed in the Saxon lan- 
guage : Saxony, n. -1, a country in Europe ; a cloth 
made of wool produced there: saxon-blue, sulphate 
of indigo, used as a dye-stuff. 

say, v. sd (AS. > -ego. n : Icel. sciga ; Ger. sagen, to say), 
to speak in words ; to declare; to tell in any manner; 
to state ; to answer or reply ; to pronounce and not 
sing : n. speech; what one has to say : impera. tell me ; 
speak: saying, imp.: n. something said ordeclared; a 
proverbial expression: said, pp. pt. serf, did say: sav- 
er, n. sd'&r, one who says : it is said, also they say, it 
i3 commonly reported ; people assert or maintain : he 
says, -sez, his opinion is this; it is reported by him : 
that is to say, in other words; otherwise. 

scab, n. skdb (L. scabies; It. scabbia; Ger. schabbe, 
scab, scurf: Dut. schabben, to rub, to scratch: Bret. 
skraba, to scratch), a crust formed over a sore in heal- 
ing; a disease in sheep resembling the mange: v. to 
become covered with a scab ; to grow scabby : scab'- 
bing, imp.: scabbed, pp. skabd : adj. abounding with 
scabs; mean; paltry: scabbedness, n. skdb'-bed-nes, 
the state of being scabbed: scab'by, a. -bi, covered 
or affected with scabs : vile ; mean : scab'biness, n. -bi- 
nds, the state or quality of being scabby : scab'bily, 
ad. -li: scabies, n. skd'-bl-ez (L.), the scientific name 
for the itch : scaloious, a. -us, also sca'biose', a. -6s', 
scabby; itchy; consisting of scabs: n. a plant of the 
genus scaTrios'a, -os'-d. 

scabbard, n. skdb'btrd (a corruption of scale-board or 
thinboard — so called from being made of such a mate- 
rial), the sheath for a sword : v. to put into a scabbard 
or sheath: scab barding, imp. : scab barded, pp. 

scabrous, a. skd'-briis (F. saihran; scabrous— from 
L. scaber, rough: It. scabroso), in bot., rough; having 
the surface rough to the touch, arising from a cover- 
ing of very stiff short hairs scarcely visible; harsh: 
sca'brously, ad. -li: scahrousness, n. -nes, the state 
or quality of being scabrous ; roughness. 

scad. n. skdd (Gael, sgadan, a herring), the horse- 
mackerel or shad. 

scaffold, n. ska f 'fold (old F. eschaffaut; It. catafalco; 
Prov. cada/alc, a scaffold— from prov. and old Sp. 
catar, to look, to see, and It. palco, a planking), a gal- 
lery, stage, or platform of timber for a temporary pur- 
pose, as in building ; an erection for an execution : v. 
to furnish as with a scaffold ; to sustain ; to support : 
scaffolding, imp. : n. the erection of timber-work, 
usually supported on upright poles, for the use of 
workmen in carrying on building operations; the 
materials ; that which sustains : scaffolded, pp. : 
brought to the scaffold, put to death or executed. 

scaglia, n. skdl'-yd (It. scaglia, a scale, a chip of mar- 
ble or stone), a reddish variety of chalk, an Italian 
calcareous rock containing nodules and layers of flint : 
scagliola, n. skdl-yo'ld (It. scagliuola), a composition of 
gypsum, Flanders glue, isinglass, &c, made of a variety 
of colours, to resemble the natural scaglia limestone, 
and to imitate marble, used as a plaster for ornamen- 
tal work, and admitting of a fine polish. 

scalade, n. ska-lad', usual spelling escalade, which 



cdiv, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



SCAL 



552 



SCAP 



scalariform, n. skdMr'i-fawrm (L. scala, a ladder, 
and forma, a shape), ladder-shaped; in hot., applied 
to vessels having bars like a ladder, as seen in ferns. 

scald, n. skawld (It. scaldare; F. ichauder, to heat, 
to warm — from L. calidus, hot: Dan. skolde; Sw. 
skolla, to scald), an injury, to the body caused by hot 
water or ~"~ 
injure t 
of boili: „ 
with a hot liquid : scald'ed, pp. : scald'head, n. -hid, a 

Mil Jlll.-ll : I M|ii i-;. Mil I I ■ i.i' i In' li'.l, ' .I:!.'! 

spreading till the whole head is covered : scalding- 
hot, a. hot enough to scald: scalded cream, cream 
raised from milk by heat. 

scald, n. skald (loxA. skald: Dan. skiald: Ger. skalde), 
one of the anc. Scand. poets ; among the Norsemen, a 
reciter and singer of poems, generally heroic— also 
spelt scolder or skalder : scald'ic, a. -ik, pert, to the 
anc. Scand. scalds or poets. 

scale, n. skoi (AS. satin-, a balance; sceala, scales, 
shells.: Dut. school, a scale, a saucer: Ger. schale, a 
shell, a dish), the dish of a balance ; one of the thin 
plates that form the covering of many fish ; a thin 



skald: adj. having scales like fishes: scaler, _. . 
ler, one who scales : sca'ly, a. -II, abounding with 
scales; composed of scales lying over one another: 
scale'less, a. -16s, destitute of scales : scale-board, n. 
usually pronounced skdb'erd, in printing, a thin slip 
of wood used to extend a page to its true length, and 
for other purposes ; a very thin board of wood used to 
protect articles of furniture and the like : scales, n. 
plu. shale, a balance : scale-fern, a fern so called from 
the scales at the back of the fronds. 

scale, n. skal (L. scala, a ladder : It. scala, a ladder ; 
scalar e, to mount with a ladder : old F. scalle, a 
ladder), a series of steps ; anything marked in parts 
at equal distances ; an instrument graduated or di- 
vided into parts, used for mathematical and philo- 
sophical purposes ; a natural series of musical sounds ; 
the natural order of progression on which any system 
of notation is based : v. to ascend or climb a rocky 
precipice, as by a ladder: scaling, imp.: scaled, pp. 
skald: scalable, a. -hl-bl, that may be scaled: scal- 
ing-ladder, a ladder used in time of war for mount- 
ing over the walls, &c, of a fortified place, made in 
parts 7£ and 12 feet long, and joined by placing the 
end of one into the socket of the other : the scale of 
an instrument, its compass : diatonic scale, the musi- 
cal ladder of graduated steps and half-steps, or tones 
and semitones, containing five of the former and two 
of the latter: chromatic scale, the musical ladder 

_i .m'imh il I', I' ill ii | ; HI I IIIIIMIK 

scalene, a. ska-len' (Gr. skalenos ; L. scalenus, 
oblique, unequal), in geom., applied to a triangle 
having three unequal sides. 

scall, n. skawl (from scald, which see : Dut. schelle, 
bark, membrane: Dan. skaldet, bald, bare), scurf in 
the head; a scurfy head; scabbiness ; leprosy: scalled, 
a. skawld, scabby. 

scallion, n. skOl'yun (It. scalogno, a shallot: L. asca- 
lonius, of or from Ascalon, in Palestine), a plant, a 
kind of onion ; the eschalot. 

scallop, n. shol'-lop (Dut. schelpe, a cockle-shell; 
schelpevis, a shell-fish : L. scalpere, to scratch, to en- 
grave : old F. escallop), a bivalve mollusc, ribbed and 
furrowed, diverging from the hinge to the margin, 
found abundantly on the shores of Palestine, and was 
wont to be worn by pilgrims as an emblem of the 
Holy Land ; a kind of dish for baking oysters in : v. to 
mark or cut the border of a thing into segments of a 
circle: scalloping, imp.: scalloped, pp. -lupt: adj. 
having the edge or border marked with segments of 
circles*, scallop-oysters, opened oysters cooked with 
crumbs of bread. 

scalp, n. sk&lp (It. scalpo, the skin of the head: 
Dut. schelp or schulp, a shell : L. scalpere, to cut, to 
carve ; scalprum, a surgeon's knife), the skin of the top 
of the head from which the hair grows ; in N. Arner. 
Indian warfare, the skin and hair of the top of the 
head torn or cut off: v. to cut or tear the skin and 
hair from the top of the head : scalp'ing, imp. and 
■ i. i i>M, ing <;i bhe skin and hair of the top of the 
head : scalped, pp. skdlpt : scalping-iron or scalper, 
in ,i ,, in in i . i ii - ,i mi i ,|nugfoul and cari- 
ous bones : scalping-knife, a sharp knife used by the 
N. Amer. Indians in scalping their enemies. 

mate, mat, far, law; mete, met, 



or schulp, a shell), in Scot., a bed of oysters or 
in an estuary or sea. 

scalpel, n. skdl'pil (L. scalpellum, a scalpel— from 
scalpo, I scrape: It. scalpello: F. scalpel), a knife used 
in dissections and surgical operations. 

scalpriform, a. skdl'-pri ft norm (L odprum, a chisel 
or knife, and forma, shapi-j, knife-slmped; having a 
edge on one side. 

scaly— see scale 1. 

scammony, n. skdm'md-ni (L. scammonia ; Gr. 
skammonia, scammony), a plant of the genus con- 
volvulus, from which a sort of gum-resin is obtained, 
of a blackish-grey colour and bitter acrid taste, used 
in medicine: scammoniate, a. skam-mG'nl-at, made 
with or containing scammony. 

scamp, n. skdmp (Dut. scharnpen, to shave, to slip 
away ; scampig, slippery), a cheat ; a rascal ; a rake ; 
a worthless fellow: scam'pish, a. -pish, of or like a 
scamp. Note.— "A workman is said to scamp his 
work when he does it in a superficial dishonest man- 
ner." — Wedgwood. 

scamper, v. skdm'-per (Bav. gampem, to sport, to 
spring about : Sw. skum'pa, to jog : It. scampare, to 
escape), to run with speed; to hasten in flight: n. a 
run ; a hasty flight: scam'pering, imp.: n. act of one 
who scampers : scam'pered, pp. -perd. 

scan, v. skAn (L. scandere, to climb, to scan: It. 
scandere : F. sr.ander), to examine with critical care ; 
to critically examine poetry by counting the feet and 
telling of what kind they are : scan'ning, imp. : 
scanned, pp. skdnd. 

scandal, n. skdn'ddl (Gr. skandalon, a snare, a cause 
of offence: It. scandalo; F. scandale, scandal), some- 
thing uttered injurious to the reputation of others, 
which is either wholly or partially untrue ; offence or 
injury occasioned by a wrong action; detraction; 
calumny : scan'dalise, v. -iz, to disgrace ; to shock ; to 
offend by some supposed improper action : scan'dali- 
sing, imp.: scan'dalised, pp. -ltd: scan'dalous, a. -us, 
shameful; disgraceful to reputation; openly vile or 
infamous: scan'dalously, ad. -Ii: scan'dalousness, n. 
-.,... iii. ijidiii; Mi i.i i. g scandalous or disgraceful. 

scandent, a. skdn'dent (L. scandens, climbing— gen. 
scandentis), in hot., climbing; climbing by means of 
supports, as on a wall or rock ; performing the office 
of a tendril. 

scansorial, a. sk&n-so'rl-dl (L. scansum, to climb), 
climbing, or formed for climbing ; an epithet applied 
to the order of climbing birds, called the scanso res, 
n. plu. -rez. 

scant, a. skdnt (Icel. skammr, short; skamtr, a 
measured portion : Norm, skant, a measured portion : 
skanta, to measure off), scarcely sufficient ; neither 
large nor plentiful ; barely fair ; light, as the wind : 
v. to limit ; to straiten ; to become less : scant'ing, 
imp. : scant'ed, pp.: scant'y, a. -I, not copious or full ; 
hardly sufficient; sparing: scantily, ad. -t-ll, not 
fully ; not plentifully ; niggardly : scant'ness, n. -nes, 
also scantiness, n. -l-nes, the condition or quality of 
being scant or scanty; narrowness. 

scantling, ii. ■-hanteler, to cut off the 

corners or edges of— from chantel, a corner-piece : Ger. 
kant, edge: It. canto, side, corner), a small piece of 
anything ; the size to which a piece of timber is to be 
cut; a general name for small timbers ; in rrtasorfni, 
the size of the stones in length, breadth, and thick- 
ness. 

scape, n. skWp capus, • pos, a stem, a 

stalk: It. scapo), in lot., a naked flower-stalk bearing 
one or more flowers arising from a short axis, and 
usually with radical leaves at the base, as in the cow- 
slip or hyacinth; in arch., part of the shaft of a 
column : scapeless, a. -les, destitute of a scape : scape 
and scapement, contr. for escape and escapement- 
see escape. 

scapegoat, n. shap'-gOt (from i and goat), among 

the one. Jews, a coat on which the bi-h priest solemnly 
laid the sins of the people, and which was afterwards 
driven into the wilderness ; any person on whom the 
faults of another may be fixed : scape'grace, n. -gras 
{escape, and grace), a graceless, worthless, hare-brained 
creature. 

scapheus, n. sMf'-e-us (Gr. skapheus, a digger), in 
geol., a genus of long-taij ans character- 

ised by their spiny cephalo-thorax, and strong spiny 
limbs. 

scaphite, n. ha; Gr. skaphe, a light 

boat, a skiff), in geol., a genus of the ammonite family, 
her; pine, pin; note, not, mCve; 



SCAP 



553 



SCEP 



peculiar to the Chalk formation, and so named from 
the boat-like contour of its shell. 

scaphoid, a. *kdj"cX:d (Gr. skoph-:. a skiff, and eidns, 
resemblance*, resembling a boat; applied to a bone 
which is riattish and hollow. 

scapolite, n. skdp'o-lit (L. scapus; Gr.skapos, a rod, 
a stein, and litho>. a stone), a mineral consisting of 
alumina and lime, occurring in long prismatic or rod- 
like crystals of various colours. 

scapple, v. skau'-pl, to rough-dress a stone prepara- 
tory to hewing : icap pling, imp. : scap pled, pp. -phi. 

scapula, n. skap'-u-ld iL. scapula, The shoulder- 
blade), the blade-hone of the shoulder; plu. scapulae, 
-le: scap'ular, a. -ler, or scap'ulary, a, -ler-i, of or 
pert, to the shoulder, or to the scapula: n. (F. scapit- 
laire: It. scapolart), an ornament worn by a R. Cath. 
clergyman when officiating, consisting of two bands 
of woollen stuff hanging down from the neck upon 
both the back and the i n east : scap ulars, n. plu. -lerz, 
the arteries near the shoulder-blade; the feathers 
which spring from the shoulders of wings. 

scapus, n. ska'-pil* (L. scapus, a stalk), the stem or 
trunk of a feather ; the shaft of a column ; a scape. 

scar, n. skdr (Bret, skarr, a crack, a chap; skarra, 
to crack: Dan. skaar, a notch: F. escarre, a scar: 
Gr. eschara, a fireplace, a scab made by cauterising), 
a mark left by a wound which has healed ; any mark 
or blemish: also scaur, n. skaa-r, in Scot, a bare and 
broken place on the side of a hill or mountain ; a 
naked detached rock ; in hot., a mark upon a stem or 
branch seen after the fall of a leaf, or upon a seed 
after the separation •>]' its stem: v. to mark as with 
a scar ; to form a scar : scar'ring, imp. : scarred, pp. 
skdrcl: scar limestone, in geol., a name applied to 
the lower group of the carboniferous limestone, as de- 
veloped in bluff precipices or lofty scars. 

scar, n. skdr (L. scarus; Gr. skaros, the scams), a 
fish of the genus scarus— usually culled parrot-fish. 

scarab, n. skdr -Ob, or scarabee, n. skdr'd-be, also 
scarabaeus, n. skar-a-bi'-us (L. scarabeus: Gr. skara- 
bos, a beetle: F. scarabee). a beetle; applied to such 
insects as the elephant and the Hercules beetles ; the 
figure of a beetle, plain or inscribed with characters, 
habitually worn by the an.e. Egyptians and Etrurians 
as an amulet: the use and meaning of the scaraboe- 
us as a sacred symbol are unknown. 

scaramouch, n. ckdr'-o-mcncch (F. scaramouche : It. 
scaramuccio), a buffoon in motley dress, a personage 
in old Italian comedy; any poltroon and braggadocio. 

scarce, a. skars (old F. eschars or escar," sparing, 
niggardly; escharcer, to diminish: It. scaiso, scarce, 
scant: Bret, skarz, slender, little; skarza, to spare, 
to diminish), in small quantity compared to the de- 
mand; not common; few in number, and scattered; 
not often found or met with : scarcely, ad. -U, hardly ; 
with difficulty : scarceness, n. -n£s, also scarcity, n. 
skdr'-si-tl, the condition of being scarce ; deficiency. 

scare, v. skdr (Scot, skair, to take fright: Icel. 
skiarr, timid, shy: Norm, skjerra, to frighten, to 
scare : F. escarre, a breach, a bursting open with noise 
and violence), to terrify suddenly; to frighten: sca- 
ring, imp.: scared, pp. skard: scarecrow, anything 
set up in a field or garden to frighten away birds ; any 
vain terror. 

scarf, n. skdr/ (F. escharpe, a beggar's scrip or bag, 
a scarf: old H. Ger. scherbe, a scrip), a sort of oblong 
shawl thrown loosely over the shoulders ; plu. scarfs, 
skdr/s, or scarves, skdrvz. 

scarf, v. skdr/ (Sw. skar/wa, to piece out: Dan. 
skarre; Norm, skara, to scarf timber: Sp. escarpar, 
to rasp, to slope down a bank, to scarf timber), to unite 
two pieces of timber at the ends by a sort of dove- 
tailing ; to join or piece : scarfing, imp. : n. the process 
of joining two pieces of timber by notching their ends 
into each other: scarfed, pp. skdr/t. 

scarfskin, n. skdr/'skiji (Bav. schurffen, to scratch 
or peck off the outside of a thing— see scurf), the outer 
thin integument of the skin ; the cuticle. 

scarify, v. skdr'-i-/l (L. scarificare, to scratch open : 
Gr. skariphaomai, I make a scratch with a sharp- 
pointed instrument— from skariphos, a pointed in- 
strument: It. scarificare: F. scarifier), to scratch 
or cut slightly the skin of an animal by means of a 
lancet so as to draw blood from the minuter ves- 
sel only: scarifying, imp.: scarified, pp. -/Id : scar- 
ifier, n. -fl-er, one who scarifies ; an instrument used 
for scarifying; in agri., an implement with prongs 
used for stirring the soil : scar'ifica tion, n. -/i-ka- 
shun: scar'ifica'tor, n. -kd'ter, an agricultural instr. 



for stirring and loosening the soil without turning it 
over; an instr. containing lancets for cupping. 

scarious, a, skd'-ri-ils, also sca'riose, a. -os (F. scari- 
eux, membranous: Eng. scar), in bot., having the con- 
sistence of a dry scale ; membranous, dry, and shriv- 
elled. 

scarlatina, n. skdr'ldt-e'-nd (It. scarlattina, scarlet 
fever— from scarlatto, scarlet: F. scarlatinc, scarlet 
fever), scarlet fever; a contagious febrile disease 
characterised by a scarlet eruption: scarlatinous, a. 
skar'-lat-e-nus, of a scarlet colour; of or pert, to scar- 
let fever. 

scarlet, n. skdr'iSt (F. ecarlate; It. scarlatto; Ger. 
scharlach, scarlet) a bright red colour, brighter than 
crimson: adj. of the colour of scarlet : scarlet bean or 
runner, a plant, so called from the colour of its flowers : 
scarlet fever, a dangerous and very contagious fever, 
especially to the young— so called from the crimson- 
red patches on the skin, which are characteristic of it ; 
also called scarlatina .• scarlet oak, scarlet beech, &c, 
applied to varieties of those trees having reddish 
leaves. 

scarp, n. skdrp (F. escape; Sp. escarpa ; It scai-pa, 
the slope of a wall or steep front of a fortification), in 
a ditch before a fortified place, that side of the ditch 
which slopes towards it; in her., the scarf worn by 
military commanders— see scarf : v. to cut it down so 
as to make it perpendicular, or nearly so, as to scarp 
a rock or a ditch: scarp'ing, imp.: scarped, pp. 
skdrpt: adj. having a steep face; worn or cut down 
like the scarp of a fortified place— see escarpe. 

scatches, n. plu. skdeh'-iz (F. (chassis, stilts to go 
upon : schectse in Flanders signifies stilts, and in 
Holland, skates: Low Ger. skake, shank or leg), stilts 
for walking with along dirty places. 

scath, n., or scathe, n. skdth (Goth, skathjan; Ger. 
schad'.n, to injure: Icel. skadi ; AS. sceatha, damage, 
hurt), damage ; injury ; harm : scath'less, a. -16s, with- 
out damage or injury. 

scatter, v. skrit'-tir (Dut. schetteren, to resound, to 
scatter: It. scatcrare, to scatter), to throw loosely 
about; to strew; to disperse or dissipate; to be dis- 
persed: scattering, imp.: adj. divided among many: 
n. act of dispersing or distributing; something scat- 
tered : scat'tered, pp. -terd : adj. dispersed ; thinly 
spread; dissipated; in bot., without apparent sym- 
metry in arrangement : scat teringly, ad. -ll, in a scat- 
tered or dispersed manner. 

scaup, n. skcucp (prov. Eng. scaup, broken shell- 
fish), a sea-fowl— a species of duck which feeds on the 
smaller bivalves ; also called a yoachard. 

scaur— see under scar. 

scavenger, n. skai'en-jcr (old Eng. scavage, origi- 
nally a duty on the inspection of customable goods 
brought to market within the city of London ; scava- 
gers, those who inspected the goods, afterwards applied 
to inspectors of the streets, then to the cleaners— from 
AS. sceaivian, to view, to inspect), in Scot., one em- 
ployed in cleaning streets ; one engaged in a mean or 
dirty occupation : v. to clean streets or dirty places : 
scav'engering, imp.: scaVengered, pp. -jerd. 

scene, n. sen (L. scena; Gr. skene, the stage, the 
scene of a theatre : It. set no : F. scene), many objects, 
forming one whole, displayed at one view ; the place 
of action or occurrence ; a part of a play ; in a theatre, 
certain stage paintings, &c; an exhibition of strong 
feeling between two or more persons : scena, n. sd'nd 
(It.), a scene or portion of an opera: scenery, n. se- 
ner-i, the general appearance of a district of country ; 
the painted representation of places, &c, used on the 
stage: scenic, a. se'nlk, also scenical, a. -nikal, pert, 
to scenery ; dramatic : see nically, ad. -It. 

scenographic, a. se'no-grO/'-ik, also sce'nograph'- 
ical, a. -i-kdl (Gr. skene, a scene, and grapho, I write), 
drawn in perspective: sce'nograph'ically, ad. -li: 
scenography, n. se-nog'-rd-J'i, the art of perspective. 

scent, n. sent (F. senteur, scent; sentir, to feel, to 
smell— from L. sentire, to discern by the senses), that 
which proceeds from a body and affects the olfactory 
nerves ; smell, good or bad ; perfume ; odour ; course 
of pursuit; track: v. to perceive by the olfactory 
nerves ; to smell ; to perfume : scent'ing, imp.: scent'- 
ed, pp. : adj. perfumed ; imbued with odour : scent- 
less, a. -lis, without scent. 

sceptic, n. skep'tik (F. sceptique, a sceptic: Gr. 
skeptikos, thoughtful, reflective, pert, to those who 
took nothing for granted— from Gr. skeptomai, I look 



about), one wh' ■ ■"■ ''■■■- c'o - wo ,„ .■ 

of a revelation, or the truth of any system of princi- 
/obt; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, (here, zeal. 



SCEP 5 

pies or doctrines : scep'tic, a. -ilk, also scep'tical, a. 
-ti-kal, doubting or hesitating to admit the certainty 
of doctrines or principles; unbelieving: scep'tically, 
ad. -li: scep'ticalness, n. -nes, the state of being scep- 
tical: scep'ticism, n. -sizm, universal doubt; unbelief. 
Note; — k and not c in the first syllable should be the 
spelling in the above words, as being more agreeable 
to analogy— thus, skeptic, &c. 

sceptre, n. sdp'-ter (L. sceptrum, a royal staff, a 
sceptre— from Gr. skeptron, a staff to lean upon— from 
skepto, I lean: F. sceptre), an ornamental stall' or 
baton carried by sovereigns on solemn occasions as 
an emblem of sovereignty ; royal power or authority : 
sceptreless, a. -les, without kingly power: scep'- 

tred, a. -terd, invested with the ei ig ; 

bearing a sceptre. 

schako— see shako. 

schedule, n. shed-ill (L. schedula, a small leaf of 
paper— from scheda, a sheet or leaf of paper: old 
F. schedule), a sheet of paper or parchment containing 
a written or printed list, inventory, or table ; a list 
or inventory attached to another document: v. to 
catalogue ; to put or place in a list : sched'uling, imp. : 
sched'uled, pp. -uld. 

Scheele's green, n. shels'gren (after Scheele, the cele- 
brated Swedish chemist), a green pigment, consisting 
of an arsenite of copper, first prepared by Scheele, 
much used as an oil and water colour : scheeletine, 
n. siull'c-tln, a mineral of a green, yellow, brown, 
or red colour, being a native tungstate of lead, and 
consisting of tungstic acid and lead : scheel'ite, n, 
-\t, tungstate of lime, found in the veins of the older 
rocks in four-sided pyramidal crystals, or in granular 
crusts of a grey, white, yellow, or brownish colour : 
schee'lium, n. -II- um, a name sometimes applied to 
tungsten. 

scheererite, n. sher'er-lt (named after the discoverer, 
Von Scheerer), one of the mineral resins occurring in 
brown coal and peat. 

scheik— see sheik. 

scheme, v. skem (L. and Gr. schema, shape, fashion, 
outline), to plan; to contrive; to form a plan: n. a 
connected combination of things contrived towards 
some end; a plan; a project; a contrivance; a dia- 
gram to illustrate: sche'ining, imp.: adj. given to 
forming schemes; intriguing; artful: n. the act of 
one who schemes : schemed, pp. skemd: sche'mer, n. 
'•iiemes; a contriver; a planner. 

schene, n. sken (L. schcenos ; Gr. schoinos, a rush or 
reed, a measure of distance), an Egyptian measure of 
length about VJ miles. 

scherbet— see sherbet. 

scherif, n. sher'-lf(Ar. sherif, lord or master) a title 
in the East given to the descendants of Mohammed 
through his son-in-law Ali and daughter Fatima; 
given also to the chiefs of Mecca and Medina; an 

scheroma, n. ske-rd'-md (Gr. skeros, a form of zeros, 
dry), in med., a dry inflammation of the eye, occa- 
sioned by the want of lachrymal secretions. 

schiller-spar, n. shil'ler-spdr (Ger. schillern, to 
change or vary colours), a mineral, being a hydrated 
silicate of magnesia, of a greyish-green or yellowish- 
brown colour, and exhibiting a slight play of colour. 

schirrhous, schirrhus— see scirrhus. 

schism, n. sizni(Gr. schism a, a division, aseparation 
—from schizo, I split, I rend : F. schisme), a division 
or separation in a church, or amongst the same sect or 
religious body : schismatic, a. siz-mdt'ik, also schis- 
matlcal, a. -i-kdl, pert, to or tending to a schism: 
schismatic, n. one who separates from a religious 
body owing to a difference of opinion, especially from 
an established church : schismat'ically, ad. -II: schis- 
mat'icalness, n. -nes, the state of being schismatical : 
schismatise, v. slz-md-tiz, to take part in a schism : 
schis'mati'sing, imp.: schis'matised, pp. -tlzd. 

schist, n. shist (Gr. schistos, split, rent), a term ap- 
plied to the varieties of slate or slate-rock which may 
easily be split ; the term should be .< itrict<-J to : n.-h 
rocks as mica-schist, gneiss, and the like, which have 
a foliated structure, and which split up into thin 
irregular plates, and not by regular cleavag* as in :■.- 
clay-slate or flagstones: schistic, a. shis'-tik, also 
schistose, a. shis-tos', slaty; having a slaty structure 
—applied to crystalline or metamorphic rocks. 

schizopod, n. skiz'-o-pod (Gr. schizo, I split, and 
pous, a foot — gen. podos), a crustacean whose legs 
have each an accessory jointed branch so as to appear 
double. 



4 SCIE 

scholar, n. skdl'-er (L. schola; Gr. schole, leisure, 
given to learning, a school: But. scholia-; Ger. schiilcr, 
a pupil : Ger. scladc, a school), one who learns from a 
teacher; one who has attained a certain advanced 
proficiency, as in learning; a pupil; a student; a man 
eminent for learning; an undergraduate partly sup- 
ported from the revenues of his college : schol'arly, a. 
-It, resembling or becoming a scholar : schol'arship, 
11. learning; knowledge; the character and qualities 
of a scholar ; a foundation for the support of a student. 

scholastic, a. sko-lds'-tlk, also scholas'tical, a. -ti-kdl 
(L. scholasticus, of or belonging to a school, a lecturer 
in the schools, a rhetorician— from schola, a school), 
of or pert, to a scholar, or to a school ; pert, to the 
schoolmen; pedantic: scholas tically, ad. -li: scholas'- 
tic, n. one who adheres to the methods and subtil- 
ties of the schools: scholasticism, n. -tt-slzm, the 
methods or subtilties of the schools of philosophy of 
the middle ages: scholastic philosophy or formality: 
scholastic philosophy, that system of philosophy 
which arose in the schools and universities of the 
dark ages. 

scholiast, n. sko'-U-dst (Gr. scholion, a short note, 
a comment ; scholiastes, a writer of explanatory notes), 
a commentator or annotator : scho'lias'tic, a. -ds'-tlk, 
pert, to a scholiast, or to his pursuits : scholium, n. 
-urn, plu. scholia, -ll-d, or scholiums, -ilrnz, an ex- 
planatory note or criticism written on the margin of 
a MS. by one of the anc. critics ; an explanatory re- 
mark appended as a footnote to the demonstration of 
a proposition, or to a train of reasoning. 

school, n. skdl (AS. scolu; L. schola; Gr. schole, a 
school— see scholar), a place for the instruction of 
pupils or students ; a sect or party in doctrines or 
philosophy; those who have or hold something in 
common, as old school; the colleges in the middle 
ages for instructing in the various branches of specu- 
lative knowledge; a shoal or compact body, as of 
whales : v. to instruct ; to train ; to tutor ; to reprove : 
schooling, imp. : n. instruction in a school ; reproof ; 
reprimand : schooled, pp. sk6ld : school'man, n. one 
versed in the speculative philosophy and divinity of 
the middle ages : schoolmen, n. plu. the philosophers 
and divines of the middle ages, from about the ninth 
century, to the revival of learning, about the end of 
the fourteenth : schoolmaster, n. skdl'mus-ter, one who 
teaches a school: school'mistress, n. fern, -mls-trbs, 
a woman who teaches a school : schoolboy, a boy 
learning at school : schoolgirl, a girl at school : 
school-days, the time when at school: schoolfellow 
or schoolmate, a companion at school : schoolhouse, 
the building where the school is held : school in- 
spector, a government officer appointed to make 
periodical examinations of elementary schools, and 
to report on their character and state of efficiency, 
with the condition of the school-buildings and such- 
like : school divinity, that divinity which discusses 
nice points in doctrine : normal school, a school for 
the training of teachers : parochial school, in Scot., a 
school established by law in each parish, and sup- 
ported by the landholders, who, in Scotland, are called 
heritors : primary school, a school where children 
receive elementary instruction. 

schooner, n. skon'-er (Dut. schooner; Ger. schemer), 
a small sharp-built vessel with two masts, sometimes 
with three. 

schorl, n. short (Sw. skorl, brittle), a brittle mineral, 
occurring in black prismatic crystals, known also as 
black tourmaline: schorlaceous, a. shor-la'-shus, pos- 
sessing the properties of schorl. 

sciagraph, n. sl'd-grdf (Gr. skia, a shadow, and 
grapho, I write or describe), in arch., the profile or 
section of a building to exhibit its interior structure: 
sciagraphy, n. si-ag'rd-fi, the art of sketching and de- 
lineating shadows as they fall in nature : sci'agraph'- 
ical, a. -i-kdl, pert, to sciagraphy : sci'agraph'ically, 
ad. -li. 

sciatica, n. si-dt'-i-kd (It. and mid. L. sciatica, sciatica 
—from Gr. ischias, a pain in the hips— from ischion, 
the hip-joint : F. sciatique), rheumatism of the hip ; 
hip-gout : sciatic, a. -Ik, also sciatlcal, a. -i-kdl, pert, 
to rheumatic affections of the hip : sciatlcally, ad. -li. 

science, n. si-ens (L. scientia, knowledge, science— 
from scio, I know: It. scienzia: F. science), acknowl- 
edged truths and laws, in any department of mind or 
matter, digested and arranged into a system ; profound 
or complete knowledge : natural science, the knowl- 
edge of causes and effects, and of the laws of nature : 
abstract or pure science, the knowledge of powers, 






mate, mdt,fdr, law; mete, m§t, her; pine, pin; note, not, mdve; 



SOIL 



555 



SCOR 



causes, or laws considered apart from all applications ; 
the knowledge of reasons and their conclusions : prac- 
tical science, know! 3 ige derived from experiment and 
the classitvati'.'n of parti.-ular facts; that which de- 
pends on theory: scientific, a. sVCn-tif-lk, also sci- 
entif ical, a. -i-kdl (L. sciens, knowing, and facio, I 
make), according to science ; producing or containing 
certain ku c ally, ad. -II : the seven 

sciences, among anc. authors, these were grammar, 
logic, rhetoric, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and 
music. 

scilicet, conj. sil'-i-set (L. scilicet, evidently, certain- 
ly—from scire licet, it is permitted to know, you may 
know), namely; viz.; to wit. 

scillitine, n. sll'-ii-tin iL. scilla; Gr. skillet, the sea- 
onion or squill: F. sguiil .the bitter principle of the 
bulb of the squill or sea-onion, much used as a do- 
mestic medicine. 

scimitar— see cimeter. 

scincoids, 11. plu. sing-kn/dz, also scincoidians, sing- 
koyd'-l-anz (L. scincus ; Gr. skingkos, a species of 
lizard, and eidos, resemblance), a family of saurian 
reptiles, of which the scir. . :;? or skink is the type. 

scintillate, v. ^>(.7t?-ta^.L.sciNfiHa,aspark),toemit 
sparks ; to sparkle, as the fixed stars : scin'tillating, 
imp.: scintillated, pp. : scintillant, a. -hint, spark- 
ling; emitting sparks : scintillation, n. -la'shiin, the 
_ sparks, or sparkling. 

sciography, n. sl-6g : rd-fi—see sciagraphy. 

sciolism, n. si-6-lizm (L. sciolus, a smatterer— from 
scio. I know : It. sciolo, superficially knowing), super- 
ficial knowledge: sciolist, n. -list, one who has a 

sciomanc-.- r. skia, a shadow, and 

. divination by the shadow. 

scion. 1. . , a young and tender 

plant: Gr. Mj.v. r,. a reed, a straw: It. sione, a quill 
to draw water through), a small twig or branch cut 
from one tree and grafted on another; a shoot of the 
first year : any young branch or member, applied to 
the families of the nobility. 

scioptic, n. slop'tik, also sciop'tric, n. -trik (Gr. 
skia, a shadow, and optomai, I see), a sphere or globe 
with a lens fitted to a camera, and made to turn like 
the eye: adj. pert, to: scioptics, n. plu. -tlks, the 
science of exhibiting the images of external objects 
by means of the camera-obseura, or by means of lenses, 
in a darkened room. 

scirocco, n. si-rUk'-kO, also sciroc, sl'-rok, and siroc- 
co— see sirocco. 

scirrhus, n. skir'rii.s (L. scin-os; Gr. skirrhos, a 
hard swelling : It. scirroso, cancerous — from Gr. 
fragment or chip of marble), in surg., a 
hard tumour on any part of the body, often terminat- 
ing in a cancer : scirrhous, a. -rus, hard ; knotty, as 
a gland ; proceeding from a scirrhus : scirrhos'ity, n. 
-ros'-l-tt. a morbid hardness. 

scissile, a. sis'-U (L. scissi'.is, that may easily be split 
or rent— from scission, to cut, to rend: It. and F. 
scissile), that may be cut or divided by a sharp instru- 
ment : scissil or scissel, n. sis'-il, the waste cuppings 
of metals ; the slips or plates of metal out of which 
the blanks for coinage have been cut: scission, n. 
slzh'-un, the act of cutting or dividing by an edged in- 
strument: scissors, n. siz'-lrz (F. ciseaux, scissors: old 
Eng. sisoures), a well-known cutting instrument con- 
sisting of two blades moving on a pivot : scissure, n. 
sizh'iir, an opening made bv cutting lengthwise. 

scinrine, n. si'u-rin (L. sciurus; Gr. skiouros, a 
squirrel), a rodent animal of the squirrel tribe. 

Sclave, n. skldv (mid. L. Sclavi or Slavi, a people of 
the E. of Europe), a native of Sclavonia ; also the lan- 
guage: Sclavonian, a. skld-vo'nh&n, also Sclavonic, 
a. -Ik, pert, to Sclavonia, its people, or its language ; 
also spelt Slave and Slavonian. 

scleretinite, n. < : . : >. hard, and 

rhetine, resin), one of the mineral resins occurring in 
roundish drops and pellets of a black colour, nearly 
allied in composition to amber. 

sclerodennous, a. skler'-o-der'mus (Gr. skleros, hard, 
and derma, skin), hard-skinned ; pert, to the scler'o- 
derms, -derms, a family of fishes having skins covered 
with hard scales. 

sclerogen, n. skler'-o-jen (Gr. skleros, hard, and 
gennao, I produce), the thickening or woody matter 
deposited in the cells of plants. 

scleroma, n. skle-ro'-md, (Gr.skleroma, an induration 

—from skleros, hard), in med., hardness of texture ; a 

hardened part or body : sclerotal, n. skle-ro'-tal, the 

caw, toy, foot; pure, bud; chair, 



eye-capsule bone of a fish : sclerotic, a. sklc-rot'-lk, hard; 
firm— applied to the external membrane of the eye : 
n. the outer membrane or tunic of the eye; in med., 
a substance' that hardens parts; also sclerotica, n. 
■i-ka. 

scobiform, a. skdb'l-faicrm (L. scobis, powder or dust 
produced by sawing or rasping, and forma, shape), 
in bot., in the form of filings, of like fine sawdust. 

scobina, n. sko-bi'-nd (L. scobina, a rasp or file), in 
bot., the immediate support to the spikelets of grasses. 

scobs, n. plu. skobz{L. scobis, sawdust— from ccabo, I 
scrape), raspings or turnings of ivory, metals, &c; 
sawdust. 

scoff, n. skof (Icel. skaup, derision : old Flem. schop, 
mockery), an expression of scorn or contempt; de- 
rision ; mockery : v. to treat with ridicule, con- 
tempt, or mockery: scoffing, imp.: n. the act of 
treating with scorn: adj. treating with reproachful 
language : scoffed, pp. shaft: scoffer, n. -fir, one who 
scoffs :' scof'fingly, ad. -U. 

scold, n. skold (Dut. schelden, to scold, to revile ; 
schcldnaem, a name of abuse: Icel. skellr, clang, 
crash ; skella, to bang : Sw. skalla, to bark like a dog), 
a rude, clamorous, foul-mouthed woman : v. to repri- 
mand; to rebuke or reprove; to rail at with rude 
clamour: scold'ing, imp.: n. railing language; the 
act of rebuking or reproving: adj. given to the use 
of railing language, generally used in reference to 
women : "scold/edrpp. : scold'er, n. -er, one who scolds : 
scold'ingly, ad. -li. 

scolecite, n. skol-g-slt (Gr. skolex, a worm— in ref- 
erence to the mineral's behaviour before the blow- 
pipe), a mineral found in whitish fibrous tufts in trap- 
i\< It and basalt. 

scoliosis, n. sko'-V-o-sls (Gr. skolios, crooked), in 
med., crookedness; distortion of the vertebral column 
to one side. 

scolithus, n. sko-li'thiis, also scolites, n. pin. sko'-lltz 
(Gr. skolios, crooked, tortuous), in g>ol., terms applied 
to those tortuous tube-like markings which occur in 
certain sandstones, and which appear to have beeu 
worm-burrows. 

scollop, skol<ldp—aee scallop. 

scolopendra. n. skOl'-O-j'C/i'-drd (L. scolopendra ; Gr. 
skolopendra, a sort of multlpede), a genus of insects, 
wingless and venomous, and having many feet; a 
centipede. 

scomberoids, n. plu. skom'-bcr-dydz (L. scomber; 
Gr. skombros, a species of tunny, a mackerel, and 
eidos, resemblance), a family of fishes of which the 
common mackerel is taken as the type : scorn beroid'- 
al, a. -diid'-dl, pert, to the scomber family. 

sconce, n. skons (Dut. schantse, a rampart made of 
trees and branches: Ger. schanzen, to make a fence, 
to fortify : F. esconser, to hide, to conceal : mid. L. 
absconsa, a lantern — from L. absconsum, to conceal, 
to hide), a small fort, as to defend a river or a pass ; 
that which covers or resembles a cover; the socket of 
a candlestick with a brim, in which the candle is in- 
serted; in arch., a branch to support a candlestick; 
the head or top of a thing; the head, in contempt: 
sconce or ensconce, v. to post one's self behind a 
screen of some kind. 

scoop, n. skop (Dut. schoepe, a shovel ; schoepen, to 
draw water: Ger. schiippe, a scoop, a shovel; scTuip- 
fen, to draw water: F. escoup, a scoop), a hollow 
shovel or ladle ; a hoDow dish with a long handle for 
dipping amongst liquors; a surgical instrument: v. 
to hollow out ;"to excavate ; to remove with a scoop : 
scooping, imp.: scooped, pp. sk6j.it: scoop'er, n. -er, 
one who scoops : scoop-net, a net so formed as to sweep 
the bed of a river. 

scope, n. skop (L. scopes; Gr. skojios, a mark or aim 
—from Gr. skeptomai, I view or survey: It. scopo, 
aim, scope), space; room; the limit of intellectual 
view; the end or ultimate object towards which the 
mind is directed ; the intention ; the ami or drift ; un- 
restricted liberty ; licence. 

scopifonn, a. skop'-i-fawrm (L. scopes, a broom or 
besom made of twigs, and forma, shape), having 
the form of a broom or besom : scop'iped, a. -peel (L. 
pes, a foot — gen. p> e dis), broom-footed — applied to a 
tribe of insects that have a brush of hairs on the 
hind feet. 

scorbutic, a, skor-bu'-tik, also scorbu'tical, a. -ti-kdl 
(mid. L. scorbutus, the scurvy: F. scorbutique, scor- 
butic), affected with the scurvy, or subject to it; re- 
sembling the scurvy : scorbu'tically, ad. -li. 

scorch, v. skorch (AS. scorcned, scorched : Low Ger. 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



SCOR 5 

schroggen, to scorch, to singe: It. scorciare, to con- 
tract), to burn superficially; to affect painfully with 
heat ; to he parched or dried up : scorching, imp. : 
scorched, pp. skorcht: scorch'ingly, ad. -II. 

scordium, n. skor'di-um (L. scordion ; Gr. skordion, 
a plant that smells like garlic), a plant, the water- 
germander. 

score, n. skOr (Icel. skera; AS. sceran; Dut. scheren, 
to shear or cut: Icel. skor; Dut. schore, a notch or 
score), a notch used to mark a number ; a line drawn ; 
an account or reckoning kept by marking in notches 
or lines; a tally-mark; the number twenty, as being 
marked off by a recognised number of notches; an 
account run up ; reason or motive : v. to mark by 
notches or lines; to set down, as a debt: sco'ring, 
imp.: scored, pp. skord: in score, in music, all the 
parts of a composition arranged to meet the eye at 
once— so called from the bar drawn through all its 
parts in its early use : to quit scores, to settle or bal- 
ance accounts : to give satisfaction : sco'rer, n. -rer, 

m m-iT -in i ■;,! ing numbers on timber-trees: 

long score, a heavy debt or reckoning : short score, 
a light debt, or one easily discharged. 

scoria, n. sko'ri-d, plu. sco'rise, -e (L. scoria; Gr. 
skoria, dross, slag : It. scoria : F. scorie), the scum, 
dross, or slag left from melted metals or ores ; rejected 
matter; in geol., applied to accumulations of dust, 
ashes, cinders, and loose fragments of rocks, dis- 
charged from active volcanoes: sco'ria'ceous, a. -a' 
shus, pert, to or resembling dross; drossy; in geol, 
applied to loose tindery debris having the 



■i<n :.t;, ace lationsv bichseemto owe their origi 

to igneous action. 

scorify, v. sko'-rlfx (F. scarifier, to reduce to dross— 
from L. scoria, dross, and facio, I make), to reduce to 
scoria or dross : sco'rifying, imp.: sco'rifled, pp. -fid: 
adj. reduced to scoria; or tindery dross: sco'rifica'- 
tion, n. -fl-ka'shun, the operation of reducing a metal 
wholly or partially into scoria or dross. 

scorn, n. skorn (Sp. escarnio; old F. eschern; It. 
scherno, derision, mockery: It. schernire; old F. 
escarnir, to mock: Dan. skarn, ordure, dirt: prov. 
Eng. scam, dung— the primary meaning seeming to 
be, to treat one as dirt), extreme contempt ; the ex- 
pression of disdain or contempt in look, gesture, or 
words, called forth by a sense of the meanness, base- 
ness, or utter insignificance of the object of it, and by 
a belief of one's own superiority : v. to think or treat 
as unworthy or contemptible; to hold in extreme 
contempt ; to despise or contemn : scorn'ing, imp. : n. 
the act of contemning or despising ; the act of treat- 
ing with contempt <>r disdain: scorned, pp. skornd: 
scorner, n skorn'er, one who scorns ; one who scoffs 
at religion: scorn'ful, a. -fool, contemptuous; dis- 
dainful: scorn'fully, ad. -li: scorn'fulness, n. -nSs, 
the quality of being scornful : to laugh to scorn, to 
make a mock of; to deride. 

scorpio, n. skor'pl-o (L. scorpio; Gr. skorpion, a 



very venomous sting: scorpion-fly, an insect having 
a tail resembling that of the scorpion : scorpion's-tail, 
a plant having trailing herbaceous stalks, and produc- 
ing a pod resembling a caterpillar. 

scorpioidal, a. skor'pi-dyd'dl (Gr. skorpion, a scor- 
pion, and eides, resemblance), in hot., applied to the 
main axis of inflorescence when curved in a circinate 
manner, like the tail of a scorpion. 

scot, n. skot, also shot, n. shot (F. escot, payment 
of one's own share of a common expense : It. scotto, 
the reckoning at an inn: AS. sceotan, to shoot, to 
throw down in payment ; sceat, a portion ; scot, pay- 
ment : Low Ger. schetan, to cast ; schott, contribution), 
an assessed tax laid on according to ability to pay : 
scot and lot, parish payments according to ability : 
scot-free, without payment : to pay one's shot, to pay 
one's share of a common expense. 

Scot, n. skot (AS. Scottas, the Scotch, the Irish: L. 
Scoti, the Scots), a native of Scotland: Scotch, n. 
skoch, the inhabitants of Scotland; their language: 
adj. pert, to Scotland, its language, or its people : 
Scotch'man, n. anative of Scotland : Scots, n. plu. skotz 
'me i < ,', Scots'man, n. same as Scotchman: 
Scotticism, n. skot'tl-slzm, an idiom or expression 
peculiar to the natives of Scotland : Scot'tish, a. -ish, 
pert, to Scotland, its language, or its inhabitants : 
Scotch mist, a dense, mist-like, fine rain : Scotch 

mate, molt, far, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve ; 



5 SCOW 

thistle, a variety of thistle— so called as being the na- 
tion;! 1 emblem of Scotland. 

scotch, v. skdeh (It. coccare, to snap, to click; 
cocca, the notch of an arrow ; scoccare, to ^lack, to 
snap), to cut or wound slightly: n. a slight cut or 
shallow incision: scotch'ing, imp.: scotched, pp. 
skucht: adj. cut with shallow incisions: scotch or 
scotched collops, veal cut into small pieces ; scored 
or partially-cut collops. 

scotch, v. skoch (Wal. ascot, anything used to sup- 
port an unsteady object ; ascoter, to prop : F. accotcr, 
to underprop : Lang, acouta, to support), to shoulder 
up ; to prop ; to stop, as a wheel, by putting a piece of 
stone or wood under it: n. a drag or brake applied to 
the wheel of a carriage in descending a declivity: 
scotch'ing, imp. : scotched, pp. skocht. 

scoter, n. sko'ter, the black duck or diver, visitants 
to various parts of our coasts in winter in great num- 
bers. 

Scotia, n. sko'shl-d, a poetic name for Scotland. 

scotia, n. sko'shl-d (Gr. skotia, darkness), the hollow 
moulding in the base of a column— so called from the 
shadow formed by it. 

Scotist, n. sko'-tist, a follower of Duns Scotus, a cele- 
brated divine of the 13th century. 

scotodinia, n. skot'-o-dln'-i-d (Gr. skotos, darkness, 
and dinos, giddiness), in med., a disease exhibiting 
giddiness with imperfect vision. 

scotograph, n. skot'-o-grdf (Gr. skotos, darkness, and 
gru-pho, I write), an instrument to enable one to write 
in the dark, or to enable one who is blind to write. 

scotoma, n. sko-to'md (Gr. skotoma, giddiness— from 
skotoo, I darken), in med., a fixed dark spot in the field 
of vision. 

Scottish, Scotticism— see Scot. 

scoundrel, n. skdivn'-drSl (possibly may be a corrup- 
tion of an original form scumbrel— from old Eng. 
scumber, to dung: Dan. skarn, dung, dirt, a scoun- 
drel), a low petty villain ; a man without honour or 
virtue; an unprincipled fellow; a rascal: adj. low; 
base: scoun'drelism, n. -Izm, the state of being a 
scoundrel; rascality. 

scour, v. skdwr (Dut. scheuren, to tear: Ger. schar- 
ren, to scrape, to rake: Dan. skure; It. scurare; F. 
escurer, to scour, to cleanse), to clean or brighten by 
rubbing ; to clean from grease or dirt, as articles of 
dress ; to search thoroughly in order to take or d ' 
away; to pass swiftly over, as water; to be p 
excessively ; to clean thoroughly ; to clear ; to n 
great eagerness and swiftness ; to rove ; to r - 
a kind of diarrhoea or dysentery in cattle : 
imp. : n. excessive looseness ; the business of a sc 
scoured, pp. skdivrd : scour'er, n. -er, one who cleanses 
cloth, &c, as his trade; a footpad: scouring-drops, a 
mixture of oil of lemons with oil of turpentine for re- 
moving grease-spots from silks. 

scourge, n. slcerj (F. escourgee, a thong, a scourge : 
It. scoreggia, a strap, a whip ; scuriscio, a switch : 
Bret, skourjez, a whip, a rod : Gael, sguirs, to whip), a 
lash ; an instrument of punishment or discipline ; any 
severe national affliction or visitation, as a famine or 
a plague ; the person or thing that afflicts : v. to pun- 
ish with severity; to lash; to chastise; to afflict 
greatly : scourg'ing, imp. : n. punishment with a 
scourge; chastisement: scourged, pp. skerjd: scourg- 
er, n. -er, one who scourges. 

scout, n. skowt (old F. escoute, a spy— from old F. 
escouter; It. ascoltare; L. auscultare, to listen), one 
sent before an army, or in advance of settlers or ex- 
plorers, to ascertain the presence or movements of an 
enemy. 

scout, v. skdivt (Scot, scout, to pour forth any liquid 
forcibly : Low Ger. schudden, to shake, to pour : Dut. 
schuften, to stop, to oppose), to sneer at ; to reject dis- 
dainfully ; to treat with contempt : scout'ing, imp. : 
scouted, pp. 

scovel, n. sMa ibell, mop— from ysgub.a, 

broom : L. . scopce, a broom), a mop for sweeping a 
baker's oven. 

scow, n. skow (Dan. schouiv, a ferry-boat), a large 
flat-bottomed boat, used as a lighter. 

scowl, n. skowl (Dan. skule, to cast down the eyes; 
skiul, cover, shelter: Ger. schielen, to squint: AS. 
sceoleage, squint-eyed), a deep angry frown by de- 
pressing the brows; a look of sullenness or gloomy 
anger: v. to assume a severe angry look; to look 
gloomy and frowning: scowl'ing, imp.: adj. sullen- 
looking; frowning: scowled, pp. skowld: scowl'ingly, 
ad. -li. 



SCEA 



557 



SCEI 



scrag, n. skrdg (Fris. skrog, a scrag: Dan. skrog, the 
hull of a ship, a carcass: Norm, skrekka, to parch, to 
shrink: Low (.iev.schrakcl, a stunted misshapen thing), 
a body which is nothing but skin and bones ; anything 
lean and rough : scrag of mutton, the bony part of 
the neck of a sheep's carcass: scrag'ged, a. -ged, 
also scraggy, a. -gi, lean and bony; rough; an irreg- 
ular broken surface, as a scraggy hill ; lean ; rugged : 
scrag'gedness, n. -ged-nes, also scrag'giness, n. -gi- 
nes. the state or quality u' h, m_ ., ragged or scraggy; 
leanness: roughness: scrag'gily, ad. -ll. 

scramble, v. skram'bl (It. scaramelare, to move the 
hands rapidly to and fro as in juggling : Dan. sk ramie, 
to rumble : Sw. skramla, to clash), to climb by using 
the hands and feet; to strive to obtain eagerly and 
tumultously in a competition with others; to con- 
tend with others in catching or seizing any desired 
object: n. an eager and tumultuous competition or 
contest with others for any desired object : scram'- 
bling, imp. : n. act of one who scrambles : scrambled, 
pp. shram -bid : scrambler, n. -bier, one who scrambles. 

scrap, n. skrap (Sw. skrap, refuse, rubbish : Dan. 
skrab, scrapings), a small piece broken off or left over ; 
a fragment ; a short extract, as of poetry : scrap-book, 
a bound blank-paper book for the preservation of 



scrape, v. skrap (Norm, skrapa, to make a harsh 
sound, to grate ; skraaba, to creak : Icel. skrapa, to 
creak or grate; Dut. schrapen, to scratch or scrape: 
an imitative word), to rub or clean the surface of a 
thing with something rough, sharp, or edged ; to col- 
lect or gather; to erase or rub out ; to act on a sur- 
face so as to produce a grating noise ; to make a noise 
by drawing the feet backwards and forwards upon the 
floor; to make an awkward bow: n. a rubbing over 
with something that roughens or removes the surface ; 
the effect produced by rubbing : scra'ping, imp. : 
scraped, pp. skntyt : scraper, n. skra'-p&r, a raised flat 
piece of iron placed at a door on which to scrape shoes 
or boots in wet weather ; any instrument lor scraping ; 
a sorry fiddler; a miser: scra'pings, n. plu. -plngz, 
leavings gathered together: to scrape together, to 
collect by small gains or savings : to scrape acquaint- 
ance, to make one's self acquainted, as with a person ; 
to curry favour,— a phrase which arose from the prac- 
tice of scraping with the one foot on the floor when 
bowing. 

scrape, n. skrclp (see above : Sw. skrapa, to repri- 
mand : Norm, skrapa, to get on with difficulty), a situa- 
tion of difficulty, perplexity, or distress. 

scratch, n. skrdch (Dut. krassen, to scratch, to 
scrape : Icel. krassa, to scratch : F. grater, to scratch : 
an imitative word), a slight, rough, surface-wound by 
rubbing with anything pointed or ragged; laceration 
with the nails ; a slight, rough, lined mark on any- 
thing ; a line across a prize-ring up to which the com- 
batants are brought when they begin to box— hence, 
in familiar language, test, trial, or proof : v. to slightly 
mark or tear the surface of anything, as by the nails 
or by claws ; to dig or excavate with the claws ; to 
erase or rub out ; to use nails or claws to tear or 
wound slightly ; to rub with the nails : scratch'ing, 
imp.: scratched, pp. skrdcht: scratches, n. plu. 
skrdch'ez, chaps or ulcers between the heel and pastern- 
joint of a horse : to scratch out, to erase ; to rub out : 
to bring to the scratch, to bring to the test or proof 
of courage : to come up to the scratch, to fight or 
prepare to fight ; to come forward in the time of dan- 
ger or difficulty. 

scrawl, n. shrwwl (F. gmuiller, to ramble, to move 
or stir : It. scrollare ; Piedm. scrole, to shake, to wag : 
Icel. skriala, to rustle like dry things), bad or hasty 
writing, as if it were a scramble or irregular move- 
ments on the paper : v. to write hastily or imperfectly ; 
to draw or mark awkwardly : scrawl'ing, imp. : adj. 
writing illegibly : scrawled, pp. skraTvld : scrawl'er, 
n. -er, one who scrawls. 

scray, n. skra (W. ysgrden, a sea-swallow), the sea- 
swallow or tern. 

screak, v. skrek (another form of creak), synony- 
mous with creak, which see. 

scream, n. skrem (It. scramare, to cry out: W. 
ysnarm, outcry; garni, shout: AS. hryman, to cry 
out, to call), a shrill quick cry, indicating sudden ter- 
ror or pain ; a shriek ; the shrill cry of some birds : v. 
to cry out shrilly from sudden terror or pain : scream'- 
cmv, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, 



ing, imp. : adj. having the nature of a scream ; shrill 
or sharp : n. the act of crying out with a shrill cry 
from fear or agony : screamed/pp. skremd : scream'er, 
n. -er, one who screams. 

screech, n. skrech (Dan. skrige ; Sw. skrika, to cry, 
to scream : It. scricciare, to screech : W. ysgrech, a 
scream), a shrill loud cry, more acute and piercing 
than a scream: V. to utter a loud discordant and 
piercing cry, like that of the owl : screeching, imp.: 
n. the act of one who screeches: screeched, pp. 
skrecht: screech-owl, the night-owl— so called from 
its peculiar, harsh, disagreeable cry. 

screed, n. skred, in Scot., any loud shrill sound; a 
long harangue or tirade, generally of a disagreeable 
nature. 

screeds, n. plu. skredz (AS. screade, a shred, a leaf), 
in /'laster-work, ledges of lime and hair, about 6 or 8 
inches broad, dividing a surface about to be plastered 
into compartments, and forming gauges for the rest 
of the work ; wooden rules for running mouldings. 

screen, n. skren (Pol. schronic, to shelter, to screen: 
Bohem. schraniti, to guard ; sell, -ana. a screen: F. 
escran and ecran, a screen), a light movable partition 
for protecting from cold or light, or for partially in- 
tercepting the heat of a fire ; anything that shelters or 
affords concealment ; a sort of drapery for conceal- 
ment; a long riddle or sieve which wards off the 
o >arser particles, and prevents them passing through, 
as in coal, slaked lime-shell, and suchlike: v. to 
shelter ; to conceal : to hide ; to separate, as by a 
screen or riddle: screening, imp.: screened, pp. 
skrend: screenings, n. plu. -ingz, the refuse-matter 
left after sifting coals, ashes, &c: screened coal, coal 
separated from the dust and dross. 

screw, n. skrd (old F. escrow, Ger. schraube; Sw. 
skruf; Dan. skrue, a screw), a holt or bar of metal or 
wood, generally of small size, with a spiral thread or 
ridge, called the exterior or male screw— a, socket or 
tube with the spiral thread indented is called the in- 
terior or female screw— used for fastening ; one of the 
mechanical powers, commonly called the screw and 
nut; a niggardly person: v. to turn or move by a 
screw ; to press ; to squeeze ; to fasten with a screw ; 
to deform by contortions ; to oppress by exactions ; to 



rod of iron with a screw at one end, and a flat head at 
the other : screw-driver, an instrument resembling a 
blunt chisel for turning screws : screw-jack, a con- 
trivance for raising great weights through short lifts 
by means of a screw, or by a combination of toothed 
wheels : screw-nails, screws with notched heads, much 
used by carpenters for fastening their work : screw- 
piles, piles held firmly in the ground by a peculiar 
kind of screw at the lower extremities, used for sup- 
porting lighthouses, &c. : screw-plate, a thin plate of 
steel having a series of holes with internal screws, 
used for forming small external or male screws on 
small bars of iron : screw-press, a press in which the 
force is applied by means of a screw : screw-propeller, 
a short shaft of iron furnished with a broad spiral 
wing fitted into the lower part of the stern of a ship, 
and made to revolve by steam, used in propelling a 
ship instead of paddles : screw-steamer, a steamer 
propelled by a,screw and not by paddles : screw-stones, 
in geol., a familiar name for the hollow silicious casts 
of encrinite stems, frequently occurring in the cherts 
and rotten-stones of the carboniferous limestones, re- 
sembling the threads of a screw : screw-tap, the cut- 
ter for forming internal screws : screw-valve, a stop- 
cock having a valve moved by a screw instead of a 
spigot: screw-wrench, a wrench or lever used for 
turning screws: screwing-machine, a machine for 
forming screws : endless or perpetual screw, a screw 
used to give motion to a toothed wheel : lag-screw, a 
bolt having a nut, a square shank, and a round head: 
micrometer screw, a screw with fine threads, used for 
the measurement of very small spaces : right and left 
screw, a screw of which the threads upon the opposite 
ends run in different directions : to screw down, to 
fasten down by means of screws : to screw in, to force 
in by turning or twisting : to screw out, to press out ; 
to extort : to screw up, to force ; to bring by violent 
pressure: to put under the screw, to subject to a 
severe trial: a screw loose, something wrong or 
amiss, 
scribble, v. skrlb'bl (F. escrivaill scribbled, badly 
i -i I i marks on, to 

iob, to scrape : Bret, skraba, to 



write : Gael. 
game, jog, shun, thing, (here, zeal, 



SCRI 



558 



SCUL 



scratch), to write carelessly and illegibly ; to scrawl : 
n. hasty or careless writing ; a writing of little value : 
scribbling, imp. -Ming : n. the act of writing hastily 
ami badly : scrib'bled, pp. -bid: scribbler, n. -bier, one 
who scribbles ; a petty writer or author : scrib'bling- 
ly, ad. -II: scribbling-paper, damaged or inferior 
paper— also outsides. 

scribble, v. skrlb'bl (Sw. skrubba, to scratch ; skrub- 
bel, a wool-card : Ger. schrabbeln, to card wool), to 
card or tear wool coarsely with a wire comb : scrib'- 
bling, imp. -Ming: n. the tearing or separating of wool 
preliminary to the final carding : scrib'bled, pp. -bid. 

scribe, n. sknb (L. scriba, a scribe or clerk— from 
scribo, I write: It. scriba; F. scribe, ascribe), a clerk; 
a writer or secretary ; an amanuensis ; a copyist ; 
among the anc. Jews, an expounder of the law, and a 
copyist of the same. 

scribe, v. sknb (Gael, sgriob, to scratch, to draw 
lines on any surface; sgriobair, a graving-tool : L. 
scribere, to scratch marks on, to write), among car- 
penters, to mark or fit by a rule or compasses ; to fit 
the edge of one board to that of another, so that the 
fibres of the one may be at right angles to those of the 
other: scribing, imp. skri'bing : adj. applied to the 
edge of a board when fitted upon any surface : n. the 
act of fitting one piece of wood upon another so that 
the fibres of both may be at right angles to each 
other: scribed, pp. skribd: scri'ber, n. -ber, a sharp- 
pointed tool used by joiners for drawing lines ; a 
marking-awl : scribihg-iron, an iron-pointed instr. for 
marking casks and logs. 

scrimp, v. skrlmp (Ger. schrumpfen; Dan. krympe, 
to shrink: W. crimpio, to pinch or crimp), to shorten ; 
to limit or straiten ; to make too small : n. a niggard ; 
a miser: adj. short; scanty: scrimp 'ing, imp.: 
scrimped, pp. skrlmpt. 

scrip, n. skrip (Low Ger. schrap; Fris. skrap, a 
pocket : Icel. skreppa ; F. eschar pe, a wallet, a scrip), 
the receptacle of what the beggar scrapes together ; a 
small bag or wallet. 

scrip, n. skrip (L. script ten, to write; scriptum, a 
writing), a piece of paper containing writing ; a certif- 
icate of stock or shares in a railway or other public 
company, while partly paid up ; a bond, share, or other 
marketable security: script, n. skript, type in the 
form of current or running letters in imitation of hand- 
writing: scriptory, a, skrip'ter-l, written; not oral. 

Scripture, n. skrip'tur or -choor (L. scriptura, a writ- 
ing—from scrii'ttnn, to write), tin 1 sabred writings of 
the Bible; the Old and New Testaments ; the Bible- 
used chiefly in the plural : Scriptural, a. -ell, contained 
in the Scriptures, or authorised by them: Scrip'- 
turally, ad. -li: Scrip turalist, n. -1st, one versed in 
the Scriptures : auti - Scriptural, a. opposed to the 
teachings of Scripture. 

scrivener, n. skrlv'en-er (Bret, skriva, to write; 
skrivaner, one who teaches to write, or does writing 
for another: It. scrivano, a notary), formerly a profes- 
sional writer ; a money-lender ; one whose business 
is to place money at interest. 

scrobiculate, a. skro-blk'-u-ldt (L. scrobiculus, a 
little ditch or trench— from scrobis, a ditch), in bot., 
pitted ; having furrows or small depressions. 

scrobiculus cordis, n. skrri-bi'y-ri-iu? kor'dls (L. the 
little ditch of the heart), in rued., a name given to the 
epigastric region ; the pit of the stomach. 

scrofula, n. skrof'-u-ld (L. and It. scrofula, scrofula— 
from L. and It. scro/a, a breeding sow, from the sup- 
position that swine were subject to a similar com- 
plaint : F. scrofulcs), a. disease exhibiting itself bv 
hard indolent tumours of the glands, usually those 
about the neck, after a time degenerating into ulcers, 
from which a white curdled matter is discharged ; 
king's evil: scrofulous, a. -lus, diseased or affected 
with scrofula, or pert, to it : scrof ulously, ad. -li. 

scroll, n. skrol (old F. escroue, a register-roll of ex- 
penses : Icel. skra, a short writing : Low Ger. schrce, 
by-laws), a roll of paper or parchment ; a roll contain- 
ing some writing ; a name applied to a large class of 
ornaments, usually consisting of a narrow band formed 
into convolutions or undulations ; a circular flourish 
of the pen attached to a signature : scrolled, a. 
skrold, formed like a scroll. 

scrotum, n. skro'tum (L. scrotum, the scrotum), the 
sac or bag that contains the testicles : scrotal, a. skro- 
Ml, pert, to the scrotum : scro'tiform, n. -tl-fdicrm 
(L. forma, shape), in bot., formed like a double bag: 
scro'tocele, n. -to-sel (Gr. kele, a tumour), hernia or 
rupture in the scrotum. 



scrub, n. skrub (Sw. skrubba; Dan. skrubbe; Low 
Ger. schrubben, to rub, to scrub : Dut. schrobben, to 
rub or scrape ; schrabben, to scratch), one that labours 
hard and lives meanly ; a sorry fellow ; anything small 
and mean ; a well-worn brush or broom ; dense under- 
wood; stunted bushes; in Scot., the jack-plane, or 
plane first used in smoothing wood: v. to rub hard 
with a coarse stiff brush : scrubbing, imp.: scrubbed, 
pp. skriibd: adj. dwarfed or stunted: scrubby, a. 
sknVj'-bl, small and mean; stunted in growth; vile: 
scrubbing-brush, a brush for scrubbing, having the 
brlstL-s short and coarse. 

scruple, n. skro'-pl (L. scrupidus, a small, sharp, or 
pointed stone: It. scrupulo: F. scriqmle), doubt ; hesi- 
tation to decide or act, arising from the difficulty of 
settling in the mind as to what is right or expedient ; 
a small weight, equal to 20 grains ; any small quan- 
tity : v. to hesitate to act or decide : scrupling, imp.: 
scru'pled, pp. -pld: scru'pler, n. -pier, one who scru- 
ples: scru'pulous, a. -pii-liis, nicely doubtful ; exact; 
careful; conscientious: scru'pulously, ad. -It : scru- 
pulosity, n. -16s' i -H, minute and nice doubtfulness, 
arising from the fear of doing wrong; over-nicety: 
scrupulousness, n. -lus-nes, the state or quality of 
being scrupulous ; niceness or caution in determining 
or acting, from a regard to truth or propriety. 

scrutiny, 11. skro-tl-ni (It. scrutinio; F. scrutin, a 
scrutiny— from L. scrutari, to search carefully), close 
search or inquiry ; careful investigation ; an examina- 
tion of votes given at an election by a committee ap- 
pointed for the purpose : scrutineer, n. -ner, one ap- 
pointed to examine into the votes given at an elec- 
tion : scru'tinise, v. -niz, to examine or search into 
closely or critically : scru'tinising, imp. : adj. closely 
searching: scru'tinised, pp. -nlzd: scru'tini'ser, n, 
■nl'zer, one who examines with critical care. 

scrutoire, n. skrob-twdr' (old F. escritoire,), a case 
of drawers, or a cabinet with a folding-down lid, con- 
venient for writing on— usually written escritoire. 

scud, v. skii.d fDut. schudden, to shake, to toss), 
among seamen, to run directly before the wind in a 
gale, as a ship, with little or no sail set ; to run with 
precipitation : n. the act of scudding; loose thin clouds 
driven along swiftly by the wind: scud'ding, imp.: 
scud'ded, pp.: scudding under bare poles, the state 
of a ship when driven before the wind without any 
sails set : a scud of rain, a rapid shower driving with 
the wind. 

scudo, n. skd'do, plu. scudi, skd'de (It. scudo, a 
shield, a crown or dollar— from L. scutum, a shield), 
an Italian silvercoinof the value of about 4s.: in Rome 
the gold scudo is worth about 65s. 

scuffle, n. sMffl (Sw. skuff, a nudge, a blow of the 
fist ; skuffa, to nudge, to push : Dut. schoffelen, to drive 
by kicks and shoves), a close struggle between two per- 
sons for the mastery ; a confused contest ; a fight : v. 
to strive or struggle blindly; to fight confusedly: 
scuffling, imp. -fling: scuffled, pp. -fid: scuf'ner, n. 
-ftir, one who scuffles. 

sculk— see skulk. 

scull, n. skid (Norm, skol, a splash, a dash : IceL 
skola, to wash), a cock-boat ; an oar so short that a 
man can work a pair in rowing a skiff or light boat ; 
a short oar placed over the stern of a boat, with the 
blade in the water, by which a boat may be rowed by 
one man moving the oar from side to side : v. to im- 
pel a boat by means of a scull ; to impel a boat with 
a short oar over the stern: sculling, imp.: sculled, 
pp. skidd: scul'ler, n. -ler, one who sculls. 

scullery, n. skul'-ler-l (Icel. skola; Sw. skolja; Dan. 
skylle, to rinse, to wash: Norm, skol, dish-water: old 
Eng. squylerey; old F. squillerge, a scullery), in a 
house, a small room, generally on the ground floor, set 
apart for keeping kitchen utensils, and for cleaning 
them. 

scullion, n. skvl'yun (F. escouillon; Sp. escobillon, a 
dishclout : W. ysgubo, to sweep : L. scopes, a besom), 
a servant whose duty it is to keep the kitchen utensils 
clean ; a low mean drudge. 

sculpture, n. skulp'-tur or -chdbr (L. sculptura, a cut- 
ting out or carving — from sculptum, to carve: F. 
scul})ture), the art of cutting or carving stone to form 
representations of visible or ideal objects, as the figure 
of a man ; any work of art produced by the chisel : v. 
to cut or carve with the chisel, as stone : sculp'turing, 
imp.: sculp'tured, pp. -turd: adj. produced in stone 
by the chisel : sculp'tural, a. -al, pert, to sculpture : 
sculp'tor, n. -ter, one whose occupation or profession 
is sculpture : sculp'turess, n. -6s, a female who prac- 






mate, m&t.fdr, law; mete, mSt, Iter; pine, pin; note, not, mdve; 



SCUM 



559 



SEA 



tises the art of sculpture: sculp 'turesque', a. -SsK, 
possessing t: ulpture; denoting high 

relief. 

scam, n. skiim (Icel. skum; Ger. schaum; old F. 
escume ; It. schiuma; Gael, sgum, foam, froth), im- 
purities whieli rise to the surface of liquids, particu- 
larly when boiled or fermented ; the refuse ; the por- 
tion which is wortldess or vile : v. to clear off scum : 
scum'ming, imp.: scummed, pp. skumd: scum'mer, 
n. -mer, an instr. for taking off the scum of liquids : 
scum'mings, n. plu. -mingz, the matter skimmed 
from boiling liquids : scummy, a. -mi, covered with 

scumble, v. skiim'bl (dim. of scum, which see), to 
spread or rub colours very thinly over other colours in 
order to modify the effect : scum'bling, imp. -bllng : 
n. the act of spreading colours of a semi-transparent 
character over other colours to modify the effect : 
scumbled, pp. -bid. 

scupper, a.' skup'-per (Low Ger. schuppen, to cast with 
a scoop or shovel — perhaps rather from Wal. scupire ; 
Bret, skopa, to spit : Sp. escupir, to spit, to dart), ap- 
plied to holes in a ship's deck or side to carry off rain- 
water, or the water shipped— usually in the plu., scup- 
per-holes or scuppers: scupper-nail, a nail with a 
very broad head, used on shipboard to secure the edge 
of the hose to the scupper. 

scurf, n. skerf (Ger. schorf; Dut. schorfte; Sw. skorf, 
scurf, scab : Dan. skorpe, crust : connected with L. 
scabies, scab, itch), the white flaky matter formed on, 
and thrown off by, the skin, particularly that formed 
on skin covered with hair, as the head ; any matter 
loosely adherent: scurfy, a. -i, covered with scurf, 
or resembling it : scurf iness, n. -i-nes, the state of 
being scurfy. 

scurrile, a. skur'ril (L. scurril is, jeering, scurrilous— 
from scurra, a buffoon, a jester : It. and old F. scurrile), 
befitting a buffoon or jester ; grossly opprobrious ; low; 
mean; scurrilous: scurrility, n. skur-ril'4-ti, vile or 
obscene jocularity ; mean buffoonery; gross or obscene 
language: scurrilous, a. skitr'rll-us, grossly opprobri- 
ous in language; using gross vulgarities only befitting 
a buffoon ; lewdly jocular : scur'rilously, ad. -li: scur - 
rilousness, n. -nes, the quality of being scurrilous ; in- 
decent grossness of language. 

scurvy, n. sker'vl (mid. L. scorbutus; F. scorbut; 
prov. Eng. scorvy; Ger. scharbock, scurvy), a disease 
characterised by livid spots of various sizes on the 
skin, and by a general debility, caused by confinement, 
want of fresh food and vegetables, and of exercise, 
chiefly affecting sailors on long voyages — formerly very 
fatal, but now generally prevented or cured by the 
free use of lime-juice and similar substances : scur'vi- 
ness, n. -vi-nds, the state of being scurvy: scurvy- 
grass, a common name of several species of plants ; 
a plant growing abundantly on the sea-side rocks, 
and on the banks of rivers near the sea, a remedy 
for scurvy. 

scurvy, a. sker'vi (corruption of scurfy), scabby ; thin, 
shabby, or mean : scur vily, ad. -a-u, in a scurvy man- 
ner; basely; meanly: scur'viness, n. -nes, vileness; 
meanness. 

scut, n. skiit (W. nctt, a little piece; cwtta, bob- 
tailed: Scot, cutty, short: Gael, cut, a piece, a bob- 
tail), the tail of a hare, or other animal having a short 
tail. 

scutage, n. sku'tdj (mid. L. scutagium, scutage— from 
L. scutum, a shield), in anc. feudal law, a tax levied 
upon those who held lands by knight-service, or for 
personal service due by a tenant to his superior— see 
escuage. 

scutate, a. sku'tat (L. scutatus, armed with a long 
shield— from scutum, a shield), in bot., shaped like an 
ancient round buckler; in zool., having a surface pro- 
tected by large scales. 

scutch, v. skuch (Gael, sguids, to switch, to dress 
flax), to beat off or separate the woody parts of the 
stalks of flax by means of an instrument called a 
scutcher,— all the operations of dressing flax are now 
usually performed by a mill : scutch'ing, imp. : n. the 
process of separating hemp or flax from the woody 
stalk: scutched, pp. skucht. 

scutcheon, n. skucli'-nn (an abbreviation of escutch- 
eon, which see), the ornamental piece of brass plate 
round a keyhole ; an escutcheon. 

scute, n. skut (L. scutum, a buckler), a small shield ; 
a scale, as of a fish or reptile ; the iron heel of a boot. 

scutellum, n. sku-tel'lum (L. scutullum, a small 

shield— from scutum, a shield or buckler), in bot, the 

coiv, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, 



smaller cotyledon on the outside of the embryo of 
wheat, placed lower down than the other more perfect 
cotyledon ; a sort of rounded shield-like fructification 
of some lichens. 

scutiform, a. sku'tl-fawrm (L. scutum, a shield, and 
forma, shape), shaped like a shield. 

scuttle, n. skut'tl (AS. scutel; Ger. schiissel; Dut. 
schotel, a dish, a bowl— from L. scutella, a dish), a 
broad shallow basket ; a metal pan or pail for holding 

scuttle, n. skiit'-tl (Sp. escotilla; F. e'scoutilles, the 
sculls or hatches of a ship— from Sp. t.<cutar, to hollow 
a garment about the neck), in shijis, a .small hatilv.vay 
or opening in the deck; a square hole in a roof with a 
movable cover: v. to cut holes in the bottom, the 
sides, or deck of a ship or boat for any purpose, gen- 
erally for sinking her: scuttling, imp. -tlum: scut'- 
tled, pp. -tld : scuttle butt or cask, a cask of water, 
with a square hole, placed on the deck of a ship for 
use. 

scuttle, v. skut'tl (a corruption of scuddle, a dim. of 
scud, which see), to run with precipitation ; to hurry 
furtively away: n. a running with affected haste; a 
quick bustling run: scut'tling, imp.: scut'tled, pp. 
-tld. 

scuttle-fish, (■•uttli'-fi.-h, which see. 

scutum, n. sku'tum (L. scutum, a shield), a shield or 
buckler. 

Scylla, n. sil'-ld (L. scylla; Gr. skulla, Scylla), a rock 
between Italy and Sicily, formerly supposed to be dan- 
gerous to ships ; and opposite to this is Charybdis, kar- 
ib'-dls, a whirlpool, also formerly supposed to be dan- 
gerous to vessels,— accordingly, in anc. myth., ships 
passing between them are said to have been wrecked 
by the one when endeavouring to avoid the other. 

scymetar— see cimeter. 

scyphus, n. sl'fus (L. scyphus; Gr. skuphos, a cup or 
goblet), in bot., the cup of a narcissus ; a funnel- shaped 
corolla. 

scythe, n. sith (Icel. sigd, a sickle : Low Ger. seged, a 
kind of sickle : L. securis, an axe : Bohem. sekati, to 



scythed, a. sithd, armed with scythes, as f. 

chariot : scythe'man, n. one who works with the scythe 
in mowing. 

Scythian, a. sXth'l-dn, pert, to Scythia, a name ap- 
plied in anc. times to those districts of northern Eu- 
rope and Asia which are now embraced by the coun- 
tries of Russia, in Europe, and Siberia, in Asia: n. a 
native of Scythia. 

se, se (L. se, without, aside, by itself— the primary 
form of L. sine, without), a prefix signifying " aside " ; 
a departing; a separating from, as in secede, to go 
aside. 

sea, n. se (Icel. sior, the sea, salt water: Dan. so; 
Ger. see; Goth, saivs, a lake), a vast collection of 
water, smaller than that of an ocean ; the ocean ; a 
wave or large quantity of sea-water, as to ship a sea ; 
the character of the surging and swelling of the waves, 
as a heavy sea ; any large quantity of water or other 
liquid ; in Scrip., applied to a large basin or cistern: 
adj. of or relating to the sea, or connected with it: 
sea-acorn, another name for a barnacle, which see: 
sea-adder, a fish of the British seas, of a slender form : 
sea-air, the air above, near, or coming from the sea : 
sea-anemone, an animal common to our seas, having 
a pot-shaped body, and many rows of tentacula or 
feelers, which, when expanded, give the animal the 
appearance of a flower: sea-beach, the land lying 
along the margin of the sea : sea-bear, the white or 
polar bear : sea-beaten, a. lashed by the waves : sea- 
blubber, the jelly-fish : seaboard, n. the sea-shore ; the 
coast ; the nature and extent of the coast - line of a 
maritime country: adj. bordering upon the sea: ad. 
towards the sea : sea-boat, a term applied to a ship to 
designate her qualities in bad weather at sea: sea- 
bound, -encircled, or -girt, a. surrounded by the sea : 
sea-breeze, the wind blowing from the sea: sea-cab- 
bage, a culinary vegetable of several varieties ■ sea- 
calf, a name given to the common seal : sea-captain, 
the captain of a vessel sailing on the sea : sea-coal, coal 
that has been carried from a distant part by sea : sea- 
coast, the land immediately adjacent to the sea : sea- 
cob, the sea-gull : sea-cow, the popular name for the 
manatee, also for the walrus or sea-horse : sea-cu- 
cumber, a marine animal, one species of which is used, 
when salted and dried, in China, as a delicacy, under 
the name of trepang: sea-devil, a fish resembling a tad- 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



SEA 5 

pole, and growing to a large size, having a head larger 
than the whole body ; the fishing-frog : sea-dog, the 
common seal; an old sailor: sea-ear, a moll use, with 
a univalve shell : sea-elephant, a large seal having a 
proboscis somewhat like aa elephant: seafarer, n. 
se'fa-rer (sea, and fare: see fare 1), one taking a jour- 
ney by sea; a mariner: sea'faring, a. -ring, follow- 
ing the occupation of a seaman : sea-fennel, a plant ; 
the samphire : sea-fight, a battle or action at sea ; 
sea-fowl, any fowl that lives on or near the sea, and 
obtains its food from it: sea-gage, the depth which 
a vessel sinks in the water: sea-girkin, -gi r'-kin (see 
gherkin), one of a group of radiate animals akin to the 
sea-cucumber : sea-girt, a. surrounded by the waters 
of the sea or ocean : sea-god, one of a fabulous class of 
beings supposed to preside over (he. sen: seagoing, a. 
applied to a vessel sailing upon the deep sea, as distin- 
guished from a river or coasting vessel: sea-grass, a sea- 
plant, called also sea-wrack : sea-green, a. of a faint 
green or sea colour : n. a plant : sea-gudgeon, the black 
gobby or rock-fish : sea-hare, a marine mollusc having 
a fancied resemblance to a hare : sea-hedgehog, the 
sea-urchin : sea-hog, the porpoise : sea-horse, the wal- 
rus ; a species of pipe-fish : sea-jelly, one of the jelly- 
like animals of the genus ■mniivia,- sea-kale, a name 
applied to several plants of the cabbage tribe : sea- 
kings, the Northmen pira.te-kings who infested the 
coasts of Europe in the eighth and ninth centuries: 
sea-lark, a bird of the sandpiper kind ; the ringed dot- 
terel or plover : sea-legs, ability to walk on a ship's 
■iii-.-! w hen pitching and rolling: sea-leopard, a marine 
animal of the seal family, spotted like a leopard : sea- 
level, the level of the surface of the sea; any part 
whose surface is on the same level as the sea ; the sur- 
face of the open sea taken as the point from which to" 
estimate or measure the perpendicular heights or de- 
pressions of other surfaces, as of hills and mountains : 
sea-life, the life of a seaman ; naval life : sea-lion, a 
popular name for those earless sen,],; that have manes 
like lions : seaman, n. se'mdn, a sailor or mariner ; 
one who assists in the management of a ship at sea as 
his ordinary occupation : able seaman, one who thor- 
oughly understands the duties of a seaman, and is 
able to perform them efficiently : ordinary seaman, 
one less competent than an able seaman ; one fresh 
from the land is called a landsman: sea'manship, n. 
-ship, the extent of knowledge of the art of managing 
and navigating a ship : sea-mark, any elevated object 
on land which may serve for the direction of mariners : 
sea-mew, -mu, a sea-fowl, a species of gull : sea-mon- 
stsr, any huge animal whose habitat is the sea : sea- 
mouse, an annelid animal found on the sea-coast, re- 
markable for its splendid colours : sea-needle, a fish 
having a slender body, long pointed jaws, and a forked 
tail ; the garfish : sea-nymph, a nymph or goddess of 
the sea: sea-onion, a seaside plant, also called the 
squill : sea-ooze, soft mud on the sea-bottom : sea- 
otter, a kind of otter found in the North Pacific, hav- 
ing fur extremely soft, and of a deep glossy black : 
sea-pad, a star-fish: sea-pie, a sea-fowl, the oyster- 
catcher; a dish of food consisting of butcher-meat 
covered or enclosed with a thick paste of flour — so 
called from being a common dish at sea : sea-piece, a 
representation of a scene at sea : sea-pike, the garfish : 
sea-plants, the plants or weeds growing in the sea : 
seaport, a city or town having a harbour on or near 
the sea: sea-risk, hazard at sea: sea-rocket, a plant 
growing among the sand on the sea-shore : sea-room, 
distance from land sufficient for a ship to avoid dan- 
ger of shipwreck on the coast : sea-salt, common salt 
obtained from sea- water by evaporation : sea-serpent, 
a huge serpent often reported to have been seen at 
sea, but believed to be fabulous: sea-shell, a shell 
found on the sea beach or shore : sea-shore — see 
shore 1 : sea-sick, a. affected by the nausea caused 
by the rolling and pitching of a vessel at sea : sea- 
sickness, n. the nausea, accompanied by retching 
and vomiting, experienced on a vessel at sea: sea- 
side, the land or country adjacent to the sea : sea- 
slug, the trepang or sea-cucumber : sea-snake, one of 
the snake family, mostly small, which inhabit the sea : 
sea-swallow, the common tern; the stormy -petrel : 
sea-tangle, a common name for several species of sea- 
weed: sea-unicorn, the narwhal, which see: sea- 
tossed, a. violently moved about by the waves of the 
sea : sea-urchin, a creature with a roundish body, of 
no large size, having a bony crust covered with spines 
or prickles : sea-wall, a strong wall built to resist the 
encroachments of the sea: seaward, a. or ad. to- 



SEAR 

wards the sea, or directed towards it: sea-ware, the 
sea-weeds, and the like, thrown up upon the shore by 
the sea: sea-water, the natura.l water of the sea: sea- 
weed, the plants found growing in the sea: sea-wolf, 
a species of seal ; a fish so named from its fierceness 
and ravenousness : seaworthy, a. applied to a ship 
in good condition, and fit in all respects for a sea voy- 
age : sea-wrack, sea-grass, which see : at sea, away 
from land ; upon the ocean ; in a vague uncertain 
state : beyond the sea, out of a state or country, and 
in another which lias been reached by sea: cross-sea, 
a sea when its waves move in different directions, also 
called a chopping -sea: half-seas-over, half drunk, 
from the unsi.ca.dy wa.lking of the person so affected: 
heavy sea, the sea when the waves run high : on the 
high seas, in the open ocean, as being the common 
highway of nations : to go to sea, to follow the occu- 
pation of a sailor. 

seal, n. sel (Icel. selr; Dan. seel, a seal), a marine 
amphibious animal of various species, chiefly inhabit- 
ing the sea-coasts of the higher latitudes, much sou-lit 
after for its skin and oil; the sea-calf; the sea-dog: 

-.'' i - -i !■■ in n,i ' ,,| i !r i, I I,, .,,,d .,,( 

seal, n. sel (L. sigillum ; It. sigillo ; old F. sael ; Sp. 
sella, a signet, a seal), an engraved or inscribed piece 
of metal; a precious stone, a pebble, or a piece of 
metal, on which some image or device is engraved, 
used for impressing the wax that closes a letter, or 
that which is attached to a deed or other parch- 
ment or writing; that which ratifies or confirms; 
an act of confirmation ; that which shuts or makes 
fast : v. to fasten with ; to set or affix a seal to ; to 
ratify; to make last,; to authenticate with a stamp; 
to enclose, hide, or conceal ; to imprint on the mind : 
sealing, imp.: sealed, pp. sold: adj. fastened or fur- 
nished with a seal; confirmed: seal'er, n. -er, one 
who seals ; an officer in chancery who seals writs and 
instruments: seal-engraving, the art of engraving 
precious stones for seals : sealing-wax, the wax used 
in sealing letters, &c, chiefly composed of shell -lac, 
Venice turpentine, Peruvian balsam, and cinnabar, 
and maybe made of any colour: Great Seal, the state 
seal of the United Kingdom, impressions from which 
must be attached to royal charters, grants of land, 
commissions, &c, to render them valid, and this is 
called "passing the Great Seal": Privy Seal, the per- 
sonal seal of the sovereign, used in rendering legal cer- 
tain instruments of minor importance. 

seam, n. sem (Icel. saumr, a sewing; saum, a sew- 
ing-tliread : Dut. zoom, a hem : Ger. saum, a hem or 
seam), the uniting or joining together of two pieces 
of cloth by sewing or stitching them with thread ; the 
line where this junction is made ; the line or space 
between planks when placed or fastened together ; a 
vein or stratum of an ore, or of coal, &c. ; in geol., a 
thin layer between thicker strata : v. to unite by sew- 
ing with thread: seam'ing, imp.: seamed, pp. semd: 
seamless, a. -Us, woven throughout, and nowhere 
united by a seam: seam'stress, n. -strSs, a woman 
whose occupation is sewing, but the common spelling- 
is now sempstress, which see. 

seam, n. sem (AS. seam ; Ger. saum, a load or bur- 
den : F. somme, a sum, a load), a measure or quantity, 
as of corn, or of glass. 

seam, n. sem (F. saim, the fat or grease of a hog : L. 
sagina, fatness produced by feeding : It. saime, grease 
or fat), tallow ; grease ; fat. 

seance, n. sa-dngs' (F. stance, a seat— from L. sedens, 
sitting), session, as of some public body ; a sitting of 
any kind for consideration or inquiry. 

sear, a. ser (Dut. zoor; Low Ger. soor, dry: AS. 
searian, to dry up : F. sorer, to dry herrings in smoke : 
Gr. xeros, withered), no longer green; dry; withered, 
—applied to leaves : v. to burn to dryness and hard- 
ness at the surface ; to cauterise ; to render callous or 
insensible: searing, imp.: seared, pp. serd: adj. 
burned on the surface ; hardened : searedness, n. ser- 
ed-nes, the state of being seared : sear leaves, leaves 
withered or dead: sear wood, dead boughs: in the 
sear and yellow leaf, that period of life when the 
body begins to decay : to sear up, to close by searing 






searce, n. sirs (F. sasser, to sift through a fine sieve : 
L. seta, a bristle, a horse-hair), a fine-wire sieve : v. to 
separate the fine part from the coarse, as of meal ; to 
sift : searc'ing, imp. : searced, pp. serst : adj. sifted. 



search, n. serch (It. cercare; F. chercher; Norm. 
sercher— from Gr. kirkos, a circle), a seeking or look- 
ing, as for something lost or desired, or whose place 
mate, mat, far, law; mete, m&t, her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



SEAS 



561 



SECE 



is unknown ; quest ; pursuit ; an endeavour to obtain ; 
inquiry ; examination : v. to seek for the purpose of 
finding; to look through; to explore; to put to the 
test ; to make inquiry : search ing, imp.: adj. minute 
end careful in the way of investigation; close; pene- 
trating: n. examination; inquisition: searched, pp. 
sCrcht: searcher, n. -er, one who or that which 
searches; an inquirer: searchable, a. -ci-bl, that may 
be searched or explored: search ableness, n. -nes, 
state of being searchable : search ingly, ad. -ing-tt : 
search ingness, n. -nes, the quality of being search- 
ing: search less, a. -les, that cannot be searched; 
inscrutable: search-warrant, a written authority 
granted by a justice of the peace to search certain 
places for stolen goods, &c: to search out, to find by 
seeking ; to seek till found : right of search, in inter- 
■nationeil law, the right of a belligerent in time of war 
to detain every vessel, except ships of war, which he 
meets with on the high seas, to examine and search fo. 
enemy's property, or for articles contraband of war. 

season, n. se'zn | P. sa ison, clue time, fit opportunity 
Sp. sazon, time of maturity; sazonar, to ripen, ti 
bring to maturity), suitable or convenient time; any 
particular time, as distinguished from others; one of 
the four divisions of the year, spring, summer, autumn, 
winter : v. to mature ; to become mature ; to prepare 
for use ; to inure ; to render palatable ; to temper ; to 
qualify; to imbue; to become mature or fit for its 
proper use : sea'soning, imp. -zn-lng : n. anything add- 
ed to impart rebsh : sea soned, pp. -znd : adj. dried and 
hardened; matured; rendered strong; flavoured with 
condiments or spices, as food : sea'sonless, a. -zn-les, 
without the succession of the seasons: seasonable, 
a. -dbl, happening in due season; done at the pro- 
I er time; timely: sea'sonably, ad. -bli : sea'sonable- 
ness, n. -bl-nes, the quality or condition of being sea- 
sonable: seasonal, a. -zn'-Cil, pert, to the seasons: in 
season, at the right time ; sufficiently early : out of sea- 
son, too late ; beyond the proper time: season ticket, 
a ticket or pass for travelling on a railway at pleasure, 
to a certain station named, for an extended period, 
obtained from the company at a reduced rate ; a ticket 
of admission to a place of public amusement for an 
extended period, purchased at a reduced rate. 

seat, n. set (AS. settan; Ger. sctzen, to place: Ger. 
sitzen; L. sedere, to sit), a thing for sitting or resting 
on, as a chair, a bench, or a stool; a place at table; a 
post of authority; situation or position; site; a resi- 
dence ; a mansion : v. to cause to sit down ; to place 
in a seat ; to settle ; to fix ; to fit up with seats ; to 
assign seats to: seating, imp.: adj. the act of giving 
a seat : n. the material ior making seats: seat'ed, pp. 
placed in a chair or on a bench ; settled : seat'less, a. 
-ISs, without a seat. 

sebaceous, a. si-ba'shits (L. sebum, tallow or suet), 
made of tallow; fatty; containing or secreting fatty 
matter; pert, to fat: sebacic, a. se-bcls'ik, derived 
from fat or oil, as sebacic acid; pert, to fat: sebate, 
n. sc'bdt, a salt of sebacic acid. 

sebiferous, a. se-blf-er-us (L. sebum, fat, and/ero, I 
■ 

secale, n. sekd'U (L. secale, a species of grain, rye), 
rye ; ergot of rye ; a genus of cereal grasses to which 
brionirs the rye. 

secant, a. se'kdnt (L. secans, cutting— gen. secantis: 
It. and Sp. secante, a secant), cutting; dividing into 
two parts: n. a line that cuts another; in geom., a 
right line that divides another ; a straight line cutting 
a curve in two or more points ; in Prig., a right line 
drawn from the centre of a circle, which, cutting the 
circle, is produced till it meet another straight^line, 
called a tangent, which merely touches the same 
circle. 

secede, v. se-sed' (L. secedere, to go aside or apart, 
to separate— from se, aside, and cedo, I yield, I re- 
treat;, to separate one'? self; to withdraw from fellow- 
ship or association : sece'ding, imp.: adj. withdraw- 
ing from fellowship: sece'ded, pp.: sece'der, n. -cler, 



Scotland. 

secern, v. sS-sern' (L. secerno, I sever or separate), to 
secrete or separate in the animal body, as mucus: 
secern'ing, imp.: secerned', pp. -serncl': secern'ents, 
v.. plu. -ents, m-anat., those vessels whose function it 
is to deposit r I from the blood, for the 

reproduction of the several parts of the body : secern'- 
rnent, n. -■ cess or act of secreting. 

secession, n. se-sesh'un (L. secessio, a withdrawal 

coiv, boy, foot; pure, bud,- chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



or separation— from secedere, to go aside), the act of 
withdrawing; in Scot., the body of seceders from 
the Established Church, about 1733. 

seclude, v. se-klod' (L. secludere, to seclude — from 
se, aside, and claudo, I shut), to shut in a separate 
place; to separate or keep apart from company or 
society; to shut out: secluding, imp.: secluded, pp.: 
adj. retired: I oaent: seclu'dedly, ad. 

•II: seclusion, n. -kl6'-zhun (L. seclusum, to seclude), 
the act of separating from society ; retirement ; pri- 
vate or humble life : seclu'sive, a, -slv, that keeps sep- 
arate or in retirement ; that shuts out from society. 

second, a. s&k'und (F. second; It. secondo, second— 
from L. secundus, the next after— from sequi , to follow), 
the next in order to the first ; next in value, power, 
excellence, rank, or relationship; inferior: n. one 
who accompanies another in a duel to direct or 
support him; a supporter; the sixtieth part of a 
minute of time or motion; in music, the interval 
between two succeeding sounds of a scale: v. to 
support or assist; to encourage; to promote: sec- 
onding, imp.: seconded, pp.: seconder, n. -er, one who 
first supports a motion ; a backer : secondly, ad. -It , 
in the second place: secondo, n. s6-kdn'do (It.), in 
7nusic, the second part: seconds, n. plu. sck'-undz, 
an inferior and coarse flour remaining after the finest 
has been separated : second cousin, the son or daugh- 
ter of a cousin : second distance, that part of a pic- 
ture between t) id background: second 
estate, in the United Kingdom, the House of Peers: 
second-hand, a. that has been used or worn ; not new; 
not original or primary: at second-hand, ad. not pri- 
marily ; not originally : second-rate, a. of the second 
size, rank, quality, or value : n. the second order in 
size, &c. : second-sight, the supposed power of seeing 
things future or distant— a well-known superstition in 
the Highlands of Scotland : second-sighted, a. having 
the supposed power of seeing the future : secondary, 
a. sck'-un-dir'l, coming after or succeeding the first; 
not of the first order or rate ; not primary; subordi- 
nate: n. that which is secondary; a delegate or dep- 
uty : sec'ondar'ily, ad. -l-li: sec'ondar'iness, n. -1-nGs, 
the state of being secondary : secondaries, n. plu. -iz, 
the quills which rise from the second bone of the wings 
of a fowl : secondary circles or secondaries, in astron., 
great circles of the sphere perpendicular to the plane 
of another great circle, and passing through its poles, 
which latter is regarded as the primary: secondary 
colour, any two of the primary colours united in 
equal proportions : secondary fever, a fever arising 
after the crisis of another disease : secondary quali- 
ties, the qualities of bodies, such as colour, taste, and 
smell, which may be separated from them : secondary 
rocks or strata, in geol., those stratified rocks, lying 
below the tertiary and. above the primary, which con- 
tain distinct organic remains ; applied also to the 
Mesozoic strata : secondary planet, a planet revolving 
about a primary planet, as the moon around the earth : 
secondary tints, those of a subdued kind, such as 
greys : applied to style in painting, the phrase de- 
notes medium ability. 

secret, a. se'krit (L. secretus, separate, apart— from 
secerno, I sever or separate: It. stcreto; F. secret, 
secret), concealed; hidden; kept from the view or 
knowledge of all except those concerned ; not revealed ; 
secluded; private; not apparent; occult; obscure; 
known to God alone : n. something studiously con- 
cealed ; something undiscovered or unknown : se'eret- 
ly, ad. -U: secrecy, n. se'krS-sl, state of being secret; 
solitude ; retirement ; privacy ; concealment from all 
persons except those concerned ; close silence : in 
secret, privately; in a state or place not seen. 

secretary, n. sek'rS-ter'l (F. secretaire; It. secretario, 
a secretary— from L.secretum, somel ings cren - 
fidential person employed to assist another in conduct- 
ing correspondence, in drawing out documents, &c; 
the chief or head clerk of a man of business, or of a 
public company; a minister of state intrusted with 
the management it department of public 

business; a bird living almost wholly on snakes, re- 
markable for its very long legs, found at the Cape of 
Good Hope— so called from the tuft of feathers behind 
the head bearing a fan i ii- i i i ma pen stuck 

behind a man's ear : secretaryship, n. -ship, the office 
of a secretary. 

secrete, v. se-krCt' (L. secretus, severed, separated 
— see secret), to conceal; to remove from observation, 
or from the knowledge of others ; in animals, to sep- 
arate or produce from the blood, or its constituents, 



2N 



SECT 



562 



SEE 



substances different from the blood itself; in plants, 
to separate substances from the sap : secre'ting, imp.: 
secre'ted, pp.: secretion, n. sS-kre'shun, the process 
by which substances are separated from the blood or 
its constituents, different from the blood itself, as 
saliva, bile, urine, &c. ; one of the substances thus sep- 
arated: secretitious, a. sii'kre-iisli'i'is, formed by se- 
cretion: secretive, a. sS-kre'tlv, causing seen , ,,, i 

ducing secrecy or concealment: secretively, ad. -II: 
secre'tiveness, n. -nes, the quality of being secretive ; 
in phren., that organ, the large development of which 

is said to impel the individual towards seen ■■. -,,,, 

cealment: secretory, a. se-kre-ter-i, performing the 
office of secretion. 

sect, n. sSkt (mid. L. secta; It. setta, a following: F. 
secte, a sect), a number of persons united by their at- 
tachment to some particular doctrines or tenets, usu- 
ally in religion or philosophy ; a body of persons dis- 
senting from an established church : sectarian, a. 
stk-ta'ri-dn, pert, to or peculiar to a sect: n. one of a 
sect ; a dissenter : secta 'rianise, v. -iz, to imbue with 
sectarian principles or feelings : secta'rianising, imp. : 
secta'rianised, pp. -izd: sectarianism, n. -izm, dis- 
sent from an established church: sectary, n. -ter-l, 
one who dissents from an established church. 

:<..'■'■>.: ■.-,. •:,■/, 7/Mi .;./////.-■ '■i.-i'i li i ; 1 1 may be cut— 
from seco, I cut), that may be cut or sliced, as with a 
knife— applied to such rocks and minerals as talc, 
mica, and steatite, which can be cut with a knife with- 
out causing the particles to fly about. 

section, n. sSk'shun (L. sectio, a cutting— from seco, 
I cut : F. section), a part separated from the rest ; a 
distinct part or portion ; a division, as of a book, a 
country, &c; the representation of any building or 
object as it would appear if cut or sliced through from 
top to bottom; in georn., the line formed by the inter- 
section of two surfaces ; the surface formed when a 
solid body is cut by a plane ; in U.S.. a tract of land 
of 640 acres : sec'tional, a. -oil, pert, to a section or dis- 
tinct part : sec'tionally, ad. -It .■ sec'tor, n. -ter, that 
which cuts or divides ; a mathematical instr. to assist 
in laying down plans, for measuring zenith distances, 
&c: sector of a circle, a part of a circle bounded by 
two radii and the arc between their extremities : dip- 
sector, an instr. used for measuring the dip of the 
horizon. 

secular, a. sek'u-ler (L. secularis, of or belonging to a 
generation : mid. L. secularis, secular— from L.seculum, 
a generation, a hundred years: It. secolare: F. sdcu- 
laire), pert, to things not spiritual or holy ; temporal ; 
worldly; in R. Cath. Gh., not bound by monastic vows 
—applied to certain of the clergy ; opposed to spiritual 
or ecclesiastical power; in geol., applied to great 

natural processes, whose results b i • : < • > • ■■■ ■■ ■ 

only after the lapse of ages : sec'ularist, n. -1st, one 
who discards all forms of religious worship, and directs 
his attention solely to the objects of this life : secular- 
ly, ad. -li: sec'ularness, n. -mi-:, the quality of being 
secular: sec'ular'ity, n. -Idr'i-ti, worldliness ; atten- 
tion to the things of the present life: secular equation, 
in astron., the numerical expression of the magnitude 
and period of a secular inequality : secular games, in 
anc. Rome, games celebrated once in each seculum — 
that is, every 100 or 110 years : secular inequality, in 
astron., any deviation from the mean motion or mean 
orbit of a celestial body: secular refrigeration, in 
geol., the periodical cooling, and consequent consolida- 
tion, of the crust of the globe : sec'ularise, v. -ler-iz, 
to convert from spiritual purposes to common use ; 
to render secular: secularising, imp.: secularised, 
pp. -%zd : secularisation, n. -i-za'shun, the act of con- 
verting ecclesiastical property into secular. 

secund, a. sdk'und (L. secundus, next in the same 
rank, second), in hot., all turned to one side, as flowers 
or leaves on a stalk arranged on one side only : sec'un- 
dine, n. -un-dln, in hot., the second coat of the ovule, 
lying within the primine ; the foetal membranes collec- 
tively. 

secure, v. sS-kur' (L. securus, free from danger, 
secure— from sine, without, and cura, care : It. sicuro), 
to protect ; to render safe ; to put beyond hazard or 
doubt; to make certain; to fasten, as a door: adj. 
free from danger, or the apprehension of it ; protected ; 
safe; confident; not vigilant; careless: secu'ring, 
imp.: secured', pp. -kilrd': secu'rer, n. -ku'rer, one who 
secures: securely, ad. -li: secu'rity, n. -ri-ti, that 
which protects or secures ; anything given or done as 
a pledge or guarantee ; one who becomes surety for 
another ; protection ; confidence of safety ; assurance : 



seen 'rities, n. plu. -Viz, bonds, certificates of stocks, 

ami the like, as evidence of debt or property. 

sedan, n. se-ddn' (from Sedan, in France, where first 
used), a covered portable chair for carrying a single 
person, borne on poles in the hands of two men. 

sedate, a. se-dat' (L. sedutus, composed, calm: It. 
sedato), staid; serious; calm; unimpassioned ; com- 
posed; quiet: sedately, ad. -li: sedate'ness, n. -n&s, 
calmness of manlier or countenance; composure: 
sedative, a. sed'-n-liu (K :<edatif), composing; dimin- 
ishing or allaying irritability or pain : n. a medicine 
which does so. 

sedentary, a. sed'Sn-ter-i (L. sedentarius, one who 
sits at his trade— from sedens, sitting: It. sedentario: 
F. sidentaire). accustomed to pass much time in a sit- 
ting posture; requiring much sitting or inactivity, as 
an employment or profession ; inactive ; sluggish : n. 
one of a tribe of spiders called the sed'enta'ria, -ta- 
ri-d: sed'entarily, ad. -i-li: sedentariness, n. -i-nes, 
the state or quality of being sedentary. 

sederunt, n. se-de'-runt, in Scot, se-da'runt (L. sede- 
runt, they sat— from seder?, to sit), a sitting; in Scot, 
the sitting of a coui'1 01 other regularly-constituted 
body ; the recorded list of the names of the members 
present at the sitting or meeting. 

sedge, n. sej (AS. secg, sedge: Ir. seisg ; W. hesg, 
sedges), the water-iris or river-hag, am extensive genus 
of flag-leaved plant -;, found growing in wet grounds 
and on the banks of livers in the north temperate re- 
gions of the globe : sedged, a, sejd, composed of flags 
or sedge : sedgy, a. sej'i, overgrown with sedge : 
sedge-bird, a bird which visits England in April, and 
leaves again in September, frequenting the sedgy 
banks of rivers. 

sediment, n. sdd'-l-mSnt (L. sedimentum, a settling 
down, a subsidem-e— from sedcre, to sit, to settle: It. 
sedimento : F. sediment), the matter which subsides or 
settles at the bottom of a liquid ; lees ; dregs : sed'- 
imen'tary, a. -min'-ter-i, pert, to sediment, or consist- 
ing of it : sedimentary rocks, rocks that have been 
formed from the deposition of materials that had been 
held in suspension by water. 

sedition, n. s6-dish'un (L. seditio, civil discord— from 
se, aside, and itio,_ a going : It. sedizione : F. sedition), 
a tumultuous rising of men against law and order, 
of a local character, and less than an insurrection; in 
law, offences against the state, such as writing, pub- 
lishing, or uttering words that might bring about or 
excite to treason or an insurrection : sediti'ous, a. 
-iis, pert, to sedition ; tending to excite opposition to 
law or lawful authority ; turbulent ; factious : sediti- 
ously, ad. -li: sediti'ousness, n. -nes, the quality of 
being seditious ; the disposition to excite, or the 
act of exciting, popular disturbances in opposition to 
law. 

seduce, v. se-dus' (L. seducere, to lead aside, to 
separate— from se, aside, and ducere, to lead : It. sedu- 
cere : Sp. seducir), to entice from the path of rectitude, 
duty, or virtue, by flattery, bribes, promises, or other- 
wise; to lead astray: to corrupt; to deprave: sedu'- 
cing, imp.: adj. having a tendency to seduce; entic- 
ing; alluring: sedu'eingly, ad. -li: seduced', pp. 
-dusf: sedu'eer, n. -sir, one who leads astray ; one who 
leads a female from the path of virtue : seduce'ment. 
n. -dus'mSnt, the means or arts employed to seduce: 
seduction, n. s6-duk'shun (L. seductio, a leading aside: 
F. seduction), the act or crime of persuading a female 
to surrender her chastity ; the means of'leading astray : 
seduc'tive, a. -tiv, tending to lead astray; enticing: 
seduc'tively, ad. -li. 

sedulous, a. sed'u-lus (L. sedulus, diligent, zealous 
—from sedere, to sit : It. sedulo), diligent and perse- 



the quality of being sedulous; steady diligence; also 
sedulity, n. se-du'li-tl (L. sedulitas), diligent and 
assiduous application. 

see, n. se (old F. se, the seat or throne of a bishop— 
from L. sedes, a seat), the seat of episcopal power; the 
jurisdiction of an archbishop or a bishop; a diocese: 
the authority of the Pope or court of Rome. 

see, v. se (AS. seon; Goth, saihvan; Ger. sehen, to 
see), to perceive by the eye; to have the power of 
sight ; to behold ; to observe ; to discover ; to view ; 
to understand; to visit, as friends; to attend; to ex- 
perience : seeing, imp. perceiving by the eye ; under- 
standing : n. sight ; vision : conj. since ; it being so ; 
because that: saw, pt. saw, did see: seen, pp. sen, 
beheld ; observed : see, int. impera. form of the verb 



mate, m&t, far, law ; 



',, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, 1 



SEED 5 

see; lo! look! behold! seer.n. se'-r, one who sees, used 
in composition, as a sight-seer; a person who can fore- 
see future events ; a prophet : seeress, n. fern, ser'es, 
a prophetess : see to it, look well to it : let me see or 
let us see, expression of particular consideration of 
the subject under notice : to see about a thing, to pay 
attention to it ; to consider it. 

seed, n. sed (AS. seed; Ger. saat; Icel. sad, seed— 
from L. sutus, sown), that part of a plant which con- 
tains the rudiment or embryo of the future plant ; that 
peculiar secretion in animals by which the ova is vi- 
talised ; that from which anything springs ; offspring ; 
descendants; race; very much used in composition 
as an adjective : v. to grow to maturity and produce 
seed; to shed seed: seeding, imp.: seeded, pp.: adj. 
bearing seed; interspersed or covered with seed: 
seed'y, a. -i, running to seed, or abounding in it ; ex- 
hausted; poor; worn-out: seed'iness, n. -i-nes, the 
slate of being seedy : seed-bearing, a. bearing or pro- 
ducing seeds : seed-bud, the germ or rudiment of the 
fruit in embryo : seedcake, a sweet cake made with 
aromatic seeds : seed-coat, in bot., the aril or covering 
of a seed : seed-corn, grain or corn to be used for seed : 
seed-down, the down on vegetable seeds : seed-lac, lac 
in a granulated form: seed-leaf, in bot., the primary 
leaf: seed-leaves, the cotyledons or lobes of a seed 
expanded and in vegetation: seed'ling, n. -ling, a 
plant reared from a seed, and not from a layer or bud : 
seed-lobe, one of the two halves into which such seeds 
as the common pea or bean split when beginning to 
vegetate : seed-pearl, the smaller sort of pearls : seed 
plot or plat, a portion of ground on which seeds are 
sown to produce plants for transplanting: seedsman, 
n. sedz'-mdn, a merchant who deals in the seeds of 
plants : seed-time, the period of the year proper for 
sowing seed: seed-vessel, in bot., the pericarp which 
contains the seeds. 

seek, v. sek (Goth, sokjan; Icel. scekia; Low Ger. 
soken; Ger. suchen, to seek), to look or search for ; to 
endeavour to find or gain ; to solicit ; to resort or have 
recourse to: seek'ing, imp.: sought, pp. sawt, did 
seek: seek'er, n. -er, one who seeks: to seek after, to 
attempt to find or take : to seek for, to endeavour to 
find. 

seel, v. sel (It. ciglio; F. til, an eyelid), in falconry, 
to close the eye, as a wild hawk in training; to hood- 
wink: seeling, imp.: seeled, pp. seld. 

seem, v. se>n (a secondary application of the old Eng. 
seem, to become : Bav. z<. men ; Ger. zi< men, to become, 
to beseem ; also in the sense of " seeming good to 
one " : F. sembler, to seem), to appear ; to have a sem- 
blance ; to have the appearance of truth or fact : seem'- 
ing, imp.: adj. in appearance; specious: n. show; 
sembhim-e; fair appearances : seem'ingly, ad. -U: 
seem'ingness, n. -nes, fair appearance; semblance: 
seemly, a. -II, becoming ; fit ; proper ; decent ; comely : 
ad. in a decent or proper manner: seem'liness, n. -li- 
nes, the state or quality of being seemly : it seems, 
denoting an appearance, but not a reality : used ironi- 
cally to condemn the thing mentioned; used as a 
slight affirmation ; it appears to be. 

seen, pp. of see, which see. 

seer — see under see. 

seesaw, n. *e'&uv (an imitative word, expressive of 
the sounds of the upward and downward motions of a 
saw), a motion backwards and forwards, or upwards 
and downwards ; a reciprocating motion ; a play of 
children, in which two are seated, one on each end of 
a board balanced on a log of wood, or similar eleva- 
tion, the board being then made to move alternately 
up and down : adj. pert, to a motion up and down, or 
to and fro : v. to swing or move backwards and for- 
wards, or to move upwards and downwards ; to move 
with a vibratory or reciprocating motion : see'sawing, 
imp.: see sawed, pp. -sawd. 

seethe, v. seth (Icel. sjoda, to cook by boiling: Ger. 
sieden; Low Ger. suddern, to boil: Scot, softer, to 
simmer), to boil; to prepare for food among a hot 
liquor; to be hot, or very hot: seething, imp.: adj. 
boiling: n. state of boiling: seethed, pp. sethd, also 
sodden, pp. sod'dn. 

seggar— see sagger. 

seghol, n. seg'ol, a Hebrew vowel-point equal to e 
in English : segholate, a. seg'o-ldt, marked with a 
seghol. 

segment, n. seg'-ment (L. segmentum, a piece cut off 
— from seco, I cut: It. segmento : F. segment), a part 
cut off or divided; in geom., a part cut off from any 
figure by a line or plane : segment of a circle, in geom. , 



13 SELA 

the part of a circle cut off by a chord : segment of a 
sphere, the part of a sphere cut off by a plane : seg- 
mental, a. seg-mSnt'dl, relating to or resembling a 
segment: segmentation, n. sig-men-ta'-shun, a divid- 
ing or splitting into segments. 

segno, n. sen'yo (It. segno— from L. signum, a mark), 
in music, a sign indicating a repeat : al segno, to the 
sign, being a direction to return to the sign: dal 
segno, from the sign— a direction to repeat from the 

segregate, v. seg're-gdt (L. segregation, to set apart, 
to separate— from se, aside, and gregare, to collect into 
a flock: It. segregare), to separate from others ; to set 
apart: adj. in bot., separated from each other: seg'- 
regating, imp.: segregated, pp.: segregation, n. 
-yd'shuu, separation from others ; a parting. 

seid, n. se'ld or sad (Ar. a prince), a descendant of 
Mohammed ; a scherif or emir. 

seidlitz, a. sed'-lltz, denoting a saline water from 
Seidlitz, in Bohemia ; applied to powders which effer- 
vesce among water, and form a gentle aperient. 

seignior, n. sen'yor (F. seigneur; It. signore; Port. 
senhor ,- Sp. senor, lord, sir, gentleman— from L. sen ior, 
elder), a title of honour, or simply a word of address, 
in the south of Europe— represented in England by 
Lord, Sir, or Mr, in France by Monsieur, and in Ger- 
many by Herr: seigneurial, a. senu'rial, also seig- 
norial, a. sS no'rl-dl, pert, to the lord of a manor; 
vested with large powers ; independent ; manorial : 
seigniorage, n. sen'yor -a j, a chaige. levied on bullion 
brought by private individuals to the mint to be 
coined, which is effected by giving back rather less 
in coin than was received in bullion, only sufficient 
in amount to cover the expense— in England the coin- 
age of bullion is generally done at the public expense, 
but there is a large seigniorage levied on silver and 
copper currencies ; formerly a'specific tax on bullion 
as well as on silver and copper coinage, forming a 
branch of the royal revenue; acknowledgment of 
power : seigniory, n. -i, a lordship ; manorial power 
or authority ; in Lower Canada, the right of feudal 
superiority. 

seine, n. sen (F. seine, a fish-net— from Gr. sagene, a 
large net), a large fishing-net. 

seismography, n. sls-mog'-rd-fi (Gr. seismos, an 
earthquake, and grapho, I describe), a writing about, 
or a description of, earthquakes : seismograph, n. -sis' 
mo-graf, an electro-magnetic apparatus for register- 
ing the shocks and undulatory motions of an earth- 
quake : seis'mograph'ic, a. -graf-ik, a term applied to 
maps or charts constructed to indicate the centres of 
convulsions, lines of direction, areas of disturbance, 
and the like: seismology, n. sls-mol'o-ji (Gr. logos, 
discourse), the science of earthquakes : seismom'- 
eter, n. -mom'e-ter (Gr. metron, a measure), an instr. 
for measuring the duration and force of an earth- 
quake, and suchlike: seismom'etry, n. -6-trl, the 
mensuration of certain phenomena of earthquakes : 
seismoscope, n. sW-mo-skop (Gr. skopieo, I see or spy), 
an instr. for rendering visible the very feeblest im- 
pulses of an earthquake. 

seize, v. set (F. saisir, to seize: It. sagina; F. sais- 
ine, possession of land: mid. L. sacire, to put in pos- 
session), to take or lay hold on suddenly ; to take pos- 
session of without right ; to take forcible possession of 
by legal authority ; to arrest or capture ; to fasten on 
or upon: seizing, imp.: seized, pp. sezd: seiz'er, n. 
-er, one who seizes: seiz'or, n. -or, in law, one who 
seizes or takes possession: seizable, a. -d-bl, that may 
be seized ; liable to be seized : seizure, n. sezh'-oor, the 
act of taking forcible possession ; the thing taken or 
seized ; capture ; act of taking by warrant ; grasp ; 
possession : to be seized of, to have possession : seizin 
or seisin, n. sez'-iu (F. saisin-:; possession of land), in 
law, possession, or the act of taking possession, as 
of land: seizin in fact or deed, when there is actual 
possession : seizin in law, when something is done 
short of actual possession, but which the law considers 
possession. 

sejant, a., also sejeant, a. se'jdnt (Norm. F. sejant, 
sitting— from L. sedere, to sit), in her., sitting, like a 
cat, with the fore feet straight : sejant rampant, sit- 
ting with the fore feet lifted up. 

selachia, n. se-la'-shi-d (Gr. selachos, a fish having 
cartilages instead of bones— from selas, a blaze, a 
flash), the cartilaginous order of fishes, as the sharks, 
rays, &c, because formerly supposed to emit a phos- 
phorescent light : sela'chian, n. -an, one of the sela- 
chia. 



h/oot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



SELA 



564 



SEMB 



Selah, n. se'ld, a Heb. word used in the Psalms, and 
supposed to denote that there is to be a pause in the 
singing of the song. 

seldom, ad. sSl'dum (Ger. selten; Icel. sjaldan, sel- 
dom : Goth, sildaleiks, wonderful), rarely ; not often, 
select, a. si-Ukt' (L. selectum, to select— from se, 
aside or apart, and lego, I choose : Sp. selecto, select), 
picked ; nicely chosen : v. to take by preference from 
among a number ; to choose ; to pick out : selecting, 
imp.: seleet'ed, pp.: adj. chosenfrom among anum- 
ber; picked: select'or, n. -er, one who selects: se- 
lect'ly, ad. -II: select'ness, n. -nSs, state of being select 
or well chosen : selection, n. su-lek'shun (L. selectio), 
the act of choosing ; things selected ; a book with select 
pieces : select'edly, ad. -ll: selective, a. -Iv, exercising 
choice in the way of selection : select'man, n. in New 
England towns, an officer chosen annually to manage 
its affairs, provide for the poor, &c: natural selec- 
tion, that process in nature by which plants and ani- 
mals best fitted for the conditions in which they are 
placed survive and spread, while the less fitted die 
out and disappear. 

selenium, n. se-le'ni-um (Gr. selene, the moon), an 
elementary substance, having somewhat the appear- 
ance of lead, but brittle, and of a dark reddish-brown 
colour, chemically allied to sulphur— so called in 
allusion to its analogies to tellurium ; selenic, a. s6- 
len'ik, pert, to or obtained from selenium— applied 
to an acid containing one equivalent of selenium and 
three of oxygen: seleniate, n. se-le'ni-dt, a salt of 
selenic acid : selenide, n. sSl'e-nid, a compound of 
selenium with a metal : selenious, a. sS-le'al-us, ap- 
plied to an acid containing one equivalent of sele- 
nium and two of oxygen: selenite, n. sil'S-nlt, a 
crystallised sulphate of lime or gypsum— so called 
from its subdued lustre and transparency : sel'enit'ic, 
a. -nit'ik, pert, to or resembling selenite: seleniuret, 
n. se-len'u-rSt, a compound of selenium with a metal 
or other elementary body. 

selenography, n. sel'e-nog'-rd-fl (Gr. selene, the 
moon, and graphe, a writing), a description of the 
moon: sel'enographlc, a. -no-grdf'ik, also sel'eno- 
graph ical, a. -i-kdl, pert, to a description of the moon : 
sel'enog'raphist, n. -nog'-rd-fist, one who studies the 
character of the moon, and describes it. 

self, n. sSlf, plu. selves, sSlvz (Icel. sjalfr; Goth. 
sllba; Ger. selbst, self: connected with L. se; Ger. 
sich, himself), one's own individual person ; personal- 
ity ; identity, as, the fondness we have for self; one's, 
self; selfishness: adj. particular; very, as seZ/-sam'e 
day : preceded by the pronouns my, thy, him, her, it, 
them, &c, self forms reciprocal pronouns, as myself; 
self, used as a common prefix, signifies by, in, of, to, 
or with, one's self or itself, as srf/-acting : selfish, a. 
-Ish, having chiefly or solely a view to one's own inter- 
est ; influenced in actions from motives of private ad- 
vantage ; without regard for others : selfishly, ad. 
-II : selfishness, n. -nis, the quality of being selfish ; 
attention to one's own interests, regardless of the 
interests of others: self-abasement, humiliation 
from a sense of inferiority, guilt, or shame: self- 
acting, a. acting by or of itself : self-action, action by 
or originating in itself: seif-begotten, a. begotten by 
one's own powers : self-command, that equanimity of 
mind which enables a man in trying situations to con- 
duct himself with coolness and prudence : self-com- 
placency, satisfaction with one's character, perforrn- 
; ■* < ■< -.;. and suchlike: self-conceit, high opinion of 
one's self; vanity: self-conceited, a. vain; having a 
high opinion of one's own importance or abilities : 
self-conceitedness, n. an overweening opinion of one's 
own importance or accomplishments : self-condemned, 
a. condemned by one's own conscience : self-con- 
demnation, condemnation by one's own conscience : 
self-confidence, n. reliance on one's own judgment or 
ability : self-confident, a. relying on one's own judg- 
ment: self-conscious, a. conscious of one's own acts 
or states as belonging to one's self: self-contradic- 
tion, the act of contradicting itself or themselves ; a 
proposition of two terms, one of which contradicts the 
other: self-contradictory, a. contradicting itself or 
themselves: self-control, restraint exercised over 
one's self: self-convicted, a. convicted by one's own 
consciousness or knowledge : self-culture, education 
or training of one's self: self -deceit or self-deception, 
deception that originates from one's own mistake: 
self-defence, the act of defending one's own reputa- 
tion, person, or property: self-degradation, the act 
or the effect of lowering or debasing one's self : self- 



delusion, a delusion respecting one's self: self-denial, 
forbearance to ■ ratif • ppetites or desires: self- 
destruction ; death by Mile's own hands ; suicide: self- 
determination, determination of one's own acts by 
one's own powers: self-devoted, a. voluntarily de- 
voted: self-devotion, willingness to sacrifice one's self 
for the sake of others : self- distrust, want of confidence 
in one's self or one's own powers : self-educated, a. edu- 
cated by one's own independent efforts : self-elected, 
a. appointed or elected by one's own self: self-en- 
joyment, satisfaction or pleasure in one's self: self- 
esteem, high opinion of one's self ; an organ so called 
by the phrenologists: self-evident, a. evident without 
proof or reasoning : self-examination, an inquiry into 
one's own conduct or motives: self-existence, exist- 
ence by one's self— an attribute peculiar to Deity: 
self-existent, a. independent of any other being : self- 



ilf-heal, a jil i ;<; ■ .1 ■■ .:•,■,, t . , ■■■.., 

-ace, exaggerated estimate of one's own merit, mani- 
fested in conduct or manners: self-important, a. 
manifesting an exaggerated estimate of one's own 
merits : self-imposed, a. voluntarily taken on one's 
self: self-indulgence, the unrestrained indulgence of 
one's passions, appetites, and desires: self-interest, 
regard to one's self only : self-interested, a. marked 
or prompted by personal motives: self-love, love of 
one's own person, interest, or happiness : self-made, 
a. raised in the world by one's own industry: self- 
possessed, a. calm ; collected ; having self-command : 
self-possession, calmness and equanimity of mind: 
self-praise, the praise or commendation of one's self : 
self-preservation, the preservation of one's self from 
injury or destruction— a powerful instinct possessed 
by all living creatures: self-registering, a. recording 
its own indications of phenomena,, said of certain scien- 
tific instruments : self-regulated, a. regulated by 
one's self, or by itself : self-reliance, reliance on one's 
own powers: self-reliant, a. trusting to one's own 
powers : self-reproach, the act of reproaching or con- 
demning one's self: self-respect, regard for one's own 
character: self-restraint, a restraint or command 
over one's self: self-righteous, a. righteous in one's 
own esteem : self-righteousness, confidence and reli- 
ance on one's own merit or virtue— always used in an 
equivocal sense, indicating a want rather than actual 
possession : self-same, a. precisely the same ; the very 
same : self-satisfying, a. giving satisfaction to one's 
self: self-seeking, a. seeking one's own interest or 
happiness alone ; selfish : n. the act or habit of seek- 
ing one's own interest and happiness : self-sufficiency, 
a high or undue opinion of one's own strength or 
worth : self-sufficient, a. having full confidence in one's 
own powers ; haughty : self-taught, a. educated and 
trained by one's self : self-torture, the act of inflicting 
pain on one's self: self-will, obstinacy: self-willed, a. 

yielding to the i :pressed wishesor commands of 

those whom we are bound to obey ; obstinate : self- 
worship, ttie idolising of one's self. Note.— The com- 
pounds of self are very numerous, and are mostly self- 
explanatory ; the most common are given above. 

selfish, self-same— see under self. 

sell, v. sil (Icel. selia; AS. sellan, to transfer, to de- 
liver : Icel. sala, delivery), to give or transfer to for a 
price ; the opposite of to buy ; to part with for an 
equivalent ; to have traffic ; to betray for a reward : 
sel'ling, imp.: sold, pt. and pp. sold, did sell; given 
to for a price : seller, n. -ler, one who sells : to sell 
one's life dearly, to cause great damage and loss to 
those who are taking or seeking one's life. 

sellander, n. sel'ldn-der (F.solandre, an ulcer in the 
leg of ahorse), a dry scab ie a ihough or pastern. 

Seltzer, n. sSUz'er, applied to the mineral water 
from Seltzer, in Germany. 

selvage, n. sSl'-vdj, also selvedge, n. sel'vSj (Dut. sel- 
fende or selfegge, the selvage : properly a corruption 
of self-edge— that is, that which makes an edge of itself 
without hemming), the border or edge of cloth which 
is formed in weaving it: sel'vagee', n. -vd-je\ in a 
ship, flexible rope composed of yarn not twisted to- 
gether, but bound together by other yarn or marline : 
sel'vaged, a. -vdjd, or sel'vedged, a. -vejd, having a 
selvage. 

selves, sSlvz, plu. of self, which see. 

semaphore, n. sSm'd-for (Gr. sema, a sign, and 
phero, I bear), a kind of telegraph ; that which con- 
veys signs or signals. 

semblance, n. sem'bldns (F. semblance; It. sem- 



mate, mdt.fdr, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; nOte, not, mOve; 



SEME 



565 



SENG 



hlanza, resemblance— from L. similis, like), likeness ; 
appearance; show; figure. 

seme, a. sa-tna' (F. seme, sown— from semer, to sow), 
in her., strewn or powdered over with figures, as stars, 
crosses, and the like. 

semeiology, n. sem'-l-dl'O-jl (Gr. serneion, a mark, a 
sign, and logos, a discourse), that branch of medical 
science which teaches how to judge of all the symp- 
toms exhibited by the human body, whether they indi- 
cate health or ..U-. -. 'omatology is nowused in 
the same sense : sem eiot'ic, a. -ot'lk, also sem'eiolog- 
ical, a. -0-ldj'i-kdl, relating to the symptoms or signs 
of diseases. 

semen, n. se'-mSn (L. semen, seed— from sero, I sow: 
It. seme), the seed of animals: seminal, a. sSm'i-nCd, 
of or belonging to seed; radical; in hot., applied to 
the cotyledons or seed-leaves: sem'ina'tion, n. -na' 
shun, the act of sowing; in hot., the natural disper- 
sion of seeds. 

semi, sem'l (L. semi; Gr. hemi; F. demi, half), a com- 
mon prefix, signifying half; half of ; in part ; partially: 
the compounds of semi are for the most part easily 
understood, if the meaning of the latter part is known : 
a hyphen is usually placed after semi. 

semi-acid, a, sem't-H and add), half acid. 

semi-amplexicaul, a. sem'-l-dm-pleks't-kawl (semi, 
and amplexicaul), in hot., embracing the stem half 
round, as a leaf. 

semi-Arian, n. sSm'i-a'ri-dn {semi, and Avian), one 
■who embraced some of the principles of the Arians, 
and disguised others under milder terms. 

semi-barbarian, a. sem'i-b&r-ba'-rldn {semi, and 
barbarian), only partially civilised. 

semibreve, n. sem'4-brev (L. semi, half, and brevis, 
short), the longest note in modern music ; half of a 

semicircle, n. sSm'-i-ser'kl {semi, and circle), half a 
circle. 

semicolon, n. sSm'l-kO'ldn [semi, and colon), in writ- 
ten or printed composition, the point or character ( ; ) 
used to mark a longer pause than a comma, or to mark 
off a clause or member of a sentence. 

semi-columnar, a. sGm'-i-ko-lum'ner {semi, and co- 
lumnar), in hot., fiat on the one side and round on the 
other. 

semi-conscious, a. sgm'i-kon'shus {semi, and con- 
scious), imperfectly conscious. 

semi-deistical, a. sdm'l-de-ls'ti-kdl {semi, and deis- 
irdering on deism. 

semi-diameter, n. sem'l-dl-dm'S-ter {semi, and di- 
ameter), half the diameter ; the radius of a circle. 

semi-diapason, n. sem'-i-di'-a-pd'-zOn demi, and dia- 
pason), an octave lessened by a semitone. 

semi-double, a. sem'l-dilb'-l (semi, and double), in 
hot., having the outermost stamens converted into 
petals, while the innermost stamens continue perfect. 

semi-floscular, a. sem'-lflos'-ku-ler, or semi-floscu- 
lous (semi, andjloscular), in hot., having all the florets 
ligulate, as in the dandelion. 

semi-fluid, a. sem'-i-flo'id (semi, and fluid), imper- 
fectly fluid. 

semi-lunar, a. sSm'l-lo'-ner (semi, and lunar), half- 
moon-shaped. 

semi-membranous, a. s&m'l-mem'brd-niis (semi, and 
membranous), half membranous ; in anat., applied to 
one of the muscles of the thigh which bend the leg. 

seminal and semination— see semen. 

seminary, n. sSm'i-ner-i (L. seminarium, a nursery- 
garden— from semen, seed: It. seminario: F. semin- 
aire), a seed-plot ; a place of instruction or education ; 
a school; a college: seminarist, n. -1st, a priest in- 
structed in the tenets of the R. Cath. Ch. in a foreign 
seminary. 

semi-nude, a. sem'-l-nud (semi, and nude), in hot., 
partially nude; half naked. 

semiology and semiotic, other spellings of semeiol- 
ogy, &c. 

semi-ordinate, n. sem'4-or'dl-nat {semi, and ordi- 
nate), the hajf of an ordinate. 

semi-palmal M'm o.t (semi, and palmate), 

in zool., having the feet webbed only partly down the 
toes. 

semiped, n. sem'l-ped (L. semi, half, and pes, a foot 
—gen. pedis), a half foot— applied to verse : semip- 
edal, a. se-mip'S-ddl i % half a foot. 

semi-quadrate, n. sen :mi, and quad- 

rate), also semi-quartile, n. -kivawr'til (semi, and quor- 
ate), in astrol., the aspect of the planets when distant 
from each other 45", or one sign and a half. 

coiu, hoy, foot; pure, bud; chair, 



semiquaver, n. sSm'l-kivd'-ver (semi, and quaver), in 
music, a note, a sixteenth part of the semibreve in dura- 
tion, or half a quaver, marked thus— ^ : v. to sound 
or sing in semiquavers. 

semi-quintile, n. sem'i-kicvi'til (semi, and quintile), 
in astrol., the aspect of th planet ien they are dis- 
tant from each other 36°. 

semi-savage, n. sem'i-sA id savage), one 

civilised. 

semi-sextile, n. sem'l-seks'til {semi, and sextile), in 
astrol., the aspect of the planets when they are distant, 
from each other 30°. 

semi-tendinous, a. shn'Uten'di-nus (semi, and ten- 
dinous), half tendinous, a name given to a muscle of 
the thigh which bends the leg. 

semi-tertian, a. sem'-i-ter'-shi-dn(senii, and tertian), 
compounded of a tertian and quotidian: n. a low 
fever ; a kind of ague. 

Semitic, a. sSm-it'ik (from Shem, the son of Noah, 
because regarded as his descendants), a term applied 
tooneofthe great families oi'bn^uages— see shemitic. 

semitone, n. sem'4-ton (semi, and tone), one of the 
smallest intervals of the musical scale ; half a tone. 

semi-transparent, a. sem'l-trdns-pd'rent (semi, and 
transparent), half or imperfectly transparent. 

semi-vocal, a. sSm'i-vo'-kdl (semi, and vocal), half 
vocal ; pert, to a semi-vowel. 

semi-vowel, n. sem'i-vdiv'61 (semi, and vowel), a 
sound intermediate betweena vowel and a consonant. 

semolina, n. s6m'-6-le'nd (It. semolino, a kind of 
paste for soups— from semola, bran: F. semoule, sand- 
like wheat-mea I '• parts of wheat rounded 
by attrition in the millstones ; in France, the large 
hard grains of wheat retained in the bolting-machine 
after the fine parts have passed through. 

semoule, n. sa-mol' (F.), the same as semolina, which 
see. 

sempiternal, a. sem'-pi-ter'-ndl (F. sempiternel, sem- 
piternal—from L. sempiternus, perpetual), having be- 
ginning, but no end ; everlasting : sem'piter'nity, 
n. -tir'nl-ti, endless duration in the future. 

sempster, n. sim'-ster (see seam), one who works 
with the needle : semp'stress, n. -sire's, a woman who 
works with the needle: semp'stressy, n. -stris-i, the 
occupation of a sempstress. 

senary, a. sSn'er-l (L. senarius, consisting of six 
each— from sex, six), belonging to or containing six. 

senate, n. sCn'at (L. senatus, the council* of the 
elders, the senate— from senex, old, aged), the delib- 
erative and legislative assembly of a state ; in U. S. 
of Amer., the Upper House of the legislature; the 
governing body of a university ; a superior governing 
body : senator, n. s&n'-d-ter, a member of a senate : 
sen'atorship, n. the office or dignity of a senator: 
sen'ato'rial, a, ■to'ri-Cd, pert, to a senate or senator; 
in U. S., entitled to elect a senator : sen'ato'rially, ad. 
■ll: senate-house, the place where a senate meets. 

send, v. send (lce\. senda; Goth, sandjan; Ger. sen- 
den, to send), to throw or cast ; to thrust ; to despatch ; 
to direct to go and act ; to grant, as from a distant 
place; to inflict, as famine or disease: sending, imp.: 
sent, pt. and pp. sent: send'er, n. -er, one who sends : 
to send away, to cause to depart ; to dismiss : to send 
for, to request by message to come or to be brought : 
to send forth, to put or bring forth; to produce; to 

sendal, n. sen'ddl (mid. L. cendalum; Sp. cendal, a 
light thin stuff), a sort of thin silk or thread stuff. 

Seneca-oil, n. sen-e-kd-dyl (so named after the Seneca 
Indians, by whom the oil of Pennsylvania was dis- 
covered and used), the name given in parts of N. 
Amer. to a kind of petroleum which exudes from the 
rocks, or floats on the surface of springs. 

senega, n. sen'e-gd, also seneka, n. sen'e-kd (probably 
so called from the Seneca Indians), the rattlesnake- 
root, or applied to it. 

senescence, n. se-nes'sSns (L. senescens, growing old 
—from senex, old), the state of growing old ; decay by 
time. 

seneschal, n. sen'-e-shal (mid. L. siniscalms, the 
steward— from Goth, sineigs, old, and skalks, a ser- 
vant), in the m i;h steward; an officer 
who had the superintendence of feasts and domestic 
ceremonies in the houses of princes or high dignitari es ; 
it afterwards came to signify other offices, as that of 
a judge, as the high seneschal of England : sen'eschal- 
ship, n. the office or dignity. 

sengreen, n. sen'-gren (Get: singriin, the house-leek 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



SENI 5 

—from sin, force, and griin, green), a plant, the house- 
leek. 

senile, a. se'-nll (L. senilis, aged— from senex, old : 
It. senile : F. smile), pert, to old age, or proceeding 
from it; old; aged: senility, n. se-nil'i-tl, old age; 
dotage. 

senior, a. se'ni-er (L. senior, older, more aged— from 
senex, old), older; elder; older in office or rank: n. 
one older than another ; one having superiority, or 
precedence from office or rank; an aged person: se'ni- 
or'ity, n. -or'i-tl, priority of birth or office. 

senna, n. sSn'nd (It. sena; F. sine, senna— from Ar. 
sana or sene, acute, in allusion to its sharp-pointed 
leaves), the leaves of several Eastern plants, much 
used in medicine as a purgative. 

sennight, n. sSn'nlt (contracted from seven-night), a 
week ; seven days. 

sennit, n. sen-nit (from seven, knit), a flat plaited 
cord, formed of rope-yarns ; plaited straw or palm- 
leaves for making hats. 

sense, n. sens (L. sensus, perception, feeling— from 
sentio, I discern by the senses: It. senso: F. se?is, 
sense), that power or faculty by which animals obtain 
a knowledge of external objects, by these either com- 
ing into contact with certain organs of the body, or by 
making impressions on them; perception by the 
senses ; discernment ; understanding ; strength of 
natural reason; meaning or import; consciousness: 
the senses, sen'sez, are five in number— hairing, sight, 
smell, taste, touch: sensation, n. sen-sa'shun, an im- 
pression made on the mind through any one of the 
senses ; a state of interest or feeling excited or 
awakened in the mind by external objects, by the 
passions, by the internal condition of the body, or 
by the words of a speaker : sensational, a. -dl, 
pert, to sensation; fitted to excite great interest; 
a term applied to a certain school of novelists 
who seek popularity for their writings through the 
effects on the mind of their readers of startling, 
exaggerated, or unnatural sentiment or situation: 
sensa'tionalism, n. -Izm, the doctrine that our ideas 
originate solely in sensation, and consist of sensations 
transformed : sensationalist, n. -1st, one who re- 

ua.j'd.- M'< pVien ,'ii:i ei ,:ii,ii! :i !,;; oh i h: ;i .., i •_- 1 , 

in sensations: senseless, a. sSns'lSs, incapable of 
sensation; void of feeling; unconscious; stupid; 
foolish: sense'lessly, ad. -li: senselessness, n. -nes, 
the state or quality of being senseless ; folly ; stupid- 
ity : sensible, a. sen'si-bl, capable of being perceived 
by the senses, or by the mind ; perceiving by the mind 
or senses ; liable to be easily and strongly affected ; 
moved or affected by a very small weight, impulse, or 
change ; perceiving so clearly as to be convinced ; in- 
telligent ; judicious : sen'sibly, ad. -ill, externally ; by 
impression on the senses : sen'sibleness, n. -bl-nes, 
also sen'sibil'ity, n. -bil'-X-tl, acuteness of perception 
or emotion ; delicacy of feeling ; state of being easily 
affected or moved: sen'sitive, a. -tiv, quickly and 
acutely alive to impressions from external objects ; 
having keen sense or feeling; that affects the senses: 
sen'sitively, ad. -II: sen'sitiveness, n. -nes, the state or 



sense, the faculty of first principles ; native practical 
intelligence— see common: moral sense— see moral: 
the inner or internal sense, the capacity of the mind 
to be aware of its own states ; consciousness : sensi- 
tive plant, a plant, a species of mimosa, whose leaves 
shrink and fold up when touched: sensorium, n. 
sen-so'rl-um, the central seat of sensation or of con- 
sciousness, supposed to be situated in the brain ; the 
organ which receives the impressions made on the 
senses: senso'rial, a. -dl, pert, to the sensorium or 
sensory: sensory, n. sen'ser-l, a term applied by 
anatomists to those parts of the neural axis with 
which the sensory nerves are connected: adj. con- 
nected with the sensory or sensation : in his senses, 
possessed of reason and judgment ; sane : out of his 
senses, destitute of the usual powers of reasoning and 
judging; insane. 

sensual, a. sen'shob-dl (It. sensuale; F. sensuel, sen- 
Bual— from L. sensws, pe,,. -[itim, ,v< im-i peri ,•■, ,,, 
affecting the senses only; not intellectual; carnal; 
not spiritual; given to the indulgence of the appe- 
tites ; devoted to the pleasures of sense ; voluptuous : 
sen'sualise, v. -%z, to make sensual ; to debase by the 
indulgence of the appetites : sen'suali'sing, imp. : sen'- 
' sualised, pp. -izd: sen'snalisa'tion, n. -t-za'shun, the 
act of sensualising, or the state of being sensualised : 



6 SEPA 

feelings or appetites ; in mental phil., the theory held 
by many that all our ideas, our mental acts, and our 
intellectual powers, are but mere modifications of 
former sensations, or originated in them ; scnsal ional- 
isrn ; opposed to intellectuulism: sen'sualist, n. -1st, 
one addicted to sensual pleasures ; a voluptuary ; one 
who holds the theory of sensualism : sen'sually, ad. 
-U : sen'sualness, n. -nes, also sen'sual'ity, n. -dl'i-ti, 
the state or quality of being sensual; devotedness to 
the gratification of the bodily appetites : sen'suous, a. 
-us, pert, to or addressed to the senses; connected 
with sensible objects; lull of passion; pathetic. 

sent, pp. of send, which see. 

sentence, n. sen'-tens (L. sententia, an opinion, a 
decision, a sentence— from sentio, I perceive or feel : 
It. sentenzia: F. sentence), the judgment pronounced 
on a criminal by a judge ; the decree or judgment of 
a court ; a maxim ; an opinion ; a series of words so 
arranged as to convey complete sense, and followed 
by a dot or full point, thus (.): v. to pass judgment 
on, as a court; to doom; to condemn: sentenc- 
ing, imp.: sen'tenced, pp. -tenst : sentential, a. sen- 
ten'-shdl, pert, to a sentence or period; comprising 
sentences: senten'tially, ad. -shdl-ll: senten'tious, a. 
-shus, abounding in axioms or maxims; short and 
pithy in expression ; comprising sentences : senten- 
tiously, ad. -II: senten'tiousness, n. -nes, brevity and 
pithiness in expression: a dark sentence, a saying 
not easily understood. 

sentient, a. sen'-shi-5nt (L. sentiens, discerning or 
perceiving by the senses— gen. sentientis), that per- 
ceives or feels ; having the faculty of perception : 
sen'tiently, ad. -II. 

sentiment, n. sdn'ti-mSnt (It. sentimento; F. senti- 
ment, understanding, sentiment— from L. sentio, I 
perceive or feel), opinion; the decision of the mind 
expressed in words ; thought, or direction of thought ; 
a sentence or passage, as the expression of a thought ; 
a particular disposition of mind; tender suscepti- 
bility; an opinion expressed in striking words; feel- 
ing; emotion: sen'timent'al, a. -dl, abounding with 
just opinions and reflections; affecting refined 
thoughts, and expressing them in appropriate lan- 
guage ; in contempt, artificially or affectedly tender: 
sen'timent'ally, ad. -li: sentimentality, n. -tdl'l-tl, 
affectation of sentiment or fine feeling : sen'timent'- 
alise, v. -dl-lz, to affect refined thought and express it 
in suitable language: sen'timent'alising, imp. : sen- 
timentalised, pp. -izd : sen'timent'alism, n. -dl-izm, 
the character or behaviour of a sentimentalist : sen'- 
timent'alist, n. -dl-lst, one who affects fine feeling or 
exquisite sensibility. 

sentinel, n. sen'ti-nel (It. sentinella ; F. sentinelle, a 
sentinel— from old F. sente, a path), one who watches 
or keeps guard; a sentry: sentinelled, a. -n6ld, fur- 
nished with sentinels : sentry, n. -tri (F. sentier; old 
F. scnte, a path, the sentry being confined to a short 
path or beat), a soldier placed on guard to give notice 
of the approach of danger ; a watch ; the duty of one 
on guard : sentry-box, a stout portable shed for the 
occasional shelter of a soldier on guard. 

sepal, n. se'-p&l (an invented term, supposed by 
changing the pet of Gr. petalon into sep— thus, sep- 
alon : L. sepes, a hedge or fence : F. sepale), in hot., one 
of the leaf-like divisions of the cup or calyx which 
encloses the corolla or blossom of a flower : se'palled, 
a. -pdld, having sepals: sepaloid, a. sep'dl-o/id (Gr. 
eidos, appearance), like or having the appearance of a 
sepal : sep'alous, a. -us, resembling a sepal. 

separate, v. sep'dr-dt (L. separatum, to disjoin, to 
separate: It. separare: F. siparer), to part or dis- 
unite ; to break or divide into parts ; to sever from the 
rest ; to withdraw, as persons ; to withdraw from each 
other; to open: adj. divided from the rest ; disunited ; 
detached: separating, imp.: sep'arated, pp.: sep'- 
arator, n. -a-ter, one who or that which separates : sep'- 
arately, ad. -li: sep'arateness, n. -nSs, the state of 
being separate : sep'ara'tion, n. -d'-shun, disjunction ; 
disconnection ; divorce : sep'arable, a. -d-bl, that may 
be disjoined: sep'arably, ad. -Mi: sep'arahleness, n. 
-bine's, the quality of being separable, or capable of 
separation: sep'arabil'ity, n. -bll'l-ti, the quality of 
admitting disunion : separatist, n. -tlst, one who 
withdraws himself from communion with an estab- 
lished church, or from a church to which he has be- 
longed; a dissenter: sep'aratism, n. -tizm, separation 
from a religious body ; dissent : sep'aratory, n. -ter-l, 
in chem., a vessel for separating liquids; a surgical 
instrument. 



sensualism, n. -izm, a state of subjection to sensual 

mate, mdt.fdr, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, mtve; 



SEPA 



567 



SEEA 



sepawn, n. sg-paTcn', also sepon, n. sS-pSn', porridge 
made from maize-meal, used as food in N. Amer. 

sepia, n. sep'-i-d, plu. sep'iae, -c (L. and Gr. sepia, 
the cuttle-fish), the cuttle-fish ; in the fine arts, a fine, 
brown, colouring matter, prepared from the black se- 
cretion or ink of the cuttle-fish : sep'ic, a. -Ik, pert, to 
sepia ; done in sepia, as a drawing : sepiadse, n. plu. s&- 
pV-d-de, the cuttle-fish tribe. 

sepiment, n. sep'l-meitt |L. scpnmcnfum, a hedge— 
from sepio, I hedfje in), a hedge ; a fence ; a partition. 

Sepoy, n se'-poy (Hind, sipahi and sipah, a soldier), 
a native of India, employed as a soldier by the British 
Government for service in their Indian empire. 

seps, n. sSps (L. and. Gr. seps, a venomous serpent 
whose bite caused putrefaction), a genus of snake-like 
lizards found in the E. I. and in the S. and N. of 
Africa, having four very short legs, and whose scales 
cover their bodies like tiles. 

sept, n. sept (AS. sib, companionship or relationship : 
a corruption of sect, which see : Prov. cept), a clan, 
a branch of a race, or a family. 

sept, sipt (L. septem, seven), a prefix signifying 

septa— see septum. 

septangular, a. scpt-dng'-guler (L. septem, seven, 
and ungulus, a corner), having seven angles. 

septarium, n. s&p-td'ri-um, septa'ria, n. plu. -ri-d 
(L. septum, a fence or division), flattened nodules or 
masses of calcareous clay, ironstone, or other matter, 
whose internal structure exhibits numerous seams of 
some crystallised substance ; when calcined and re- 
duced to a powder they furnish the valuable cement 
called Roman, which has the property of hardening 
under water. 

septate, a. sep'tdt (L. septum, a fence or division), 
in bot., separated or divided by partitions. 

September, n. s6p-tCm'-b£r (L. September, the seventh 
month of the year— from septem, seven : F. Septem- 
bre), the ninth month of the year, formerly the seventh 
when the year commenced with March : Septem'brist, 
n. -brlst, in F. hist., applied to one of those engaged 
in the massacre in Paris, 2d Sept. 1792. 

septenary, a. sep'-Un-er-l (L. septenarius, consisting 
of seven— from septem, seven : F. septenaire), consist- 
ing of seven : n. the number seven. 

septenate, a. sip'-tbn-dt (L. septem, seven), in bot., 
having parts in sevens— applied to a compound leaf 
with seven leaflets coming off from one point. 

septennial, a. sep-Un'-ni-dl (L. septem, seven, and 
annus, a year), lasting or continuing for seven years ; 
returning once every seven years : septen'nially, ad. 

septic, a. sep'tlk, also sep'tical, a. -ti-kdl (Gr. septi- 
kos, that causes putrefaction— from sepo, I putrefy), 
bavin? the power to promote putrefaction: sep'- 
tically, ad. -II: septicity, n. sip-tls'-l-tl, tendency to 
promote putrefaction. 

septicidal, a. sip'tl-si'ddl (L. septum, a partition, and 
ccedo, I cut or divide), in bot., applied to seed-vessels 
which open by dividing through the septa or partitions 
of the ovary. 

septiferous, a. sep-tlf'-er-us (L. septum, a partition, 
and/ero, I bear), bearing or containing septa ; having 
partitions. 

septiform, a. sSp'ti-fdwrm (L. septum, a partition, 
and forma, shape), resembling a septum or partition. 

septifragal, a. sep-tlf'rd-gdl (L. septum, a partition, 
and frango, I break), applied to a dehiscence which 
takes place along the lines of suture, the valves at the 
same time separating from the dissepiments, which 
are not subdivided. 

septilateral, a. sep'ti-ldt'er-dl (L. septem, seven, 
and latus, a side— gen. lateris), having seven sides. 

septillion, n. sep-Hl'-yun (L. septem, seven, and 
Eng. million), in arith., a million raised to the seventh 
power ; in Eng. system of notation, expressed by a 
unit followed by 42 ciphers— in the It. or F., by a unit 
and 24 ciphers. 

septuagenarian, n. sep'tu-d-jen-d'ri-dn (L. septua- 
ginta, seventy), a person seventy years of age: sep'tu- 
ag'enary, a. -dj'Sn-er-i, consisting of seventy : n. the 
number seventy. 

septuagesima, n. sep'tii-d-jes'4-md (L. septuagesi- 
mus, seventieth), the third Sunday before Lent— so 
called because seventy days before Easter: sep'tua- 
ges'imal, a. -i-mdl, consisting of seventy ; counted by 
seventies : sep'tuages'imally, ad. -It. 



enty), the Greek version of the Old Testament Scrip. 

cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



made by order of Ptolemy Philadelphus from the orig- 
inal Heb., about 275 years B.C., and so called because 
said to have been the work of 70 interpreters ; usu- 
ally expressed by the symbol LXX. : adj. pert, to the 
Septuagint, or contained in it. 

septulate, a. sep'tu-ldt (L. septum, a partition), in 
bot., applied to fruits having spurious transverse dis- 
sepiments or partitions. 

septum, n. sSp'tum, sep'ta, plu. -td (L. septum, a 
partition), in bot., any partition separating a body, as 
a fruit into two or more cells in the direction of its 
length ; separating partitions across or in the direction 
of its breadth are called phragmata; in anat., the 
membrane or plate separating from each other two 
adjacent cavities or organs ; one of the partitions or 
w:dls n[ a chambered shell. 

septuple, a. sSp'-tu-pl (L. septem, seven, and plico, I 
fold: F. septuple), sevenfold: v. to make sevenfold: 
septupling, imp. -pling .- sep'tupled, pp. -pld. 

sepulchre, n. sep'ul-ker (L. sepulchrum, a tomb— 
from sepelio, I bury : It. sepolcro : F. sepulcre), a place 
of interment ; a tomb : v. to bury ; to inter : sep'ul- 
chring, imp. -kring: sep'ulchred, pp. -kerd: sepul- 
chral, a. se-pfd'-krdl, pert, to burial, or to tombs or 
monuments ; deep, grave, or disagreeably hollow, 
generally applied to a tone of voice : sepuTchralry, 
ad. -II: sepulture, n. sip'-ul-tur, interment; burial. 

sequacious, a. se-kwa'shus (L. sequax, following or 
seeking after— gen. seguacis— from sequi, to follow), 
following ; attendant ; ductile ; pliant : sequa'cious- 
ness, n. -n&s, the state of being sequacious ; a disposi- 
tion to follow. 

sequel, n. se'kuSl (L. sequela, a result or consequence 
—from sequor, I follow : It. sequela: F. sequelle), that 
which follows ; result ; event ; conclusion : sequela, 
n. se-ku-e'ld, in med., a diseased state following on an 
attack of some other disease. 

sequence, n. se'-kwens (L. sequens, following— from 
sequor, I follow : It. sequenza : F. sequence), that which 
follows ; order of succession ; series ; arrangement ; 
a set of cards of the same suit in order ; in music, a 
regular alternate succession of similar chords ; in It. 
Cath. Ch., a hymn introduced into the mass on cer- 
tain festival days after the gradual or introit: sequen- 
cing in succession : sequential- 
ly, ad. -II. 

sequester, v. sS-ku-es'ter (L. sequestrare, to give up 
for safe-keeping— from sequester, a depositary, a medi- 
ator: It. sequestrare : F. sequestrer), to separate from 
others ; to withdraw or retire, as from society ; to 
sequestrate: seques'tering, imp.: seques'tered, pp. 
■terd: adj. secluded; retired: seques'trable, a. -trd- 
bl, capable of being sequestered or separated : to 
sequester one's self, to separate one's self from so- 
ciety ; to seclude one's self for the sake of privacy : 
sequestrate, v. -trdt (L. sequestratum, to remove, to 
separate from anything), to appropriate by legal pro- 
cess the property and income of a debtor until the 
claims of certain creditors be satisfied ; to set aside 
from the power of either party the matter at issue 
by order of a court of law ; in Scotch law, to take pos- 
session of the estate of a bankrupt or insolvent with 
the view of realising it, and distributing it equitably 
among the creditors: seques'trating, imp.: seques'- 
trated, pp.: adj. taken possession of for behoof of 
creditors : sequestration, n. sek'-wes-tra'-shun, the act 
or state of taking possession of a person's income or 
estate by legal process, in order to satisfy the claims 
of creditors : seq'uestra'tor, n. -trd'ter, one who se- 
questrates. 

sequestrum, n. sS-kwSs'triim (L. sequestratum, to 
remove, to separate from anything— see sequester), 
in surg., a dead portion of bone which separates from 
the sound part. 

sequin, n. se'-kwin (F. sequin— from It. zecchino, a 
sequin— from zecca, the mint), a gold coin of Italy, 
worth about 9s. 6d. ; in Turkey, worth about 7s. 6d. ; 
current in Algiers for about 8s. 6d. 

seraglio, n. se-rdl'yo (It. serraglio, an enclosure of 
palisades, a place shut in — from serrare, to lock in : 
afterwards used for Pers. serai, a palace : F. serail, a 
seraglio), the palace of the Grand Seignior or Emperor 
of Turkey ; a place or house for keeping wives and 
concubines ; a harem. 

serai, n. se-rd'e (Pers. serai, a palace, an inn), in 
India and Tartary, a resting-place for the accommo- 
dation of travellers. 

seralbumen, n. ser'dl-bu'men (Eng. serum,, and albu- 
men), a name given to the albumen of the blood to 



SERA 



568 



SERT 



distinguish it from the albumen of the egg, called 
ovalbumen. 

seraph, n. scr'-df (Heb. saraph, to burn : It. sera- 
fino: F. siraphin), an angel of the highest order: 
Heb.plu. ser , aphim,-t(-/$w; Eng. plu. seraphs : some- 
times the plu. is written seraphims, but improperly : 
seraphic, a. se-rdf'-ik, also seraphlcal, a. -l-kdl, angel- 
ic; pure; sublime; inflamed with love or zeal: ser- 
aph'ically, ad. -II: seraphine, n. ser'd-fin, a musical 
instrument resembling a small harmonium. 

Serapis, n. s8-rd'pis (Gr. serapis), a chief divinity 
of the anc. Egyptians, at first a symbol of the Nile, and 
so of fertility. 

seraskier, n. sS-rds'/.i , sirasqmer: Pers. ser, 
head, and Ar. asker, an army), a Turkish commander 
of land forces. 

sere, a. ser (see sear), dry; withered. 

serenade, n. s6r'6-ndd' (F. serenade ; It. serenata, a 
serenade— from It. sereno; L. serenus, open, fair, clear 
—applied to the weather or the open air, as opposed to 
in-doors), an entertainment of music given by a lover 
in a spirit of gallantry under the window of his lady- 
love at night ; in Ger., a musical tribute given by stu- 
dents to a favourite professor under his window at 
night ; music performed in the streets during the still- 
ness of night ; a musical piece suitable for such an 
occasion : v. to entertain with open-air music at night : 
ser'ena'ding, imp.: n. the act or practice of perform- 
ing music in the open air at night : ser'ena'ded, pp. : 
ser'ena'der, n. -der, one who serenades : ser'ena'ta, 
11. -nd'td, any piece of vocal music on the subject of 
love. 

serene, a. se-ren' (L. serenus, fair, bright, serene : It. 
sereno : F. serein), clear and calm ; still ; peaceful ; un- 
ruffled ; even of mind or temper ; a title or form of 
address restricted to the sovereign princes of Germany, 
and the members of their families, as serene highness, 
most serene: serenely, ad. -II: serenity, n. -r6n'i-ti, 
clearness and calmness ; peace. 

serf, n. serf (F. serf, a bondsman— from L. servus, a 
slave : It. servo), the lowest class of servants or slaves 
in the dark ages, who were attached to the soil and 
transferred with it : serfage, n. -dj, also serfdom, n. 
-dom, state or condition of a serf. 

serge, n. serj (F. serge— from Sp. sdrga, serge), a 
woollen quilted stuff or cloth. 

sergeant, sdr'j&nt— see Serjeant. 

serges, n. plu. ser'j8z, in R. Cath. Ch., the great wax 
candles burnt before the altars. 

sericeous, a. sS-rlsh'ds (L. serious, silken — from 
Seres, a people of eastern Asia, the Chinese), in hot., 
covered with fine close-pressed hairs ; silky. 

series, n. ser'i-»,z (L. series, a succession, a series— 
from serere, to join or bind together : It. serie : F. sirie), 
a succession of things in the same order, and having 
the same mutual relation ; course ; train ; in arith. or 
alg., a number of terms in succession, increasing or 
diminishing according to a certain law : serial, n. -dl, 
some light subject or subjects commenced and contin- 
ued in successive numbers of a periodical work; a 
work appearing in a series or succession of parts : adj. 
consisting of a series : serially, ad. -II, in a series or 
regular order: seriate, a. -dt, arranged in a series 
or succession : serlately, ad. -II, in a regular series : 
ser'ia'tim, ad. -a'tim (L.), in regular order. 

serio-comic, a. ser'l-6-kom'ik, also serlo-comlcal, 
a. -kdl (from Eng. serious, and comic), combining the 
serious and sportive. 

serious, a. ser'l-us (L. serius, grave, earnest: It. 
serioso : F. sdrieux), grave in manner or disposition ; 
deeply impressed with the importance of religion ; 
not light or gay ; being in earnest ; weighty ; not tri- 
fling: se'riously, ad. -li: se'riousness, n. -nes, the con- 
dition or quality of being serious ; gravity of manner 
or of mind. 

Serjeant, n. sdr'jSnt (It. sergente, a serjeant, a beadle : 
F. sergent, a beadle, an officer of court : mid. L. servi- 
ents, a serjeant), a police-officer of superior rank ; in 
the army, a non-commissioned officer whose duty is to 
see discipline observed, to assist young officers, &c. ; 
in Eng., a lawyer of the highest rank, called a ser- 
jeant-at-law ; a title given to certain of the king's ser- 
vants, as serjeanl-surgeon : ser'jeantship, n. the office 
of a serjeant: serjeant-major, a non-commissioned 
officer who assists the adjutant: colour-serjeants, 
non-commissioned officers appointed to attend the 
officer having charge of the colours of the regiment : 



in London, an officer who attends the lord mayor and 
the aldermen on court-days, &c. : serjeant-at-arms, 
an officer who preserves order, apprehends and pun- 
ishes offenders, &c, particularly in connection with 
a legislative body. Note.— This word is often spelt 
sergeant; the spelling, however, should be serjeant, 
and in the army it is uniformly so spelt. 

sermon, n. ser'mon (L. sermo, a speaking, discourse : 
It. sermone: F. sermon), a discourse delivered by a 
clergyman or licentiate from a pulpit, generally on a 
text selected from Scripture ; any serious exhortation : 
sermonise, v. -%z, to inculcate rigid rules ; to preach : 
ser'moni'sing, imp.: sermonised, pp. -izd. 

seron or seroon, n. sH-rdn' (F. serron, a box con- 
taining foreign drugs : Sp. seron, a hamper) in com- 
merce, a package of goods, variable in weight, and 
limited to certain kinds of goods, as almonds, drugs, 
Castile soap, &c. 

serotine, if. sSr'O-tin (F. sdrotine— from L. serotinus, 
that comes or happens late), a species of bat : seroti- 
nous, a. sS-rot'i-nti:;, iii bul., applied to a plant which 
flowers later in the year than others to which it is 
related. 

serous, a. sSr'us (It. seroso; F. sireux, serous— from 
L. serum, whey), watery ; thin ; like whey : serosity, 
n. si-ros'-i-ti, in med., the watery part of blood when 
coagulated: serous membrane, in anat., a closed 
membranous bag having its internal surface moist- 
ened with serum, and lining some cavity of the body 
which has no outlet: serum, n. -rum (L.), the thin 
watery substance like whey which separates from the 
blood when coagulated. 

serpent, n. serpent (L. serpens, a serpent— gen. ser- 
pent is— from serpo, I creep : It. serpente : F. serpent), 
a reptile having a very long body without feet, 
and which moves by undulations and contractions, 
noted for cunning; a subtle or malicious person; a 
musical instrument twisted somewhat like a serpent; 
serpent-like, a. acting like a serpent : serpent-fish, a 
fish of a red colour resembling a snake : serpent- 
stones, serpent's -tongue, popular names of certain 
fossil shells or teeth, the latter also the plant adder's- 
tongue: ser'penta'ria, n. -p&n-td'-ri-d (F. serpentaire, 
dragon-wort), the Virginian plant snake-root; a name 
applied to many plants: ser'penta'rius, n. -rl-us, a 
northern constellation : ser'pentry, n. -trl, a winding 
or twisting like that of a serpent: serpentiform, n. 
ser-pgn'-H-fawrm (L. forma, shape), serpent-shaped. 

serpentigenous, a. ser'p6n-tij'-e-nus (L. serpentigena, 
one who is sprung from a serpent— from serpens, a 
serpent, and gigno, I beget), bred of a serpent. 

serpentine, a. ser'-p8n-tln (It. serpentino ; F. serpen- 
tin, serpentine— from L. serpens, a serpent), resem- 
bling a serpent in motion ; winding; spiral; twisted: 
n. a very hard variety of magnesian rock of various 
colours, usually of an obscure -green colour, often 
beautifully spotted, like a serpent : ser'pentinely, ad. 
■li. 

serpigo, n. ser-pl'go (Sp. serpigo; It. serpigine, ring- 
worm—from L. serpere, to creep), in med., ringworm 
or tetter, so called from its creeping over the surface 
of the skin : serpiginous, a. -pij'l-nus, diseased with 
serpigo. 

serpula, n. ser'pu-ld, plu. ser'pulae, -le(h. serpula, a 
little serpent— from serpere, to creep), a genus of an- 
nelids, deriving their name from the tortuous and 
twisted tubes they inhabit, found on every shore, in- 
crusting stones, rocks, shells, drift-wood, sea-weeds, 
&c. : serpulidse, n. plu. ser-pu'-ll-de, also serpu'lidans, 
n. plu. -ddnz, animals of the genus serpulse : serpu- 
lites, n. plu. ser'pu-lltz, in geol. , the general term for all 
fossil tortuous tubes, and tube-like organisms, appar- 
ently allied to those of the existing serpulae, and evi- 
dently the products of tube-forming annelids. 

serrate, a. ser'rdt, also seriated, a.(L. serratus, saw- 
shaped— from serra, a saw), in hot., notched on the 
edge like a saw, as a leaf; where the teeth are them- 
selves serrate, the term used is biserrate, which see : 
serration, n. ser-rd'shun. formation resembling a 
saw: serrature, n. slr'-rd-tur, a saw-like notching on 
the edge of anything: ser'rulate, a. -ru-lat, also ser'- 
rulated, a. (L. serrula, a little saw), in hot., the same 
sense as serrate ; having very minute notches; having 
very fine serratures: ser'rula'tion, n. -Id'shun, the 
state of being notched minutely like the teeth of a fine 

serried, a. sSr'rld (F. serre", closely pressed— from 
serrer, to shut in, to press), crowded ; compacted. 
sertularia, n. ser'tu-ld'rl-d (L. sertum, a wreath of 



mate, mdt,fdr, laxb; mete, mSt, Mr; pine, pin; nCte, not, m6ve; 



SERU 



569 



SET 



flowers), a genus of hydroid polypes, so called from 
their cells being arranged on the opposite sides of a 
fleshy or horny axis, which gives to their stems a 
wreath-like appearance. 

serum— see under serous. 

serve, v. serv (L. servire, to he in service— from ser- 
■vus, a servant or slave: F. servir, to serve : It. servo; 
old F. serve, servile), to work for ; to perform duties, 
as an officer in the army or navy; to assist; to 
attend at command; to yield obedience to; to sup- 
ply with anything ; to suffice for ; to stand in place of 
something else ; to officiate or minister ; to be a ser- 
vant or slave ; to be subordinate to anything; to treat 
or requite, in an ill sense ; to worship God ; to present 
a writ ; to attend or wait ; to suit or be convenient : 
ser'ving, imp. : n. among seamen, the process of cover- 
ing large ropes or cables with canvas or spun yarn to 
prevent friction or wearing in parts much exposed : 
served, pp. sirvd: server, n.ser'vir, one who serves; a 
salver: ser'vant, n.-vdnt, a person employed by another 
for labour, and to be at his command: to serve in, to 
belong to and do duty in, as in the army or navy : to 
serve one out, to retaliate upon ; to requite : to serve 
one*s self, to act as one's own servant ; to take or use 
without help; to avail one's self of: to serve out, to 
distribute in portions : to serve up, to place on the 
table, as dressed food : to serve a writ or summons, 
to read it to the defendant, or more usually, to leave 
an attested copy at his residence : to serve a warrant, 
to show or read it to the person against whom it is 
issued, and to seize his person : to serve an execution, 
to seize or take possession of lands, goods, or person, 
according as the law requires in the case : to serve an 
office, to discharge the duties of a public office: time- 
server, one who regulates his actions by the require- 
ments of the times instead of by duty; one who mean- 
ly complies : a servant of servants, one debased to 
the lowest condition of servitude : your humble ser- 
vant, your obedient servant, &c, conventional 
phrases of civility at the close of a letter, coming 
immediately before the signature : servant girl or 
maid, also serving-maid, a female servant : servant- 
man, also serving-man, a male servant. 

service, n. ser'-vis (L. servitium, the condition of a 
slave or servant— from se)-vus, a slave or servant : It. 
servizio: F. service), labour, physical or mental, per- 
formed in course of duty, or for the benefit of another ; 
obedience ; religious rites or worship ; public worship ; 
employment ; use ; purpose ; advantage ; official duties 
of a clergyman ; the performance of duty in the army 
or navy ; a benefit conferred ; a course, as of dishes 
at table ; a collection of vessels used at table ; among 
seamen, the layers of spun yarn fastened round a rope 
to protect it from friction: serviceable, a. -d-bl, use- 
ful ; beneficial ; capable of duty : ser'viceably, ad. -d- 
bll: ser'viceableness, n. -hl-nSs, the state or quality 
of being serviceable : service-book, a prayer-book or 
missal : service-pipe, a pipe connecting mains with a 
dwelling, as in gas or water pipes. 

servile, a. ser-vil (L. servilis, slavish, servile— from 
servus, a slave or servant : It. and F. servile), pert, to a 
servant or slave, or characteristic of one; cringing; 
fawning ; meanly obsequious ; in gram., not belonging 
to the original root, as a servile letter : ser'vilely, ad. 
■ll: ser'vfleness, n. -nes, also servility, n. ser-vil'i-ti, 
the condition of a slave or bondman ; mean submis- 
sion; slavish deference: servitor, n. ser'vi-ter, a fol- 
lower or adherent ; an attendant ; an Oxford under- 
graduate partly supported by the college funds : ser- 
vitorship, n. office or position of a servitor: servi- 
tude, n. -tud, the condition of a servant or slave; 
slavish dependence ; bondage. 

sesame, n. sis'-d-me (L. sesamun; Gr. sesamon, an 
Eastern oily grain: It. sesamo: F. sesame), a plant 
producing an oily grain, chiefly cultivated in the East 
and in Egypt : ses'amum, n. -mum, a genus of her- 
baceous plants whose seed is sometimes used as food, 
and furnishes oil : open sesame (from the well-known 
tale of ' Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves '), a talisman 
or power in any form, used successfully to accomplish 
an object. 

sesamoid, a. sSs'd-mdi/d, also ses'amoid'al, a. -dl 
(Gr. sesamon, sesame, and eidos, appearance), applied 
to the small bones formed at the articulations of the 
great toes, and sometimes at the joints of the thumbs, 
and to small bodies in the valves of the aorta and pul- 
monary artery. 



hy a half), a prefix in chemical terms which denotes 

colv, boy, foot; pure, Mid; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



that 1£ equivalents of one constituent is united to one 
equivalent of another, or in the proportion of three to 
two ; a whole and a half. 

sesquialter, a. ses'kiui-dl'ter, also ses'quial'teral, a. 
-dl (L. sesquialter, once and a half— from sesqui, more 
by a half, and alter, other), denoting the relation of 1£ 
to 1: ses'quialtera. n. -ter-d, a certain stop on the 
organ: sesquialteral floret, in hot., a perfect floret 
accompanied with a small abortive one. 

sesquicarbonate, n. ses-kivi-kdr'bo-ndt (L. sesqui, 
more by a half, and Eng. carbonate), a salt composed 
of 1£ equivalents of carbonic acid, and 1 equivalent of 
any base, or in the proportion of three of the one and 
two of the other ; also similarly of other salts. 

sesquichloride, n. s&s'-kwi-klo'rld (L. sesqui, more 
by a half, and Eng. chloride), mchem., a compound 
containing 1£ equivalents of chlorine and 1 equivalent 
of a metal or other base ; and similarly of like com- 
pounds, as ses'quibro'mide, sesqui-lodide, &c. 

sesquipedal, a. sSs'kivi-pe'ddl (L. sesqui, more by 
a half, and Eng. pedal), containing a foot and a half; 
long-worded ; using long words ; also ses'quipeda'lian, 
a. -dd'-li-dn. 

sesquiplicate, a. sSs-ku -qui, more by 

a half, and Eng. plicate), a term applied to the propor- 
tion one quantity or number has to another, in the ratio 
of one and a half to one. 

sesquitertian, a. se~s'-ku-l-ter'sh%-dn (L. sesqui, more 
by a half, and tertianus, belonging to the third— from 
tertius, the third), having the ratio of one and one- 
third to one, as between 8 and 6. 

sesquitone, n. s6s'-kivl-t6n (L. sesqui, more by a half, 
and tone), in music, an interval of three semitones. 

sessile, a. s&s'sil (L. sessilis, of or belonging to sitting 
—from sedeo, I sit : It. and F. sessile), having a posi- 
tion as if sitting; in bot. and zool., sitting directly 
upon the body to which it belongs without a support, 
as a sessile leaf; one that issues directly from the main 
stem or branch without a footstalk. 

session, n. sish'iin (L. sessio, a sitting— gen. ses- 
sionis— from sessum, to sit : It. sessione : F. session), 
the actual sitting of a court, council, legislature, &c, 
for the transaction of business ; the actual time dur- 
ing which they sit or meet, with only short adjourn- 
ments; in Eng., the period of time between the first 
meeting of Parliament and its prorogation ; in Scot., the 
lowest ecclesiastical court of a Presbyterian Church : 
session-clerk, in Scot., one who officially keeps the 
books and documents of a session, makes all entries, 
and manages the proclamations of banns for marriages : 
sessional, a. -dl, pert, to a session or sitting, partic- 
ularly of an ecclesiastical court : Court of Session, in 
Scot, the supreme civil court: quarter-sessions— see 
under quarter. 

sesspool, n. sds'p6l— see cesspool. 

sesterce, n. ses'ters (L. sestertius, a sesterce— from 
semis, a half, and tertius, third : It. sesterzio : F. ses- 
terce), in anc. Rome, a silver coin worth about 2d. 
sterling: sestertium, n. sgs-ter'sM-iim, equal to 1000 
sesterces (s6s'tgr-sez), or about £8 sterling. 

set, a. sit (AS. settan; Ger. setzen, to place, to let 
down : Ger. sitzen; Icel. sitia, to sit; L. sidere, to seat 
one's self; sedere, to sit), regular ; formal ; determined ; 
obstinate ; established or fixed : n. a number or col- 
lection of things of the same kind, or of a similar 
form, intended to be used together; a number of 
things united in the formation of a whole ; a complete 
assortment ; a number of persons usually or officially 
united ; a clique ; a lot ; a young plant for putting into 
the soil for growth ; the descent of a heavenly body 
below the horizon : v. to put or place into any condi- 
tion or state ; to put, place, or fix ; to cause to rest in 
a standing posture ; to regulate or adjust, as a time- 
piece ; to adapt to music, as words ; to spread, as sails ; 
to fix in metal ; to bring to a fine edge, as a razor; to 
sink below the horizon, as the sun; to be fixed; to 
change fluidity for firmness; to plant; to begin a 
journey— always with out: set'ting, imp.: adj. falling 
below the horizon : n. the act of placing or fixing ; the 
act of sinking or appearing to sink below the hori- 
zon ; something inserted ; that in which something is 
set ; the direction of a current, as of a sea or a wind : 
set, pt. and pp.: set'ter, n. -ter, one who sets; an in- 
citer, with on; a sporting-dog that indicates by sit- 
ting or crouching the place where game lies hid : to 
set about, to begin ; to apply one's self: to set against, 
to place in opposition: to set agoing, to cause to 
begin to move: to set apart, to separate to a par- 
ticular use ; to reserve : to set a saw, to bend every 



SETA 



570 



SEVE 



alternate tooth to one side, and the remainder to 
the other: to set aside, to reject for the present; 
to annul: to set at defiance, to defy; to dare the 
power and malice of an adversary or enemy : to set 
at ease, to quiet; to tranquillise : to set at nougllt, 
to despise ; to undervalue : to set a trap, snare, or 
gin, to place it in a situation to catch prey ; to lay a 
plan of deceit in order to draw into one's power : to 
set before, to present to view; to offer: to set by, to 
place on one side for convenience or safety : to set 
down, to place upon the ground ; to put in writing : to 
set eyes on, to see ; to behold : to set forth, to make 
appear ; to manifest : to set forward, to begin to move 
on ; to promote : to set free, to release from confine- 
ment or bondage : to set in, to begin ; to enter upon a 
particular state, as the weather : to set in order, to 
adjust or arrange: to set off, to decorate; to place 
against, as an equivalent; to start, as for a race; 
among printers, to deface or soil,, as a recently-printed 
sheet coming into contact with another not quite dry : 
to set on or upon, to incite ; to assault or attack ; to fix 
or place : to set one's cap at or for, to endeavour to 
catch the attention or affections of— familiarly applied 
to a woman supposed to be making approaches in 
love to a man : to set one's self against, to place one's 
self determinedly in opposition to : to set on fire, to 
communicate fire to ; to fill with disorder ; to inflame 
the passions of: to set on foot, to put in motion ; to 
start : to set out, to begin a journey or course ; to be- 
gin the world ; to assign ; to mark off ; to adorn ; to 
display ; to state at large : to set over, to appoint or 
constitute, as a superior, ruler, or commander : to 
set right, to put in order ; to correct : to set sail, to 
begin a voyage : to set the fashion, to determine what 
shall be the fashion : to set the teeth on edge, to 
affect the teeth with a disagreeable sensation, as when 
an acid or woollen cloth is brought into contact with 
them: to set to, to apply one's self; to affix: to set 
up, to found or establish; to raise; to exalt; to place 
on view; to utter loudly ; to begin, as a business; to 
profess openly ; to put in type : dead-set, n. a fixed 
state or condition precluding further progress; the 
act of a setter-dog when it discovers game : to be 
at a dead-set, to be in a fixed state or condition, pre- 
cluding further progress: set or sett of a burgh, in 
Scot, law, the constitution of a burgh : set-back, a plain 
flat set-off in a wall : set-bolt, an iron pin or bolt for 
fitting planks closely together: set-down, a rebuke 
that quiets or silences: set-fair, the coat of plaster 
used after roughing-in, levelled and smoothed by a 
flat wooden instr. called a float : a set-off, that which 
is used to improve the appearance; a decoration; 
a counter-claim; an equivalent: a set speech, a 
speech carefully prepared before delivery: set-to, a 
conflict in boxing or argument, or the like : an offset, 
that which branches off or projects ; familiarly, a re- 
buff: setting-coat, the best sort of plastering used on 
walls or ceilings : setting-dog, a dog trained to crouch 
at the sight or scent of game. 

seta, n. se'-ta, plu. setae, se'-te (L. seta, a thick stiff 
hair: It. seta), in hot., a bristle or sharp hair; the 
bristle-like stalk that supports the theca, capsule, or 
sporangium of mosses ; the awn or beard of grasses 
• when proceeding from the extreme of a husk or glume ; 
the glandular points of the rose, &c. ; in zool., the stiff 
short hairs that cover many caterpillars and insects ; 
the bristles or processes that cover the limbs and 
mandibles of many crustaceans : setaceous, a. sS-ta' 
shits, bristly; resembling a bristle; bristle-shaped: 
setiferous, a. se-tif-er-us (L. fero, I produce), produc- 
ing or having bristles : setiform, a. se'-tl-fawrm (L. 
forma, shape), bristle-shaped : setigerous, a. se-tij'-er- 
us (L. gero, I bear), furnishei >, Lth bri itles for progres- 
sive motion; covered with bristles, or with sharp stiff 
processes resembling hair : setireme, n. se'ti-rem (L. 
remus, an oar), one of the legs of an aquatic insect 
when fringed with bristles, which enable it to move 
on the water. 

seton, n. se'tn (It. setone ; F. seton, a seton— from L. 
seta, a bristle), in surg., an ulcer made for the dis- 
charge of humours, by passing a few horse-hairs or 
fine thread, or a twist of silk, under the skin by 
means of a needle called a seton-needle. 

setose, se'tos, also se'tous, a. -tus (L. setosus, bristly 
—from seta, a bristle), in oot., covered or set with 
bristles. 

sett, n. sSt (from set, which see), a power, as a sere 
used in bringing two pieces together; in mining, 
run or lode ; a number of mines taken on lease ; 



piece placed upon the head of a pile, when too short, 
to enable the weight or hammer to reach it : sett of 
a burgh— see set. 

settee, n. stt-te" (from set, which see), a long seat 
with a back to it ; a vessel with a long sharp prow 
and two or three masts, carrying lateen sails, common 
in the Mediterranean. 

setter, setting— see under set. 

settle, n. set'tl (from set, which see), a long seat or 
bench with a high back ; a stool. 

settle, v. set'tl (AS. sett, a seat or setting : Icel. scett; 
AS. suhte, agreement, peace), to fix or establish in 
business, or in any way of life ; to establish ; to con- 
firm ; to make close or compact ; to tranquillise ; to 
fix by gift or legal act, as an annuity ; to colonise ; to 
establish or ordain over a church or parish ; to close 
by amicable agreement or otherwise, as a dispute; 
to balance or pay, as an account; fo sink or fall to 
the bottom, as dregs or impurities ; to become station- 
ary or permanent ; to quit an irregular for a methodi- 
cal or regular life ; to grow or become calm after 
agitation ; to marry and establish a domestic state ; 
to sink by its own weight, as a building ; to subside ; 
to rest or repose: settling, imp. set-ling: n. the act 
of making a settlement ; a colonising ; an adjustment 
of difference : set'tlings, n. plu. -llngz, the sediment 
which falls to the bottom of a liquid ; dregs : settled, 
pp. set-Id: adj. fixed; stable: settler, n. sct'b'r, one 
who inhabits a new country ; a colonist: settlement, 
n. set'-l-mcnt, the act of settling, or state of being 
settled ; a jointure granted to a wife ; the act of enter- 
ing into a domestic state ; the act of planting, as a 
colony; the colony itself; right to parochial relief, or 
the residence by which it is claimed ; liquidation or pay- 
ment ; adjustment, as of differences or a claim : settle- 
ments, n. plu. -ments, in arch., those parts in a build- 
' 1 1 j i ii v . 1 1 1 1 h defects by sinking have occurred ; places 
where colonies are established, or the colonies them- 
selves, as British settlements: to settle on or upon, 
to confer upon by permanent grant; to assure to: 
settling-day, a day on which accounts are balanced 
and settled, as on the stock exchange; the prompt- 
day in the produce -market: Act of Settlement, in 
Great Britain, the Act of 12 and 13 William III., by 
which the crown was limited to her present Majesty's 
house, or to the house of Orange. 

seven, n. sev'-vn (AS. seofan; Goth, sxbun; L. sep- 
tern ; Sans, saptan, seven), six units and one more : 
adj. being or having seven: seventh, a. n. sev'-nth, 
that which follows the sixth ; being one part in seven : 
n. in music, an interval which is a semitone less 
than an octave— called a seventh major: seventhly, 
ad. -Ii, in the seventh place: sev'enty, a. n. -vn-ti, 
seven times ten : seventieth, a. -tl-eth, the ordinal of 
seventy: seventh minor, an interval of four tones 
and two major semitones : defective or diminished 
seventh, in music, an interval consisting of three 
tones and three major semitones : sev'enfold, a. -fold 
(seven, and fold), repeated seven times : sevennight, 
sen'nlt (seven, and night), a period of seven days and 
seven nights ; a week ; now contracted into se'nnight 
or sennight: sev'enteen, a. -ten (seven, and ten), seven 
and ten: seventeenth, a. n. -tenth, the ordinal of 
seventeen ; the seventh after the tenth ; one part of 
seventeen. 

sever, v. sev'-er (F. sevrer, to wean : It. severare, to 
sever or sunder— from L. separare, to sever), to part 
forcibly from the rest ; to rend asunder ; to divide ; to 
keep distinct or apart ; to distinguish ; to make a 
separation: severing, imp.: sev'ered, pp. -erd: sev'- 
eral, a. -er-dl, separ lifferenl i ihigofasmall 

number ; more than two ; distinct : n. each particular, 
or a small number taken singly : sev'eral'ity, n. -dl'i- 
t%, a state of separation from the rest, or from all 
others : sev'erally, ad. -dl-ll, separately ; distinctly ; 
apart from others : severance, n. -dns, the act of sev- 
ering : a joint and several bond or obligation, one 
signed by two or more persons, who become unitedly 
and individually bound. 

severe, a. se-ver' (L. severus, strict, severe : It. severo : 
F. severe), harsh; extremely strict or exact; apt to 
punish; earnest; rigid; stern; unpitying; austere; 
sober ; sedate ; intense, as cold ; distressing ; inclem- 
ent, as the weather; searching, as a test or trial; 
excessive ; rigidly adherent to a certain rule or stand- 
ard, as applied to style in art ; not employing unneces- 
sary amplification or ornament, said of the style of a 
speaker or writer ; close ; concise : severely, ad. -Ii, 
painfully; rigorously: severity, n. sg-ver'l-tl, cruel 



mute, m&t,fdr, law; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



SEW 



571 



SHAG 



treatment; harshness; rigour; extreme strictness; 
extreme degree. 

sew, v. so (L. suere: Goth, siujan; AS. siivian, to 
sew), to join or fasten together by means of a needle 
and thread: sewing, imp.: n the art or occupation 
of using the needle; needlework: sewed, pp. sod: 
sewer, n. -er, one who sews : to sew up, to enclose 
in anything sewed ; to enclose by sewing : sewing- 
machine, an - or stitching cloth, and 
making up articles of clothing by sewing them, now 
in extensive use, and largely superseding sewing 
by hand: sewing-needle, a needle used in sewing: 
sewing silk or thread, silk or thread used for sewing. 

sewage, n. sd'aj (Gael, sug, to imbibe ; sugh, juice, 
moisture,— and as a verb, to drink up, to drain: It. 
suco, juice : F. essuer, to dry : .Norm. F. essuier or seu- 
tuihre, a conduit, the drain of a pond), the used water 
and liquid filthy matter of a town or city : sewer, n. 
•er, a channel or pipe to carry off the used or surface 
water, and the liquid filthy matter, of a town or city: 
sewerage, n. -uj, drainage by sewers; sewage; the 
system of conduits or pipes laid under the earth for 
carrying off the used water and liquid filth of a town 
or city. 

sewer, sewerage— see under sewage. 

sex, n. seks{L. sexus, a sex, male or female — akin to 
Gr. tekos, offspring, progeny : F. sexe : Sp. sexo), the 
distinction between male and female ; applied to 
women by way of emphasis; in hot., the structure 
of plants corresponding to sex in animals : sexless, 
a. -tes, without sex: sex'ual, a. -u-al, pert, to the 
sex or the sexes: sex'ually, ad. -ll: sex'ual'ity, n. 
-al'l-ti, the state or quality of being distinguished 
by sex: sexual system, in hot., the system of the 
naturalist Linnanis, founded upon the character of 
the organs of reproduction in plants, or their apparent 
absence : sex'ualist, n. -1st, one who adopts the Lin- 
nsean system of botany : the sex, women in general. 

sex, prefix, seks (L. sex; Gr. hex, six: F. six), a pre- 
fix signifying six. 

sexagenarian, a. seks'-ti-je'-na'rX-dn (L. sexagenarius, 
sixty years old— from sexageni, sixty each: F. sexa- 
genuire), being sixty years old: n. a person aged sixty : 
sexagenary, a. s6ksCij'-i-neri, designating the num- 
ber sixty : n. something composed of sixty. 

sexagesima, n. seks-d-jes'4-mii (L. sexagesimus, six- 
tieth— from sexaginta, sixty: F. sexage'sime), the sec- 
ond Sunday before Lent, being about sixty days before 
Easter: sexagesimal, a. -l-mul, pert, to the number 
sixty; computed or proceeding by sixties: sexagesimal 
fractions, fractions having sixty, or some multiple of 
it, for their denominator. 

sexennial, a, seks-in'-nl-dl (L. sexennis, six years old 
—from sex, six, and annus, a year), happening once in 
six years, or lasting six years : sexen'nially, ad. -II. 

sextant, n. seks'-tCLnt (L. sextans, a sixth part— from 
sex, six: F. sextant: Sp. sextante), in math., the sixth 
part of a circle; an instrument like a quadrant, but 
having an arc of only GO degrees, or the sixth part of a 
circle, used at sea and by astronomers for measuring 
angular distances, taking altitudes, &c, by reflection. 

sextile, n. scks'til (L. sextilis, sixth— from sex, six), 
the aspect or position of two planets when 60 degrees 
or two signs apart. 

sextillion, n. sSks-fiUyO/n (L, sextus, the sixth, and 
Eng. million), in Eng. notation, a million raised to the 
sixth power, or a number expressed by a unit followed 
by 36 ciphers— in Fr. notation, by 21 ciphers. 

sexton, n. sSks'tun (contr. from sacristan, which see : 
old Eng. sekesteyn; F. sacristain, the keeper of the 
sacristy, where the sacred vestments, &c, of a church 
are kept), an inferior officer of a church, who prepares 
graves, attends to the burials, cleans the church, &c; 
a gravedigger : sex'tonship, n. the office of a sexton. 

sextuple, a. sSks'tu-pl (L. sextus, the sixth, and du- 
plus, double), sixfold. 

sexual, &c— see under sex. 

sforzato, ad. sfor-zd'-to (It. forced), in music, with 
force ; louder than the rest. 

sfumato, a. s/db-md'to (It. smoky), in paint., hav- 
ing the tints so blended that the outline is scarcely 
perceptible, the whole presenting an indistinct misty 
appearance. 

sgraffito, a. sgrdf-fe'to, also sgrarfiato, a. sgrdf-fl- 
d'to (It. scratched), a kind of painting in which a 
ground of dark stucco is covered with a white coat, 
which last being partly scraped away in forming the 
design, the black ground appears and forms the 



shabby, a. shdb'bi (prov. Eng. shabby, mangy : Dut. 
schabben, to scratch, to rub— from schabbe, a scab ; 
schabbig, shabby), damaged or faded; torn or much 
worn, as a coat or other part of the attire ; mean in 
appearance or conduct; contemptible; low; paltry; 
despicable: shab'bily, ad. -bi-li: shab'biness, n. -nes, 
the quality of being shabby; raggedness. 

shabrack, n. shab'rak (Hung, csabrag: Turk. tsJia])- 
rak), the cloth furniture of a cavalry officer's charger. 

shack, n. shdk (Scot, shag, the refuse of barley: 
Manx, skah, to shake, to shed), shaken grain rem fin- 
ing on the ground after the gleaning is over; libeitv 
of free winter pasturage from harvest to seed-time, 
according to ancient custom : v. to shed, as corn in 
the harvest-field; to feed in stubble: shacking, imp.: 
shacked, pp. shakt : to go ashack, to feed at large. 

shackle, n. shdk'l (Dut, scharckel, the link of a chain ; 
schakelen, to link together: Sw. skakil; Dan. ska ale, 
the shaft of a cart), anything which confines or hin- 
ders the free use of the limbs, as fetters, chains, or 
handcuffs,— usually in the plu.; that which obstructs 
or embarrasses free action: v. to fetter; to bind: 
shackling, imp.: shackled, pp. -Id. 

shad, n. shod (prov. Ger. srlniiL ), a fish inhabiting 
the sea near the mouths of large rivers, and plentiful 
off the coasts of Britain and the U. S., akin to the her- 
ring. 

shaddock, n. shdd'dok (after Capt. Shaddock, who 
introduced it into the West Indies), a large variety of 
orange, a native of China and Japan. 

shade, n. shad (Goth, skadus; AS. sceado; Dut. 
schcede, shade: W. cysgod, shadow, shelter: Gr. skia, 
shade), the obscurity or darkness resulting from the 
partial interruption of the rays of light ; gloom ; any 
obscure or partially-dark place; anything which in- 
tercepts light or heat; a glass cover for enclosing 
and protecting timepieces and valuable ornaments, 
&c. ; a screen ; shelter ; protection ; the varying dark 
parts of a picture ; a very minute difference ; a ghost ; 
a disembodied spirit : shades, plu. shade, the lower 
regions; deep obscurity: v. to screen from light or 
heat; to shelter; to protect; to paint with darker or 
more obscure colours ; to darken ; to obscure : shading, 
imp. shd'dlng : n, the act or operation of obscuring or 
darkening ; the style in which such is done : sha'ded, 
pp.: sha'der, n. -der, he who or that which shades: 
sha'dy, a. -di, sheltered, as from the heat of the sun; 
abounding with shades: sha'dily, ad. -di-ll: sha'di- 
ness, n. -nds, the state of being shady : shadeless, a. 
shad'-ISs, having little or no shade. 

shadow, n. shod'o (AS. soadu, shadow: from shade, 
which see), the shade or partial darkness of a definite 
form made on one side of a body, caused by a bright 
light falling upon the opposite side ; that portion of 
space or a surface from which light is intercepted by 
some opaque body ; obscurity ; shelter ; a slight or 
faint appearance ; something existing only in appear- 
ance ; a close subservient companion or follower ; 
type ; a person or animal thin or emaciated to an ex- 
traordinary degree ; likeness reflected from a mirror : 
v. to cloud or darken ; to represent faintly or imper- 
fectly: shad'owing, imp.: adj. representing by a faint 



full of shade ; dark ; gloomy ; faintly light ; unsub- 
stantial : shad'owiness, n. -i-nes, the state of being 
shadowy or unsubstantial : shadowless, a. -lis, having 
no shadow: shadow of death, the near and felt ap- 
proach of death by a sick person ; a dreadful darkness 
or trouble. 

shaft, n. shaft (Dut. schaft, a stalk, a rod: AS. 
sceaft, a shaft), anything long and straight ; a missile 
weapon, as an arrow ; the part of a column extending 
from the base to the capital ; a pit or entrance to a 
mine when perpendicular or nearly so ; the pole of a 
carriage ; the handle of a weapon : shafted, a. having 
a handle or shaft. 

shag, n. shag (AS. sceacga, a bush of hair, what is 
rough and shaggy: Scot, shag, the refuse of barley: 
Icel. skaga, to project, to jog out), coarse hair or nap ; 

:."' ' ring a long, coarse, woolly nap ; to- 

bacco-leaves cut into shreds: shag'gy, a. -g%, also 
shag'ged, a. -ged, covered with long hair or wool; 
rough ; rugged : shag'giness, n. -gX-nes, also shag'ged- 



•j,fdbt; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, z 



SHAH 



572 



SHAR 



in polishing, &c. ; the skins of various animals, as 
horses, asses, &c, made into coloured leather, and 
so prepared as to have round granulations on one 
side, similar to the skins of sharks : shagreen, a., also 
shagreened', a. -grend', made of or covered with 
shagreen. 

shah, n. shd (Per. shah, a king, a prince), the name 
of the reigning king of Persia. 

shake, n. shak (Icel. skaka, to shake.to jog: Dut. schok- 
ken, to shake), a rapid motion one way and another ; agi- 
tation ; a trembling or shivering ; motion of the hands 
when clasped in salutation ; in music, the rapid up 
and down movement of the voice when dwelling on 
any particular note, but always within the compass of 
a tone ; a fissure or rent in timber : v. to cause to 
move with short rapid vibrations ; to give a wavering 
or trembling motion to ; to throw or drive, followed 
by down, from, or off; to threaten to overthrow ; to 
cause to waver or doubt ; to lose firmness ; to tremble ; 
to totter ; to shiver : sha'king, imp. : n. the act of 
shaking or agitating ; a vibratory motion ; a brandish- 
ing ; concussion : shook, pt. shook, did shake : shaken, 
pp. sh&'kn: shaker, n. -Mr, one who shakes : shaliy, 
a. -ki, loosely put together ; ready to come to pieces : 
shake-down, a temporary substitute for a bed, as on 
a sofa or the floor : Sha'kers, n. plu. -kerz, a fanati- 
cal religious sect which arose in Eng. about 1747, but 
now confined to N. Amer., whose professors introduce 
into their devotional exercises jumping and singing, 
and profess celibacy : Sha'kerism, n. -izm, the princi- 
ples of the Shakers : to shake hands with, to express 
pleasure or satisfaction at meeting or parting with a 
friend by shaking hands ; to greet or bid farewell by 
the visible symbol of shaking hands ; to become recon- 
ciled, as friends ; to agree or contract with : no great 
shakes, familiarly, not worthy of attention ; of no 
particular importance. 

Shakespearian, a. shdks-pe'-ri-dn, of or pert, to 
Shakespeare or his works, or in his style. 

shako, n. sluik'o (Hum esuko), a military cap worn 
by the infantry of the line. 

shale, n. shill (Ger. schale, a shell ; schalen, to peel 
or shell off), a shell or husk; in geol., argillaceous 
strata that exhibit a laminated structure, .•: mi -in 
into irregular plates— some varieties being bitumin- 
ous, others calcareous, arenaceous, &c. 

shall, v. shdl (the true origin seems to be Norm. 
skil, separation, difference: Icel. skil; Norm, skid, 
right : Sw. skal, reason, ground, motive— whence Icel. 
skal; AS. sceal, I shall— fundamentally signifying, I 
have ground for, I have reason), an auxiliary and de- 
fective verb ; one of the two signs employed to express 
futurity, will being the other ; in the first person 
shall simply foretells or declares ; in the second per- 
son (shalt) and third person (shall) it promises or ex- 
presses determination; interrogatively simi't mi'iim 
asks for permission or for direction ; shall, like will, 
apart from its other senses, uniformly denotes futurity : 
should, pt. shobd, as an auxiliary, should expresses a 
conditional present, a contingent future, and obliga- 
tion or duty. 

shalloon, n. shal-ldn' (from Chalons, in France), a 
certain kind of worsted stuff. 

shallop, n. shdl'lop (It. scialupa; F. chaloupe; Dut. 
sloepe, a boat), a small light boat ; a large boat with 
two masts, and usually rigged like a schooner— now 
written sloojx 

shallot, n. shdl-lot' (F. echalotte: It. scalogno), a 
species of onion ; a bulbous plant resembling garlic ; 
the eschalot. 

shallow, a. shdl'lo (Swiss, schalb, slanting : Icel. 

skialgr, oblique : Scot. .... ), having little 

depth; not far to the bottom ; superficial in 
any place where the water has but little depth : shal'- 
lowly, ad. -U : shallowness, n. -nes, the state of being 
shallow; want of depth: shallow-brained, a. silly; 
empty-headed. 

shalt, second pers. sing, of shall, which see. 

sham, n. shdm (Low Ger. schame, shadow, image: 
Ger. schame, a mask), something that deceives expec- 
tation; a pretence; an imposture: adj. false; pre- 
tended : v. to pretend in order to deceive ; to coun- 
terfeit ; to make false pretences : sham'ming, imp. : 
shammed, pp. shdmd: sham'mer, n. -mer, one who 
shams. 

shaman, n. shdm'dn (Pers. shaman, an idolater), a 

priest or conjurer amongst the Ostiaks in Asiatic 

Russia, who teach the existence of a Supreme Being, 

but assign the immediate government of the world to 

mate, mdt,fdr, law; mete, met, 



secondary gods, some of whom are benevolent and 
others malevolent, and who pretend by their aid to 
cure diseases, foretell events, &c: sham'anism, n. 
■izm, the idolatrous worship and practices of the 
Ostiaks, and other inhabitants of Siberia, as far as 
the Pacific Ocean. 

shamble, v. shdm'bl (Dut. schampelen, to shamble : 
Swiss, tschilmpelen, to go about in a slack and trailing 
manner), to wall ivardlj aid unsteadily, as if the 

knees were weak: sham'bling, imp. -bllng: adj. mov- 
ing awkwardly and irregularly: n. an awkward, 
clumsy, irregular gait : sham'bled, pp. -bid. 

shambles, n. plu. shdm'-bl vwm, a bench or 

stool; scabellum, a little bench: old F. eschame, a 
stool : AS. sceamol, abench), a slaughter-house ; a flesh- 
market ; in mining, niches or shelves placed at suit- 
able distances, so that the ore, being thrown from one 
to another, is thus gradually raised to the top of the 
mine. 

shame, n. shdm (Icel. skomm, shame, dishonour; 
skamma, to dishonour, to abuse: AS. sceamu, shame, 
disgrace), the uneasy sensation of mind produced by a 
consciousness of guilt or loss of reputation ; the pain 
or emotion arising from the thought of another per- 
son beholding us, or something connected with us, 
with contempt, indignation, or disgust; that which 
brings reproach, and degrades in the estimation of 
others ; reproach ; dishonour ; disgrace : v. to fill 
with shame; to cause to blush: sha'ming, imp.: 
shamed, pp. shamd: sha'mer, n. -mer, one who makes 
ashamed : shame'faced, a. -fdst (a corruption of AS. 
sceamfcest ; old Eng. shame fast, that is, one quick or 
fast in feeling shame), easily < -on fused ; bashful: shame- 
facedly, ad. -fdst'li : shamefaced'ness, n. -nes, excess 
of modesty; bashfulness : shame'ful, a. -fCbl, that 
brings shame ; raising shame in others ; disgraceful ; 
unbecoming : shame'fully, ad. -li: shame'fulness, n. 
-nes, the state or quality of being shameful : shame'- 
less, a. -Us, insensible to shame ; done without shame ; 
impudent ; immodest : shamelessly, ad. -li : shame'- 
lessness, n. -nes, want of sensibility to disgrace or 
dishonour; immodesty: for shame, you should be 
ashamed : to put to shame, to cause to feel shame ; 
to inflict shame on. 

shammy, n. shdm'mi, also shamoy, n. shdm'dy, and 
sham'ois, n. -dys (F. chamois, a wild goat, the skin of 
it dressed; chameau, shammy or buff leather: It. 
camoscio, the chamois, chamois-leather), a kind of 
leather, much esteemed for its softness, pliancy, and 
quality of bearing soap without damage— originally 
made from the skin of a species of antelope, but now 
also from other skins— see chamois. 

shampoo, v. shdm-pb" (Hind, tshampna, to press, to 
squeeze), to rub and press ilio limbs ami joints in con- 
nection with the hot or Turkish bath after the Eastern 
manner: shampooing, imp.: n. the art or operation 
of rubbing and in. n> ih |. tints and limbs in con- 
nection with the hot or Turkish bath : shampooed', pp. 
-p6d': shampoo'er, n. -er, one who shampooes. 

shamrock, n. shdm'rok (It. seamrog, trefoil), the 
three-leaved white clover, or wild trefoil— the national 
emblem of Ireland. 

shank, n. shdngk (AS. scanca, the hollow bone of the 
leg, the shank : Dan. skank ; Ger. schenkel, the shank : 
It. and Sp. zanca, a long thin leg, a shank), the leg 
from the knee to the ankle, or the large bone of that 



being the shank to the mine: shanking, imp. : 
shanked, pp. shdnkt: adj. having a shank. 

shan't, v. shdnt, a familiar and common corruption 
of shall not. 

shanty, n. shtin'tt (said to be from the Ir. seam., old, 
and tig, a house), in Ireland, name for a hut or hovel ; 
a mean temporary building. 

shape, n. shdp (Icel. skapa; Dut. schcepen, to form: 
Norm, skap, form, shape), form or figure of a thing; a 
mould or cast ; pattern ; form ; external appearance ; 
idea : v. to reduce to a particular form or figure ; to 
fashion ; to form ; to adapt to a purpose ; to regulate ; 
to contrive ; to direct ; to suit: sha'ping, imp.: shaped, 
pt. shdpt: shapen, pp. shd'-pn : shapeless, a. -Us, desti- 
tute of regular form: shapelessness, n. -nes, the state 
of being shapeless ; want of any regular form : to take 
shape, to become embodied ; to begin to take a definite 
form. 

shard, n. shdrd (Dut. schcerde, a breach, a piece of 
broken pottery: Low Ger. skaard; Ger. scharte; Icel. 
her; pine, pin; n6te, not, m6ve; 



SHAR 



573 



SHED 



skard, a notch, a cut : F. escharde, a splinter), a broken 
piece of tile, or of some earthen vessel : shard'ed, a. 
sheath-winged, as a beetle. 

share, n. shdr (AS. scir, a share ; sceran, to cut off, 
to divide : Low Ger. scheren, to separate, to tear away : 
Uut. scheuren, to tear, to cut), a part or portion of a 
thing owned by several individuals in common ; one 
of the transferable parts of a joint-stock undertaking, 
as a bank, a railway, &c. ; an allotment ; a part con- 
tributed ; the broad iron blade of a plough which cuts 
the bottom of the furrow into a slice and raises it up : 
v. to part or distribute among two or more ; to par- 
take of or enjoy with others ; to have part, or a divi- 
dend: sna'ring, imp.: shared, pp. shurd: sha'rer, n. 
-rir, one who shares or participates ; one who enjoys or 
suffers in common with another ; to go shares, to be 
equally concerned : share-bone, in anat., a bone at the 
upper and fore part of the pelvis : sharebroker, a 
dealer in railway shares, and in other shares and se- 
curities: shareholder, one who holds one or more 
shares in a joint-stock company. 

shark, n. shark (Gr. karcharias, a shark— from kar- 
charos, sharp-pointed : Dut, schrokken, to eat greedily : 
It. scroccare, to shark or shift for, to live by wit : F. 
escroguer, to cheat, to swindle), a large voracious sea- 
lish of many species ; a greedy and rapacious one ; an 
artful fellow who lives by shifts and tricks ; one ready 
to seize every advantage; a sharper: v. to clutch 
greedily after; to live by shifts and petty tricks: 
sharking, imp.: n. petty tricks or rapine; the seek- 
i.u' of a livelihood bv petty tricks and devices : 
sharked, pp. sh&rkt: sharker, n. shdrk'er, one who 
lives by sharking. 

sharp, a. sharp (Icel. skarpr ; Ger. scharf, sharp: 
AS. scearfan, to cut in pieces: AS. scearfe; Dut. 
scherve, a fragment), having a keen edge or a fine 
point ; bent at an angle less than a right angle ; acute 
of mind ; of quick or nice perceptions ; acid ; pungent ; 
shrill ; not flat, as sounds ; biting or piercing, as the 
wind ; harsh, fierce, or severe, as words ; character- 
ised by keenness or severity ; keenly attentive to one's 
own interest; unfair; knavish; narrow; lean; hard, 
as sand: n. in music, a note raised by a cert ainrr_ uiv, 
itself also termed a sharp : v. to mark with a sharp : 
sharping, imp.: sharped, pp. shdrpt: sharps, n. plu. 
meal from which the flour has been sifted : sharpen, 
v. shdrp'n, to make sharp or keen ; to render quick or 
eager; in music, to raise a note a semitone ; to make 
sharp or acid ; to become sharp : sharpening, imp. 
shdrp'ning: sharpened, pp. shdrp'nd: sharply, ad. 
-U: sharp'ness, n. -ncs, keenness of an edge ; acidity ; 
severity of language ; acuteness : sharp-edged, a. hav- 
ing a fine keen edge : sharp-set, eager in appetite or 
desire; affected by keen hunger: sharpshooter, n. 
a skilled marksman: sharpshooting, n. a shooting 
with great precision ; a keen contest of wit or argu- 
ment: sharp-sighted, a. shrewd; discerning: sharp- 
visaged, a. having a sharp or thin face : sharp-witted, 
a. having an acute and nicely-discerning mind. 

sharper, n. shdrp'er (Dut. schraapen, to scrape; 
schraaper, an avaricious unconscientious man), one 
who resorts to any means, however disreputable, of 
obtaining money ; a tricky fellow ; a cheat. 

shasters, n. shas'-terz, also shas'tras, n. -trclz (Hind. 
shas, to govern), literally, ordinances ; the sacred laws 
or institutes of the Hindoos— see sastra. 

shatter, v. shdi'ter (Dut. schetteren, to crack, to scat- 
ter with noise : Swiss, schattern, to rattle like a heavy 
fall of hail), to break into many pieces at once ; to 
clash into fragments ; to break up the unity or vigour 
of; to derange; to dissipate; to be broken into frag- 
ments: shattering, imp. : shat'tered, pp. -terd: adj. 
broken or dashed to pieces : shat'ters, n. plu. -terz, 
the fragments of anything broken or rent : shat'tery, 
a. -ter-i, brittl into many pieces : shat- 

ter-brained, a. wild; disordered or wandering in in- 
tellect. 

shave, v. shav (Dut. schrabben, to scrape, to shave : 
Sw. skubba, to rub : L. scabere; Ger. schaben, to scrape, 
to scratch), to cut or pare off something from a surface 
with any edged tool; to cut off close to the surface; to 
remove the growth of hair from the chin, &c, with a 
razor ; to cut off thin slices ; to strip ; to oppress by 
extortion ; to skim along a surface : n. an edged tool 
used for shaving wood, as hoops, &c. ; familiarly, the 
act or process of removing the hair from the chin, &c- 
sha'ving, imp.: n. the act of paring a surface; a thin 
slice pared off with an edged tool : shaved, pp. shavd, 
also shaven, pp. sha'vn: sha'ver, n. -ver, a barber; 



one who is close and sharp in bargains ; a sharp 
dealer: shaveling, n. shdv'-Ung, a monk, in contempt : 
shaving-brush, a brush used in lathering portions of 
the face before shaving them. 

shawl, n. shawl (Pers. shal ; F. chdle, a shawl), a 
large piece of cloth of various textures and degrees of 
fineness, worn over the shoulders and around the per- 
son by females ; an article of dress worn in the East 
by both sexes in various ways : shawled, a. shawld. 
wrapped up in, or covered with, a shawl. 

she, pron. she (AS. seo; Goth, si; Dut. zy ; Ger. sie, 
she), the nom. fem. of the pron. of the third peSS m, 
applied to females only, or things personified in the 
fem. ; as a prefix— a female, as she-bear. 

shea, n. she'd, a tree of tropical Asia and Africa, 
from the nut of which a sort of butter or solid oil is 
obtained. 

Sheading, n. shcd'-lng (AS. sceadan, to separate, to 
divide), one of the six divisions or districts of the Isle 
of Man. 

sheaf, n. she/, plu. sheaves, shevz (Dut. schoof; Ger. 
schaub, a bundle of straw; Gael, sguab; W. ysgub, a 
sheaf of corn), a quantity of grain in the stalk tied to- 
gether in a bundle after it is cut in the field; any 
bundle or collection, as a sheaf of arrows : v. to collect 
and bind in sheaves: sheafing, imp.: sheafed, pp. 
shift: sheafy, a. shef'-l: sheaved, a. she vd, made of 
straw. 

sheal, v. shel (Dan. skille, to sever), to separate the 
parts ; to shell : shealed, a. shehl, shelled : shearings, 
n. plu. -ingz, the outer husks ; pods or shells. 

sheaT, n. shel, also shealing, n. shel'lng (Icel. skjol, 
shelter, protection; skyla, shade: Gael, sgail, shade), 
a hut for shepherds, fishers, &c; a shed for sheltering 
sheep ; also spelt sheel and shiel. 

shear, v. sher (Low Ger. scheren, to tear asunder : 
Dut. scheuren, to tear : Icel. skera ; Scot, shear, to cut, 
to reap corn— see share), to cut or clip from a surface 
with shears or scissors, as wool from sheep, or the nap 
upon cloth ; in Scot., to reap: shearing, imp.: n. the 
act or operation of clipping or shearing by shears or 
by a machine: sheared, sherd, or shore, pt. shor, did 
shear: sheared or shorn, pp. shorn: shear'er, n. -er, 
one who shears : shearling, n. -ling, a sheep only once 
sheared: shear'man, n. one whose occupation is to 
dress or shear cloth : shears, n. plu. sherz, a cutting 
instr. of two blades winch move on a pivot and act 
against each other; anything in the form of shears, 
or which acts as shears ; two or more long pieces of 
timber whose ends are fastened together at the top, 
but spread at the bottom, used when furnished witli 
tackling to raise heavy weights : shear-bill, a certain 
fowl, called the black-skimmer or cut-water: shear- 
steel, a kind of steel made of welded bars drawn out 
and tempered. 

sheath, n. sheth (Ger. scheidc ; Icel. skeidir, a sheath : 
Sw. skida, a shell : Gael, sgiath, a wing or pinion), a 
case for a sword or suchlike instrument ; a scabbard ; 
in bot., a petiole when it embraces the branch from 
which it springs, as in grasses ; the wing-case of an 
insect: v. sheth, to put into a scabbard or case; to pro- 
tect with any exterior covering or membrane ; to cover 
with sheets of copper, &c, as a ship's bottom : sheath'- 
ing, imp.: n. the casing or covering of a ship's bottom : 
sheathed, pp. sheihd: sheather, n. sheth'-er, one 
who sheathes : sheath'y, a. -%, forming a sheath or 
case: sheathless, a. -les, without a case or covering: 
sheath-winged, a. -wingd, having cases for covering 
the wings, like the beetle. 

sheave, n. shev (Dut. schijve, a disc, a wheel: Low 
Ger. schive, anything round and flat: Icel. ski/a, a 
slice — see shiver), the wheel or circular disc on which 
the rope works in a block: sheave-hole, a channel cut 
in a mast, a yard, &c, in which to fix a sheave. 

shebeen, n. shi-ben' (lr.), aplace where spirits and 
other excisable liquors are illegally and privately sold. 

shed, n. shed (Dut. schutten, to ward off, to hedge : 



given by a projecting rock), a temporary building of 
wood for shade or shelter ; a hut ; a penthouse or shel- 
ter of boards. 

shed, v. shed (Low Ger. schudden, to shake : Bav. 
schutten, to shake, to spill : Gr. sked', to scatter, to 
shed), to spill; to let fall; to scatter; to diffuse; to 
throw off, as a natural covering: shed'ding, imp.: n. 
act of scattering ; that which is cast off or out : shed, 
pp. shed : shed'der, n. -der, one who or that which 
sheds. 



cox, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



SHEE 



574 



SHER 



sheel, n. shel, and sheel'ing, n.— see sheal. 

sheen, n. shen (AS. scyne, bright, clear: Ger. schb'n, 
beautiful), brightness; splendour: sheeny, a. shen'-i, 
bright; shining. 

sheep, n. ship (Ger. sckaaf, sheep : Pol. shop; Bohem. 
skopec, a wether or castrated sheep— from Pol. skopiti, 
to castrate), a well-known animal covered with wool; 
familiarly, one who is foolishly modest and back- 
ward; in Scrip., a term applied to God's people, indi- 
cating their relation to Him as their shepherd : sheep'- 
ish, a. -ish, very bashful ; over-modest ; foolishly- 
diffident : sheep'ishness, n. -nis, the quality of being 
sheepish : ex< ., .- u > i , > ii >i i > < ■ m, ■ 

ly, ad. -II: sheepcote, a small enclosure or pen for 
sheep : sheep-dog, a valuable variety of dog, trained 
to watch and turn sheep: sheep's- eye, a diffident 
loving look : sheepfold, a place where sheep are con- 
fined: sheepshank, among sailors, a peculiar knot 
made to shorten a rope : sheep-shearer, one who shears 
sheep: sheep-shearing, the act of shearing sheep: 
sheepskin, the skin of a sheep, or the leather prepared 
from it: sheep's-sorrel, a herb, growing naturally on 
a poor gravelly soil : sheep-tick, an insect which in- 
fests sheep : sheep-walk, a place where sheep feed. 

sheer, a. sher (Dan. skicer, a gleam : Scot, skyrin, 
shining: Goth, skeirs, clear: Icel. skirr, clean), pure; 
separate from anything else; mere; unmingled. 

sheer, a. sher (AS. scyrian, to shear, to divide: Low 
Ger. scheren, to separate: Dut. scheuren, to cut: Icel. 
skera, to cut), perpendicular; straight up and down: 
n. the longitudinal curve or line which a ship's deck 
or sides presents to the eye : v. among seamenfto de- 
viate from the line of the proper course, as a ship when 
not well steered ; to turn aside : sheering, imp. 
sheered, pp. sherd: to sheer off, to turn or move 
aside to a distance; to steal away: to sheer up, to 
turn and approach to a ship or place in nearly a par- 
allel direction: sheer3 or shears, n. plu. s'herz, in 
ships, two or more masts or pieces of timber having 
their lower ends secured to the sides of the vessel, 
and their upper or vertical ends, which slope to each 
other, fastened together, used for hoisting heavy 
weights : shaer-hulk, an old ship permanently fitted 
with sheers. 

sheet, n. shet (AS. sceat, a corner: Icel. skaut, the 
lap, the corner of a sail : Gael, sgod, corner of a gar- 
ment, or of a sail: Lap. skaut., a puiut), any open piece 
of cloth not made up into a shaped garment ; a broad 
large piece of anything made thin, as paper, linen, 
iron, &c. ; in bedclothes, a large piece of linen or cot- 
ton cloth placed next the body; any thin covering, 
as a sheet of ice or water ; any fiat expanse ; a book 
or pamphlet; among seamen, a rope attached to 
one or both the lower corners of a sail in order to 
extend it to the wind: v. to furnish with sheets; 
to cover as with sheets: sheeting, imp.: n. linen 
or cotten cloth for bed-sheets : sheets, n. plu. a book, 
or the pages of a book ; waggon-covers of oiled canvas ; 
sheet-anchor (corrupted from shoot— that is, the an- 
chor thrown out for security or preservation), the 
largest anchor of a ship; chief support;, last refuge: 
sheet-copper, -lead, -zinc, or -iron, any one of these 
metals rolled or formed into broad thin plates or sheets: 
sheet-li?htniag, lightning ivhicli appears in wide ex- 
tended flashes, not forked : sheet-pile, a pile of thick 
planks: in sheets, lying flat or expanded; folded, but 
not bound, said of the printed pages of a book : to 
sheet home, to extend the sail till the clew is close to 
the sheet-block. 

sheik, n. shek or shak (Ar. sheikh, a venerable old 
man, a chief), in Arabia, the chief or lord of a tribe 
or clan ; among Mohammedans, a title of persons of 
the higher order who preach in the mosques. 

shekel, n. sh&k'-l (Heb. shakal, to weigh: F. side: 
Ger. seckel), among the ane. Jews, a weight about half 
an ounce avoirdupois; a coin about 2s. 7d. sterling. 

Shekinah, also Shechinah, n. shi-kl'nd (Heb. sheki- 
nah — from shakan, to dwell), among the anc. Jews, 
the symbol of the divine presence which rested over 
the mercy-seat, in the form of a cloud or visible light. 

sheldafle. n. sheld'af-l, also sheld'apple, n. -Ctp-l (old 
Eng. sheld, spotted, party-coloured: Icel. skioldr, a 
shield: Dan. ski.oldet, party-coloured: Norm, skioldei, 
spotted), the chaffinch : sheldrake, n. shel'-drak, a 
party-coloured fowl of the duck kind : shel'duck, the 
hen or female ;— sheldrake is sufficient to designate 
b >th sexes, drake being used as a common term. 



mason stands': Low Ger. schelfen, to raise on a scaffold 
or boarding : Scot, shelve, to separate in laminae), a 
flat board fixed horizontally against a wall, on which 
articles maybe laid or stored; a shoal or sandbank in 
the sea; a ledge of rocks; a flat projecting rock: 
shelf'y, a. -I, full of shelves or hidden rocks : shelve, 
v. shelv, to place on a shelf; to put aside or out of 
use or notice, principally used with respect to per- 
sons ; to be sloping: shelving, imp.: adj. sloping: n. 
materials for shelves: shelved, pp. shclvd: shelvy, 
a. shelv'l, full of shelves or dangerous shoals : shelv'- 
iness, n. -l-nes, the staler being shelvy. 

shell, n. shel (Dut. schelle, shell, scale: Ger. schale, 
a shell, bark of a tree : same as scale and shale), the 
hard or stony covering of some fruits and seeds, and 
of certain animals, as crabs ; a pod or seed-case ; the 
stony covering of a mollusc, as the mussel, the oyster, 
&c; the hard outer coat or covering of anything; a 
husk; in mil., a hollow shot filled with an explosive 
and destructive compound; a common coffin: v. to 
strip or break off the shell ; to be freed from the husk; 
in mil., to fire shells at: shelling, imp.: n. groats, 
in commercial language: shelled, pp. sheld: adj. 
separated from the shell ; under fire of shells : shelly, 
a. shel'll, abounding with shells ; consisting of shells : 
shell-bark, a species of hickory, or its bark: shell- 
cameo, an imitation of the antique cameo cut on a 
shell instead of a stone : shell-fish, a water animal 
encased with a hard andstonycovi ring, as v !-■ mo 
sel, the oyster, &c. : shell-jacket, an undress military 
jacket : shell-lime, lime made by burning the shells of 
shell-fish: shell-marl, in geol., a deposit of clay and 
other substances mixed with shell remains, found 
valuable as a manure : shell-mounds, the mounds found 
in many places on the shores of northern Europe, and 
which are composed for the most part of the shells of 
the oyster, the cockle, the mussel, and other edible 
mollusca, pointing to an early and barbarous age 
when the inhabitants used to visit the sea-coast and 
feed upon the shell-fish found there: shell-proof, in 
mil., parts of a fortified place made capable of resisting 
the explosive and destructive power of shells : shell- 
sand, on certain coasts, the sands composed in great 
measure of broken and worn shells : shell-work, or- 
namental work composed of shells, or adorned with 
them. 

shellac or shell-lac, n. shel'luk (tier, seheH-Laek), 
crude lac-resin formed into thin cakes after being 
melted and strained. 

shelter, n. shel'ter (Swab, schelter, the guard for a 
stone: Dan. skjul, cover, shelter: Icel. shyla,to cover, 
to protect), that which covers or protects from exter- 
nal injury or attack ; one who protects or defends ; an 
asylum ; a refuge ; a temporary shed or hut : v. to 
cover or protect from injui v or attack; to defend; to 
betake to a place of safety ; to afford protection to : 
sheltering, imp.: shel'tered, pp. -terd: shel'terless, 
a. -ter-les, without shelter or protection. 

sheltie, n. shel'-li (corruption of Shetland), a pony of 
a. .-ai.aji men I,,,-,,, thi Shetland or Orkney Islands ; 
also called a sholt, sholt. 

shelve, shelvy— see under shelf. 

Shemitic, a. shem-lt'ik, pert, to Shem, the son of 

,an. ,, 10 ill '. i'jc, 1 In [lUili i ...' Shi until m ;,i miil.C, 

languages are the Chald., Syr., Ar., Heb., Sam., Ethi- 
opian, and old Phoenician: Shemite, n. shem'it, a de- 
scendant of Shem : Shem'itism, n. -it-izm, the pecu- 
liar forms of the Shemitic languages. 

Sheol, n. she 01 (Heb.) Hades, or the abode of the 
dead ; the abode of the spirits of the departed. 

shepherd, n. shep'erd (from sheep, and herd), a man 
employed in tending sheep while pasturing; a swain; 
a pastor or minister of the Gospel : shep'herdess, n. 
-is, a female who attends sheep while pasturing : shep- 
herd's crook or staff, a rod or staff armed with a blunt 
iron hook: shepherd-kings, the legendary race of 

km ■,. he i mii|ii i < i i " : 

sometimes called Hycsos, supposed to be connected 
with the residence and subsequent bondage of the 
Israelites in Egypt : shepherd's rod or staff, a plant 
known as the teasel. 

sherbet, n. sher'bSt (Ar. sharbat, one drink or sip, a 
beverage— from shariba, to drink: It. sorbetto: F. sor- 
bet), a, favourite beverage in the East, composed of the 
juice of various fruits sweetened and flavoured. 

sherd, n. sherd (see shard), a fragment, as of an 
earthenware vessel. 

sheriff, n. shir'lf (AS. scirgerefa, the governor of a 
county— from scir, a county, and gerefa, a reeve or 



mate, mat, far, law; mete, mit, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, mOve; 



SHER 5 

sheriff), in Eng. and in the U. S., the chief officer of a 
shire or county, to whom is intrusted the execution of 
the laws ; in Scot., the chief civil officer of a county, 
and sometimes of a city or burgh which is itself a 
county, who has extensive jurisdiction as a judge 
within his own district, both in civil and criminal 
matters : sheriffship, n. the office or jurisdiction of a 
sheriff; also sheriffdom, n., and sheriffalty, n. -dl-tl: 
sheriff-depute, in Scot., formerly a sheriff who acted 
for the hereditary or high sheriff, whose office corre- 
sponded very nearly to the modern sheriff-substitute, 
but who is now, since the abolition of hereditary 
sheriffs, the principal sheriff of a county: sheriff- 
officer, in Scot. , one who is charged witli arrests and 
the service of processes, &c; a catch-poll: sheriff- 
substitute, in Scot., a civil officer or judge under the 
sheriff-depute. 

shereef, sherif, different spellings of scherif, which 
see. 

sherry, n. shSr'rl (from Xeres, in Spain, the Sp. * 
fcften representing the sound of ch or sh), a rich, dry, 
white wine from Xeres, in Spain: sherry-cobbler, 
-kob'-lir, sherry mixed with pounded ice, powdered 
sugar, and lemon, which is partaken of by being sucked 
through a straw or a small tube. 



bred, among the anc. Jeivs, the twelve loaves placed 
every Sabbath on the golden table of the sanctuary 
before the Lord for the use of the priests. 

shibboleth, n. shib'-o-Wh (Heb. shibboleth, an ear 
of com, a flood), a word given by the Gileadites to 
detect the Ephraimites, who could only pronounce it 
sibboleth, without the h; any test or watchword of a 
party. 

J "ie shy : shies, shlz, third pers. sing. pres. of 



shied— 
the v. shy. 

shiel, n. shel, or shieling, n. as if from shield, a 
shelter— see sheaL 

shield, n. sheld (Gcr. schild; Icel. skioldr, a shield 
—from Icel. skjol. shelter, protection ; skyla, to pro- 
tect), in former times, a broad plate borne on the left 
arm as defensive armour in battle or single contest; 
defence; shelter; one who defends or protects; in 
bot., one of the little cups or discs containing the fruc- 
tification of lichens; ingeol., a shell or covering; in 
Tier., the escutcheon or field on which are blazoned 
the bearings in coats of arms : v. to cover as with a 
shield; to protect; toward off; to defend : shielding, 
imp.: shield'ed, pp. : shield'less, a. -ISs, defenceless. 

shift, n. shift (Low Ger. schuft; Dut. sc.hoft, the divi- 
sion of the days work into four parts : Dan. skifte, to 
shift or change: AS. sceopan, to form: Icel. skipa, to 
arrange; skipto, to distribute), an expedient; some- 
thing tried when another fails; last resource ; artifice; 
an evasion; a woman's under garment; the period 
during which the labourer works at a single stretch, 
hence the change of workmen at the expiration of the 
proper time : v. to alter ; to change ; to change clothes ; 
to transfer from one to another ; to remove ; to resort 
to expedients for a livelihood, or to accomplish a pur- 
pose: shifting, imp.: n. the act of changing; the act 
of putting by with some expedient out" of the way : 
shift'ed, pp.: shift'er, n. -er, one who shifts; one who 
assists the cook on board a vessel: sniffy, a. 4, 
given to change: shiftiness, n. -i-nSs, the quality of 
being shifty or changeable: shiftless, a. -Us, desti- 
tute of expedients to provide for one's self, or to use 
means requisite for success : shiftlessly, ad. -II ■. shift'- 
lessness, n. -nes, a state of being shiftless : shiftlngly, 
ad. -II: to shift about, to turn quite round; to vacil- 
late : to shift off, to defer by some expedient : to make 
a shift, to contrive to make a thing serve one's pur- 
pose ; to manage : a shift of linen, the period during 
which a shirt could be worn without washing, then the 
linen itself. 

Shiites, n. plu. she'itz (Ar. shi'ai, a follower of Ali 
—from shd'a, to follow), the Persian Mohammedans, 
-who consider Ali to have been the rightful successor 
of Mohammed, and reject the Sunna or body of tradi- 
tions respecting him as being any part of the law, 
consequently they are regarded as heretics by the Sun- 
nites or orthodox Mohammedans. 

shillalah. n. .-hii-la-lo, also shilla'ly, n. -It, and shil- 
le'lah, n. -le'-ld, among the Irish, a cudgel; a stout 
stick. 

shilling, n. shil'ling (Ger. schilling, a definite num- 



SHIP 

ber of things, a piece of money : Sw. skilja, to divide)* 
an English silver coin equal to twelve pence. 

shilly-shally, n. shU'li-shdl'H (a corruption of the 
reduplication, shall I, shall I), foolish trifling ; irreso- 
lution : ad. in an irresolute or undecided manner : 
shilly-shallying, n. foolish trifling : adj. foolishly 
trifling; irresolute. 

Shiloh, n. shl'lo (Heb. Shiloh, quiet, rest— from sha- 
lah, to rest), the Messiah ; a name prophetically 
uttered by Jacob on his deathbed. 

shin, n. shin (Ger. schicne, a splint or thin piece of 
wood for a broken arm, tire of a wheel: akin to L. 
scindere, to split, to burst asunder : AS. scin or scina, 
the shin), the fore part of the leg, or the bone of the 
fore part of the leg : shin-bone, bone of the shin. 

shine, v. shin (Goth, skeinan ; Icel. skina: Ger. 
scheinen, to shine : Bret, skinu, to scatter : AS. scinan, 
to shine), to give light ; to exhibit brightness or splen- 
dour; to be eminent or distinguished; in Scrip., to 
manifest glorious excellences; to be manifest ; to be 
propitious: n. light ; brightness: shining, imp.: adj. 
bright; splendid ; distinguished; in bot., applied to a 
smooth and polished surface: n. clearness of light; 
brightness: shined, pp. shlnd: shone, pt. shon, did 
shine : shiny, a. shi'-ni, bright ; luminous ; unclouded. 

shingle, n. shing'-gl (Ger. schindel, a splint for a 
broken arm : It. scandole, laths : L. scandula, a shingle 
—from scando, I climb— so called from shingles rest- 
ing on a roof like steps, one above the other), shin'gles, 
n. plu. -glz, slabs or boards of wood used in roofing 
instead of tiles or slates ; in geol., loose angular frag- 
ments of stone — gravel being rounded fragments: 
shingle, v. to cover with shingles : shin'gling, imp. 
■gling : n. act of covering with shingles ; a covering 
of shingles: shingled, pp. -gld: adj. covered with 
shingles : shingling-hammer, a ponderous hammer, 
moved by machinery, for hammering and shaping 
masses of iron while red-hot into oblong or square 
pieces : shingling-mill, a great workshop where cast 
or pig iron is changed into malleable iron. 

shingles, n. plu. shing'-glz (J,, cinguhnit, a girdle), an 
eruptive disease spreading round the body like a girdle, 
called also herpes or tetter. 

shiny— see shine. 

ship, n. ship (Goth, skip; Ger. schiff,- F. esquif; It. 



out), any large vessel for conveying goods and passen- 
gers over the sea, or up and down a river: v. to put on 
board a ship ; to convey by Mater ; to engage for ser- 
vice in a ship ; to fix in its place, as, to ship the tiller : 
ship'ping, imp.: n. ships orvessels collectively; ton- 
nage : shipped, pp. shipt, put on board a ship, as 
goods : ship per, n. -er, one who puts goods on board 
a ship to be conveyed to a distant place : ship'ment, 
n. -mint, the act of putting anything on hoard a ship 
for conveyance by sea : ship'ful, n. -fool, enough to 
fill a ship : ship-like, a. like a ship : ship less, a. -Ms, 
without a ship : ship-biscuit, hard course biscuit pre- 
pared for long keeping, and for use on board a ship : 
shipboard, aboard or in a ship : ship-breaker, one 
whose business is to break up vessels that are unfit 
for sea : ship-broker, one who transacts business con- 
nected with ships, as insurances, sales, &c: ship- 
builder, one who constructs ships : shipbuilding, the 
art of constructing ships : ship-canal, a canal connect- 
ing two seas, two navigable rivers, or two large pieces 
of water, and through which vessels of large burden 
can pass : ship-carpenter, a carpenter who works at 
the building of ships : ship-chandler, one who sup- 
plies ships with cordage, canvas, &c. : shipholder or 
shipowner, a proprietor of a ship or ships : ship's 
husband, one who looks after and provides stores, 
provisions, &c, for a ship while in port: ship-load, 
the load or cargo of a ship: shipmaster, the cap- 
tain or commander of a ship : shipmate, a sailor 
serving in the same ship : ship - money, in Eng. 
hist., a tax imposed without authority of Parliament 
for the providing and supporting of ships for the 
king's service, revived in the reign of Charles I., and 
became highly unpopular and odious,— now abolished : 
shipowner— see shipholder : ship-shape, in a seaman- 
like manner ; well put ; properly : ship-worm, the 
teredo; a burrowing worm, very destructive to the 
timber of ships, common, except in the coldest seas : 
shipwreck, n. the loss or destruction of a ship at sea 
by foundering, striking on rocks or shoals, or by other 
means ; destruction ; miscarriage : v. to destroy, as a 
ship; to throw, as into distress or difficulty: ship- 



Boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



SHIR 



576 



SHOR 



wrecked, a. cast ashore on rocks or banks ; destroyed : 
3hip-wright, a ship-carpenter : ship-yard, a place ad- 
joining a sea or tidal river where ships are built and 
repaired : a ship of the line, one of the large vessels 
of war of the royal navy : shipping articles, articles 
of agreement between a captain and his seamen: 
ship's papers, certain documents with which every 
sea-going vessel must be furnished, such as the regis- 
ter, the charter-party, bills of lading, log-book, bill of 
health, &c. : to ship a sea, to have a large quantity 
of sea-water thrown on board, as in a storm : to ship 
ofi, to send away by water in a ship. 

shire, n. shir, but in composition shir, as in Hamp- 
shire, hdmp'shir (AS. scir, a territorial division ; scy- 
ran, to cut off, to divide : Low Ger. scheren, to sepa- 
rate : Dut. scheuren, to tear, to cut— connected with 
share, which see), a district or division of a country ; 
a county ; a territorial division under a sheriff: shire- 
clerk, shir-, a certain officer appointed by the sheriff. 

shirk, v. slierk (a modification of shark, which see), 
to avoid or escape from anything by underhand pro- 
ceedings ; to seek to avoid the performance of duty : 
shirk'ing, imp.: shirked, pp. sherkt. 

shirred, a. sherd, (perhaps Ger. vhirr, harness), hav- 
ing elastic lines or cords inserted between pieces of 
cloth, as the strings of india-rubber in men's braces. 

shirt, n. shert (Icel. skyrta; Dan. skiorte; Sw. 
skjorta, a shirt : AS. sceort ; old H. Ger. scurz, short : 
Ger. schurz, an apron), a loose under garment of linen, 
cotton, or other material, worn by men : shirting, n. 
cloth for shirts: shirt'less, a. -Us, without a shirt: 
shirt-front, the part of the shirt seen under the waist- 
coat. 

shittim, n. shlt'-tlm (Heb. shittah, i > 

species of wood of which the tables, altars, and board- 
ings of the Jewish tabernacle were made. 

shive, n. shlv (Sw. skifwa; Icel. ski/a; Dan. skive, 
a slice— see sheave), a slice or thin cut ; a little piece 
or fragment. 

shiver, v. shiv'er (Dut. scJierven, to break to pieces : 
Icel. skifa; Dan. skive, a thin slice: Dan. ski/a, to 
cleave or split), to break into many pieces or splin- 
ters ; to dash to pieces by a blow : n. a small piece or 
fragment of a thing broken by sudden violence; a 
species of blue slate : shiv'ering, imp. : shiv'ered, pp. 
-erd: shiv'ery, a. -er-i, loosely coherent : shiver-spar, 
a carbonate of lime, so called from its slaty structure. 

shiver, v. shiv'er (Dut. schetteren, to chirp: Icel. 
skialfa; Dan. skiaive, to tremble), to quake; to shud- 
der ; to shake, as from cold or fear : n. a shaking fit ; 
a tremor: shiv'ering, imp.: n. a trembling; a shaking 
with cold or fear: shiv'ered, pp. -erd: shiv'eringly, 
ad. -er-ing-1%: shiv'ers, n. plu. -erz, the ague. 

shoad, n. shod (a corruption of shed, to shake off, to 
scatter: Ger. schutt, rubbish; schutten, to heap), 
broken ore mixed with rubbish, found by miners in 
searching for a lode, and which guides them to it : 
shoading or shoding, n. shod'-lng, searching for frag- 
ments of ore in the gravel of a stream or valley with 
the view of tracing the vein from which they have been 
shed or dispersed : shoadstone, a detached fragment 
of ore. 

shoal, n. shol (AS. scolu, a company or multitude : 
Dut. school, a shoal of fishes, a flock of birds: Ir. sgol, 
a shore or shoal of fishes), a great multitude ; a large 
crowd, applied to a vast number of fishes swimming 
together; (Dut. scholle, a clod, a mass: It. zolla, a 
clod), a shallow in the sea or river ; a sandbank : v. to 
swim in vast numbers ; to grow more shallow, applied 
to depth of water : shoaling, imp.: adj. filling up with 
shoals ; becoming filled up with shoals : shoaled, pp. 
shold: shoaly, a. shol'-i, full of shallows: shoal'iness, 
n. -l-nes, the state of being shoaly ; want of depth of 
water. 

shoar, n. shor— see shore 2. 

shoat— see shot 3. 

shock, n. shok(F. choquer ; Sp. chocar; Dut. schok- 
ken; Ger. schuckeln, to jog, to knock against: Low 
Ger. suk, representing the jolt of a rough conveyance), a 

violent collision or onset ; the concussion ivhieh ii :i 

sions; violence to the feelings ; thai ivhichsn. piix.-, c.i 
offends ; impression of disgust ; the sudden effect pro- 
duced by the passage of electricity through an animal 
body : v. to cause surprise or offence ; to strike with 
horror or disgust ; to offend highly ; to cause to recoil, 

as from somen disgusting or horrible: shocking, 

imp.: adj. causing surprise or offence; striking, as 
with horror; highly offensive; appalling; terrible: 
shocked, pp. shokt: shock'ingly, ad. -lng-li. 



thick mass of short hair. ' 

shock, n. shok (Dut. schokke, a heap: Ger. schock, a 
collection of sixty things of certain kinds), a pile of 
sheaves of wheat, oats, &c, set up on end in the har- 
vest-field. 

shod, v. shod, pt. pp. of shoe, which see. 

shoddy, n. shwi'di., m inferior woollen cloth, made 
from a material consisting of old woollen goods torn 
to fibres, and new wool in varying proportions. 

shoe, n. sho, plu. shoes, shdz (Goth shohs; Icel. skor; 
Ger. schuh, a shoe : akin to Sans, sku, to cover), a cover- 
ing for the foot, made of leather, and consisting of a 
sole and an upper ; a rim or plate of iron fastened on 
the bottom of a horse's hoof for protection ; the bend or 
crook at the bottom of a water-pipe which discharges 
the water from a building ; a sort of drag placed under 
the wheel of a loaded vehicle on going down a steep 
part of a road ; in mech. , a notched piece on which some- 
thing rests ; a kind of trough : v. to furnish with shoes ; 
to cover at the bottom : shoeing, imp. : n. the act of one 
who shoes ; the putting on of shoes : shod, pt. pp. shod: 
shoer, n. sh6'er, one who shoes horses : shoeless, a. 
-lis, without shoes: shoeblack, a boy in the street 
who cleans shoes : shoe-leather, leather for shoes : 
shoemaker, one who makes shoes : shoe-tie, also 
shoe-latchet, that which fastens a shoe ; a shoe-string. 

shog, v. shorj (Swj.-,s, _'/,,-,,„/,,/, to log: W. ysgogi, to 
wag— see shock 1), to jog or joggle ; to agitate by sud- 
den interrupted impulses ; to shake : n. a violent con- 
cussion : shog'ging, imp.: shogged, pp. shdgd: shoggle, 
v. shog'gl, to shake ; to joggle : shoggUng, imp. -gling: 
shog'gled, pp. -gld. 

shone, v. slum, pt. pp. of shine, which see. 

shook, v. shook, pt. of shake, which see. 

shook, n. shook (from shock 2, which see), a set of 
staves sufficient to make one cask or hogshead, or a 
set of boards sufficient to make a sugar-box, prepared 
or fitted for putting together. 

shoot, v. shot (Icel. skjota; Dut. schieten; Ger. 
schiessen; AS. sceotan, to dart, to shoot), to let fly or 
discharge anything with such force as to cause it to 
pass through the air ; to send off with sudden force ; 
to dart ; to discharge, as from a gun ; to maim or kill 
by letting off a gun ; to perform the act of shooting ; 
to pass, as an arrow or a ball ; to throw or send out, 
as a branch; to thrust forth; to bud or sprout; to 
grow rapidly; to discharge, as earth or rubbish from 
a cart, &c. : n. a young branch issuing from the 
main stock; an inclined plane down which timber, 
coal, &c, are caused to shoot or slide; a narrow pas- 
sage in a river through which the water rushes rapidly ; 
among miners, a vein running in the same direction 
as the strata in which it occurs: shooting, imp.: n. 
the act or practice of killing game with firearms ; sen- 
sation of a quick darting pain : adj. moving rapidly, 
as an arrow from a bow, or a ball from a gun ; quick 
and darting: shot, pt. pp. shot: shooter, n. shdt'er, 
one who shoots; an archer; a shot: to shoot ahead, 
to outstrip in running, flying, or sailing : shooting- 
star, a meteor in a state of combustion, seen suddenly 
darting across some part of the sky : shooting-box, a 
small house in the country for use in the shooting 
season: shooting-stick, among printers, a tapering 
piece of wood or iron used in driving up the quoins in 
the chase. 

shop, n. shop (F. eschope, a stall or little shop : Ger. 
schoppen, a shed: AS. scyjyen, a stall: Icel. skopr ,■ 
Dan. and Sw. skab, a press or cupboard), a place in 
which goods are sold by retail ; a building in which 
mechanics work : v. to visit shops for the purchase of 
goods: shop'ping, imp.: n. the act of visiting shops 
for the purchase of goods: shopped, pp. shopt : shop- 
like, a. vulgar; savouring of petty dealing: shop-bill, 
a tradesman's business announcement : shop-board, a 
bench on which work is performed : shop-book, a book 
in which a tradesman enters his sales on credit : shop- 
keeper, a trader who sells goods by retail in a shop : 
shoplifter, one who, under a pretence of buying, 
steals from shops : shoplifting, n. stealing from a shop : 
shopman, one who serves in a shop : shopwalker, in a 
large shop, an attendant who directs customers to the 
proper department, and who sees that they are duly at- 
tended to : to talk shop, to use phrases and manner of 
speech peculiiu to om iloyment or profession. 

shore, n. shor (Dut. schore, a tearing, a rent : Low 
Ger. schoren, to tear asunder : AS. .score, the shore), 
the land adjacent to a sea or ocean, or to a great lake 



mdte, mtit.f&r, laio; mete, mSt, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



SHOR 



577 



SHOW 



or river ; the extremity where the land is broken off : 
shored, a. /hunt, having a bank or shore: shore'less, 
a. -Ids, of indefinite or unlimited extent : sea-shore, 
the space between high and low water marks; the 
beach. 

shore, n., also shoar, n. shor (Norm, skora; Icel. 
skorda, a prop or shore: Bav. schrot, sometimes a 
length of timber : Dut. schoor, a prop), a support ; one 
of the stocks by which a ship is supported on dry land, 
or by which a wall or building is temporarily sup- 
ported: v. to support with a prop or buttress tem- 
porarily : sho'ring, imp. : n. the act of supporting with 
a prop or shore ; a number or system of props : shored, 
pp. shOrd. 

shore, n. shor (Ger. scharren, to scrape: Swiss, 
schoren, to cleanse, to sweep out stables : Eng. shore- 
ditch, being the ditch which receives the scrapings of 
the streets: probably only a corruption of sewer), a 
public drain.— See Wedgwood. 

shore, v. shor, pt, of shear, which see. 

shorl, n. shorl, another spelling of schorl, which 
see. 

shorling, n. shor'llng (from shore, pt. of shear), in 
Eng., the skin of a living sheep after shearing: mor- 
ling, the skin taken from a dead r 1 

shorn, v. shorn, pp. oft" 

short, a. short (AS. scec. . , . 
kurz; L. curtus, short), not long; not long either in 
space or time ; inadequate ; insufficient ; imperfect ; 
breaking or crumbling readily ; crisp ; brittle ; not 
bending; brief; concise; quick; sudden; not go- 
ing so far as intended: ad. not long; quickly; in- 
sufficiently : n. a summary or concise account, as in 
the phrase, " the short and long of the matter is " ; 
a word often given as a reply at the counter of a bank 
when the amount of a check is desired in a small com- 
pass : shorts, n. plu. the part of ground grain sifted 
out somewhat finer than bran : shortly, ad. -II, soon ; 
briefly : short'ness, n. -nes, the quality of being short ; 
conciseness; deficiency: short-breathed, a. -brdtht, 
having a short quick respiration: short cake or 
bread, bread baked of flour and butter that breaks 
easily and crisply : shortcoming, a failing of the usual 
produce or quantity ; a failure in duty : short-dated, 
a. having little time to run, as a bill of exchange: 
short-drawn, a. being of short breathing ; imperfectly 
inspired: shorthand, a rapid system of writing by 
means of contractions and simple characters : short- 
hand-writer, one who professionally takes notes in 
shorthand; a reporter: short-head, among sailors, a 
sucking whale less than a year old : short-lived, a. not 
living or lasting long : short rib, one of the lower ribs ; 
a false rib: short-sighted, a. not able to see distant 
i >1 ijects ; not able to see far intellectually ; imprudent : 
short-sightedness, n. a defect in vision ; defective or 
limited intellectual sight : short-spoken, a. speaking 
in a quick short manner; gruff: short- waisted, a. 
short from the armpits to the waist : short-winded, a. 
affected with shortness of breath: short-witted, a. 
having but little wit ; of scanty intellect : at short 
notice, in a brief time; promptly: in short, in a 
lew words ; briefly : the long and short, the whole : 
the shorts, on the Stock Exchange, the dealers who are 
deficient in those stocks at the time they have under- 
taken to deliver: to cut short, to abridge; to stop 
suddenly : to fall or come short, to fail ; not to do or 
accomplish: to sell short, on the Stock Exchange, to 
sell for future delivery what the dealer has not in his 
possession at the time of contract, but which he hopes 
to purchase at a lower rate : to stop short, to stop at 
once, or without reaching the point aimed at. 

shorten, v. short'n (from short, which see), to make 
short ; to lessen ; to abridge ; to contract ; to become 
short: short'ening, imp. -ning: n. a making short or 
shorter; anything used, as butter or lard, to make 
pastry crisp: short'ened, pp. -nd: to shorten a rope, 
to take in the slack of it : to shorten sail, to reduce 
sail by taking the sails in. 

shot, n. shot (from shoot, which see), balls or bullets 
for firearms ; globules of lead for killing birds or small 
animals ; the flight of a missile, or the distance over 
which it passes ; a marksman ; in Scot, among fisher- 
men, the whole sweep of nets thrown out at one time ; 
the draught of fishes made by a net ; familiarly, the 
turn next in order ; a stroke or move in play : v. to 
load with shot, as a gun: shot'ting, imp.: shot'ted, 
pp. : adj. loaded or charged with shot : bar-shot, a bar 
of metal with a round head at each end, formerly dis- 
charged as shot from guns : case-shot or canister, balls 



packed in tin canisters in the form of cylinders, having 
wooden bottoms, and fitted to the calibre of sruus: 
chain-shot, two half-balls united by a chain : grape- 
shot, a number of shot so arranged as to resemble a 
bunch of grapes, formerly used to load guns : red-hot 
shot, shot heated to redness in a furnace, and in this 
state fired from a gun : round-shot, a solid sphere of 
iron or other material as loading for a gun : shot-hole, 
the hole made by shot : shot-locker, a piece of wood 
pierced with holes for holding shot, or for shot resting 
on : shot of a cable, the splicing of two cables ; the 
whole length of cables thus united: shot-tower, a 
lofty tower erected for making small shot, from the 
summit of which melted lead is allowed to drop 
through perforated plates into water or other liquid at 
the bottom, the chops assuming a globular form, and 
cooling in their descent. 

shot, n. shot (AS. sceat, a portion, money— see scot 
1), reckoning ; proportional share of expense incurred 
at a tavern: shot-free, but usually spelt scot-free, 
with out payment; unpunished. 

shot, n., also shoat, n., or shott, n. shot (a corrup- 
tion of shoot, a young branch), a young swine half 
grown, or less. 

shorten, a. shot'n (from shoot, which see), having 
thrown out the spawn, as herring; gutted or dried 
for keeping, as herrings ; out of its socket. 

should, v. shobd, pt. of shall, which see. 

shoulder, n. shol'-dir (Ger. schulter, a shoulder— con- 
nected with Icel. skiolder, a shield— more probably 
from the shovel-like shape of the bones : prov. Eng. 
shull, a shovel; shull-bane, the shoulder-blade), the 
joint connecting the human arm to the body, or the 
fore leg of a quadruped; anything resembling the 
shoulder; a prominence; sustaining power; support; 
strength : v. to push or thrust with violence ; to take 
upon the shoulder: shouldering, imp.: shouldered, 
pp. -derd : shoulder-belt, a belt that passes across tho 
shoulder : shoulder-blade, the flat bone of the shoul- 
der : shoulder-knot, an ornamental knot of ribbon, &c, 
worn on the shoulder: shoulder-strap, a strap worn 
on or over the shoulder ; a distinctive badge worn on 
the shoulder of a commissioned officer, indicating his 
rank : shoulder of mutton, the fore leg of a sheep ; a 
triangular sail for a boat : to put one's shoulder to 
the wheel, to assist in bearing a burden, or overcom- 
ing a difficulty. 

shout, n. shdirt (a form parallel with hoot: Low Ger. 
schuddern, to shudder: It. scioare, to cry "shoo" to 
frighten birds : mod. Gr. skouzo, I shout), a loud burst 
of voice ; a violent and sudden outcry of a multitude 
of men, expressing applause, triumph, and the like: 
v. to utter a. sudden and loud outcry, as of joy or ex- 
ultation : shout'ing, imp. : n. the act of crying with 
sudden outburst of voice ; a loud outcry, as of joy or 
exultation: shout'ed, pp.: shout'er, n. -er, one who 
shouts : to shout at, to deride or revile with shouts. 

shove, v. shilv (Dut. schuiven; Ger. schieben ; Icel. 
skufa, to push, to draw: AS. sevfan, to thrust), to 
thrust or push ; to force or drive forward ; to press 
against: n. the act of shoving; the act of pressing 
against by main strength ; a push : shoving, imp. : 
shoved, pp. shuvd : to shove by, to push away ; to re- 
ject : to shove off, to move away by a push or a thrust, 
as a boat from the shore. 

shovel, n. shuv'ei (Ger. schaufel; Dut. schvffel, a 
shovel, or similar implement— allied to L. scabere, to 
scratch or scrape), an instrument consisting of a broad 
iron or wooden blade, more or less hollow, with a long 
handle, used for shoving and raising loose earth, &c. : 
v. to take up and throw or heap together with a shovel : 
to gather roughly ; to use a shovel : shovelling, impi 
shuv'ling: shov'elled, pp. -Sid: shov'elful, n. -el-fool, 
as much as a shovel will hold; shov'elfuls, plu.: 
shoveller, n. -er, a species of duck, having a long 
spoon-like bill : shovel-board, a game played by slid- 
ing metal pieces at a mark along a board : shovel-hat, 
a broad-brimmed hat turned up at the sides, and pro- 
jecting in front, worn by dignified clergymen. 

show, v. sho (AS. sceaivtaa Dut. schuiiwen, to look, 
to show : Ger. schauen, to look : Sw. skacla, to behold, 
to view), to present to view ; to make or enable to see 
or know; to reveal; to give proof of; to publish; to 
teach, instruct, or inform ; to point out ; to confer or 
bestow ; to afford ; to appear or be in appearance : n. 
a sight or spectacle ; something exhibited for money ; 
superficial appearance ; ostentatious display ; hypocrit- 



colv, I 



y,fo~bt; pure, bud; chair, gome, jog, shun, thing, (here, zeal. 



SHOW 



578 



SHUD 



pp. shfm : showy, a. sho'l, gaudy ; makinga great show : 
showily, ad. -l-ll: show'iness, n. -nSs, the state or qual- 
ity of being showy ; pompousness : show-bill, a printed 
advertisement in large letters, exhibited in a shop- 
window : show-bread, usually shew-, among the am; 
Jews, the loaves' of bread placed weekly on the golden 
table in the sanctuary: show-case, a case with a glass 
cover, in which articles "!' value are exhibited for sale : 
showman, one who exhibits a show: show-room, a 
room where a tradesman or manufacturer displays his 
goods: to show forth, to manifest: to show off, to ex- 
hibit ostentatiously; to set off; to display one's self: 
to show up, to expose: show of hands, in public as- 



hands raised up to signify a vote. 

shower, n. shdw'r (Goth, scum, a storm : Icel. skur, 
a shower of rain: Low Ger. schuur, a passing fit or 
attack, as of illness : Ger. schauer, a shivering fit, a 
shower), a fall of rain of short duration ; a copious fall 
or supply of anything: v. to water copiously, as witli 
rain ; to scatter in abundance ; to bestow liberally : 
show'ering, imp. : showered, pp. shotv'-rd : showery, 
a. show'ri, abounding in frequent falls of rain : show- 
erine3S, n. -i-nes, the state of being showery: show'- 
erless, a. -Ids, without showers : shower-bath, an ap- 
paratus for pouring upon the body a shower of water. 

showily, showiness, showy, shown— see show. 

shrank, v. shrdngk, pt. of shrink, which see. 

shrapnels, n. plu. shrdp'nels (so named from the 
inventor, General Shrapnel), in mil., spherical cases 
filled with musket-balls, and containing a bursting- 
charge of powder, most destructive either to cavalry 
or infantry. 

shred, n. shrSd (Dut. schroode, a bit of paper : Low 
Ger. schraden, to gnaw, as a mouse: Ger. schrot, what 
is cut up into fragments : AS. screadian, to shred), a 
long narrow piece torn off; a fragment ; a stripe : v. 
to tear or cut off into long narrow pieces, as cloth : 
shred'ding, imp. : n. the act of cutting into shreds ; 
that which is cut or torn off; a fragment : shred, pt. 
pp. shrSd: shred'less, a. -Us, having no shreds: 
shred' dy, a. -cli, consisting of shreds or fragments : a 
thing of shreds and patches, applied to a thing that 
is patched, unconnected, or not original. 

shrew, n. shro (old Eng. schrewid, wicked : possibly 
a special application of Ger. schraege, sloping, wTy, 
being synonymous with wrong: Ger. schreien.to cry 
out), a peevish, turbulent, vexatious woman ; a scold: 
shrew'ish, a. -tsh, peevish ; petulantly clamorous : 
shrew'ishly, ad. -II: shrewishness, n. -nes, the state of 
being shrewish ; forwardness ; petulance. 

shrewd, a. shrod (from Eng. shrew : shrewd, in the 
sense of sharp, sagacious, arises from the same feeling 
which has applied the term silly, originally signifying 
innocent, blessed, to the sense foolish — the wicked man 
being regarded as intelligent and sharp-sighted, the 
good as simple and easily taken in— see Wedgwood), 
sagacious ; acute ; of nice discernment ; sly ; artful : 
shrewd ly, ad. -II: shrewd'ness, n. -nSs, the quality or 
state of being shrewd ; discrimination ; sagacity. 

shrewmouse, n. shro'-mmos (AS. screawa, a shrew- 
mouse: akin to Eng. shfewid, Wicked, as the bite of the 
animal was supposed to be fatal), an insectivorous 
animal, somewhat like a common mouse, which bur- 
rows in the ground, and is harmless. 

shriek, v. shrek (Dan. skrige; Sw. skrika, to cry, to 
scream : It. scricciare, to screech : W. ysgrech, a 
scream: Ger. schreien, to cry out), to utter a sharp 
shrill cry ; to scream, as in sudden fright, or in an- 
guish : n. a shrill piercing cry, as of sudden terror or 
anguish: shrieking, imp.: adj. crying out with a shrill 
voice : n. a crying out with a shrill voice : shrieked, 
pp. shrekt. 

shrievalty, n. shrev'dl-ti (see sheriff), another spell- 
ing of sheriffalty ; the office or jurisdiction of a sheriff. 

shrift— see shrive. 

shrike, n. shrlk (Dan. skrika, a jay), a rapacious 
bird, feeding on small birds and insects, called also 
the butcher-bird. 

shrill, a. shrll (Scot, skirl, to cry with a sharp voice: 
Norm, skryla, to cry in a high note, as children : Low 
Ger. schrell, sharp in sound or taste), sharp and pierc- 
ing, applied to sound : shrilly, ad. -li : shrill'ness, n. 
-nes, the state of being shrill or acute in sound ; sharp- 
ness of the voice. 

shrimp, n. shrimp (Dut. krimpen, to contract or 
diminish : AS. scrymman, to wither or dry up : Ger. 
schrumpfen, to shrivel : Scot, scrimp, to deal sparingly 
with one, scanty), anything very small of its kind ; a 
small shell-fish, allied to the lobster; a little wrin- 



kled man : shrimp'er, n. -tr, one who catches shrimps 
with a dredge-net on a beach : shrimp-net, a net fast- 
ened upon a pole, used for catching shrimps. 

shrine, n. shr m (AS. serin,- Ger. schrein; F.escrin; 
L. scrinium, a cabinet or place to keep anything in), 
a case or place where sacred things are deposited ; 
a reliquary; a decorated tomb; a sacred hallowed 
place ; an altar : v. to enshrine ; to place : shri'ning, 
imp. : shrined, pp. shrlnd. 

shrink, v. shringk (AS. scrincan, to contract from 
drought: Sw. skrynka, a wrinkle, a pucker), to draw 
or be drawn into less size or bulk ; to shrivel ; to cause 
to contract ; to contract spontaneously ; to decline ac- 
tion ; to recoil, as from fear or disgust : n. contraction ; 
withdrawing from fear or disgust : shrinking, imp. : n. 
a drawing into less compass or bulk; act of drawing 
back through fear or disgust : shrank, pt. shrdngk, did 
shrink : shrunk, pt. pp. shrungk .- shrunken, pp. 
shrungk'ii: shrinkmgly, ad. shringk'-ing-U .■ shrink'- 
age, n. -dj, a contraction into a less bulk or compass ; 
loss by gradual evaporation or absorption, as a liquid 
in casks : shrink'er, n. -er, one who shrinks : shrink- 
age cracks, in geol., rents in clayey beds caused by 
drying and shrinking. 

shrive, v. shriv (Icel. skript, reprimand, punish- 
ment : Low Ger. schreve, a line : AS. serif an, to trace 
out a line of action, to enjoin), to make confession to 
a priest ; to hear a confession, with the imposition of 
penance, and the giving of absolution following there- 
on : shri'ving, imp. : shrived, pt. shrlvd, also shrove, 
pt. shrov, did shrive : shriven, pp. shriv'n : shriver, 
n. shrl'vir, one who shrives; a confessor: shrift, n. 
shrift (AS. scrift), confession made to a priest, gene- 
rally applied to the confession of a dying person. 

shrivel, v. shrlv'el (Gael, sgreubh, to rumple : Sw. 
skrynka, to wrinkle: Icel. skrafa, to creak like dry 
things : prov. Eng. shravel, dry fagot-wood), to cause 
to contract into wrinkles; to contract into wrinkles: 
shrivelling, imp.: shrivelled, pp. -eld: adj. contracted 
into wrinkles. 

shroff, n. shrof (Ar. sarraf), in E. Indies, a banker 
or money-changer. 

shroud, n. shrdivd (AS. scrud, what is cut up, a 
garment, clothing : Icel. skrud, ornament, clothing ; 
skryda, to adorn, to clothe), the dress of a corpse ; a 
winding-sheet; that which clothes, covers, or shel- 
ters : V. to cover; to shelter from danger; to conceal ; 
to envelop ; to dress for the grave: shrouding, imp.: 
shroud'ed, pp.: shroudless, a. -les, without a shroud: 
shrouds, n. plu. (may only be a corruption of Eng. 
shreds : Ger. schrot, what is cut up into fragments ; 
schroten, to shred), in a ship, a range of long ropes, 
partly forming a rope-ladder, extending from the head 
of a mast on each side, and fastened to the sides of the 
ship. 

shrove, a. shrov (from shrive, which see), a word 
only used in composition, as Shrovetide, n. -tid (AS. 
tid, time, season), also Shrove Tuesday, n. confession 
time; the day i seding the first day of 

Lent, or Ash Wednesday : shroving, n. shro'-vlng, the 
festivity of Shrovetide. 

shrub, n. shrub (AS. scrob ; Gael, craobh, a tree : 
prov. Dan. skrub, a bush; scrubbet, rough, rugged: 
akin to Eng. scrub), a woody plant of less size than a 
tree ; a low dwarf tree : shrub'less, a. -les, wanting 
in shrubs : shrub "bery, n. -ber-i, a plantation of shrubs : 
shrub'by, a. -bi, full of shrubs ; consisting of shrubs: 
shrub'bmess, n. -bi-nes, the state or quality of being 
shrubby. 

shrub, n. shrub (Ar. shurb, drinking: akin to slier- 
bet), a liquor composed of an acid, particularly lemon • 
juice, sweetened with sugar, and mixed with a cer- 
tain proportion of spirit. 

shrug, n. shrug (Dan. sk 
backed: Dut. schrikken, t 
wrinkle : or probably Dut. schurken, to shrug, to rub), 
a drawing up of the shoulders, expressive of doubt, dis- 
satisfaction, or contempt: v. to contract or draw ut> 
the shoulders in order to express doubt, contempt, &c: 
shrug'ging, imp.: shrugged, pp. shrugd. 

shrunk, v. shrungk, also shrunken, shrungk'n, pp. 
of shrink, which see. 

shudder, n. shud'-der (Dut. schuddern; Ger. schau- 
dern, to shiver : Swiss, tschadern, to give a cracked 
sound), a cold tremor; a shaking with fear or horror: 
v. to feel a cold tremor from fear, horror, or a 
to quake ; to tremble : shud'dering, imp. : : 
with terror or aversion : shuddered, pp. -i 
deringly, ad. -li. 



mate, mdt,fdr, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, mOve; 



SHUD 



579 



SIDE 



way and the other ; to mix by rapidly changing one 
thing into the place of another ; to throw or change a 
pack of cards into a new arrangement ; to shift ground ; 
to evade fair questions: to prevaricate ; to quibble; to 
move with an irregular gait ; to move the feet back- 
wards and forwards with a scraping noise : n. the act of 
mixinz by changing places; an evasion; an artifice: 
shuf fling, imp. -fling: n act of one who shuffles ; trick ; 
artifice ; an irregular gait : adj. evasive ; moving with 
irregular gait : "shuf fled, pp. -flcl : shufflingly, ad. 
-fling-ll: shuffler, n. -flcr, one who shuffles; one who 
prevaricates : to shuffle off, to put off trickishly ; to 
move off with irregular gait : to shuffle up, to form or 
throw together hastily or confusedly. 

shumac, n. sho'mdk—see sumach. 

shun, v. sh u n (AS. sa< n ia n . to avoid : Dut. schuiven, 
to shove), to keep clear of; to avoid; to endeavour to 
escape; not to mix or associate with : shunning, imp.: 
shunned, pp. shund. 

shunt, v. shunt (a corruption of shunned, pp. of 
Eng. shun, in its provincial sense of, to shove on one 
side: Dut. schuiven, to shove), in railway manage- 
ment, to remove a waggon, a carriage, or a train from 
one line of rails on to" another: shunting, imp.: n. 
the act of removing waggons, &c, from one line of 
rails on to another: shunted, pp.: shunt-gun, a rifled 
firearm having two sets of grooves, the shot being 
passed down the one set, and passing out, when fired 
off, by the other. 

shut, v. shiit (Dut. schieten, to shoot, to drive for- 
wards; schutdiiir, a sluice-gate: Low Ger. schott, a 
bolt: Bav. schutten, to fence round: Ger. schutzen, to 
protect), to close so as to prevent entrance or exit ; 
to close or stop up for defence or security; to 
forbid entrance into; to contract; not to keep ex- 
panded; to close itself: shut ting, imp. : shut, pt. pp. 
shut: shutter, n. -tir, a cover for a window or open- 
ing: shuttered, a. -terd, furnished with a shutter, or 
with shutters: to shut in, to confine; to enclose: to 
shut off, to exclude ; to prevent the passage of, as 
steam : to shut out, to exclude ; to deny admission to : 
to shut up, to close ; to make fast the entrance of; to 
confine. 

shuttle, n. shut'tl (AS. scyttel, a lock, a bar: Norm. 
skutul or skyt, a shuttle), the implement by which 
the thread is shot to and fro in weaving : shuttle-box, 
the case at the end of the race of a weaver's loom to 
receive the shuttle after having passed through the 
thread: shuttle-cock (cock, corruption of cork), an or- 
namental cork stuck with feathers, beaten backwards 
and forwards by a battledore in play: shuttle-race, a 
sort of shelf or ledge in a loom along which the shuttle 

shwan-pan, n. sMoSn'pdn, the calculating instr. 
of the Chinese, similar to the Roman abacus. 

shy, a. shl (Ger. scheu, timorous; scheuen, to be 
afraid of: Dut. schouw, timid, wild: It. schifare, to 
loathe or abhor: F. esquivar, to shun: Sw. skygg, 
timid), that is fearful of near approach ; reserved ; not 
familiar; avoiding free intercourse; wary; cautious: 
v. to start su( a horse: shy'ing, imp.: 

n. act of st; i le, as a horse from fear : 

shied, pp. shid : shier, n. shl'er, one who shies : shyly, 
a<l.shi'-li: shyness, n. -nes, fear of near approach; re- 
serve. 

si, se, in music, a syllable applied to the seventh of 
the major diatonic sc al in sii _■ _ k 

sialagogue, n. si-cU jue— from Gr. 

sialon, saliva, and age [It "line which in- 

creases the flow of saliva : sial'agog'ic, a. -goj'-ik, pro- 
moting the flow of saliva. 

sib, a. sib (Goth, sibja, relationship: old H. Ger. 
sipba, affinity : AS. sib, kindred, peace), related ; of 

Siberian, a. si-be'ri-cin, pert, to Siberia or Asiatic 
Russia; bleak; northern. 

sibilant, a. ' uans, hissing— gen. sibi- 

lantis: F. sibilant), making a hissing sound: n. a 
letter uttered with a hissing sound, as s: sib'ila'tion, 
n. -la'-shun, utterance with a hissing sound ; a hissing 
sound. 

Sibyl, n. sib'tt(Gr. sibulla: L. sibiilla), in anc. Greece 

or Rome, a famous pro i] nded to declare 

the will of Jupiter, the king of the gods ; a gipsy ; a 

fortune-teller: sib'ylline, a. -lin, uttered or com- 

cdiv, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, 



posed by sibyls ; pert, to the sibyls : Sibylline books, 
certain prophetical books purchased from a sibyl by 
Tarquin the Proud, a Roman king, and supposed to 
tvnruiii the fate of the Roman empire. 

sic, sik (L.), thus ; a word sometimes used in quoting 
from another author in order to call attention to the 
fact Thar the quotation is rightly given. 

siccative, a. sik'd-tiv (L. siccatum, to dry up), dry- 
ing ; causing to dry : n. that which promotes drving. 

sice, n. slz(F. six, a six— fromL. sex, six), thenumcer 
six at dice. 

Sicilian, a. sl-sU'i-dn, of or relating to Sicily, sis'l- 
li, an island south of Italy : Sicilian Vespers, -ves'-pers, 
in hist., the great massacre of the French in Sicily, 
A.D. 1282, on the eve of Easter Tuesday, hence the 
name: siciliano, n. sl-cliU'-i-a'-nd, a musical composi- 
tion in 6-4 or 6-8 time, to be performed in a slow and 
graceful manner. 

sick, a. sik (AS. seoc; Ger. siech: Icel. siukr; Goth. 
siuks, sick: Low Ger. sucht, a sigh, sickness: Dut. 
suchten, to sigh), affected with disease of any kind ; in- 
disposed; not in health; inclined to vomit; weary 
of: sick'ish, a. -ish, inclined to be sick ; exciting dis- 
gust: sick'ishly, ad. -li : sick'ishness, n. -nes, the qual- 
ity of being sickish : sickly, a. -IX, not healthy ; ailing; 
feeble: sickliness, n. ■ll-ne's, state of being habit- 
ually diseased, or in bad health : sick'ness, n. -nes, 
state of being in bad health ; illness : sick-bed, the 
bed to which one ailing is confined : sick-berth, in the 
R. N., an apartment for the sick: sick headache, 
headache attended with disorder of the stomach and 
nausea : sick-list, names of persons ailing: sick-room, 
the apartment where one lies ill: the sick, those 
affected with disease : sicken, v. slk'-n, to make sick or 
squeamish ; to fall into disease ; to be filled to dis- 
gust; to languish; to decay: sickening, imp. -ning: 
adj. disgusting ; making sick : sickened, pp. -nd. 

sickle, n. sik'kl (AS. sicel; Ger. sichel; Sw. sikel, 
a scythe for mowing hay: Bohem. sekati, to cut— see 
scythe), an instr. for cutting down grass or grain; a 
reaping-hook: sickled, a. sik'ld, furnished with a 
sickle. 

sickly, sickness— see sick. 

side, n. sul (Icel. stria; Ger. seife, a side), the part 
of a body lying between the extremity of the front and 
back throughout its entire length ; the margin ; edge ; 
border ; quarter ; region ; party ; sect ; branch of a 
family ; any part or position viewed as opposite, or as 
contrasted with another; used to denote consan- 
guinity, as, by the mother's side: adj. towards the 
side ; lateral : v. to embrace the opinions of one party 
in opposition to another: siding, imp.: n the attach- 
ing one's self to a party ; a short line of rails turning 
off from the main line : si'ded.pp.: adj. having a side, 
as one-sided: si'der, n. -dir, one on a particular side, 
as in out-si'dcr : side ling, ad. -ling, with the side fore- 
most; sloping : side-arms, weapons worn at or by the 
side, as a sword or bayonet : sideboard, a piece of 
furniture placed at the side of a room : side-cut, an 
indirect blow or attack : side-dish, a dish at the side 
of a table, as opposed to the top and the bottom : side- 
glance, a glance or brief look to one side : sidelong, a. 
oblique ; not directly in front : ad obliquely ; in the 
direction of the side : side-pocket, a pocket at the 
side : side-posts, among carpenters, a kind of truss- 
posts, placed in pairs, for supporting the principal 
rafters, braces, &c. : side-saddle, a saddle for a lady : 
sidesman, n. sldz'mdn, an officer in a church ; an assist- 
ant to the churchwarden: side-table, a table placed 
against a wall: side-taking, engagement with a sect 
of party : side-view, a view on or from one side : side- 
walk, the raised footway of a street: sideways, ad. 
-waz, towards the side; on one side: side-wind, a 
wind blowing against the side ; indirect means : side'- 
wise, ad. -iciz, toward one side; inclining: by the 
side of, close at hand ; near to : to choose sides, to 
select for competition in exercises of any kind : to 
take sides, to embrace the opinions of a party in oppo- 
sition to those of another, or to attach one's self to their 
interests : side by side, close together and abreast. 

sideration, n. si'der -a- shun (L. sidus, a star— gen. 
sideris), in med., a name given to erysipelas of the 
face or scalp, from the idea of its being produced under 
the influence of the planets. 

sidereal, a. si-de'-re-al (L. sideralis, of or belonging 
to the stars — from sidus, a star: It. siderotic: F. 
sideral), relating to or containing stars; starry; 
measured by the apparent motions of the stars: 
sidereal day, the period in which the earth performs 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



SIDE 5 

one complete revolution round its axis : sidereal year, 
the space of time which the sun takes to move from 
any fixed star till it returns to it again, in its apparent 
motion, being the real time in which the earth per- 
forms one complete revolution, computed at 365 days, 
6 hours, 10 min. nearly. 

siderite, n. sld'er-it (Gr. sideros, iron or steel), a 
name given to sparry iron ore ; cube ore ; sometimes 
applied to a vitreous variety of quartz of an indigo 
colour. 

siderography, n. sid'er-dg'rd-fi (Gr. sirfn-o. , mm, 
amdarapho, I write), the art of engraving on steel. 

siderolites, n. plu. sld'er-6-litz (Gr. sideros, iron, 
and lithos, a stone), meteoric stones, chiefly consisting 
of iron. 

sideromancy, n. sid'er-0-mdn'si (Gr. sideros, iron, 
and manteia, divination), divination by bun i i n g :-. 1 1 a v 
&c, upon red-hot iron. 

sideroscope, n. sld'er-o-skop (Gr. sideros, iron, and 
skopeo, I view or explore), an instr. for detecting 
small quantities of iron in substances. 



siege, n. sej (P. siige; It. sedia, a seat or sitting 
cibsidium, a sitting down before a town in a hostile 
way— from sedes, a seat), the act or operation of at- 
tacking a fortress or fortified town under cover of 
earth thrown up from trenches, to compel its sur- 
render; any continued endeavour to gain possession : 
siege-train, the cannon, mortars, &c, for .carrying on 
a siege : to raise a siege, to abandon the attempt to 
take a fortified place by force, from necessity or by 
compulsion. 

sienite— see syenite. 

sierra, n. sl-er'rd (Sp. sierra, a saw, a ridge of 
mountains— from L. serra, a saw), a ridge or range of 
Mioimhons referring to thei ruggei saw-like outline. 

siesta, n. si-es'td (Sp. siesta; L. sexta (hora), the 
sixth hour— that is, noon), the mid-day or after-dinner 
nap. 

sieur, n. s-y',' (P. .■<>„,, ] OV( i f the manor), sir; a 
title of respect used by the French. 

sieve, n. siv (AS. sife ; Low Ger. seve ; Dut. zee/; Ger. 
sieo, a sieve : Dan. sigte, to sift : Icel. sif; Dan. siv, 
:sedge or rush, having been originally made of rushes), 
a utensil, generally in shape like the head of a drum, 
covered with hair or a material with open meshes, for 
separating flour from bran, or the smaller particles of 
anything from the large ; a bolter ; a basket used as a 
measure: sift, v. sift, to separate by shaking a sieve.; 
to pass through a sieve; to examine minutely or 
critically: sifting, imp.: n. act of one who sifts or 
uses a sieve: sift'ed, pp.: sift'er, n. -er, he or that 
which sifts. 

sigaultian, a. si-gOl'shl-dn (from S'igault, a French 
surgeon who first performed the operation), applied to 
the surgical operation of enlarging the capacity of 

i in ,ir! I , i i i i,:: ( i li i I ) I I I ii. 

sigh, n. si (AS. sican; Sw. sucka; W. igio, to sigh 
or sob: Ger. seufzen ; Low Ger. suchten, to sigh: Scot. 
south, the sound of the wind, or one breathing heavily : 
imitative words), a deep, long-drawn, and audible re- 
spiration, as in grief or pain : v. to express by sij ' 



and audible breath; expression of grief: sighingly, 
ad. -li. 

sight, n. sit (AS. gesiht, sight : Ger. sehen, to view), 
the act or faculty of seeing ; perception of objects by 
the eye; view; a being within the limits of vision; 
that which is beheld; a spectacle; a small aperture 
through which a thing is seen ; a small piece of metal 
fixed on the muzzle of a gun to guide the eye in taking 
aim : v. to look at through a sight ; to see accurately ; 
to gain the proper elevation am), direction to by 
means of a sight : sighting, imp. : sight'ed, a. seeing in 
a particular way, as new-sighted : sightless, a. -les, 
wanting sight ; blind: sightlessly, ad. -II: sightless- 
ness, n. -nSs, the state of being sightless; want of 
sight: sightly, a. -li, pleasing to the eye; comely: 
sightliness, n.-11-nes, the; state of being sightly; come- 
liness : to come in sight, to obtain a view of, as land : 
at sight or after sight, on or after presentment for 
payment, said of commercial bills and notes of ex- 
change : sight-seeing, a. given to seeing sights : n. the 
act of seeing sights; eagerness for seeing novelties 
or curiosities: sight-seer, one given to seeing sights. 

sigillaria, n. slj'U-la'ri-d (L. sigillaria, in anc. 
Home, a place where little images were sold, the image- 



SIGN 

market — from sigilla, little figures or images: It. 
sigillo, a seal), in geol., an extensive genus of fluted 
tree-stems from the Coal-measures, having seal-like 
punctures or leaf -scaurs on the ridges ; small images 
or ornaments made in a mould. 

sigma, n. slg'-md (the Greek letter 2 or s), the Greek 
letter = Eng. S : sig'moid, a. -mdyd, also sigmoid'- 
al, a. -moyd'ai (Gr. sigma, the letter S, and eidos, a 
form), curved like the Greek s ; in anat., applied to 
several structures in the body; in hot., curved in two 
directions like the letter S, or the Greek s. 

sign, n. sin (L. signum, a mark : It. segno ; F. signe 
andseingr; Dan. sein, a sign, a mark), that by which 
a thing is known ; a token ; a wonder ; a miracle ; a 
symbol; a gesture instead of words; any significant 
mark ; something intended to serve as a proof or type ; 
indication; something set up on a house to show the ten- 

"li . I '■'■■•■ M | '•■' I I ■■! Ihl. , ■ , ,| ,, ,, ,,,• 

the twelfth part of the ecliptic; in alg., a character or 
symbol indicating the relation between quantities ; in 
med., anything by whicli the presence of disease is 
made known : v. to attach one's name to ; to ratify by 
signature or seal; to indicate by a sign: signing, 
imp.: signed, pp. sl/nd: sign'er, n. -ir, one who signs: 
sign-board, a board hung up with painted designs to 
indicate a man's calling : sign-manual, a royal signa- 
ture, superscribed at the top of bills, of grants or let- 
ters patent : sign-post, a post or pillar on which a sign 
is hung : signs of the zodiac, Aries, Taurus, Gemini, 
Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capri - 
cornus, Aquarius, Pisces, each of which see : natural 
signs, pantomimic and other easily-understood signs 
to represent things. 

signal, n. sig'nal (F. svinal, a signal— from L. sig- 
vum, a sign— see sign), anything employed to attract 
the eye of others at a distance ; notice given : adj. dis- 
tinguished from what is ordinary ; memorable ; no- 
table : v. to convey by signals : signalling, imp. : sig- 
nalled, pp. -n&ld : signals, n. plu. -nalz, a system of 
signs or tokens addressed to the eye, as flags, boards, 
lights, &c, for establishing communications at dis- 
iii.nce hoi, ii -.1' : : ■■ r 1 1 1 by the elec- 

tric telegraph : sig'nally, ad. -li, eminently ; remark- 
ably : sig'nalise, v. -nCd-iz, to make remarkable ; to ren- 
der distinguished above what is common : sig'nalising, 
imp. : sig'nalised, pp. -Izd : signal-fire, a fire intended 
for a signal : signalman, a man who has the charge of 
a signal or set of signals : signal post or staff, a long 
pole upon which a flag or suchlike may be displayed 
for conveying signals. 

signature, n. sig'na- i n r (F '. sit/nature . 
Sp. signatura, a signature— from L. sig 
a mark upon— see sign), the name of a person 
or subscribed by himself; a sign or mark 1 '™* 1 
in music, the sharps or flats placed after 
indicate the key of the piece; among printers, 
letter or figure placed at the bottom of the first p; 
of each sheet to indicate the number and order. 

signet, n. slg'net (F. signet, the tassel for a bo 
signer, to subscribe— from L. signum, a mark), 
seal used by the sovereign to seal private letters 
grants: signet-ring, a finger-ring haying a stone en- 
graved with a crest or monogram: writers to tin 
signet, usually contracted into W.S., legal gentlemei 
in Scotland who formerly had charge of th" '"' 
signet, and who have the exclusive privilege 
ing all summonses for citing parties to ar 
the Court of Session, and other writs tl 
signet, conducting also general law business, 
ing as agents in cases before the Court of £. . . .. 

I.iieir bnsii'ie:::: mm ■-.„■■■: , .!:■: pretty nearly to 

of attorneys and solicitors in England, 
significant, a. sig-nif-l-Mnt (L. signiftrnns, 

ing, ) 1 1 ii 1 1 1 u i g out :■ / ii i liji i > 1 1 urn, to sh ow or point 
—from sirpnim, a mark, a, sign, and facio, I ms 
F. significant, significfmt-from sir/,, :jier, to signify 

li, ril/lli/ie/,,,-;-. < .P li:' . • m- i!n . ' 

yond the external mark ; forcible to express the 
tended meaning ; standing as a sign of somethii 
important: significantly, ad. -1%: significance, : 
-kdns, alsosignificancy, n. •Tcdn-sl, meaning ; import; 
power of impressing the mind ; importance ; moment : 
signification, n. sig'nif-i-ka'shun, meaning; sense; 
import: significative, a. -kd-tiv, having signification 
or meaning ; strongly expressive of a certain idea or 
thing: significatively, ad. -li: significativeness, n. 
-n8s, the quality of being significative : significatory, 



mate, mdt,fdr, law; mete, met, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



SIGN 



581 



SIMI 



a. -ka-ter-i, having meaning : signify, v. sig'nl-fl, to 
have or contain a certain sense ; to denote ; to mean ; 
to make known ; to express or declare by a token ; to 
have consequence: signifying, imp.: signified, pp. 
-fid: it signifies nothing, also it does not signify, 
it is of no importance. 

signor, also signior, n. sen'yor— see seignior. 

Sikhs, also Seiks, n. plu. s'eks (Hind, lions), a war- 
like people of Hindostan, inhabiting the Punjaub, sub- 
dued by the British arms, and now forming part of the 
British Indian Empire. 

silence, n. sl'lens (L. silentium, stillness, silence ; 
sib: ns, still, silent— gen. silentis : It. silente, silent : F. 
silence, silence), entire absence of sound or noise; 
temporary cessation of speeeh in man; stillness; 
quiet : v. to restrain from noise or speaking ; to still ; 
to appease; to stop; to put an end to: unpera. or 
int., let there be no speech or noise : silencing, imp.: 
silenced, pp. -least: silent, a. -lent, quiet; still; 
habitually speaking little ; not mentioning ; not act- 
ing ; having no sound, as a letter : silently, ad. -II. 

Silesian, a. sl-le-shi-dn, of or belonging to Silesia, a 
district of Prussia. 

silex, n. sl'liks, also silica, n. sll'i-kd (L. silex, a peb- 
ble-stone, flint— gen. silicis: F. silex: It. silice), in 
chem., the earth of flints ; a substance constituting the 
characteristic ingredient of a great variety of mine- 
rals, such as rock-cry- 1 at which is al- 
most pine silex: silicate, n. -kdt, a salt of silicic arid : 
sillcated, a. combined or impregnated with silica: 
siliceous, a., ni-<» silicious, a. si-lish'-iis, resembling or 
containing silex ; flinty : silicious sinter, an incrusta- 
tion or deposit from springs holding silica in solution : 
silicic, a. si-lis'ik, of or pert, to, or obtained from, flint 
or quartz : silicic acid, a name applied to silica, or a 
compound of silicon and oxygen, having certain of the 



I make), to render silicious; to petrify by silex; to 
become flinty: silic ifying, imp. : silic'ified, pp. -fid: 
adj. converted into flinty or silicious matter: silic'- 
ifica'tion, n. -fi-ka'shun, the conversion of any sub- 
stance into stone by silicious matter, a common process 
in the neighbourhood of hot springs holding silica in 
solution: silicium, n. si-lish'l-um, more usually sili- 
con, n. sil'-i-kon, the base of silica, an elementary sub- 
fctanee of a dark imt-brown colour. 

silhouette, n. sil-oo-W (F, after a French minister 
of finance in 1759, who was niggardly economical), the 
outline of an objeer filled in v, irh a black colour; apro- 
file or side face represented as a solid black mass. 

silicle, n. sil'l-kl, also silicula, n. sUik'u-ld (L. sil- 
icula, a little pod— from siliqua, a pod or husk), in 
hot., a short pod formed like a silique, but about as 
broad as long, or broader : silic'ulose, a. -los, or silic'- 
ulous, a. -Ills, bearing silicles ; husky. 

silique, n. sii'-lik, also siliqua, n. sll'l-kwd (L. sili- 
qua, a pod or husk: F. silique), in hot., a pod-like fruit, 
consisting of two long cells, divided by a partition, 
having seeds attached to each side, as in the cabbage, 
the turnip, and wallflower seed-pods: sil'iquose, a. 
•bkwos, also sil'iquous, a. -kiviis, bearing siliques: 
sil'iqniform, a. -kwifaXvrm (L. forma, shape), shaped 
like a silique. 

silk, n. silk (Lith. szilkai, silk ; silkai, cotton : Gr. 
serikon; L. sericum, the produce of the Seres or 
Chinese: Dan. silke: AS. seolc), the fine glossy fila- 
ment or thread produced by certain caterpillars ; the 
thread or cloth made of it: adj. pert, to or consist- 
ing of silk : silken, a. silk'-n, made of silk ; resembling 
silk: silk'yi a. -I, possessing the qualities of silk; 
soft; glossy; having the appearance of silk: silkl- 
ness, n. -i-nes, the state of being silky; softness and 
smoothness : silk-cotton tree, a very large Indian tree 
whose seed-capsules contain a downy substance like 
silk: silk gown, the dress or distinguishing badge of 
one who has been appointed queen's counsel: silk- 
mercer, a dealer in silks : silk-mill, a mill for manu- 
facturing silk: silk thrower or throwster, one who 
prepares silk thread for weaving: silk-weaver, one 
■who weaves silk stuffs : silk-worm, the caterpillar that 
produces the delicate silk filament* from which silk 
is manufactured : raw silk, silk as it is wound off from 
the cocoons. 

sill, n. sil (Low Ger. mil; Ger. schu-elle; F. seuil, a 
threshold: Sw. sijll : Dan. st/ld, base of a framework, 
ground-sill : AS. syl), the timber or stone forming the 



bottom of a door or window ; the threshold of a door 
or window ; in mining, flat-bedded strata of sandstone 
or similar hard rocks. 

sillabub, n. stt'ld-bub (a corruption of Eng. slap-up 
or slub-up: Low Ger. slabb'ut ; Swiss, schlabutz, watery 
food), a frothy food prepared by stirring up briskly, 
or by whipping up, a mixture of cream and wine, 
cider, or spirits, with spice, &c— sometimes by milk- 
ing from the cow on wine, &c. 

silly, a. sil'll (AS. scelig ; Ger. selig, blessed, happy 
—constantly used by older writers in the sense oi 
"simple," "unknowing": N. Fris. salig, weak in 
mind), weak in intellect; simple; proceeding from 
want of under unprudent; in- 

discreet: sillily, ad. -ll-ll: silliness, n. -nis, weakness 
of understanding ; want of sound sense or judgment. 

silt, n. silt (from the obsolete Eng. verb sile, to ooze 
through, to sink down : Sw. sila, to strain, to filter : 
Low Ger. silen, to drain off water: Norm, sikla, to 
trickle), properly, the fine mud which collects in lakes 
and estuaries, but now used to designate any calm 
and gradual deposit of mud, clay, or sand : v. to be- 
come choked or obstructed with mud, sand, or other 
deposit : silt'ing, imp.: n. the process by which a har- 
bour, inlet, or estuary becomes choked or obstructed 
by the deposition of mud or sand, &c: silt'ed, pp. 

silure, n. sidor', also silurus.n. sid6'-rus (L. silurus: 
Gr. silouros), a sheat-fish ; a shad. 

Silurian, a. sld6'-ri-dn (so called by Sir Roderick 
Murchison, because first worked out by him in the 
district between England and Wales anciently inhabi- 
ted by the Silures), in geol., the name given to the 
vast suite of fossiliferous strata lying between the 
partially-fossiliferous Cambrian schists beneath, and 
the Old Red Sandstone above. 

silva, sil'vd, and sil'van, -van— see sylva. 

silvas, n. plu. sll'vOs, also selvas, n. plu. sSl'vds 
(L. silva, a wood), the woodland region of the great 
Amazonian plain of South America, presenting the 
rankest luxuriance of primeval forest-growth. 

silver, n sil'ver (Goth, silubr; Slav, srebro; Lith. 
sidabras, AS. seolfer; Ger. silber, silver), a well-known 
metal of a peculiar white colour, having a brilliant 
lustre, malleable, ductile, and soft when pure ; one 
of the perfect metals; money made of silver; any- 
thing having the lustre or soft splendour of silver : 
adj. white like silver; made of silver; soft and clear, 
as in the tones of the voice : v. to cover or coat with 
silver ; to cover with an amalgam of tin and quick- 
silver; to adorn with mild or silver-like lustre; to 
make hoary: silvering, imp.: n. act or operation of 
covering a surface with a thin film of silver, or with 
an amalgam of tin and mercury ; the silver or amal- 
gam laid on: silvered, pp. -verd: sil'very, a. -ver-l, 
having the appearance of silver ; of a mild or silver- 
like lustre ; clear and soft, as the sound of a silver 
bell ; covered with silver : silver-heater, one who beats 
pieces of silver into thin leaves : silver-fir, a fir-tree, a 
native of middle and southern Europe : silver-fish, a 
fish of the size of a small carp, of a white colour, and 
striped with silvery lines : silver-glance, a mineral of 
a blackish lead-grey colour, being a sulphuret of sil- 
ver : silversmith, one who works in silver : fulmina- 
ting silver, an explosive compound prepared from 
the oxide of silver and ammonia : German-silver— see 
German: to be born with a silver spoon in one's 
mouth, to be born to good fortune ; to be born under 
favourable auspices. 

simia, n. sim-i-o. (L simia, an ape— from L. simus; 
Gr. simos, flat-nosed : It. simo), an ape ; the systematic 
name for apes and monkeys ; plu. sim'ise, -e: sim'ious, 
a. -vis, pert, to or resembling a monkey or ape. 

similar, a. sim'idir (F. similaire; It. similare, sim- 
ilar—from L. similis, like), resembling ; having a like 
form or appearance ; like in quality : sim'ilarly, ad. 
-li: similarity, n. -Idr'l-tl, likeness; resemblance: 
similar figures, in geom., figures that differ in magni- 
tude, hut are made up of the same number of like 
parts. 

simile, n. sim'l-lS (L. similis, like : It. simile, like), a 
common figure of speech,' in which two things which 
have some strong point or points of resemblance are 
compared: similitude, n. si-mil'i-tud, likeness in 
qualities or appearance; comparison; resemblance: 
similor, n. sim'idor, an alloy of red copper and zinc to 
imitate gold or silver. 

similiter, n. si-mll'-i-ter (L. similiter, in like man- 
ner), a form in pleading in which cither party accept.? 
the issue tendered by the other. 



' I, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



SIMM 



582 



SING 



simmer, v. slm'-mir (Pol. szemrac, to murmur, to rip- 
ple: Turk, zemzeme, soft murmur of voices : an imi- 
tative word), to boil gently or with a suppressed hiss- 
ing noise : sim'mering, imp. : sim'mered, pp. -mird. 

simony, n. sXm'6-ni (from Simon Magus, who offered 
to purchase the power of bestowing the gift of the 
Holy Ghost from the apostles with money), the crime 
of buying or selling ecclesiastical offices : simoniac, n. 
si-mo'-nX-dk, one who buys or sells preferment in the 
Church : simoniacal, a. sim'-o-nX'd-kdl, guilty of sim- 
ony, or tainted with it : sim'oni'acally, ad. -IX : Simo- 
nian, n. si-mo'-nX-dn, one of the followers of Simon 
Magus. 

simoom, n. sX-mdm' (Ar. samum— -from samma, to 
poison), the hot suffocating wind which occurs in most 
countries bordering on sandy deserts, and which, laden 
with the minutest particles from the arid deserts, her- 
alds its own approach by the reddish-dun colour which 

it ei.K .; ...» the ;.i ,[il i nilvy ii, i,' .-:». 1 1. -• t 

samiel; in Egypt, khamsin; on the western coast of 
Africa, harmattan. 

simous, a. sx'mus (L. simus; Gr. simos, flat-nosed), 
having a flat or snub nose, with the end turned up; 
snub-nosed. 

simper, v. slm'per (an imitative word, probably from 
a comparison of the movement creeping over the feat- 
ures to that which shows itself on the surface of water 
beginning to boil— akin to simmer, which see), to 
smile in a silly or affected manner: n. an affected 
smile: sim'pering, imp.: adj. smiling in an affected 
manner: n. act of one who simpers: sim'pered, pp. 
-peril : sim'perer, n. -er, one who simpers : sim'pering- 
ly, ad. -Ii. 

simple, a. sim'-pUF. simple, simple fromL. simplex, 
plain, unmixed— from L. sine, without, and plico, I 
fold : It. simplice), consisting of one thing ; not com- 
bined; not compounded; not complicated; elemen- 
tary; artless; harmless; uuartilieia,! ; true to nature; 
unadorned; silly; shallow; in hot., not branching; 
not divided into separate parts, as simple fruits, those 
formed by one flower: n. something not mixed or 
compounded ; in med. , a single herb or plant, or its 
particular virtue : sim'ply, ad. -pit, in a simple man- 
ner; without art; plainly; of itself; merely : sim'ple- 
ness, n. -pl-nes, the state or quality of being simple : 
sim'pleton, n. -ton, a person of weak intellect ; a silly 
person: simplicity, n. sXm-plls'i-tl, state of being un- 
mixed or uncompounded ; reliance on natural grace ; 
artlessness of mind ; freedom from duplicity ; plain- 
ness ; silliness : simple - hearted, a. single-hearted ; 
guileless: simple-minded, a. artless; undesigning: 
simple-mindedness, n. artlessness: simple equation, 
in alg. , an equation which contains only the first power 
of the unknown quantity. 

simplify, v. slm'-plX-fi (j , ./.,/,,:, ,• It. simplifi- 
care, to simplify— from L. simplex, plain, unmixed, 
and/aeio, I make), to make plain or easy; to render 
less complex or difficult: sim'plifying, imp.: sim'- 
plified, pp. -fid: simplification, n. -fX-ka'-shun, the 
act of simplifying or making simple. 

simply— see simple. 

simulate, v. sim'u-lat (L. simulation, to imitate, to 
pretend— from ■(-»//( . lit.:. H r-.imni, ire .- F. simuler), 
to assume the appearance of without the reality ; to 
feign ; to pretend ; to put on the guise of anything, as 
opposed to disguise, and also to dissimulate, which 
means to disguise or conceal what is true : adj .feigned ; 
pretended: sim'ulating, imp.: simulated, pp.: adj. 
pretended; feigned: sim'ulator, n. -ter, one who 
feigns : sim'ula'tion, n. -la'shun, the act of assuming 
to be that which* one is not. 

simultaneous, a. sim'-ul-td'-n5-us (It. simultaneo ; F. 
simultande, simultaneous— from L. simul, together, at 
once), existing or happening at the same time : sim'- 
ulta'neously, ad. -II: sim'ulta 'neousness, n. -wis, the 
state or quality of being simultaneous. 

sin, n. sXn (Ger. siinde: old H. Ger. sunta; AS. syn; 
.Icel. sind, sin— the radical meaning being probably 
breach: Norm, syn, sin, breach of right: !•'." sons, hurt- 
ful, guilty: Gr. sinos, hurt), any action, word, or 
thought contrary to the law of God; the habitual 
neglect of religion ; transgression ; the omission of 
duty ; a wicked act : v. to violate any law of God ; to 
do wrong : sin'ning, imp. : sinned, pp. sXnd : sinner, 
n. sXn'-ner, one who disobeys any divine law or pre- 
cept; an unregenerate person; an offender: sin'ful, 
a. -fool, wicked; unholy; contrary to the laws of 
God: sin'fully, ad. -IX: sinfulness, n. -nes, wicked- 
ness; depravity: sinless, a. -lis, free from sin; in- 



nocent: sin'lessly, ad. -lis sin'lessness, n. -nSs, free- 
dom from sin or guilt : sin-born, a. derived from sin : 
sin-offering, the sacrifice offered as an expiation for 
the sin of the people, considered dill'ereiit from the 
trespass-offering, which is thought to have been ap- 
pointed for special cases of sin: actual sin, in theol., 
the violation of a known rule of duty: deadly or 
mortal sins, in the H. Cath. Ch., the seven sins of 
murder, lust, covetousness, gluttony, pride, envy, 
and idleness, which take away sanctifying grace: 
venial sins, in the R. Cath. Ch., those sins which 
weaken sanctifying grace, but do not take it away, and 
which it is not necessary to mention, though com- 
mendable, in confession: original sin, in theol., the 
native depravity of the heart; Die corruption of man's 
,i ...urn ,; o 1 1 i Hv from Adam's transgression. 

Sinaitic, a, sVun-it'-ik, pert, to Mount Sinai ; made 
or given there, as the Mosaic law. 

sinapisine, n. sin'-d-pi'si-v (I., and Gr. sinapi, mus- 
tard), a peculiar prineiple found in the seed of white 
mustard : sin'apism, n. -pXzm, a mustard -poultice. 

since, conj. sins (AS. sith, late ; sithmcest, last : Scot. 
syne, since : Icel. sid or sidar, of late, later : Ger. seit, 
since), because that ; from the time when : ad. ago ; 
past ; before this : prep, after ; reckoning from ; from 
the time of. 

sincere, a. sXn-ser' (L. sincerus, pure, entire: It. 
sincero: F. sincere), unfeigned; being in reality what 
it appears to be ; true; genuine; real: sincerely, ad. 
-IX: sincere'ness, n. -nes, also sincerity, n. -sbr'-X-ti, 
honesty of mind or intention ; freedom from hypocrisy 
or false, pretence. 

sinciput, n. sin'- si-put (L. sinciput, the fore part of 
the head— from L. semi, half, and caput, the head : It. 
sincipite : F. sinciput), the fore part of the head ; oppo- 
site of occiput, the back part of the head. 

sine, n. sXn (L. sinus, a curved surface, a curve : It. 
seno: F. sein), in trig., a straight line drawn from one 
extremity of the arc of a circle perpendicular to the 
diameter passing through the other extremity : sini- 
cal, a. sln'-X-kdl, pert, to a sine : versed sine, verst-, 
the segment of the diameter intercepted between the 
sine and the extremity of the arc. 

sine, si'-nS (L.), a prefix i oi it : sine die, 

si'-nS dl'-e (L. without, a day), without any specified 
day for reassembling, or fo subject: sine 

qua non, -kwdnon (L. without, which, not), a phrase 
used to signify any indispensable condition. 

sinecure, n. si'-ne-kur (L. sine, without, and cura, 
care), an office which has an income attached to it, but 
little or no employment ; a benefice without cure of 
souls : si'necu'rism, n. -ku'rizm, the state of having a 
sinecure : si'necurist, n. -rist, one who has a sinecure. 

sinew, n. sXn'-il (AS. sinu ; Dut. zenuw ; Ger. sehne ; 
Icel. sin, a sinew), that which unites a muscle to a 
bone; a tendon: plu. strength, or whatever gives 
strength ; muscle ; nerve : v. to bind by sinews ; to 
strengthen: sin'ewing, imp.: sin'ewed, pp. -ild: adj. 
strong ; firm ; vigorous : sin'ewy, a. -il-i, consisting of 
sinews; strong; vigorous: sin'ewiness, n. -X-nes, the 
state or quality of being sinewy: sin'ewless, a. -Ms, 
having 1 no strength or vigour. 



Gael, seinn, to ring as a bell : Sans, chinj, to ring, to 
tingle : Icel. sangra, to murmur : AS. singan, to sing), 
to utter musical sounds; to send forth sweet or 
melodious sounds, as birds ; to chant ; to celebrate in 
song: sing'ing, imp.: adj. uttering musical sounds- 
n. the utterance of musical sounds: sang, pt. sang: 
sung, pp. sung: sing'er, n. -er, one whose profession 
is to sing ; one skilled in uttering musical sounds : 
singing-master, n. one who teaches vocal music: 
sing-song, n. sXng'-song, a drawling half-singing tone 
in speaking. 

singe, v. sinj (Dut. senghen, to burn superficially : 
Icel. sangra, to murmur ; sangr, having a burnt taste : 
AS. scengan, to singe : an imitative word), to burn 
slightly or superficially ; to scorch, as hair from the 
surface: n. a burning of the surface; a slight burn: 
singe'ing, imp.: n. act of one who singes ; a superficial 
burning: singed, pp. sXnjd: singer, n. sXn'-jer, one 
who singes. 

single, a. sing one to each, separate: 

It. singolo: old F. single), consisting of one only; not 
double ; separate ; individual ; uncompounded ; alone ; 
unmarried; done with one only; incorrupt: v. to 
choose one from others ; to select, followed by out : 
sin'gling, imp. -gling: sin'gled, pp. -gld: sin'gly, 



mate, mdt, far, law ; mete, met, her ; pine, pXn -, note, not, move; 



..__, the being: separate from all others; free 
from duplicity : sin'gles, n. plu. -glz, the reeled fila- 
ments of silk twisted to give them firmness : single- 
bar, the cross-piece of a carriage to which the traces 
of a single horse are fixed: single entry, in book- 
keeping, applied to the method of keeping business- 
books by carrying the record of each transaction to 
the debit or credit side of a single account : single- 
handed, a. by one's self : alone : single-hearted, a. 
having no duplicity : single-minded, a. bavin- a single 
purpose ; upright : single state, the state of being un- 
married; celiiiacy: single-stick, a cudgel used in fenc- 
ing or fighting; a certain same with cudgels. 

singular, a. slng-gii-lir (from single, which see), not 
complex or compound ; expressing only one person or 
thing; not plural ; proper or individual, as a singular 
term; remarkable; unexampled; rare; unique; un- 
common; peculiar; odd; strange: sin'gularly, ad. -li : 
singularity, n. -Inr'-l-ti-, some "character or quality of 
a thing by which it is distinguished from others; pecu- 
liarity; particular privilege or distinction ; eccentric- 
ity ; oddity : singular proposition, in logic, one which 
has for its subject a singular term, or a common term 
limited to one individual : singular term, in logic, a 
term which stands for one individual. 

sinical— see sine 1. 

sinister, a. sin'-is-ter (L. sinistt r, on the left hand or 
side: It. sinistra: F. sinistre), on the left; evil; cor- 
rupt; dishonest; inauspicious; in her., denoting the 
leftside of the escutcheon: sin'isterly, ad. -II: sin- 
istral, a. -tral, belonging to the left hand; having 
spiral turns towards the left : sin'istrally, ad. -li .- sin- 
istror'sal, a. -tror'sal (L. sinistrorsus, towards the 
left side— from sinister, on the left hand, and ver- 
sum, to turn), rising from 1 It to right: sin'istrorse, a. 
-trors, in but., applied to a spiral directed towards the 
left : sin'istrous, a, -trus, being on the left side, or in- 
clined to it ; wrong ; absurd : sin'istrously, ad. -li. 

sink, v. single (Goth, siggquan ; Icel. sukkva ; Ger. 
sinkvn ; Sw. sjunka, to fall to the bottom : AS. sencan, 
to sink), to fall or go downwards, as in water or mud ; 
to go to the bottom; to subside; to penetrate into any 
body; to settle to a level; to fall or retire within the 
surface of anything ; to decline ; to droop; to decrease; 
to immerse in a fluid ; to depress ; to degrade ; to 
crush; to reduce ; to waste ; to dissipate ; to make by 
digging; to invest money permanently in any un- 
dertaking or scheme for the sake of interest: n. an 
open box of wood lined with lead, or one of stone, 
with a pipe in the bottom for carrying off superfluous 
or dirty water; that under which anything sinks or 
descends ; that in which corruption, physical or moral. 
is gathered : sink'ing, imp.: sank, pi. sihigk, did sink: 
sunk, pp. sungk, penetrated into ; settled to a level ; 
subsided : sunken, a. si'ingk'in, lying on the bottom of 
river or harbour, or other water : sinker, n, singk'er, 
he who or that which sinks : sinking fund— see fund. 

sinless, sinlessness, sinner— see sin. 

sinoper, n. sln-6-per, or sin'ople, n. -pi (L. sinopis, 
a land of red ochre found in Sinope), a ferruginous 
quartz or jasper, of a blood or brownish red colour: 
sinopia, n. si-?w'-pl-d, also sinopite, n. sin'6-pit, a fine 
red pigment, much used by the ancients. 

sinter, n. sln'tir (Ger. sintern, to drop, to petrify; 
sinter, dross, sinter), compact incrustations from silici- 
ous or calcareous springs, as silicious-sinter and calc- 
sinter, — sinter is distinguished from tuff or tufa, which 
is open and porous, by having a hard ringing sound 
when struck by the hammer : pearl-sinter, a variety 
of opal of a pearly lustre. 

sinuate, a. sin'u-at (L. sinuafum, to swell out in 
curves— from sinus, a bent surface, a curve : F. sinue", 
having sinuses or incisions), in bot., cut so as to have 
a broken and wavy margin— applied to the margin of a 
leaf: v. to wind ; to bend in and out : sin'uating, imp.: 
sin'uated, pp.: sin'ua'tion, n. -a'shiin, a winding or 
bending in and out : sin'uous, a. -us, also sin'uose, a. 
-6s, wavy ; bending in and out ; undulating : sin'uous- 
ly, ad. -li: sin'uos'itv, n. -os'i-tl, the quality of wind- 
ing in and out ; a series of bends and turns : sinus, n. 
si'-nus, a bend or recess in the coast ; in anat., a cavity 
in a bone, wider at the bottom ; a dilated form of 
vein; in surg., an elongated cavity containing pus; 
in bot., the indentation or recess formed by the lobes 
of leaves ; a groove or cavity. 

sip, v. sip (related to sap, sop, sup, representing the 
sound of a liquid in sucking or agitating in a confined 
space: Ger. saufen, to sup up: Dut. sippen, to take 

c&iv, boy, fool; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun-, tiling, there, zeal. 



3 SIRN 

small draughts : Gr. siphon, a hollow reed or tube), 
to drink or imbibe in small ipiautities with the lips; 
to drink or taste in small quantities; to drink out of: 
n. a small draught ; as much as the mouth will hold, 
or the lips take up at one movement: sip'ping, imp.: 
sipped, pp. sipt : sip'per, n. -per, one who sips. 

sipe, v. slj) (AS. sipan, to distil : prov. Ger. sijpen, 
to ooze out), to ooze or drain out slowly— prov. Eng.: 
siping, imp. si'-ping : n. act of oozing : siped, pp. sipt. 

siphilis— see syphilis. 

siphon, n. sl'-fon (Gr. siphon; L. sipho, a hollow- 
reed or tube : F. siphon : It. sifone), a bent pipe or 
tube whose arms are of unequal length, chiefly used 
for drawing oil' liquids from casks, &c: siphonic, a. 
si-fun- tk. pert, to a siphon: siphon-barometer, a bar- 
ometer in which the lower end of the tube is bent up- 
wards like a siphon: siphon-gauge, a glass siphon, 
filled partly with mercury, used to indicate the degree 
of rarefaction produced in the receiver of an air-pump : 
siphonia, n. si-fo'-ni-d, in<7eoZ.,agenus of fossil sponges, 
having a pear-shaped body mounted on a slender stalk, 
occurring abundantly in the chalks and greensands of 
Europe: siphoniferous, a, si'-fdn-i/'er-Hs (L. fero, I 
bear), having a siphon within a polythalamous shell, 
as in the si'phonif'era, -if'-ir-d. 

siphono-branchiate, a". sT-jun-u-brang'-kl-dt (Gr. si- 
phon, a siphon, and hnnigrhin, gills), having a tube by 
which water is carried to the gills. 

siphuncle, n. shji'uni'kl (I,, siphintcidus, a little pipe 
—from sipho, a siphon), any small tube or tubular pas- 
sage; the tube-liko perforation which passes through 
the septa and chambers of such shells as the nautilus, 
the ammonite, <£c: siphun'cled, a. -kid, having a si- 
phuncle: siphun'cular, a. -kii-ler, pert, to a siphuncle; 
siphun'culated, a. -la-ted, furnished with a little siphon 

siquis, si'kiL<is (L. if any one), a notice given of the 
intention of a candidate for holy orders to inquire 
whether there be any impediment in his way. 

sir, n. sir (It. ssr or sere, a title of doctors, priests, 
clerks, &c: F. sire, sir or master: mod. Gr. kur, sir, 
master— from kurios, lord), a word of respect used in 
addressing any man; madam is the corresponding 
word in addressing women; a word prefixed to the 
name of a knight or baronet. 

sircar, n. sir-Mr (Hind, sarkar, a chief, a superin- 
tendent—from sar, the head, and kar, work), in Hind- 
ustan, a native clerk or writer. 

sirdar, n. sir-da r (Hind, surdar, a chief— from sar, 
the head, and dar, holding), in IChulustan, a native 
chief or headman. 

sire, n. sir (F. sire, sir or master, a title without ad- 
dition given only to the king, but to others with some 
addition : mod. Gr. kures, the father), a word of re- 
ipect, used only in addressing a king; 



horse : v. as applied t. 

sire'ing, imp.: sired, pp. slrd: sire'less, a. -I 

having a sire. 

siren, n. si'-rgn (L. siren ; Gr. seiren ; It. sirena ; F. 
sirene, a siren), in anc. myth., the sirens, birds with 
the faces of virgins, found on the southern coast of 
Italy, who, by their sweet voices, enticed ashore those 
who were sailing by, and then killed them ; an entic- 
ing or alluring woman ; an amphibious reptile nearly 
like an eel: adj. pert, to a siren; bewitching; fasci- 
nating: si'rene, n. -ren. in acoustics, an instr. for de- 
termining the number of vibrations corresponding to 
the different pitches of musical sounds : sirenia, n. si- 
re'-ni-d, an order of mammalia containing animals 
akin to the manatee or sea-cow, and the dugong, which, 
from their aquatic habits, and the formation of their 
hinder extremities, have been compared with the si- 
rens : sire'nian, a. -ni-an, relating to the order sirenia. 

siriasis, n. si-ri'-d-sis (Gr. seiriasis, sunstroke— from 
seirios, hot, scorching), in med., a disease of childhood, 
consisting of inflammation of the brain or its mem- 
branes, caused by the excessive heat of the sun. 

Sirius, n. slr'-l-iis (L. sirius, the dog-star— from Gr. 
seirios, hot, scorching : It. sirio), the dog-star, so called 
because its heliacal rising followed close upon the sum- 
mer solstice, the season of the greatest heats in the 
Mediterranean latitudes, during which dogs were 
liable to madness. 

sirloin, n. sir'-ldyn (F. surlonge, a sirloin of beef—" 
from sur, over, and lunge, a loin— popularly said that 
the loin was sportively knighted by Charles II.), a 
loin of beef. 

sirname— see surname. 



SIRO 5 

sirocco, n. sl-rok'ko (It. sirocco ; Sp. siroco, the 
sirocco— from Ar. sharki, easterly), the hot parching 
wind which occasionally passes over the south of Italy, 
Malta, and Sicily in the latter part of summer and 
autumn, and which is supposed to originate in the 
Sahara or Great Desert of Africa. 

sirrah, n. slr'-rd (a supposed corruption of sir, ha, 
or ho), a word used in anger, contempt, or reproach, 
sometimes in familiarity, in addressing. 

sirup, n., more usually spelt syrup, n. slr'-up (F. 
sirop, sweet juice: Ar. sliurba, soup, gruel), the juice 
of vegetables or fruit sweetened with sugar: sir'uped, 
a. -Apt, moistened with sirup or sweet juice: sir'upy, 
a. -up-l, like sirup, or partaking of its qualities. 

sirvente, n. slr-vdngt' (F. sirvente, aucient poetry), 
in the middle ages, a particular kind of poetry in com- 
mon use among the troubadours. 

siskin, n. sls'kln (Sw. siska, a siskin: Dut. sissen, 
to twitter like small birds), a small singing-bird, of a 
yellowish hue. 

sist, v. sist (L. sisfere, to cause to stand, to stop), in 
Scot, civil and eccles. law, to stop ; not to go further 
in the mean time: sist nig, imp.: sisfed, pp.: to sist 
procedure, to delay judicial proceedings in a cause: 
to sist one's self, to take a place at the bar of a court 
where one's cause is to be tried. 

sister, n. sis'ter (Goth, swistar ; Pol. siostra; Lith. 
sessere; Fin. sisa; Sans, sirastri; L. soror, sister), a 
female born of the same parents— the male is called 
a brother; a woman of the same faith or of the same 
society: sis'terly, a. -II, like a sister; affectionate: 
sis'terless, a. -18s, having no sister: sister-in-law, 
n. a husband's or a wife's sister : sis'terhood, n. -hood, 
a society of females united in one faith or order. 

sistrum, n. sls'trum (L. sistrum; Gr. seistron, a 
sistrum, a metallic kind of rattle— from Gr. seiein, to 
shake: It. sistro: F. sist re), a musical instr. used by 
the anc. Egyptians in the worship of Isis, consisting 
of a thin oval metal frame, through which passed 
loosely a number of metal rods, and furnished with a 
handle. 

Sisyphus, n. sis'l-fils (L. Sisii/ilnis; (h: Sisuplms, 
Sisyphus), in anc. myth., the son of iEolus, king of 
Corinth, famous for his cunning and robberies, and 
who was killed by Theseus— condemned by Pluto in 
the infernal regions to roll a stone up-hill, which 
constantly rolled back again, thus making his task in- 
cessant : Sis'yphe'an, a. -je'an, relating to Sisyphus ; 
incessantly recurring. 

sit, v. sit (AS. sittan, to sit: Ger. sitzen; Icel. sitia, 
to sit : L. sid".re, to seat one's self : Gr. hizo, I make to 
sit), to rest on the lower part of the trunk of the body ; 
to be in a state of rest or idleness ; to settle or abide ; 
to he in any situation or condition; to cause to be 
seated ; to brood ; to be convened, as an assembly ; to 
hold a session ; to exercise authority ; to place on a 
seat, followed by him, himself, me, &c; to represent 

111 I ;:, liable, I .. ' \\> :: I, iin ' 'l"rH . m ■, , '.: en mi 

hear, as weight: sifting, imp.: n. a seat or place, as 
in a church; the. actual meeting of any body of men; 
the time for which one sits, as for a painter to take 
the likeness, at play, &c: sat or sate, pt. sdt: sat, 
pt. pp. sdt, sometimes sitten, pp. sit'n: sifter, n. 
-ter, one who sits : to sit down, to place one's self 
on a chair or seat ; to settle ; to fix one's abode ; to 
he seated ; to begin a siege : to sit for a portrait, to 
assume, for a limited time, a proper position to allow 
one's portrait to be painted by an artist : to sit out, 
to remain till all is done : to sit up, to rise from a 
recumbent position ; not to go to bed. 
site, n. sit (F. asxicttc, the situation of a house, a 



sore growing on a horse's hack under the saddle. 

sithe, &c— see sythe. 

sitiology, n. sU'l-6l'o-jl, also sitology, n. sl-tol'6-jl 
(Gr. sitos or sition, bread, food, and logos, a discourse), 
in phys., the doctrine or consideration of aliments 
diel 



■jilnis.. 

itetics. 



situated, a. sit'u-a-t&d, also sif uate, a. -at (L. situs, 
situation, local position : It. situato; Sp. sif undo, sit- 
uated), permanently fixed; placed with respect to any 
other object; being in any state or condition with re- 
spect to others: sif ua'tioh, n. -a'shiin, position; loca- 
tion in respect of something else ; state or condii imi • 
place or office, as in a situation. 

situs, n. sl'tus (L. situs, situation), in lot, the pecu- 
late, mat, far, Icfio; mete, met, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



14 SKED 

liar mode in which parts are disposed, as well as the 1 
position they occupy. 

sitz-bath, n. siti'bi'ith (Or. sitz, a seat, and bad, a I 
bath), a sort of tub for bathing in a sitting posture. 

Siva, n. se'vd, in Hind, myth., the avenger or de- 
stroyer, one of the persons of their divine Trinity. 

Sivalic, a. si-val'lk, also Siwalick, a. si-wal'lk, a 
name applied to a range of minor mountains skirting 
the southern hase of the Himalayas. 

Sivan, n. si-van, the third month of the Jewish 
ecclesiastical year, including parts of our May and 
June. 

sivatherium, n. slv'-d-the'ri-um (Siva, an Indian 
goddess, and Gr. therion.si wild beast), a gigantic f< issil 
mammal, larger than a, rhinoceros, having four horns, 
and furnished with a proboscis. 

six, n. slks (L. sex; Gr. hex; Goth, saifis; Heh. 
schesch ; Sans, shasta, six), the next in number after 
five ; as a prefix, having six : sixfold, a. six times re- 
peated : sixpence, an Eng. silver coin, in value six pen- 
iM. . 1 1 ; , i i . i in dxpenny, a. worth sixpence : six- 
score, n. in number, 120 ; six times twenty : six teen, n. 
-ten (AS. sixtene, six + ten, sixteen), six and ten ; the 
number after fifteen: six'teenth, a. -tenth, the ordi- 
nal of sixteen : n. one of sixteen equal parts : sixth, 
a. siksth, the ordinal of six: n. the sixth part ; one of 
six equal parts ; an interval in music : sixthly, ad. 
-II, in the sixth place: sixty, n. slks'tl (AS. sixtig, six 
x ten, sixty), six times ten ; the next after fifty-nine: 
six'tieth, a. -tl-eth, the ordinal of sixty : n. one of sixty 
equal parts : sixth-rate, one of the smaller British 
war- vessels: to be at sixes and sevens, to be in a 
state of utter confusion and disorder. 

sixteenmo, n. slks-ten'-mo, also sexto-decimo, n. 
scks'to-dcs'i-mO (L. sextus-decimus, the sixteenth — 
from sextus, the sixth, and decimus, the tenth), among 
printers, a sheet folded into sixteen leaves, or thirty- 
two pages, usually abbreviated into 16mo. 

size, n. slz (contr. of old Eng. assize, a statute regu- 
lating the measure and price of commodities: It. 
assisa ; F. assise, a sitting, a settlement, an arrange- 
ment), extent of bulk ; magnitude ; largeness : size or 
sizing, n. at Cambridge University, food and drink 
from the buttery aside from the regular dinner at 
commons: v. to arrange according to bulk or size; 
to have extra food from the buttery: si'zing, imp.: 
sized, pp. slzd:. adj. having a particular magnitude, 
as large-sized, common-sized: sizable, a. sl'zd-bl, of 
large bulk ; of suitable size : si'zar, n. -zer (old Eng. 
assize, corrupted intos/se, settlement or arrangement, 
hence the ordinance for regulating the sale of bread or 
of fuel, an allowance), a student of the lowest class at 
the University of Cambridge who receives food and 
tuition at a reduced cost, and who formerly waited on 
the table at meals : si'zarship, n. -ship, the condition 
of a sizar. 

size, n. slz (It. assisa; Sp. sisa, a kind of glue that 
painters use: W. syth, glue), a weak soft glue used by 
painters ; a gluey varnish used by gilders, paper- 
makers, and artists : v. to cover with size, or prepare 
with it : si'zing, imp.: n. a kind of glue used in manu- 
i i no , i .. . - ... ,■ , ness.n. -zi-n&s, 

the quality of being gluey or viscous: si'zy, a. -zl, 
thick and viscous. 

sizel, n. si'zel (a corruption of scissel, which see), in 
coining, the residue of bars of silver after pieces are 
cut out for coins. 

skate, n. skat (L. squat us or squatina; It. squadro, _ 
a species of shark : Icel. skata, a skate, from its pointed 
tail : Norm, skata, to run to a point), a well-known flat 
sea-fish having spines or thorns. 

skate, n. skat (Norm, skata, to run to a point), a 
piece of wood shaped for fitting on the sole of a boot 
or shoe, and furnished on its under side with a slip 
of iron, used for moving rapidly along the surface 
of ice : v. to move along the surface of ice by means of 
skates : ska'ting, imp.: n. the act or art of moving 
rapidly on ice by means of skates: ska'ted, pp.: ska- 
ter, n. -ter, one who skates. 

skean, n. sken (Gael, sgian, a knife), in Scot, a dirk 
or dagger ; a knife- 
skedaddle, v. sM-dad'1 (Icel. si ,1,1,1 ilrgast, signify- 
ing, in all haste: probable connected with Dut. schud- 
den, to shake, to jolt: old Eng. scuddle, to run away 
all of a sudden), an Americanism— to act the coward 
in running away from the post of danger or duty; to 
betake one's self to flight in a hasty or secret man- 
ner; to flee: skedad'dling, imp. -ling: skedaddled, 
pp. -ddd'ld. 



SKEE 



5S5 



SKUL 



skeet, n. sket (a provable coi-ruption of En?, scoop : 
Oer. schiitten, to send forth, to pour), in ships, a scoop 
with a long handle, used to wet the decks and sides of 
a ship to keep them cool and prevent the splitting of 
the wood by the heat of the sun. 

skein, n. skan cF. escaigne; W. cainc or ysgainc, a 
branch: Gael, sgeinnidh, flax or hemp, thread), a 
quantity of thread or silk yarn coiled together after 
being taken off the reel— the skein containing 80 
threads, each 54 inches long. 

skeleton, n. skei'-e-tn (Gr. skeleton, a dried body, a 
mummy— from skello, I make dry : F. squelette), the 
bones of any animal dried and retained in their natu- 
ral positions ; the bones of an animal separate from its 
flesh; the outline or framework of anything; the 
heads or outline of a sermon or literary- work ; a per- 
son much emaciated: adj. consisting of mere frame- 
work; containing mere outlines or heads: skeleton- 
key, a thin light key with nearly the whole centre 
parts filed away. 

skep, n. skip, also skip, n. skip (Gael, sgeap, a bee- 
hive: AS. seep, a basket), a coarse sort of basket, wide 
at the top and narrow at the bottom; in Scot., a bee- 
hive made of twisted straw ; honeycomb of a hive. 

skeptic, skepticism, &c. — see sceptic. 

skerry, n. skir'rl, sker'ries, n. plu. -rlz (Icel. skeer, a 
rock, and ey, an island : Ger. schere, a rock, a cliff], a 
rocky isle; a reef. 

sketch, n. skich (F. esquisse; It. schizzo, a rough 
draught: Dut. Madden, to scribble: Low Ger. klaclde, 
the sketch of a writing), a rough dash or outline ; the 
rough or first draught of any plan or design ; a slightly- 
executed picture, in which the general effect is at- 
tended to, but not the details : v. to draw the outline 
or general figure of; to make a rough draught of; to 
plan; to delineate: sketch'ing, imp.: n. the art of 
copying from nature for a finished work ; the art or 
practice of copying in outline: sketched, pp. skicht: 
sketch' er, n. -er, one who sketches : sketch 'y, a. -I, 
containing' an outline only; slightly finished; incom- 
plete: sketch ily, ad. -i-U: sketch'iness, n. -tics, the 
state of being sketchy; incompleteness : sketch-book, 
a book formed of drawing-paper used for sketching in. 

skew, a. sku (Ger. schief; Dut. sch.ee/; Icel. skci/r ; 
Dan. skicev. oblique, wry: Gr. skaios ; L. sccevus, 
left), wry; distorted; oblique; intersected at an angle 
greater or less than a right angle : n. in masonry, an 
oblique arch; anything sloping from another at an 
obtuse angle: skew-back, an abutment which slopes 
to receive the arch : skew-bridge, a bridge which does 
not carry a road or railway over and above another 
road, a canal, or a river at right angles to it, but at 
some other angle, in order better to maintain the con- 
tinuity of the new track. 

skewer, n. sku'er (Dan. skiceve; Low Ger. scheve, a 
bit of straw, the stalk of hemp or flax: Icel. ski/a, a 
shiver), a pin of wood or iron for fastening meat to a 
spit, or for keeping it together whilst roasting: v. to 
fasten with skewers: skewering, imp.: skew'ered, pp. 
-erd. 

skid, n. skid (Ger. scheit, a splinter: Icel. skidi, a 
billet of wood), a piece of wood on which heavy weights 
are made to slide ; a piece of timber placed or hung 
against a ship's side to preserve it from injury by the 
rubbing of heavy rough bodies against it ; a sliding- 
wedge or a chain to stop the wheel of a carriage or 
wa°gon turning, in descending a steep : v. to check 
with a skid: skid'ding, imp.: skid'ded, pp. 

skiff, n. ski/ (F. esgui/; It. schiffo; L. scapha; Gr. 
skaphe, a boat, a skiff), a small light boat : v. to pass 
over in a light boat : skif'fing, imp.: skiffed, pp. skl/t. 

skill, n. skil (Icel. sA Miction: Dan. 

skille, to sever, to put asunder : AS. scylan, to distin- 
guish), great readiness mi 1 ability in the practical ap- 
plication of any art, science, or handicraft; art; dex- 
terity: skilled, a. skild, bavins great readiness and 
ability ; expert : skilful, a. skU'/obl, well versed in 
any art, science, or handicraft; able in management; 
expert; discriminating: skilfully, ad. -II: skil'ful- 
ness, n -nes, the quality of possessing skill; ability 
derived from experience. 

skillet, n. skil'let (F. escuellette, a little dish: It. 
squrfla, a little bell), a small metal vessel with a long 
handle, used for heating water. 

skim, v. skim (from scum, which see), to take off the 
scum, thence to move lightly over the surface of a 
liquid ; to clear of scum or floating matter ; to pass 
very near the surface ; to glide along ; to pass lightly ; 
to glide smoothly : skim'rnine. imn. : n. the act of 



which is removed from the surface of a liquid by skim- 
ming: skimmed, pp. skund: skimmer, n. sklm'-iutr, 
one who or that which skims: skim'mingly, ad. -II: 
skimmed milk or skim-milk, milk from which the 
cream has been taken. 

skin, n. skin (Dut. srhinde; W. cenn, skin, peel: 
Icel. skim), skin, fur : AS. scin. skin), the external and 
natural covering of an animal's body; the bark of a 
plant ; the husk or rind of fruits or seeds : v. to strip 
the hide or covering from ; to flay ; to cover with skin ; 
to acquire a skin : skins, n. plu. skiriz, the pelts of 
small animals, as of sheep, goats, or seals : skin'ning, 
imp.: skinned, pp. skind: adj. covered with a skin: 
skinner, n. skin'-,' ■:,-. one wh > deals in skins : skin-deep, 
superficial; slight: skinless, a. -ISs, bavins' no skin: 
skin'flint, a very niggardly person : skinful, a. -fool, 
all that can be held by the skin ; skin'ny, a. -ni, ex- 
tremely thin; emaciated: skin'niness, n. -nl-nCs, the 
quality of being skinny. 

skink, n. sklngk (L. scincus; Gr. skingkos; F. scinque, 
a skink), a small lizard of Egypt, and widely distrib- 
uted in warm climates. 

skip, v. skip (W. tip, a sudden snatch or effort : Gael. 
sgiab, to start or move suddenly: Icel. skopa, to run 
about), to leap lightly ; to spring or bound as a goat ; 
to pass over ; to omit : n. a light leap ; a bound ; in 
sugar-making in W. J., a charge or strike of syrup 
from the coppers : skipping, imp.: adj. leaping light- 
ly; bounding: skip'pingly, ad. -II: skipped, pp. sklpt : 
to skip over, to pass without notice ; to omit : skip- 
jack, an upstart; an interloper; a lackey: skip- 
ping-rope, a, cord, generally mounted with handles, 
u.v-,1 iiy children in skipping in play. 

skip— see skep. 

skipper, n. skipper (Dut. sch ipper, a sailor : Gael. 
- ship's company), the master of a trading or 



merchant . . . 

skirmish, n. skir- 

mVtzcl; It. sea ram 

■ . outcry), ; 

tin y fight in eorifus 

to fight slightly or 
ties : skir mishing, 



ilsh (F. escarmouche. ; Ger. schar- 
ccia.a skirmish: AS. hream; W. 
1 encounter of a few men when 
m; a slight combat between de- 
. parties from the main bodies: v. 
cmsely in small or detached par- 



to glide smoothly : skim'raing, imp. : n. the act of 

',/obt; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, 



adj. fighting in a loose desultory 
manner, as skirmishing parties: skir'mished, pp. 
-mlsht : skir'misher, n. -mish-ir, one who skirmishes. 

skirt, n. skert (Icel. skyrta, a shirt: Dan. skiiirt ; 
Sw. skorte, a skirt : AS. sceort, short : akin to shirt, 
which see), the loose part of a coat or garment below 
the waist; border; margin; among butchers, the 
midriff : v. to border ; to form the border or edge of ; 
to be on the border ; to go along the edge of; to live 
near the extremity: skirting, imp.: n. in arch., the 
narrow upright boarding placed round the margin of 
a floor; material for skirts : skirt'ed, pp. 

skittish, a. skit'-itsh (It. schizzinoso, peevish, froward 
—from schizzare, to spirt and leap, as wine when 
poured into a cup), humoursome ; frisking ; wanton ; 
volatile; shy; easily frightened: skittishly, ad. -If: 
skit'tishness, n. -nes, the state of being skittish; wan- 
tonness. 

skittles, n. plu. sklt'-tlz (probably akin to It. schiz- 
zare; Scot, skite, to squirt or shoot forth), a game in 
winch wooden pins set up in an upright position, 
usually four in a square, are knocked down with a 
large ball : skittle-ball, a ball for throwing at skittles. 

skivers, n. plu. skl'vers (Dut. scheve, a shive or 
slice : Dan. skive, a thin slice : Icel. ski/a, to split- 
see shiver), split sheep-skins tanned in sumac and 
dyed, used for bookbinding, &c. 

skorodite, n. skor'6-dit (Gr. skorodon, garlic), a 
hydrous arseniate of iron of a leek-green colour, in- 
clining to brown. 

skreen, skra ng of screen, which see. 

skulk, v. skulk (Dan. skulke, to slink, to sneak: Low 
Ger. schulken, to shirk school; schulen, to conceal 
one's self, as from shame or fear), to get out of the 
way in a slinking, sneaking manner ; to lurk : n., also 
skulk'er, n. -er, one who skulks ; one who avoids or 
shirks duty : skulking, imp. : skulked, pp. skulkt : 
skulk'ingly, ad. -II. 

skull, n. ska 11 : Icel. skal, a bowl: 

Sw. skull or skoll ; old Eng. schal, a bowl or drinking- 
cup), the spherical bony covering of the brain, includ- 
ing the whole head, except the lower part of the face ; 
the head : skull-cap, a close cap to fit the upper part 



n, thing, there, zeal. 



SKUN 5 

skunk, n. skungk (W. I. seganku), an Amer. ani- 

''":■!, allied id ,:,■■ weasel, wmch has the power of 

"J: 1'ilnv an ini.dh nhl . ie id !|. •;«•■ ,:}, ■. , h 

resembling tin: skunk, especially in its odour. 

skurry, n. skur'rl (old Eng. scur, to move hastily : 
Gael, sgiorr, to stumble : Dan. skurre, to far), confused 
haste, used in the familiar phrase hurry-skurry, n. 
Jiiir'-rl-skur'-rt, impetuous haste. 

sky, n. ski (Sw. sky, a cloud ; skyn, the sky : Icel. 
sky, a cloud: connected with AS. scuwa; Dut. 
schoede; Gr. skia, shadow, shade), the region of clouds 
which surrounds the earth ; the vault of the heavens ; 
climate: plu. skies, sklz: skyed, a. skid, surrounded 
by skies: skyey, a. skl'-i, resembling the sky; ethe- 
real: sky'ish, a. -ish, like the sky: sky-blue, azure: 
sky-colour, a particular kind of blue colour; azure: 
sky-high, a. very high : skylark, a bird that mounts 
and sings as it flies : skylarking, among seamen, run- 
ning sportively among the rigging ; in familiar lan- 
guage, running and lurking a.bmd. any place in a clan- 
destine manner: sky-light, a window in the roof of a 
building : sky-rocket, -rok'-et, a rocket that bums as 
it ascends : sky-sail, a sail sometimes set above the 
royal : sky-scraper, a sky-sail of a triangular form : 
skyward, ad. towards the sky : open sky, a sky with- 
out clouds ; with no covering or shelter from the sky. 

slab, n. slab (W. llab, a flag or thin strip— probably 
in the sense of a piece separated from the mass : F. 
loppe, a lump : Swab, loppern, to be loose and shaky), 
a thin flat piece of marble or other stone ; a flat mass 
of metal ; tin outside plank of a log of timber. 

slabber, v. slnh'-ih'.r (Ger. schlnbhrrn, to slabber one's 
clothes: Swiss, :;<-hl.<t\>Uth^ wain-y drink: Dut. slab- 
teren, to lap), to spill liquid food in eating ; to slaver ; 
to drivel: slab'bering, imp.: slab'bered, pp. -herd: 
slab'berer, 11. -ber-er, one who slabbers ; an imbecile ; 
an idiot : slab'by, a. -bi, thick ;. viscous ; sloppy. 

slack, a. sl&k (Icel. slak; Flem. slack; Ger. schlapp ,• 
Dan. slap, not tight, loose : AS. sleac, slack), loose ; 
relaxed ; not tightly extended ; backward ; not busy, 
as applied to business; not using due diligence: n. 
the part of a rope which has no strain upon it ; a kind 
of small broken coal : ad. partially ; not intensely : 
slack'ly, ad. -It, not tightly: slack'ness, n. -nes, loose- 
ness; inattention; slowness: slack-dried, a. partially 
or insufficiently dried : slack-rope, a rope having no 
strain upon it : slack-water, the interval between the 
ebb and flow of the tide, during which there is no 
tide-current: slacken, v. siak'-n, also slack, v. sidle, to 
loosen; to become loss rigid; to make less tense or 
tight; to abate: to diminish in severity; to neglect; 
to deprive of tne power of cohesion, as burnt lime- 
shell— properly slake, which see : n. in metallurgy, 
spongy, slaggy materials mixed with ores to prevent 
their fusion whilst roasting: slackening, imp. slak- 
nlng: slackened, pp. sldk'-nd: also slacking, imp.: 
slacked, pp. sldkt. 

slag, n. slag {Ger. schlacke; Sw. slagg, dross of met- 
als : Norm, slagg, spittle : Sw. slagg, slush, a mixture 
of snow and water), the dross or refuse from metallic 
ores after being smelted ; vitrified cinders : slag'gy, a. 
-gl, pert, to or resembling slag. 

slain, v. sldn, pp. of the verb slay, which see. 

slake, v. slak (see under slack : Icel. slak, not tight : 
Dan. slukke, to extinguish), to quench, as thirst"; to 
reduce to powder by adding water, as lime ; to abate ; 
to become extinct: sla'king, imp.: slaked, pp. slakt: 
adj. mixed or besprinkled with water so as to be re- 
duced to powder, as burnt limestone : slaked lime, 
lime reduced to powder by water thrown upon it. 

slam, v. sliim (Lap. slam, noise: Sw. slamra, to 
jingle, to clatter : It. schiamo, uproar, noise), to strike 
with force and noise ; to shut with violence ; to win all 
the tricks at cards : n. a stroke with much noise ; the 
violent shutting of a door; the refuse from alum- 
works : slam'ming, imp.: slammed, pp. sldmd: slam- 
ni 

slander, n. sl&n'der (F. esclandre ; old Eng. sclaun- 
der, scandal, discredit— from Gr. skandalon, cause of 
offence, a snare), a false tale or report tending to in- 
jure the reputation of another ; defamation : v. to in- 
jure bymaliciously spreading a false report ; todefame: 
slan'dering, imp.: slan'dered, pp. -derd: slan'derer, 
n. -dAr-er, one who slanders : slan'derous, a. -us, that 
utters or contains defamatory words; calumnious: 
slan'derously, ad. -II: slan'derousness, n. -mis, the 
state or quality of being defamatory. 

slang, v. sldng, pt. of sling, which see. 



sldng (Norm, slengja, to fling, to cast 

mate, m&t,fdr, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, mCve, 



6 SLAV 

slengje-or, slang words, insulting words: connected 
with J,, lingua, the tongue), literally, the language of 
the gipsies; a name applied to those familiar and 
pithy words and phrases, both coarse and refined, 
which have their origin by accident or caprice, in use 
by persons in every grade of life, rich and poor, and 
which float about and change with fashion and taste, 
but not without leaving permanent and recognised 
additions to the language. 

slant, a. slant (It. schiancio, oblique, sloping: W. 
ysglr-nt-io; Sw. slinta, to slide, to slip), sloping; ob- 
lique; inclined from a direct line: n. an inclined 
plane : v. to turn from a direct line ; to give a sloping 
direction to; to incline: slanting, imp.: adj. inclin- 
ing from a right line; having an oblique direction: 
slant'ed, pp.: slantingly, ad. -II, in a slanting direc- 
tion : slant'wise, ad. -vriz, also slant'ly, ad. -li, ob- 
liquely ; in an inclined direction. 

slap, n. sldp (It. schinffo, a slap: Dan. slap; Ger. 
srhlajtp, slack, loose: Ger. schlappen; Low Ger. slab- 
ben, to lap or suck up with a noise : an imitative 
word), a blow given with the open hand, or with any- 
thing broad and flat : v. to strike with the open hand, 
or with a broad flat thing : ad. with a sudden violent 
blow: slap'ping, imp.: adj. familiarly, rapid: slapped, 
pp. sldpt: slap-dash, ad. all at once ; with wild aim ; 
precipitately: slap-jack, a kind of pancake : slapper, 
a. si 'ilj I'/j'ir, familiarly, very large; of great size. 

slash, v. sldsh (a word imitative of a blow like a 
dash among a liquid : Dan. slaske, to dabble : Sw. 
slaska, to be sloppy : Icel. slasa, to strike and wound), 
to cut by striking violently at random ; to strike at 
random with a sword or other edged instrument : n. a 
cut made at random with a sword or knife and such- 
like; a long cut: slashing, imp.: adj. cutting at ran- 
dom; cutting up; sarcastic: slashed, pp. sldsht: 
adj. having long narrow openings, as a sleeve, &c, 
to show a brighter-coloured cloth beneath; in bot., 
deeply gashed; divided by deep and very acute in- 
cisions. 

slatch, n. sldch (from slack, which see), among sea- 
men, the middle or slack part of a rope ; an interval of 
fair weather. 

slate, n. slat (old Eng. sclat, stone used for roofing: 
F. esclat, a splinter: Lang, esclata, to crack: AS. 
slitan; Icel. slit, to break), any rock that can be split 
due linn lamina 01 plates; argillaceous rocks whose 
lamination is produced by cleavage ; a thin plate of 
stone for roofing, or for writing on : foliated rocks, 
like gneiss and mica-schist, are termed schists and not 
slates; thinly-bedded sandstones are called flagstones 
or tilestones -. adj. made or consisting of slate : v. to 
cover or roof with slates : sla'ting, imp. : n. the cover 
of slates put on a roof; materials for covering a roof: 
sla'ted, pp.: sla'ter, n. -ter, one whose occupation is 
to cover roofs with slates, &c: sla'ty, a. -ti, resem- 
bling slate; having the cleavable structure of clay- 
slate : sla'tiness, n. -tl-nes, the state or quality of being 
slaty : slate-coal, a hard coal that can readily be split 
into pieces : slate-grey, blue with a large admixture 
of grey: slate-pencil, a pencil of soft slatestone for 
writing on school-slates: slate-spar, calcareous spar 
—so called from its occurring in thin slaty lamellre. 

slattern, n. slat-tern (Ger. schlottern, to hang flap- 
ping about one, as clothes : Dut. slodderen, to hang 
and flap : Swiss, schlodig, negligent in dress: Bav. 
schlutt, a dirty person), a woman negligent of her 
dress ; one who is not neat or nice : slat'ternly, a. -li, 
not elnan; slovenly; untidy: ad. negligently. 

slaughter, n. slaw'-ter (icel. sld, to strike; slatr, 
meat of slaughtered cattle : AS. slaege ; Ger. schlagen, 
to strike— see slay), great destruction of life by vio- 
lence; carnage; butchery; a killing of oxen, sheep, 
&c, for human food: v. to make great destruction of 
life by violence ; to kill beasts for the market : slaugh- 
tering, imp.: slaugh'tered, pp. -terd: slaughter er, 
n. -ter-er, one who slaughters : slaughterous, a. -iis, 
murderous; destructive: slaugh'terously, ad. -II: 
slaughter-houses, erections where beasts are killed 
for market: slaughter-man, one employed to kill 
beasts for human food. 

slave, n. slav (F. esclave; It. schiavo; Ger. sclave, a 
slave : supposed to be taken from Sclavi, the name of 
the Sclavonian race, a common source for slaves in 
early times : old Dut. slavven, a slave), any one held as 
a bond-servant for life ; a human being wholly the pro- 
perty of another ; one who surrenders himself wholly 
to any power, as to an appetite, or to the influence of 
another; a drudge: v. to drudge; to toil unremit- 



SLAV 



587 



SLIC 



tinglv: sla'ving, imp.: slaved, pp. sl&vd: slaver, n. 
slaiir, a ship fitted for carrying slaves: slavery, 
n. -I, the state of being absolutely the property of an- 
other for life ; bondage for life ; exhausting and mean 
labour ; drudgery ; captivity : slavish, a. -vlsh, pert. to 
slaves ; mean ; servile ; meanly laborious : slavishly, 
ad. 11: sla'vislniess, n. -nSs, the state or quality of 
being slavish : slave-born, born in a state of slavery : 
slave-catcher, one whose occupation is to pursue and 
capture runaway slaves : slave-catching, the business 
of searching for and capturing runaway slaves : slave- 
coast, part of the western coast of Africa from which 
slaves were carried: slave-coffle, -ko/'fl (Ar. knfaia, a 
caravan), a band of slaves to be sold : slave-driver, 
one who superintends slaves when at work: slave 
bolder or owner, one who possesses slaves : slave- 
hunt, a hostile incursion for the capture of persons to 
make slaves of them; a search after fugitive slaves : 
slave-snip, a ship employed in carrying slaves : slave- 
trade, the traffic in slaves ; the purchasing or kidnap- 
ping of human beings for slaves, particularly on the 
coast of Africa, in order to carry them in ships to dis- 
tant countries. 

slaver, n. slav'cr (a variat ion "f -7<'<'. r.- Icel. slafra, 
to lick: Norm, sieve, slaver or drivel: L. saliva, spit- 
tle), saliva drivelling from the mouth; drivel: v. to 
emit spittle; to smear or foul with saliva issuing from 
the mouth; to be smeared with spittle: slav'ering, 
imp.: slav'ered, pp. -tird: slaverer, n. -er-er, a driv- 
eller; an idiot. 

Slavonic, a. slti-von'-ik, also Slavonian, a. sld-vo'- 
ni-an, pert, to the anc. inhabitants of Poland or Sla- 
vonia; also spelt Sclavonic and Sclavo'nian — see 
Sclave and slave. 

slay, v. sla {AS. slean; Goth. Sicilian; Ger. srhlagen, 
to smite), to put to death by a weapon ; to kill ; to 
murder: slaying, imp.: slew, pt, slo, did slay: slain, 
pp. shin: slayer, n. -er, one who slays. 

sleave, n. slev (AS. slifan, to cleave or split : prov. 
Dan. store, a twist in thread : Lap. sleuwo, confused), 
the knotted or entangled part of silk or thread; the 
refuse of the cocoon which cannot be wound off, but 
only spun : v. to separate threads ; to sley : sleav'ing, 
imp.: sleaved, pp. slevd: adj. raw; unwrought. 

sleazy, a. slv'-zi I Ger. scldeiszig, worn out, thread- 
bare), wanting firmness of texture or substance; 
flimsy ; weak. 

sled, n. sled (Put. sh\hh .- Ger. sr],iittcn, a sledge; 
schlittern, to slide: It. sliscian; to slide or glide: 
Icel. sledi, a sledge: Gael, slaod, to trail along the 
ground, to drag), a carriage or waggon without wheels, 
and moving on slides, used for conveying loads over 
frozen snow and ice : v. to convey on sleds : sled'ding, 
imp.: n. the act of transporting on a sled ; the means 
of conveying on sleds : sled'ded, pp. 

sledge, n. slej (from sled, which see), a sort of car- 
riage made to slide on ice or frozen snow, or to run 
on low wheels ; a sleigh for riding on snow ; same as 
sled. 

sledge, n. slej, also sledge-hammer (AS. slecge; Dan. 
slcegge ; Sw. slagga, a large smith's hammer — from AS. 
slean, to strike), a large heavy hammer used by black- 
smiths in beating out iron: v. to beat: sledging, 
imp. : sledged, pp. slSjd. 

sleek, a. sick (Icel. fee, to lick, to 

stroke with the hands : Gael, slioh, to lick, to stroke: 
Dut. slijpen, to whet, to polish), having an even 
smooth surface; smooth and glossy: v. to make 
smooth; to render smooth: sleeking, imp.: sleeked, 
pp. slekt: sleekit, a. slek'it, in Scot., flattering but de- 
ceitful: sleekly, ad. -II: sleek'ness, n. -ties, the state 
or quality of being sleek; smoothness and glossiness 
of surface : sleek'y, a. -I, of a sleek or smooth appear- 
ance. 

sleep, n. slip (Goth, slepan; Ger. schlafen; Dut. 
slcepen, to sleep — from old H. Ger. slaf, to lie re- 
laxed, to be slothful: Icel. slapa, to hang loose), that 
state of the body in which the voluntary exercise of 
the powers of body and mind is suspended ; slumber ; 
repose; among plants, a peculiar vital effect produced 
on some expanded flowers, and the leaflets of some 
leaves, by which they are closed or folded together 
at certain times : v. to take rest in sleep ; to slum- 
ber; to repose; in Scrip., to rest in the grave ; to 
be inattentive ; to live thoughtlessly ; to be unno- 
ticed or unagitated, as a subject or question : sleep'- 
ing, imp.: adj. reposing in sleep; resting; dormant, 
or not acting : n. state of being at rest : slept, pt. 



a lazy person ; one of the pieces of timber placed 
lengthwise on walls to support the joists of a floor; 
in railieaps, slabs of timber laid across the perma- 
nent way to support the rails, and to which the chairs 
are fastened : sleep'y. a. -I, drowsy ; heavy : sleep'- 
ily, ad. -Idi: sleepiness, n. -nes, drowsiness: sleep'- 
less, a. -les, having no sleep ; wakeful : sleep'lessly, 
ad. -II: sleeplessness, n. -nes, the state of being sleep- 
less : sleep-walker, one who acts and walks in sleep : 
sleep-walking, the practice of walking in sleep ; som- 
nambulism : sleeping partner, one of two or more 
engaged in a business in which he has embarked capi- 
tal, but in the conducting of which he does not take 
an active part. 

sleet, n. slet (Icel. sletta, to splash: Dan. slud; 
Norm, sletta,- Lap. slatte ; Sw. sl'agg, sleet), rain 
mingled with snow or hail: v. to rain with intituled 
snowor hail: sleeting, imp.: sleet'ed, pp.: sleet'y>a. 
-i, consisting of sleet : sleet'iness, n. -i-nds, the state 
of being sleety. 

sleeve, n. slev (AS. sliif: Fris. >//./. what one slips 
the arm into: Bav. schlaiffen, to slip, as a bird its 
head under its wing : Dut. sloop; Fris. slupe, a pillow- 
slip), the part of a coat or other garment made to 
cover the arm: v. to furnish with sleeves: sleev'ing, 
imp.: sleeved, pp. slevd : adj. having sleeves: sleeve- 
less, a. -ISs, having no sleeves: sleeve-link, a clasp or 
fastener for sleeves : to laugh in one's sleeve, to laugh 
privately or unperceived— that is, behind the sleeve, 
which was formerly worn long and pendent : to hang 
on or pin to the sleeve, to be, or to make dependent 
on others. 

sleeveless, a. slev'ISs (Icel. sliofr; Dan. slov, dull, 
inactive, blunt), wanting reasonableness or pretext: 
bootless ; fruitless, as a sleeveless errand. Note. — The 
terminal less would seem to have grown out of the 
negative meaning of a word, the radical sense of 
which had become obsolete.— See Wedgivood and 
Latham. 

sleid, v. slad (from sley, which see), to prepare for 
use in the weaver's sley: sleid'ing, imp. : sleid'ed, pp. 

sleigh, n. sla (a probable variation of sled, which 
see), in N. Amer., a carriage or waggon on sliders for 
travelling over ice or frozen snow: v. to travel in a 
sleigh : sleighing, imp. sla'ing : n. act of riding in a 
sleigh ; the state of the snow which admits of running 
sleighs : sleighed, pp. slad ; also sled and sledge. 

sleight, n. silt (Icel. sla (jr. crafty: Norm, and Sw. 
sliig, dexterous, expert: Ger. schlau, cunning, sly: 
AS. slith, baleful, cruel— allied to sly), a trick or feat 
so dexterously performed that the manner of doing it 
escapes observation ; dexterous practice : sleight of 
hand, legerdemain. 

slender, a. slinkier (old Dut. slinder, thin, small: 
Bav. schlenderli rig, something dangling), slim; thin; 
small in circumference compared with the length; 
slight; limited; inadequate: slen'derly, ad. -II: slen'- 
derness, n. -nds, the state or quality of being slender; 
weakness; slightness; spareness; want of plenty ; in- 
sufficiency. 

slept, v. slept, pt. pp. of sleep, which see. 

sleuth, n. sloth (Scot.— see slot 1), the track of a 
man or beast, as known by the scent : sleuth-hound, 
a bloodhound. 

slew, v. sl6, pt. of slay, which see. 

slew, v., also slue, v. slo (Scot, sleivyt, slipped), to 
turn round, as a mast or boom about its axis, with- 
out removing it from its place ; to turn round about : 
slewing or slue'ing, imp.: n. in mil., the turning of 
a gun or mortar on its axis without moving it from 
the spot on which it rests ; the turning a gun hori- 
zontally upon a pivot : slewed or slued, pp. sl6d. 

sley, n. sla (AS. sice, a sley), a weaver's reed : v. to 
part threads and arrange them in the reed or sley: 
sieving, imp.: sleyed, pp. slad. 

slice, n. slls (old F. escln-iic, separation; esclisse, a 
splinter: Ger. schleissen, to split: Icel. slita, to tear 
asunder— see slit), a thin broad piece cut off; a broad 
piece; a broad plate with a handle for spreading 
plasters ; a spatula : v. to cut into thin broad pieces ; 
to cut into parts ; to divide : sli'cing, imp. : sliced, 
pp. slist: adj. cut into broad thin pieces: slicer, n. 
sll'ser, a broad flat knife : sli'ces, n. plu. -sez, wedges 
of small angle driven immediately before launching 
under the shores, by which the ship is sustained on 
the shipway. 

slick, n. sVCh to lick: Icel. slikja, to 

sleek, to polish : Dut. slijpen, to grind, to polish : Eng. 
slick or sleek, polished, smooth), the ore of a metal, 



and pp. sWpt: sleeper, n. slep-er, one who sleeps 

cow, o6y,fo~bt; pure, Mid; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



SLID 5 

particularly of gold, crushed and pounded: slick'- 
lngs, n. plu. -ingz, in mining, narrow veins of ore : 
slicken-sides, n. plu. slik'n-sidz (Eng. slick, and side), 
among Derbyshire miners, a variety of galena or sul- 
phide of lead, which has acquired a smooth and shin- 
ing striated surface ; in geol., the smooth striated sur- 
face of a fault or fissure of any kind of rock. 

slid, v., slidden, v.— see slide. 

slide, v. slid (Out. sliddrren, to slip or fall: Dut. 
slodderen; Ger. schlottern, to waggle: Sw. sliddrig, 
loose, flagging : It. sliscio, slippery), to move by slip- 
ping ; to move along the surface without walking ; to 
pass smoothly along ; to pass silently and gradually 
from one state to another ; to glide ; to fall ; to lapse ; 
to pass along silently and easily, as on ice : n. an even 
smooth course ; a smooth and easy passage ; a miner's 
term for a minor slip or dislocation of the strata; 
in music, a grace oh. sixth;- of two small notes mov- 
ing by degrees : sli'ding, imp. : adj. slipping along a 



■der, one vvlm slides ; the part of a machine or instr. 
that slides : slide-rail, a contrivance for connecting a 
siding with the main line of a railway: slide-rest, an 
all-important part of a planing-machine or lathe for 
insuring accuracy in the motion of the cutting-tool by 
holding and directing it: slide-valve, in locomotive 
w'///e i-.he regulating ralve placed in the steam-chest 
to work over the .steam-ports ■ sliding-keel, in a ship, 
a narrow oblong frame used to deepen the draught and 
sustain a ship against the force of a side wind : sli- 
ding-rule, a mathematical instr. consisting of two 
parts, one of which slides along the other: sliding- 
scale, in British taxation, a variable tax upon grain 
■<ee, ( )ii,.. to il -a i.i ie or market price, now abolished ; 
a sliding -rule: sliding-ways, in shipbuilding, two 
narrowinclineil plane,-; inult strongly on the shipway, 
intended to l'< > i ■ . i - 1 1 . ■ .■■ ■. i . . i , the cradle sus- 

taining the ve i ■_■ : j < i i ni 17 the water. 

slight, a. slit (Ger. schlecht; Dut. slicht, plain, sim- 
ple: Goth slaihts; Icel. slettr, even, smooth: Norm. 
sletta, to fling or cast), superficial ; not thorough ; not 
deep, as an impression ; faint; small; inconsiderable; 
trifling; not done with effort; not forcible: n. a mod- 
erate degree of contempt, manifested by neglect or 
indifference; ili-,n _ ml; ili,ilun v. to disi < _ ml, as 
of no importance or unworthy of consideration ; to 
neglect : slighting, imp. : slight'ed, pp. : slightly, 
ad. -II, in a small degree ; weakly : slight'ness, n. -nes, 

the state or quality of I - light; want of force or 

strength; superflcialness : slightingly, ad. -li, with 
neglect; without respect. 

slily— see sly. 

slim, a. slim (Dut. slem or slim, thin, slight ; slim- 
gast, a sly fellow : Bav. schlimm, wry : Icel. slcemr, 



slim'ly, ad. -li: slim'ness, n. -nes, the state of being 
slim; slenderness. 

slime, n. slim (Ger. schlamm; Icel. slim; Dut. 
slijm, mud, slime: without the initial sibilant, AS. 
lam; Low Ger. leem; Ger. lehm, loam, clay : L. limus, 
mud), glutinous mud ; soft earth having an adhesive 
or sticky quality: slimy, a. sli'-ml, consisting of soft 
adhesive earth; viscous: sli'miness, n. -mi-ngs, the 
quality of being slimy : slimes, n. plu. slimz, mud con- 
taining metallic ores. 

sliness— see sly. 

sling, n. sling (Sw. slinga, to twist: Dan. slingre, 
to reel, to roll like a ship: Dut. slingcrn, to dangle: 
Ger. schlingen, to twist: AS. slingan, to sling), an 
instr. for throwing stones, consisting of a short strap 
to each end of which a string is fastened ; something 
suspended from the neck ■ >r I in 'axe i o aipport a wound- 
ed arm ; a rope by which a cask or bale is swung in or 
out of a ship : v. to throw ; to cast ; to hurl ; to hang 
by a rope so as to be moved : slinging, imp. : slang, 
pt. slang, did sling: slung, pt. pp. slung: sling'er, n. 
-e'r, one who slings ; a soldier of former times armed 
with a sling. 

slink, v. slingk (AS. slincan, to creep or crawl : Ger. 
scldridiai; Dut. sleyken, to sneak, to slink: Sw. 
slinka, to dangle: Swiss, schlenken, to sway to and 
fro), to creep away meanly; to steal away; to mis- 
carry, as a female beast: adj. produced prematurely, 
as the young of a beast : n. the young of a beast brought 
firth prematurely: slinking, imp.: slank, pt. sldngk, 
did slink: slinksd, pp. slingkt, or slunk, pp. slungk: 



8 SLOP 

slinks, n. plu. the skins of prematurely-born Iambs, 
calves, &c. 

slip, v. slip (Sw. slapp, lax, slack : Icel. sleppa, to 
get loose from, to slip: Ger. schliipfen; Low Ger. 
slippen, to slip away: AS. slipan, to slip), to move or 
glide involuntarily on the surface with one or both 
feet, so as to cause to stumble or fall ; to cause to slide 
involuntarily ; not to tread firmly ; to slip or glide ; 
to move or fall out of place ; to creep by oversight, fol- 
lowed by into; to sneak or move meanly out of a place ; 
to depart secretly ; to escape ; to fall into an error or 
fault ; to lose by negligence ; to leave slyly ; to convey 
ii, ; "• ■ iiim a tree; to let loose; 

to miscarry: n. act ofslipping > a I n ig cut from atree; 

< '■<>>»'- iiai-nn. |,irn. ;;e ,. ■ error or fault ; 

a secret or unexpected desertion ; a kind of loose frock 

>'"> i'ema.le " ;|. pin: Paul ■■,-,. place Oil Which 

a ship may be built or repaired, and from which it 
may easily slide into the water ; a leash or string in 
which a dog is held which slips or becomes loose by 
relaxing the hand ; in printing, a portion of a column 
in type struck off by itself; a proof from a column of 
type ; in pottery, a mixture of powdered clay and flint ; 
in geol., a familiar term for a fault or dislocation in 
strata, as if one portion had sli'pped or slid away 
from the other: siip'ping, imp.: slipped, pp. slipt: 
slip 'per, n. -per, a Loose i a , - in Loorwear: ahp'- 

pered, a. -perd, wearing a slipper; furnished with 
slippers : slip'pery, a. -per-i, not affording firm foot- 
ing; not easily held; cnang feable : slip'per- 
iness, n. -l-nes, the state or quality of being slippery ; 
smoothness ; want of firm footing : slip-knot, a knot 
which can slip along the line or rope around which 
it is made: slip-shod, a. wearing shoes down at the 
heels only slipped on ; careless in manners or style ; 
shuffling : to slip on, to put on rather hastily : to let 
slip, to loose from the slip or noose, as a hound : to 
slip a cable, to let go the end of it— i.e., to loose it : slip- 
slop, familiarly, weak writing or talking : n. inferior, 
weak, or insipid liquor. 

slit, n. slit (AS. slitan, to tear : Ger. schleissen, to 
slit, to split: Sw. and Icel. slita, to tear asunder, to 
separate), a long cut or narrow opening ; a cleft : v. to 
cut lengthwise ; to make a long cut in : slit'ting, imp.: 
slit, pt. pp. slit : slit'ter, n. -ter, one who slits : slit- 
ting-mill, a mill where iron bars or plates are cut into 
narlow slips, as nail-rods and suchlike; a machine 
used by lapidaries for slicing stones. 

sliver, v. sli'vtr (Dut. schiljer, a splinter: Icel. 
skialfa, to tremble : AS. slifan, to cleave, to split), 
to cut or divide into long thin pieces : n. a long piece 
cut or rent off; a long continuous lap or twist of 
wool or cotton: sli'vering, imp.: sli'vered, pp. -verd. 

sloam, n. slom (akin to loam, or a corruption of it), 
in mining, layers of earth or clay between coal-strata. 

sloats, n. plu. slots (Norm, slaate, stem of a tree, a 
pole: Gael, slat, a rod or yard), the under-pieces of 
i inin i which 1 ; ep I lie bottom of a cart together. 

slobber, v. slob'ber (Ger. schlabbern, to slabber one's 
clothes, to sputter in speaking— see slabber), to spill 
iij.i.n;, mslabbe] (ob'bery, a. -i, moist ; wet. 

sloe, n. slo (AS. sla; Scot, slae, the sloe: Dut. 
sleeuive; Ger. schlehe, the sloe— from Dut. slee: Bav. 
schleh, blunt, set on edge, as the teeth), a small wild 
]ilum; the fruit of i lie black-thorn. 

slogan, n. slo'gdn or slo- (a corruption of Gael, sludgfo- 
qlKiirm, an army-cry: Ir. sluag, an army), in Scot., 
a Highland war-cry or gathering-cry ; the watchword 
used by troops in the field. 

sloop, n. slop (Dut. sloepe, a light vessel or ship— 
from steepen, to slip : F. chaloupe), a one-masted ship, 
having the main;; i ' ] i e ■ i . ■• - ■ ■■ < > e en above and to 
a long boom below ; a class of ships of war below the 
rate of frigates. 

slop, n. slop (Dut. slabben, to lap : Lap. slabbot, to 
sprinkle : Fris. slobben, to splash— a word imitative of 
the sound of dashing water), water carelessly spilled 
or thrown about ; a dirty wet place ; in the plu., coarse 
or poor liquid food; the waste dirty water of the 
house: v. to soil bj alloy ins cater or other liquid to 
fall upon : slop'ping, imp. : slopped, pp. slopt : sloppy, 
a.. *l6p'-i>i, muddy; plashy: slop'piness, n. -nes, the 
state of being slop] mddiness : slop-basin, a basin 
or bowl for holding the dregs of cups. 

slop, n. slop (Icel. sloppr, a wide outer dress : Fris. 
slupe, a pillow-slip: Dut. slobbe, a pair of loose bag- 
ging breeches), any loose outer dress; asmock-lroek; 
'in the ///«., large loose trousers ; ready-made clothing; 
the clothing, &c, supplied to seamen from the ship's 



mate, mdt, far, laXv; mete, met, her; pine, pin,- note, not, m6ve; 



SLOP 5 

stores : slop-shop, a shop where ready-made clothes 
are sold : slop-seller, one who sells ready-made clothes : 
slop-work, the manufacture of cheap ready-made 
clothing. 

slope, n. stop (Dut. slap, slack: Icel. slajm; Norm. 
slape, to hang down), a surface inclining gradually 
downwards ; a declivity : v. to form with a slope ; to 
form or cut so as to have a downward direction ; to he 
inclined: slo'ping, imp.: adj. inclining from a hori- 
zontal or level plane ; oblique : sloped, pp. slopt: slo- 
pingly, ad. -li. 

sloppy— see slop 1. 

slosh— see slush. 

slot, n. slo ick, a path: Gael, slaocl, 

to trail along the ground: Pol. slud, a trace: Scot. 
sleuth, a track by the scent), the print of a stag's foot 
on the ground ; a depression or mortise in a plate of 
metal, or a slit through it ; in a theatre, a trap-door in 
the stage. 

slot, n. slot (Dut. slot, a lock— see sloats), a piece of 
timber which connects or holds together larger pieces ; 
a flat wooden bar ; a mortise : v. to slit or groove : 
slot ting, imp. : slotted, pp. : slotting-machine, a 
machme-t- .rises and the like. 

sloth, n. sloth (AS. sleaiv or slaw, lazy, slow : Dut. 
sleeuiv, blunt— see slow), disinclination to action or 
labour; habitual indolence or laziness; idleness; a 
S. Amer. quadruped, so called from its slow and labo- 
rious motions: slothful, a. -fool, inactive; sluggish; 
lazy: sloth fully, ad. -II: sloth'fulness, n. -nis, the 
state or quality of being slothful ; the habit of idle- 
ness. 

slouch, n. sldivch (Icel. slakr, slack; slokr, a slouch 
or dull inactive person: Sw. sloka, to droop: Dan. 
slukoret, having hanging ears), a hanging down ; a de- 
pression of the head or other part of the body ; an un- 
gainly clownish gait : v. to cause to hang down, as a 
hat ; to hang down ; to have a downcast clownish look 
or manner: slouching, imp.; adj. hanging down; 
walking heavily and awkwardly: slouched, pp. 
slolocht: adj. made to hang down; depressed. 

slough, n. slow (Dut. slocken ; Gael, sluig, to swallow, 
to engulf: Gael, slugaid, a deep miry place), a deep 
muddy place in which one may be engulfed; a soft 
bog or marsh : sloughy, a. sldiv'4, boggy ; miry. 

slough, n. sluf (AS. slog, anything cast off, as the 
skin of a serpent : Icel. slog, what is thrown away in 
dressing fish), the cast-off skin of a serpent or similar 
reptile ; the dead structure of flesh that separates from 
a wound, or during mortification : v. to separate from 
the living parts of flesh in a sore ; to peel or fall off : 
slough'ing, imp.: sloughed, pp. sliift: sloughy, a. sluf'i, 
resembling the dead matter which separates from 
flesh : to slough off, to separate from the living parts, 
as the dead part in mortification. 

sloven, n. sluv'n (Ger. srhlaff, slack, flagging: Dut. 
sloef; Low Ger. sluf, indolent, negligent: Swiss, 
scJitt'ffiii, to lead an inactive thoughtless life), a man 
negligent of cleanliness and neatness in dress ; a man 
who is habitually careless of neatness and order : slut, 
applied to a woman : slovenly, a. -II, untidy ; want- 
ing in neatness and order of dress : ad. in a careless 
manner: slov'enliness, n. -n&s, negligence of dress; 
habitual want of order and neatness. 

slow, a. slo (AS. sleaiv, lazy, slow: Dut. sleeuiv, 
blunt, ineffective: Bav. schlew, feeble, flat: Icel. 
sliofr ; Dan. slov ; Sw. slo, blunt, dull); not quick in 
motion; less speedy than usual, or than what might 
be expected ; not ready or prompt, as in speech ; dila- 
tory; inactive; dull; behind in time, as a clock: 
slow'ly. ad. -li: slow'ness, n. -nes, the state or quality 
of being slow ; want of speed or quick motion ; want 
of readiness or promptness. 

slow-worm, n. slo'werm (probably not from sloiv, 
from its moti 

or Norm, slbgd, from its slime), the blind-worm, a small 
reptile resembling the \iper, but not venomous. 

slubber, v. sluo'-oer (Icel. slupra; Dan. slubre, to sup 
up liquids: Low Ger. slubbern, to do a thing carelessly 
and superficially), to do lazily and coarsely ; to stain ; 
to daub: slub'bering, imp. : adj. moving with hurry; 
acting imperfectly : slub'bered, pp. -bird. 

sludge, n. sluj (an imitative word— see slush), soft 
mud ; mire ; slush : sludg'er, n. -er, an instr. for boring 
in sludge or quicksand : sludg'y, a. -i, miry ; slushy : 
sludge-hole, the mud-hole in boilers of steam-engines, 
by means of which the sediment can be removed. 

slue, v.— see slew 2. 

slug, n. slug (Low Ger. slukkern, to shake to and fro : 



SMAC 



Pan. shifiorei, having flnggmg ears: Icel. slaeki, a 
dull inactive person: Lith. slunkis, a sluggard), one 
who indulges in sloth ; a kind of snail without a shell, 
very destructive to plants; an oval piece of metal 
used for the charge of a gun ; in the plu. slugs, slugz, 
half-roasted ore : slug'gard, n. -gird, a person habitu- 
ally lazy : adj. lazy : slug'gish, a. -glsh, idle ; lazy ; 
naturally given tleornopower 

to move itself: sluggishly, ad. -li, lazily; slothfully: 
slug'gishness, n. -nes, the state of being sluggish ; nat- 
ural or habitual indolence; want of power to move; 
slowness. 

sluice, n. slos (Sw. sluss; Dut. sluys; Ger. schleuse: 
Swiss, kluss; F. ecluse, a flood-gate : Dan. sluse, a lock 
in a canal), a gate for the purpose of excluding or reg- 
ulating the flow of water in a river, a canal, &c; a 
source of suppi i.idi un i ;:i.<, I ,..■■ 

v. to open, as a flood-gate ; to overwhelm ; to wet 
abundantly : sluicing, imp.: sluiced, pp. slost: sluicy, 
a. slos'i, falling in streams, as from a sluice. 

slum, n. slum, usually in plu. slums, sliimz (connected 
with Scot, slump, a marsh: v. to sink in a mire or 
bog : originating in slang), a dark retreat ; the low 
neighbourhood or back streets of a city, containing a 
poor, degraded, and vicious population. 

slumber, v. slum'bir (Ger. schlummeni; Dut. sluim- 
eren, to slumber: N. Eng. sloom or slaum, a gentle 
sleep or slumber: Sw. slumra, to slumber; slumrig, 
indolent, lazy), to sleep lightly; to doze; to be in a 
state of supineness or inactivity : n. light sleep ; sleep 
not deep or sound : slumbering, imp. : n. state of re- 
pose : slum'bered, pp. -b&rd : slum berer, n. -bir-ir, 
one who slumbers : slum'beringly, ad. -It : slum'ber- 
ous, a. -lis, inviting or causing sleep. 

slump, v. slump (Low Ger. slump, a chance : Dan. 
slumpe, to light, to stumble ; slump, a lot : Scot, slump, 
a marsh), in Scot., to fall suddenly down into any wet 
or dirty place ; to throw things together into a single 
lot or mass: slumping, imp.: slumped, pp. slumpt: 
in the slump, in the gross amount. 

slung, v. slung— see sling. 

slunk, v. sliingk—see slink. 

slur, v. sler (Dut. slooren, to trail along the ground, 
as a loose hanging garment : Swiss, schlargg, a spot of 
dirt : Low Ger. slarren, to shuffle, as the feet : Bav. 
schlicr, mud : Icel. slor, slime of fish), to soil ; to con- 
taminate ; to disgrace ; to pass lightly ; to do care- 
lessly or imperfectly; to sing in a gliding style; to 
run notes into each other : n. a mark or stain ; slight 
reproach or disgrace; in music, a mark thus, ^-», 
connecting notes of different pitch to be sung to the 
same word or syllable: slur'ring, imp.: slurred, pp. 
slird : adj. marked with a slur ; performed in a smooth 
gliding style ; done imperfectly : slurredly, ad. slird- 
11. 

slush, n. slush, also slcsh, n. slosh (an imitative 
word: Sw. slo ska, to dash or dabble; slash, dirty liq- 
uid: Bav. schlotz, mud or dirt), a familiar term for 
wet mud or dirty liquid, as melting snow ; a greasy 
lubricating mixture ; on ://;< w'-m/W, thi- grease of pork 
and beef skimmed from the ship's coppers, generally 
the cook's perquisite; a mixture of whitelead and 
lime : v. to smear with slush or grease : slushing, imp. : 
slushed, pp. slilsht: slushy, a. slush'i, consisting of 
soft mud or of melting snow. 

slut, n. slut (Low Ger. slatte, anything that hangs 
loose and flagging: Dut. sladde; Dan. slatte, a negli- 
gent slovenly woman : Bav. schlotz, dirt, a lazy per- 
son), an untidy dirty woman ; a term of slight con- 
tempt applied to a woman: slut'tery, n. -ter-i, the 
practice of an uncleanly and untidy woman; dirti- 
ness: slut'tish, a. -Hsh, careless of dress and neat- 
ness; dirty: slut'tishly, ad. -li: slut'tishness, n. -nSs, 
untidiness; dirtiness. 

sly, a. sll (Icel. slccgr, crafty: Ger. schlau; Low 
Ger. slou, cunning— see sleight), cunning; artful; 
crafty ; clever in doing things secretly and escaping 
detection, usually implying meanness: slyly, ad., also 
silly, ad. sli'll: sly'ness, n., or sli'ness, n. -nes, the 
state or quality of being sly ; artfulness : on the sly, 
in a secret manner. 

smack, n. smdk (Dut. smaJc, noise made in eating : 
Ger. schmratz, a hearty kiss: Ger. schmatzen; Dan. 
smaske, to smack with the tongue and chops in eating : 
Pol. smah, taste, relish: AS.smceccan; Sw. smaka,\o 
taste), a noise made with the tongue and lips in eating 
or drinking with relish ; th u< l - u d -ith the lips in 
kissing; a bio, \ < -, _ ,i with the flat of the hand; 
a small quantity ; taste : v. to make a noise 



cow, bdy,fdbt; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, (here, zeal. 



SMAC 5 

with the lips after eating or drinking, or in kissing ; to 
be tinctured with any particular quality or flavour ; to 
slap with the hand, as the face ; to crack, as a whip : 
smacking, imp.: n. a sharp quick noise: adj. making 
a sharp brisk sound : smacked, pp. smdkt. 

smack, n. smdk (Low Ger. smakk; F. semaque, a 
light vessel: AS. snakk; Sw. snacka, a small vessel, 
originally beaked), a small vessel with one mast, used 
chiefly in the coasting trade, or in fishing. 

small, a. smawl (But. smal, thin, narrow: Icel. 
smdr; Dan. smaa; Fris. sma, small: Gael, smad, a 
particle), not great ; slender ; of little moment, weight, 
or importance ; little ; soft ; not loud ; trifling : n. 
the small or narrow part of anything: smallish, a. 
-Ish, somewhat small : small'ness, n. -nSs, the state of 
being small ; little in. size, quantity, or value: smal'ly, 
ad. -II, in little quantity ; in low degree : small-arms, 
warlike weapons, as rifles, pistols, &c, as distin- 
guished from great guns or cannon: small-beer, an 
inferior kind of table-beer : small-clothes, the nether 
garments of men, as breeches or trousers : small-coal, 
coal separated from the larger parts : small-craft, ves- 
sels in general of a small size : small-debts' court, a 
court for the recovery of debts of small amount : small- 
hand, the kind of writing used in ordinary correspon- 
dence, as distinguished from text, or large - hand : 
small pica, a kind of type used in printing : small- 
pox, a loathsome eruptive skin disease, highly con- 
tagious : small-stuff, spun yarn, and the smallest kinds 
of ropes: small -talk, prattle ; gossip : small - wares, 
such textile articles as tapes, braids, bindings, fringes, 
&c. 

smalt, n. smawlt (It. srnalto, enamel, plaster of 
Paris, &c: Ger. schmelz, enamel— from schmelzen, to 
melt), a glass coloured by cobalt, which, when finely 
ground, acquires a beautiful azure colour, used in 
water-colour painting as a pigment, and in printing 
upon earthenware: smalto, n. smawl'-to (It.), the mi- 
nute regular squares of coloured glass used in the 
modern Roman mosaic : smaltine, n. -tin, arsenide of 
cobalt, one of the most important ores of cobalt. 

smaragd, n. sindr'-iigd (i;r. smaragtlos; L. smarag- 
clus, a transparent precious stone of a bright-green 
colour, including the emerald, the beryl, the jasper, 
the malachite, &c), the emerald: smaragdine, a. srnd- 
rurj'din, pert, to theeinera-ld ; resembling the emerald : 

Smaragdlte, n. -dlt, a per.nli :u laiuinai.i el raiiei.y :>') 

augite or hornblende, of a bright or emerald-green 
colour. 

smart, a. smart (Ger. schmerz; Dut. smart, pain, 
ache: Dan. snert, lash of a whip: Icel. snirta, to 
adorn : Fris. snar, quick, smart), pungent ; severe ; 
keen ; sharp ; quick ; acute ; witty ; lively ; trim ; 
dressed in a showy manner : n. pungent lively pain ; a 
pricking pain, as from nettles; severe or pungent 
grief: v. to feel a lively pungent pain ; to experience 
a pricking pain, as from nettles; to experience pain 
of mind, as to smart under an injury ; to bear the evil 
consequences of anything ; to be punished : smarting, 
imp.: smart'ed, pp.: smartly, ad. -1%: smart'ness, n. 
-ties, the quality of being smart or pungent ; poignancy ; 
severity: smart-money, money paid to relieve from 



sailors for wounds and injuries received : smarten, v. 
smdrt'-n, to make smart ; to trim and dress in a showy 
manner: smartening, imp. smdrt'-ning : smartened, 
pp. smdrt'nd. 

smash, v. smdsh (It. smassare, to crush flat : Gael. 
smiuus, to break in pieces: Dan. smaske, to smack 
with the lips in eating), to dash to pieces ; to break in 
pieces by violence ; to crush : n. a breaking in pieces ; 
utter destruction : smashing, imp. : smashed, pp. 
smdsht: smash'er, n. -er, familiarly, a thing very 
large or extraordinary ; in slang, one who makes or 
passes false coin. 

smatter, v. smdt'er (Ger. schmatzen ; Swiss, schmat- 
zern; Norm, smatta, to smack with the tongue in eat- 
ing: Fris. smeijtsen, to taste, to try), to have a slight 

taste; tO have :; :.'. ;1 e,ie'l:;i ;,!i<i ; en'eii 'l/i m\y leHyi , 

to talk superfieiallv : smat'tering, imp.: n. a slight or 
superficial knowledge : smat'terer, n. -er, one having 
only a slight or superficial knowledge. 

smear, v. smer (Dut. smeeren ; Ger. schmieren, to 
smear, to daub: AS. smeru; Icel, smjoi ■• -■<■ < bui 
ter), to overspread with greasy, fatty, or adhesive 
matter ; to daub ; to soil : smearing, imp. : smeared, 
pp. smerd: smear'er, n. -er, one who smears. 

smeath, n. smith, a sea-fowl, also called the smew. 



SMOC 

smectite, n. smSk'tlt (Gr. smektris, marl, fuller's 
earth), a kind of Culler's earth, having a greasy feel. 

smell, n. smel (Low Ger. smelen, to burn slow with 
a strong-smelling smoke: Dut. smeulen, to burn or 
smoke in a hidden manner: Sw. smolk; Dan. smul, 
dust : the sense of the word seems originally to have 
been dust, smoke, then smell), the faculty of perceiv- 
ing by the organs of the nose certain qualities of 
bodies ; one of the five senses ; scent ; odour : v. to 
perceive by the nerves of the nose ; to have a particu- 
lar odour or scent ; to exercise sagacity : smel'ling, 
imp.: n. the sense by which odours are perceived: 
smelled, pp. smeld, also smelt, pp. smi.lt : smeller, n. 
-er, one who smells : to smell a rat, familiarly, to sus- 
pect strongly : to smell out, familiarly, to find out 
by superior sagacity : smelling-bottle, a bottle con- 
taining something to stimulate or refresh through 
the sense of smell : smelling-salts, a carbonate of am- 
monia. 

smelt, pp. of smell, which see. 

smelt, n. smelt (AS. and Dut. smelt, a smelt: AS. 
smel, small), a small fish of the salmon family; a 
sparling. 

smelt, v. smelt (Ger. schmelzen; Dut. smelten, to 
melt, to dissolve), to melt or fuse an ore for separating 
the metal ; to fuse a metal : smelting, imp. : n. the 
act or operation of fusing ores or metals : smelt'ed, 
pp. : smelt'er, n. -er, one who smelts : smelt'ery, n. 
-i, smelting-works. 

smew, n. smu, also smee, n. sme, a migratory sea- 
fowl akin to the gulls, called also the diver or white 

smicker, v. smlk'er (Sw. smeka, to caress ; smickra, 
to flatter: Icel. smeykligr, smooth, sweet), to look 
amorously upon : smick'ering, imp. : adj. looking 
amorously upon : n. an affected smile or amorous look. 

smiddy, n. smul'-di., u, familiar corruption oismithy, 
the workshop of a blacksmith. 

smilacine, n. smll'd-sln (Gr. smilax, the herb bind- 
weed or rope-weed), a white crystalline substance 
found in the root of sarsaparilla. 

smile, v. smll (Norm, smila; Dan. smile, to smile : 
AS. smcerc, a laugh: Dut. smuylen, to smile: Sans. 
smi, to laugh), to express pleasure, moderate joy, love, 
or kindness, by an expansion of the features of the 
face ; opposite of frown ; to look gay and joyous ; to 
favour ; to express slight contempt by a movement of 
the features of the face ; to sneer : n. a natural expan- 
sion of the features of the face, expressive of pleasure, 
moderate joy, &c; favour; propitiousness ; a look re- 
sembling a smile, but expressing scorn or contempt : 
smiling, imp.: adj. looking joyous or gay: smiled, 
pp. smlld : smilingly, ad. -II: smiler, n. -ler.one who 
smiles. 

smirk, v. smirk (old Ger. smirren ; Manx, smooir, 
to smile : Dut. smeuren, to smoke : AS. smercian, to 
smirk), to smile affectedly or pertly ; to look affectedly 
soft or kind : n. an affected suppressed smile : smirk- 
ing, imp.: adj. smiling affectedly or pertly : smirked, 
pp. smerkt. 

smit, v. for smitten— see smite. 

smite, v. smit (Low Ger. smiten; Ger. schmeissen; 
Bav. schmitzen, to strike : Sw. smiska, to lash : AS. 
smitan, to smite), to strike, as with the hand or a 
weapon ; to kill or destroy ; to punish ; to afflict ; to 
chasten ; to clash together : smi'ting, imp. : smote, 
pt. smot, did smite : smitten, pp. smlt'n, also smit, 
pp. smit : smiter, n. smi'ter, one who smites : to smite 
with the tongue, in- Scrip., to reproach; to upbraid; 
to revile. 

smith, n. smith (from Eng. smite: Icel. smidr, an 
riiijiii-er ; smid art workmanship; smida, to con- 
struct), a worker of metal with the hammer ; one who 
smites metal into shape ; a worker in metals : smith'- 
ery, n. -er-i, the workshop of a smith ; the work done 
by a smith : smith'y, n. -I, the workshop of a smith : 
smithing, n. the act or art of working iron into its 

i.-ii! dill ha|i< 

smithsonite, n. smlth'son-lt (after the chemist 
Smithson), a silicate of zinc, occurring in attached 
crystals, granular, or in compact masses, and of vari- 
ous colours. 

smitt, n. smit (Scot, smit, a stain : AS. smitta, smut), 
very fine clayey ore, made into balls for marking 
sheen. 

smitten, v. smlt'n— see smite. 

smock, n. smok (Icel. smokkr, a shirt without arms : 
in Heligoland, smock, a woman's shirt : AS. smoc, a 
garment), a woman's under garment; a shift: smock- 



mdte, mdt,fdr, law; 



'., met, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



SMOK 



591 



S^i.F 



frock, n. -frok, a loose, coarse, linen garment, worn 
above the dress by English farm-labourers and others. 

smoke, n. smote (AS. smec ,• Ger. schmauch; Dut. 
smook, smoke: Gr. smucho, I burn in a smouldering 
fire: W. mwg, fume), the cloudy fumes or vapour 
arising from any burning substance ; anything vola- 
tile or apt to melt away : v. to apply smoke to ; to 
cure by hanging in smoke ; to inhale and emit the 
fumes of tobacco ; to throw off in the form of smoke ; 
to ridicule; in Scrip., to be kindled; to burn: smo'- 
king, imp.: adj. emitting smoke : n. the act of throw- 
ing off smoke ; the act or habit of using tobacco by 
burning it in a pipe, or in the form of a cigar, and 
inhaling its fumes : smoked, pp. smokt .- smo'ker, n. 
•ker, one who smokes tobacco : smokeless, a. -les, not 
throwing off any smoke: smoky, a. -kl, throwing 
out smoke ; filled with smoke : smo'kily, ad. -kl-ll : 
smo'kiness, n. -nSs, the state of being smoky : smoke- 
black, a sooty substance obtained from the combus- 
tion of certain resinous bodies, especially of pitch, 
used in the manufacture of printers' ink, of blacking 
for shoes, &c. : smoke-board, a sliding or suspended 
board before the upper part of a fireplace to cause an 
increased draught, and prevent smoke coming into 
the room: smoke-consuming, a. applied to certain 
furnaces which consume their own smoke : smoke- 
jack, a contrivance to turn a spit before a fire by means 
of the current of ascending air in the chimney : smoke- 
quartz, a mineral having a brownish smoke-coloured 
tint, and comprising the wine-yellow and clove-brown 
crystals, which are the true cairngorms : smoke-sail, 
a small sail to protect the funnel of a ship's galley from 
the wind: smoking-room, a place set apart in a hotel 
or tavern for smoking tobacco in : to end in smoke, to 
become an utter failure ; to fail in success alter much 
show and parade. 

smoky— see smoke. 

smolt, n. smolt (Scot, smolt, a smolt : AS. smolt, fat), 
a young salmon that has acquired its silver scales, 
being a little more than a year old. 

smooth, a. smOth (AS. smethe, even, soft; the radi- 
cal meaning is pliable— from Ger. Schmieden, to forge : 
Low Ger. smbclig ; Dut. smedig, pliant, soft : Dan. 
smidig, supple), having an even or level surface ; not 
rough; sleek; glossy; that flows without stops or 
difficulty; bland; not harsh ; insinuating: v. to make 
plain or even on the surface; to flatten; to make 
flowing ; to soften ; to ease ; to calm : n. a part free 
from roughness : smoothing, imp. : smoothed, pp. 
smdthd: smoothly, ad. -It: smooth'ness, n. -no's, the 
quality or condition of being smooth ; freedom from 
roughness ; easy flow of words ; blandness in address : 
smooth-bore, n. a gun not rifled : smooth-bored, a. 
having a smooth surface inside of a gun, as opposed to 
rifled: smooth-chinned, a. -cMnd, having a smooth 
chin; beardless: smooth-faced, a. having a soft or 
mild look : smooth-paced, a. that moves with even 
paces : smoothing-iron, a flat piece of iron, having a 
polished face and a handle, which, when heated, is 
used for smoothing linen : smoothing-plane, a car- 
penter's tool: smooth-tongued, a. flattering; plau- 
sible. 

smorzato, ad. smord-sd'to (It.), in music, a term de- 
noting that the bow of a violin must be drawn its full 
length, but lig I v till the sound is nearly 

gone. 

smote, smot, pt, of smite, which see. 

smother, v. smuth'er (Low. Ger. smaddern, to med- 
dle with dirty things : Dut. smodderen, to dabble, to 
dirty; smooren, to smoke, to suffocate: Gael, smod, 
dust, dirt : AS. srnorian, to smother), to extinguish life 
by causing smoke or dust to enter the lungs, or by 
depriving the lungs of air ; to extinguish fire by ex- 
cluding air; to suffocate ; to choke; to be suffocated; 
to be suppressed or concealed : n. that which suffo- 
cates; smoke; thick dust: smoth'ering, imp.: adj. 
wanting vent; suffocating: smoth'ered, pp. -ird: 
smoth'eringly, ad. -er-lng-li : smothery, a. -i, tending 
to smother. 

smoulder, v. smol'-der (Dan. smul, dust : Low Ger. 
smblen; Dut. smeulen, to burn slowly with a thick 
smoke), to burn or smoke slowly without flame ; to 
consume away without showing the fire : smoul'der- 
ing, imp. -der-ing: adj. burning in a smothered man- 
ner without flame : smouldered, pp. -derd : smoul'dry, 
a. -dri, same as smouldering ; burning and smoking 
without flame. 

smudge, v. smvj (from smut, which see), to stain 
with dirt ; to stain or blot ; to blacken with smoke : 



n. a suffocating smoke: smudg'ing, imp.: smudged, 
pp. sm ftjd : smudge-coal, an English miner's term for 
coal that has been partially converted into a sort of 
natural coke or impure anthracite — known also as 
blind-coal. 

smuggle, v. smug'gl (Ger. schmuggeln ; Dan. smugle; 
Dut. smvkkt!t./i, to smuggle: AS. smu gun, to creep: 
Icel. smeiipja, to slip into), to bring goods into, or 
carry goods out of, a country secretly in order to escape 
payment of the legal duties ; to convey clandestinely : 
smug'gling, imp. -gllng-. n. the offence of passing 
goods into or out of a country without paying the legal 
duties; the act or practice of: smuggled, pp. -gld: 
smug'gler, n. -gltr, one who smuggles; a ship em- 
ployed in smuggling. 

smut, n. smut (Low Ger. smudden, to dirty: Dan. 
smadder, a fragment or atom: Sw. smuts; Ger. 
schmiitz, dirt, mud: Dut. srnctten, to stain), a spot or 
stain made with soot or other dirty substance ; the 
dirty or foul matter itself; a disease in grain by which 
the grain is wholly or partially converted into a soot- 
like powder : v. to foul ; to stain ; to tarnish or black- 
en ; to be attacked with the disease of smut, as grain : 
smut'ting, imp.: smutted, pp.: smutty, a. 41, soiled 
with soot or the like; full of smut; dirty: smut'tily, 
ad. -ti-ll: smut'tiness, n. -n6s, the quality or condition 
of being smutty: smutch, n. smuch, a foul stain; a 
dirty mark : v. to blacken ; to mark with soot or coal : 
tmutch'ing, imp.: smutched, pp. smucht. 

snack, n. sndk (Low Ger. snapps; Ger. schnapps, 
interjections expressing "quickness": Sw. snabb, 
quick), a share; a slight hasty meal: to go snacks, 
familiarly, to go shares. 

snaffle, n. snCif'fl (Low Ger. snavel; Ger. schnabel; 
Dut. snabbe, a snout or beak: Ger. schnauben, to 
snuff), a bridle crossing the nose, arid having a slender 
mouth-bit without branches: v. to manage with a 
snaffle; to bridle: snaffling, imp. -fling: snaffled, 
pp. -fld. 

snag, n. sndg (Gael, snag, a little audible knock: 
Manx, snog, a nod : prov. Ger. schnacke, to jerk the 
head about : Scot, sneg, to cut with the sudden blow of 
a sharp instr.), a short rough branch ; a knot ; a sharp 
protuberance; a tooth projecting beyond the rest; a 
sunken tree, of which one end appears at or near the 
surface in a river, while the other is firmly fixed at 
the bottom : v. to hew roughly, as with an axe ; to dis- 
able or pierce by means of the trunk of a tree floating 
end upwards in a river: snag'ging, imp.: snagged, 
pp. sndgd: adj. full of snags; full of sharp protube- 
rances: snaggy, a. snao'-<it. abounding with snags; 
full of short rough branches or sharp points; knotty. 

snail, n. snul (AS. sncegel; Ger. schnecke; Icel. snigil, 
a snail: Swiss, schnaken; AS. snican, to creep), a 
small, slimy, slow-creeping creature, some species of 
which have shells ; a drone ; a slow-moving person : 
snail-like, a. resembling a snail; slow-moving: snail- 
clover, a plant, so called from its pods resembling the 
shells of snails; also called snail-trefoil: snail-shell, 
the shell that covers a snail. 

snake, n. sndk (AS. snaca; Icel. snakr; Dan. snog; 
Sans, naga, a snake: AS. snican, to creep), a creeping 
reptile ; a serpent : v. among seamen, to wind a small 
rope round a large one in the spaces betwixt the 
strands: snaking, imp.: snaked, pp. sndkt: snaky, 
a, smVki, resembling a snake, or pert, to one; winding; 
sly ; insinuating ; deceitful : sna'kish, a. -klsh, having 
the qualities of a snake : snake's-head, a railway bar 
curled tip on the permanent way to such an extent as 
to endanger the traffic : snake-root, the familiar name 
of several plants : snake-stones, a familiar name for 
the fossils called ammonites ; a mottled or spotted 
whetstone found in Scotland, and also called Ayr- 
stone, as found chiefly on the banks of the river Ayr : 
snake-weed, the plant bistort, found growing in Brit- 
ish pastures: snake-wood, a wood of a red hazel 
colour, with numerous black spots and marks, very 
beautiful, and scarce ; a wood, a supposed remedy for 
the bite of certain snakes. 

snap, v. sna/i (Ger. *<-hiiap r rn, to snap: Sw. snabb, 
quick), to catch at or seize suddenly, as with the teeth ; 
to break short or at once ; to try to seize ; to break 
without bending : n. a sudden eager bite ; a breaking 
short without bending; a sharp noise, as from the 
sudden breaking of a body ; a catch or small lock ; a 
small, circular, thin, and crisp cake of gingerbread : 
snapping, imp.: snapped, pp. sndpt: snap'per, n. 
-per, one who or that which snaps : snap'pish, a. -pish, 
eager to bite ; peevish ; apt to speak tartly or in anger : 



cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



SNAR 



592 



SNOW 



snap'pishly, ad. -II .- snap'pishness, n. -nSs, the quality 
of being snappish ; tartness : snap-dragon, a plant 
inn in - :■ v, <■:,) -■(! i !<■ ' > ' ii. i i u i game, the chief 
feature of which is snatching raisins from burning 
brandy: snap-lock, a lock shutting with am u 
snap : to snap off, to break suddenly ; to bite off sud- 
denly: to snap one up, to treat with sharp words 
suddenly. 

saare, n. sndr (Icel. snarct; Dut. snare, a cord: 
Fris. snour, a noose : Ger. schnur; Sw. snore, a string 
or lace), a line or string with a running noose to 
catch small animals, as hares or rabbits; a net; a 
trap ; that which may entangle or bring into trouble : 
v. to entrap ; to entangle ; to bring into unexpected 
evil: sna'ring, imp.: snared, pp. snard: sna'rer, n. 
■rer, one who snares : sna'ry, a. -rl, entangling ; in- 
sidious. 

snarl, v. sndrl (Low Ger. snarren, to whirr like a 
spinning-wheel, to grumble : Ger. schnarren, to make 
a harsh noise like a rattle or a string jarring: Icel. 
snara, to whirl, to twist), to growl, as an angry or surly 

•' * r," i i.ti Iim'j, .■iihnl ; i. ; l:".i. i mi.L-.'il.-. Ml 

sharply: n. the suppressed noise made by an angry 
or surly dog ; a low subdued growl : snarling, imp. 
sndr'llng: adj. 511m ling snappish; peevish: snarled, 
pp. sndrld: snarler, n. sndr'ler, a surly grumbling 
fellow. 

snatch, v. sndch (from snack, which see), to catch 
at quickly and eagerly ; to seize abruptly without per- 
mission or ceremony ; to attempt to seize hastily or 
suddenly : n. a hasty catching or seizing ; a short fit 
of vigorous action; a short fit or turn: snatching, 
imp.: snatched, pp. sndcht: snatcher, n. sndch'er, one 
who snatches: snatch'ingly, ad. -II: snatch-block, 
among seamen, a pulley having an opening in one 

,1 : i',,| rarviil : I . I . I,; : i -. ,,.,,: 

sneak, v. snek (AS. snican; Swiss, schnaken ; Gael. 
snctig, to creep, to crawl : Icel. snaka, to sniff about : 
Dan. snage, to rummage), to steal away privately ; to 
withdraw meanly, as if afraid or ashamed to be seen ; 
to act with meanness or servility; to truckle: n. a 
mean truckling fellow; a mean servile time-server: 
sneaking, imp. : adj. mean ; crouching ; servile : 
sneaked, pp. snekt : sneak'ingly, ad. -II. 

sneer, v. sner (Low Ger. snarren, to mutter, to 
grumble : P. ricaner, to sneer), to show contempt by 
a particular expression of the countenance, as by 
turning up the nose; to speak or utter with grimace : 
n. the manifesting of contempt by turning up the nose ; 
a look of disdain or ridicule: sneering, imp.: adj. 
manifesting contempt by turning up the nose, or by 
a significant look;: sneered, pp. snerd: sneerlngly, 
ad. -It: sneer'er, n. -er, one who sneers. 

sneeze, v. snez(Dnt. nl-zrn; Ger. niesen, to sneeze.: 
Icel. hniosa, to sneeze— said of cattle : Dan. sw-w.se, to 
snuff: Gael, snaois; Scot, sneeshin, snuff), to send 
forth a sudden and violent rush of air, chiefly through 
the nose, by a convulsive effort, caused by the irrita- 
tion of the inner membrane of the nose : n. the act of 
throwing out from the nose and mouth, by a convul- 
sive effort, a violent and sudden rush of air: sneez'- 
ing, imp. : n. a sudden and violent rush of air, chiefly 
from the nostrils: sneezed, pp. snezd: sneeze-wort, 
a plant having a strong pungent smell. 

snicker, v. snik'er (Scot, snooker, to breathe high 
through the nostrils; nicker, to neigh, to laugh in a 

lOIld ridiculous niaimi/i -an miitnih'i' u'iu'.I). i.-.'i iaiajh 
a i|-.!i ln-0. ■ 1 bali i|i|h. .. a: r li.r.h ; m! \ ■..:■ .. a, 

half -suppressed broken laugh: snick'ering, imp. : 
snick'ered, pp. -erd. 

sniff, v. snif(T>nt. snicken, to sniff : Swiss, schneicke, 
a snout— see snuff), to draw air audibly up the nose; 
to scent or smell : n. perception by the nose : sniffing, 
imp.: sniffed, 1. ift V. swift, to snort : sniff- 

ing, imp.: snift'ed, pp.: snifting-valve, the escape- 
valve of a steam-engine: sniffle, v. snlf-fl, to snuffle, as 
one does with a severe cold in the head affecting the 
nostrils. 

snigger, v. snlg'ger, another form of snicker, which 
see. 

sniggle, v. snlg'gl (Ger. sr.Jinicken, to snap), to catch ; 
to snare ; to Ash for eels by thrusting the bait into 
their holes : snig'gling, imp. -gling : snig'gled, pp. -gld. 

snip, v. snip (Dut. snippen, to snip or clip: Ger. 
srhnipi),',i, to snap the fingers— an imitative word, re- 
presenting the sharp click of a pair of blades), to cut 



off at once, as with scissors ; to clip ; to cut into small 
pieces: n. a single cut; a bit cutoff; a small shred: 
enip'ping, imp. : snipped, pp. snipt: snip'per, n. -pir, 

mate, mdt,fdr, law; mete, me~t, her; pine, pin; note, not, move; 



one who snips : snip-snap, a familiar term for a con- 
versation carried on in tart quick replies. 

snipe, n. snip (Dut. sneppe; Ger. schnepfe, a snipe: 
Low Ger. snippe, a beak: Dut. snabben, to peck or 
snap), a bird frequenting marshy places, and having a, 
long slender bill ; a fool. 

snivel, v. sniv'-l (Bav. schnarkeln, to snore: Icel. 
snorkinn, shrunk, contracted: Dan. snerpe, to con- 
tract or shrink), to draw up the mucus audibly 
through the nose ; to run at the nose with mucus: n. 
mucus running from the nose : snivelling, imp. -ling : 
adj. running at the nos 1 : ryine Ian tting : n. a cry- 
ing, as of children, with snuffling or whining : sniv- 
elled, pp. -Id : sniv'eller, n. -ler, one who has a weak- 
ness in weeping from trivial causes : sniv'elly, a. -It, 
dirty at the nose ; pitiful ; whining. 

snob, n. snob (prov. Eng. snob, a journeyman shoe- 
maker : Scot, snab, a cobbler : Ger. knappe, a servant), 



lower wages than other workmen, especially one who 
works in a shop out on strike : snob'bish, a. -blsh, pert, 
to or befitting a snob : snob'bishly, ad. -II : snob bish- 
ness, n. -n6s, the character or habits of a snob. 

snod, a. snod (Scot, snod, to prune, to put in order : 
Dut. snood, cunning, subtle), trimmed ; put in order ; 
demure; cunning: snood, n. sn6d, in Scot, the fillet 
whirl: hinds up the hair. 

snooze, v. snoz (Lith. snusu, to doze: Scot, souff, 
sleep: Bav. pfnausen, to breathe deep through the 
nose : Icel. snudda, to sniff or scent out), to slumber ; 
to nap ; to doze : n. a comfortable sleep : snoozing, 
imp.: snoozed, pp. sndzd. 

snore, v. snor (Swiss, schnodern, to snore : Low Ger. 
snurre, the nose ; snurren, to whirr like a spinning- 
wheel, to snore in sleep : Ger. schnarchen; Lap. snoret, 
to snore : Sw. snor, mucus of the nose), to breathe 
through the nose and open mouth in sleep with a 
rough hoarse noise: n. a hoarse rough breathing 
through the nose and mouth in sleep : sno'ring, imp.: 
snored, pp. snord : sno'rer, n. -rer, one who snores. 

snort, v. snort (from snore, which see), to force the 
breath through the nose with violence and noise, as a 
ho, ,1 in prancing ilayfulness: n. a forcible blow- 
ing of air through extended nostrils, as a horse: 
snort ing, imp.: n. act of forcing air through the nose 
with noise: snort'ed, pp.: snort'er, n. -er, one who 
snorts. 

snot, n. snot (Gael, snot, to snuff the wind : Low Ger. 
snotte; Dan. snat ; Icel. snyta, mucus of the nose), 
the mucus discharged from the nose: v. to blow the 
nose : snot'ting, imp.: snot'ted, pp.: snot'ty, a. -tl, 
foul with mucus from the nose: snot'ter, v. -ter, to 
snivel: snot'tiness,n. -tl . ■ il beingsnotty. 

snout, 11. snolvt (Sw. snor, mucus of the nose: Icel. 
snudr; Bav. schnud; Low Ger. smite; Dut. snuite, 
the snout), the projecting nose of a beast ; the human 
nose, in contempt; the nozzle of a pipe: v. to furnish 
with a nozzle: snouting, imp.: snout'ed, pp.: adj. 
having a snout : snout'y, a. 4, resembling a snout. 

snow, n. sno (Ger. schnee; Icel. snior; Goth, snuivs; 
Gael, sneachd; Gr. nipha, snow), the congealed mois- 
ture or vapour of the atmosphere, in the form of light 
white flakes, of very beautiful and perfect forms : v. 
to fall in snow ; to scatter like snow : snowing, imp. : 
snowed, pp. snod: snowy, a. sn6'4, abounding with 
snow ; white like snow ; spotless ; unblemished : 
snowlsh, a. -ish, resembling snow : snow'less, a. -les, 
without snow : snowball, a round mass of compressed 
snow : v. to throw snowballs ; to pelt with snowballs : 
snow-blanket, the name given by farmers and others 
to any considerable thickness of snow which covers the 
ground during winter : snow-blindness, an affection of 
the eyes, caused by the rci 1 cti flight from the snow: 
snow- blink— see snow-light: snow-broth, a mixture of 
snow and water : snow-capped, a. covered with snow, 
as a hill or mountain : snowdrift, a bank formed of 
snow driven together by the wind : snowdrop, an early 
spring plant, having white bell-like flowers : snow- 
light or -blink, the name given by voyagers and travel- 
lers in the arctic regions to the peculiar reflection 
which arises from fields of ice or snow : snow-line, that 
line or limit of elevation, at and above which the sur- 
face is perpetuallj b) snow and ice, having 
its limits lower in winter and higher in summer— be- 
ing highest towards the equator, and gradually de- 
scending till it reaches the natural land-surface and 
sea-level, in the direction of the N. and S. poles : snow- 
plough, a machine for clearing railways and roads 



SNUB 



593 



SOCK 



from accumulations of snow : snow-shoe, a 1) oat-like 
framework fastened on the foot to prevent sinking 
among deep snow while travelling over it : snow-slip, 
a mass of snow which slips down the side of a hill or 
mountain : snow-storm, a heavy, drifting fall of snow: 
snow-white, a. very white : snow-wreath, an accumu- 
lation of snow of some length. 

snub, v. snub (Icel. snoppa, a snout; snubba, to cut 
short: Sw. snubba ; Fris. snubbe, to give a sharp re- 
proof), to check; to reprimand; to rebuke, particu- 
larly in a sarcastic manner : snub'bing, imp. : n. a sar- 
castic ret rimand or rebuke : snubbed, pp. snubd: snub 
nose, a short or flat nose. 

snuff, v. snuf (Dut. snoffea or snuffen, to breathe 
through the nose, to trace by scent: Ger. schnaufen, 
to snuff, to puff and blow : Low Ger. snuffe, the nose), 
to draw in with the breath through the nose ; to in- 
hale ; to perceive by the nose ; to take off the burnt- 
top of a candle ; to inhale l ava:h audibly ; to draw up 
into the nostrils the powder of tobacco-leaf; to snift, 
in contempt : n. that which is inhaled or drawn up 
through the nostrils ; the charred end of a wick ; to- 
bacco-leaf reduced to powder for drawing up into the 
nostrils: snuffing, imp.: snuffed, pp. sniift: snuf'fer, 
n. -fer, one who snuffs : snuffy, a. -fl, soiled with 
snuff, or smelling of it : snuffers, n. plu. -ferz, an 
instr. for taking off the charred top of a candle : snuff- 
box, a small box or case for holding snuff intended 
for daily use : up to snuff , familiarly, not likely to be 
imposed upon ; knowing ; acute. 

snuffle, v. sniif-fl (from snuff, which see : Dut. snuf- 
felen, to breathe through the nose : Ger. scfinuffeln, to 
speak through the nose, to snuffle), to speak through 
the nose ; to breathe hard through the nose, especially 
when obstructed by mucus : snuf fling, imp. -fling .- n. 
a speaking through the nose: snuffled, pp. -fid: snuf- 
fler, n. -fler, one who snuffles : snuffles, n. plu. -flz, 
obstruction of the nose by mucus. 

snug, a. sniig (the origin is that of an infant press- 
ing itself to its mother's bosom sniffing after food : Sw. 
snoka; Dan. snage; Icel. snaka, to sniff about, to 
rummage), warm and close; sheltered ; concealed ; not 
exposed to view ; being in good order ; neat and com- 
fortable : V. to lie close or concealed : snugging, imp. : 
snugged, pp. snugd: snugly, ad. snun-ll: snug'ness, 
n. -nes, the state of being snug: snug'gery, n. -ger-l, 
a neat comfortable place: to be snug, to be close; to 
be slyly and comfortably concealed. 

snying, n. snl'ing, among ship-carpenters, a term 
for a circular plank worked edgewise into the bow of 
a ship. 



like manner, when preceded or followed by as; in 
such manner, when followed by that; in this way, 
when followed by as; for this reason; thus; thus it 
is; provided that; in a high degree, as, he was so 
good: so forth, more of a like kind: so, so, a fa- 
miliar exclamatory phrase ; well, well, implying dis- 
covery or observation ; moderatelv or tolerably well : 
so that, the end that : so then, therefore ; the con- 
sequence is : so called, thus named. Note.— so some- 
times repeats the sense of a word or sentence going 
before, as, " to make men happy, and to keep them 
so "—that is, happy. 

soak, v. sok (AS. socian;~\Y. swgio, to soak: Manx, 
soo, to suck up : Gael, siig, to suck : Ger. sogen, to drip), 
to cause to suck in wet or moisture ; to steep ; to wet 
thoroughly; to lie steeped in a liquor; to enter gradu- 
ally into pores or interstices : soaking, imp.: adj. that 
wets thoroughly; drink ely : n. a thor- 

ough wetting : soaked, pp. sokt : soak'er, n. -er, a hard 
drinker: scak'age, n. -a], state of being soaked: 
soak'yi a. -I, moist on the surface ; full of moisture. 

soap, n. sop (Dut. zeep; Ger. seife; L. sapo; Gr. 
sapon; It. sapone; W. sebon; F. savon, soap: "W. 
su-yf, scum, froth: Bret, soav, tallow), an import- 
ant article of household use, manufactured from oils 
or fats, and an alkali, as soda or potash : v. to rub 
-vith soap: soaping, imp.: soaped, pp. sopt : soapy, 
<%. sod'I, smeared with soap ; resembling soap : soap'- 
iness, n. -i-nes, the quality of being soapy : soap-boiler, 
one whose trade is to make soap: soap-boiling, the 
trade of making soap: soap-bubble, a spherical film 
or air-bubble which floats in the air for a brief space, 
produced by blowing soapy water through a tube, as 
a tobacco-pipe : soapstone, n. a soft variety of mag- 
nesian rock having a soapy feel— also called steatite: 
soap-suds, in domestic economy, water well impreg- 
cdw, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair. 



nated with soap : soft-soap, a semi-fluid soap of a 
dirty brownish-yellow colour, made with potash in- 
stead of soda- 
soar, v. sor (It. sorare, to hover in the air like a 
hawk: F. essorer, to expose to the air, to moimt or 
soar up — from L. aura, air), to mount up on the wing ; 
to fly aloft ; to rise high in thought or Imagination : to 
be sublime, as the poet or orator: n. a lofty flight: 
soaring, imp.: adj. rising aloft : n. act of towering in 
thought or mind : soared, pp. surd: soarlngly, ad -11. 

soave, a. ad. so-d'-vd, also soavemente, sO-d'-vd-men- 
td (It.), in music, sweet; with sweetness. 

sob, v. sob (an imitative word: AS. seobgend, sob- 
bing: Ger. scvfz-:n. to sigh), to sigh with a sudden and 
convulsive heaving of the breast : n. a short convul- 
sive sigh: sobT)ing, imp : n. the act of sighing with 
convulsive heavings of the breast ; lamentation : 
sobbed, pp. sobd. 

sober, a. so'-ber (F. sobre ; It. sobrio; L. sobrius, not 
drunk), temperate ; not under the influence of strong 
drink ; possessing habits of temperance ; right in 
mind ; not visionary or heated with passion ; grave ; 
serious : v. to free from intoxication ; to become sober ; 
to bring to a right frame of mind : so'bering, imp. : 
sobered, pp. -herd: so'berly, ad. -btr-ll: soberness, n. 
-nes, freedom from intoxication ; freedom from heat 
and passion ; temperance: sobriety, n. so-bri'-c-ti, the 
state or qualin , o o 

fluence of strong drink ; habitual freedom from heat 
and passion; gravity; calmness: sober-minded, a. 
habitually calm" and temperate : sober-mindedness, n. 
the state of being free from inordinate passion ; calm- 
ness. 

soboles, n. sob'-o-lez (L. soboles, a sprout, a shoot), in 
bot., a creeping rndei ground stem: sob'oliferous, a. 
-lifer- us (L. fero, I bear), producing young plants from 
the roots. 

sobriquet, n. so'-brl-M or s6'- (F. sobriquet, a nick- 
name : Norm, brucket, the bole of the throat ; properly 
a chuck under the chin, then a quip or cut given, hence 
a nickname), a burlesque name ; a nickname. 

soccage, n. sok'-kdj (F. soc, the coulter or share of a 
plough, a plough: Gael, soc, snout or beak, a plough- 
share : W. such, a snout), a tenure of land by inferior 
services in husbandry— that is, by the plough, to be 
rendered to the lord of the fee ; tenure by any certain 
or determinate service. 

social, a. so'-shal (L. socialis, social— from socius, a 
companion: It. sociale: F. social), pert, to men as liv- 
ing in society; ready to engage in friendly and famil- 
iar intercourse ; companionable ; disposed to mix in 
society; festive: socially, ad. -ll: so'cialness, n. -nSs, 
also so'cial'ity, n. -shi-al'-l-ti, quality of being social; 
fellowship: so'ciable, a. -d-bl, disposed to mix in 
society in friendly intercourse ; inclined to familiar 
and easy conversation in company ; friendly ; compan- 
ionable : so'ciably, ad. -bll : so'ciableness, n. -bl-n6s, 
also so'ciabil'ity, n. -bU'-i-tf, disposition to associate 
in familiar intercourse : so cialise, v. -al-lz, to reduce 
to a social condition: so'ciali'sing, imp.: socialised, 
pp. -Izd: so'cialism, n. -shal-izm, that system which 
has for its object the reconstruction of society on the 
basis of a community of property, and association in- 
stead of competition in every branch of human indus- 
try ; communis ■ -.ho advocates 
the system of socialism: so'cialis'tic, a. -is'-tlk, relat- 
ing to or like socialism: society, n. so-sl'-e-tl (L. socie- 
tas, society), a number of persons associated for a 
particular purpose; fellowship; the civilised body of 
mankind ; the public ; those persons in any community 
who usually associate together; a religious body: 
social plants, in bot., such plants as grow naturally 
in groups or masses : social science— see sociology. 

Socinian, n. so-sin'-i-dn (from Socinus, the founder 
of the sect in the 16th century), one of the followers 
of Socinus, who taught that Jesus Christ was a mere 
man, and who denied the Trinity, the personality of 
the devil, the original depravity of man, the atone- 
ment, and the eternity of future punishments: adj. 
pert, to Socinus or his doctrines : Socin'ianism, n. 
•izm, the doctrines of Socinus. 

sociology, n. sd'shi-ol'd-jl (L. socius, a companion, 
an associate, and Gr. logos, discourse), the science 
which treats of man in his social capacity, including 
politics, political economy, and such subjects ; social 
science: sociological, a. -o-lofi-kdl, connected with 
or related to sociology. 

sock, n. sok (Dut. socke, a sock: Icel. sockr; F. 
socque; It. socco; Sp. zoco, a wooden shoe: L. soccus, 
lame, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



SOCK 



594 



SOLD 



a kind of shoe worn by the anc. Greeks), a covering 
for the feet; a kind of half stocking; the shoe of the 
anc. comic actors : sock'less, a. -16s, without a sock. 

socket, n. sok'-ket (dim. of sock: It. zocco; F. souche, 
a stock or stump of a tree : F. souchet, a little stock or 
stump ; socle, the base of a pedestal), the hollow base 
upon which a candle is fixed, like a tree upon its 
stump; any small hollow to receive and hold some- 
thing ; the receptacle of the eye : socle, n. so'-kl, in 
arch., a plain, square, fiat member used instead of a 
pedestal to support a column, a statue, &c; a plinth 
or plain face at the foot of a wall : socket-chisel, a 
strong chisel used by carpenters in mortising. 

socle— see under socket. 

Socratic, a. sO-krOt'lk, also Socrat'ical, a. -i-kal, 
pert, to the philosophy of Socrates, or to his method 
of teaching: Socratiially, ad. -li: Socratist, n. sok- 
rd-tist, a disciple of Socrates, a celebrated anc. Greek 
philosopher: Soc'ratism, n. -tizra, the philosophy of 
Socrates. 

sod, n. s6d (Low Ger. and Dut. socle; Fris. satha, a 
turf: Gael, sod, turf, a clumsy person), turf; sward; a 
piece of turf: sod'ded, a. covered with sod : sod'dy, a. 
-dl, turfy. 

sod, v. sod, did seethe, pt. of seethe, which see. 

soda, n. so'dcl (Ger., It., Sp. soda: F. soude), a sub- 
stance obtained from the ashes Of Certain Sca-,:l:.n 
or from sea-salt ; the familiar name for carbonate of 
soda: so'dalite, n. -lit (Eng. soda, and Gr. lithos, a 
stone), a mineral found of a white, grey, yellowish, 
greenish, or blue colour, and of a vitreous lustre : so'- 
dium, n. -dl-um, the metallic base of soda, soft, of a 
silvery lustre, and lighter than water: soda-water, a 
water supposed to contain a little soda, and highly 
charged with carbonic acid : carbonate of soda, a salt 
compounded of carbonic acid and soda. 

sodden, v. sod'n, pp. of seethe, which see, boiled; 
seethed ; applied to bread not well baked ; doughy. 

Sodomite, n. sod'6-mlt, an inhabitant of Sodom ; one 
guilty of an unnatural crime, attributed to the inhabi- 
tants of Sodom: sod'omy, n. -mi, the sin of Sodom: 
sod'omit'ical, a. -mit'i-kdl, pert, to sodomy : sod omist, 
n. -mist, one guilty of sodomy. 

soever, ad. so-Su'er (so, and ever), only used in com- 
position to extend or render emphatic the sense of 
who, what, where, when, &c. 

sofa, n. so'fd (F., It., Sp. sofa: Ax. so/ah, a sofa— 
from saffa, to dispose in order), a long seat with 
stuffed bottom, back, and ends : sofa-bed, a sofa so 
contrived as to include a bed. 

soffit, n. soffit (F. sofflte,- It. soffitta, a soffit— from 
L. siiffixiim, to fasten beneath or below), in arch., the 
under side of an arch or cornice, presenting a flat sur- 
face. 

sofi, n. so'fi (Pers. soft), a priest or monk of Persia ; 
a religious person: so'fism, n. -fizm, the mystical 
doctrines of the so'fis, -fiz. 

soft, a. soft (Dut. and Ger. sar.ht ; Low Ger. sagt; 
AS. seft, soft), not hard ; easily yielding to pressure ; 
not rough; not violent; smooth to the touch ; flowing; 
easily yielding to persuasion or any influence ; impres- 
sible ; gentle ; mild ; delicate ; weak ; simple ; not un- 
feeling ; not strong or glaring ; pleasing to any sense : 
soft'ly, ad. -li, without hardness ; not forcibly ; not 
loudly ; gently ; mildly : soft'ness, n. -nes, the quality 
of being soft; smoothness; softness; delicacy; mild- 
ness ; effeminacy : soft, for be soft, int. hold ; not so 
fast: soft'ish, a. -ish, somewhat soft: soften, v. sof'n, 
to make soft ; to grow soft ; to mollify ; to make less 
harsh or severe; to make less glaring; to grow less 
obdurate or cruel : softening, imp. -ning: adj. mak- 
ing less hard or fierce: n. act of making less hard 
or cruel; in naint., the blending of colours into 
each other: soft'ened, pp. -nd: adj. made less hard 
or harsh: soft'ener, n. -ner, one who or that which 
softens : soft-headed, a. of weak intellect : soft- 
hearted, a: susceptible of pity; meek; gentle: soft- 
sawder, -sdw'der (corruption of Eng. solder), flattery; 
something that easily pleases and tickles : soft-spoken, 
a. having a mild or gentle voice ; affable. 

soho, int. s6-ho", an exclamation used to attract the 
attention of a person at a distance. 

soi-disant, a. swaTv'di-zang' (F.), would-be ; pre- 
tended; self-stvled. 

soil, n. sdyl (F. sol; It. sunlo ; L. solum, the ground, 
soil), the upper stratum of the eartu ; mould ; land. 

soil, n. sdyl (F. soil, the mire wherein a wild boar 
wallows : Dan. sol, mire, mud : Sw. siila, to wallow : 
Dan. sole, to daub, to dirty), filth; any foul matter 



upon another substance ; a stain ; dung ; tarnish : v. 
to defile ; to pollute ; to dirty ; to besmear ; to bedaub : 
soiling, imp.: soiled, pp. sdyld: adj. stained; tar- 
nished : soil-pipe, the pipe that conveys from a dwel- 
ling-house foul or waste water : to take soil, to run 
into the water, as a deer when pursued. 

soil, v. sdyl (pro v. Eng. soul, to satisfy: F. saouler, 
to glut: F. soul; L. satur, full, sated), in agri., to feed 
cattle with green food in the stall: soil'ing, imp.: n. 
the practice of feeding cattle in stalls with fresh-cut 
grass or clover : soiled, pp. sdyld. 

soiree, n. swawr'd (F. soiree, evening— from F. soir, 
night : L. serus, late), a polite evening-party for con- 
versation ; a public meeting in the evening at which 
refreshments are distributed. 

sojourn, v. so'jern (F. sojourner; It. soggiornare ; 
old F. sorjornier, to sojourn— from F. sejour, stay, 
abode— from jour, a day : connected with L. sub, and 
diurnus, daily), to dwell for a time ; to tarry : n. a 
temporary residence : sojourning, imp.: n. the act of 
dwelling in a place for a time : so'journed, pp. -jernd: 
sojourner, n. -er, one who sojourns or dwells in a 
place for a time ; a temporary resident. 

sol, sol, in music, the fifth of the seven syllables 
employed in singing the diatonic scale ; the fifth tone 
of the diatonic scale : sol-fa, v. sol-fd', to sing or vo- 
calise the diatonic scale to the syllables do, re, mi, fa, 
sol, la, si; to sing, as a learner, a musical composition 
with these syllables : sol-fa'ing, imp. -ing : n. the act 
or practice of singing the diatonic scale, or a musical 
composition, to the syllables do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si: 
sol-faed', pp. -fad'. 

solace, n. sol'-ds (L. solor, I console : L. solatium; It. 
solazzo; F. soulas, solace, recreation), that which 
cheers, comforts, or consoles ; that which alleviates 
grief or anxiety ; that which relieves in distress : v. 
to cheer ; to comfort ; to console ; to comfort in soli- 
tude ; to relieve in affliction ; to soothe; to allay: sol'- 
acing, imp.: sol'aced, pp. -ast, cheered in affliction: 
sol'acement, n. -merit, the act of solacing; comfort. 

solander, n. so-ldn'-dAr (F. solandre), a disease in 
horses. 

solan-goose, n. s6'ldn-g6s, also soland, n. so'ldnd 
(Icel. sula, a solan-goose), a web-footed sea-fowl, found 
on the coasts of Great Britain and Ireland, &c; the 
gannet. 

solano, n. so-ld'no (Sp. solano— from L. sol, the sun), 
a hot south-west wind which occasionally visits the 
Spanish peninsula, from the direction of the African 
deserts. 

solanum, n. so-la'num (L. solarium, nightshade: It. 
solano: F. solanum), the nightshade; the systematic 
name of several plants, of which some are edible, as 
the potato, and others poisonous : solanine, n. sol'-d- 
nln. a highly-poisonous substance obtained from sev- 
eral species of solanum: sol'ana'ceous, a. -na'-shus, 
belonging to the order of plants which includes the 
nightshade and the potato. 

solar, a. so'ler (L. Solaris, belonging to the sun— from 
sol, the sun: F. solaire), pert, to the sun, or pro- 
ceeding from it ; measured by the apparent revolution 
of the sun ; sunny : solar day, solar month, portions 
of time marked by the apparent motion of the sun : 
solar flowers, flowers that open and close at particu- 
lar hours of each day : solar spots, dark spots that 
appear on the sttn's disc when viewed through a tele- 
scope : solar system, the sun and the celestial bodies 
which move round it, including the comets : solar 
year, the space of time measured by a complete rev- 
olution of the sun, being 365 d., 5 h., 48 m., 51-6 s. 

sold, v. sold, pp. pt. of sell, which see : sold-note, a 
note or memorandum of sale given by the seller to 
the buyer. 

solder, n. sol'der or saTv'der (F. soidder, to consoli- 
date, to close or fasten together : It. soldo, solid, firm : 
L. solidus, solid), a metallic composition for uniting 
or cementing metals : v. to unite metals by the fusion of 
a metallic cement ; to mend ; to unite anything broken : 
sol'dering, imp.: n. the process of uniting metals by 
fusing a metallic composition : soldered, pp. -derd, 
united or cemented by a metallic composition : sol'- 
derer, n. -er-er, one who solders : hard solder, solder 
which only fuses at a red heat : soft solder, a solder 
which fuses at a comparatively low heat. 

soldier, n. sOl'jer (old F. souldart; F. soldat : Norm. 
soldar, a soldier, one who receives pay : It. soldo ; F. 
solde, pay, hire : L. solidus or soldus, military pay), a 
man engaged in militarv service ; a warrior ; one en- 
gaged in war: sol'dierly, a. -li, also soldier-like, a, 



mate, mat, far, law; mete, me~t, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve: 






SOLE 5! 

becoming a real soldier ; brave : soldiership, n. mar- 
tial skill; military qualities or character; conduct 
becoming a soldier: soldiering, n. -ing, the state of 
being a soldier; the occupation of a soldier : soldiery, 
n. -I. soldiers collectively; the body of military men: 
soldier-crab, a crustacean which, having part of its 
body unprotected, occupies the empty shell of a shell- 
fish : the hermit-crab. 

sole, n. sol (Ger. sohle; F. sole; L. solea; It. suola ; 
Sw. sola, the sole of the foot or of a shoe : W. sail, 
foundation, groundwork: L. solum, the ground or 
earth), the bottom of the foot or of a shoe ; the part 
of a thing which forms the bottom ; a certain fiat sea- 
fish: v. to furnish with a sole: soling, imp.: soled, 
pp. sold : sole-leather, the thick leather to form soles 

sole, a. sol (F. seul; L. solus, alone), single; indi- 
vidual ; being or acting without another ; alone : 
solely, ad. -li: soleness, n. -nes, the state of being 
alone. 

solecism, n. sol'-e'-slzm (Gr. soloikismos, said to be 
from Soli, a town of Cilicia, whose Greek inhabitants 
corrupted the Greek language and used a mixed dia- 
lect), any glaring deviation from the established usage 
of a language in speaking or writing ; any impropriety 
or barbarism of speech extending beyond single words"; 
any absurdity or impropriety: sol'ecist, n. -slst, one 
guilty of an impropriety in language : sol'ecis'tic, 
a. -His, also solecis'tical, a. -ti-kal, Incorrect or in- 
congruous in language: sol'ecis tically, ad. -II: sol'- 
ecise, v. -slz, to commit a solecism : sol ecising, imp.: 
sol'ecised, pp. -slzd. 

solemn, a. so'-em iL. soh. »nis or solemnis, religious, 
solemn : Sp. solemne ; F. solennel ; It. solenne, solemn), 
marked with religious gravity ; affecting with serious- 
ness; adapted to impress seriousness or reverence; 
having the appearance of seriousness or gravity ; seri- 
ous ; reverential; devotional: sol'emness, n. -'nes, the 
state or quality of being solemn ; reverential manner: 
solemnly, ad. -U: solemnity, n. sd-lem'nl-ti, an im- 
pressive religious ceremony ; manner of acting adapted 
to impress awe ; gravity ; steady seriousness : solem- 
nise, v. s6l'6m-nlz, to celebrate or perform with relig- 
ious ceremonies; to perform religiously at stated 
times ; to render serious or reverential : sol'emni sing, 
imp.: sol'emnised, pp. -nlzd : sol emni'ser, n. -zer, one 
who solemnises: sol'emnisa'tion, n. -nl-za'shun. the 
act of solemnising ; celebration : solemn-breathing, 
a. impressing with seriousness. 

solenaceans, n. plu. sol'-e-na -shi-dtt : (Gr. solen, a tube 
or pipe), a family of molluscs, of which the razor-shell 
is the type, distinguished by the great length of their 
respiratory tubes : sol enites, n. -nits, fossil stems or 
leaves, so called from their tubular appearance, not 
unlike the common quill-wort in general aspect. 

sol-fa— see under soL 

solfatara, n. sol'fd-td'rd (It. solfato, sulphur, brim- 
stone), a volcanic fissure or vent from which sulphur- 
ous vapours, hot mud, and steam are erupted : solfat- 
arite, n. sol-fdt'dr-it, a name applied to the soda-alum 
found at Solfatara. near Naples. 

solfeggiare, v. sol-fej'l-ar'a (It.), to sol-fa : solfeggio, 
n. sol-jej-i-o (It.), the system of marking the notes of 
the scale with the svllables do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si, 
instead of the letters C, D, E, F, G, A, B, intended to 
give greater facility to learners to sing at sight. 

solicit, v. so-lis'-lt (F. solliciter, to request : L. sollic- 
ito, I stir up, I urge : It. sollecitare), to ask with some 
degree of earnestness ; to entreat ; to beseech ; to in- 
vite, as the attention ; to try to obtain : soliciting, 



request; entreaty: importunity; invitation: solic' 
itor, n. -ter, one who asks with earnestness ; one who 
solicits for another; in laiv, one legally qualified 
to act for another in courts of law ; in Scot., an 
attorney; in Amer., a counsel who acts as attorney- 
general: solic'itorship, n. the office of a solicitor: 
solicitor-general, the second law-officer of the Crown 
in point of dignity, who, besides his ordinary public 
duties, maintains the right of the Crown in cases 
affecting the revenue, &c. : solicitous, a. -tils, careful ; 
anxious ; very desirous, as to obtain something : solic'- 
itously, ad. -li : solicitude, n. -tud, uneasiness of 
mind ; concern ; anxiety. 

solid, a. sol'ld (L. soiidus, whole, complete, solid: 
It. solido : F. solide), hard ; firm ; compact ; impene- 
trable ; not liquid or fluid ; not hollow ; healthy ; 
strong; valid; just; not light or superficial: n. a 
cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, 



5 SOLV 

firm compact body ; a body not liquid or fluid ; in 
geom., a magnitude which has length, breadth, and 
thickness: solidly, ad. -li: solidity, n. so-lid'i-ti, 
compactness ; density ; the quality of bodies which 
resists impressions ; firmness : strength : solidness, 
n. -nis, the quality of being firm or dense ; moral 
firmness ; soundness ; validity ; weight : solidify, 
v. so-lld'i-fl (F. solidifier, to solidify— from L. soii- 
dus, firm, and facio, I make), to make solid or com- 
pact; to grow solid: solidifying, imp.: solidified, 
pp. -fid: solidification, n. -La-shun, the state 
assumed by certain liquid bodies on cooling, or on 
parting from their heat : the solids, as applied to the 
body, the bones, flesh, &c, as distinguished from the 
fluids : solid angle, an angle made by more than two 
plane angles meeting in a point: solid measure, a 
measure in which each of the units is a cube : solid 
square, a body of troops in the form of a square in 
which the ranks and files are equal. 

solidarity, n. sol'i-dclr'-l-tl (F. solidarity, being bound 
—from F. solide; L. soiidus, solid), an entire union or 
consolidation of interests and responsibilities ; inter- 
national stability or strength. 

solidungulates, n. sol'-id-ung'-gu-latz (L. soiidus, 
solid, and ungula, a hoof), a tribe of mammals, includ- 
ing those which have the hoofs whole or undivided: 
soildun'gulous, a. -liis, having the hoof entire or not 
cloven, as in the horse. 

solifidian, n. sdl'i-fid'4-dti (L. solus, alone, &n& fides, 
faith), one who holds that faith alone is necessary to 
justification: adj. pert, to: solindlanism, n. -izm, 
the tenets of solifidians. 

soliloquy, n. so-lll'o-kwl (It. soliloquio; F. sililoquz, 
a soliloquy— from L. solus, alone, and loquor, I speak), 
a talking to one's self alone ; a discourse not addressed 
to any one, even though others be present ; a written 
composition containing such discourse: soliloquise, 
v. -kwlz, to speak to one's self alone : solil'oqui sing, 
imp.: soliloquised, -kivlzd. 

soliped, n. sol'l-ped (L. solus, alone, and pes, a foot- 
gen, pidis), an animal having only a single uncloven 
hoof on each foot, as the horse: solipedous, a. sodlp- 
c-t? ''.-', having single uncloven hoofs. 

solitary, a. sol'l-ter-l (F. solitaire; L. solitarius, 
solitary— from L. solus, alone: It. solitario), living 
alone; lonely; remote from society; not much fre- 
quented; gloomy; dismal; occurring singly: n. one 
who lives alone; a hermit: solitarily, ad. -II: sol'- 
itariness, n. -nes, state of being alone ; retirement ; 
solitude: solitaire', n. -tar' (F.), a hermit; an orna- 
ment for the neck ; a game that can be played alone. 

solitude, n. sol'-l-tiid (L. solitudo, loneliness— from 
L. solus, alone: It. solitudiiu : F. solitude), loneliness; 
remoteness from society ; a lonely place. 

solmisation, n. sol'mi-zd'shiln (from the vocalising 
of the syllables sol mi), the act of sol-faing. 

solo, n. so'lo, plu. solos, -loz (It. solo, a solo— from 
L. solus, alone), an air or strain to be played by a sin- 
gle instrument, or sung by a single voice. 

solstice, n. sol'stls (L. soistitium. a standing still of 
the sun— from sol, the sun, and sisto, I make to stand : 
F. solstice), the time when the sun, in its apparent 
annual revolution, arrives at its furthest point north 
or south from the equator, and seems to stand still- 
in the northern hemisphere the summer solstice being 
about 22d June, and the icinter solstice about 22d Decem- 
ber : solstitial, a. solstlsh'-al, pert, to or happening at 
a solstice, usually the summer one : solstitial points, 
the furthest north and south points of the ecliptic at 
which the sun arrives— the north being called Cancer, 
the south Capricorn : solstitial colure, the hour-circle 
which passes tin 

soluble, a. s6l'-u-bl (L. solubilis, soluble— from L. 
solvo, I loose, I dissolve; solutum, to loose: It. solu- 
bile: F. soluble), that may be dissolved in a fluid ; cap- 
able of solution : sol'ubfeness, n. -nes, also sol'ubir- 
ity, n. -btt'i-ti, the quality of being able to be dis- 
solved in a fluid; in bob, the property of separating 
into distinct portions by a kind of spurious articula- 
tion: solution, n. so-lo'shun, the act of dissolving by 
means of a fluid ; a liquid which contains one or more 
solid substances diffused throughout it ; explanation ; 
the explanation or removal of a doubt or difficulty ; 
the worked-out answer to a problem, or of an equation : 
solutive, a. sol'-u-tiv, tending to dissolve; laxative. 

solve, v. solv (L. solvo, I loose— see under soluble), 
to give an explanation of; to clear up ; to unfold; to 
dissipate, as doubts : solving, imp. sol'ving : solved, 
pp. solvd : solver, n. soi-ver, one who solves : solvable, 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



SOLU 



596 



SOPH 



a. -vcL-bl, that may be solved or explained: sol'vable- 
ness, n. -bl-nes, also solvability, n. -bll'l-tt, capabil- 
ity of being dissolved ; ability to pay all just debts : 
sol'vent, a. -vSnt, having the power of loosening or 
dissolving; able or sufficient to pay all just debts, 
applied to a person or an estate : n. anything that 
dissolves another; a fluid in which a solid may be 
dissolved : sol'vency, n. -v&n-si, ability to pay all just 
debts. 

solus, n. so'lus (L. solus, alone), alone,— used in stage 
directions. 

somatic, a. so-m&t'-ik (Gr. somatikos, pert, to a body 
—from soma, the body), belonging to the body : so'- 
matist, n. -md-tlst, one who admits the existence of 
corporeal or material beings only. 

somatology, n. sO'-md tol'0-ji : soma, a body- 
gen, somatos, and logos, a description), the doctrine 
of bodies or material substances. 

sombre, a. som'ber (F. sombre, dark— from L. subum- 
bra, under shade or shadow), dark; dusky; gloomy: 
som'breness, n. -nSs, darkness; gloominess: som'- 
brous, a. -brus, dark ; gloomy : som'brously, ad. -li : 
som'brousness, n. -nSs, state of being sombre ; dark- 
sombrero, n. som-brd'-ro (Sp. sombrero— from sorn- 
bra, shade), a kind of broad-brimmed hat. 

some, a. sum (Goth, sums; Swiss and Sw. som, some : 
AS. sum), expressing an indeterminate number or 
quantity, more or less ; denoting one person or thing ; 
about, as some two dozen ; a portion greater or less ; 
certain ; moderate ; used improperly for somewhat, as 
he is some better: some'body, n. -bdd-i, a person un- 
known or uncertain ; a person of consideration : some- 
how, ad. -how, in some way not yet known ; one way 
or another : somesuch, a. denoting a person or thing 
of that kind : sometime, ad. once ; formerly ; at a time 
indefinite: sometimes, ad. at intervals; now and 
then : something, n. a thing unknown or not specified ; 
a portion more or less ; a little : ad. in some degree ; 
somewhat: somewhat, n. something, though uncer- 
tain what ; a part more or less : ad. in some degree : 
somewhere, ad. in one place or other ; in some place : 
somewhither, ad. to some indete: minat< [>[■,"■• 

somersault, n. sum'-er-sawlt, also som'erset, n. 
-set {olAF. soubresault, a somersault— from L. supra, 
above, and saltus, a leap), a leap or spring in which a 
person turns with the heels thrown over his head, 
completing a circuit, and again alights on his feet. 

somnambulation, n. sdm-ndm'bu-la'shun (L. som- 
nus, sleep, and ambulo, I walk), act of walking in 
sleep: somnam'bulic, a. -bu-llk, pert, to somnambu- 
lism; that walks in sleep: somnam'bulism, n. -bu- 
llzm, the act or practice of walking in sleep : somnam'- 
bulist, n. -bu-llst, a sleep-walker. 

somniferous, a. som-nif-er- us (L. somnus, sleep, and 
fero, I bring), causing or inducing sleep. 

somnific, a. som-nlf'lk (L. somnus, sleep, and facio, 
I make), causing sleep ; tending to induce sleep. 

somniloquism, n. sdm-nil'6-kwizm (L. somnus, sleep, 
and loquor, I speak), talking in one's sleep : somnil'- 
ocjuist, n. -kwist, one who talks in his sleep : somnil'- 
oquous, a. -kwus, apt to talk in sleep. 

somnipathy, n. som-nip'a-thi (L. somnus, sleep, and 
Gr. pathos, feeling), sleep from sympathy or some ex- 
ternal influence, as mesmerism: somnip'athist, n. 
•thist, a person in a state of sleep from sympathy. 

somnolent, a. som'no-lent (F. somnolence, light sleep 
—from L. somnus, sleep), inclined to sleep ; drowsy : 
som'nolence, n. -Uns, inclination to sleep; also som'- 
nolency, n. -len-si: som'nolently, ad. -II 

son, n. sun (Goth., Lith. sunus; Russ. siiin; Bohem. 
syn; Sans, sunu; AS. sunu ; Ger. sohn, a son: Fin. 
siindua, to be born), a male child or male descendant ; 
a term of affection and familiar endearment ; a native ; 
the produce of anything, or denoting some quality, as 
"son of pride," "sons of light"; the second person of 
the Trinity : son-in-law, n. the husband of a daughter : 
son'less, a. -ISs, without a son : sonship, n. state of 
having the relation of a son : Son of God, Son of 
Man, titles of Jesus Christ. 

sonata, n. sd-nd'td (It. sonata, a sonato— from L. 
sono, I sound), a short piece of music intended for an 
instrument only— cantata, a piece for the voice. 

song, n. song (AS. sang; Dut. zang ; Ger. sang, a 
song: Icel. sangra, to whine, to murmur), a short 
poem intended or fit to be sung ; a ballad ; a lay ; a 
strain ; the notes of birds ; poetry ; a mere trifle : song'- 
less, a. -Us, destitute of the power of song : song'ster, 
n. -ster (AS. sang, and steora, a guide), one who sings, 



or is skilled in singinc: ; a bird that j;h;;s : song'stre3S, 
n. -stres, a female singer : old song, a trifle. 

soniferous, a. so-nlf-er-us (L. sonus, sound, and fero, 
I bear), that gives or conveys sound. 

sonnet, n. son-net (F. sonnet ; It. sonetto, 'a sonnet 
—from L. sonus, sound : Sans, svan, to sound, to sing-), 
a short poem or song of fourteen lines, having two 
stanzas of four lines each, and two of three each, 
arranged and rhymed in a particular order : son'net- 
eer\ n. -er', a composer of sonnets or small poems — 
usually in contempt. 

sonometer, n. so-n6m'e-ter (F. sonombtre— from L. 
sonus, a sound, and Gr. metron, a measure), an instr. 
consisting of one or more cords or musical strings 
stretched along a box or table, weighted at one end 
and fixed at the other, and divided at pleasure by a 
bridge, used to exhibit the relations between musical 
notes ; an instr. for testing the efficacy of the treat- 
ment for the cure of deafness. 

sonorific, a. so'-no-rlf'-lk (L. sonus, sound, ami. facio, 
I make), producing sounds. 

sonorous, a. sO-nO'-rus (L. sonorus, sounding, sono- 
rous—from sono, I sound: It. sonoro: F. sonore), 
yielding a clear sound when struck ; being of a clear 
loud sound; high-sounding; rich and full in sound: 
sono'rously, ad. -II : sono'rouBness, n. -rus-nSs, quality 
of yielding sound when struck. 

soon, ad. s6n (Goth, suns, immediately ; sunsei, as 
soon as: AS. sona, soon: Dut. saen, immediately), 
in a short time; without delay; early; quickly; 
proinpi u readily willingly: as soon as or so soon 
as, immediately at or after another event. 

soot, n. soot (Dut. soet; Sw. sot; Dan. sod; Gael. 
suith, soot— probably from Dut. soetelen; Low Ger. 
suddeln, to dabble, to dirty), condensed smoke : v. to 
cover or foul with soot: sooting, imp.: soot'ed, pp.: 
soot'y, a. -I, producing, containing, or resembling 
soot ; foul with soot ; dusky ; dark : sootlly, ad. -i-llt 
sootlness, n. -nes, the quality of being foul with soot. 

sooth, a. soth (Icel. sannr, true, in accordance with 
the fact: Sans, sat, being: AS. s6th, truth), true; 
faithful: n. truth; reality. 

soothe, v. soth- (Goth, suthjan, to tickle the ears : AS. 
gasothian, to flatter: Icel. suda, to hum : Ger. sauser,; 
Dan. suse, to buzz), the radical meaning is, to lull or 
calm by a monotonous sound ; to please with blandish- 
ments or soft words; to calm; to tranquillise ; to 
gratify, as one's vanity: soothing, imp.: adj. flatter- 
ing; softening: soothed, pp. sdihd: soothingly, ad. 
-II : sooth'er, n. -er, one who soothes. 

soothsay, v. soth'sa (Eng. sooth, and say), to utter 
predictions without r>i,;]>i,">tion ; to prophesy: sooth- 
saying, imp. : n. the foretelling future events without 
being inspired: sooth'sayer, n. -er, one who undertakes 
to foretell future events. 

sooty— see soot. 

sop, n. sop (Norm, sabba, to dabble ; subben, soaked, 
wet: Goth, supon; Sw. soppa, broth: Norm, soppa, 
bread and milk), anything dipped and softened in a 
liquid and intended to be eaten ; anything offered to 
pacify : v. to steep or dip in a liquid for food : sop'ping, 
imp.: sopped, pp. sopt: sop 'per, n. -per, one who dips 
something in liquor that is to be eaten : sop'py, a. 
-pi, soaked or saturated with liquid : sops in wine, a 
popular name for the flower called pink. 

soph, n. sof (Gr. sophos, wise, clever), a young man 
who has been two years at the university. 

sophi, n. so'-fi (Ar. sufi), a title of the King of 
Persia. 

sophism, n. sof'lzm(F. sophi sme, a sophism: Gr. 
and L. sophisma, a device, a quibble, a fallacy— from 
Gr. sophos, wise, clever), a specious but fallacious 
argument ; a fallacy or subtlety in reasoning : sophist, 
n. -1st, one of a body of men who arose in Greece in 
the fifth century B.C., and taught eloquence, philo- 
sophy, and politics, but who, by the use of vain subtle- 
ties and false axioms, incurred general hatred and 

i in in,, i i pi mm i i!li mi, in , .;, l i. > 

a. so-fls'tlk, also sophis'tical, a. -ti-kdl, deceitful or 
unsound in argument; fallaciously subtle: sophis'- 
tically, ad. -II : sophis'ticate, v. -ti-kat, to adulterate ; 
to debase; to corrupt by something spurious or foreign: 
sophisticating, imp.: sophis'ticated, pp.: adj., also 
sophis'ticate, a. not pure or genuine ; adulterated : 
sophis'ticator, n. -ka-ter, one who sophisticates : so- 
phis'tica'tion, n. -shun, adulteration; admixture; 
matter added : sophister, n. sof'-ls-ter, usually soph, 
which see, in the universities of Cambridge, Oxford, 
and Dublin, a student during his second and third 



mate, m&t.fdr, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, mdve; 



SOPO 5< 

years : sophistry, n. -M, specious but fallacious rea- 
soning ;r ace only. 

soporiferous, a. s6'pd-rif'er-us (L. sopor, a heavy 
sleep, and fero, I bring), tending to produce sleep ; 
narcotic: so'porif erously. ad. -li: so'porif'erousness, 
n. -rigs, the quality of causing sleep. 

soporific, a. sO'-pd-rlf'lk (L. sopor, a heavy sleep, 
and/oci'o, I make), tending to cause sleep : n. a medi- 
cine or other substance that has the quality of indu- 
cing sleep. 

soppy, sopped— see sop. 

sopra, n. so-pra (It. sopra— from L. super, above), 
in music, the upper or higher part : soprano, n. 
so-prd'no (It.), in music, the highest female voice; the 
treble ; plu. sopra'ni, -nl: sopra'nist, n. -nlvt, a treble- 
singer. 

sorb, n. sorb (L. sorbus, the sorb or service-tree), 
the European mountain-ash or service-tree, and its 
fruit: sorbic, a. sor'-bik, of or from the sorb or service- 
tree, or its fruit. 

sorbefacient, a. sor'-be-fa'shi-gnt (L. sorbeo, I suck 
up, and facio, I make), producing absorption: n. a 
medicine that produces absoiption. 

Sorbonist, n. sor'-bou-lst, a doctor of the Sorbonne, a 
famous theological college in the University of Paris : 
sorbonical, a. sOr-bon-h'kol, pert, to the Sorbonists. 

sorcerer, n. sor'-sir-er (F. sorrier, one who divines 
by casting lots : L. sors, a lot— gen. sortis: Alb. short, 
lot), a wizard ; a magician : sor'ceress, n. fem. -6s, a 
woman who divines by the aid of magic or evil spirits : 
sor eery, n. -I, divination by the aid of evil spirits ; 
magic ; enchantment. 

sordes, n. sor-dez (L. sordes, dirt), foul or effete mat- 
ter; dregs. 

sordet, n. sor'-dSt, a sordine, which see. 

sordid, a. sor'dld (L. sordidus, dirty, unclean— from 
L. sordes, dirt, filth: It. sordido: F. sordide), mean; 
base; vile; meanly avaricious ; very niggardly: sor- 
didly, ad. -li : sor'didness, n. -ne~s, the state of being 
sordid; baseness; meanness. 

sordine, n. sor'-dtn (It, sordina, a sordine— from It. 
sordo; F. sourd; L. surdus, deaf, dull-sounding), a 
damper put into the mouth of a horn, or on the bridge 
of a violin, to muffle or soften the sound. 

sore, a. sor (Icel. sar, wound, sore: Norm, saar, 
wounded: Bav. ser; Swab, seir; Scot, sair, a sore), ten- 
der to the touch ; affected with pain ; painful ; distress- 
ing ; tender, as the mind : n. a part in an animal body 
where the skin is ruptured or bruised; an ulcer; a 
wound; grief; affliction: ad. intensely; severely: 
sorely, ad. sor'U : sore'ness, n. -tie's, the tenderness of 
any part of an animal body ; tenderness of mind. 

soredia, n. plu. s6-re'-dl-d (Gr. soros, a heap or pile), 
in bot, powdery cells on the surface of the thallus of 
some lichens. 

sorel, n. sor'61 (old Eug. sore, a buck of the fourth 
year: F. saure, yellowish-brown), a buck of the third 
year. 

sori, n. plu. s6'rl (Gr. soi-os, a heap or pile), in bot., 
the patches of fructification on the back of the fronds 
of ferns— see sorus. 

sorites, n. plu. so-rl'-tez (L. sorites, a sorites— from 
Gr. soreites, a heap: It. and F. sorite), in logic, an 
abridged form of stating a series of syllogisms, the 
conclusion of each becoming the premiss of the one 
following. 

sororicide, n. sd-ror'-i-sld (L. soror, a sister, and 
ccedo, I kill), the murder or murderer of a sister. 

sorosis, n. so-ro'sis (Gr. soros, a heap), in bot., a kind 
of fleshy fruit formed by the consolidation together of 
many flowers, seed-vessels, and receptacles, as the 
pine-apple, the bread-fruit, &c. 

sorrel, n. sor'-rel (F. sorel, the herb sorrel or sour- 
dock : AS. sur, sour), a plant like a dock, but having 
small leaves, which are sour or acid to the taste. 

sorrel, a. sor'ril (It. sauro, the sorrel colour of a 
horse : F. saure, a yellowish-brown), of the colour of 
the sorrel ; of an obscure or faint reddish colour: n. a 
sort of yellowish-brown : salt of sorrel, so called be- 
cause contained in the juice of the wood-sorrel. 

sorrily and sorriness— see sorry. 

sorrow, n. sor'ro (Goth, saurgan, to sorrow: Ger. 
sorge ; Icel. sorg, care, sorrow : Fin. suru, grief), mental 
pain or uneasiness, caused by some loss or by a disap- 
pointment; grief; regret: v. to grieve; to be sad: 
Borrowing, imp.: adj. feeling grief or regret: n. the 
feeling or expression of sorrow : sorrowed, pp. -rod : 
Sor'rowful, a. -fool, sad ; mournful ; grieving for some 
loss or disappointment ; depressed ; dejected : sor'- 
cdw, boy, foot ; pure, bud; chair, 



7 SOUN 

rowfully, ad. -U: sor'rowfulness, n. -ne~s, the state of 
being sorrowful ; grief : sor'rowlsss, a, -lis, free from 
sorrow : sorrow-stricken, a. exceedingly depressed by 
grief for some loss. 

sorry, a. sdr'-H (old H. Ger. serig, painful, sad : Scot. 
sary, sad— from sore, which see : sorry is not the adj. 
of sorrow, with which it has no etymological connec- 
tion), grieved for something past ; poor ; mean ; worth- 
less : sor'rily, ad. -rl-li : sor'riness, n. -nes, the state 
of being sorry or pitiful ; meanness ; poorness. 

sort, n. sort (F. and Ger. sorte; Dut. soorte, a lot: 
L. sors, a lot— gen. sortis ; sortior, I draw or cast lots), 
a kind or species ; any number or collection of persons 
or things more or less resembling each other in 
qualities or appearance; class; order; rank; degree 
of any quality : v. to reduce to order ; to separate into 
classes ; to choose from a number; to be joined with 
others of the same species : sorting, imp. : n. arrange- 
ment : sort'ed, pp. arranged ; put in order : sort'er, n. 
-er, one who sorts : sort'able, a. -d-bl, that may be 
sorted ; suitable : sorts, n. plu. varieties : out of sorts, 
out of order ; unwell. 

sortie, n. sor'te (F. sortie, a going out— from sortir, 
to go or come out), a sudden attack made by troops 
besieged in a place upon the besiegers. 

sortilege, n. sor'-tl-lSj (F. sortilege, sorcery— from L. 
sors, a lot— gen. sortis, and lego, I choose), divination 
by drawing lots : sor'tile'gious, a. -le'jus, pert, to sor- 
tilege. 

sorus, n. so'rus, plu. sori, -rl (Gr. soros, a heap— see 
sori), in bot., a cluster of sporangia in ferns. 

sostenuto, a. ad. sos'te-nO'-to (It. sustained), in 
music, a term denoting that a note or a movement is 
to be somewhat prolonged or sustained to the utmost 
of the value of the time. 

sot, n. sot (F. sot, dull, gross, sottish: Bret, sod, 
stupid : Gael, sod, noise of boiling water : Lith. sotus ; 
Ger. satt, full, satiated), a person stupefied by exces- 
sive drinking ; a habitual drunkard : v. to stupefy ; to 
tipple to stupidity: sot'ting, imp.: sot 'ted, pp.: sot'- 
tish, a. -tish, dull ; stupid with drink : sot'tishly, ad. 
-li: sot'tishness, n. -nes, the state or quality of being 
sottish. 

Sothic, a. sdth'ik, of or pert, to Sothis, the Egyptian 
name for the dog-star : Sothic year, the anc. Egyptian 
year of 305 days, 6 hours. 

sotto, sot'to (It. sotto, under, below, beneath), in 
music, a term denoting below, or more moderate: 
sotto-voce, -vo'-cha (It. voce, a voice), with a restrained 
or moderate voice. 

sou, n., plu. sous, s6 (F.), a French coin; the l-20th 
of a franc. 

soubahdar, n. st-bH-dt ahdar — from 

subah, a province, and ddr, holding), in India, the 
chief native commissioned officer in a Sepoy com- 
pany. 

souchong, n. so-shdng' (Chin.), a finer sort of black 
tea. 

sough, n. si// or sdio (AS. sweg, a sound: Scot, sough 
or souch, a deep sigh), a hollow murmuring, as of dis- 
tant waves : a rushing or whistling sound, as of the 
wind ; a small underground drain : v. to murmur, as 
the winds or distant waves; to emit a rushing or 
whistling sound: soughing, imp.: adj. sounding ; sigh- 
ing: soughed, pp. stiff.— In. Scot., pronounced s6ch, 
with ch guttural. 

sought, v. sowt, pt. pp. of seek, which see. 

soul, n. sol (Goth, saivala; AS. said; Icel. sal; Ger. 
seele, soul: Gael, saoil, to think), the thinking, spirit- 
ual, and immortal being in man ; that part of man 
which enables him to think and reason, and which 
distinguishes him from the brutes ; heart ; vital prin- 
ciple ; essence or chief part ; internal power ; a living 
intellectual creature; spirit; energy or grandeur of 
mind ; disposition or appetite ; the inspirer of any 
action, or leader of an enterprise ; used as a familiar 
appellation for a person, as a poor soul, a good soul : 
souled, a. sold, instinct with soul or feeling : soulless, 
a, -Us, mean ; spiritless : soul-destroying, a. pernici- 
ous ; tending to destroy the soul : soul-felt, a. deeply 
felt : soul-stirring, a. exciting the deep feelings of the 
heart: soul-subduing, a. calming or tempering the 
deep feeling of the heart. 

sound, n. sdivnd (W. s6n, noise, report : Bret, son or 
sown, sound, tune : F. son; L. sonus, sound), anything 
perceptible to the ear; that which strikes the ear; 
noise ; report ; noise without significance : v. to make 
a noise ; to utter audibly ; to play on ; to celebrate or 
extol : sound ing, imp. : adj. sonorous ; making a 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



SOUN 



598 



SPAD 



noise : n. the act of one who or that which sounds : 
sound'ed, pp. : soundless, a. -Us, without sound : 
sound-board or sounding-board, the thin plate of 
metal or wood which increases the sound of a musical 
instr. ; the structure over a pulpit : sounding-post or 
sound-post, a small post in a violin or similar instr. 
set under the bridge for support, and for propagating 
the sound. 

sound, n. sownd (AS. and Icel. sund, swimming: 
Icel. sund, a sound or strait : Ger. sund, a strait), a 
narrow passage of water which may be crossed by 
swimming, or whose depth may be ascertained ; a 
narrow arm of the sea : sounds (in Shetland, those of 
the cod dried for food are called soums), the swimming- 
bladders of fish. 

sound, a. sownd (Ger. gesund ; Dut. zond ; L. sanus, 
sound, whole: AS. sund), healthy; not diseased; 
strong ; healthy in mind ; unbroken ; not defective ; 
not decayed; unhurt; correct; free from error; or- 
thodox ; not enfeebled : ad. soundly ; heartily : sound'- 
ly, ad. -li, healthily ; heartily : sound'ness, n. -n&s, the 
state of being sound or firm ; entireness ; strength ; 
solidity; orthodoxy. 

sound, v. sotvnd (F. sonder, to measure the depth 
with a plummet: Bret, sounn, stiff, steep: W. syth, 
stiff, erect), to try, as the depth of water and the 
quality of the bottom, by sinking a plummet attached 
to a line ; to use the line and lead to ascertain the 
depth of water ; to try ; to examine ; to discover or 
endeavour to discover, as one's thoughts or opinions : 
n. in surg., a probe or other instr. used to examine 
the bladder or a wound: sound'ing, imp.: n. the act 
of throwing the lead to try the depth of water ; the 
act of endeavouring to discover opinions or desires : 
sound'ed, pp. : sound'able, a. -Ci-ol, capable of being 
sounded: sound'ings, n. plu. -ingz, parts of water 
where the bottom may be reached ; the parts brought 
up from the bottom to show the nature of the ground : 
soundness, a. -Us, unfathomable : sounding-line, a 
line used to take soundings : sounding-rod, a rod to 
ascertain the depth of water in a ship's hold. 

soup, n. s6p (F soupe; It. sopa, broth with bread 
soaked in it: Icel. supa, to sup up liquids), a kind of 
rich broth with flesh as an ingredient : soup-kitchen, 
an establishment supported by voluntary contribu- 
tions for preparing and supplying soup to the poor ; 
soup-plate, a deep plate in which soup is served at 
table : soupe-maigre, n. sdp-md'gr (F. soupe, soup, and 
maigre, thin, lean), soup made with vegetables, with a 
little butter and condiments ; herb or fish soup. 

sour, a. so'wr (Ger. sauer; Icel. surr; W. sur, sour), 
acid ; having a pungent taste ; harsh of temper or 
disposition ; morose ; turned, as milk : v. to make or 
become acid; to cause to have a sharp taste _; to ac- 
quire the quality of tartness ; to make harsh in tem- 
per; to become crabbed or peevish: souring, imp.: 
soured, pp. sowrd: sourly, ad. -li: sour'ness, n. -nes, 
acidity; sharpness to the taste: sourish, a. -Ish, some- 
what sour: sour-dock, sorrel: sour-krout, -krdwt, 
sauerkraut, which see. 

source, n. sors (F. source; Prov. sorzer; It. sorgere, 
to rise, to bubble up as water : L. surgere, to rise), the 
spring or fountain from which a stream of water flows ; 
first cause; original; that which gives rise to any- 
thing. 

sous, sd {¥.), the plu. of sou, which see. 

souse, v. sows (prov. Eng. soss, a place wet and dirty : 
Scot, soss, the flat sound of a heavy soft body falling 
on the ground : Norm, sussla, to dabble in the mud : 
It. sozzare, to sully), to plunge suddenly, or make a 
sudden plunge, into water : ad. all at once ; on a sud- 
den: sousing, imp.: n. a plunge over head and ears 
among water : soused, pp. sdwst. 

souse, n. sdivs (F. saulse or sauce, sauce : Scot, soss, 
a mixture of incongruous kinds of food : L. salsus, 
salted), pickle made \with salt; something kept in 
pickle; the pickled ears, feet, &c, of swine: v. to 
soak or steep in pickle : sousing, imp. : soused, pp. 
sdwst. 

souter, n. sdt'er (F. savetier, a cobbler : Lap. sutar; 
L. sutor, a shoemaker), a cobbler ; a shoemaker. 

south, n. sdwth (F. sud; Dut. zuid; Ger. siid; Icel. 
sudr; Sw. sbder ; Dan. sonden, south), the direction 
in which the sun always appears at noon in the 
northern hemisphere north of the tropic ; one of the 
four cardinal points ; the direction opposite to the 
north : adj. being in the south : ad. towards the south : 
south-east, n. the direction between south and east : 
adj. in the direction of or coming from the south-east : 



south-easterly, a. proceeding from or going to the 
south-east : south-eastern, a. towards the south-east : 
southerly, a. sutk'erdl, coming from or going to the 
south, or to a point nearly south : south'ern, a. -era, 
lying towards the south : southerner, n. -er, also 
southron, n. -ron, an inhabitant of the more southern 
parts of a country : southernmost, a. -em-most, fur- 
thest towards the south : southing, a. sdwih'tng, going 
toward the south : n. tendency to the south ; the dis- 
tance a ship makes good in a south direction: south- 
most, a. sowth'most, furthest towards the south: 
south'ness, n. -nSs, the tendency in the south end of a 
magnetic needle to point toward the south pole : south'- 
ward, ad., colloquially, suth'erd, toward the south : n. 
the southern regions: south'wardly, ad. -li: south- 
west, n. sowth'west, the point equally distant from the 
south orwest, or the point between them: adj. coming 
from the south-west : south-westerly, a. -er-li, in the 
direction of south-west, or nearly so ; coming from the 
south-west : south-west'er, n. -er, among seamen, a 
storm or gale from the south-west ; a painted-canvas 
hat with round top and a broad flap for falling over 
the neck, for use at sea in coarse weather, also worn 
by coal-heavers— usually pronounced sou'wester, sow-: 
south-west'ern, a. -era, in the direction of south- 
west : south frigid zone, the zone of the earth con- 
tained between the south pole and the antarctic cir- 
cle : south temperate zone, the zone of the earth con- 
tained between the tropic of Capricorn and the an- 
tarctic circle : south pole, thatpole of the earthfarthest 
from Europe : southern cross, a constellation of the 
southern hemisphere, having the appearance of the 
figure of a cross : southern hemisphere, one of the 
two hemispheres of the earth in which Europe is not 
situated: southernwood, n. suth'-ern-wdbd, a com- 
mon aromatic plant, allied to the wormwood. 

sou'wester— see south-wester, under south. 

souvenir, n. sOv'ner (F. souvenir, remembrance), a 
gift of affection; a keepsake. 

sovereign, n. sov'er-in (F. souverain; It. sovrano, 
uppermost, supreme— from L. supra, above), an em- 
peror; a king; a monarch; a supreme ruler; an En- 
glish gold coin of the value of 20s.: adj. supreme in 
power or efficacy ; chief; having no superior: sover- 
eignty, n. -ti, supreme power ; highest place : sover- 
eign state, a country or state which administers its 
own government, and which is not subject to or con- 
trolled by another power. 

sow, n. sow (Dut. souwe; Low Ger. soge; Sw. sugga; 
Ger. sau, a sow: W. soga, wallowing), a female pig or 
swine ; the principal bar in the cast run off from a 
smelting-furnace, the numerous small bars branching 
off from it on the right and left being called pigs. 

sow, v. so (Goth, saian; AS. sawan; Ger. sden; Sw. 
sada; L. satum; W. hau, to sow), to scatter on the 
ground for the purpose of growth ; to spread seed over 
tilled soil, as afield or garden; to spread; to scatter; 
to propagate: sowing, imp.: n. the act of scattering 
seed on the ground for propagation : sowed, pt. pp. 
sod : sow'er, n. -er, one who sows : sown, pp. son. 

sowans, n. plu. so'-dnz, also sow'ens, n. plu. -enz, in 
Scot., a thick soup or jelly made from the husks or 
millings of oats— a very nutritious food, called in Eng- 
land flummery. 

soy, n. soy (Japanese, sooja), a sauce or liquid con- 
diment, originally prepared in the East, imported 
chiefly from China. 

spa, n. spaw, a general name for springs of mineral 
water, so called from Spaa, in Belgium. 

space, n. spds (L. spatium, space: F. espace: It. 
spazio), extension, as in length, breadth, and thick- 
ness; room; distance; interval, as between lines; a 
quantity of time : v. among printers, to make inter- 
vals between lines or between words : spa'cing, imp.: 
n. among printi , djustment of the distances be- 

tween the words in a line : spaced, pp. sp&st .- spacious, 
a. spa'shiis, having ample space or room; roomy; 
vast in extent; ample: spa'ciously, ad. -li: spa- 
ciousness, n. -nes, the quality of being spacious ; large- 
ness of extent. 

spade, n. spCid (Ger. spaten; Dut. spade, a spade: 
Norm, spode, a small shovel: Gr. spathe; L. spatha, a 
blade : It. spada, a sword), a common instr. for dig- 
ging in the ground ; a suit of cards : v. to work with 
a spade: spa'ding, imp.: n. the operation of digging 
or paring off with a spade : spade'ful, n. -/Sol, as much 
as a spade will hold: spaddle, n. spdd'dl, a small 
spade ; a weed-hook : to call a spade a spade, to call 
things by their right names ; to be plain-spoken. 



mate, mut,fdr, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, mdve; 



_ 



SPAD 5! 

spadille. n. sjid-dil' (F.), the ace of spades at ombre 
and quadrille. 

spadix, n. spa'-Jiks, plu. spadices.s/ia'rff-scs (L. and 
Gr. spadix, a palm-branch broken off together with its 
fruit, of a date or nut-brown colour— gen. spadicis), in 
hot., a form of inflorescence in which the flowers are 
closely ana nu>d around a thick ileshy axis, and the 
whole wrapped in a large leaf, called a spathe, as in 
the arum: spadiceous, a. spd-dish'its, of a clear red- 
dish-brown colour; red, with a small admixture of 
grey ; resembling a spadix. 

spahl, n. spd'-he or spd'e (Pers. sipahi— see Sepoy), 
formerly, one of the Turkish cavalry. 

spake", v. spOk, did speak, pt. of speak, but now 
nearly obsolete— see speak. 

spalacotherium, n. spal'a-kO-the'-ri-um (Gr. spalax, 
a mole, and therion, a wild beast), in geol., a mole-like 
insectivorous marsupial. 

spale, n. sped (Dut, spelle, a splinter: Icel. spjoll, a 
lath, a thin 1 ioard : AS. speld, a chip for lighting : Gael. 
sp>.alt,i\ splinter— from speait, to cleave), in Scot., a 
lath ; a chip ; a shaving of wood. 

span, n. sjnui (Ger. spannc : It. spannci; F.espan.a 
span : Fris. sponne, a pegornail: Icel. sjyfta, to stretch 
out a skin to dry by means of pegs), the space between 
the end of the thumb and the fingers when extended, 
usually reckoned 9 in.; the spread of anarch; short 
duration ; a yoke of oxen: v. to measure by the hand 
with the fingers extended, or by encompassing the 
object ; to spread from one side to another, as an arch ; 
to fetter, as a horse : spanning, imp. : spanned, pp. 
spCind: spanner, n. -er, one who or that which 
spans: span-new, a. (Ger. span, a chip, and Eng. new), 
quite new; as new as afresh chip: span-roof, in arch., 
a common roof having two inclined planes. 

span, v. span, pt. of spin, which see. 

spancel, v. sjmn'-sil (Ger. spannen, to tie, and seil, 
a rope), to tie the hind legs, as of a horse or cow, with 
a rope: n. the rope so used: span celling, imp.: span- 
celled, pp. -s&> . 

spandrels, n. plu. spdn'drSls (It. spandere, to spread : 
Eng. sj.un. the spread <>t an arch), in arch., the trian- 
gular spaces on each side of an arch left by the gradual 
departure of the sides from the perpendicular. 

spangle, n. spdng'gl (Gael, spang, anything shining 
or sparkling : Bav. spangeln, to sparkle: Dut. spang; 
Icel. spang, a clasp, a plate of metal), a small plate \ <v 
scale of shining metal ; any little thing sparkling and 
glittering: v. to adorn with spangles; to glitter: 
spangling, imp.: spangled, pp. -gld -. adj. adorned or 
bes t with spangles. 

Spaniard, n. spdn'yerd, a native of Spain: Span'- 
ish, a. -Ish, of or from Spain : n. the language of Spain : 
Spanish-fly, a winded beetle, collected in large quan- 
tities, and used for raising blisters ; cantharides: 



Spanish-juice, liquorice, 
spaniel, n. spdn'ySl (F. 
from Hispaniola, now Hayti, where was 'the best 



spaniel, n. spnn'-iiil (F. i pagncul ; old F, espnnncvl- 



breed), a Spanish dog; a sporting-dog remarkable for 
sagacity and fawning; a mean cringing person. 

spank, n. spdngk (W. ysponc, a smack, a skip or quick 
bound : Low Ger. spenkern, to run and spring about : 
Scot, sjmnk, a splinter of wood for lighting), a sound- 
ing blow with the open hand : v. to strike with the 
open hand: spanking, imp.: adj. dashing; free-going: 
spanked, pp. spdngkt: spanker, n. spdngk'er, some- 
thing very large, or larger than common ; one of the 
large sails of a ship, the lower part being extended by 
a boom : spanking breeze, a strong forcible breeze. 

spanner, n. span'ner (see span), an iron tool used to 
tighten the nuts of screws. 

span-new— see under span. 

spar, n. spdr (AS. spceren, gypsum : Ger. spath, a 
kind of leafy stone), a term applied to those crystals 
or minerals i ito rhombs, cubes, plates, 

prisms, &c, with smooth cleavage faces, as in calc- 
spar, felspar, brown-spar, Iceland-spar, and the like : 
spar'ry, a. -/•?, resembling spar, or consisting of spar ; 
having a confused crystalline structure. 

spar, n. spdr (Dut sperre, a rod: Ger. sparren, a 
rafter: It. sbarra, a bar: Gael, sparr, a joist), any 
long round piece of timber, as a mast, a yard, a boom, 
&c: spar-deck, the upper deck of a vessel, especially 
a frigate, on which spare spars are usually placed. 

spar, v. spdr (AS. sparran, to shut: Ger. sperren, to 
force apart), to close or fasten with a spar ; to bar : 
spar'ring, imp.: sparred, pp. spdrd. 

spar, v. sjKir (a metaphor from cock-fighting, when 

the cock has its spurs covered to embolden it to fight : 

cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, 



9 SPAT 

F. esparer, to fling or jerk out with the heels), to fight 
in show, or as preparatory to a real contest, as a 
pugilist ; to box in gloves ; to wrangle ; to quarrel in 
words : n. a feigned blow ; a contention with the fists : 
spar'ring, imp.: n. the act of fighting in show, as a 
pugilist : sparred, pp. spdrd: spar'rer, n. -er, one who 
spars. 

sparable, n. spdr'd-bl (corruption of sparrow-bill, so 
called from their shape), a small nail used by shoe- 
makers for putting into the soles and heels of shoes to 
make them wear longer. 

spare, a. spar (Icel. spara; Ger. sparen; L.parcere: 
It. sparag?iai-e ; F. epargner. to spare), scanty; frugal; 
held in reserve ; not abundant; mu required for pre- 
sent use ; lean : v. to refrain from using, taking, or 
doing something ; to part with willingly ; "to treat with 
tenderness or forbearance; to live frugally; to save 
from any particular use; to exercise forbearance: 
spa'ring, imp.: adj. scanty; frugal: spared, pp. 
spdrd: spare ly, ad, " also spa'ringiy, ad. -li, moder- 
ately ; not lavishly : spa'ringness, u. -mis, the quality 
of being sparing; parsimony: spare-rib, a piece of 
the side of a pig, consisting of ribs with little flesh on 
them. 

sparge, v. spdr] (L. spargere, to scatter, to throw 
about), in brewing, to throw water upon in a shower 
ol small drops, that it may percolate equally through 
a mass: sparging, imp.: sparged, pp. spdrjd: spar- 
ger, n. spdr'-jtr, a vessel with a perforated bottom. 
used for dashing or sprinkling water. 

spark, n. spark (Lith. sprageti, to crackle, as fire- 
wood on thefire : Dan. spragc; Sw. spraka, to crackle), 
a small piece of ignited matter which flies off from a 
body during combustion; a small portion in a state 
of activity; a brisk showy man; a lover: sparkle, 
v. spdr'-kl, to fly off in sparks; to glitter; to exhibit an 
appearance of animation, as the eyes ; to emit little 
bright bubbles, as liquors: spar'kling, imp. -kllng: 
adj. glittering; lively: spar'kled, pp. -kid: spar'- 
kler, n. -kler, he or that which sparkles : spar'klingly, 
ad. -li. 

sparrow, n. s-pdr'rb~ (Goth, sparva; Icel. spb'rr; Dan. 
spurre; Ger. Sperling, a sparrow), a well-known bird 
of several species: sparrow-grass, a corruption of 
asparagus, which see : sparrow-hawk, a small species 
of short- winged hawk. 

sparry— see spar 1. 

sparse, a. spars (L. sparsus, scattered: It. sparso: 
F. epars), thinly scattered; not dense : sparse ly, ad. 
-11 : sparse'ness, n. -ne~s, state of being sparse ; thin- 
Spartan, a. spdr'tdn, pert, to anc. Sparta ; hardy ; 
brave. 

spasm, n. spdzm (F. spasme, spasm: L. spasmus; 
Gr. sjiasmos, a cramp, spasm), a sudden contraction of 
muscles of the body, of short duration, generally at- 
tended with pain: spasmodic, a. spdz-mod'ik, relat- 
ing to spasms ; convulsive : spasmodically, ad. -11. 

spastic, a. spds'tik (L. spasticus-, Gr. spastikos, 
afllicied with cramp or spasms), relating to spasms; 
having the power to draw to or from— applied to mus- 
cular contractions in disease : spas'tically, ad. -li : 
spasticity, n. spds-tls'l-tl, tendency to suffer spasms. 

spat, v. spdt, pt. of spit 2, which see. 

spat, n. spelt (Icel. spyta; Dan. spytte, to spit— see 
spit •_'), the spawn id ;■ -hell-fish. 

spatangidae, n. plu. spd-tdn'ji-de (Gr. spatanggos, a 
kind of sea-urchin), in geol., a tribe of fossil echinites 
or sea-urchins peculiar to the chalk and greensand : 
spatangus, n. spd-td?ig'gus, a genus of existing sea- 
urchins. 

spatha, n. spdth'a, also spathe, n. spath (L. spatha; 
Gr. spathe, a broad blade), in bot., a large membran- 
ous bract or kind of leaf forming a sheath to cover a 
spadix; a calyx like a sheath, found as a covering in 
numerous flowers : spathed, a. sputhd, having a spathe 
or calyx like a sheath : spathal, a. spath'dl, furnished 
with a spathe : spath'ose, a. -6s, having a spathe ; re- 
sembling a spathe. 

spathic, a. spdth'lk (F. and Ger. spath, a leafy 
stone, spar— connected with preceding), in leaves or 
plates ; applied to minerals having an even, lamellar, 
or flatly-foliated structure: spath'ose, a. -os, in min., 
having the characters of spar ; occurring in broad 
plates or lamellae ; foliated in texture : spathlform, a. 
■i-faTrrm [L. ;':■■ " : 'li< ■■.-par in form. 

spathulate, a. spdth'u-ldt, another spelling of spat- 
nlate— see under spatula. 

spatter, v. spdt'-ter (Dut. bespatten, to splash : F. 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



SPAT 



600 



SPEC 



pitiller, to crackle), to scatter a liquid substance on ; 
to sprinkle with some dirty matter ; to asperse ; to 
defame: spat'tering, imp.: spat'tered, pp. -terd: 
spatterdashes, n. plu. -dtlsh'ez (Eng. dash, to scat- 
ter), coverings for the legs to keep them clean from 
mud and wet. 

spatula, n. spdt'u-ld, sometimes spattle, n. spdt'tl 
(L. spathula, a spoon— dim. of sjjatha, a broad blade : 
It. spatola: F. spatuli), a flat sort of knife used by- 
apothecaries for spreading plasters, &c: spat'ulate, 
a. -u-ldt, in hot., shaped like a spatula or a battledore; 
more or less roundi d bov ards the summit and nar- 
rowed towards the base— applied to a leaf. 

spavin, n. spdv'in (It. spavana; old F. espavent, a 
cramp or convulsion of sinews in horses : Dut. spat, a 
cramp), among horses, a hard tumour or swelling in 
or near a joint, particularly in the hough, causing 
lameness : spav'ined, a. -ind, affected with spavin. 

spawn, n. spawn (Bav. span; Dut. spemte, milk 
drawn from the breast), the eggs of fish or frogs when 
cast forth ; the spores of fungi ; any product or off- 
spring, in contempt : v. to produce or deposit eggs, as 
fish ; to bring forth or to issue, as offspring, in con- 
tempt: spawn'ing, imp.: spawned, pp. spawnd: 
spawn'er, n. -er, a female fish. 

spay, v. spa (Gael, spoth: Bret, spaza, to castrate: 
L. spado, a eunuch), to extirpate the ovaries of; to 
castrate, said of a female animal: spay'ing, imp.: 
spayed, pp. spad. 

speak, v. spek (AS. spazcan; Ger. sprechen; Fris. 
spreka, to speak : Icel. spekja, speech), to utter articu- 
late sounds, applied to human beings ; to make known 
thoughts by words ; to talk ; to converse with ; to dis- 
course; to make a speech; to address; to accost: 
speak'ing, imp.: n. act of uttering words; discourse: 
spoke, pt. spok, did speak : spoken, pp. spo'kn : speak- 
er, n. spek'er, one who speaks ; the chairman of the 
House of Commons: speakership, n. his office: 
speak'able, a. -d-bl, that can be spoken: speaking- 
trumpet, an instr. resembling a trumpet, by which the 
human voice can be carried to a great distance, as at 
sea : speaking-tube, a tube inserted in the wall of a 
building, and carried from one apartment to another, 
used by men of business to convey instantly their 
wishes by the voice to persons in another apartment : 
to speak a ship, to hail or speak to, as the captain or 
commander of one ship to another while their ships 
are passing near each other at sea. 

spear, n. sper (Ger. speer; W. ysper, a spear, a lance), 
a sharp-pointed weapon, variously shaped, with a long 
wooden shaft ; a lance : v. to pierce or kill with a 
spear: spear'ing, imp.: speared, pp. sperd-. spear- 
head, the bone, stone, or metallic point of a spear ; 
spear'man, n. a man armed with a spear : spear'mint, 
n. -mint, a plant; a species of mint having spear- 
shaped leaves. 

special, a. spgsh'dl (L. specialis, belonging to a par- 
ticular sort or kind, not general— from species, a par- 
ticular sort: It. speciale: F. spdcial), pert, to a species 
or sort ; particular ; designed for a particular purpose ; 
confined to some particular department or subject; 
extraordinary : specialise, v. -iz, to particularise ; to 
determine in a special manner: specialising, imp.: 
specialised, pp. -led: speci'alisa'tion, n. -i-za'shun, 
the act of making special; special determination: 
specially, ad. -II : speciality, n. -l-dl'l-ti, the speci- 
al or particular mark of a person or thing ; an object 
of special attention: specialty, n. -dl-tl, a partic- 
ular case ; an obligation or bond ; that for which a 
person is distinguished: special case, in law, the 
statement, in a compendious form, of the facts upon 
which any question of law or equity arises, in order 
to obtain a judicial decision thereon: special con- 
stable, one appointed for a particular occasion: 
special jury, a jury consisting of persons of a certain 
superior station in society : special pleader, in law, 
one who draws common-law pleadings : special plead- 
ing, in law, special or new matter ; the whole science 
of pleading ; the specious but unsound arguments of 
one whose object is victory and not truth : special 
verdict, in law, a finding of the naked facts of the 
case by a jury, leaving to the court the application 
of the law to them. 

specie, n. spe'shl or spe'sh'a (a contr. of species, 
which see), gold and silver coin, as distinguished from 
paper money or bank-notes. 

species, n. spe'shez (L. species, a particular sort 
—from specio, I look at, I behold: It. specie, form, 
appearance), a sort ; a kind ; a race ; a group of indi- 



viduals or objects sufficiently identical in all their 
natural qualities to justify the conclusion that they 
may have sprung from a common stock ; a collection 
of like individuals produced by other individuals 
equally like them ; a rank subordinate to a, genus; a 
group of individuals agreeing in common attributes, 
and designated by a common name ; in rued., the com- 
ponent part of a compound diciuc 

specify, v. spes'4-fl (It. speciflcare; F. spicifier, to 
specify— from L. species, a particular sort, and facio, 
I make), to mention or name in words ; to designate 
so as to distinguish from every other ; to determine 
by a particular mark or limit: specifying, imp.: 
specified, pp. -fid: specific, a. sp6-sif'-lk, also specif - 
ical, a. -4-kdl, that designates tin; species, or con- 
stitutes it; definite or particular; infallible, as a 
remedy: n. a remedy which infallibly cures certain 
particular diseases ; that which is peculiar to a thing : 
specifically, ad. -U-. specification, n. spes'-l-fi-ka- 
shun, a designation or statement of particulars; par- 
ticular mention ; a written enumeration of the partic- 
ulars of a contract, &c: specific centre, in nut. hist., 
a term used to express that single point upon which 
each species had its origin, and from which its indi- 
viduals became diffused specific character, circum- 
stances distinguishing one species from every other 
species of the same genus : specific gravity, the ratio 
which the weight of any substance bears to the weight 
of an equal bulk of pure water : specific name, the 
name which, appended to the name of the genus, con- 
stitutes the distinctive name of the species. 

specimen, n. 7 m&n specimen, an example— 
from specio, I look at), a part exhibited in order that 
the nature and quality of the body or substance may 
be known ; a sample ; an instance. 

specious, a. spe'shus (L. speciosus, full of beauty, 
handsome— from species, show, appearance : It. speci- 
oso: Y.spicieux), showy; plausible; apparently right ; 
appearing well at first view : speciously, ad. -II : spe'- 
ciousness, n. -nSs, the quality of being specious ; plau- 
sible appearance ; fair external show. 

speck, n. spSk (Lith. spakas, a drop, a speck: Swiss, 
speckig, dirty: Ger. spucken; Dut. spicken, to spit: 
Sw. spott, spittle), a stain ; a spot ; a blemish ; any- 
thing very small : v. to stain in spots or drops : speck' - 
ing, imp. : specked, pp. spSkt : speckle, n. spSk'kl (dim. 
of speck), a small speck ; a spot or stain of a colour dif- 
ferent from that of the object : v. to mark with small 
spots of a different colour : spec'kling, imp. -kllng : 
spec'kled, pp. -kid: adj. marked with speckles; 
variegated with spots of a colour different from that 
of the object : speck and span, speck for spick— see 
spick and span. 

spectacle, n. spek'td-kl (L. spectaculum, a spectacle 



pageant ; a gazing-stock : spec'tacles, n. plu. -ta-klz, 

glasses mounted on a lig] i tor correct 

vision: spec'tacled, a. -td-kld, furnished with spec- 
tacles : spectacular, a. - i if or relating 
to shows : spectac'ularly, ad. -li. 

spectator, n 1 ta'-i (1 pecta a beholder— 
from specto, I look at, I behold: F. spectateur), a 
looker-on ; an observer ; a witness : specta'tress, n. 
fem. -trSs, a woman who looks on or at. 

spectre, n. spSk'ter (L. spectrum, an appearance, an 
apparition— from specio, I look at: F. spectre), the 
imaginary appearance of a person who is dead; a 
ghost; an apparition: spec'tral, a. -trdl, pert, to a 
spectre ; ghostly : spectrol'ogy, n. -trol'6-jl (Gr. logos, 
a discourse), the science of chemical analysis by means 
of the lines of spectra as modified by the volatilisa- 
tion of different elements : spectroscope, n. spek'tro- 
skop (Gr. skopeo, I view), one of the most important 
instrs. of modern scientific research, in which the 
analysis of light coming from various bodies as light 
sources is conducted by means of prisms, the object 
being to determine, from the position of the spectral 
lines, the composition of the bodies : spec'trum, n. 
-trum, plu. spec'tra, -trd (L. spectrum, an appear- 
ance, an image), the image of something seen after 
the eyes have been closed ; the figure of the pris- 
matic colours formed in a darkened chamber by per 
mitting a ray of sunlight to pass into it through a 
prism— a spectrum may be formed by a ray from any 
luminous body, as from a star, a planet, &c, or from 
any body in a state of combustion : solar spectrum, a 
spectrum formed by sola 1 lighl especially as thrown 
by a prism on a screen in a darkened room : spectrum 



mate, mdt./dr, law; mete, met, hit; pine, pin,- note, not, rnCve; 



601 



SPHE 



analysis, the act or art of ascertaining the character 
and composition of luminous bodies, or of non-lumin- 
ous bodies -when in a state of combustion, by causing 
a ray of light from the body desired to be so analysed 
to pass through a prism, each substance in the spec- 
trum having its own characteristic system of lines. 

speculate, v. spek'O.-lat (L. sjjeculatus, spied out, ob- 
served— from specio, I look at: It. speculare: F.specu- 
ler), to study a subject in its various aspects and rela- 
tions ; to meditate ; to purchase land, stock, goods, 
&c, in expectation of realising large profits by their 
future sale: speculating, imp.: speculated, pp.: 
speculator, n. -Id-ter, one who purchases goods, &c, in 
expectation of being able to sell them again at a large 
profit ; one who forms theories : spec'ula'tion, n. -la- 
shun, a train of thoughts arising in the mind from 
viewing a thing in various aspects and relations ; a 
theory ; the act or practice of purchasing goods, &c, 
out of the regular order of trade, in expectation of 
being able to~sell them at a large advance in price: 
speculative, a. -la-tlv, given to speculation; ideal; 
theoretical : spec ulatively, ad. -II : spec'ula'tory, a. 
■kl'tir-i, exercising speculation. 

speculum, n. spek'-u-lum (L. speculum, a mirror— 
from specio, I look at: It. speculo: F. sjMCuIum), a 
metallic reflector ; a mirror or looking-glass ; in surg., 
an instr. for keeping open certain parts of the body 
that they may be attentively examined : spec'ular, a. 
-ler, resembling a speculum; having a smooth re- 
flecting surface : speculum metal, an alloy of copper 
and tin with a little arsenic : specular iron, an ore 
of iron, occurring frequently in crystals, of a brilliant 
metallic lustre. 

sped, v. sped, pt. pp. of the v. speed, which see. 

speech, n. spech (Icel. spekja, speech: Ger. sprechen, 
to speak: Bav. spdchtm, to speak; .-pacht, speech- 
see speak), the expression of thoughts by words or 
articulate sounds ; language ; an oration ; a formal dis- 
course: speechless, a. -las, without power of speech; 
dumb; silent: speechlessness, n. -7iSs, the state of 
being speechless: speech - maker, one who makes 
speeches; one accustomed to speak in public: 
speechify, v. spech'-i-fl (Eng. speech, and L. facio, I 
make), to harangue, generally used in contempt: 
speechifying, imp.: speechified, pp. -fid: speech lfi- 
ca'tion, n. -fl-ka'-shua, the act of speechifying. 

speed, n. sped (AS. spedan, to succeed, to prosper: 
Low Ger. spoden, to haste: Bohem. sp>ech, haste: Gr. 
speudo, I hasten), quickness of motion ; haste ; rapid 
action ; swiftness ; success : v. to hasten ; to acceler- 
ate ; to have success ; to assist ; to prosper ; to fare : 
speeding, imp.: sped.pt. pp. sped, did speed : speedy, 
a. sped'l, quick ; prompt ; not dilatory or slow : speed- 
ily, ad. -l-ll: speed'iness, n. -nSs, the quality of being 
speedy ; quickness ; haste : God speed you or good 
speed, may you have good success : speedwell, a 
plant, the native name of several species of the genus 



speiss, n. spis (Ger. speise, food, mixed metal), an 
impure arsenide of nickel, obtained from the ores of 
cobalt and nickel in smalt-works. 

speldings, n. spel'dlngs, in Scot., haddocks or whit- 
ings cured and dried in a particular way. 

spell, n. spei (Icel. spilda, a piece of anything : Low 
Ger. spall, a certain portion of land), a turn ; a job : v. 
to take another's place, as in labour. 

spell, v. spei (Dut. spell, a splinter of wood ; spellcn, 
to spell, pointing out the letters with a spill or splin- 
ter of wood), to tell the letters of a word one by 
one ; to write or print words with their proper letters : 
speriing, imp.: n. the act of naming the letters of a 
word ; orthography : spelled, pp. speld, or spelt, pp. 
spelt : spelling-book, a book for teaching children to 
Tead and spell. 

spell, n. spei (AS. spellian, to recite), any form of 
words which, when recited, were supposed to possess 
magical power ; a charm : v. to charm by reciting a 
form of words : spellbound, a. arrested or locked up 
by a spell or charm. 

spelt, v.— see under spell 2. 

spelter, n. spei'tir (B 3pelter), zinc in 

thick plates or masses, usually unrefined. 

spencer, n. sp6n'ser (said to be after Lord Spencer, 
who first wore it), a short over-jacket, worn either by 
men or women. 

spend, v. sp€nd (AS. spendan, to spend, to con- 
sume: Ger. spenden, to dispense: L. expendere, to 
weigh out : It. spendere, to spend), to lay out ; to dis- 
pose of ; to consume ; to waste ; to squander ; to ov - 



haust ; to fatigue ; to pass, as time ; to exert or ex- 
haust, as force or strength ; to be lost or wasted ; 
consumed: spending, imp.: n. act of laying 



spend'er, n. -er, one who spends: spend'thrift, n. 
-thrift (Eng. spend, and Icel. thrifa, to seize, to lay 
hold of;, one who is improvident or reckless in the 
use of his means : spent ball, a ball from a firearm 
which reaches an object so distant as to be deprived 
of sufficient force to penetrate it. 

sperm, n. sperm (Gr. sperma, seed of any kind— gen. 
spermatos — from speiro, I sow), animal seed, particu- 
larly of the male; the spawn of fishes ; a contracted 
form of sjjerynaceti .- sperm-cell, a cell which impreg- 
nates, as opposed to a germ-cell, which is impregnate?!: 
sperm-oil, the oil obtained from the spermaceti" whale, 
chiefly from the head: spermaceti, n. sper'ma-se'tl{L. 
cetus; Gr. ketos, any large fish, a whale), a white, brit- 
tle, semi-transparent substance obtained from sperm- 
oil: spermatic, a. sper-mat'-lk, also spermat'ical, a. 
-l-kdl, pert, to or consisting of seed or semen; seminal: 
sperma'tia, n. plu. ■ma'sht-d, in hot., motionless sper- 
matozoids in the conceptacles of fungi : spermatoa, 
n. plu. spir'-ma-to'd (Gr. vun, an e.ug), the cells which 
stand in the relation of nuclei to the sperm-cells, and 
of developmental cells to the spermatozoa : sper'ma- 
tol ogy, n. -tol'o-ji (Gr. logos, discourse), a treatise on 
sperm, or the fecundating fluid: sper'matoph'ora, n. 
plu. -tof-o-rd (Gr. phero, I bear), in anat., cases of albu- 
minous matter in whieh the bundles of the spermato- 
zoa are packed: sper'matoph'orous, a. -o-rus, producing 
or bearing seed or sperm : sper'matozo'ids, n. plu. -to- 
zo'-ldz (Gr. eidos, form), in anat., same as spermato- 
zoa; in hot., moving filaments contained in the an- 



the filamentary bodies developed in the semen, con- 
sisting of an enlarged extremity called body, and a 
vibratile filamentary appendage called ro»7,and which 
are essential to impregnation : spermidium, n. sper- 
in id. ■bum (Gr. sperma, seed), in lot., a kind of small 
seed-vessel resembling a seed, commonly called an 
achenium, d-ka'nl-um .- spermoderm, n. spir'mo-dirm 
(Gr. derma, skin), in hot., the general coverings of the 
seed. 

spew, v. spu (AS. spiwan; Dut. spowiven; Ger. 
spieien; L. spuere, to spit), to vomit ; to eject from the 
stomach : spewing, imp.: n. act of vomiting: spewed, 
pp. spitd. 

sphacelate, v. sfds'c-lat (Gr. sphakelos, mortification, 
gangrene), to affect with gangrene; to mortify; to 
decay and become carious, as a bone : sphac'elating, 
imp.: sphacelated, pp.: adj. affected with gangrene; 
mortified : sphac'ela tion, n. -la'shun, the process of 
becoming gangrenous; mortification: sphac'elus, n. 
■lus, inmed., complete mortification, as distinguished 
from gangrene, the incomplete state. 

sphaereda, n. plu. sfe're-dd (Gr. sphaira, a sphere or 
globe), in geol., the name given to certain vegetable 
organisms from the oolite, whose numerous branches 
are terminated by globular berry-like bodies: sphae- 
renchyma, n. sfe-reng'ki-ma (Gr. engchuma, an infu- 
sion ; cngchumos, juicy), in hot., vegetable tissue com- 
posed of spherical cells : sphserodus, n. sfe'ro-dus (Gr. 
odous, a tooth), in geol. , a genus of oolitic fishes having 
globular-shaped teeth : sphse'rosid'erite, n. -sid'er-U 
(Gr. sideros, iron), a term applied to grape-like or kid- 
ney-shaped concretions of sparry carbonate of iron: 
sphaVrulites, n. plu. -ru a stone), in 

geol., a genus of thick subcorneal chalk-shells, having 
opercular - looking upper valves ; a variety of obsidi- 
ans or pearl-stones, found in small rounded grains. 

sphene, n. sfen (Gr. sphen, a wedge: F. sphene), a 
mineral composed of silica, titanic acid, and lime, 
found crystallised, and in granular or foliated masses, 
of a brown, grey, and yellow colour. 

sphenoid, a. sfe'ndyd, also sphenoidal, a. sfe-ndyd'dl 
(Gr. sphen, a wedge— gen. sphenos, and eidos, likeness : 
F. sphenoide), wedge-like, as applied to a bone of the 
skull, which wedges in and locks together most of the 
other bones : sphenoid is often contracted into spheno, 
sfe'-no, and signifies, belonging both to the sphenoid 
bone and to the part indicated by the other constitu- 
ent of the compound, as spheno-maxillary. 

sphenophyUum, n. sf [Gr. sphen, a 

— J phullon, a leaf), in geol., a genus of Coal- 



measure plants having wl shaped leaves. 

sphenopteris, n. sfe-nop'ter-is (Gr. sphen, a wedge, 
cow, ody, foot; pure, oud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, Giere, zeal. 



SPHE 6 

and pteris, a fern), a genus of fossil ferns, so named 
from the prevailing funu of the leaflets. 

sphere, n. sfer (L. sphcera; Gr. sphaira, a ball, a 
globe : F. sphere), the vast concave or expanse of the 
heavens ; a globe ; a celestial orb ; any round solid 
body; employment; rank; circuit of action, know- 
ledge, or influence : spherical, a. sfer'l-kal, round ; 
globular; relating to a sphere: spher'ically, ad. -H: 
spher'icalness, n. -nSs, also sphericity, n. sfi-rls'-l-ti, 
state or quality of being round ; roundness : spher- 
icle, n. sfer'-i-kl, a little sphere : spherics, n. plu. 
•Iks, the sphere as a geometrical body, in relation to 
the different circles, lines, angles, &c, which may be 
described on its surface : spherical angle, in trig., an 
angle formed by the intersection of two great circles 
on the surface of a sphere or spheroid: spherical 
geometry, that branch of geometry that treats of 
spherical bodies and their various properties : spheri- 
cal trigonometry, that branch or trigonometry which 
treats of spherical angles and triangles : music of the 
spheres, in the anc. astron., the music supposed -to 
result from the motions of the spheres : spherograph, 
n. sfcr'o-r/ra/(Qr. grapho, I write), an instr. designed 
for the practical application of spherics to navigation : 
spher'oid, n. -6yd {Gr. eidos, resemblance), a round 
body or figure not perfectly spherical ; a solid gene- 
rated by the revolution of an ellipse about it.; r.hm i< i 
axis : spheroidal, a. sfer-oyd'dl, having the form of a 
spheroid : spheroid'ally, ad. -II .- spher'oidic'ity, n. 
-mi-dis'i-ti, state or quality of being spheroidal: oblate 
spheroid— see oblate 1 : spherometer, n. sfer-om'6-ter 
(Gr. metron, a measure), an instr. for measuring with 
great precision the thickness of small bodies, the cur- 
vature of optical glasses, &c: spherule, n. sfer'ul (Gr. 
sphaira, a sphere), a little sphere. 

spherosiderite— see sphserosiderite, under sphae- 
reda. 

spherulite— see sphaerulites, under sphsereda. 

sphincter, n. sfingk'ter (Gr. sphingkter, that binds 
tightly or contracts— from sphinggo, I bind tight), in 
anat., a muscle that contracts or shuts an orifice or 
opening which it surrounds. 

sphinx, n. sflngks (L. sphinx; Gr. sphingx, the 
sphinx, the throttier— from Gr. sphinggo, I hind fast), 
a fabulous monster common to the anc. myth, of the 
Aryan, Grecian, and Egyptian nations, the so-called 
Egyptian sphinx being represented as a winged lion 
with a human head and bust, always in a lying atti- 
tude, the Greek sphinx being represented in any atti- 
tude which nvght -nit th" fancy of the poet ; a fabu- 
lous creature near Thebes that used to propose riddles 
to travellers, and tear to pieces those who could not 
solve them, usually represented as having the winged 
body of a lion and the face and breast of a young wo- 
man ; the generic name of the hawk-moths, so called 
hi'.raii ,, mi attitude of the caterpillar resembles that 
of the Egyptian iphin- 

sphragistics, n. sfra-j 'i 'tih ; < sphragt < /. 

for sealing— from sjihragis, a seal), the science of seals, 
their history, peculiarities, and di tinctions. 

sphygmic, a. sfig'-mik ((Jr. s/,h.iu/iiio.-;, tli<: ,,ui>;c). ,,\ 
or pert, to the pulse: sphyg'mograph, n. -mo-graf 
(Gr. grapho, I describe), a contrivance for indicating 
the character of the pulse : sphyg'mograph'ic, a. 
-grCtf-lk, connected with or relating to a sphygmo- 
graph: sphygmometer, n. sfig-mom-e-tir (Gr. metron, 
a measure), an instr. for rendering visible arterial 
pulsations, or for counting them; a sphygmograph. 

spicate, a. spl'kut (L. spicatum, to furnish with 
spikes— from spica, an ear of corn, a spike), in dot., 
having the form of a spike or ear of corn ; 



)2 SPIN 

just made, and a chip just split; bright; shining; 

spicula, n. spl'ku-ld (L. spiculum, a little sharp 
point, a dart— dim. of spicum, a spike, an ear of corn), 
in hot., a little spike : spi'cular, a. -lir, resembling a 
dart or spike ; having sharp points : speculate, a. -lat, 
in hot., covered with fine-pointed fleshy appendages ; 
having a spike composed of several smaller spikes : 
spicule, n. -kill, a minute slender granule or point : 
spi'culum, n. -ku-lum, spi'cula, n. plu. -Id, in surg., 
a small-pointed piece of bone or other hard matter ; 
in zool., a term applied to those minute, needle-shaped, 
silicious or calcareous particles which are embedded 
in the fibrous mass of sponges, recent and fossil. 

spicy— see spice. 

spider, n. spl'der (Dut. and Ger. spinne; Sw. spin- 
nel, a spider : a corruption of old Eng. spinder— from 
spin, so named from spinning its web), a well-known 
insect that spins webs to ensnare its prey : spider-like, 
a. small-bodied and long-legged. 

spigot, n. splg'dt (It. s/ngo, a spigot or quill: W. 
yspig, a spine : Bav. spickel, a wedge), a peg to stop 
the v( nt-hole of a cask, or the pipe of a faucet. 

spike, n. spik (Sw. spik, a nail : Low Ger. speke ; 
Ger. speiche; It. spica, the spoke of a wheel: L. spica, 
an ear of corn ; spiculum, a point), a large nail ; a 
pointed bar of iron, sometimes of wood ; in hot., an in- 
florescence consisting of numerous flowers, sessile, on 
an axis or single stem, as in the wheat and lavender : v. 
i<> fasten with spikes or large nails ; to set with spikes ; 
to stop the vent of a cannon with a spike or long nail : 
spi'king, imp.: spiked, pp. splkt: adj. having spikes ; 
formed as a spike ; terminating in a sharp point : 
spiky, a. spi'ki, sharp-pointed : spikelet, n. spik'-Ut, 
a small spike ; in hot., a small cluster of flowers, as in 

spikenard, n. splk'ndrd (Ger. spieke, spikenard: 
Eng. spike, and nard), the spike or ear of the nardus, 
which is highly aromatic ; the plant itself, or an oil 
extracted from it. 

spill, n. spa (It. spillo, a pin, a thorn), the vent-peg 
•f a cask. 

spill, v. spil (Low Ger. spillen, to shed, to waste: 
Ger. spulen ; Sw. spola, to wash or rinse), to suffer a 
liquid to run over, or to fall out of a vessel ; to shed ; 
to be lost or wasted; to waste; to injure : spilling, 
imp.: spilled, pp. splld, also spilt, pp. spilt: adj. 
; . i' hi iva ted: spil'ler, n. -ir, one who spills 
a kind of fishing-line : spilling-lines, in a ship, cer- 
tain ropes used to dislodge the wind from a sail in 
order to furl it the more easily. 

spill, n. spil (Icel. spjald, a thin piece of board: F. 
esquille, a splint), a splinter; a chip; a small bar or 
pin of iron pointed ; a small roll of paper, or thin slip 
of wood, for lighting a lamp. 

spilt, v. spilt— see spill 2. 

spin, v. spin (Icel. spinna; Dan. spinde ; Ger. spin- 
nen, to spin), to draw out and twist into threads ; to 
extend to a great length; to dra I ou1 to ■ < -, ,,,- 
length ; to whirl or turn rapidly as by means of 
thread— applied to the motion of any body on its axis, 
as a top ; to exercise the art or trade of drawing out 
into threads ; to issue in a very small current : spin'- 
ning, imp.: n. the art or practice of drawing out into 
threads, as wool, cotton, flax, &c: spun, spun, or span, 
pt. spdn, did spin : spun, pp. spun i spinner, n. spin' 
ner, one who spins : spin'neret, r 
organ with which they fonr "- - 



spice, n. spls (F. ipices ; It. spezie, spices : L. species, 
kinds), any aromatic vegetable substance used as a 
condiment or for seasoning: a thing that imparts 
pungency or flavour to food; a small quantity giving 
a flavour to a greater : v. to season or flavour with 
spice ; to render agreeable to the palate ; to tincture : 
spi'cing, imp. : spiced, pp. splst : adj. seasoned with 
spice ; having an agreeable taste or flavour : spicy, a. 
spl'-sl, fragrant; aromatic; smart; showy; piquant: 
spi'cer, n. -sir, one who deals in spice : spi'cery, n. 
-i, fragrant and aromatic substances used in seasoning 
food: spi'cily, ad. -sl-ll: spi'ciness, n. -nSs, the state 
or quality of being spicy: spice-nut, small round 
pieces of gingerbread spiced : spice-wood, the wild 
allspice. 

spick and span, a. ■?/// i "in. spik; Icel. 

spann ; Ger. span, a chip, a splinter), bright as a spike 

mate, mdt,fdr, law: mete, mSt, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, mOve; 



, _. et, in insects, an 
_ i their silk or webs spin'- 
ster, n. -stir, one who spins ; a maiden or unmarried 
female : spinning-jenny, a machine for spinning wool 
or cotton, consi I ing ssei I lly of a large number of 
spindles made to revolve simultaneously: spinning- 
mill, a factory where spinning is carried on: spin- 
ning-wheel, a machine for spinning yarn or thread, 
driven by the hand, or by the foot acting on a treadle : 
to spin a yarn, among sailors, to tell a tale : to spin 
out the time, to take means to occupy as much of it 
as possible, but improperly and to serve a purpose ; 
to protract. 

spinach, n., also spinage, spln'dj (It. spinace; Sp. 
espinaca; F. epinards, spinach), a garden plant whose 
leaves are used as a table vegetable : spinaceous, a. 
spl-nd'shus, pert, to spinach. 

spinal— see spine. 

spindle, n. spln'-dl (Ger. spindeln, the pointed lime- 



twigs of the fowler: Low Ger. spindel, a knitting- 
needle: Ger. schindel, a splint— connected with L. 
spina, a thorn), the pin or thin rod, formerly used in 
spinning, for twisting the fibres drawn from the dis- 



_ 



SPIN 6 

taff; any axis of revolution, as the axis of a wheel, 
of a capstan, &c; anything long and slender; a yarn- 
measure : v. anions: gardeners, to put forth a loner and 
slender stalk : spindling, imp. : spin'dled, pp. -did : 
spindle-legged or -shanked, a. having long slender 
legs. 

spine, n. spin (Bav. speidd, a splinter: L. spina, a 
thorn, the spine: Ger. span, a chip: It. spina; F. 
epine, the spine), a spike or thorn ; any thin sharp- 
pointed thing ; the vertebral column or backbone, 
so called from its series of thorn-like processes; in 
hot., an abortive branch with a hard sharp point : 
spiny, a. spl'-ni, full of spines; thorny: spi'niness, n. 
•nis. the state or quality of having spines : spinal, 
a. -nil, of or relating to the backbone : spinal column, 
the connected vertebra; of the back, or its cartilagin- 
ous substitute, forming the sheath for the spinal cord; 
the backbone: spinescent, a. spl-n6s'-s8nt, in hot., ter- 
minating in a spine ; tapering to a rigid leafless point ; 
tipped with a spine: spiniform, a. spl'-nlfawrm (L. 
forma, shape), like a spine or thorn : spi'nose, a. 
■n6s, also spi'nous, a. -nils, full of spines; thorny: 
spi'nule, n. -mil, a minute spine: spinulose, a. -nit- 
los, also spi'nulous, a. -M£s, covered with or bearing 
minute spines : spinal cord or chord, also spinal mar- 
rtfw, the greyish-white matter lodged in the interior 
of the spinal column or backbone. 

spinel, n. spin'ei(F. spindle; It. spinella, the spinel 
ruby), a precious stone of various tints : spinel ruby, 
a name applied to the scarlet varieties of spinel. 

spinet, n. spin'et (It. spinetta; F. epinette), a musical 
instr. resembling the harpsichord, not now in use. 

spiniferous, a. spl-nlf-er-iis (L. spinifer, thorn-bear- 
ing, prickly— from spina, a thorn, and fero, I bear), 
in bot., producing or bearing spines or thorns ; thorny : 
spinif 'erites, n. plu. -its, in geol., a term applied to 
those minute spherical bodies beset with spines which 
occur in the chalk and flint. 

spinneret, spinning, &c— see spin. 

spinose, spinous, &c— see spine. 

Spinozism, n. si ' " 
spl-no'zd, a Dutcl 
that God is not only the Creator, but also the original 
matter of the universe ; that there can be no substance 
but God; whatever is, is in God, and nothing can be 
conceived without God : Spino'zist, n. -zist, one who 
believes in the doctrines of Spinoza. 

spinster— see spin. 

spinule, spiny, Ac.— see spine. 

spiracle, n. spl'-rd-kl (L. spiraadum, an air-hole— 
from spiro, I breathe), a breathing-pore ; a vent ; a 
minute passage by which air or other fluid is inhaled 
or exhaled. 

spire, n. spir (Sw. spira, a rod, a pointed steeple : 
Dan. spire, a germ, a sprout : Norm, spir, ray of 
a crown, a spurt of water shooting forth : It. and 
L. spira,- Gr. speira; F. spire, a coil, a fold, a 
spire), anything wreathed or twisted ; anything 
twisted and tapering to a point ; a coil ; a curl ; the 
part of a body tapering to a point, as in a tower or 
steeple , the whorls of a shell except the lowest : a 
stalk or blade of grass: v. to shoot up to a point ; to 
sprout: spi'ring, imp.: spired, pp. splrd: adj. having 
a spire: spiry, a. spl'ri, curled; coiled; wreathed: 
spi'ral, a. -rdl, winding like a screw: n. in geom., a 
curve or curved line receding continually from the 
centre about which it revolves: spi 'rally, ad. -lit 
spiral vessels, in bot., transparent tubes having one 
or more spiral fibres coiled up in their interior. 

spirifer, n. spi'H-fer (L. spira, a spire or coil, and 
fero, 1 bear), in geol., a genus of brachiopods whose 
broad-hinged deeply-striated bivalves occur in Silu- 
rian, Devonia D i ous strata. 

spirit, n. splr'it (L. spiritus, breath, the breath of 
life, a spirit— from spiro, I breathe: It. spirito: F. 
esprit), an intelligent being imperceptible to the 
senses ; an immaterial substance ; the soul of man ; 
a spectre or ghost ; ardour ; courage ; temper or dis- 
position of mind ; the intellectual powers of man, as 
distinct from the body ; a man of life, fire, and enter- 
prise; purest part of a body; essential quality; a 
liquid, as brandy, whisky, or rum, obtained by dis- 
tilling a fermented vegetable extract ; real meaning, 
as opposed to the letter; in Scrip., sometimes the re- 
newed nature of man ; the immortal part of man ; 
pre-eminently, the Holy Spirit: v. to convey away 
rapidly and secretly, as by a spirit : spiriting, imp. : 
spirited, pp.: adj. full of animation and life ; ardent ; 
vivacious ; courageous ; in composition, denoting the 



3 SPIR 

state of the mind or the character of the disposition, 
as high-spirited, low-spirited : spiritedly, ad. -ed-li .- 
spirltedness, n. -nis, state of being spirited ; anima- 
tion ; disposition of mind : spirits, n. plu. -its, excite- 
ment of mind ; natural vivacity ; the powers of mind ; 
fluids containing more in i k of absolute 

alchohol; such alcoholic liquids as are intended for 
drinking : spiritless, a. -Us, wanting in vigour; dull; 
dejected: spiritlessly, ad. -U: spir itlessness, n. -nes, 
the state of being spiritless ; want of life or vigour : 
spirlto'so, ad. -l-to-zo (It.), in music, with spirit: 
spirit-dealer or -merchant, one who has a licence to 
sell spirituous liquors: spirit-lamp, a lamp in which 
alcohol is used instead of oil : spirit - level, a glass 
tube nearly filled with spirits of wine or distilled 
water, hermetically sealed, and fixed on a case of wood 
or other substance, used to ascertain whether a sur- 
face be horizontal or perfectly flat : spirit-rapper, 
one who pretends to have intercourse with spirits, 
and who alleges that they manifest their presence and 
convey intelligence by means of audible raps or 
knocks: spirit-rapping, the alle-rd manifestations of 
the presence of spirits by audible or visible signs ; the 
belief in such: spirit of salt, a familiar name for 
muriatic acid : spirits of wine, a familiar name for 
alcohol— so called because formerly only extracted 
from wine : animal spirits, the fluid supposed to cir- 
culate through the nerves, and regarded as the agent 
of sensation and motion ; the nervous fluid or nervous 
principle: The Spirit, the third person of the Holy 
Trinity : the spirit, the life or soul of man ; the im- 
mortal part of man : rectified spirit, proof-spirit 
made purer by further distillation: spirits of harts- 
horn, an impure carbonate of ammonia : spirits of 
turpentine, a volatile and very inflammable oil dis- 
tilled from turpentine. 

spiritual, a. splr'it-u-al (It. spirituals ; F. spirituel, 
spiritual— from L. spiritus, breath, spirit— see spirit), 
not material; not gross; possessing the nature or 
qualities of a spiritual being ; not lay or temporal ; 
pert, to sacred things; pure: holy: spiritually, ad. 
-II: spirituality, n. -al'-i-ti, essence, as distinct from 
matter ; spiritual nature ; that which belongs to 
the Church, or to religion : spiritualise, v. -dl-iz, 
to refine; to free from grossness or sensuality; to 
purify; to convert to a spiritual moanhit: : spirituali- 
sing, imp.: spiritualised, pp. -izd : spir ituali'ser, n. 
-I'zer, one who spiritualises: spirltualisa'tion, n. 
-hzd'-sliun, the act of spiritualising: spiritualism, n. 
-izm, the system which teaches that all that is real is 
spirit, soul, or self; that system which regards the ex- 
ternal world as either a succession of notions im- 
pressed on the mind by the Deity, or else the mere 
educt of the mind itself; the doctrines opposed to 
materialism; the belief in the frequi-ut communica- 
tions from the world of spirits, as manifested by visible 
or audible sic.ii- ; spirit rapping and its allied mani- 
festations : spiritualist, n. -i'st, one who professes a 
regard for spiritual tilings mily, or a belief in them ; 
one who believes in direct intercourse with departed 
spirits: spiritualistic, a. -is'tik, relating to spiritual- 
ism : spir itualness, n. -nes, the state or quality of 
being spiritual: spiritual court, an ecclesiastical 
court: spiritual -mindedness, the state of having 
devout and holy affections: spirituous, a. -us (L. 
spiritus, breath, spirit), containing spirit, or possess- 
ing its qualities ; light ; volatile : spirltuousness, n. 
-nes, the quality ot bting spirituous. 

spiritus asper, n. splr'-it-us ds'-per (L. spiritus, a 
breathing, and asper, rough), in Gr. gram., a mark 
thus ( ■ ) placed before certain words beginning with a 
vowel, to indicate that such should be pronounced like 
words beginning with vocal h in Eng,; also placed 
over Gr. p, Eng. r: spiritus le'nis, n. -le'ms (L. lenis, 
soft), the mark ( ' ) denoting the absence of the rough 
breathing. 

spirolinite, n. spl'ro-Un-lt (L. spira, a coil, a twist), 
in geol., agenus of minute, many-chambered, foraminif- 
erous organisms— so called from the spiral or whorl- 
like terminations of their crosier-like forms. 

spirometer, n. spi-rom'e-ter (L. spiro, I breathe, and 
Gr. rnetron, a measure), an instr. for measuring the 
quantity of air an individual can expire after a forced 
inspiration. 

spirt, v. spirt (Bav. sprutzen, to sprinkle: Dut. 
spruta, to spirt— see spurt), to throw out in a jet or 
stream, as a liquid ; to gush out in a small stream, as a 
liquid from a e n atteringly : n. a sudden 

rushing of a liquid substance from a small tube or 



tdiv, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



SPIR 



604 



SPOK 



>r''U<:ir, a jet: spirt'ing, imp.: spirt'ed, pp.: spirtle, 
v. sper'-tl : spir'tiing, imp. -tling : spir'tled, pp. -tld, 
in tlie same sense, 
spiry— see spire. 

spit, n. spit (Dut. spet, a spit: Icel. spita, a peg, a 
skewer : Sw. speta, a little rod : It. spito, a spear : Ger. 
spiess, a slender-pointed object), a long thin bar of 
■wood or metal, pointed at one or both ends, on which 
meat, &c, is roasted; a narrow pointed object ; a small 
point of land running into the sea, or a long narrow 
shoal from the shore into the sea, as a spit of sand : v. 
to put on a spit ; to thrust through, as meat by a spit : 
spit ting, imp.: spit'ted, pp. 

spit, v. spit (AS. spcetan; Icel. spyta; Dan. spytte ; 
Ger. sputzen; L. sputare, to spit), to throw out, as 
saliva from the mouth ; to eject from the mouth; to 
rain slightly : n. spittle : saliva : spat, pt. spat, did spit : 
spitten, pp. spit'n, also*spit, pp. spit : spittle, n. spit'l, 
saliva ; the moisture thrown out from the mouth : spit- 
toon, n. spit-tOn,', a shallow box to receive the spittle 
thrown out of the mouth by smokers : spit'fire, n. -fir, 
a violent passionate person : to spit upon, to insult 
grossly ; to treat with contempt. 

spitch-cock, v. spich'kok (Eng. spit, and cook), to 
dress an eel with condiments, &c, after splitting it 
longwise, then broiling it: n. an eel so dressed and 
cooked: spitch-cocked, a. -kokt, split and cooked, as 
an eel. 

spite, n. spit (Dut. spijt; Low Ger. spiet, vexation: 
Dan. spydig, sharp, causUe: Oci. s/jitzig, pointed, 
satirical), sudden or fitful ill-will ; hatred accompanied 
with active annoyance or injury: v. to do with a 
desire to vex or annoy ; to annoy ; to thwart : spi'ting, 
imp.: spi'ted, pp. : spit' I il, • fSbl having a desire 
to annoy or injure: spitefully, ad. -It: spite'fulness, 
n. -nes, the state or quality of being spiteful ; malice: 
in spite of, in defiance of; notwithstanding, 
spittle, spittoon— see spit 2. 

splanchnic, a. spldngk'nik (Gr. splangchnon, an en- 
trail), in anat., belonging to the viscera or intestines: 
splanch'no, -no, in anat. , a prefix, implying relation 
to viscera, as splanchno-skeleton, the osseous struc- 
ture of particularorgans: splanchnography, n.spldngk- 
nog'rd-fi (Gr. grapho, I write), an anatomical descrip- 
tion of the viscera: splanchnology, n. -nol'o-jl (Gr. 
logos, discourse), a description of the viscera. 

splash, n. \ tdderns Sw. plaska, to 

paddle or dabble: Dan. pladse, to shower down), 
water or slush thrown upon anything, particularly 
from a puddle ; v. to bespatter with water or mud, or 
suchlike; to strike or dash about water or slush: 
splashing, imp.: splashed, pp. splasht: splashy, a. 
spldsh'i, wet and muddy ; full of muddy or dirty water : 
splash-board, a board in front of a vehicle to prevent 
the mud in wet weather being scattered upon it: 
splash'ers, n. plu. -erz, guards placed over the wheels 
of a locomotive engine to prevent any person on the 
engine coming in contact with the wheels, and also 
to protect the machinery from wet or dirt thrown up 
by the wheels ; the same contrivances placed over the 
wheels of an ordinary can iage drawn by horses. 

splatter, v. spldt'-tei (anothi i spi ding of splutter, 
which see): splitter - splattar, n. spllt'ter- sjildf '■/;,•, 
splashy dirt, expressive of the sound made by dashing 
water : splatterdashes or spatterdashes, coverings 
for the legs to keep off the splashes of mud. 

splay, a. spla (an abbreviation of display), broad ; 
turned outwards : n. in arch., the slanting or bevelled 
expansion given to the sides of doors or windows : 
splay-foot, a foot having the plantar surface flattened 
instead of concave; flat foot: splay -mouth, a wide 
mouth ; a mouth widened in derision. 

spleen, n. splen (F. soleen, spleen : Gr. and L. splen, 
the milt or spleen: It. splene), the milt; a spongy 
viscus near the large extremity of the stomach, for- 
merly supposed to be the seat of melancholy, anger, 
or vexation ; ill-humour ; a fit of anger ; latent spite ; 
melancholy: spleened, a. splend, deprived of the 
spleen: spleen'ful, a. -fool, angry; peevish: spleen'- 
ish, a. -ish, affected with spleen : spleen'ishly, ad. -li : 
spleen'ishness, n. -nSs, the state of being spleenish : 
spleen'y, a. -i, angry; peevish. 

splendent, a. splSnd'Snt (L. splendens, shining : It. 
splendente, splendid, bright), shining; glossy; beam- 
ing with light; illustrious. 

splendid, a. splSn'-dtt us, bright, shin- 

ing: It. splendido, F splendide), very bright; showy; 
magnificent; glittering; brilliant; heroic; famous: 
splen'didiy, ad. -II. 



splendour, n. spUn'der (L. splendor, brightness, 
lustre : It. splendore : F. splendeur), great brightness ; 

\n i!li:tii' ■ , ma;:, i lii) . < i , i ill.;,, I;: , ■■::.,„>, H ,,,),,, ,,, ■ 

splenetic, a. pit ■•>■; :.. • splenetico; F. sphine- 
tique, splenetic— from Gr. and L. splen, the milt or 
spleen— see spleen), troubled with spleen; fretful; 
peevish ; gloomy : n. a person affected with spleen : 
splenet'ical, a. -l-kdl, same as splenetic: splenetlcal- 
ly, ad. -li: spiers spUn'fk belongi ig to the spleen: 
splenitis, n. sple-ni'Us, inflammation of the spleen : 
splenisation, n / ,i < change produced 

in the lungs by inflammation, so that they resemble 
the substance of the spleen. 

splent— see splint. 

splice, v. splis (Dut. splissen; Sw. splissa; Ger. 
splissen, to join together so that the two ends shall 
interlace or overlap), to unite or join together the two 
ends of a rope by interlacing or twisting together the 
strands ; to connect pieces of wood or metal, as beams 
or railway-bars, by means of overlapping parts fas- 
tened or bolted to them : n. a piece added to a rope 
by splicing: spli'cing, imp.: spliced, pp. spllst: to 
splice the main brace, in naval phrase, to give out 
an extra allowance of spi] il s aftei sp< ial exposure to 
cold or wet. 

splint, n. splint, also splent, n. splent (a nasalised 
form of splitter'. Ger. splint, a pin or peg: Dut. splin- 
ter, a splinter), a small piece split off from a larger; 
in surg., a thin piece of wood used to confine in its 
proper position a broken bone after being set ; a hard 
excrescence growing on the shank-bone of a horse ; a 
hard laminated coal, intermediate between cannel and 
common pit coal : v. to confine or supply with splints : 
splinting, imp.: splint'ed, pp.: splinter, n. spllnt'er, a 
small piece split off a larger ; an irregular fragment 
rent from a body : v. to shiver ; to break or rend into 
thin small fragments : splin'tering, imp.: splin'tered, 
pp. -terd: adj. broken into fragments: spfin'tery, a. 
-ter-l, consisting of or resembling splinters; having 
splinters or scales adhering, as in a fracture : splinter- 
bar (a corruption otspangtree-bar— from. Ger. spannen, 
to fasten), the cross-bar of a coach which supports the 
springs : splinter-proof, capable of resisting the frag- 
ments or splinters of bursting shells. 

split, v. split | : >u1 plitti n ' ] pleissen, to split: 
Low Ger. splittern, to shiver to pieces), to divide or 
separate lengthwise ; to rive ; to rend ; to throw into 
discord, as a party; to burst or part asunder; to be 
broken, as a ship : n. a rent ; a crack ; a fissure or crack 
lengthwise; a breach or division in a party: split'- 
ting, imp.: n. act of one who splits or divides: split, 
pt. and pp. split: split'ter, n. -ter, one who splits: v. 
same as splutter, which see : split'tering, imp.: split'- 
tered, pp. -terd: split-pease, pease deprived of their 
husks and split, used for making soup : to split one's 
sides with laughter, to laugh excessively under strong 
incitement; to burst with laughter. 

splutter, v. s'plut'-ter (Low Ger. splittern, to shiver to 
pieces : Sw. splittra, to shiver : Ger. platzen, to snap, 
to break to pieces), to scatter about drops of saliva 
while speaking ; to scatter drops abosnt the paper in 
writing with an ill-made pen: splut'tering, imp.: 
splut'tered, pp. -terd. 

spodomancy, n. spod'o-mdn'sl (Gr. spodos, ashes, and 
manteia, divination), divination by means of ashes. 

spodumene, n. spdd'u-men (Gr. spodos, ashes), a 
mineral of a pale greyish-green colour. 

spoil, n. spdyl (F. spolier, to plunder: L. spoliare, 
to deprive of covering, to plunder— from spolium, the 
spoil of an animal— that is, its skin stripped off), that 
which is taken by force, especially in war ; pillage ; 
plunder: v. to plunder; to rob: spoiling, imp.: 
spoiled, pp. spdyld: spoil'er, n. -er, one who spoils or 
(ijiuj.l • 

spoil, v. spdyl (a broad pronunciation of spill, to shed 
liquids, and hence, to waste : Ger. spillen ; Sw. spola, 
to wash or rinse), to waste ; to render useless ; to mar ; 
to taint; to go to ruin: spoil'ing, imp.: spoiled, pp. 
spdyld, also spoilt, pt. spdylt: adj. rendered useless ; 
wasted; over-indulged: spoil'er, n. -er, one who mars 
or corrupts. 

spoke, pt. spOk, also spoken, pp. spo'-kn, from speak, 
which see : spokesman, n. spoks'mdn, one who speaks 
for one or more persons. 

spoke, n. spok (from spike, which see: Ger. speiche; 
It. spica, the spoke of a wheel), one of the bars of a 
wheel passing from the nave or centre to the felly or 
rim; the spar or round of a ladder: spoke-shave, a 
kind of plane used for dressing curved wood-work. 



mate, mdt.fdr, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, mCve; 



SPOL 



605 



SPRA 



, .. jp6'll-at (L. spoliatum, to rob, to plun- 
der— see spoil li, to pillage ; to plunder; to rob: spo- 
liating, imp.: spoliated, pp.: spo'lia'tion, n. -a'shun, 
the act of plundering : spo lia'tor, n. -ter, one who 
spoliates: spoliatory, a. -ter-i, tending to spoil; de- 
structive. 

spondee, n. spon'de (L. spondeus, a spondee: Gr. 
spondeios, a spondee; as an adj., of or belonging to 
libations— from sponde, a libation, referring to its pro- 
longed solemn character), a poetic foot consisting of 
two long syllables: spondaic, a. spon-da'-ik, pert. to a 
spondee. 

sponge, n. spUnjCL. spongia; Gr. sponggia, a sponge : 
F. eponge), a well-known porous substance much used 
for domestic purposes, being the skeleton of marine 
protozoa ; a soit sponge-like substance for cleaning and 
wiping, &c. ; one who pertinaciously lives upon others ; 
bakers' dough before it is finally kneaded and shaped 
to be baked into bread : v. to wipe or cleanse with a 
sponge ; to wipe out completely ; to imbibe or suck in ; 
to gain by mean arts ; to harass by extortion : spon'- 
ging, imp.:n. the act of wiping with a sponge; the act 
of living meanly upon others: sponged, pp. spiinjd: 
sponger, n. spiin'jir, one who sponges ; a hanger-on 
for maintenance, &c. : spon'gy, a. -jl, soft, open, and 
porous; full of small cavities; having the quality of 
imbibing moisture readily : spon'giness, n. -jhnSs, state 
of being soft and porous : sponge-cake, a light sweet 
cake : sponging-house, a prison-officer's house in which 
debtors committed to his custody were formerly 
lodged: to set a sponge, to mix a mass of flour with 
yeast, and set it in a position favourable for ferment- 
ing : spongiform, a. -fawrm (L. forma, shape), like a 
spmiire : soft and porous. 

spongioles, n. plu. spun'jl-olz (L. spongia, a sponge, 
and ole, a dim. termination), in hot., the extremities of 
roots, composed of loose spongy tissue, through which 
nourishment is absorbed from the earth ; also spon'- 
giolets, n. plu. -0-letz: spongites, n. plu. spuii'jitz, also 
spon'gia'ria, n. plu. -ji-a-i i-o. in </. ol., fossil sponges, 
found abundantly as flints in the chalk formation. 

sponsal, a. spuri-sdl (L. sponsalis, belonging to be- 
trothal or espousal— from sponsus, promised solemnly : 
It. sponsale, sponsal), of or relating to marriage, or 
to a spouse : spon'sor, n. -sir, one who undertakes 
to answer for another; a godfather or godmother at 
baptism: sponsorial, a. spon-so'-rl-M, pert, to a spon- 
sor : spon'sorship, n. the duty or office of a sponsor. 

sponsion, n. spon'-shun (L. sponsio, a solemn pro- 
mise or engagement— from spondeo, I promise solemn- 
ly), the act of becoming security; a solemn act or en- 
gagement on behalf of another. 

spontaneous, a. sp6n-ta'-n6-us (L. sponfaneus, of his 
own accord— from sponte, freely or voluntarily: It. 
spontaneo: F. quintan-'), acting of one's own accord; 
done without compulsion ; acting from its own impulse 
or energy; happening or produced of itself: sponta'- 
neously, ad. -II: sponta'neousness, n. -us-nSs, the 
state or quality of being spontaneous: spontaneity, 
n. spon'td-ne'-i-tl, quality of acting or proceeding with- 
out compulsion or external force ; voluntariness : 
spontaneous combustion, the act of a body taking fire 
of itself through the chemical action of its own ele- 
ments: spontaneous generation, the production of 
the lowest forms of life without visible means. 

spool, n. sjyol (Ger. spule, a quill, a bobbin: Dnt. 
spud, a channel, a spool), a cane or reed with a knob 
at each end, or a hollow cylinder of wood surrounded 
by a ridge at each end, on which thread or yarn is 
wound : v. to wind on a spool : spooling, imp. : 
spooled, pp. spdld. 

spoon, n. spon (AS. spon; Ger. span; Sw. span, a 
chip : Dut. spaen, a chip, a spoon), a well-known in- 
str. of domestic use, consisting of a handle and a 
broad hollow at one end ; an implement for removing 
earth, &c., from deep holes: v. to take up with a 
spoon : spoon'ing, imp. : spooned, pp. spond : 
spooney, n., also spoony, n. spon'-i, a half-witted 
foolish person: adj. weak-minded; silly: spoon'ful, 
n. -fool, as much as a spoon will hold ; a small quan- 
tity : spoon'ily, ad. -%-li, in a weak and foolish manner : 
spoon - bill, a wading - bird of several species, so 
named from its long flattened bill : spoon-drift, the 
water of billows at sea scattered in v a heavy shower 
of spray by the violence and intensity of the tempest : 
spoon-meat, food eaten with a spoon: to be born 
with a silver spoon in one's mouth, to be born to 
wealth or good fortune : wooden spoon, in Cambridge, 
the last on the list of mathematical honours. 

cow, toy, foot; pure, bud; chair, 



spoor, n. sp6r (Dut. spoor, a trace, a track), the 
track or trail of an animal, especially of one pursued 

sporadic, a. spo-rad'ik (Gr. sporadilcos, dispersed, 
scattered— from speiro, I sow seed), scattered— applied 
to diseases which occur in single and scattered cases ; 
opposed to epidemic and endemic. 

sporangium, n. spo-ran'-ji-um, plu. sporan'gia, -jl-d 
(Gr. spora, seed, and anggos, a vessel), in but., the im- 
mediate ease or covering to the spores of some erypto- 
gamic plants. 

spore, n. spOr, also sporule, n. spor'ul (Gr. spora. 
a seed), one of the minute grains in flowerless 
plants which perform the functions of seeds, as in 
the ferns and club-mosses: sporidium, n. sjjo-rid'i-iim 
(Gr. eidos, resemblance), the membranous case con- 
taining sporules; a cellular germinating body in 
flowerless plants containing two or more cells in its 
interior: sporocarp, n. spo'ro-kfirp (Gr. karpos, fruit), 
the ovoid sac containing the organs of reproduction 
in certain plants : sporophore, n. spo'-rofor (Gr. phero, 
I bear), a stalk supporting a spore : sporozoid, a. spo' 
ro-zO'-id (Gr. 20611, an animal), a moving spore fur- 
nished with cilia or vibratile processes. 

sporran, n. spdr'rdn (Gael, sporan), a pouch made of 
undressed skin with the hair outwards, often higbly 
ornamented, placed in front of the kilt by a High- 
lander in full dress. 

sport, n. spOrt (old F. desport, diversion: It. Ms- 
porto or diporto, solace, recreation), diversion; any- 
thing which makes merry ; the mirth or pleasure thus 
produced; play; frolic; mockery; fowling, hunting, 
or fishing : v. to divert ; to make merry ; to frolic ; 
to jest ; to trifle ; in familiar language, to exhibit or 
wear, as an article of dress: sport'ing, imp.: adj. 
practising the diversions of the field in hunting, fish- 
ing, &c. ; given to racing, betting, and gambling : n. 
practice or pursuit of a sportsman: sport'ed, pp.: 
sport er, n. -er, one who sports: sportful, a. -fool, 
frolicsome; full of jesting: sport'fully, ad. -li: sport'- 
fulness, n. -nes, the state of being sportful ; a playful 
disposition : sportive, a. -Iv, inclined to mirth ; play- 
ful; gay; merry; frolicsome: sportively, ad. -li: 
sport iveness, n. -nSs, the state of being sportive ; 



skilled in hunting, shooting, or fishing, &c: sports'- 
manship, n. skill in field-sports : in sport, in jest ; for 
play or diversion: to sport one's oak (Ger. pforte, a 
door), in Eng. universites, to shut the outer door of 
one's room. 

sporule— see spore. 

spot, n. spot (but. sjiottin, to bespatter or splash; 
spat, a drop of what is splashed), a mark; a place dis- 
coloured; a stain; reproach; blemish; a small extent 
of place ; any particular spot : v. to make a mark or 
marks on ; to stain ; to discolour ; to blemish ; to dis- 
grace : spot'ting, imp. : spot'ted, pp. : adj. marked 
with spots : spotless, a. -les, free from spots ; pure ; 
blameless : spotlessness, n. -nSs, freedom from spots 
or stains : spot'tedness, n. -nes, the quality of being 
spotted: spot'ty, a. -tl, full of spots, or characterised 
by them : spot'tiness, n. -nes, state or quality of 
being spotty: upon the spot, immediately; before 
moving : spotted fever, typhus fever accompanied by 
a rash or eruption of red spots : to live upon the spot, 
to reside ; not to be an absentee. 

spouse, n. spolvz (old F. espouse; F. epouse, a con- 
sort : It. sposa, a wife ; sposo, a husband : L. spon- 
to promise solemn]. on, husband 



or wife: spouseless, a. -Us, destitute of a married 
partner: spousal, a. spow'zal, pert, to marriage; 
connubial; nuptial : spou'sals, n. plu. -zalz, marriage ; 
nuptials. 

spout, n. spdivt (Norm, sputra, to keep spitting, to 
spirt: Dut. spuyten, to spit, to spout), the projecting 
mouth of a vessel, by v: nay be poured 

out without spilling; a pipe or conductor of water: 
v. to throw or pour out water forcibly, as from a pipe ; 
to issue with much force ; to speechify, in contempt : 
spout'ing, imp.: adj. throwing or issuing in a stream, 
from a pipe ; haranguing : n. a speech, in contempt : 
spout'ed, pp. : spout'er, n. -er, one who or that which 
spouts. 

sprag, n. sprdg (Dan. sprczkke, to crack, to burst : 
Sw. spricka, to split, to sprout: connected with sprig, 
which see), a young salmon; a rough stout bar of 
wood : v. to stop a waggon by putting a strong bar of 
wood between two spokes of a wheel: sprag'ging, 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



SPBA & 

imp.: spragged, pp. sprdgd: adj. having the motion 
arrested by a sprag. 

sprain, n. sprdn (F. espreindre, to press, to strain : 
probably a mere corruption of Kng. strain, to squeeze), 
an excessive strain of the muscles or ligaments of a 
joint, causing much pain: v. to overstrain the liga- 
ments of a joint wu.lioui, dislocation: sprain' ing, imp. : 
sprained, pp. sprdnd. 

sprang, pt. of spring, which see. 

sprat, n. sprat (Dut. sprot, a young animal, a sprout), 
a small fish of the herring family, cauuhtin immense 
quantities on the British and other coasts, formerly 
considered the fry of the herring. 

sprawl, v. sprawl (Fris. sprawle, to toss about the 
limbs : Dut. spart'len, t< > fri -;k, to wag one's legs : Icel. 
sprokla, to throw about the limbs), to stretch the 
body and limbs widely and carelessly while lying ; 
to lie with the limbs stretched out or struggling: 
sprawling, imp.: adj. tumbling with agitation or 
contortion of the limbs : sprawled, pp. s'prawld. 

spray, n. sj/rd (It. sprazzare, to shower down, as 
water upon stones : Ger. spritzen, to spatter : Sw. 
spratta, to scatter: old H. Ger. sprad, a bush), a small 
shoot or branch of a tree, or a collection of them ; scat- 
tered drops of water dashed into the air. 

spread, v. spred (Dut. spreeden; Ger. spreiten; Sw. 
sprida; Dan. sprede, to spread, to scatter), to stretch 
or expand to a broader surface ; to extend; to cover; 
to expand itself in all directions ; to be extended or 
stretched ; to circulate, as news or fame ; to cause to 
be extensively known ; to diffuse ; to scatter over a 
surface ; to fill or cover a wider space : n. extent ; com- 
pass: spreading, imp.: adj. extending over a large 
space; wide: n. act of extending or expanding: 
spread, pt. and pp. : spread'er, n. -er, he who or that 
which spreads ; a divulger ; a disseminator. 

spree, n. spre (Icel s/>ro:kr, brisk, liery: Scot, spree, 

merriment: K. rr.jirif. spirit, vh'neiiy), a, merry frolii . 
in Scot., a wild ebullition of spirits, especially in a 
disorderly and thoughtless indulgence in intoxicating 
liquors. 

sprig, n. sprig (Swiss, spryggen, to splinter: W. 
origyn, a twig, a shoot of a tree), a small shoot or 
twig ; offspring ; a scion ; a small nail without a head : 
v. to mark or adorn with sprigs; to work or strengthen 
with sprigs: sprig'ging, imp.: sprigged, pp. sprlgd: 
spriggy, a. spriif-iji,, full of sprigs. 

spright, n., also sprite, n. sprit (corrupted from 
spirit, which see), a spirit; a shade: sprightly, a. 
-II, spirit-like ; brisk ; lively ; animated ; full of life and 
activity : sprightliness, n. -li-nes, the quality of being 
sprightly ; liveliness ; briskness. 

spring, n. spring (Sw. sprraka; Dan. sprage, to 
crackle : Sw. springa, to burst, to spring forth : Ger. 
sprengen, to burst open), a leap; a bound; elastic 
power or force ; the start, as of a plank ; an elastic 
body, as a steel rod, a coil of wire, india-rubber, &c, 
used for various mechanical purposes; a source; a 
fountain of water ; rise ; beginning ; the time when 
plants begin to vegetate and grow ; one of the four 
seasons of the year ; the lower part of an arch : v. to 
produce quickly or unexpectedly ; to start; to cause 
to explode, as a mine ; to burst ; to bound or leap ; to 
proceed or issue, as from a source ; to begin to grow ; 
to germinate ; to arise ; to proceed, as from a cause ; 
to move by elastic force : springing, imp.: adj. gush- 
ing from, as a spring : n. the act or process of leaping, 
issuing, or proceeding; growth; in arch., the first 
course of stones of the arch resting on the side walls : 
sprang, pt. spirdng, did spring ; burst ; proceeded 
from : sprung, pt. pp. sprung, arisen ; begun to grow : 

Springs, n. plu. springz, outflows of water or other 
quid from the earth : springy, a. spring'l, having 
great elastic force or power ; spongy ; abounding 
with springs: spring'iness, n. -l-nes, the power of 
springing: spring'er, n. -er, one who or that which 
springs ; the point at which an arch unites with its 
support : spring-balance, a contrivance for measur- 
ing weight or force by the elasticity of a spiral spring 
of steel : spring-board, an elastic board secured at 
the ends, used in performing feats of agility, or for 
exercise : spring'bok, n. -bok (Dut. springbok— -from 
springen, to spring, and bok, a he-goat), a species of 
antelope : spring-gun, a firearm discharged by a spring 
when trodden upon: spring-head, a fountain or 
source: spring - tides, the high tides which happen 
about the time of new and full moon : spring-time, 
the season of spring : spring-wheat, a species of wheat 
sown in spring : intermittent springs, springs whose 



5 SPUN 

waters generally come with an alternate rush and 
a pause : mineral springs, outflows of water from 
the earth, which are impregnated with various mineral 
substances : oil-springs, outflows of oil from large nat- 
ural deposits in the bowels of the earth, arising from 
organic matter, either vegetable or animal : to spring 
a fence, to leap a fence : to spring a leak, in a ship, 
to open in the seams of the planking to the extent of 
becoming leaky : to spring a mast, said of a mast 
when it is bent or strained, or started from its fasten- 
ings : to spring a mine, to cause it to explode : to 
spring a rattle, to put the rattle of a policeman in 
motion : to spring at, to leap towards : to spring 
forth, to leap out ; to rush out : to spring in, to enter 
with a leap, or in haste : to spring upon, to rush on 
with haste or violence ; to assault, 
springe, n. sprtmj (from Eng. spiring : Dut. spring- 

'-* ", noose or net), a noose to cat- 1 " K 
j-noose ; a snare : v. to catch in 

: sprin'ging, imp.: springed, i _, 

sprinkle, v. sprtng'-kl (Dut. sijrenlcelen, to sprinkle : 
' • ■■ y/K-rikeln to mark nrith scattered spots : " 



mail ouani.ii /scattered: sprinTding, imp. -kling : 
adj. scattering in small drops: n. a small quantity 
scattered in drops ; a small number distributed among 
a large : sprinkled, pp. sprlng'kld. 

sprit, v. spirit (Norm, spretta, to split, to spring 
asunder or shoot like leaves: Dut. spriet, a piece of 
cleft wood, a spear, a bowsprit), to throw out with 
force from a narrow orifice ; to sprout : n. a sprout ; a 
shoot ; a yard or spar whicn the i lail of a boat : 

bowsprit, n. bo'-sprit, a large boom or spar which pro- 
jects over the stem of a ship or boat to carry sail for- 
ward : sprit-sail, a sail extended over the stem of a 
ship or boat. 

sprite, n. sprit (a corruption of spirit: F. esprit; Sw. 
sprit, spirit, mind), a spirit; a shade. 

sprod, n. sprod (Gael, bradan, a salmon : perhaps 
only a corruption of sprout), a salmon in its second 
year. 

sprout, v. sproiot (akin to spurt, sputter, and spirt: 
Dut. spruiten, to sprout : Dan. sprutte ; Ger. sy/rudeln, 
to spurt, to spout), to bud or germinate ; to grow like 
buds or shoots of plants : n. the shoot or bud of a 
plant : sprout'ing, imp. : adj. germinating : n. the act 
of shooting or germinating : sprout'ed, pp.: sprouts, 
n. plu. young coleworts : Brussels sprouts, c#leworts 
whose prominent leaf-buds as young plants are used 
for culinary purposes— so called because the best seed 
is obtained from Belgium. 

spruce, a. spros (Icel. sparkr, brisk, lively: Sw. 
spricka, to shoot : Swiss, spriitzen, to spring with 
elastic force), neat or fine in dress ; trim ; foppish : v. 
to dress with affected neatness: spru'eing, imp.: 
spruced, pp. sprOst: sprucely, ad. -li: spruce'ness, 
n. -nes, the state or quality of being spruce ; trimness : 
to spruce up, to dress neatly ; to trim. 

spruce, n. spros (Ger. sprossen, to shoot, to germi- 
nate, the sprouts of a species of fir, a decoction of 
which was formerly much in use on the shores of the 
Baltic as a remedy for scorbutic and other com- 
plaints), a name given to several kinds of fir-trees : 
spruce-beer, a liquor flavoured with spruce-fir, some- 
times called black-beer. 

sprung, v. sprung, pt. and pp. of spring, which see. 



spud, n. spud (Dan. spyd, a spear : Sw. spode, a rod : 
perhaps a mere corruption of spade), a narrow spade 
used for destroying weeds ; a short thick thing, in con- 
tempt. 

spuller, n. spul'-ler (a corruption of spooler), one em- 
ployed to inspect yarn. 

spume, n. spurn (L. and It. spuma, foam, froth), 
froth ; foam ; scum : v. to froth ; to foam : spu'ming, 
imp.: spumed, pp. spumd: spumy, a. spu'-mi, also 
spu'mous, a. -mus, consisting of froth or scum; frothy : 
spumescence, n. spu-vit;s':-,ens, frothincss: spumif- 
erous, a. -mlf-er-us (L. fero, I bear), producing foam. 

spun, v. spun, pp. of spin, which see: spun-hay, 
hay twisted into ropes : spun-yarn, rope-yarn twisted 
into a rope. 

spunk, n. spungk (W. ysponcio, to smack, to bound 
sharply: Dut. voncke, a spark, tinder), wood that 
readily takes fire; touchwood; a match ; spirit; met- 
tle ; in Scot., a spark : to spunk out, to come to light; 
to be discovered : spun'ky, a. -ki, quick ; spirited. 



mate, mdt.far, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, mOve; 



607 



SQUA 



iustr. having a small wheel with sharp points, w 
the heels of boots, for inciting horses to further speed ; 
anv incitement or stimulus to increase effort ; the 
sharp hurny projection on a cock's leg ; the largest 
and leading root of a tree ; any projecting appendage 
of a flower or hi ><som L .;. v.i _ rhe appearance of a spur ; 
anything standing out ; a mountain branching from 
a range ; anything resembling a spur : v. to incite or 
urge iorwards with a spur; to urge to more -vigor- 
ous action; to incite; to impel; to press forward: 
spurring, imp.: spurred, pp. sjjird: adj. wearing or 
having spurs ; affected with spur or ergot, as spurred 
rye: spur-wheel, a wheel having cogs around the 
rim, but pointing towards its centre : spur-gall, v. to 
gall or wound with a spur : spur less, a. -les, without 
a spur. 

spurge, n. sperj (F. espurger, to purge, to cleanse : 
L. purgo, I purge), a plant, the juice of which is very 
hot and corroding ; a name applied to various plants. 

spurious, a. spu'-ri-us (L. spurius, spurious: It. 
spurio), not real or genuine ; not proceeding from the 
true source; counterfeit; false: spu'riously, ad. -li: 
spu'riousness, n. -/<<?>, the state or quality of being 
spurious or not genuine. 

spurn, v. spirn (AS. spvrnan, to kick: F. esparer, 
to kick: L. spuria re to despise— see spur), to drive 
back, as with the foot; to reject with disdain; to 
manifest disdain or contempt in rejecting anything: 
n. disdainful rejection : spurning, imp.: spurned, pp. 
Sp&rnd: spurn er, n. -ir, one who spurns. 

spurt, u. spirt (see sprout : Dut. spruiten, to sprout : 
Sw. sprutu, to spirt), a forcible ejection, suddenly or 
repeated at intervals, of a liquid substance from a tube 
or small opening; a jet ; a sudden effort: v. to throw 
out forcibly in a stream, as water; to rush or issue 
out, as a jet, suddenly or at intervals : spurting, imp. : 
spurt'ed, pp.: spurtle, v. spef-tl, to issue out in a scat- 
tering maimer: spur'tling, imp. -tling: spurtled, pp. 
sp&r'tld ; also spirt and spirtle in the same sense- 
see spirt. 

sputter, v. sput'-tir (imitative of the sound of a mix- 
ture of air and water driven from an orifice : Low Ger. 
sputtem; Norm, sputra, to sputter, to spurt), to spit 
in scattered drops, as in rapid speaking ; to throw out 
liquid matter in scattered portions ; to utter with 
hasty indistinctness : n. moist matter thrown out in 
particles or drops: sput'tering, imp.: sputtered, pp. 
-terd: sput'terer, n. -ter-ir, one Mho sputters. 

sputum, n. spii'-tum (L. sputum, spittle), in med., 
the matter discharged from the mouth in disorders of 
the breathing organs ; spittle. 

spy, n. spl (F. "tspicr; It. spiare ; Ger. spahen; Dut. 
spieden, to examine narrowly, to explore), one who 
secretly watches the conduct, condition, actions, &c, 
of a person, in order to report them to another ; a 
secret agent ; one who secretly conveys the transac- 
tions of others: v. to discover at a distance; to gain 
sight of; to inspect or examine secretly; to find out 
by artifice ; to play the spy : spying, imp. : spied, pp. 
spld: spy-glass, a small telescope. 

squab, a. skivob (imitative of the sound made by the 
fall of a soft lump: Ger. quabbelig, fat, plump), fat; 
plump; bulky: n. anything thick and soft; a soft 
stuffed cushion ; a thick fat person ; an unfledged bird 
or nestling : ad. with a heavy sudden fall, plump and 
flat: squabby, a. -61, thick; fat; heavy: squab-pie, 
a pie made of squabs or young pigeons, or one made 
of meat, apples, and onions. 

squabble, n. skwob'-bl (imitative of noisy talk taken 
from the dashing of water : Sw. kabbla, to wrangle : 
Norm, svabba, to splash), a low quarrel; a scuffle; a 
brawl : v. to contend ; to scuffle ; to wrangle : squab'- 
bling, imp. -Ming : n. the act of one who engages in 
a wrangling debate or petty quarrel : squabbled, pp. 
skwob'-bld: squab "bier, n. -bier, one who squabbles. 

squad, n. skicod (F. escouade, a small body of men : 
Sp. escuadra ; It. sq uadra, a troop or square of soldiers : 
L. quadratics, squared), a group; a company; asmall 
party of s for drill. 

squadron, n. skwdd'ron (It. squadrone; Sp. escuad- 
ron; F. escadron, a squadron— see squad), a body of 
troops drawn up in a square, or in any form ; the chief 
division of a regiment of cavalry, consisting of two 
troops, each of about eighty men ; a detachment of 
ships of war: squadroned, a. -rond, formed into 
squadrons. 

squalid, a. skwel'id (L. squalidus, foul, filthy: It. 
cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, 



squallido: F. squalide), poverty-stricken; extremely 
dirty: squalidly, ad. -li: squai idness, n. -nis, the 
state or quality of being squalid : squalor, n. -er (L. 
squalor, dirt inessh foulness ; filthiness. 

squall, v. skivaa-l (Icel. squala, to scream: Dan. 
squaldtr, noisy talk: Sw. squallra, to tattle), to cry 
out ; to scream : n. a loud scream or cry : squalling, 
imp.: adj. crying out harshly; screaming: squalled, 
pp. skwau-ld. 

squall, n. skivaTvl (Sw. squala, expressing the sound 
of gushing water: It. squillare, to sound shrill and 
clear), a sudden storm of wind and rain : squal ly, a. 
-li, abounding in sudden and violent gusts of wind : 
black squall, sudden and violent gusts of wind ac- 
companied with rain and dark heavy clouds : white 
squall, a squall without rain and dark clouds : to look 
out for squalls, to be on one's guard ; to be on the 
watch. 

squaloid, a. $kwd'lo~yd (L. squalus, a shark, and Gr. 
eidos, resemblance), resembling or pert, to the shark 
family. 

squalor— see squalid. 

squama, n. skica'-md, plu. squa'mae, -me (L. squama, 
, scale of a fish or serpent), in bot., a scale; a part 
arranged like a scale: squamose, a. -mos, also squa'- 
mous^i. -m us, scaly; covered with scales; having a 
scale-like aspect, structure, or arrangement : squa mi- 
form, a. -mi-fa term (L. forma, a shape), having the 
form of scales: squamigerous, a. skicd-mij'er-iis (L. 
giro, I bear), bearing or having scales. 

squander, v. skivon'der (a nasalised form of old Eng. 
squatter, to splash or spill a liquid, to disperse : Dan. 
squatte, to splash, to spirt : Sw. squattra, to squander), 
to spend profusely or wastefully; to spend without 
economy or judgment: squandering, imp.: adj. prod- 
igal ; wasteful : squandered, pp. -derd : adj. scattered ; 
spent lavishly and wastefully : squan derer, n. -dir-er, 
one who squanders : squan deringly, ad. -II. 

square, a. skivdr (old. F. esquarre; It. squadro, 
square — from L. quadratic, square), having four equal 
sides and four right angles ; forming a right angle ; 
having a straight front; not curved or round; fit- 
ting; that does equal justice; suitable; even; not 
leaving a balance; stout; well set; right or honest, 
as on the square, sgwu re-dealing: n. a figure having 
four equal sides and four right angles; a space of 
ground having four straight sides, with houses front- 
ing inwards erected on at least three sides ; the pro- 
duct of a number multiplied by itself ; an instr. for 
drawing straight lines and tracing right angles; a 
body of troops in the form of a square ; level ; regu- 
larity ; rule ; conformity : v. to form with four equal 
sides and four right angles; to reduce to a given 
standard; to adjust or regulate; to balance; to make 
even; to multiply into itself, as a number; to suit; 
to determine the exact contents of in square mea- 
sure, as the area of a circle ; to take up the attitude of 
a boxer: squaring, imp.: squared, pp. skward: adj. 
made in the form of a square; adjusted; regulated: 
squarely, ad. -II: squareness, n. -nes, the state of 
being square: squarish, a. -rish, nearly square: 
square measure, a measure having length and 
breadth: square number, the product resulting from 
any number multiplied into itself ; the second power 
of a number: square root, that part of a number 
which, when multiplied into itself, produces the num- 
ber : square-rigged, a. having the principal sails of a 
vessel extended by yards instead of stays : square-sail, 
a four-sided sail extended to a yard : square-toes, an 
old-fashioned formal person: hollow square, a body 
of infantry drawn up in the form of a square, with a 
space in the centre for the officers, staff, &c. Note. — 
In such expressions as, four square yards, and four 
yards square, the former signifies an area or space 
containing four spaces, each a yard long and a yard 
broad ; the latter signifies four yards long multiplied 
by four yards broad, producing 16 square yards. 
When the expressions are restricted to unity or one, 
the results are the same— thus, one square yard is 
identical in result with one yard square, all square, 
all settled; all right: on the square, in an open fair 
manner; honestly. 

squarrose, a. skwor'-ros, also squar'rous, a. -rus, 
(mid. L. squarra, roughness of the skin; squarruius, 
covered with scurf or scab), in bot., covered with pro- 
jecting parts or jags, as leaves ; having scales, small 
leaves, or projections spreading widely from the axis 
on which they are crowded : squarrulose, a. -u-los, 
slightly squarrose. 

game, jog, shun, thing, there, teal. 



SQUA 61 

squash, v. skioosh (Low Ger. quasken, expressing 
the sound of dabbling in a wet material, or walking 
with water in the shoes : Ger. quatschen, to make the 
sound of wet things : F. esquacher, to crush something 
soft), to bear or press into pulp ; to crush into a flat 
mass : n. anything soft and easily crushed ; a sudden 
fall of a heavy soft body : squashing, imp. : squashed, 
pp. skivosht: squashy, a. skwosh-i, like a squash; 
muddy : squash'iness, n. 4-nSs, the state of being 
squashy or soft : squish-squash, the noise made by 
the feet in walking over a swampy piece of ground. 

squash, n. skwosh (N. Amer. Indians, asq, raw, 
green, immature— plu. asquash), a plant, and its fruit, 
of the gourd kind; an Amer. animal allied to the 
weasel— properly musquash. 

squat, v. skwot (imitative of a drop of liquid falling 
to the ground, then used to signify lying close and 
flat like a liquid mass : prov. Dan. squat, a blot, a 
drop : prov. Eng. squot, to spot with dirt : It. quattare, 
to cower down), to bruise or make flat by letting fall ; 
to sit or cower down ; to stoop or lie close to escape 
observation ; to settle on new lands without a title : 
adj. sitting on the hams or heels ; sitting close to the 
ground; cowering; short and thick, like an animal 
cowering : squat'ting, imp. : adj. used for sitting or 
squatting upon: n. the act of settling upon new lands 
without a title : squat'ted, pp. : squat'ter, n. -ter, one 
who squats ; a settler on new lands without title ; in 
the Australian colonies, a name applied to sheep-far- 
mers and cattle-breeders who occupy extensive tracts 
of land from Government at a very small rental. 

squaw, n. skwaw (an Amer. Indian word), a female ; 
a wife. 

squeak, v. skivek (imitative of a short cry, as squeal 
of a prolonged sound : Ger. quicken, to squeak like a 
pig), to utter a short shrill cry ; to make a sharp dis- 
agreeable noise: n. a short acute cry: squeaking, 
imp.: adj. crying with a sharp voice; making sharp 
disagreeable sounds: squeaked, pp. skwekt: squeak'- 
er, n. -er, one who squeaks. 

squeal, v. skwel (Icel. squala, to scream, to cry: 
Dan. squalcler, noisy talk— see squeak), to cry with a 
sharp, shrill, continuous sound: n. a sharp shrill 
sound less momentary than a squeak: squeal'ing, 
imp.: adj. uttering sharp shrill sounds : squealed, pp. 
skwelcl. 

squeamish, a. skwem'ish (imitative of a certain de- 
gree of choking or oppression : Dan. quale, to choke, 
to oppress : Sw. qualja, to make sick ; qualm, oppres- 
sive suffocating weather), sickish at stomach ; nice ; 
scrupulous; easily disgusted: squeamishly, ad. -li: 
squeamlshness, n. -nes, the state of being squeamish ; 
fastidiousness. 

•■'!" ''-- • /■ •' ( '"• " " '/■ II, ', 'I , M, I I II \\ 

Low Ger. quetsen ; Ger. quetschen, to squeeze), to press 
between two bodies ; to embrace closely ; to oppress 
by extortion; to crowd closely together; to press: 
n. the act of one who squeezes; pressure between 
bodies: squeez'ing, imp.: n. the act of compressing; 
oppression; in plu., the produce of squeezing; dregs: 
squeezed, pp. skwSzd: squeez'able, a. -d-bl, admitting 
of being squeezed: to squeeze out, to force out by 
pressure, as a liquid: to squeeze through, to pass 
through by pressing. 

squelch, v. sktvSlch (imitative of the sound produced 
by the fall of soft bodies), to crush : n. a fiat heavy fall : 
squelching, imp.: squelched, pp. skwSlcht. 

squib, n. skwtb (a coi i upl ion of squirt, to throw out 
water in a thin scattering stream : Norm, svabba, to 
splash), a firework spouting fire, as a squirt does water ; 
a light witty expression reflecting on another, less 
sarcastic than a lampoon : v.touttei sarcasi w , ■-■ pul- 
sions: squihbing, imp.: squibbed, pp. skwibd. 

1 '" " '""i'i i| ii /<»(), another name 

for the cuttle-fish— so called from its squirt inq out a 
brownish-black liquor. 

squill, n. skwil (F. squille ; Sp. esquila: L. scilla; 
Gr. skilla, the sea-onion), a lily-like plant having a 
root like an onion— used in medicine; a shrimp; an 
insect having its body covered with a crUst like a 
shrimp. 

squin 

one eye 

see obliquely ; to have the eyes differently directed : 
u. a defect of vision in which only one eye appears to 
be directed to the object looked at: adj. looking ob- 
liquely ; not having the eyes both turned in the same 



5 STAF 

■li: squint-eyed, a. having eyes that squint; indirect; 
malignant. 

squire, n. skvir (abbreviated form of esquire, which 
see), a popular abbreviation of esquire, usually applied 
to a landed gentleman by his tenantry and others ; an 
attendant on a noble warrior : squirearchy, n. -dr-kl 
(Gr. arche, sovereignty, rule), a term applied to coun- 
try gentlemen collectively. 

squirrel, n. skwlr'rel (F. icureuil, a squirrel— from 
L. sciurus ; Gr. skiouros, a squirrel, a shadow-tail— 
from Gr. skia, shade, and oura, a tail), a small quad- 
ruped having a long bushy tail, remarkable for its 
agility. 

squirt, v. skuvrt (Norm, squittra, to spout, to splash), 
to eject from a narrow pipe or orifice, as water ; to 
throw out in a stream wit! i sudden jerks: n. a small 
instr. by which a liquid may be thrown out in sudden 
streams : squirt'ing, imp. : squirt'ed, pp. : squirting 
cucumber, a plant, the fruit of which, when nearly 
ripe, separates suddenly from its stalk, and at the 
name time ejects its juice and seeds. 

St., a contr. for street or <saint. 

stab, v. stdb (Gael, stob, to thrust, to drive into the 
ground : Icel. stap'pa, to pound, to stamp : L. stipare, 

in Shlif, i'.O (Tain «..',. 7, ;,'„;, i I, ;,i ; , i, i , rail), III 

give a sharp abrupt tirusi ith a pointed weapon; to 
injure secretly )>, malicious falsehoods: n. the thrust 
of a pointed weapon; an injury done secretly: stab'- 
bing, imp.: stabbed, pp. stdbd: stab'ber, n. -ber, one 
who or that which stabs : to stab at, to thrust a 
pointed weapon at. 

Stabat Mater, n. std'bdt md'ter (L. mater, the mother ; 
stabat, stood), the (weeping) mother stood, the first 
words of a celebrated Latin hymn composed in the 
14th century, set to music by nearly all the great com- 
posers, performed in the services of R. Cath. Ch. dur- 
'ii ■ dy Week. 

stable, a. sta'-bl (F. stable, stable— from L. stabilis, 
that stands fast or firm— from sto, I stand : It. stabile), 
firmly established ; fixed ; durable ; not fickle : sta'bly, 
ad. -Ml: sta'bleness, n. -bl-nes, also stability, n. std- 
bll'i-tl (L. stabilities. F stability, strength to stand 
without being moved ; firmness ; immovability ; 
strength of resolution or purpose : stable equilibrium, 
the property of a body of returning to its original 
pnsil inn ivhen disturbed. 

stable, n. sta'-bl (old F. estable, a stable— from L. 
stabulum, a standing-place— from sto, I stand), a stand 
or house for horses : v. to put into or keep in a sta- 
ble ; to dwell in a stable :• sta'bling, imp. -bllng: n. 
accommodation or houses for the shelter of horses : 
stabled, pp. std'bld: stableman, n. one who attends 
to stables and the horses in them : stable-boy, a boy 
who waits on horses in a stable. 

stablish, v. stdb'lish, for establish, which see. 

staccato, ad. stdk-kd'-to (It.), in music, with a short, 

id ■ i liaJi it; irinii! m; ra.rii mile, 

stack, n. stdk (Icel. stakka, a stump ; stakkr, a stack 
or projecting heap : Gael, stac, a steep and high cliff: 
Ger. stock, stock of a tree), a large conical heap of corn 
in the straw, thatched on the top; a large pile of hay, 
straw, or wood ; a number of chimneys standing to- 
gether; in geol., a pillar-like rock separated from the 
mainland ; a needle : v. to lay up in a large pile or 
heap: stacking, imp.: stacked, pp. stdkt : stackyard, 
the space of ground where grain in the straw is piled 
in large heaps or stacks : stack of arms, firearms 
placed together so as to form a conical heap, with 
their ends resting on the ground. 

stacte, n. stdk'tS (L. stacta; Ger. sfakte, myrrh-oil), 
a fatty and very odoriferous liquid, being a kind of 
myrrh. 

staddle, n. st&d'dl [AS tt xthei Foundation: Icel. 
stada, standing: Dan. stade, station, a standing), a 
support ; the support or platform of a stack ; a young 
tree left standing when the underwood is cut down : 
v. to leave ^l i> i ■ ■■■' " 

dling, imp. -dllng: staddled, pp. stdd'dld: staddle- 
roof, the roof or covering of a stack. 

stadium, n. stdd'i-um (L. stadium : Gr. stadion), an 
anc. measure of length :om i sting of 125anc. paces or 
025 Roman feet, equal to 606 feet, 9 inches English ; 
the eighth part of a Roman mile ; a space of ground for 
foot-races and other gymnastic contests. 

stadtholder, n. stdd'-hold-er (Dut. stadhouder — 
from stad, a city, and houder, a keeper), formerly, the 
chief magistrate of the united provinces of Holland, 






mate, mdt.fdr, lau>; mete, mSt, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, mdve; 



STAG 



609 



STAL 



L. stipes, a stake or stock), a stick or club earned in 
the hand for support or defence ; a pole ; a long handle ; 
a badge of authority or office : that which upholds ; a 
prop: staff, plu. staffs, a body of officers attached to 
an army, or to its commander, -whose duty is to assist 
the commander in carrying his plans into execution, 
and in maintaining the army in a state of efficiency; 
a number of persons engaged to act together in any 
undertaking or work, as a staff of clerks, a staff of 
reporters : staff, plu. staves, step or round of a ladder : 
Staff-angle, in arch., a square rod of wood or other 
material standing flush with the finished plastering of 
the wall on each side at the external angles of the 
plastering: Jacob-staff, a rod or pointed staff shod 
with iron for fixing in the ground, having a socket at 
the top for a compass, used in surveying: cross-staff, 
a staff with sights at right angles, used in surveying. 

stag, n. stag (a name" applied to very different ani- 
mals, but chiefly to males: Icel. steggr, a gander or 
drake: Scot, stuig, a srallion or young horse), the male 
deer; fern, hind; a reindeer in his fifth year; an un- 
licensed or unrecognised dealer in shares : stag'gard, 
n. -gard, a stag four years old: stag-beetle, the 
largest of the beetle tribe in Britain : stag-evil, a kind 
of palsy in the jaws of horses : stag-worm, a worm 
troublesome to deer : stag-hound, a hound for hunt- 
ing deer. 

stage, n. stdj (F. est age, a story, height of a house : 
L. stare, to stand still), a framework of timber on which 
anything is made to stand; a floor; a story; one 
degree of elevation ; a landing-quay or pier ; the the- 
atre or theatrical representations ; also the actual part 
where the performance takes place ; any place of ac- 
tion ; a resting-place on a journey ; the distance trav- 
elled over without resting ; degree of progress or ad- 
vance : stager, n. sta'jir, an old person, as having long 
acted on the stage of life— used generally in the com- 
pound, old stager; a person practised in cunning: 
sta'ging, n. -jlng, a temporary structure of boards 
and posts for support : stage-box, a box close to the 
stage in a theatre : stage-coach, a coach running be- 
tween two places with certain points of rest : stage- 
play, a theatrical entertainment: stage-player, an 
actor on the stage. 

stagger, v. stag'-grr (Scot, stacker; prov. Dan. sfaggre; 
prov. Ger. strnjn- ■,\n. to staler: Icel. stakra, to tot- 
ter), to totter; "to reel ; to walkwith a series of abrupt 
movements while swaying from side to side; to cause 
to totter ; to begin to give way ; to cause to hesitate ; 
to shock; to alarm: n a sudden swing of the body 
as if the person were about to fall : stag~'gering, imp.: 
adj. reeling; unsteady: n. the swinging unsteady 
motion of the body as if about to fall : stag'gered, pp. 
■gird: stag'geringly, ad. -gir-lng-ll -. stag'gers, n. 
•gerz, a disease in horses and cattle, attended with 
reeling or giddiness. 

staging— see stage. 

Stagirite, n., or Stagyrite, n. stdj-i-rlt, a name 
often applied to Aristotle, the treat philosopher of 
antiquity, from the place of his birth, Stagira, sta-jl-rd, 



ing water— probably compounded of sto, I stand, and 
gigno, I produce: It. stagno, standing water), to be 
or become motionless ; to stand still ; to cease to flow ; 



inactive: dull: stagnantly, ad. -II: stag'nancy, _. 
-nan-si, also stagnation, n. stag-nd'-shun, the state 
of being without motion ; the cessation of action ; 
state of being dull. 

staid, a. stwl (a corruption of stayed, the pp. of stay : 
see stay 2), not vacillating ; grave ; sober; not wild or 
flighty : staidly, ad. -II .- staid'ness, n. -nes, steadi- 
ness; regularity; gravity. 

stain, v. stun (old F. destcindre, to deaden or take 
away the colour of : L. tingere, to dye), to discolour ; to 
tinge of a different colour ; to blot ; to render foul ; to 
tarnish ; to bring reproach ; to mark with guilt or in- 
famy ; to impress or mark with a variety of colours : 
n. a blot ; a foul spot ; a spot of colour ; taint of guilt ; 
infamy; disgrace: staining, imp.: n. the process of 
making stains or tints, as on glass or paper: stained, 
pp. stand: stain'er, n. -er, one who stains : stainless, 
a. -Ids, free from imperfections or blots; pure; free 
from guilt or sin : stained glass, glass variously col- 
oured : paper-stainer, one who marks or stains paper 



stigan, to step up: Dut. steiger, a mason's scaffold: 
Sw. steg, a step), a step : stairs, plu. starz, a series of 
steps leading upwards or downwards : staircase, an 
enclosed series of steps leading from one part of a 
building to another : below-stairs, in the basement 
or lower part of a house : up-stairs, in the higher or 
better rooms ; the bedrooms. 

staith, n. stath (Icel. stod, a landing-place: Ger. 
gesfade, a shore : Dan. stbd.e, to strike against), a land- 
ing-place for merchandise ; a place where coals are 
shipped ; a line of rails forming the extremity of a 
railway, laid on a stage or platform. 

stake, n. stdk (same as stack, representing effort 
abruptly checked : Gael. >tac: Icel. staka, to stumble: 
old F. estac, a stake, a tie: Sp. estaca; Ger. staken; 
Dut. stceck, a stake, a post), a post or slab of wood 
sharpened at one end and firmly set in the ground, to 
which anything may be fastened; a piece of rough 
wood forming one of the uprights of a fence ; martyr- 
dom, because martyrs were bound to stakes when 
burnt ; anything placed in the hands of another, par- 
ticularly money, to wait the result of a wager : v. to 
mark the limits off by stakes: to wager; to pledge; 
to hazard : stalling, imp. putting to hazard upon a 
contingency : staked, pp. stakt : stake-head, in rope- 
making, the slab or post with wooden pins to keep 
the strands apart : stake-holder, one who holds the 
stakes or money intrusted to him by parties to a wager 
till the result be determined: stake-net, a net secured 
and outstretched by means of stakes : at stake, in 
danger; hazarded; pledged. 

stalactites, n. plu. sta-lak'-tlts (Gr. sfoiakfos, trick. 
ling or dropping— from stalasso, I drop), icicle-like in- 
crustations of lime, chalcedony, &c, which often cover 
the roofs of caverns and fissures, and which arise from 
the dropping water holding these rock -matters in 
solution: stalac'tic, a. -t Ik, or stalac'tical, a. -ti-kdl, 
also stalactitic, a, stdl'-dk-ttt'-lk, pert, to or resembling 
a stalactite : stalactiform, a. std-ldk'-U-faTvrm (L. 
fur ma, a shape), resembling or shaped like a stalactite. 

stalagmite, n. std-ldg'-mlt (Gr. stalagma, a drop), the 
same mineral matter as stalactites, but applied to the 
incrustations that cover the floor of the cavern: the 
stalactites and stalagmites frequently meet one an- 
other, and form pillar-like masses: stalagmitic, a. 
sfiU'-ag-mit'-lk, having the texture or structure of 
stalagmite— applied to limestones which have an 
open, porous, and somewhat concretionary structure. 

stale, a. stdl (Dut. stelle, position, place : Ger. stellen, 
to place: Dut. stel, old), having lost its freshness; 
vapid or tasteless from age ; worn out by age or use ; 
common; no longer pleasing: stalely, ad. -II: stale'- 
ness, n. -nis, the state of being stale; vapidness: 
stale demand, a claim which has not been pressed or 
claimed for a very longtime : stale-mate, a fixed state ; 
in chess, the position of a king when he cannot move 
but into check. 

stale, n. stdl (It. stallare; old F. estaler; Dut. stal- 
len, to stale), to urine or pass water, as horses or cat- 
tle: staling, imp.: staled, pp. staid. 

stalk, v. stawk (imitative of the sound of setting 
down the foot : AS. sf (clean, to step : Dan. stalke, to 
go with high and long steps : Norm, stav.ka, to stump 
along like an old man with a stick), to walk with high 
and affected steps : to creep along softly and warily : 
n. a proud stately step or walk : stalking, imp. : 
adj. walking with stately steps: stalked, pp. stawkt: 
stalk' er, n. -er, one who stalks : stalking-horse, a real 
or sham horse behind which the fowler or hunter 
warily approaches his game to snare or shoot it ; any 
mask or pretence : deer-stalking, the act of approach- 
ing deer warily and stealthily. 

stalk, n. stawk (Icel. stilkr, a stalk : Dan stilk, a 
stem, a handle: Gr. stelechos, a stem, a stump), the 
stem or main prop of a plant ; the stem or support 
which attaches a flower or fruit to a plant or tree ; 
anything resembling a stalk; a very long chimney 
attached to a public work : stalk'y, a. -i, resembling 
a stalk ; full of stalks : stalkless, a. -les, destitute of 
a stalk. 

stall, n. staTcl (Icel. stallr, that on which anything 
stands or is placed: Aft :-t,id, a place, a stall: Ger. 
stelle; It. st alio ; old F. estal, a place, a seat), a place 
where a horse or an ox is kept and fed ; a division of a 
stable allotted to a single horse ; a small area partially 
enclosed, either in the open air or within a large build- 
ing, where articles are exposed to sale ; a small work- 
shop; a reserved seat in a theatre: the raised seat of 
a dignitary of a cathedral, situated in its choir or 



colo, toy, J 'Got; pure, oud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



STAL 61 

chancel : v. to place or keep in a stall : stalling, imp. : 
stalled, pp. stawld: stallage, n. stawl'Mj, the right of 
erecting stalls at fairs ; clung from a horse's stall : 
stall-feeding, the practice <>t keeping ;im i feeding cat- 
tle in separate stalls in stables, or small enclosed and 
covered courts, where they are supplied with food : 
stall-fed, a. fed in a stall, as an ox. 

stallion, n. stdl'yun (F. estalon; It. Stallone, a horse 
long kept in stable, a stallion), a horse kept for breed- 
ing ; a stock-horse. 

stalwart, a statrl'-wert, also stal'worth, a. -iverth 
(Scot, stalwart, strong, brave: AS. stcclivyrth, worth 
taking), large and strong in frame ; tall and strong ; 
brave. 

stamen, n. std'men, plu. stamens, sta-mens, or 
stamina, stdm'i-nd (L. stamen, the standing thing, 
a thread as hanging from the distaff, the warp in the 
upright looms of the undent .—from sto, I stand), the 
solid or firm part of a body ; the male organs of flow- 
ers, situated within the petals, and consisting of stalks 
or filaments, and anthers containing pollen; basis; 
foundation: stamened, a, std'mend, furnished with 
stamens: stamina, n. plu. that which constitutes the 
principal strength and support of a thing : stam'inal, 
a. -not, pert, to stamens or stamina: stamineous, a. 
std-mia'e-us, consisting of or having stamens: stam- 
inate, a. stclm'i-ndt, also stam'inif'erous, a. -l/'er-us 
(L. fero, I bear), bearing stamens— applied to a male 
flower, or to plants bearing male flowers : stam'ino'di- 
um, n. -no'di-um (Gr. eidos, resemblance), in hot., an 
abortive stamen; an organ bearing a resemblance to 
an abortive stamen. 

stammer, v. stdm'mer (Goth, stamms ; Icel. stamr; 
AS. stamer, stammering: Scot, slaninier, to stagger), 
to utter words with hesitation, and imperfectly ; to 
speak hesitatingly and with difficulty from an impedi- 
ment in speech; to stutter: stam'mering, imp.: adj. 
speaking with difficulty: n. a stuttering or imperfect 
utterance in speech: stam'mered, pp. -merd: stam'- 
merer, n. -mer-er, one who speaks with difficulty: 
stam'meringly, ad. -II. 

stamp, n. stamp (Icel. stappa, to stamp, to thrust 
with a pole : Norm, stampa, to tramp in mud : Dut. 
stampen, to ram, to pound : Ger. stampeln, to 
mark with a stamp), a tool or instr. for making 
impressions or marks on substances, generally of 
figures or devices; the mark impressed; a thing 
marked or stamped ; a small piece of paper having 
a certain figure impressed by Government, and sold 
to the public, used for attaching to a paper, letter, or 
document liable to duty, to show that such has been 
paid; an instr. for cutting material into any required 
form by a blow or pressure ; authority ; make ; cast ; 
character ; current value : v. to strike or beat forcibly, 
as with the bottom of the foot ; to strike the foot down- 
wards ; to imp i I] .1 uk or figure; to fix deep- 
ly ; to coin ; to cut into forms by a stamp ; to crush by 
downward pressure, as ore in a stamping-mill : stamp'- 
ing, imp.: n. the act of one who or that which stamps : 
stamped, pp. stdmpt: stamp'er, n. -er, one who 
or that which stamps: stamp-duty, a tax imposed on 
paper or parchments when used to contain certain 
writings: stamp-office, an office for the issuing of 
stamps, and the reception of the revenue derived from 
them : stamping-mill, a mill for crushing and pound- 
ing ores. 

stampede, n. stdm-ped' (Sp. estampeda, a crackling : 
Low Ger. and Dut. stampen, to stamp the ground with 

thefeet), a swVh iin ■.<<■ bodies of horses 

or cattle, and causing them to run furiously for a num- 
ber of miles, many often dying of exhaustion and ter- 
ror ; any sudden flight arising from a panic. 

stance, n. stain (L. shins, standing), in Scot., a site; 
an area for the erection of a building. 

stanch, v. stdnsh (F. eslancher, to stop the flow of a 
liquid: Sp. estancar, to stop a leak: Bret, stanka, to 
stop a hole ; estanc, firm, stable), to stop the flowing 
of blood ; to cease to flow : adj. sound ; firm ; steady ; 
sound and strong; strong and firm in principle: 
stanching, imp.: stanched, pp. stancht, stopped, as 
the flow of blood : stanchless, a. -Us, that cannot be 
stopped or stanched : stanch'er, n. -er, one who or that 
which stanches : stanch'ly, ad. -II, firmly : stanch'- 
ness, n. -ngs, firmness ; steadiness ; soundness. 

stanchel, n. slan'-shcl, the same as stanchion, which 
see. 

stanchion, n. stdn'shun (F. estanson, a prop: W. 



mate, mdt,fdr, law; mete, met, 



STAP 

stand: Dan. stade, stand, station: L. slake, standing: 
Sans, sthd, to stand), a point beyond which a person 
does not, or cannot, proceed; a place in which to re- 
main for any particular purpose; a station; a diffi- 
culty or perplexity; a stop; a halt; that on which a 
thing rests or is laid ; a building or scaffolding placed 
to command a view, as of a procession or horse-race ; 
a state of cessation from action or business : v. to be in 
an upright position, as on the feet; to be erect; to 
become erect; to be placed or situated ; to depend; to 
rest; to stop ; to halt ; to continue; to remain; to en- 
dure ; to insist ; to maintain one's ground ; not to 
fail ; not to yield or fly ; to offer one's self as a can- 
didate ; to place one's self; to stagnate: standing, 
imp.: adj. settled; fixed; established ; not transitory ; 
not flowing; not cast down: n. rank or station, as a 
nx&noi standing; continuance; long possession; place: 
stood, pt. and pp. stdbd: stand'er, n. -er, one who 
stands: to stand against, to oppose; to resist: to 
stand by, to be near; to defend; to support: to 
stand fast, to be unshaken or immovable : to stand 
fire, to receive an enemy's fire without giving way: 
to stand for, to offer one's self as a candidate ; to side 
with; to maintain; to be in the place of; to sail to- 
wards : to stand from, to sail away from : to stand it, 
stoutly to endure ; to maintain one's ground : to stand 
off, to keep at a distance : to stand off and on, to sail 
toward land and then from it, as a ship : to stand on, 
to continue on the same tack or course : to stand one, 
to cost, as "how did it stand you?" to stand one's 
ground, to maintain one's station or position: to 
stand out, to project, as from a wall ; to resist ; to 
sail from land : to stand to, to persevere ; to abide 
by ; to be consistent with, as it stands to reason : to 
stand together, to be consistent ; to agree : to stand 
to sea, to direct the course from land : to stand up, 
to rise from a sitting position : to stand up for, to 
justify ; to support : to stand upon, to value ; to pride 
one's self on : to stand with, to be consistent : it stands 
to reason, a familiar phrase, meaning, "it could not 
truly be otherwise : " to make a stand, to halt for the 
purpose of offering resistance to an enemy, or in a 
matter of duty or principle : to put to a stand, to 
embarrass ; to perplex : a stand of arms, a firearm 
with its appendages : stand-point, a fixed point or 
station; a position from which a matter may be 
viewed: stand-still, standing without moving for- 
ward : stand-up, a. manfully contested, as a stand- 
up fight : bystander, one standing near. 

standard, n. stdnd'erd (from stand, which see), 
that which is established as a rule, measure, or model ; 
a criterion ; a test ; that which is of undoubted ex- 
cellence; a standing tree or stem, as distinguished 
from a wall-tree ; in mil., an ensign ; a staff and flag, 
-I ■■"! ■ in carpi dry an upright support; in ship- 
building, an inverted knee placed upon the deck in- 
stead of beneath it; in coinage, the proportion of 
weight of fine metal and alloy established by author- 
ity: adj. having a fixed and permanent value ; not of 
the dwarf kind, as a tree: standard-hearer, in mil, 
an officer who bears a standard. 

standish, n. stdnd'ish (from stand, which see), a 
ea-'c for pens and ink; an inkstand. 

stang, n. stung (Icel. stong; It. stanga, a bar, a staff : 
Icel. stanga, to thrust or strike with the horns), an 
instr. of thrusting ; a long bar or wooden pole ; an old 
measure of land : to ride the stang, to be mounted on 
a strong pole, borne on men's shoulders, and carried 
about from place to place— a kind of lynch law for- 
merly inflicted on wife-beaters, henpecked husbands, 
scolds, &c. 

stank, v. stdngk, pt. of stink, which see: n. a ditch 
containing water. 

stannery, a. stdn'ner-i (L. stannum, tin), pert, to tin 
mines or works: n. a tin-mine: stan'nate.n. -nat, a. 
salt of stannic acid: stan'nic, a. -nlk, pert, to or pro- 
cured from tin : stanniferous, a. stdn-nlf'-er-us (L. 
fero, I produce), containing or yielding tin. 

stanza, n. stdn'zd (It. stanza ; F. stance, a staff or 
stave of verses having a pause in the versification at 
the close: Sp. estancia, stay, a stanza), in poetry, a 
number of lines or verses regularly connected and ad- 
justed to each other, and usually ending in a full point 
or pause ; a part of a poem containing every variation 
of measure in the poem : stanzaic, a. stdn-zd'-ik, con- 
sisting of stanzas. 

staphyloma, n. stdf'i-ia'md (Gr. staphyloma, a 
small tumour in the corner of the eye— from sta2)hule, 
a grape), a disease of the eye in which the cornea 

her; pine, pin; note, not, mCve; 



STAP 



611 



STAT 



surgical operation for uniting the edges of a divided 
palate. 

staple, n. sta'pl (AS. staprf, a prop: Dut. stapel, a 
stipport : Gael, stapul, a bolt), a hook or loop of iron ; 
an iron loop stuck into the door-post in order to hold 
the bolt of the lock. 

staple, n. sta'pl (Dut. and Sw. stapel, aheap, a place 
■where goods are stored up : F. estaple, a public store- 
house where stranger merchants lodge their goods), a 
market or emporium ; the merchandise brought to be 
sold; the prim iml commodities or productions of a 
country or district ; original material; raw material; 
main element : adj. settled ; established in commerce : 
sta'pler, n. -pUr, a dealer in principal commodities, as 
a \vi )i il-stapler. 

star, n. star (Gr. aster; L. astrwm; Gael, stairno, 
a star: Dut. sterren, to twinkle), one of the many 
twinkling luminous bodies seen in the firmament on 
a clear night ; any luminous body, particularly when 
it appears in the sky ; an ornamental figure rayed like 
a star, as a badge of knighthood; a person or thing 
unusually attractive or brilliant ; a mark of reference, 
also called an asterisk; in thepiu., a configuration of 
the planets as suppos,! Lay: v. to adorn 

or stud with stars; to bespangle; in familiar language, 
to appear as an actor in a provincial theatre among in- 
ferior players: star'ring, imp.; starred, pp. stard: 
adj. decorated or studded with stars ; influenced by the 
stars with respect to fortune, as ill-starred : starry, 
a. st&rtri, adorned with or resembling stars: star'- 
riness, n. -nSs, the state of being starry: star-like, 
resembling a star: starless, a. -les, without stars: star- 
apple, an Amer. fruit, a kind of apple whose seeds, 
when the fruit is cut across, present a star-like figure : 
Etar-chamber, a civil and criminal court in the reign 
of Henry VIII. and several of Iris successors, so called 
from the roof of the chamber in which it was held 
being ornamented with figures of stars, notorious for 
its despotic and unjust acts, abolished in the reign of 
Charles I. : star-fish, a sea animal of many species, 
having three or more arms or limbs branching from a 
centre like a star: star-gazer, in a,lmmorous sense, 
an astronomer; one who studies the stars: starlight, 
lighted by the stars only: Star of India, an order 
of knighthood instituted by Queen Victoria in 1861 
when she formally assumed the direct government of 
India, of which the insignia, are, a collar, investment, 
badge, and star, with the motto, " Heaven's light our 
guide : " star-stone, a stone having aradiated texture ; 
a variety of sapphire which, when cut in a certain 
way, reflects the light in a star-like form: star- 
spangled, a. studded with stars : falling or shooting 
star, a luminous meteor seen shooting athwart the 
sky, often in great numbers : fixed stars, stars as dis- 
tinguished from the planets, the former so called be- 
cause thej- constantly maintain the same, ornearly the 
same, relative positions in the heavens. 

starboard, n. stdr'bord (Icel. stjornbordi; Dan. styr- 
bord, the starboard— from Icel. stjorn, the rudder; 
Dan. styre, to steer, because the rudder consisted of 
an oar on the right side of the ship where the steers- 
man stood), the right-hand side of a ship looking to- 
. wards the head or stem, the left side being called 
I the larboard: adj. lying on the right side of a ship. 

starch, n. starch (Ger. starke, strength, stiffness: 
Sw. starkelse, starch: Gael, stalcair, starch— from 
stale, to stiffen), a white farinaceous matter obtained 
from grain, potatoes, and other vegetable substances, 
used in the form of a jelly for stiffening articles of 
dress, &c: v. to stiffen with starch: starch'ing, imp.: 
starched, pp. stdrcht: adj. stiffened with starch; pre- 
cise; stiff: starch'er, n. -er, one who starches: 
starch'y. a. -i, of or like starch : starch-like, a. re- 
sembling starch: starch'edly, ad. -Sd-ll: starch'ed- 
ne3S, n. -nes, stiffness in manners ; formality. 

stare, v. star (Icel. stara; Sw. stirra; Dut. staren, 
to look fixedly: Norm, star, eyes, sight: Ger. starr, 
stiff, rigid), to look fixedly with wide-open eyes ; to 
fix an earnest look on an object : n. a fixed look with 
eyes wide open: sta'ring, imp.: adj. gazing with a 
stare: stared, pp. stard: sta'rer, n. -rer, one who 
stares: sta'ringly, ad. -ring-li: to stare in the face, 
to be plainly before the eyes. 

stark, a. stdrk (Icel. sterkr ; old H. Ger. star ah; 

Ger. stark, rigid, stiff: Icel. storkna, to congeal, to 

cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, 



stiffen— see starch), stiff; strong; gross: ad. wholly; 
entirely : starkly, ad. -II. 

starling, n. stdr'ling, also called a stare, star (AS. 
stivr, a starling: L. stitrnus; It. stunio, a starling), a 
bird of the thrush kind, which can be taught to sing, 
and even to speak ; one of the large piles placed before 
the foundation of a pier of a briclge to break the force 
of the water. 

starred, starry, starriness— see star. 

start, n. start (Ger. sturz, a fall; sturzen, to do 
things with a quick sudden motion : Dut. storten, to 
hurl or throw headlong), a sudden and momentary 
twitching motion of the body ; a sudden motion of the 
body caused by fear; a sudden rousing to action; a 
sudden fit; a quick spring; first motion from a place ; 
act of setting out; advantage in the outset: v. to dis- 
turb suddenly, as by fear or ill news ; to bring or put 
into motion; to move suddenly; to shift from its 
place ; to set out ; to commence ; to bring into view 
or notice: starting, imp.: n. act of one who start::: 
start'ed, pp.: starter, n. -er, one who starts: to start; ' 
after, to set out after ; to follow : to start against, to 
act as a rival candidate against : to start for, to be 
a candidate for, as an office: to start up, to rise 
suddenly ; to bring into motion : to get the start, to 
begin before another : an upstart, one who has sud- 
denly come into notice from an inferior state: 
starting-point, the point from which motion begins, 
or from which a thing moves: starting-post, the 
point from which race-horses begin to run in a race. 

startle, v. star'tl (from start, which see), to excite 
with sudden fear or apprehension ; to excite by ex- 
treme surprise ; to shock ; to move suddenly in alarm : 
star'tling, imp. -fling: adj. suddenly impressing \\ ii 1 ! 
fear; dreadfully surprising: star'tlingly, ad. -II; star'- 
tled, pp. -tld: adj. caused to start ; surprised. 

starve, v. stdrv (Icel. starf, labour, trouble : Norm. 
starva, to go slow and tottering, as a sick or wearied 
beast : Dut. stcreen ; Ger. stcrbeu, to die), to kill with 
hunger ; to perish or die with cold or hunger ; to suffer 
extreme hunger ; to be very indigent : starving, imp.: 
starved, pp. stdrvd: starvation, n. stdr-va'shuii, ex- 
treme hunger or want ; state of being starved : starve- 
ling, a. stdrv'llng, hungry; pining with want: n. an 
animal or plant made thin or weak from want of nutri- 
ment. 

stasis, n. stds'-is (Gr. stasis, a stationary posture), 
in mcd., a stagnation of the blood or animal humors. 

state, n. stat (old F. estat; It. stato, state, condition 
—from L. statin, i, to stand ; status, standing), circum- 
stances in which a person or thing is placed at any 
particular time; position; condition; solemn pomp; 
appearance of greatness ; dignity ; the whole body 
of people included under one government ; the com- 
munity; the body politic; the constituents thereof; 
polity ; one of the orders or classes of men existing in 
a country, as the nobles, the clergy; civil power, 
as distinguished from ecclesiastical: v. to express 
the particulars of; to set down fully; to repeat with 
all the attending circumstances; to set forth: adj. 
of or belonging to the state ; public : sta'ting, imp. : 
sta'ted, pp.: adj. settled; established; occurring 
regularly: sta'ter, n. -tdr, one who states: sta'- 
tedly, ad. -II, at stated or appointed times : state- 
ment, n. stat'mSnt, the act of representing verbally 
or in writing; the recital of the circumstances atten- 
dant on a transaction: stately, a. -Ii, lofty; digni- 
fied ; grand ; elevated in sentiment : ad. majestica 1 ly : 
stateliness, n. -nes, majestic appearance ; grandeur 
in mien or manner; affected dignity: statesman, n. 
stdts'mdn, one who is versed in public affairs and the 
arts of government; one employed in public affairs ; a 
politician ; one who occupies his own estate ; a small 
landholder : states'manlike, a. having the qualities of 
a statesman : statesmanship, n. the qualifications or 
skill of a statesman : states-general, in French hist. , 
the assembly of the three orders of the kingdom, the 
nobles, the clergy, and the people; in the Netherlands, 
the legislative body, consisting of two chambers: 
state-paper, a public official document: state-pris- 
oner, one charged with political offences : state-room, 
one of the priu. bs, of great magnificence, 

in a palace or princely mansion ; the principal cabin 
in a ship: state-trial, a ' fcical offences. 

statics, n. plu. stat'-iks (Gr. states, standing still), 
the branch of n eh treats of the equilib- 

rium, weight, pressure, &o„ of bodies when at rest: 
static, a. -ik, also statical, a. -l-kdl, *- ert. to bodies 
at rest or in equilibrium. 

game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



STAT 



612 



STEA 



station, n. std'shun (F. station, a station— from L. 
statio, a standing still, a station, a post: in mid. L., 
and even in classical times, statio was applied to a 
stall or shop), the spot or place where a person stands; 
post assigned ; position ; rank or condition of life ; 
office; a halting or starting place on a railway; a 
police-office; in hot., the. region occupied by any par- 
ticular plant, being the locality which presents the 
conditions most, favourable for its growth and develop- 
ment ; in mil., the quarters of a regiment, or the place 
where located: v. to place; to appoint to the occu- 
pation of a certain post or point: sta'tioning, imp.: 
sta'tioned, pp. -shund: sta'tional, a. -shun-dl, pert, 
to a station: stationary, a. -er-l, fixed; not moving; 
not advancing; not improving: sta'tioner, n. -er, 
originalli), a bookseller; now, a dealer chiefly in 
paper, pens, ink, and other materials employed in 
writing: stationery, n. -er-l, articles sold by station- 
ers: adj. of or belonging to a. stationer: sta'tions, n. 
plu. the places where ecclesiastical processions rest, 
or which are visited in rotation by individuals, for 
the performance of any act of devotion : station-mas- 
ter, an officer in charge of a railway station : station- 
ary engine, a lixcdstcani-cngine for drawing carriages 
on railways by means of a rope. 

statistics, n. plu. std-tis'-tlks (F. statistique; It. sta- 
tistica; Ger. stalislik, statistics— from L. status, situa- 
tion, circumstances), a collection of facts regarding 
the condition of a nation, or any society, in its domes- 
tic ecounliO , it! i lie health and lcligc\ in, ej ll ■; 1,1 ijije, 

in its population, wealth, &c; the science of collecting 
and arranging all tin: numerical facts relating to any 
subject : statis'tic, a. -tik, also statis'tical, a"; -tl-kdl, 
of or relating to the state or condition of a people or 
nation with respect to extent, population, wealth, &c: 
statistically, ad. -11: statistician, n. stdt'ls-tlsh'dn, 
one who is skilled in the matter of statistics. 

statue, n. stdt'u (L. statua, a statue, an image— 
from statuo, I make or cause to stand, I place : It. 
statua; F. statue, a statue), the representation of a 
living being made with some solid substance, as mar- 
ble, stone, bronze, &c; an image : stat'uary, n. -er-l, 
one who carves images or statues ; the art of carving 
figures out of stone, marble, &c, to represent human 
beings or animals ; a collect ion of statues, or statues 
considered collectively: stat'ued, a. -ud, furnished 
with statues : stat'uesque', a. -u-esk', having the char- 
acter of a statue : stat'uette', n. -et', a small statue. 

stature, n. stdt'ur (L. statura, an upright posture, 
height or size of the body— from sto, I stand: It. 
statura; F. staiurr, stature), the height or size of any 
one standing: stat'ured, a. -urd, arrived at full 
stature. 

status, n. std'tus (L. statum, to stand), standing or 
place ; condition ; rank. 

statute, n. stdt'ut (L. statutum, to fix or settle, to 
appoint: F. statut, a statute), an act of the legislature 
or supreme power of a state commanding or prohibit- 
ing a thing ; an enactment ; a law ; an act of a cor- 
poration or of its founder: stat'utable, a. -u-td-ol, 
according to statute or law ; made or being in confor- 
mity to statute: stat'utably, ad. -oil: statutory, a. 
-ter-l, enacted by statute: statute of limitations, 
a law which prescribes the time within which any 
action at law must be commenced : statute-book, a 
book containing statutes or laws ; the whole body of 
the laws of a nation: statute-labour, a certain 
amount of labour exacted for the public service in 
making roads, bridges, and the like, usually commuted 
into a money payment. 

staunch, a. stawnsh (see stanch), sound; firm in 
principles, or in the support of a cause ; trusty ; zeal- 
ous: staunchly, ad. -lit staunch'ness, n. -nes. 

staurolite, n. staw'-ro-llt (Gr. stauros, a cross, and 
lithos, a stone), a mineral of a dull or reddish-brown 

ml •■< >i>> : «' ■■:■ ;ia"ls oft. n inn is- ci n:i h. , i Inn 

curs embedded in mica-, talc-, or clay-slate. 

stave, n. stdv (a different pronunciation of staff: 
Icel. stafr; Norm, stav, a stick, a pole), a pole of some 
length ; one of the bars of which a cask is made up : v. 
to break a hole in ; to burst ; to furnish with staves : 
sta'ving, imp.: staved, pp. stdvd: adj. furnished with 
staves. 

stave, n. stdv (Low Ger. staven, to recite the words 
of a formula which are to be repeated by another, to 
administer an oath : Norm, stava, to set up the staves 
in a cask: Eng. staff, which see), a metrical portion; 
thefive parallel lines, and the four contained spaces, on 
and within which musical notes are written ; a verse, 



or so much of the psalm as is given out at once by the 
precentor, to be repeated by the congregation: staves, 
n. plu. stdvz. 

staw, v. stow (Ger. stauchen, to stow or cram into a 
cask or vessel: Low Ger. stauen, to pack, to dam), 
prov. Eng. and Scot. , to glut ; to clog ; to surfeit ; to 
disgust,: staw'ing, hup.: stawed, pp. stawd. 

stay, n. std (Dut. stag; F. istaye, the stay of a ship : 
Icel. stof/a, to bind, to fasten), in a ship, a strong rope 
extended from the head of a mast down to some part 
of the vessel in order to give it support— the stays of a 
ship are distinguished by different names : stay-sail, 
a sail extended on a stay : to miss stays, to fail in 
tacking, said of a ship. 

stay, n. std (Icel. stod; Norm, styd, a stake, a sup- 
port: Dut. staede; F. estaye, a prop or supporter: 
Lang, estaia, residence: connected with preceding), 
continuance or abode in a place; a] imp or support; 
in engin., a part in tension to hold parts together: v. 
to delay; to obstruct ; to keep from departure; to re- 
press; to remain or continue in a place; to wait; to 
forbear to act ; to stop ; to stand still ; to rely ; to 
prop or hold up : staying, imp. : stayed or staid, pp. 
stdd : 3taid, a. stud, sober ; steady ; grave ; not vola- 
tile: stays, n. plu. stdz, a stout inner waistcoat, 
usually stiti'ened with whalebone, worn by females: 
stay-bolt, in rnech., a rod connecting opposite plates 
to prevent them being bulged out : stay-lace, a lace 
mi- si ring fur in tei ting staj stay-maker, one whose 
occupation is to make stays. 

stead, n. steel (Goth, staths; Dut. stede, a place: 
Icel. stada, standing: Sw. stadd, situated, placed), 
place or room which auotlnn has or might have— pre- 
ceded by in; denoting the replacing, or filling the 
place, of another; the frame of abed, as bedstead; a 
place or locality, as homestead: to stand in stead, to 
be of great advantage. 

steadfast, a. sted'fdst (Sw. stadig, fixed, stable: 
Dut. stadig, constant : Icel. stadfaster, steadfast), firm ; 
constant; firmly fixed or established; not fickle: 
steadfastly, ad. -It: stead'fastness, n. -nes, firmness 
of mind or purpose ; constancy ; resolution. 

steady, a. sted'l (from stead: Dut. staede, support, 
a, |ir.;-j,i mil tol bering o: shal ing; constant in mind or 
purpose ; not fickle or changeable ; regular ; not fluc- 
tuating; uniform: v. tokeep from tottering or falling :; 
to make firm or steady ; to support : stead'ying, imp. 
-i-ing: steadied, pp. -id: steadily, ad. -i-ll: stead- 
iness, n. -nes, state of being not easily moved or 
shaken ; firmness of mind or purpose ; constancy. 

steak, n. stdk (Icel. steikja; Dan. stege, to roast, to 
fry : Fris. stajcken, to roast in the ashes : Sw. stek, 
roast meat), a slice of beef to fry or broil. 

steal, v. stel (Goth, stilan; Icel. stela, to steal), to 
take or carry away the property of another unlawfully; 

, m!. in ■ i in ::;::c in.vn, ■ , ., . . ;■■ . .i . 

means; to slip away unperceived: stealing, imp.: 
stole, pt. stol, did steal : stolen, pp. stol'n: adj. carried 
away unlawfully and secretly: steal'er, n. -er, one 
who steals: stealth, n. stelth, the act of stealing; 
secret act ; secret means employed to accomplish an 
object; away not perceived: stealth'y, a. -i, done by- 
stealth; unperceived: stealthily, ad. -i-ll: stealth - 
ful, a. -fdbl, givi •rin i en 1 1 1 1 ■ ;,o steal a march, to gain 
an advantage unobserved : by stealth, by secret act ; 
clandestinely ; with desire of concealment— often in a 
good sense. 

steam, n. stPm (A!- < m \ ipour, smoke: Dut. stoom, 
vapour, steam: I'.olmm. dym, smoke), the vapour of 
water produced by heating it to the boiling-point; 
the vapour of water employed as a motive power: 
v. to apply steam to ; to expose to steam ; to give off 
vapour: steaming, imp.: adj. giving forth steam; 

being propelled ;,... in; , ■■ ■ < ■ . f 1 1 - i ,\. nea.n 

steamed, pp. stemd : adj. exposed to steam ; cooked 
or dressed by steam : steam'er, n. -er, a ship propelled 
by steam instead of by sails: steam-boat, steam-pac- 
ket, steam-ship, steam-tug, steam-vessel, ships pro- 
pelled by means of steam : steam-hammer, steam- 
plough, steam-press, &c, implements worked by 
steam: steam-boiler, a vessel for containing water 
to be generated into steam : steam-engine, an engine 
worked by steam : steam-whistle, a whistle attached 
to a steam-engine and sounded by steam. 

stearine, n. sWd-rin (Gr. stear, suet, tallow: F. 
stearine), the fatty principle of animal fat : stearic, 
a. ste-dr'-il;., pert, to stearine, or obtained from it, as 
stearic arid: stearate, n. ste'-d-rat, a salt of stearic 
acid: ste'atite, n. -tit, a soft magnesian or talcose 



mate, mdt.fdr, law; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



STEA 



613 



STEN 



mineral having a smooth, soapy, or greasy feel; soap- 
stone: steatitic, a. -n*-ik. pert, to soapstone: steat- 
ocele, u. ste-ilt-O-sCl (Or. k-U, a tumour), a tumour 
seated in the scr. turn, consisting of a suetv substance. 

steatoma, n. stC : u-tO-mu (Or. and L. steatoma, fat, 
a kind of fatty tumour), a tumour containing a sub- 
stance reseml .ling fat : ste'ato matous, a. -tils, of the 
nature of a stoat .ma or tatty tumour. 

stedfast, sttd-j\ut, another spelling of steadfast, 
■which see. 

steed, ii. sted (AS. >t:J.a, a horse or stallion : Gael. 
Staid, to run : a horse from the stud), a horse of high 
mettle for state or war: steed'less, a. -les, without a 
horse. 

steel, n. stel (old H. Ger. stahal; Ger. stahl, steel— 
from Ger. stechen, to stick ; stachel, a point, a sting), 
iron refined and combined with carbon, used in mak- 
ing edge-tools, &c. ; weapons made of steel, as swords ; 
an instr. used by butchers and others for sharpening 
their knives : v. to point or overlay with steel ; to 
make very hard; to make insensible or obdurate: 
steel ing, imp.: n. among cutlers, the act or process of 
■welding a piece of steel on that part of a cutting instr. 
which is to receive the edge : steeled, pp. steld: adj. 
hardened; made insensible: steely, a. stel'-i, having 
the character or qualities of steel: steel-clad, a. 
covered or armed with stool : steel-hearted, ^.figura- 
tively, having the heart aa hard as steel: steel-pen, a 



pen-nib n 
with: Bei 



eb. lo- 



iter the inventor), steel 

u as it comes in a liquid state from 

the smolting-l'nnuce: blister -steel, steel made by 
interlaying wrought-iron with charcoal, and keeping 
it for some days at a high temperature: cast-steel, 
steel made by mixing iron or steel with powdered 
charcoal and then molting it, which, when cast into 
bars, may be rolled or hammered. 

steelyard, n. stil'-ydrd (a corruption of staph -vard— 
that is, the authorised standard at the staph or public- 
market— see staple 1, 2), a balance for weighing 
bodies, c..iiMStiii_ of a single weight shifted back- 
wards and forwa .i- - i 1 earn. 

steen, v. stc „ i.w ••■■■ .a >Mne). in arch., to line 
with brick, stone, or other mar. rial, as a well: n. a 
brick or stone wall, or the lining of a well : steen'ing, 
imp.: steened, pp. 

steep, v. step (Dut stippen, to stick into, to steep: 
Icel. steupa, to throw down, to pour out: Fria.stiepen, 
to dip candles), to soak in a liquid : to imbue: n. the 
liquid in which a thing may be soaked ; that which is 
soaked in a liquid : steeping, imp. : n. the process by 
which anything is soaked in a liquid: steeped, pp. 
slept: adj. soaked in a liquid: steep'er, n. -er, one 
who or that which steeps. 

steep, a. step (Icel. steypa, to cast or throw down : 
Sw. stupa, to incline, to lower: Norm, stup, a steep 
cliff), ascending or descending with a great inclination 
or slope; precipitous: n. a hill, mountain, or rock 
having a great inclination or slope : steeply, ad. -II, 
in a steep manner: steep'ness, n. -nes, the state of 
being steep or precipitous: steep'y, a. -I, having a 
steep or precipitous declivity: steep-down, a. deep 
and precipitous : steepen, v. step'-n, to become steep: 
steepening, imp. step'ning : steepened, pp. step'-nd. 
Xote.— The two preceding entries are closely connec- 
ted. "The sense of soaking is incidental to that of 
dipping, and from the idea of dipping or tumbling to 
that of steepness or abrupt inclination is an easy step." 

steeple, n. ste'pl (AS. stypel, a tower : Sw. stapel, a 
heap, a pile : Low Ger. stipeL a prop, a support), the 
tower of a church or other public building ; a spire : 
steepled, a. ste'-pld, furnished with a steeple: steeple- 
chase, a race on horseback, overall obstacles, in order 
to reach some visible distant object in a straight 
course, originally a steeple. 

steer, v. ster (AS. sty ran, to move, to stir: Icel. 
styra, to guide, to steer; staurr, a stake or pole: 
Dut. stieren, to drive forwards), to direct; to guide; 
to direct and govern the course of a ship by the 
helm; to be directed and governed; to pursue a 
course : steering, imp.: n. the act of directing a ship 
in its course by the helm : steered, pp, stercl : steer- 
age, n. ster'aj, "the steering of a ship ; the manner in 
which a ship answers to the helm ; the fore part of a 
ship, and the cabin there situated, for passengers pay- 
ing a lower rate of fares : steer'er, n. -er, one who 
steers : steerage-way, that degree of forward move- 
ment which renders a ship governable by the helm : 
steering-wheel, the wheel by which the rudder of a 

cou>, loy,fobt; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



ship is turned, and the ship steered: steersman, n. 
sterz'-mun, one who steers a ship. 

steer, n. ster, also stirk, n. sterk (Bav. ster, the male 
sheep or hogg: Gael, stuir, a male calf: Ger. stier, a 
bull: AS. styric; Dut. stierick, a heifer), a young cas- 
trated male of the ox kind. 

steeve, n. stev (probably a corruption of staff or 
stave, which see: old Dut. steve, a staff), among sea- 
men, the angle which a bowsprit makes with the 
horizon or with the line of the vessel's keel ; a long 
heavy spar with a place to fit a block at one end : v. 
to elevate at an angle with the horizon, or with the 
line of a vessel's keel : to make such an angle : steev'- 
ing, imp.: n. the angle of elevation which a ship's 
bowsprit makes with the horizon: steeved, pp. stevd. 

steganography, n. steg'd-nog'rd-fi (Gr. steganos, 
covered, concealed, and grapho, I write), a mode of 
writing by a choice of characters, known only to the 
initiated, and which depends on no rule; the art of 
writimr in cipher. 

stegnosis, n. steg-no'-sls (Gr. stegndo, I make thick, 
I make costive), constipation: stegnot'ic, a. -not'-lk, 
binding; constipating: n. an astringent. 

stela, n. ste'ld (L. stela, a pillar— from Gr. stele, a 
post or slab), a small column or pillar without base or 
capital, used as a monument, a milestone, and such- 
like : stele, n. -le, a sepulchral slab or column : stelene, 
a. -10 it, columnar. 

stellar, a. stel'der, also stellary, a. -i (L. Stella, a star : 
It. shllure, stellar), starry; relating to stars; full of 
stars : stellate, a. dut, or stel'liform, a, -ll-fcuvrm (L. 
forma, a shape), in bot., resembling a star; arranged 
like a star: stellated, a. -laded, radiated ; resembling 
a star; having the nines, crystals, or members diverg- 
ing in all directions from a common centre : steller- 
idae, n. plu. stelder'-i-de, also steller'idans, n. plu. 
■duns, a family of fishes, of which the star-fish is the 
type : stellif'erous, a. -lif'er-ils (L. fero, I produce), 
having or abounding with stars: stellite, n. stel'dlt, a 
white translucent mineral of a silky appearance, oc- 
curring in stellar groups in greenstone : stellular, a. 
-ftdir, shaped like little stars ; having marks resem- 
bling stars. 

stem, n. stem (AS. stemn; Ger. stamm, the stem or 
trunk of a tree : prov. Eng. stelms, shoots that grow 
from an old stock), the body of a tree or plant from 
which the branches or offshoots grow ; the stalk; the 
stock of a family ; race ; progeny ; in music, the line 
joined to the body of a note : stemless, a. -Us, without 
a stem. 

stem, n. stem (Xorm. stemm, the stem or prow of a 
vessel: old Dut. steve, a staff; veursteve, the stem or 
prow of a ship), the strong curved timber to which 
the two sides of a ship are united in front, the whole 
having a wedge-like appearance ; the prow : from stem 
to stern, from the front to the back of a ship. 

stem, v. stern (Icel. stennna, to stop, to close: Ger. 
stammen, to stick something on or against an object 
with a sudden thrust : Sw. sterna, to stop, to stanch), 
to put a stop to ; to resist ; to make progress against, 
as a current : stem'ming, imp. : stemmed, pp. stemd. 

stemples, n. stem'plz (a probable dim. of stems or 
■ I. . mining districts, pieces of wood fixed 
in the sides of the shaft by which an ascent or descent 
can be made. 

stench, n. stSnsh (old H. Ger. stinchan, to smell 
sweet or bad: AS. stenc, smell: Sw. stinka, to spring, 
to stink), a strong bad smell ; offensive odour : stench'y. 
a. -i, having an offensive smell. 

stencil, n. sten'-sll (prov. Eng. stencil, the post of a 
door: AS. stenge, a bar of wood), a thin piece of paste- 
board, leather, or metal, in which the outlines of any 
figures are cut out, used to paint or mark in colours 
by passing a brush of colour over it while lying on 
paper : v. to paint or ornament by means of a stencil : 
sten'cilling, imp. : n. the art ; the work done : sten'- 
cilled, pp. -sild: sten'ciller, n. -sil-er, one who stencils. 

steneosauros, n. sten'e-o-saw'ros (Gr. stenos, nar- 
row, and sauros, a lizard), in geol, a genus of narrow- 
snouted crocodilians, found in the chalk and green- 



ographlcal, a. -i-kcll, of or relating to stenography : 
sten'ographlcally, ad. -II: stenographer, n. sten-og- 
rd-fer, also stenographist, n. -rd-fist, one who is 
skilled in stenography ; a shorthand-writer. 



STEN 



614 



STIB 



stentorian, a. stSn-to'-ri-dn (Stentor, a herald men- 
tioned by Homer who had a voice like thunder), ex- 
ceedingly loud and powerful— applied to the voice or 
lungs. 

step, n. stBp (Dut. stap, to step: Icel. stappa, to 
stamp: Pol. stopa, sole of the foot), a forward move- 
ment made by one removal of the foot ; the space so 
passed over ; one rise of a stair or ladder ; a print or 
impression of the foot ; any small space or distance ; 
degree; progression; manner of walking; proceeding; 
action: v. to make one pace, as in walking; to advance 
or recede by one movement of the foot ; to walk : 
step'ping, imp.: n. movement by steps : stepped, pp. 
slept .- steps, n. plu. a portable flight of stairs, or a self- 
supporting ladder with flat steps : stepping-stone, a 
raised stone in a swampy place or in a stream to save 
the feet in walking ; any means of progress: to step 
aside, to walk to a little distance ; to remove but a lit- 
tle way : to step into, to walk or advance into a place 
or state : to take a step, to make a movement in a 
given direction, either actually, or as beginning any 
business : step by step, by a gradual and regular pro- 
step-father, n. step- (Icel. stufr, a stump ; sty/a, to 
cut short: old Sw. stubbe, a stump; stubba, to cut 
short), a father coining in place of one's own father 
by the remarriage of one's mother: step -mother, 
not one's own mother; a mother by marriage of 
one's father : step-brother, a son of a step-father or 
mother : step-child, also step-daughter and step-son, 
the child of one's husband or wife by a former mar- 
riage: step-sister, the daughter of a step-father or 
mother, &c. 

stephanite, n. stef'tin-it (after Archduke Stephen 
of Austria), a valuable ore of silver of a dark or lead- 
grey colour, occurring in prismatic or tabular crystals 
in veins in the older rocks. 

steppe, n. step, plu. steppes, stSps (Ger. steppe, a 
heath, a desert : Russ. stepj, a steppe), one of the vast 
flats or plains of Europe and Asia, corresponding to 
the prairies, savannahs, and pampas of America. 

stercoraceous, a. ster'ko-ra'shus (L. stercorosus, full 
of filth— from stercus, dung), pert, to dung; resem- 
bling dung : ster'cora'rium, n. -ri-um (L. ), a privy ; a 
dunghill: ster'cora'rian, n. -an, also ster'coranist, 
u. -ran-ist, in the Oh. of Rome, one who held that the 
host is liable to digestion and all it si com ->.,,- 
like other food: ster'cora'rianism, n. -rd'ri-un-izia, 
the doctrine that tin- host is digested like otherfood, 
contemptuously applied. 

stereography, n. stSr'e-og'rd-fl (Gr. stereos, solid, 
and tjrupho, I write), the act or art of delineating the 
forms of solid bodies on a plane : ster'eograph'ic, a. 
-grc'tf'ik, also ster'eograph'ical, a. -i-Ml, done accord- 
I - i<i i lie rules of stereography; delineated on a 
plane: ster'eograph'ically, ad. -II; ster'eom'eter, n. 
-om-e-ter (Gr. ■mrhvn, a measure), an instr.for measur- 
ing the specific gravities of various substances, solid 
as well as liquid: ster'eom'etry, n. -e-trl, the art of 
measuring solid bodies: ster'eomet 'rical, a. -o-met'ri- 
Ml, pert, to or performed by stereometry : ster'eomet- 
rically, ad. -kal-U: stereoscope, n. -skop (Gr. skopeo, 
I view), an optical instr. through which two objects or 
views that have been photographed at a certain angle 
appear as one, and standing out in a solid form as in 
nature : ster'eoscop'ic, a. -skop'ik. pert, to the stereo- 
scope, or adapted to it : ster'eos'copist, n. -Os'ko-plst, 
one skilled in the use or construction of the stereo- 
scope : ster'eos'copy, n. -p%, the art or science of using 
3, or of constructing it : ster'eot'omy, n. 



which represents in every particular the form of mov- 
able types as set up by the compositor : v. to print 
from metal plates cast from the original movable 
types ; to cast fixed metal plates from the forms of 
movable types : adj. done from fixed types : ster- 
eotyping, imp.: n. the act or art of taking oasts from 
movable types: ster'eotyped, pp. -tlpt: adj. fixed 
unchangeable, as opinions : ster'eotyper, n. -er, on< 
who makes stereotype plates, or prints from them. 
stereotypic, a. -tlp'ik, pert, to : ster'eotypog'raphy, 
ii. -tl-pOij'ra-J'i (Gr. gi-a/iho, I write), the art or busi- 
ness of stereotype printing : ster'eotypog'rapher, n. 
-ra-fcr, a stereotype printer. 



ideas : sterility, n. ster-Wi-tl, barrenness; unfroitf ill- 
ness ; state of not producing young, as animals. 

sterling, a. ster'llng (originally the name of the 
English penny, the standard coin; subsequently ap- 
plied to the coinage of England in general— from the 
Easterlings or North Germans who first made money 
in England), of standard value; genuine; sound; of 
exec] lent quality. 

stern, a. stern- (Scot, stourne, stern: Icel. stura, 
irrow: Norm, sturen, sorrowful, cast down), severe 
i countenance, in manners, or in feelings; harsh; 
unrelenting: sternly, ad. -Ii: stern'ness, n. -n6s, the 
quality or state of being stern ; rigour ; severity. 

stern, n. stem (Icel. styra, to steer; to direct: old 
H. Ger. stiura; Dut. stuur, rudder), the after-part of 
a ship : stern-board, the backward motion of a vessel : 
stern-chaser, a cannon in the stern : stern-fast, a rope 
to hold the stem of a ship : stern-port, a port or open- 
ing in the stern : stern-post, a straight piece of tim- 
ber which terminates the ship behind and supports 
the rudder: stern-sheets, the part of a boat between 
the stern and the rowers where the passengers sit : 
stern-way, the movement of a ship backwards: by 
the stern, deeply laden at the stern : stern'most, a. 
fun host astern. 

sternbergia, n. stern-ber 'ji-& (after Sternberg), in 
geol., an assemblage of singular stems occurring in 
the sandstones of the Coal-measures, having short 
joints held together by a central axis. 

sternum, n. ster'num (Gr. sternon, the breast, the 
chest), the flat bone of the breast to which the ribs are 
jointed in front; the breast -bone: ster'nal, a. -ndl, 
pert, to the sternum: stern-costal, a. belonging to 
the region of the ribs; attached to the sternum: 
ster'no, -no, a prefix to some scientific terms, denot- 
ing relation to the sternum or breast-bone. 

sternutation, n. ster'nu-ta'shun (L. sternuo, I 
sneeze), the act of sneezing: sternu'tative, a. -nu'taZ- 
ilv, provocative of sneezing: sternu'tatory, a. -ter-i, 
having the quality of provoking sneezing. 

stertorous, a, si'le'to-rus [L. sfcrto, I snore), in med, 
applied to deep snoring, occurring in apoplexy, com- 
pression of the brain, &c. 

stethometer, n. stith-om'e-ter (Gr. stethos, the 
breast, and metron, a measure), in med., an instr. for 
measuring the capacity, and determining the form, of 
the chest: stethoscope, n. st&th'o-skop (Gr. skopeo, I 
view), a tube of light wood or gut ta-percha, with one 
end funnel-shaped, used by medical men for listening 
to the sounds produced in the chest or other cavities 
of the body : steth'oscop ic, a. -skop'ik, pert, to the 
stethoscope, or made by means of it : stethoscopy, n. 
sii-ihOs'UO-pi, the art of stcihoseopie examination. 

stevedore, n. ste'-ve-dor, also stivadore, n. stiv'Ci-ddr 
(Icel. stivardr, a superintendent : L. stipator, an 
attendant), in merchant shipping, the officer appointed 

to superintend the siowage of ships. 

stew, v. stu (It. stuva, a heated confined place ; stu- 
fare, to glut or satiate : Icel. stofa; Sw. stufwa; Ger. 
stube, a heated confined space, a hot bath : Low Ger. 
stu ecu, to stew), to boil slowly with a little water; to 
be boiled in a slow gentle manner with but little 
water: n. a vapour -bath; a brothel; meat slowly 
boiled with but little water; a state of anxiety or 
confusion: stew'ing, imp.: stewed, pp. stud: stew- 
pan, a kitchen utensil in which meat is stewed : in a 
stew, hi common language, perspiring from fear and 
confused exertion : Irish stew, a kind of hash, con- 
sisting of potatoes and meat stewed together with 
only a little water. 

steward, n. stu'erd (Icel. stivardr, the person who 
looks to the daily work of an establishment-from 
stja, domestic occupation: AS. stiward), one who 
manages the affairs of a landed estate ; one who regu- 
lates the domestic concerns of a great family ; a direc- 
tor of a public dinner, a charitable festival, and such- 
like ; an officer of the royal household, called the Lord 
Steward; in a large ship, the person who superin- 
tends the meals, &c; a manager; in Scrip)., a min- 
ister of Christ : stewardess, n. -Ss, a woman who 
attends females travelling by sea: stewardship, n. 
-ship, the office of a steward ; management. 

sthenic, a. sthen'/k ((!r. sthenos, strength), in med., 
attended with a morbid increase of vital action— ap- 
plied to diseases ; opposed to asthenic, or diseases of 
debility. 

stibial, a. slih'i-ul (L. stibium; Gr. stimmi, anti- 
ire my), having the qualities of antimony ; antimonial : 
stib'iated, a. -a-ted, impregnated with antimony: 



m&te, mdt.fdr, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, mOve; 



STIC 



615 



STIN 



stib'iconise, n. -kdn-lz (Gr. konis, powder), a mineral 
of a yellow, grey, or brownish colour, occurring in 
earrhy masses, soft and friable : stibnite, n. -nit, the 
principal ore of antimony, occurring in very long 
prismatic or acicular crystals, or in a fibrous form— 
this ore has been in use among Oriental nations fr< >m 
a very remote period for staining the eyelids : stib'- 
ium, n. -l-iim, antimony; stibnite. 

stich, n. stlk (Gr. stichos, a row), a verse or line in 
poetry; a row of trees: stichomancy, n. sttk'-O-man'sl 
(Gr. munteia, divination), divination from the assumed 
meaning of a line or verse, taken at hazard, as from 
Scripture. 

stichidia, n. plu. stlk-ld'-l-d (Gr. stichidion, a little 
Madder), in hot., case-like receptacles for the spores 
of some algae. 

stick, n. stlk (Pol. stuk, noise made by striking with 
something hard: Dut. steken ; Ger. stecken, to stick 
into, to come to a stand : Icel. stika, to dam : Dan. 
stikke, to prick, to stab), a long, small, piece of wood; 
a stem or branch of a tree cut for fuel ; a rod ; a stab ; 
a thrust or sharp blow with a pointed instr.: v. to 
pierce ; to stab ; to fix in or on ; to hold or cleave 
to ; to adhere closely ; to remain, as in the memory ; 
to be hindered from proceeding; to be constant or 
firm ; to resist efforts to remove ; to scruple ; to hesi- 
tate: sticking, imp.: adj. adhering: n. act of one 
who or that which sticks : stuck, pt. pp. stuk, hin- 
dered from proceeding; fixed in: sticky, a. stlk'i, 
having the quality of adh ring to a surface; gluey: 
stickiness, n. -ncs, the quality of being sticky; adhe- 
siveness; tenacity: stick-lac, lac in its natural state : 
to stick at, to hesitate : to stick by, to adhere closely ; 
to be firm in supporting: to stick out, to project; to 
be prominent : to stick to, to adhere closely : stick- 
ing-plaster, an adhesive plaster for closing wounds or 
for covering a part. 

stickle, v. stlk'i (old Eng. stick?: rs, persons appointed 
to see that the parties in a combat had fair play ; pro- 
per form stightlers— from AS. stihtian, to govern, to 
dispose), to take part with a side; to contend; to 
wrangle; to go from side to side: stick'ling, imp. 
-ling: stickled, pp. stlk'-ld: stickler, n. -lir, one who 
obstinately contends about a thing : to stickle for, to 
maintain one's rights to a thing. 

stickle-back, n. stik'l-lHik((.ivr. stuchcl, a thorn, and 
Eng. buck: Norm, stikka, a point), a small spiny- 
backed river-fish. 

sticky— see stick. 

stiff, a. stif (Ger. steij ; Dan. stiv, what stands 
abruptly out : Gr. stiphos, anything pressed firm : L. 
stipare, to pack close: Dut. stij c u, to stiffen), not 
easily bent ; not pliant ; rigid ; rather hard than soft ; 
strong ; not giving way ; stubborn ; firm in perseve- 
rance or resistance ; not natural and easy, as manners ; 
affected ; constrained ; not written with ease ; formal ; 
impetuous in motion, as a breeze: stiffly, ad. -li: 
stiffness, n. -ncs, the state of being stiff; want of 
flexibility; stubbornness ; the state of being harsh and 
constrained: stiff-hearted, a. obstinate; stubborn: 
stiff-necke I, flexibly obstinate: stiffen, 

v. stlj'-n, to make stiff; to become stiff; to grow hard ; 
to become less susceptible of impressions : stiffen- 
ing, imp. stlf-nliuj: adj. becoming or growing stiff: 
n. something used to make a substance more stiff: 
stiffened, pp. stif-nd : stiffener, n. stlf-ner, that which 
stiffens: stiff ish, a. 4sh, somewhat stiff. 

stifle, v. siV.il (Icel. stiila, to stop, to dam: Ger. 
stop/en, to stuff, to stop: Gr. stupho, I draw to- 
gether), to stop the breath; to suffocate; to choke; 
to smother ; to suppress ; to hinder from spreading, 
as a report: sti 'fling, imp. -fling: adj. causing a 
feeling of suffocation : sti'fled, pp. -stl'jld, suppressed ; 
suffocated. 

stigma, n. stlg'mcl, plu. stig'mas, -maz, or stig'- 
mata, -mcl-tu (L. and Gr. stigma, a mark made with a 
sharp-pointed instr., a mark burned in— from Gr. 
stizo, I mark with points), anything which tarnishes 
character or reputation; any mark of infamy; in 
lot., the naked upper portion of the pistil on which 
the fertilising pollen falls : stig'mata, n. plu., the 
spiracles or breathing-pores of insects ; the marks of 
the wounds on Christ's body, or marks resembling 
them : stigmatic, a. stlq-mat'-ik, also stigmat'ical, a. 
-l-kal, branded or marked with a stigma ; stigmat'- 
ically, ad. -li: stigmatise, v. stlg'-ma-tiz, to set a mark 
of disgrace on ; to denounce as infamous : stig'mati- 
sing, imp.: stig'matised, pp. -tizd, marked with dis- 
grace: stigmaria, n. stig-ma'rl-d, in geol., root-stems 

CW), boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



stilbite, n. stll'blt (Gr. stilbe, lustre), a mineral 
occurring in broad pyramidal crystals, varying in 
col our, found most frequently in traps and amygda- 
loids. 

stile, n. stll (AS. stigel, a step— from stigan, to 
climb: Low Ger. stegel, steps in a wall for getting 
over), a series of rude steps for getting over a wall 
or fence. 

stile, n. stll (see style) : stilar, a. stl'ler, pert, to the 
style of a dial. 

stiletto, n. stvlct-to (It. stiletto— from It. stile; L. 
stilus, a pointed in-tr. for pruning or writing), a dag- 
ger with a round-pointed blade; a pointed instr. for 
piercing holes: v. to stab with a stiletto : stilet'toing, 
imp.: stilet'toed, pp. -tod. 

still, a. stll (Dut. stil, calm : Lith. tylus, quiet, still : 
si, the sound commanding silence), noiseless; quiet; 
silent; uttering no noise; motionless: v. to make 
motionless; to "put a stop to, as noise, motion, &c; to 
calm; to lull; to silence: ad. to this time ; always; 
continually; after that: Stirling, imp.: stilled, pp. 
stild: stillness, n. -ncs, freedom from noise: stilly, 
a. -li, quiet; calm: ad. silently: still-born, a. dead 
at birth; abortive: still-life, the class or style of 
painting which represents vegetable life, objects no 
longer a i innate, as fruits, flowers, dead game, and such- 
like : a stand-still, absence of motion ; checked pro- 
gress. 

still, n. stll (L. sfillare, to drop— from stiila, a drop), 
a vessel or apparatus for distilling liquids : still-room, 
an apartment for distilling; a room where liquors, 
preserves, and the like are kept: stillatitious, a. 
ttU'-a-tisli-us, falling in drops ; drawn by a still. 

still-born and stillness— see still 1. 

stilt, n. stilt (Ger. stiJiitt, stilts: Dut. stilte, a 
wooden leg: Sw. stijlta, to halt, to limp), a pole of 
wood with a support or shoulder to raise the foot above 
the ground in walking, usei I in pairs : v. to raise as on 
stilts; to raise by unnatural means stilt'ing, imp.: 
stilt'ed, pp.: adj. elevated as on stilts; pompous: 
stilt or stilt-bird, the long-logged plover. 

stilton, n. std-tfui, a white rich cheese made ill 
Leicestershire. 

stimulate, v. stim'u-lat (L. stimulatum, to prick 
with anything sharp, to urge onwards— from stimu- 
lus, a goad: F. sti mule r), to excite to action, or more 
vigorous exertion; to urge; to animate: stimula- 
ting, imp.: stimulated, pp.: stim'ulant, n. -Idnt, in 
ma!., anything which produces a sudden increase of 
vital energy and strength : adj. having the quality of 
increasing or exciting vital action: stim'ulants, n. 
plu. -Idntz, generally, intoxicating liquors : stim'ula- 
tor, n. -tir, one who stimulates: stim'ula'tion, n. 
-'■ .■■..:■ i ,a -',. .dating oroxciting ; the effect pro- 
duced: stim'ulative, a. -la-tic, exciting to action: n. 
that which excites or rouses to action : stim'ulus, n. 
-his (L. stim ulus, a goad f< a driving cattle, a sting), in 
ined., that which produces a sudden but transitory 
increase of vital action ; anything that excites to ac- 
tion; a stimulant; in bot., applied to stinging hairs 
with an irritating secretion at the base. 

sting, n. stiuii (Icel. stuiiiju ; old H. Ger. stingan, to 
stick, to thrust), the sharp-pointed weapon possessed 
by certain insects as a mean-, of defence, as the wasp, 
the bee, &c; anything that gives acute pain; that 
which constitutes the principal pain or terror ; the 
point of an epigram : v. to pierce with a sharp-pointed 
weapon; to pain acutely: stinging, imp. : adj. pun- 
gent as a sting ; paining acutely : stang, pt. stdng, 
did sting : stung, pp. stung, pained acutely : sting- 
ingly, ad. -ll : sting-like, a. like a sting : stingless, 
a. -Ids, having no sting ; harmless : sting'er, n. -er, 
one who or that which s iJ — 



„ , sordid; narrow - spirited ; penurious: 
stin'gily, ad. -II: stinginess, n. -nes, the state or 
quality of being stingy ; extreme avarice. 

stink, n. stingk (old H. Ger. stinchan, to smell sweet 
or the opposite: Sw. tfinka, to spring, to stink), a 
strong offensive smell : v. to emit a strong offensive 
smell: stink'ing, imp.: adj. emitting a strong offen- 
sive smell: stank, pt. stunak, did stink: stunk, pp. 
stungk, sent forth a strong offensive smell: stink-pot, 
among the Chinese, &c, a jar filled with combustible 
substances emitting an offensive and suffocating smell, 
used in attacking and boarding vessels at sea : stink- 



STIN 



616 



STOK 



stone (Ger. stimikstem), a name given to those varieties 
of limestone, usually of a dark colour, which give off 
a fetid odour when rubbed or struck with a hammer : 
stinkard, n. stlngk'erd, a mean paltry fellow ; an ani- 
mal producing a strong fetid odour, found in Java 
and Sumatra. 

stint, n. stint (lca\. stuff r; old S\v. slant, short: Ger. 
stutz, anything cropped or docked), limit; bound; 
quantity assigned : v. to restrain within certain limits; 
to limit to a certain quantity; to bound; to restrain: 
stint'ing, imp. limiting: stinted, pp.: adj. limited ; 
bounded ; checked in growth : stint'er, n. -er, one who 
stints: stintless, a. -Us, unlimited: stint'edness, n. 
-mis, the state of being stinted. 

stipe, n. slip (L. sti/tes, a stock, a stalk: It. stipite, 
the stalk or stem of a plant), in hot., the stem of 
pa. bus and tree-ferns; Hie stalk of feni -fronds: stipel, 
n. sti'-pel, a small leaflet at the base of the pinnules of 
compound leaves. 

stipend, n. si V- /Kind (b. slipendium, a tax, a contri- 
bution — from stliis, asmall piece of money, invlpendo, 
I weigh or pay), settled wages tor services ; allowance ; 
salary: stipendiary, a. stl-pca'di-ir-l, performing ser- 
vices for stated wages or salary: n. one who receives 
a stated salary for services: sti'pendless, a. das, with- 
out a stipend. 

stipitate, a. stlp'i-tat (L. stipes, a stalk— see stipe), 
in hot., supported on a stalk. 

stipple, v. stlp'-pl (Dot, stipp'-'-n, to speckle, todot),to 
engrave by means of dots, instead, as in the ordinary 
method, bylines: stip'pling, imp. -pi lug: n. amodeof 



stipulate, v. sttp'udat (L. siipulatus, bargained, 
covenanted— from; fi/;»,/».:, firm, strong: It. stipulare: 
F. stipule,-), to make an agreement with any one: to 
settle terms; to bargain: stipulating, imp.: stim- 
ulated, pp. agreed; contracted: stipulator, n. -tir, 
one who stipulates : stipulation, n. -la'shun, a con- 
tract ; an agreement or bargain. 

stipule, n. stlp'ul (L. stipula, a stem, a stalk: It. 
stipula: P. stipule), in hot., a leaflet at the base of 
other leaves, having a lateral position, and more or 
less changed either in form or texture: stip'ula'- 
ceous, a. •u-l&'shUs, consisting of or resembling stip- 
ules; growing on stipules, or close to them: stip'- 
ular, a. -ler, resembling a stipule: stip'ulary, a. -I, 
in hot., applied to organs occupying the place of stip- 
ules, such as tendrils: stipulate, a. -lot, furnished 
with stipules : stip'uled, a. -aid, furnished with stip- 
ules or leaf.) app mdag- . 

stir, v. stir (AS. styran, to move, to stir: Icel. 
staurr, a pole; styra, to guide, to govern), to put into 
motion; to agitate ; to incite ; to rouse, ; to stimulate ; 
to move one's self; to become the object of notice : n. 
tumult; bustle, publicdisturbancc or disorder ; agita- 
tion : stir'ring, imp. : adj. putting in motion ; busy 
and active : n. the act of stirring or moving : stirred, 
pp. sterd : stirrer, n. -rer, one who or that which stirs : 
to stir up, to inflame the passions of; to put into mo- 
tion or action; to enliven: stirabout, n. -u-lxfiot, in 

;:•',,; ;,. ,|ixh ,;( ,,;,],, i, ;; ,,| i,lfn:ii a,m ir: Cold mill/ 01 

water ; oatmeal-porridge. 

stirk, n. stir/; (Ger. stirr, a bull: AS. styric, a heif- 
er: Gael, stulr, a, male calf), Scot, and pruo. Ear/., a 
young bull, ox, or heifer. 

stirrup, n. stir' rup (AS. stir/crap; Ger. steigreif, a 
rope or strap for mounting on horseback— from AS. 
stigan; Ger. steigea, to mount, and AS. rap, a rope ; 
Ger. reif, a ring, a rope), the foot-iron suspended from 
a saddle; among seamen, a rope secured to a yard 
having a thimble at its lower end : stirrup-cup, a 
parting cup taken on horseback: stirrup-leather or 
-strap, the strap that supports a stirrup. 

stitch, n. stick (a modification of Eng. stick, a thrust 
with a sharp insti : Ger. slicken, to embroider: Dan. 
stikke, to stick, to stitch), a single loop or link ; a single 
pass of a needle in sewing ; a sudden, sharp, shooting, 
local pain: v. to pass a needle with a thread through a 
piece of cloth and hack again ; to sew or unite with 
needle and thread; to practise sewing: stitch'ing, 
imp. : n. work done by sewing : stitched, pp. sticht, 
sewed together: stitch'er, n. -er, one who or that 

loci i-,it} a up to mend what was rent. 

stithy, n. stith'i (Icel. stetki; Sw. stud, an anvil), an 
anvil ; a smith's shop. 

stiver, n. sti'vir, a Dutch penny-piece. 

stoat, n. stot (from a supposed analogy to a stallion- 

, mate, mat, far, law; mete, met, 



horse; Dut. stuyte; AS. stodkors, a stallion or stud- 
horse), a weasel. 

stock, n. stok (Bret, stok, a knock : F. estoquer, to 
thrust or stab into; estoc, a thrusting-sword, the stock 
of a tree: Ger. stuck, a, stick-, stump of a tree; slockcr, 
a poker), the stem or trunk of a tree or plant; the 
stem or branch in which a graft is inserted ; any- 
thing fixed or set ; a post ; a log ; a piece of solid wood 
forming the sustaining part, as of an anchor or a fire- 
arm; the handle of anything, a stupid senseless per- 
son ; the original prog. uiTnr; the race or line of a 
family; a stiff band used a.s n lie for the neck: stock- 
still, a. motionless : stock-lock, a lock in a wooden 
case or frame. 

stock, n. stok (Ger. stock, a short thick piece or 
block; almosenstock, a trunk in churches in which 
alms were put: Ger. stoc/.ea., to stagnate, to stop), 
money or goods employed in trade, manufacturing, 
banking, &c; the beasts, &c, on a farm; supply pro- 
vided ; quantity on hand ; store or accumulation from 
which supplies maybe obtained: adj. serviceable for 
constant use or application ; permanent; standing: v. 
to store; to supply ; to fill sufficiently: stocking, imp.: 
stocked, pp. stokt: stock, n., or stocks, n. plu. the 
'i ■an ■ eniiectivelj I e)i t by individuals to a govern- 
ment; the public funds, being, as it were, receptacles 
opened by the state into which the contributions of 
the public might be poured, as into the charity- trunks 
in churches ; government scrip ; a wooden frame into 
the openings of which the legs of a person may be 
stocked or set fast, formerly used as a temporary 
punishment for petty crimes and misdemeanours; 
certain flowers having stems or stalks; the timbers 
on which a ship rests while building: stockbroker, 
one licensed to buy and sell stock in the public 
funds, or the stock of joint-stock companies, for 
others: stock-dove, the wild pigeon of Europe— 
so called because supposed to be the stock of 
the domestic pigeon : stock exchange, the building 
where stocks are bought and sold ; the association or 
company of stockbrokers : stock-farmer, a farmer who 
chiefly confines his attention to the breeding and 
rearing of live-stock, as cattle, sheep, &c: stock- 
gillyflower, a plant much cultivated for the beauty 
and sweetness of iis flowers: stockholder, a proprie- 
tor of stock in the funds, or of shares in a public com- 
pany: stock-jobber, a sort of dealer or middleman 
in the sale or purchase of stocks or shares; a gam- 
bler in stocks : stock-jobbing, the art or practice of 
dealing in stocks : stock-fish, cod dried hard and not 
salted: stockman, in Australia, one in charge of the 
live stock ; a herdsman : stock-still, a. still as a post ; 
perfectly still: stock-taking, an inventory of the 
quantity and cost-value of the goods on hand, and of 
fixtures and tools, taken periodically by a merchant or 
tradesman : stock-in-trade, the goods kept for sale 
by a merchant, trader, or shopkeeper; the fittings 
and appliances of a workman: dead-stock, in agri., 
the implements of husbandry and stored-up field- 
produce, as distinguished from live-stock, the domes- 
tic animals kept and reared on a farm : to take stock, 
to make an inventory of stock or goods on hand : to 
stock an anchor, to fit it with a stock: to stock 
down, to sow, as ploughed land with grass-seeds. 

stockade, n. stok-ad' (from Eng. stock: F. estoquer, 
a thrust or stab into: It. sir^coto, a tinust infencing), 
a line of stakes or posts fixed in the ground as a bar- 
rier to the advance of an enemy : v. to fortify with 
sharpened posts fixed in the ground: stocka'ding, 
imp.: n. a line of posts stuck in the ground: stocka'- 
ded, pp.: stoccado, n. stok-ka'-do, a thrust with a 
rapier. 

stocking, n. stok'ing (Ger. stock, stump of a tree), 
a cover for the slock or stump ; a cotton or worsted 
close coverine- for the foot and leg. 

Stoic, n. sto'ik (Or. stoikos, pert, to the porch— from 
stoa, the porch : L. r.toicus, a. stoic philosopher ; It. stoicO: 
F. sfrnqac), one of a. sect of philosophers called Stoics, 
founded by Zeno, who taught under a porch at Athens 
that men should be free from passion, and be unmoved 
by the joys or sorrows of life ; one regulating his con- 
duct according to the doctrines of the Stoics: stole, 
a., also stoical, a. -l-kdl. pert, to the Stoics or their 
doctrines; unaffected by passion; unfeeling: stoical- 
ly, ad. -li: stoicism, n. -slzm, the doctrines and max- 
ims of the Stoics ; a real or pretended indifference to 
■ in in uj pain "oicalness, n. -kul-ues, the state 
of bi dig indifferent to pleasure or pain. 

stoke, v. stok (Ger. stocker, a poker, a picker : prov. 
Mr; pine, pin; note, not, move; 



STOL 



617 



STOR 



F. stiquer, to poke: F. estoc, a thrust), to poke; to stir 
lip; to supply a lire with fuel: stoking, imp,: n. the 
proper management of a lire connected with a steam- 
engine: stoked, pp. stOkd: stoker, n. -Mr, one who 
looks after the fire of a locomotive engine, or of a 
steam-engine. 

stole, n. stol (L. stola; Gr. stole, along, female, upper 
garment: It. stola. a long vest, a stole), a long narrow 
scarf of silk or stuff, fringed at the ends, and often 
richly embroidered, worn by R. Cath. and Anglican 
clergymen in i>se,i on the breast, and hanging on each 
side nearly to the gromid: stoled, a. stold, wearing a 
stole or long robe : groom of the stole, in the court of 
o sovereign, the first lord of the bedchamber, whose 
original duty was to put the king's shirt on in the 
morning. 

stole, 11. stol, also stolon, n. sto'lon (L. stolo. a twig 
or shoot springing from the stock of a tree), in hot., a 
lax trailing branch given off at the summit of the 
root, and taking root at intervals: stoloniferous, a. 
sto'-lo-nlf'-cr- A<(L. fcro. I produce), producing suckers. 

stole, v. stol, pt., stolen, v. stol'n, pp., of steal, 
which see. 

stolid, a. stol'-id (L. stolidus, dull, senseless : It. 
stolido), dull; heavy; fo.ilish; stupid: stolidity, n. 
sto-lid'l-ti, duhi' <s of intellect; stupidity. 

stomach, n. stutn'-dk {L. stooiachus: Gr. stomachos, 
the alimentary canal, distaste, displeasure: old F. 
stomach; F. estomac, the stomach— from Gr. stoma, 
a mouth), the principal organ of digestion; desire 
of food caused by hunger; inclination: v. to brook; 
to resent ; to bear without open resentment : stom'- 
aching, imp.: stomached, pp. -dkt, borne without 
open resentment : stom'achless, a. -Ids, without ap- 
petite: stomach-pump, a small pump with a flexible 
tube for drawing off liquids from the stomach, or for 
injecting them : stomacher, n. -d-cher, an orna- 
mental covering worn over the breast by women: 
stomachic, n. sto-unik'-ik, a medicine or cordial which 
gives tone to and strengthens the stomach: stomachic, 
a., also stomach ical, a. -l-kdl, pert, to the stomach ; 
that strengthens the stomach. 

stomapod, n. sto'md-pod, stomapoda, n. plu. sto- 
mdp'-o-dd (Gr. stoma, the mouth, and ports, the foot- 
gen, podos), an order of crustaceans, so called from 
the arrangement of their thoracic or true feet in con- 
nection with the mouth, which is usually furnished 
with one or more pairs of jaw-feet. 

stomate, n. sto'-mdt, also stoma, n. sto'md, plu. sto'- 
mates, -mats, or stomata, stom'd-td (Gr. stoma, a 
mouth; stomata, mouths), in hut., minute openings in 
the epidermis of plants between cells of a peculiar 
shape, especially in the leaves : stom'atous, a. -tils, 
having stomata. 

stone, n. ston (AS. stan; Ice\. sten; Ger. sfetw.astone), 
any loose mass of earthy matter of considerable hard- 
ness ; a mineral; a gem; a morbid secretion formed in 
the bladder ; the disease so called ; a testicle ; the hard 
kernel of a fruit ; a weight of 11 lb.; a weight varying 
in amount; insensibility: adj. made of or resembling 
stone; hard: v. to pelt or kill with stones; to free 
from stones, as fruit ; to face with stones : sto'ning, 
imp. : n. the act of one who stones by pelting ; the act 
of separating the fruit from the hard kernel or kernels : 
stoned, pp. stond: sto'ner, n. -ner, one who or that 
which stones: sto'ny, a. -ni, made of or resembling 
stone ; abounding in stones ; hard ; solid ; cruel ; un- 
relenting; pitiless: sto'niness, n. -ni-nes, the state or 
quality of being stony, or abounding with stones; 
hardness like stone : stone-like, a. having the appear- 
ance or consistence of stone : stoneless, a. -Its. having 
no stones : stone-blind, a. completely deprived of the 
organs of sight : stone's cast or stonecast, the distance 
to which a stone may be thrown by the hand : stone- 
chatter, a bird whose notes often resemble the knock- 
ing together of two stones : stone coping, hewn stones 
placed on the top of a wall, and made to slope, and 
sometimes slightly project over it: stone-cutter, one 
whose occupation it is to hew or cut stones : stone- 
cutting, the business of hewing stones : stone-dead, 
a. lifeless as a stone : stone-fruit, pulpy fruit having 
a stony or hard kernel : stoned fruit, fruit deprived 
of their hard kernels: stone-lilies, a popular name 
for the encrinites, in allusion to the resemblance 
which they bear to the flower and stalk of the lily : 
stone-mason, one who works in stone, or builds with 
it: stone-still, a. motionless: stoneware, a coarse 
kind of clay-made articles for domestic use: stone- 
Work, masonry ; anything done in stone, or built with 



it : stony-hearted, a. cruel ; pitiless : meteoric stones, 
hard stony matter or concretions which fall from the 
atmosphere, and ■which come from some region be- 
yond it : philosopher's stone, a substance which it was 
supposed, could it be discovered, would change any 
other metal or material into gold: rocking-stone, a 
large stone so balanced on the top of another, that 
but a slight force will cause it to move and oscillate : 
to leave no stone unturned, to spare no exertions ; to 
do everything that can be done. 

Stonehenge, n. stondienj' (.VS. stan-heng— from stan, 
a stone, and heng, hung), a remarkable assemblage of 
upright and horizontal stones on Salisbury Plain, in 
England, of unknown origin. 

stood, v. stood, pt, and pp. of stand, which see. 

stook, n. stol; (Ger. sttmrJn n, to push, to stow: Low 
Ger. strike, a heap or bunch : Ijohem. stoh, a heap, a 
hay-cock), a small number of sheaves of corn set up in 
a field: v. to set up sheaves of grain in stooks : stook'- 
ing, imp.: stooked, pp. stdkt. 

stool, n. stol (Goth, stols; old H. Ger. stuol ; Gael. 
stol; W. ystol, a stool, a seat: Ger. stollen, a prop), a 
small seat without a back ; a little form ; the seat for 
evacuating the bowels ; the act itself; the evacuations 
of the bowels : stools, n. plu. stOlz, in a ship, small 
channels outside to receive the dead-eyes of the back- 
stays: window-stool, the flat piece upon which the 
window shuts down : stool of repentance or cutty- 
stool, formerly, in the eceles. disrijdiue of the Ch. of 
Scot., aseat or stool on which persons found guilty of 
fornication or adultery were compelled to stand in 
view of the whole people for a certain number of 
Sundays, and there to be rebuked by the minister. 

stool, n. stol (Manx, sthol, a sprout or branch : Ger. 
sfiihl. a stock), a stemless mother-plant used for pro- 
pagation by annually bending its branches into the 
soil ; the root or stump of a timber-tree which throws 
up shoots ; the set or cluster of shoots thus produced : 
v. to send out suckers: stool'ing, imp.: stooled, pp. 
st6ld. 

stoop, v. stop (Dot. stvppen, to strike the ground 
with a stick in walking : Icel. steypa, to cast or throw 
down: Sw. stupa, to incline, to lower), to bend the 
body forwards ; to lean forwards in standing or walk- 
ing; to cause to incline downwards; to yield; to sub- 
mit; to condescend; to acknowledge inferiority; to 
come down on its prey, as a hawk: n. inclination for- 
wards ; condescension ; in Smt., a post fixed in the 
earth, or a prop: stooping, imp.: stooped, pp. st6pt: 
stoop'er, n. -ir, one who stoops: stoop ingly, ad. -It. 

stop, v. stop (Norm, stuj'pit, to stamp, to cram: Scot. 
stop, to cram: Dut. stoppen ; Ger. stupfen, to stuff: F. 
estouper, to stop, to close; ,>■,,,„,„;, tow, the material 
for stopping: L. stupa; Gr. stupe, tow), to hinder: to 
impede or interrupt; to suppress; to render impas- 
sable ; to close, as an aperture ; to regulate the sounds 
of, as a musical instr.. with the fingers ; to cease 
from going forward, or from any course of action; to 
leave off, as from work : n. cessation, as of progress, 
motion, operation, or action; obstruction; hindrance; 
impediment; obstacle; one of the vent-holes of a 
musical wind instr. , by the opening or closing i if which 
musical sounds may be regulate.! and modified, as an 
organ-stop; the place in a stringed instr. pressed on 
for the production of a musical sound ; a point or 
mark in writing to distinguish a sentence or part of 
a sentence, and show the pauses in reading: stop'- 
ping, imp. closing; obstructing: stopped, pp. stopt: 
stoppage, n. stop-paj, act or state of being stopped; 
an obstruction ; a discontinuance of work; a suspen- 
sion of payments ; a deduction from pay to repay ad- 
vances, &c: stop'per, n. -per, one who or that which 
stops ; the cork or glass mouthpiece for a bottle : v. 
to close or secure with a stopper : stop-cock, an instr. 
used to regulate the supply of water or gas flowing 
through pipes : stop-gap, something substituted ; 
temporary expedient. 

stopple, n. stop'-pl (dim. of stop, which see), anything 
put into the mouth or neck of a bottle to stop or close 
it ; a cork ; a plug. 

storax, n. sto'rdks (L. styrax; Gr. sturax, a resinous 
gum), an aromatic resinous substance imported from 
the East. 

store, n. stor (F. estorer, to build, to furnish : Icel. 
staurr ; Sw. stor, a stake, a pole : L. instaurare, to re- 
pair, to restore— in mid. L. to provide or store with), a 
large quantity ; abundance ; quantity accumulated ; a 
hoard ; any shop where a miscellaneous assortment of 
goods is sold : plu. stores, store, the necessary supplies 



cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



STOK 



618 



STEA 



_r furnish with stores ; to lay up ; to hoard : sto'ring, 
imp.: stored, pp. stord: storer, n. sto'-rer, one who 
stores : sto'rage, n. -raj, the act of laying up in a store 
or warehouse; the price paid for the safe-keeping of 
goods in a store : store-house, a house built expressly 
for the safe-keeping of grain or goods ; a magazine ; a 
repository : store-keeper, one who has the care of a 
store : store-room, a room in which things are stored : 
store-ship, a vessel employed to transport stores for a 
fleet or for a garrison, &c.: in store, laid up for future 
use; in a state of preparation I'm future use. 

storey, n. sto'-rl, plu. storeys, sto'-rlz, another spel- 
ling of story 2, which see. 

storied, sto'-rld— see story 1 and 2. 

stork, n. stork (Dan. storken, a stork: Fris. staurke, 
to strut : Bav. storkeln, to walk with long legs), a bird 
rei i larkable for its stalking gait and long legs : stork's- 
bill, a plant. 

storm, n. stawrm (Dut. storm, a rustling, a rattling: 
It. stormo, a rumbling noise : Icel. stormr, tempest, 
sedition), a violent outburst of one or more of the ele- 
ments wind, rain, snow, thunder and lightning ; any 
violent commotion; tumultuous force; a tumult; a 
violent and determined assault on a fortified place : v. 
to attack, or attempt to take, by open force ; to blow 
with violence ; to rage ; to be loudly angry ; storming, 
imp.: n. the taking of a fortified place by a violent 
and open assault : stormed, pp. stawrmd; stormy, a. 
stawrm'-l, tempestuous; boisterous; violent: storm'- 
iness, n. -nes, the state of being stormy ; tempestuous- 
ness: storm'ily, ad. -It: storm-like, a. like a storm, 
or having the appearance of a storm : storm-beat, a. 
impaired by the violence of a storm : storm-tossed, a. 
beaten about by storms : stormy-petrel, a black sea- 
bird often seen flying swiftly in the wake of a ship be- 
fore or during a storm : storm-sail, a coarse, stronger, 
sort of sail for gales : storm-window, an outer win- 
dow to protect the inner from the effects of storms, 
and for greater warmth in winter : storming party, a 
party of soldiers having assigned to them the duty of 
first entering the breach in storming a fortress. 

storthing, n. stort'-lng, the Parliament of Norway. 

story, n. sto'-rl, plu. sto'ries, -rlz (P. histoire; L. 
Jiistoria, relation), a narration of a series of facts or 
incidents; a written narrative of events; a short or 
trifling tale ; a fiction ; a falsehood ; a fib : sto'ried, a. 
-rid, told or recited in history ; adorned with historical 
paintings : story-book, a book containing entertain- 
ing narratives, either true or merely fiction : story- 
teller, a relater of stories; a teller of falsehoods: 
story-telling, the habit or amusement of telling sto- 
ries ; the act of fibbing. 

story, n., also storey, sto'-rl, plu. sto'ries, and sto'- 
reys, -rlz (probably from F. estorer, to construct, to 
build : a probable corruption of stair, one flight or 
floor upwards), a single stage', or floor of a high build- 
ing ; a division of a house reached by one flight of 
stairs: sto'ried, a. -rid, having stages or floors 

I , ;;,'ii, I ',, iH In ran I , I ', ■'■•■ 

stot, n. slot (AS. stotte, a hack, a worthless horse : 
Sw. stut, a bull), a young bullock or steer. 

stound, v. stdtund (AS. stunian, to dash, to strike : 
Scot, stound, a sharp pain a fleeting one at intervals), 
to be in pain or sorrow : n. a sudden severe pain or 
grief. 

stound, stdivnd, for astound, which see. 

stoup, n. st6p, in Scot., stdivp (AS. stoppa; Dut. 
stoop,- Norm, staup, a flagon or drinking -vessel), a 
flagon; a basin for holy water at the entrance of a R. 
Cath. Ch; in Scot., a measure or vessel for liquids. 

stour, n. stor (AS. styrian, to stir), an assault; a 
tumult ; in Scot., dust in a state of motion. 

stout, a. stdwt (oldF. estout ; Dut. stout, bold, proud : 
Ger. stolz, proud, stately), lusty; corpulent; robust; 
strong ; intrepid ; valiant : n. strong porter : stout'ly, 
ad. -II: stout'ness, n. -nes, the condition of being 
stout; strength; bulkiness : stout-built or stout- 
made, a. having a strong frame ef body: stout- 
hearted, a. brave. 

stove, n. stov (AS. stofa, a stove, a bath : Dut. stoof, 
a stove: It. stufa; old F. estuve,a, stove, a hot bath), 
ahothouse; an enclosed fireplace for heating an apart- 
ment ; a room or space artificially warmed ; a cooking 
apparatus : v. to heat or dry, as in a stove : sto'ving, 
iiii)).: stoved, pp. stovd. 

stove, v. stov (pt. of stave 1, which see), broken or 
burst in, as a hole in a ship. 



stover, n. sto'-ver (old F. estover, necessity, pro- 
visions), fodder for cattle ; straw or coarse hay. 

stow, v. sto (Dan. stuve; Dut. stouwen; Ger. stauen, 
to thrust wares together in packing : Gr. steibein, to 
tread tight : L. stipare, to pack together), to place ; to 
lay up ; to arrange and pack: stow'ing, imp.: stowed, 
pp. stod: stowage, n. sto'-aj, act or operation of laying 
compactly ; room for being laid up ; money paid for 
slowing goods. 

strabismus, n. stru-blz'-mils (L. strabo, one who 
squints strongly: It. strabismo; F. strabisme, the act 
i >f squinting), in rued., squinting; a defect of vision 
in which both eyes cannot be directed to the same 
object. 

straddle, v. strtid'-dl (Dut. strijden; Ger. streiten; 
Icel. strida, to contend, to oppose: AS. strcede, a 
stride : Dan. strede, to set the feet apart for the pur- 
pose of resistance), to place one's self astride; to 
stand or walk with the legs far apart ; to walk wide 
and awkwardly: n. the act of standing, sitting, or 
walking with feet unusually far apart; the distance 
between the feet of one who straddles: strad'dling, 
imp. -dllng-. a;., iamiiie situ the legs 

unusually far apart : straddled, pp. strdd'-dld. 

straggle, v. strdg'-gl (from the figure of a broken rat- 
tling noise : Bret, strakla, to crackle ; stragel, a rattle 
to frighten birds : Low Ger. strukeln, to stumble), to 
move irregularly in varying directions; to separate 
from the regular line of inarch ; to rove ; to shoot or 
extend too far: strag'gling, imp. -gllng: adj. wan- 



•ho wanders from the, regular line of march, 
or from his companions ; a wanderer ; anything that 
stands single. 
" t, a. 

"k, str^_ _. 

right line; direct; not crooked; upright: ad. imme- 
diately; directly: straighfly, ad. -II, not crookedly; 
ii 'el, eio elj straight'ness, n. -nes, the quality or 
state of being straight; rectitude: straighten, v. 
strdt'-n, to make straight : straight'ening, imp. 
-nlng : straightened, pp. strat'-nd: straightener, n. 
strdt'-ner, that which straightens: straightfor'ward, 
a. proceeding in a straight course; not deviating: 
straightfor'wardness, n. direction in a straight 
course ; undeviating rectitude : straight'way, ad. 
-wa, or ways, -tvaz, immediately ; without delay : 
straight-edge, a strip of wood or metal with at least 
one side perfectly straight, for ascertaining whether a 
surface is even: straight-lined, a. having or consist- 
ing of straight lines. 

straiks, n. plu. straks (from Eng. streak: Dan. streg, 
a stripe, a line), plates of iron placed over the joints 
of the felly of a cannon-wheel. 

strain, v. stran (old F. estraindre, to strain—from 
L. strinaere, to squeeze, to wring), to extend with 
great effort; to injure or weaken by stretching or 
overtasking ; to put to the utmost strength ; to make 
strait or tense ; to make violent efforts ; to press or 
squeeze, as in an embrace; to purify by passing 
through a filter or some porous substance ; to filter ; 
n. a violent effort ; an injury by excessive exertion ; 
the force exerted on a substance tending to cause it 
to rupture or break ; continued manner of speaking 
or writing ; a song ; part of a tune or musical composi- 
tion; manner of speech or action; tendency: strain'- 
ing, imp.: adj. making great efforts ; filtering: n. the 
:e line totheutmo b stretch; the act of filter- 
ing: strained, pp. <irnml: adj. stretched; filtered: 
strain'er, n. -er, a filter for liquids : straining-piece, 
in building, a piece of timber to keep apart other 
two pieces. 

strain, n. stran (AS. sfriin n >i , to a (■•quire, to procreate ; 
strynd, stock: prov. Eng. strene, shoot of a tree, pro- 
geny), race; blood; breeding; character; hereditary 
disposition; in Scot., resemblance of the features, as 
he has a strain of his grandfather — that is, he re- 
sembles him. 

strait, a. strut (old F. estroit; It. sfretto, narrow: L. 
strictum , to draw tight), narrow ; confined ; not broad ; 
close ; difficult ; rigorous ; avaricious : n. a narrow 
passage of water between two seas or oceans ; distress ; 

difficulty— often .-/i, narrowly; 

closely; strictly: strait'ness, n. -nes, the state or 
quality of being strait ; narrowness ; want ; scarcity : 
strait-laced, a. stiff; constrained; scrupulous: strait- 
jacket or strait-waistcoat, a contrivance for confin- 
ing the arms of a lunatic or violent person : straiten, 



mate, mdt, far, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, move; 



STEA 



619 



STEE 



to contract: to confine; to press with 
poverty or other necessity: straitening, imp. -ning: 
straitened, pp. strat'nd. 

strake. n. strak (from Eng. streak, -which see), a 
narrow board or plank ; the tire or iron band of a 
■wheel; in to ;. the term for a line 

of planking extending from the stem to the stem. 

stramash, n. strd-m ash' (F. tstramacon, a quarter- 
staff, a blow: It. stramazzo, a stretching blow, a 
violent fall), in Scot., a disturbance; a broil: v. prov. 
Eno., to strike ; to beat : to destroy. 

stramineous, a. strd-yniii'-e-us (L. stramineus, made 
of straw), in hot., straw-coloured; strawy. 

stramony, n. strdm'-o-ni, also stramonium, n. strd- 
mo'-ni-iim (F. and new L. stramonium, stramonium), 
the thorn-apple, whose leaves and seeds are used 
medicinally. 

strand, n. sfrdnd (Icel. strand, border, edge: Sw. 
rand, border, margin: Norm, strind, a row, a line), 
the shore or beach of a sea, an ocean, or of a large 
lake : v. to drive or force on a shore or on shallows ; 
to run aground, as a ship: stranding, imp.: strand'- 
ed, pp. 

strand, n. strand (old H. Ger. streno; Ger. strdhn, 
the strand of a rope), one of the strings of which a 
rope is composed. 

strange, a. stranj (old F. estrange/ It. strano; 
strange: L. extraneus, foreign— from extra, on the 
outside), foreign ; not before known ; new ; wonder- 
ful; unusual; rarely met with: strangely, ad. -II: 
strangeness, n. -nis, the condition of being strange; 
reserve ; coldness ; the power of exciting surprise : 
stranger, n. strdn'-jer, a foreigner; one who is un- 
known : a visitor ; one not admitted to friendship or 
fellowship: strange-looking, a. having an odd or un- 
usual look 

strangle, v. strdng'gl (L. sfrangvlo; Gr. strangga- 
lao, I throttle, I suffocate: old F. strangukr, to 
strangle), to suffocate; to choke; to destroy life by so 
compressing the throat as to stop respiration ; to sup- 
press at first appearance : strangling, imp. -gling .- 



11. -gler, one who strangles: strangles, n. plu. strung- 
gh, a disease of horses in which tuna'tirs form in the 
throat under the jaw: stran'gulated, a. -gil-ld-ted, in 
surg., having the circulation stopped in any pan by 
compression; in hot., contract d and expanded'irresru- 
larly : stran'gula'tion, n. -Id'- shun, the act of destroy- 
ing life by stopping respiration ; the state of being 
strangled ; that kind of suffocation common to women 
- : strangury, n. -gu-ri, in surg., difficult 
and painful urination: strangurious, &. str&ng-gu'- 
/-i-e:-, affected with or resembling strangury. 

strap, n. strdp (Dut. strop, a noose : Sw. stropp, a 
tie. a trap: Bav. strupfen, a strap, a noose: L. stru- 
pus, a thong: Gr. st/r round, a cord; 

strophos, a twisted band), a long narrow piece of lea- 
ther; a thong; an iron plate for connecting two or 
more timbers, to which it is bolted or screwed : v. to 
fasten or bind with a strap ; to punish with a strap : 
strapping, imp.: strapped, pp. strdpi : strap-shaped, 
a. in bot., in length about six times its own breadth: 
strap per, n. -er, one who uses a strap. 

strapping, a. strap-ping (Bret, strapa, to make a 
noise: It. strappare, to tear away with violence), 
houncing ; bulky ; tall and stout ; lusty. 

strass, m strds (from the name of its German in- 
ventor), a colourless glass used as the base of artificial 
gems. 

strata, the plu. of stratum, which see. 

stratagem, n. strat-d-jem (L. and Gr. sfrategema, a 
piece of generalship— from Gr. stratos, an army, and 
ago, Head: F. stratagems), a plan or scheme for de- 
ceiving an enemy, especially in war : a trick with the 
view of gain j*e; deceit; imposition: 

strat'egetlcs, n. plu. -e-jit'-il:~\ the science of military 
movements; generalship: strategic, a. strd-tej'-lk, 
also strateg icai. a 4,-k -- pert, to or done by strat- 
agem: strategically, ad. -II: strategist, n. strdf-e- 
jist, one skilled in strategy: strat'egy, n. -jl, the 
science of conducting complicated military move- 
ments : strategical point, every point on the theatre 
of war which conduces to strengthen the line of opera- 
tion or of communication. 

strath, n. strath (Gael, srath, a plain beside a river), 
in Scot, a valley of considerable extent through which 
a river runs. 

strathspey, n. str&th-spa (from the district in Scot. 
cdiv, bdu,fobt; pure, bud; chair, 



where first used), a lively Scottish dance; a lively 
tune ori_inallv used in the dance. 

stratify, n. s'rdt-i-jl lit. stratifieo.re; F. stratifier, 
to stratify— from L. s'tro.tum. the tiling spread, a cov- 
ering, and facio. I niakeh to lay or place in beds or 
layers ; to arrange in beds : stratifying, imp.: strat'- 
ified, pp. -fid: adj. in geol, composed of layers or 
beds of rock-matter: strat ifica'tion, n. -kd'-sh'un, the 
act or process of arran_i; g in be Is <>r lawrs: strat- 
iform, a. -fawrm (L. stratum, the thing spread, and 
forma, a shape), in lavers or beds: strat igraph'ical, 
'a.-araf-i-kdHGr. grapho, I write), the arra ag 
classification of anv remains ad : 

.. - rust to which they belong. 

stratocracy, n. strd-tok'-rd-sl (Gr. stratos, an army, 
and kratos, strength), a military government: stra- 
ton'ic, a. -ton'-'.k. of or relating to an army: stra- 

■toi-rd-ji (Gr. grapho, I writei. a dc-crii tion of what 
belongs to an army: strat ograph leal, a. -o-grdj'-i- 
kdl, of or pert. to. 

stratum, n. sird'-'fun. plu. stra'ta, -td (L. stratum. 

the thing spread out, a bed, a layer), in • '.. a bed; 

_■•>: extent of rock or other earthy sub- 



strains, n. -tus, an extensive flat cloud in strata or 
layers. 

straw, n. 5- ~ — ■ • Ger. stroll ; Dut. sfroo; 

Icel. stra, what is strewed to lie on, litter), the stalks 
or stems of corn after being th] -' d,asa bundle or 
heap of straw— usually in the singular form with a 
plural sense; a single stalk or straw; anything pro- 
verbially worthless : adj. made of straw, or consisting 
of it: v. to cover with straw; to strew, which see: 
straw'ing, imp. : strawed, pp. strawd .- strawy, a. 
stran-'-i, made or consisting of straw; like straw: 
straw-coloured, a. of the colour of straw: straw- 
berry, a well-known creeping plant and its fruit— pro- 
bably so called from the stroui->g character of its run- 
ners : man of straw, the old clothes of a man stuffed 
with straw ; an imaginary person ; a person of little 
or no means or substance. 

stray, v. strd (mid. L. t.rtrarius; old F. estrayer, a 
stranger, a bean that lias lost its master— from L. 
extra, on the outside), to wander, as from a known 
road or place, from a company, or from proper limits ; 
to ramble; to err; to go at large: adj. having gone 
astray; wandering: n. an animal " ' 



wandered : 
straying, imp.: n. act of going astray: strayed, 
strayer, n. .-trd'->->; one who strays. 

streak, n. strek (Low Ger. stnke/ Dan. streg, a 
streak, a stripe: Ger. stretch; Dut. streke, a line 
marking the course of a blow), a line or long mark of 
colour different from the ground; in min., that ap- 
pearance which the surface of a mineral presents when 
scratched by a hard instr., or the appearance which a 
mineral leaves on a rough porcelain slab when forcibly 
drawn or stroked along its surface; in bot., a straight 
line formed by a vein, by colour, or by indentation ; a 
range of planks running fore and aft on a vessel's 
side— also called a strake: v. to variegate with lines 
of a different colour ; to stripe : streak'ing, imp. : 
streaked, pp. strekt, marked with lines of a different 
colour: streaky, a. strek'- 1, variegated with lines of a 
different colour. 

stream, n. strem (Icel. straumr; Dut. stroom,- Ger. 
strom, a stream : Ir. sreamh, a spring), a current of 
water or of a liquid ; anything issuing or proceeding 
in a line or continuous body, as gas, air, light, a mul- 
titude of people, &c; a river; anything moving on- 
wards in a continuous course : v. to move onwards in 
a continuous course ; to flow, as a liquid ; to pour out 
in abundance; to pour; to send forth: streaming, 
imp.: adj. flowing in ; emitting a stream of anything : 
streamed, pp. strcmd: stream'er, n. -er, that which 
streams or floats; a flag or pennon floating in the 
■wind: stream'ers, n. plu. -ens, popular name for the 
aurora borealis : stream'y, a. 4, abounding with 
water: streamlet, n. -let, a little stream: stream- 
anchor, a ship's anchor lighter than the bower-anchor: 
stream-ice, a continued ridge of pieces of ice running 
in a particular direction : stream-tin, rolled frag- 
ments of tin-stone, found mingled with gravel, &c, 
in the gullies and water-courses of Cornwall : stream- 
works, workings in the loose clays, gravels, sands, &c, 
which cover the valleys of a country, and from which 
the metal or ore is obtained by repeated washings. 

street, n. stret (Dut. straete; Ger. strasse; It. 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



STRE 



620 



STRO 



strada, a paved way: L. stratum, a pavement), any i 
way or road in a town or city lined with houses on one 
or both sides : street-crossing, a carefully-paved part 
of a street for foot-passengers crossing from one side 
to the other : street-door, the front or entrance door 
of a house : street-walker, a common prostitute. 

strength, n. strength (fromEng. strong: AS". Strang; 
Icel. strangr; Dut. streng, strong, rigid), the muscular 
power or energy which animals can exert at will; so- 
lidity ; quality of sustaining or resisting the applica- 
tion of external force ; power or vigour of any kind ; 
power of mini] ; support; spirit; animation; quality 
of affecting bodies, or of producing sensible effects on 
them; richness in any character or ingredient, as 
alcohol in wine; amount of force; military force: 
strength less, a. -Ids, without strength : strengthen, 
v. -6n, to add strength to ; to grow stronger ; to fix 
in resolution ; to invigorate ; to confirm : strength- 
ening, imp. : n. process by which anything is strength- 
ened: strengthened, pp. -end: strength'ener, n. -en- 
er, one who or that which strengthens : on or upon 
the strength of, in reliance upon ; in confidence im- 
parted. 

strenuous, a. stren'-a-ns (L. siren" us, active, vigor- 
ous : Gr. strenes, rough, noisy : It. strenuo), energetic ; 
vigorous; eager aief active ; bold: strenuously, ad. 
•II: stren'uousness, n. -nes, the condition or quality of 
being strenuous; eagerness; activeuess; zeal. 

stress, n. stres (old F. estroissir; F. etricir, to 
straiten: L. stringere, to squeeze, to strain), force ; 
pressure ; importance ; urgency; force either acting or 
suffered; compulsion. 

stretch, v. strech (old H. Ger. strac, stiff: AS. strec- 
can; Dut. strecken, to make tight), to draw out to 
greater length ; to spread ; to expand ; to strain be- 
yond the truth: n. extension in length or breadth ; 
effort ; utmost extent or reach ; course ; direction : 
stretching, imp. : n. the act of one who or that which 
stretches: stretched, pp. strecht: adj. extended; 
made tense : stretch'er, n. -er, one who or that which 
stretches ; a piece of timber to keep other pieces ex- 
tended ; a brick or stone with its longer surface placed 
lengthwise in the face of a wall ; a frame for carrying 
a person lying flat or slightly raised ; a litter ; an in- 
str. for making boots or gloves somewhat easier. 

strew, v. sir 6 or stro (Goth, straujan; old H. Ger. 
streuuan; AS. streowian ; iced, stra; L. sternere, to 
strew), to scatter; to spread about loosely: strew'- 
ing, imp.: strewed, pp. strod: same as strow. 

striae, n. plu. stri'e (plu. of L. stria, a furrow, a 
channel), fine thread-like lines or streaks : stri'ate, a. 
•at, or stri'ated, a. -ted, marked or impressed with 
thread-like lines; channelled; streaked: striation, 
u. stri-a'xliiln, state of being streaked or lined. 

stricken, a. strik'-n (see strike), smitten ; advanced ; 
far gone. 

strickle, n. strlk'-l (from strike), an instr. to strike 
grain to a level with the measure ; a strike ; a stone 
for whetting scythes ; an instr. used in the moulding 
of pipes— also spelt strikle and strickler. 

strict, a. strikt (L. strictus, drawn together, bound 
or tied tight: old F. stret; F. strict, strict), severe; 
rigorous; governing by exact rules; confined; accu- 
rate; not loose or lax: strictly, ad. -li: strict'ness, 
n. -nes, the condition or quality of being strict ; close- 
ness; exactness in the observance of laws, rites, and 
the like; nice regularity or precision ; harshness; se- 
verity : stricture, n. strik'tur or -chobr, a glance ; a 
touch of criticism ; a critical remark ; in med., a spas- 
modic or morbid contraction of any passage of the 
body: stric'tured, a. -turd, in surg., affected with 
stricture. 

stride, n. strld (Icel. strida; Dan. stride, to con- 
tend, to struggle with : Low Ger. striden, to contend, 
to stride : AS. strcede, a stride), a long step : v. to walk 
with long steps ; to stand with the legs far apart ; to 
pass over at a step : stri'ding, imp. : strode, pt. strod, 
also strid, pt. strld, walked with long steps : stridden, 
pp. strid'-n. 

stridulous, a. strid'u-lus (L. stridulus, creaking : It. 

:, I'Oiin), uial Lng a small harsh noise; hissing; creak- 
ing. 

strife, n. strlf (old F. estrif, contention : Icel. strida, 
to contend : Ger. streben, to strive, to make efforts : 
Low Ger. streven, to exert force), contention for su- 
periority; discord; contention in anger or enmity; 
conflict; quarrel; war: strife'ful, a -fool ■ i m ■,,.. 
discordant. 

strigse, n, plu. stri'je (plu. of L. striga, a row or ridge 



left in ploughing), in arch,, the flutings of a column ; 
in hot., little, upright, unequal, stiff hairs swelled at 
their liases : stri'gose, a. -gOs, covered with strigaj. 

strike, v. strik (Gael, strac, a loud or crashing 
sound : Ger. streich ; Dut. streke ; Icel. strik, a stroke, 
a blow), to give a blow to ; to hit with some force ; to 
make an attack ; to act upon in any way, as by a blow ; 
to dash; to acton by beati igainsl to notify by 
sound ; to sound, as a bell ; to coin or mint ; to lower 
or take down, as a sail or flag ; to ratify, as a bargain ; 
to alarm ; to surprise ; to affect suddenly in any par- 
ticular manner ; to refrain from work in a body, as 
workmen for the redress of some grievance, or for the 
increase of wages : n. a measure ; a flat piece of wood 
i" awihu; i i :ipi^d. in tlie measune ; a, cessation 
from work for higher wages, or on account of some 
grievance, by workmen ; in geol., the direction or line 
of outcrop of any stratum, which is always at right 
angles to its dip : stri'king, imp.: adj. all'ecting; sur- 



far gone : striker, n. stri'-ker, one who strikes ; a sea- 
man's name for a harpoon ; in Scrip., a quarrelsome 
man : strikingly, ad. -li .- to strike a jury, to con- 
stitute a jury by each party striking out a certain 
number of names from a prepared list : to strike a 
ledger or an account, to balance it : to strike for, 
to start suddenly on a course for: to strike hands 
with, to make a compact or agreement by gripping or 
shaking hands : to strike in, to join or enter sud- 
denly : to strike off, to separate by a blow ; to erase ; 
to deduct ; to print ; to strike out, to blot out ; to 
efface ; to devise ; to form by sudden effort ; to wan- 
der : to strike sail, to take in sail ; to cease to ad- 
vance ; to make no further progress : to strike up, to 
begin to sing or play : stricken in years, being of an 
advanced age. 

string, n. string (AS. streng; Icel. strengr; Ger. 
strung, a cord, a string: It. stringa, a lace, a tie: L. 
striugo, I draw tight), a line or cord; a tape or ribbon 
used in fastening; twine; the chord of a musical 
instr. ; a small fibre ; a nerve ; a tendon ; a set or 
line of things ; a series : v. to furnish with strings ; to 
put upon a string; to fill: stringing, imp.: n. strings 
collectively: strung, pt. or pp. strung: stringed, a. 
stringd, furnished with strings; produced by strings : 
stringy, a. strlng'4, consisting of small threads; 
fibrous; ropy; viscid: string'iness, n. -nes, state of 
being stringy: stringless, a. -lis, having no strings: 
stringer, n. -er, one who strings: string-board, a 
board which faces the well-hole of a staircase, and 
receives the ends of the steps : string-course, a line of 
mouldings running along the face of a building: 
string-halt, among horses, &c, lameness arising from 
some defect in the muscles of the hough ; a sudden 
twitching of the hinder leg of a horse. 

stringent, a. strin'jent (L. stringens, drawing tight : 
Gr. stranggo, 1 ■ < ■ <\ < • <\ ' . mding strong- 

ly ; severe ; rigid ; urgent : strin'gently, ad. -li : strin- 
gency, n. -jen-si, the act of binding strongly; ur- 
gency ; severe pressure. 

strip, v. strip (Low Ger. stripe; Dut. strepe ; Ger. 
streif, a strip or long narrow portion), to pull or tear 
off; to make bare or naked by depriving of a cover- 
ing ; to make destitute ; to plunder : n. a narrow slip, 
such as is stripped off at a blow ; a shred : strip'ping, 
imp.: stripped, pp. strlpt: stripper, n. -per, one who 
strips. 

stripe, n. strip (from strip, which see : It. strap/pare, 
to pluck or tear away with violence : Swiss, strapen, 
to pull off), a long narrow slip of anything attached 
to something of a different colour ; a long narrow " 
or mark of a different shade or colour ; a mark n 
with a lash or whip : plu. in Scrip. , punishment ; ~ 
tion : v. to form or variegate with stripes ; " " 
with lines of different colours; to beat: ' 
fcriped, pp. stript. 

stripling, n. strip-ling (from strip, which see: 
Norm, strik, a streak, a tall thin youth), one strip- 
shaped ; a young person ; a lad. 

strive, v. striv (from strife, which see : old F. < 
trif, contention : Icel. strida, to contend : Low Ger. 
streven, to exert force), to endeavour earnestly; to 
labour hard ; to struggle in opposition to another ; to 
contend in emulation : stri'ving, imp. : n. a contest : 
strove, pt. strov, laboured hard : striven, pp. striv'-n: 
striver, n. stri'-ver, one who strives. 

strobile, n. strob'il, also strobllus, n. -i-lus (Gr. 
strobilos, anything shaped like a top), in hot., a mul- 




mate, mat, far, Icuu; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



STRO 6: 

tiple fruit in the form of a cone or head, as that of 
the hop or pine: strobiliform, a. strO-bil'-i-hucrm (L. 
forma, shape), shaped like a strobile : strobilites, 
n. plu. strob'-i-llts, in geol., certain coniferous cones 
occurring in the coal and other formations. 

strocal, n. stro'-kal, also stroekle, n. strO'kl, among 
glas?m:ikcrs, a tool like a shovel for emptying the 
chests of metal into the pots. 

strode, v. strod— see stride. 

stroke, n. st rok (from strike, which see : Gael, strac, 
a loud or crashing noise : Dut. streke, a blow), a blow ; 
any sudden or fatal attack, as of disease ; a touch ; a 
dash ; a masteriy effort ; the touch of a pencil ; the 
sweep of an oar ; the upward and downward motion 
of the piston of a steam-engine : strokesman, n. stroks' 
man. in roicing, the man whose stroke leads the rest : 
stroke of grace, the finishing-stroke that ends the life 
of a criminal executed by breaking on the wheel ; in the 
judicial combats of mediaeval times, the stab given to 
put an end to the life of the vanquished. 

stroke, v. struk (Ger. streichen, to graze or touch 
lightly: Low Ger. straken, to stroke), to rub gently in 
one direction ; to graze or touch lightly ; to soothe ; to 
smooth: stroking, imp.: n. the act of rubbing gently 
with the hand: stroked, pp. strokt. 

stroll, v. strut (Swiss, strolen, to rove about: prov. 
Dan. strelle, to stroll: Ger. straht, a ray, a spirt of 
water), to walk idly and leisurely ; to ramble or wan- 
der on foot : n. a walk taken leisurely ; a ramble : 
strolling, imp.: adj. vagrant; itinerant : strolled, pp. 
strOld: stroller, n. -lir, one who strolls; a vagabond. 

stroma, n. stro'ma (Gr. stroma, anything spread out 
for resting, a stratum), in aunt., anything spread in- 
laid out for resting upon; the tissue which affords 
mechanical support: stro matol ogy, n. -tol'-o-jl (Gr. 
logos, discourse), the history of the formation of the 
stratified rocks. 

strombuliform, a. strom-bu'-K-faTurm (L. strombus, 
a shell spirally twisted like a screw, and forma, shape), 
in geol., formed like a top. 

stromnite.n. strom'-nlt (from Stromness, in Orkney), 
carbonate of strontian, a mineral occurring in yellow- 
ish-white or semi-transparent masses. 

strong, a. strong (AS. strung; Icel. sfrangr : Dut. 
strung, rough, rigid, strong), bavin- great strength or 
ability of body; having moral, intellectual, or mate- 
rial force ; vigorous ; healthy ; muscular ; robust ; 
having the power of exerting great force ; forcible ; 



not easily overthrown or altered ; fortified ; denoting 
military strength or number, as a thousand strong: 
strong ly, ad. -II, powerfully ; forcibly : strong-box, a 
chest or safe for valuables : strong-minded, a. having 
a vigorous or determined mind : strong-set, a. com- 
pacted or firmly set : strong-hand, force ; violence ; 
power: stronghold, a fortress : any place of refuge or 
strength. 

strontia, n. strdn-shl-d, also strontian, n. -an, and 
strontites, n. stron-tl'-tez (from Strontian, in Argyll- 
shire), one of the alkaline earths, a greyish-white 
powder having an acid burning taste,' used in the 
form of powder in fireworks to give a red colour to 
flame : strontit'ic, a. -tlt'-ik, of or pert, to stron- 
tia: strontianite, n. stron'shi-dn-it, the carbonate of 
strontia, a mineral of an apple-green or yellowish- 
brown colour, occurring in variously-modified hexahe- 
dral prisms, and in fibrous granular masses : stron'- 
tium, n. -iim, the metallic base of strontia. 

strop, n. strop (from strap, which see : Sw. stropp, 
a strap: It. stroppo, an osier to bind fagots: L. stru- 
pus, a thong), a strip of leather, or flat prepared sub- 
stance, on which razors are sharpened : v. to sharpen 
on a strop : strop'ping, imp. : stropped, pp. strdpt. 

strophe, n. strof-e (Gr. strophe, a turning : It. strofa: 
F. strophe), among the ancients, that part of a song or 
dance which \ . ■ • • ■■■) • < _ from the right 

to the left of the orchestra ; the first of two stanzas : 
stroph'ic, a. -Ik, pert, to stroph'es, -ez. 

strophiole, n. strof-l-Ol (L. <tr<>i>lii>Anm, a little gar- 
land or chaplet— from strophium, a band or wreath), 
in bot., a swollen fungus-like excrescence on the sur- 
face of some seeds about the hilum : stroph'iolate, a. 
-o-lat, also stroph'iolated, a. -la-ted, furnished with 
a garland, or its resemblance; in bot., having little 
fungus-like excrescences around the hilum. 

strophodus, n. strof-o-diis (Gr. strophdo, I twist, 



II STUB 

and actons, a tooth), in geol., a genus of long, flat, 
shark-like teeth, having a twisted appearance "on the 

strophulus, n. strof-u-lUs (mid. L. strophulus- -from 

\\: strujihos, a twisted band or cord), in med., a papu- 
ir eruption of various species and forms, peculiar to 

stroud, n. strotcd, a kind of coarse blanket used by 
the N. Amer. Indians : stroud'ing, n. a kind of coarse 
cloth employed in trading with the N. Amer. In- 
dians : strouds, n. plu. among seamen, the several 
twists at the end of a cable or rope. 

strove, v. strov, pt. of strive, which see. 

strow, v. stro, same as strew, which see : strowed, 
t. st'-od: strown, pp. stron. 

struck, v. struk, pt. of strike, which see. 

structure, n.struk-tur or -clidor (L. structura.^fittmg 
together, construction — from sfructum, to pile up: F. 
structure), manner of building ; make ; form ; manner 
of organisation; a building of any kind; an edifice; 
that form or condition in which the component parts 
of minerals or rock-masses are arranged, as in a gran- 
ite quarry we find the rock arranged in large tabular 
or square-like masses— tc.ctun referring to the manner 
in which the component particles are internally ar- 
ranged, as we find a piece of granite hard, close- 
grained, and crystalline : structural, a. -tur-al, of or 
pert, to structure. 

struggle , v. strug-gl (a word representing broken con- 
fused movement : old Eng. scruggle, to writhe or strug- 
gle: Dut. struikelen; Low Ger. struketn : Ger. strauch- 
eln, to stumble), to use violent efforts with twist ings of 
the body; to use great efforts or exertions ; to strive; 
to contend; to labour hard: n. violent efforts, with 
t wistings of the body ; great efforts to attain an object 
or to avoid an evil; contest; contortions of extreme 
distress: struggling, imp. -gling: adj. making great 
efforts; affected with contortions: n. vehement or 
earnest effort : struggled, pp. strug'-gld : strug'gler, n. 
-gler, one who struggles. 

strum, v. strum (Or. strampfen, to make a clatter- 
ing motion with the feet : Bohem. ssionar, a bad player 
on the fiddle : It. st rim pel I a re, to scrape or play badly 
on an instr.), to thump or make a noise ; to play badly 
on an instr. ; to play in a coarse noisy way, as on a 
piano: strum 'ming, imp.: n. the persevering practice 
of a learner on a stringed instr. : strummed, pp. 
s/rnmil. 

struma, n. stro'ma (L. struma, a scrofulous tumour: 
It. struma), a diseased state characterised by a tend- 
ency to a swelling of the glands in various parts of the 
body; a scrofulous swelling or tumour; scrofula or 
king's evil; in bot., a cellular swelling at the point 
where a leaflet joins the midrib: stru'mous, a. -?niis, 
also strumatic, a. stro-mat'-lk, having struma; scrof- 
ulous. 

strumpet, n. strum'plt (old F.strupre; L. stuprum, 
concubinage), a prostitute. 

strung, v. strung, pt. and pp. of string, which see. 

strut, v. strut (Ger. strotzen, to be swollen or puffed 
out: Dan. strude, to stick out: Low Ger. strutt, rigid, 
stiff), to walk with affected dignity: n. a lofty proud 
step or walk with the head erect ; affected dignity in 
walking : strutting, imp.: n. the act of walking in an 
affected manner: strut'ted, pp.: strutter, n. -ter, one 
who struts : strut'tingly, ad. -II. 

strut, n. strUt (Sw. streta, a support: prov. Dan. 
sired, a strut), in arch., apiece of timber set slanting 
as a support to a beam. 

strychnine, n. strik'nin, also strych'nia, n. -ni-d 
(L. strychnos; Gr. struchnos, a kind of nightshade), a 
vegetable alkaloid, being the active principle of nux 
vomica, St Ignatius's beans, and snakewood, a deadly 
poison, but in minute quantities a most valuable 
medicine : strych'nic, a. -nlk, pert, to strychnine. 

stub, n. stub (Dut. stobbe; Low Ger. stubbe, stump 
of a tree: Dan. stub, stubble: Gael, stob, a stake or 
stump), the stump of a tree ; anything short and thick : 
v. to grub up by the roots ; to extirpate : stub'bing, 
imp.: stubbed, pp. stubd: adj. short and thick ; blunt; 
hardy: stubby, a. stiib-bi, abounding in stubs; short 
and thick: stub'biness, n. -nes, the state of being 
stubby: stub-end, in mech., the enlarged end of a 
connecting-rod to which the strap is fastened: stub- 
nail, a nail broken off; a short thick nail. 

stubble, n. stub'-bl (F. estouble; It. stoppia; Ger. and 
Dut. stoppel, the stubs of corn), the stumps or root- 
ends of corn left in the ground after the com has been 
cut down : stubbled, a. stub-bid, covered with stubble : 



cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



STUB 6: 

stubble-fed, a. fed among the fine natural grass which 
grows among stubble, as cows or geese. 

stubborn, a. .<to.ii'-l»' rn (from Eng. stub, and born), 
unbending, like a stub ; rigid ; obstinate ; inflexibly 
headstrong: stub'bornly, ad. -11: stub'bornness, n. 
-nes, obstinacy ; stiffness ; want of pliancy. 

stubby— see stub. 

stucco, n. stuk'ko (It. stucco; Sp. estuco, a kind of 
fine plaster), a fine plaster used for the outer coating 
of walls, or for internal decorations, made from lime 
and pounded gypsum or pulverised marble ; the white 
powder of calcined gypsum mixed with thiu glue, used 
extensively for making figures, ornaments, and casts : 
v. to cover or overlay with stucco : stuc'coing, imp. : 
stuc'coed, pp. -kod : adj. plastered with stucco : stuc'- 
coer, n. -er, one who stuccoes. 

stuck, v. stiik, pt. of stick, which see : stuck-up, a, 
stiffly and affectedly vain; self-important and puffed 
up. 

stud, n. stud (Ger. stead.?, a bush, a shrub: Dan. 
stod, a shock, a jolt: Ger. stutzen, to knock, to start), 
a knob or projecting head of a nail or button ; an or- 
namental knob ; a double-headed button removable at 
will ; a stay ; a prop : v. to adorn with studs or knobs ; 
to set with projecting or prominent ornaments : stud'- 
ding, imp.: n. material for studs or joists ; joists, con- 
sidered collectively: stud'ded, pp. : studding-sails, 
narrow sails set at the outer edges of the square-sails 
when the wind is light. 

stud, n. stud (Dan. stod, a stud: Ger. stute, a mare: 
Pol. stndo, a collection of breeding-horses), a collection 
of breeding horses and mares: stud-horse, a breeding- 
horse ; a stallion. 

student, studied, studious— see study. 

studio, n. stu'di-6 (It. studio, study, a school— see 
study), an artist's study or workshop. 

study, n. stud'i (L. studium, application to a thing 
—from L. studeo, I am eager, I apply myself: It. stu- 
dio; F. itude, 1,1 plication of the mind or 
thoughts to a subject for the purpose of learning what 
was not before known ; deep attention ; any particular 
branch of learning on which the mind may be set in 
order to its acquirement ; subject of attention; a place 
devoted to study; in the ./me arts, a work undertaken 
for improvement: v. to fix the mind closely upon a 
subject in order to understand it ; to learn by applica- 
tion ; to dwell upon in thought ; to muse ; to apply 
the mind to; to consider attentively: stud'ying, 
imp. -i-lng: studied, pp. -id, closely examined in 
order to understand it ; well considered : adj. learned ; 
qualified by study; premeditated; thought out: stu- 
dent, n. stu'dent, a person engaged in study ; one pre- 
paring for a liberal profession by attending a univer- 
sity or great school; a scholar or learner: stu'dent- 
ship, n. state or time of being a student : stu'dious, a. 
-dl- us, devoted to the acquisition of knowledge from 
books ; thoughtful ; eager to discover something, or to 
effect some object ; diligent ; busy : stu'diously, ad. -li : 
stu'diousness, n. -nes, the quality of being studious. 

stufa, n. sto'-fd (It. stufa, a stove, a hothouse), a 
fissure or orifice in a volcanic district from which jets 
of steam issue, often at a temperature much above 
that of boiling water. 

stuff, n. stuf (Ger. stop/en, to fill up a cavity, to stop : 
F. estouper, to stop, to close: Low Ger. stoff, stuff, the 
choking material : Icel. stappa, to pound : Gr. steibo, 
I stamp or tread: L. mV ay collection of 

substances; materials of which •ii.-.'ri'in .■ - <■ 
the woven fabric of which clothes are made ; some- 
thing trifling or worthless: v. to fill very full; to 
crowd; to press; to cause to swell out by putting 
something in ; to thrust into ; to fill meat with season- 
ing ; to obstruct, as one of the organs ; to fill, as the 
skin of a dead animal for preserving its likeness ; to 
feed gluttonously : stuffing, imp. : n. that which is used 
for filling anything ; seasoning for meat : stuffed, pp. 
stuft : stuffer, n. sfuf'fer, one who stuffs : household 
stuff, the goods with which a housefis filled to fit it 
for occupation : stuffing-box, the packed arrangement 

■ ;i. ■ i i ■ . . j i i ir.i oi aemp oi india-rubber at the end of a 
piston-rod working in a cylinder, or where it passes 
through the cylinder cover, by which the part is ren- 
dered .•losi'-fitting and tight. 

stultify, v. stul'ti-fl (L. stultus, foolish, and facio, I 
make), to cause to appear foolish, unmeaning, or con- 
tradictory; to prove to be void of understanding: 
stultifying, imp.: stultified, pp. -fid: stul'tinca'- 
■■ / .'■/;.. 'urn : ii ■ :■<■■.'- .., ,■••! nig foolish. 

stum, n. stiim (Dut. stom, dumb, wine that has not 



2 STUR 

worked from being over-sulphured: Ger. stemmen, to 
stop), unfermented wine; must; wine revived by fer- 
menting anew ; doctoring stuff for wine generally : v. 
to renew or doctor -with stum: stum'ming, imp.: 
stummed, pp. stumd. 

stumble, v. stum'bl (Dut. stompen, to kick, to thrust : 
Bav. stumpen, to strike with the elbow : Norm, stumj<«, 
to stumble, to totter: prov. Dan. stumle, to strike the 
ground with the feet), to make a false step ; to strike 
the foot against an obstacle in walking; to slide into 
crime or error; to light on by chance: n. a trip in 
walking or running ; a blunder ; a failure : stum'bling, 
imp. : n. act of one who stumbles : stumbled, pp. 
st Am 'bid: stum'bler, n. -blir, one who stumbles: 
stum'blingly, ad. -bling-li: stumbling-block, that 
which causes a : , n hie or fall into error. 

stump, n. stump (Dut. stompe; Low Ger. stump, a 
stump: Dut. stompen; Bav. stumpen, to push, to 
thrust), the end remaining after something has been 
cut off; the remaining part of the branch of a tree 
after being cut down ; in cricket, one of a set of three 
rods or posts of wood which support the bails and 
constitute the wicket ; an artist's soft pencil or rub- 
ber : v. to lop ; to curtail ; to walk about heavily and 
clumsily ; to deliver electioneering speeches : stiunp'- 
ing, imp.: stumped, pp. stumpt: stumpy, a. stump'l, 
resembling a stump ; stoi : iiunp-orator, 

a man who harangues the multitude on a passing 
topic, generally political, from any temporary eleva- 
tion, as the stump of a tree : to stump out, in cricket, 
to knock down the stump or wicket before the batsman 
has reached it. 

stun, v. stun (AS. stunian, to resound, to dash: 
Ger. staunen, to lose the power of action), to stupefy 
with noise or with a blow ; to make senseless : stun'- 
ning.imp.: adj . i th noise ; astonishing : 

stunned, pp. stund: stunner, n. -tier, one who or that 
which stuns. 

stung, v. stung, pt. and pp. of sting, which see. 

stunk, v. stungk, pt. and pp. of stink, which see. 

stunt, v. stunt (Icel. stuttr, short: old Sw. stuff, 
docked, short: Ger. stutz, a stump; stutzen, to dock, 
to shorten), to hinder from growth or increase : stunt'- 
ing, imp.: stunt'ed, pp.: adj. hindered in growth; 
dwarfed: stunt'edness, n. -nes, the state of being 
stunted. 

stupe, n. stup (L. stupct; Gr. stupe, tow: allied to 
stuff), cloth or flax dipped in warm medicaments and 
applied to a sore or wound ; a fomentation : v. to dress 
with stupes; to foment: stu'ping, imp.: stuped, pp. 
stupt : stupa, n. sta'pa, in hot., a tuft or mass of bail- 
or fine filament matted together: stupose, a. stu-pos', 
having n tuft of hairs; composed of matted filaments. 

stupefy, v. stu'pe-fi, written also, but less properly, 
stu'pify (L. stupefieri, to make stupid or senseless— 
from stupeo, I am stupefied, and facio, I make : F. 
sfuprfier), to make stupid; to deprive of sensibility; 
to blunt or deaden, as the faculty of perception : stu'- 
pefying, imp.: stu'pefied, pp. -fid: stu'pefier, n. -fi- 
er, one who or that which stupefies : stu'pefac'tion, n. 
-fdk'-shun, a stupid or senseless state ; torpor; stupid- 
ity: stu'pefac'tive, a. -tiv, tending to cause insensi- 
bility. 

stupendous, a. sfu-pen'dils (L stupendus, stunning, 
astonishing— from stupeo, I am stunned or stupefied), 
overcoming the senses by its vastness ; amazing ; 
wonderful ; of astonishing magnitude : stupendously, 
ad. -II: stupen'dousness, n. -nes, the quality or state 
of being stupendous. 

stupid, a. stu'-pid (L. d— from stu- 

peo, I am stupefied : F. stupide, stupid), deficient in 
understanding; dull; senseless; sluggish of appre- 
hension; done without the proper exercise of-""" 
or judgment; foolish: stupidity, n. stu-pld'-l- 
stu'pidness, n. -nes, extreme dulness of undr - 
ingf slu-gishness: stu'pidly, ad. -li: stupor, _ 

pur, a state of body in > ither wh< . 

partially suspended; torpor; insensibility; extreme 
amazement or astonishment; moral stupidity. 

stupify— see stupefy. 

stupose— see stupe. 

sturdy, a. ster'di (Bret, stard, firm, solid : Icel. stirdr, 
stiff, nnl lending), stout; strong; hardy ; bluntly obsti- 
nate ; laid on with strength, as strokes: sturdily, ad. 
■di-ll: stur'diness, n. -nes, stoutness; hardiness. 

sturdy, n. ster'-di (Gael, stuird, a disease in sheep : 
It. stordire, to make dizzy or giddy in the head: W. 
twrdd, noise, stir), a disease in sheep characterised by 
dulness and stupor. 




mate, mat, far, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, mOve; 



STUB 



623 



SUBC 



sturgeon, n. sterj'dn (F. esturgeon; Sp. esturion; 

. old H. Ger. sturio: AS. styria, a stur- 
geon), a large cartilaginous fish which, like the sal- 
mon, ascends rivers for the purpose of spawning, 
several species yielding caviare and isinglass : sturio- 
nian, a. stiVrl-O'nl-an, pert, to the sturgeon family 
of fishes, called sturio nians or stu'rio'nii, -I. 

stutter, v. stut'ttr (Low Ger. stotem ; Ger. stottern, 
to stutter: Swiss, dudern, to stammer), to speak im- 
perfectly with broken efforts of the voice ; to hesitate 
in uttering words: n. hesitation in speaking; the 
broken efforts of the voice in imperfect speech : stut'- 
tering, imp.: adj. hesitating; stammering: n. act of 
stammeriug: stut'tered, pp. -terd: stutterer, n.-tcr- 
er, one who hesitates or stammers in uttering words : 
stut teringly, ad. -It. 

sty, n., also stye, n. stl (Norm, stigje; Low Ger. 
stieg, a pustule at the corner of the eye), an inflamed 
tumour on the edge of the eyelid. 

sty, n. stl (Icel. sti: Dan. sti, a sty: Russ. stoilo, a 
place for one beast to stand in), an enclosure for swine : 
any place extremely filthy : v. to shut up in a sty : 
sty'ing, imp.: stied, pp. stld. 

Stygian, a. sti.hi-an (L. Styx; Gr. Shut, a river in 
the infernal i -wore), pert, to 

Styx: hell sh: 

stylagalmaic, a. sti'ld-g Uma'fk (Gr. stulos, a pillar, 
a column, and agalma, an image), in arch., perform- 
ing the office of columns, as figures. 

style, n. stll iL. stylus, a -take, a pale, a style for 
writing: F. style, a writing-pen: Ger. styl, style), dis- 
tinctive manner of writing in regard to the use of 
language and the choice of words ; phraseology ; pe- 
culiar mode of expression and execution, as style of 
architecture; title; appellation: particular mode in 
conducting proceedings, as in a court of justice ; mode ; 
manner; fashion; among the ancient*, a pointed in- 
str. of bronze or iron for writing on tablets covered 
with wax ; the pin of a dial which projects the shadow ; 
in hot., the stalk interposed between the ovary and 
the stigma : v. to call ; to name ; to designate : sty'- 
ling, imp. naming: denominating: styled, pp. stlld : 
stylar, a. stl'ler, pert, to the gnomon of a dial : str- 
iate, a. -lat, a!s . stylifcrm, a. -llfawrm (L. forma, 
shape), resembling a style or pen ; pointed : sty'let, 
n. -let, a small-pointed poniard or dagger : stylish, a. 
-lish, showy; fashionable: stylishly^ ad. -II: stylite, 
n. -lit, in chic, times, one of a class of religious enthu- 
siasts who took up their abodes on the tops of columns 
or pillars: style of court, the practice observed by a 
court in its proceedings: new style— see new: old 
style— see old. 

stylobate, n. sti'ld-but (Gr. stulos, a pillar, and basis, 
abase), in arch., any basement on which columns are 
raised above the level of the ground ; a continuous 
pedestal on which several columns are raised. 

stylography, n. stl-lOg'-ra-fi (Gr. stulos; L stylus, a 
stake, a style, and Gr. grapho, I write), the art or 
mode of tracing lines with a pointed instr. on cards 
or tablets : stylograph Ic, a. -K-grtif* k, pert, to : sty'- 
lograph'ically, ad. -l-kdl-li -. styloid, a. -16yd (Gr. eidos, 
resemblance), having some resemblance to a style or 
pen; in anat., applied to a process of the temporal 
bone: stylopod, n. -lo-pod (Gr. pous, a foot— gen. 

: i.''--U ■■-■■- .■! ;.'.il ■■'! v....' 

styles of the umbelliferre. 

styptic, n. stlp'tlk (L. stypticus ; Gr. stuptikos, as- 
tringent—from Gr. stupho,"l contract: F. s+yptiqi'c), 
in med., a substance which checks local bleeding: 
adj. astringent ; having the property of restraining 
bleeding: stypticity, n. stlp-tis'i-tl, the quality of 
being astringent. 

styracine, n. stl'rd-sin (L. sfyrax; Gr. sturax, sto- 
rax), a crystalline substance obtah 

Styrian, n. stir'i-an, a native of Styria, in Austria : 
adj. pert. to. 

styrole, n. stl'rol (L. styrax, ?;> 
a peculiar oily substance"obtained from liquid storax. 

stythe, n. stlth, a miner's term for the stifling suf- 
focating odour of choke-damp that follows an explo- 
sion of fire-damp. 

Styx, n. sfflcs— see Stygian. 

suable, a. su'd-bl — see sue. 

suasion, n. su-a'zhun (L. suasum, to advise, to ex- 
hort), act of persuading or advising: sua'sive, a. -zlv, 
having the power to persuade : sua'sively, ad. -II. 

suavity, n. su-dv'4-H (L. suavitas, pleasantness— 
from suavis, sweet: F. suavite), agreeableness of 
manners ; pleasantness ; urbanity. 



sub, sub (L.), a prefix signifying " under" or "below"; 
beneath: sub denotes a less or inferior degree, or an 
imperfect state, of the quality expressed by the word 
before which it is placed : for the sake of euphony, the 
o in sub becomes c, f, g, m, p, or s, according to tho 
first letter of the other part of the word, as in suc- 
ceed, suffer, suggest, $«. plant, swstain: n. in 
familiar la - ■ one lower in rank. 

subacid, a. siib-as'ld (L. sub, under, and acid), 
moderately acid or sour : n. a substance moderately 

subacrid, a. sub-dk'rid (L. sub, under, and acrid), 

moderately pungent or acrid. 

subacute, a. siib'-d-kut' (L. sub, under, and acute), 
r>: degree. 

subaerial, a. sub'a-e'rl-dl{L. sub, under, and aerial), 
beneath the sky ; in the open air. 

subagent, n. sub-a'-jCnt (L. sub, under, and agent), 
a person employed by an agent to transact a part of 
his business. 

subah, n. sb'bd (Pers. and Hind.), a province or 
viceroyship. 

subahdar, n. s6'bd-ddr' (Pers. subah, a province, 
and ddr, holding, keeping), in India, a viceroy or 
governor of a province ; a native officer who ranks as a 
captain : suljahship, n. the jurisdict i< >; t if a subahdar. 

subaltern, n. siib-dl'tirn (It. suhult:rno; F. sub- 
alterne, an inferior officer— from L. sub, under, and 
alter, another), any military officer under the rank of 
a captain: adj. inferior; subordinate: sub'alter'- 
nate, a. -tCr'-naJ, successive; succeeding by turns : 
subal'terna'tion, n. -dl'-t-.r-na'-shun, succession by 
course. 

subangular, a, sub-dng'gu-ler (L. sub, under, and 
angular), slightly angular. 

sub-Apennines, n. plu. siib-dp'S-nlns (L. sub, under, 
and Apennines), in geoi., an extensive suit of older 
and newer Pliocene beds, which are amply developed 
along the whole extent of Italy on both flanks of the 
Apennines, and which form a line of low hills between 
the older chain and the sea. 

subaqueous, a. siib-d'kwB-us, also subaquatic, a. 
sfdi'a-ktrat'-lk (L. sub, under, and aqueous, also 
aquatic), being or lying under water ; found in or 
under water. 

subastringent, a. sub'ds-strin'jent (L. sub, under, 
and a -ringent), astringent in a small degree. 

subaxillary, a. sub-dks'il-er-i (L. sub, under,, and 
axillary), in bot. , placed under the axil or angle formed 
by a branch or leaf with a branch or stem. 

sub-base, n. sub-bds' (L. sub, under, and base), in 
music, the deepest pedal stop, or the lowest notes, of 
an organ. 

subcarburetted, a. sub-kar'bu-r£t'-ted{L. sub, under, 
and carburetted), consisting of a greater number of 
equivalents of the base than of carbon. 

subcartilaginous, a. sub-kdr'ti-laj'-l-nus (L. sub, 
under, and cartilaginous), partially cartilaginous ; un- 
der the cartilages of the chest. 

subcaudal, a. sub-kdw'ddl (L. sub, under, and cauded), 
beneath the tail. 

subclass, n. sub-kids' (L. sub, under, and class), a 
subordinate class, consisting of orders allied to a cer- 
tain extent. 

subclavian, a. sub-klcVvi-dn (L. sub, under, and 
clavis, a key), in anat., lying under the clavicle or 
collar-bone. 

subcolumnar, a. sub'-ko-lum'ner (L. sub, under, and 
columnar), in geol., not perfectly columnar. 

subcommittee, n. siib'korn-mit'-te (L. sub, under, 
and committee), an under or smaller committee. 

subcorneal, a. sub-kon'l-kdl (L. sub, under, and 
conical), conical in a slight degree. 

subcontract, n. svb-kon'tr&kt (L. sub, under, and .' 
contract), a contract taken under a previous contract. 

subcontrary, a, sub-kon'trd-rl (L. sub, under, and 
contrary), contrary in an inferior degree ; in geom., ap- 
plied to similar triangles having a common angle at 
the vertex while the bases do not coincide ; in logic, 
applied to propositions which agree in quantity but 
differ in quality. 

subcordate, a. sub-kor'dat (L. sub, under, and cor- 
date), somewhat like a heart in shape. 

subcostal, a. sub-kos'-tdl (L. sub, under, and costal], 
under or within the rib. 

subcutaneous, a. sub'-ku-td'ne-us (L. sub, under, and 
cutaneous), immediately under the skin. 

subcuticular, a. sub'-ku-tik'-u-ler (L. sub, under, and 
cuticidar), under the cuticle or scarfsMn. 



it; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



SUED 



624 



SUBM 



subdeacon, n. sub-de'-lcn (L. sub, under, and deacon), 
an umliT-deacon or deacon's assistant. 

subdean, n. sub ■ den' (L. sub, under, and derm), an 
under-dean ; a dean's substitute : subdean'ery, n. -er-i, 
the office and rank of subdean. 

subdivide, v. sub'dt-vid' (L. sub, under, and divide), 
to divide into smaller parts ; to separate into smaller 
divisions: sub'divisi'on, n. -vizh'-un, the part of a 
larger part. 

subdominant, n. silb-dom'i-nrtnt (L. sub, under, and 
dominant), in music, the note below the dominant, 
or the fifth below the key-note. 

subduce, v. sub-dus' (L. sub, under, and dveo, I 
bald), to load away under; to withdraw ; 10 subtract : 
subdu'cing, imp. : subduced', pp. -dust' : subduc'tion, 
n. -dii/c'sluhi, tbr. act of taking away or withdrawing. 

subdue, v. sub-du' (L. sub, under, and ducere, to 
lead : old F. subduzer, to subdue), to conquer by force 
or superior power ; to reduce under dominion ; to dis- 
able from further resistance ; to tame; to overcome; 
to soften : subduing, imp.: subdued', pp. -dud': subdu'- 
cr, n. -du'er, one who subdues : subdu'al, n. -ell, the 
act of subduing; conquest: subdu'able, a. -d-bl, that 
may be subdued. 

subduplicate, a. snb-du'pli-Jait (L. sub, under, and 
duplicate), having the ratio of the square roots ; in 
math., applied to the ratio which the square roots of 
two quantities have to ea.ch other. 

subeditor, n. sub-Cd'-il* 'r (L. sub, under, and editor), 
an assistant-editor ; an under-editor. 

suberate, a. su'ber-at (L. suber, the cork-tree), in 
chem., a salt formed by suberic acid with a base: 
suberic, a. su-ber'ik, pert, to cork; applied to an acid 
produced by the action of nitric acid on cork and 
fatty bodies : suberine, n. sii'ber-in, the cellular tissue 
of cork purified : su'berous, a, -its, also su'berose, a. -Os, 
in bot., having a corky texture. 

subgenus, n. siib-je'nus (L. sub, under, and genus, 
race, stock), a subordinate genus comprehending one 
or more species : subgeneric, a. sub'jen-er'ik, pert, to 
a subgenus. 

subglobular, a. sub-glob'u-ler (L. sub, under, and 
globular), somewhat globular. 

subgranular, a. sub-grdn'u-ler (L. sub, under, and 
granular), somewhat granular. 

subito, art. so'bi-tO (It. quick, swift), in music, sud- 
denly; quickly. 

subjacent, a. sub-ja'-s8nt (L. sub, under, and ja- 
, lying), lying under or in a lower situation, 



other; exposed; liable, either from extraneous or in- 
herent causes ; obedient ; tributary : n. one who owes 
allegiance to a sovereign; one who lives under the 
dominion of another ; that which is treated or handled 
in speaking, writing, art, &c; materials; matter; a 
dead body for dissection; the theme; the topic; the 
hero of a piece; in logic and gram., that part of a 
proposition concerning which anything is a n i 1 1 1 c - 1 < . i 
denied: subject, v. sub-jCkt', to bring under; to sub- 
due ; to expose ; to make liable ; to put under or with- 
in the power of; to enslave ; to cause to undergo : sub- 
jecting, imp.: subject'ed, pp.: subjection, n. sub-jek- 
shun, state of being under the power, control, and 
government of another : subjec'th , c Hi ^ luM < 
the subject ; derived from one's own consciousness, in 
distinction from external observation ; in the phil. of 
mind, subjective denotes what is to be referred to the 
thinking subject, objective what belongs to the object 
of thought: subjectively, ad. -II: subjec'tiveness, n. 
-nes, also subjectivity, n. sub'jel '>< < \ ■ /;, tie si ;. i < ,:, 
having existence in the mind : subject-matter, n. the 
je.ii! i oi thought under consideration. 

subjoin, v. sub-joyn' (L. sub, under, and juuga, 1 
join, I fasten), to add at the end ; to affix ; to attack : 
subjoining, imp.: subjoined', pp. -joynd', added after 
something else said or written. 

subjugate, v. sub'joo-gat (L. subjugatum, to put un- 
der or attach to the yoke— from sub, under, ■dwljugum, 
a yoke : F. subjuguer), to subdue and bring under the 
yoke, power, or dominion of; to conquer by force: 
sub'jugating, imp. : sub'jugated, pp. : sub'jugator, n. 
i i .i,n -i/a s7/»/?, 

the act of subduing and bringing under the absolute 
control of another. 

subjunctive, a. sub-jungk'tiv (L. sub, under, and 
junctus, joined), added to something before said or 



written; in gram., applied to those parts of verbs 
which in composition follow and depend on other 
verbs,, and express condition or contingency, and 

>\ Inch :., n aially rue. ,lol !,; /, Hn-lti/l, Uiib. ' . ..•- 

cept, and suchlike : subjunc'tion, n. -shun, the act of 
subjoining. 

sublapsarian, n. snb'-ldp-sa'-rl-dn (L. sub, under or 
after, and lapsus, fall), one of those moderate Galvin- 
ists who believe that God only permitted the first 
man io isii into bran igre isioi) n itfiout positively pre- 
determining his fall— that the decree of predestina- 
tion regarded man as fallen, the elect themselves be- 
ing in a fallen and guilty state— and that the election 
oi grace was only a remedy tor an existing evil: adj. 
done after the fall of man. 

sublet, v. sub-let' (L. sub, under, and let), to let, as 
one tenant to another. 

sublieutenant, n. sub'leftdn'dnt (L. sub, under, and 
lieutenant), in the royal, vnnj, the rank among officers 
next below lieutenant, and the first which a young 
person attains after entering the service. 

sublimate, v. sub'll-mut (L. sublimutum, to lift up 
on high : It. sublimare ; old F. sublimer, to elevate), 
to bring a solid substance into a vapour by heat: to 
refine and exalt; to elevate: n. the product of sub- 
limation: sublimate, a., also sublimated, a. brought 
into a state of vapour by heat : sub'limating, imp. : 
sublimated, pp.: sub lima'tion, n. -ma'shua, the 
operation of bringing a solid substance into the state 
of a vapour by heat and condensing it again : blue 
sublimate, a preparation of mercury, sulphur, and sal- 
;, used in painting: corrosive sublimate, a 



. ... -Urn' (L. sublimo, I lift up on high ; 
sublimis, exalted— said to be from supra, above, and 
limus, clay: It. and F. sublime), elevated aloft; very 
high in excellence ; lofty in si vie < > r sc i , t iment ; grand ; 

majestic: U. the sin pa ; a.ej •■r.a.cl ai nee oc a, r a 

distinguished from the beautiful; a grand or lofty 
style : v. to reduce a solid substance, into a state of 
vapour by heat, to be again brought to a solid state 
by cooling; to exalt; to improve: subli'ming, imp.: 
adj. elevating : n. act or process of sublimation : sub- 
limed', pp. -lirad': adj. elevated : sublima'tion, n.— 
see under sublimate : sublimely, ad. -II : sublimity, 
n. -liut'i-ti, also sublime'ness, n. -Ilm'-n8s, lofty height; 
loftiness of style or sentiment ; moral grandeur; vast- 
ness ; lofty grandeur, whether exhibited in the works 
of nature or art ; the astonishment and awe impressed 
on the mind by the contemplation of the lofty or grand 
in nature or art, or of exalted excellence. 

sublingual, a. sub-ling'-gwdl (L. sub, under, and lin- 
gual), situated under the tongue. 

sublunary, a. siib'16-ner'i (L. sub, under, and luna, 
the moon : It. sublunare : F. sublunaire), pert, to this 
world ; terrestrial : n. anything worldly. 

subluxation, n. sub'-luks-a'shun (L. sub, under, and 
luxation), in surg., an incomplete dislocation ; a vio- 
lent sprain. 

submarine, a. sub'-md-reu' (L. sub, under, and ma- 
rine), under the sea; submerged; applied to objects 
that are situated at some depth in the waters of the 
sea, or covered by the waters of the ocean, as sub- 
marine forests, volcanoes, &c. : submarine telegraph, 
a cable laid on the sea-bottom enclosing electric wires. 

submaxillary, a. sub-mM U-er-i fb ui> nm.lcj 
and maxillary), Iving beneath the jaw. 

submedial, a. sub-me'dl-Cd, also subme'dian, a. 
-cln (L. sub, under, and medius, the middle), lying 
under or below the middle of the body : subme'diant, 
n. -ant, in music, the middle note between the octave 
and subdominant. 

submental, a. sub-men'tal (L. sub, under, and men- 
turn, the chin), in anat., situated under the chin; ap- 
plied to a branch of the e erna mi i a ry artery. 

submerge, v. sub-merf (L. sub, under, and merge), 
to put under water; to drown; to cover or over- 
flow with water; to sink under water: submerg'- 
ing, imp.: submerged, pp. sub-merjd': adj. under 
water: submer'gence, n. ■mer'-je'ns, the act of put- 
ting under water; state of being under water; in 
geol., applied to all sinkings of the land whereby its 
surface is brought under i he waters of the ocean. 

submersed, a. sub-merstf (L. sub, under, and mersus, 
dipped or plunged), being or growing under water, as 
the leaves of aquatic plants : submer'sion, n. -mir' 
shun, the act of putting under water ; the state of 
being put under water or other fluid ; the act of caus- 
ing to be overflowed ; act of drowning. 



mate, mat, far, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, move; 



SUBM 



625 



SUBS 



submetallic, a. sitb'me-tdl'lk (L. sub, under, and 
i, •* ; 'i'.'i, imperfectly metallic. 

submission, n. sub-misli'-tin (L. submissus, made 
low, humble— from sub, under, and missus, sent), the 



ant behaviour ; resignation: submis'sive, a. 
yielding one's will to the will or power of another ; 
acknowledging one's inferiority; compliant; modest: 
submissively, ad. 41: submis'siveness, n. -nes, ac- 
knowledgment of inferiority ; confession of fault or 
blame. 

submit, v. siib-mW (L. sub, tinder, and mitfo, I send), 
to yield or surrender to the power or will of another ; 
to leave or refer to the judgment of another ; to cease 
to resist; to comply; to yield withoutmurmuring ; to 
surrender; to yield: submitting, imp.: submit'ted, 
pp.: submit 'ter, n. -ter, one who submits. 

submucous, a. sub-mu'-kus (L. sub, under, and mu- 
cous), in anut., lying under a mucous membrane. 

submultiple, n. svb-mul'thpl (L. sub, under, and 
multiple), such a part of a number or quantity as 
can be contained in it an exact number of times ; an 
aliquot part. 

subnarcotic, a. sub'ndr-kot'Ut (L. sub, under, and 
narcotic), moderately narcotic. 

subnascent, a. suh-nds'-cnt (L. sub, under, and nas- 
<xns, growing), growing underneath. 

subnormal, n. sub-nor'-mdl (L. sub, under, and 
■normal), in conic sections, that part of a curve inter- 
cepted between the ordinate and the normal. 

subnude, a. sub-mid' (L. sub, under, and nudus, 
naked), in bot., almost naked or bare of leaves. 

suboccipital, a. sub'ok-slp'l-tcil (L. sub, under, and 
occipital), being under the occiput. 

suboctave, a. sub-ok'tdv, also suboc'tuple, a. -tu-pl 
(L. sub, under, and octavus, the eighth, or octuplus, 
eightfold), containing one part of eight. 

subordinate, a. subor'di-ndt (L. sub, under, and 
cnxiinatus, arranged, set in order: It. subordiuare, to 



ai>id,g 

value : 

: subor'di- 



subordinate), inferior in nature, rank, or 

descending in a regular series : n. one 

rank or dignity below another ; an inl'e 

to place in order or rank below am ithi 

of less value or importance ; to make 

subor dinating, imp. : subordinated, . . 

nately, ad. -li, in a lower rank ; of inferior 

ance : subor'dina'tion, n. -na'shiin, inferiority of rank 

or dignity ; place of rank among inferiors ; a series 

regularly descending. 

suborn, v. sub-awrn' (L.suborno, I fit out, I secretly 
incite— from sub, under, and orno, I fit out : It. sub- 
ornare: F. suborner), to procure privately or by in- 
direct means ; to employ a person to take a false oath ; 
to incite one to commit perjury: suborn'ing, imp.: 
suborned', pp. -awrnd' : subor'ner, n. ~6r'-ner, one 
who procures another to take a false oath : suborna- 
tion, n. sub'-dr-na'-shun, the crime of procuring a per- 
son to take such an oath as to constitute perjury. 

subovate, a. sub-o'-vat (L. sub, under, and ovate), 
nearly in the shape of an egg. 

subpoena, n. sitppe'nu \L. sub, under, anApccna, 
pain, penalty), in law, a writ commanding the attend- 
ance of a person in a court as a witness under a 
penalty, &c. : v. to serve with a writ of subpoena : 
subpoenaing, imp. -nd-ing.- subpce'naed, pp. -ndd, 
served with a writ to attend a court as a witness, &c. 
subprior, n. sub-prl'or (L. sub, under, and prior), 
one who assists the prior. 

subquadrate, a. su'o-ku:od'rdt (sub, and quad- 
rate), nearly square. 

subquadruple, a. sub-kicod'rob-pl (sub, and quadru- 
ple), containing one part of four. 

subrogation, n. sub'-ro-nd-shun (L. sub, under, and 
rogatum, to ask), in law, the substitution of one per- 
son in the place of another. 

subsalt, n. siib'-sdwlt (sub, and salt), a salt having 
an excess of the base. 

subscapular, a. sub-sk:~q:>'-u-l(r (sub, and scapular), 
in anat., pert, to the lai - ' tx b fthi ixillary artery, 
rest margin of the scapula. 

subscribe, v. sub-skrib' (L. subscribere, to write under- 
neath—from sub, under, and scribo, I write : Sp. sub- 
scriber), to sign with one's own hand; to attest, as a 
document, by writing underneath ; to give or contrib- 
ute by writing one's own name ; to promise to give a 
sum of money by writing one's name in a book or 
on a paper, called a subscription book, or a subscrip- 
tion paper; to assent : subscribing, imp. : subscribed', 



pp. -skrlbd': subscriber, n. -Mr, one who contributes 
to any object, or for any particular purpose; one 
who promises to take and pay for a newspaper, 
periodical, or book by entering his name: subscrip'- 
tion, n. -skrlp'shun, the name subscribed or written; 
a signature; consent or attestation by writing the 
name ; the act or state of giving money for any under- 
taking; the money so given. 

subsection, n. sub-sek'slnin (sub, and section), the 
part or division of a section. 

subsemitone, n. sub-sem'i-ton (sub, and semitone). 
in music, the leading note or sharp seventh of any 
key. 

subsequent, a. sub'se-kicS?it (L. subsequens, follow- 
ing close after— from sub, after, and sequor, I follow), 
coming or being after ; following in time ; succeeding : 
sub sequently, ad. -li, at a later time. 

subserve, v. sub-serv' (L. subservire, to be subject to 
— iromsub, under, and servio, I serve), to serve in sub- 
ordination to ; to help forward; to promote ; to serve in 
an inferior capacity: subserving, imp.: subserved', 
pp. -sired': subser'vient, a. -str'-vi-e/it, serving to pro- 
mote some particular purpose or end; subordinate; 
useful as an instr. to promote a purpose: subser'vient- 
ly, ad. -li: subser'vience, n. -e>is, also subser'viency, 
n. -Sn-si, instrumental fitness ; use or operation that 
promotes some purpose. 

subside, v. sub-sid' (L. subsidere, to settle or sink 
down— from sub, under, and sido, I seat myself), to 
sink or fall to the bottom; to settle; to fall into a 
state of quiet; to become tranquil; to abate: sub- 
siding, imp.: adj. slowly and gradually sinking: 
subsi ded, pp.: subsi'dence, n. -dens, also subsi'dency, 
n. -clen-sl, the act or process of sinking or settling- 
down to a lower level. 

subsidiary, a. sub-sid'i-ir-i (L. subsidium, a body of 
reserve, support; subsidiarius, belonging to a reserve, 
subsidiary : F. subside, aid), assisting ; furnishing 
help or additional supplies : n. an assistant ; he or that 
which contributes aid : subsidy, n. siib'-si-di, aid in 
money granted from one state to another by treaty for 
aid in war; money furnished in aid and for a particu- 
lar purpose: sub'sidise, v. -dlz, to obtain aid from 
another by the payment of a sum of money: sub- 
sidising, imp.: subsidised, pp. -dlzcl. 

subsist, v. subsist' (L. subsisto, I remain standing, 
I tarry— from sub, under, and sisto, I cause to stand: 
F. subsister, to live), to retain the present state; to 
have existence ; to live ; to have the means of living ; 
to be maintained, as with fond and clothing: subsist- 
ing, imp.: subsisted, pp.: subsi3t'ence, n. -6ns, the 
means of living or supporting life; livelihood; sup- 
port: subsist ent, a. -cut, having real being; inhe- 
rent. 

subsoil, n. $ub'sdyl(L. sub, under, and soil), the soil 
lying under the surface soil; the stratum of earth 
lying between the upper soil and the rocks. 

subspecies, n. sub-spe'shez (L. sub, under, and spe- 
cie .>•), a division of a species. 

substance, n. si'ih'-srdns (L. substantia, that of which 
a thing consists, material— from sub, under, and sto, 
I stand: F. substance), the essence or material of a 
thing; the main part; that whieh really exists ; body; 
something real or solid; goods; wealth; means of 
living: substantial, a. sub-stdn'-shal, actually exist- 
ing; not seeming or imaginary; having substance or 
strength; stout; solid; having considerable wealth: 
substantially, ad. -li, really; essentially: substan'- 
tialness, n. -nes, also substan'tial'ity, n. -shi-al'-i-ti, 
state of real existence ; materiality : substan'tials, 
n. plu. -sJuils. essential parts: substantiate, v. -shl- 
at, to establish by proof or competent evidence ; to 
make good; to verify: substan'tiating, imp.: sub- 
stantiated, pp.: substantive, a. sub'-stdn-tiv, solid; 
real ; essential : n. in gram., that part of speech which 
expresses something that exists, real or imaginary ; 
a noun or name. 

substitute, n. sub'sti-tut (L. substitutum, to put in 
place of another— from sub, under, and sta.tuo, I cause 
to stand : F. substituer, to substitute), one put to oc- 
cupy the place or position of another; one who acts 
for another ; a deputy : v. to put in the place of an- 
other ; to change; to exchange: substituting, imp.: 
sub'stituted, pp.: sub'stitu'tion, n. -tu'shun, the act 
of putting one in the place of another ; the replacement 
of one quantity or equivalent by another of equal 
value : sub'stitu'tional, a. -dl, pert, to substitution. 

substratum, n. sub-strd'-tum (L. sub, under, and 
stratum), a layer or stratum lying tinder another ; 



cou>, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



SUBS 



626 



SUCC 



in meta., the permanent subject of qualities or cause 
of phenomena. 

substructure, n. sub-siruk'-tur or chdbr (sub, and 
structure), an under-structure or foundation: sub- 
struction, n. -shun, an under-building. 

substyle, n. sub'-stll (sub, and style), a right line on 
which the style or gnomon of a dial is erected : sub- 
stylar, a. pert, to a substyle. 

subsulphate, n. sub-sul'-fat (sub, and sulphate), a 
sulphate with an • ■>:< t.« of the base. 

subsultus, n. siib-sul'tus (L. sub, under, and saltus, 
a leaping), in tned., a twitching or convulsive motion 
of the tendons or arteries : subsul'tory, a. -ter-i, mov- 
ing by sudden leaps or starts. 

subtangent, n. sub-tan'-jcnl (sub, and tangent), in 
the conic sections, a straight line drawn from a tangent 
cutting the curve, and interrupted by a straight line 
drawn from the point of contact of the tangent. 

subtenant, n. suh-tcn'dut (sub, and tenant), an indi- 
vidual who occupies land or houses rented from a 
tenant. 

subtend, v. sub-tend' (L. sub, under, and tendo, I 
stretch), to extend under, or to be opposite to : sub- 
tending, imp.: subtend'ed, pp. 

subtepid, a. sub-tSp'id (sub, and tepid), moderately 
warm. 

subter, sub'-t>'r(L. suhlrr, below, beneath— from sub, 
under), a prefix, si^niiyiirj; " beneath" or "under." 

subterfluent, a. sub'-ter-Jl6'6nt (L. subter, beneath, 
;\w\Jliiri>s, ll.iwin'j'), Mowm- under or beneath. 

subterfuge, n. sub'-ter-fuj (L subtrrfugere, to flee by 
stealth— from subter, under, and fugio, I flee or fly: 
F. subterfuge; Sp. subterfugio, subterfuge), an arti- 
fice employed to escape censure or the force of an 
argument ; a shift ; an evasion. 

subterranean, a. sub'-tdr-rd'-ne'-dn, also sub'terra'- 
neous, a. -us (L. subter rune us, underground — from 
sub, under, and terra, the earth), lying under the 
surface of the earth ; embedded at some depth in the 
earth; concealed beneath the surface of the earth; 
underground. 

subtile, a.sub'tUorsut'Uh.s/iJiii/is, line, notthickor 
coarse— from L. sub, under, and t.-la, the thread that 
runs lengthwise in the loom : F. subtil), thin ; not dense 
or gross ; rare ; delicately constructed ; fine ; acute : 
sub'tilely, ad. -II : subtleness, n. -nSs, also sub'tilty, 
n. -tX, thinness ; fineness; refinement; extreme acute- 
ness : sub'tilise, v. -%z, to make fine, thin, or rare ; to 
refine; to spin into niceties; to make nice distinc- 
tions: subtilising, imp. : - sub'tilised, pp. -izd: sub'- 
tilisa'tion, n. -i-zd'-shun, the act of making anything 
fine or thin ; over-refinement. 

subtle, a. silt' I (L. subtilis, fine : from subtile, which 
see), sly; cunning; artful ; a.cute ; insiuual in ■ : ,, i!v 
subtly, ad. sut'-ll, slyly ; artfully: subtleness, n. sui'-h 
nSs, also subtlety, n. 41, artfulness ; slyness ; cun- 
ning. Note.— The spellings subtile and subtle, in the 
senses of the preceding two entries, were indifferent- 
ly employed by good writers of former times. The 
modern practice is to restrict the senses to the spell- 
ings as in the text. In the Eng. Ch. service, and for- 
merly in the works of good authors, where the spellings 
sn.hlile, subtilty, &c, occur in the derived senses of 
"sly, cunning, ov-er-rei'miu ■:;," &c, the pronunciation 
is sut-ldja.6. siil'4-ti. 

subtonic, n. sub-ton'ik, also subsem'itone (sub, 
and tonic, or snn-ifour), in music, the leading note or 
semitone next below the tonic ; the sharp seventh. 

subtract, v. sub-trakt' (L. subtractum, to draw away 
from underneath— from sub, under, and tractum, to 
draw or drag), to withdraw or take a pari fmm ,.he 
rest ; to deduct : subtracting, imp. : subtract'ed, 
pp. : subtract'er, n. -er, one who subtracts : subtrac- 
tion, n. -trdk'-shun, the art or operation of taking 
a part from the rest; in arith., the taking a lesser- 
number from a greater : subtrac'tive, a. -tlv, tending 
or having power to subtract. 

subtrahend, n. sub'-trd-hend (L. subtrahendus, re- 
quiring to be drawn away from underneath— from 
sub, under, and traho, I draw), the sum or number to 
be subtracted or taken from another. 

subtranslucent, a. sub'-trdns-lo'-sint (sub, and trans- 
Ivmii), imperfectly translucent. 

subtransparent, a. sub'travs-pa'rint (sub, and 
transparent), nnperferj ly i.r.anspnrenl, 

subtriple, a. snb-trip'-l (mi,, and triple), containing 
a third, or one part of three: subtriplicate, a. sub- 
trip-U-kat (sub, and triplicate), indicating the ratio of 



the cube roots. 



subulate, a. su'-bu-ldt, also suTralated, a. (L. sub- 
ula, an awl), in but., shaped like an awl; narrow and 
tapering. 

subungual, a, siib-uug-gwiil (sub, and. ungual), under 
the nail or the claw. 

suburb, n. sub'-erb, plu. sub'urbs, -irbz (L. sub, under, 
near, and urbs, a eity), tie- parts of a city without the 
walls ; the outskirts or outlying parts of a city or 
town ; the confines : suburban, a. sub-er'-bdn, inhabit- 
ing or beint;- in tin; suburbs of a city. 

subvention, n. sub -ven'- shun (L. subventum, to come 
to one's assistance, to aid— from sub, under, and ven- 
ire, to come), the act of coming under; a government 
grant or aid; a subsidy. 

subversion, n. sub-ver'-shiin (L. subversum, to turn 
upside down— from sub, under, beneath, and verto, I 
turn), an entire overthrow ; ruin ; downfall : subver- 
sive, a. -siv, tending to subvert or overthrow. 

subvert, v. sub-vert' (L. subvertere, to turn upside 
down— from sub, beneath, :\\u\ verto, I turn: F. sub- 
vertir), to overthrow; to ruin utterly; to destroy: 
subverting, imp.: subvert'ed, pp.: subvert'er, n. -er, 
one who subverts : subvertlble, a. -i-bl, that may bo 
subverted. 

subway, n. sub'-wa (sub, and ivay), an underground 
way. 

sue, suk, a prefix, another form of sub, which see. 

succedaneous, a. suk'-sb-dd'-nc-us (L. succedaneus, 
that follows after or sneeeeds to something— fromsw&, 
under, and cedo, I go), supplying I be place of some- 
thing else: suc'ceda y neum, n. -urn, that which is used 
for something else ; a substitute. 

succeed, v. suk-sed' (b. su credere, to follow after, to 
advance— from sub, under or after, and cedo, I go : It. 
succedere: F. succider), to follow or come after; to 
take the place which another has left ; to obtain the 
object desired ; to have the desired effect ; to prosper: 
succeeding, imp.: adj. following in order; taking the 
place of another ; ha/vim; success : succeed'ed, pp. 

success, n. suk-sSs' (L. successus, a happy issue, 
success— from sub, under, and cedo, I go: It. successo: 
F. succes, success), a happy or favourable issue; the 
prosperous termination of anything attempted ; 
issue; result: successful, a. -fool, prosperous; for- 
tunate : successfully, ad. -li : success'fulness, n. -tie's, 
the condition of being successful : successi'on, n. 
-s&sh'-un (L. successus, followed after, advanced), a 
series of persons or things following one another 
either in time or place ; the act of succeeding or 
coming in the place of another ; race ; lineage : suc- 
cessi'onal, a. -al, denoting a regular order or suc- 
cession: successi'onally, ad. -II: succes'sive, a. -sis'- 
siv, following in an uninterrupted course; coming by 
succession : succes'sively, ad. -li : succes'siveness, n. 
-tie's, the state of being successive: succes'sor, n. 
-sir, one who succeeds to, or follows in the place of, 
another : apostolic succession, the regular and unin- 
terrupted transmission of ministerial authority, by a 
succession of bishops, from the apostles, claimed by 
the Anglican and R. Cath. Churches : succession duty, 
in Great Britain, a tax imposed on every succession 
to property, whether real or personal, according to its 
value, and the relation of the person who succeeds to 
the predecessor. 

succinate, n. suJ nOA I L succirvwm, amber), acom- 
pound of succinic acid with a base : sue'einated, a. 
combined with succinic acid or with amber : succinic, 
a. suk-sin'-lk, pert, to or obtained from amber: suc- 
cinite, n. suk'-si-nlt, an amber - coloured variety of 
lime-garnet : sue'einous, a. -nus, pert, to or resembling 
amber. 

succinct, a. siik-singkt' (L. succinctus, girded or 
tucked up— from sub, vm&eTj&ubgwctus, girded : It. 
succinto: F. succinct), shorjg^l ■fcw-essed into a 
narrow compass; brief; cr^^l ^H^Uy, ad. -li, 
briefly ; concisely : succinct'^^H HVify ; con- 
ciseness. 

succise, a. silk-sis' (L. succisw^^ffmTofl), in bot., 
appearing as if a part were cut off at the extremity. 

succory, n. suk'-ker-i (corrupted from chicory), the 
chicory or wild endive. 



succour, v. suk'-ker (L. succurrere, to hasten to the 
aid or assistance of a person— from sub, under, and 
curro, I run : F. secourir ; It. soccorrere, to succour), 
to help when in want or distress ; to assist ; to aid ; to 
relieve j to be a remedy to or for : n. help ; aid ; as- 
sistance; assistance that relieves from want or dis- 
tress; the person or thine n i;i ;- pnn^ s relief: suc'- 
couring, imp.: sue'eoured, pp. -kird: sue'eourer, n. 
mate, nidi, fdr, law; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, mGve ; 



627 



SUIT 



-ir, one who brings help; a helper: suc'courless, a. 
■lis, destitute of help or relief. 

succulent, a. siik-kudent [F. succulent, juicy— from 
L. succus, juice or moisture, sap), full of juice— applied 



■ICi'S. juiciness. 

succumb, v. suk-kilrn' (L. succu inhere, to lie down 
beneath, to submit to— from sub, under, and cumbo, I 
lie), to sink under: to submit; to yield: succumb'- 
ing, imp.: succumbed', pp. -kinncV. 

succussion, n. suk-kiish'-un i,L. succussus, a shaking, 
a jolting), the act of shaking ; a shake ; an ague. 

such, a. siich (Goth, svaleiks, so like: AS. Iciik; old 
H. Ger. sulih ; Ger. solcher, such), of that kind ; the 
same that; like what has been said; referring to: 
such and such, referring to a person or place of a cer- 
tain kind. 

suck, v. suk (imitative of the sound: Ger. saugen; 
L. sugere; F. surer; It. succhiare ; YV. sugno, to suck), 
to draw from with the mouth, as milk ; to imbibe ; to 
draw or drain ; to draw in : n. the act of drawing with 
the mouth; milk drawn from the breast with the 
mouth by an infant: sucking, imp.: n. the act of 
drawing from, as with the mouth ; absorbing: sucked, 
pp. si'tkt : sucker, n. -ir, he who or that which sucks ; 
a round piece of leather used by boys to lift stones 
with ; the piston of a pump ; the shoot of a plant from 
the root, or near to it : sucking-bottle, a bottle filled 
with milk, having a tube, used for young children as a 
substitute for the breast : suckle, v. su.k'-l, to give suck 
to; to nurse at the breast: suckling, imp. -ling: n. 
a young child or animal brought up by the mother's 
milk; an infant: suckled, pp. suk'ld. 

suction, n. suk'-shun (F. suction: Sp. suction, suc- 
tion—from L. suctum, to suck), the act of drawing into 
the mouth or into a pipe which is effected by remov- 
ing the pressure of the air: suctorial, a. siik-td'-rl-al, 
fitted for sucking ; sucto'rian, n. -ri-an, one of a class 
of fishes having a mouth adapted for suction. 

sudatory, n. su'-dd-tor-i (L. sudatorium, a sweating- 
bath— from sudare, to sweat), a sweating room or 
' bath: adj. sweating. 

sudden, a. sud'-n (F. soudain; L. subitus, sudden), 
happening without notice or warning; unlooked for; 
rash; hasty: suddenly, ad. -II: suddenness, n. -nts, 
the state of being sudden ; unexpected presence : on a 



Intake: F. - .■ ■ >, ■ I'tsina sweat ■: n. a medi 

which causes sweat : sudoriparous, a. su'dor-lp'a-, uo 
(L. pario, I produce), causing sweat or perspiration. 

sudra, n., also spelt soodrah orsoodra, so'-dra (Sans. 
cudra : Hind, sudr), the lowest of the four great 
castes among the Hindoos. 

suds, n. phi. sudz (Ger. sod, the bubbling up of water 
that simpers: Dut. zudderen, to boil with a suppressed 
sound: Ger. sudeln, to dabble in the wet), soapv 
water: to be in the suds, to be in difficulty or tur- 
moil. 

sue, v. s?t(Sp. seguir; oldF. sewir ; old Eng. seuvc, 
to follow, to pursue at law— from L. sequi, to follow), 
to seek justice or right by legal process ; to seek for in 
law ; to petition ; to entreat ; to apply for : su'ing, 
imp.: sued, pp. sfid: suable, a. sil'a-bl, that may be 
sued : su ability, n. -bU'l-tt, liability to be sued : to sue 
out, to petition for and take out. 

suet, n. su'-et (old F. sieu ; F. suif; It. sevo, tallow, 
fat— from L. > b, grease), at of an animal, 

particularly the hard fat about the kidnevs and loins, 
usually restricted to the fat of sheep, lambs, and the 
ox kind: su'ety, a. -St-l, consisting of suet, or resem- 
bling it. 

suf. siif, another form of sub, which see. 

suffer, v. svf'-fir (L. suf'-ro, I carry under, I sustain 
—from sub, under, and fero, I carry: F. souffrir), to 
endure, support, or sustain ; to feel or bear with a 
sense of pain or distress ; to permit ; to tolerate ; to 
bear patiently ; to feel or undergo pain ; to sustain 
hurt or loss ; to pass through ; to be affected by : suf- 
fering, imp.: adj. undergoing pain or loss; permit- 
ting : n. the bearing of pain or loss ; injury incurred : 
sufferer, n. -er, one who endures pain or loss ; one 
who permits: sufferable, a. -cl-bl, that may be en- 
dured ; supportable : suf ferably, ad. -Ill : suffer- 
ance, n. -Cms, endurance ; the bearing of pain ; allow- 
ance ; toleration; permission granted by the custom- 



suffice, v. suf -f is' (L. sufficere, to put in the place of, 
to be sufficient— irom >.<<•, under, and facio, I make: 
F. suffice, to satisfy), to be equal to the wants or de- 
mands of ; to satisfy ; to be enough ; to be equal to the 
end in view : suffi'cing, imp. : sufficed, pp. -fist?, 
adequately supplied: suffici'ent, a. -fish'ent, enough ; 
equal to the end proposed; ample; adequate; quali- 
fied ; fit : sufficiently, ad. -li : suffici'ency, n. -en-si, 
necessary qualification; adequate substance 01 



on— from sub, under, and Jixus, fixed or fastened), 
a particle added to the end of a word to modify i T s 
meaning; an affix: suffix, v. suf -J Iks', to add to the 
end of a word : suffixing, imp. : suffixed', pp. -flkst'. 

suffocate, v. suffo-kat (L. suffocatum, to choke, to 
stifle by compressing the throat— from sub, under, 
and faux, the throat : F. suff'oqucr, to stifle), to stop 
the breath by compressing the throat; to stifle; to 
smother: suffocating, imp.: adj. choking: stilling: 
suffocated, pp.: suf foca'tingly, ad. -II : suf foca'tion, 
n. -ka-shun, the act of choking or stifling; state of 
being choked: suffocative, a, -tie, tending to choke 
or stifle. 

suffrage, n. suf-frOj (L. suffragium, right of voting; 
It. suftrogio: F. suffrage), a vote or voice in voting for 
a candidate for Parliament ; aid ; support : suffra- 
gan, n. -fra-gan, an assistant-bishop; a bishop consid- 
ered in relation to his metropolitan : adj. assisting. 

suffruticose, a. suffro'-ti-kOz (L. sub, under, and 
fruticosus, shrubby, bushy), in hot., shrubby under- 
neath ; having the characters of an under-shrub. 

suffuse, v. suf-fut (L. suffusus, poured over or 
upon— from sub, under, and fusus, poured), to over- 
spread with something expansible, as with a fluid, 
tincture, or colour : suffu'sing, imp. : suffused', pp. 
-fuzd': suffu'sion, n. -zhun, the act of overspreading 
with a fluid or tincture; that which is suffused or 
spread over. 

sufi, so'-fi, stt'fism, -flzm— see sofi. 

sug, sag, another form of the prefix sub, which see 

sugar, n. shdbg'er (Ar. sukkar; Sans, sharkara, 
sugar: L. saccharum; Gr. sakcharon; F. sucre, sugar), 
the sweet substance obtained from the expressed juice 
of the sugar-cane, beet-root, etc. : adj. made of or re- 
sembling Imgar: v. to season, sweeten, or cover with 
sugar: sug'aring, imp.: n. the act of covering or 
sweetening with sugar ; the sugar thus used : sug'ared, 
pp. -ird: adj. sweetened: sugary, a. -er-i, sweetened 
with sugar ; resembling or containing sugar : sug'ar- 
less, a. -les, without sugar: sugar-baker, one who 
makes loaf-sugar; a sugar-refiner: sugar-boiling, 
the art or business of a sugar-refiner: sugar-candy, 
sugar made in the form of large crystals : sugar-cane, 
a cane or plant from whose juice sugar is obtained: 
sugar -house, the place where sugar is refined: 
sugar-loaf, a mass of refined sugar made in the form 
of a cone : sugar-maple, a tree, a native of N. Amer., 
from whose sap sugar is manufactured : sugar-mill, a 
machine for expressing the juice of the sugar-cane : 
sugar-mite, a small wingless insect found in moist 
sugar : sugar-plum, a sweetmeat in the form of a small 
ball : sugar-refiner, one whose business is to make 
sugar whiter and purer : sugar-refining, the process 
bv which raw or very brown sugar as imported is puri- 
fied: sugar of lead, the acetate of lead in the form 
of a powder, white like sugar, having a sweet taste, 
but highly poisonous. 

suggest, v. sud-jest' (L. svggestum, to carry or bring 
under— from suh, 'under, and g-ro, I cany), to offer to 
the mind or thoughts ; to hint or refer to ; to intimate 
or mention in the first instance: suggesting, imp. 
hinting; intimating: suggest'ed, pp.: suggest'er, n. 
-er, one who suggests: sugges'tion, n. -shim, some- 
thing offered to the mind or thoughts ; a hint ; pri- 
vate "information : suggestive, a. -jest'iv, affording 
matter for thought or rel - ning a hint. 

suicide, n. su'i-sld (L. sui, of himself, and ccedo, I 
kill), the act of wilfully destroying one's own life ; 
self-murder : sulci'dal, a. -sl'-dal, partaking of the 
crime of self-murder ; pert, to or tainted with the 
desire to commit suicide : sulci'dally, ad. -It. 

suing— see sue. 

suit, n. silt (L. secutus, followed: It. seguito; old 
Eng. syivete ; F. suite, a following, a set of tilings fol- 
lowing in one arrangement), a number of things used 
together, as a suit of clothes ; a petition, prayer, or 



request ; courtship ; an action at law : v. to ag'ree to- 
gether, as things made on a common plan ; to fit ; to 
cole, boy, foot ; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



SUIT 



628 



SUN 



adapt ; to please ; to make content ; to agree or cor- 
respond; to match or tally: suiting, imp.: suit'ed, 
pp.: suit'able, a. -d-bl, fitting; agreeable to; ap- 
propriate ; proper ; becoming ; answerable : suit'able- 
ness, 11. -n&s, the quality 01 condition oi bi.-mv: -.nit 
able ; fitness : suit'ably, ad. -bit : suit'or, n. -er, one 
who sues ; one who attends a court of law as a plain- 
tiff or defendant ; a petitioner ; a wooer ; a lover : 
suit'ress, n. fem. -rSs, a female applicant. 

suite, n. swet (F. suite, a retinue), a set of apart- 
! 01 followers. 

sulcate, a. sitl'-kat, also sul'cated, a. (L. sulcus, a 
furrow), in bot., furrowed or grooved ; having a deeply- 
furrowed surface. 

sulk, v. sulk (old F. soltif, solitary, sullen), to be in 
asullen humour; to be silently sullen; to a< i. nil ii , 
sulking, imp.: sulked, pp. svilkt: sulky, a. sul'/ci, fit- 
fully sullen ; sour in temper ; morose : sul'kily, ad. 
-II: sul'kiness, n. -Tie's, the state or quality of being 
sulky; sullenness: sulks, n. plu. sulks, a fit of sullen- 
ness and discontent : to be in the sulks, to be discon- 
tented and sullen. 

sullen, a. sul'len (old Eng. soleine, solitary: L. 
solus, alone), of an unsociable morose disposition; 
gloomily silent and angry ; cloudy ; dismal : sullenly, 
ad. -Ii : sullenness, n. -n6s, a gloomy angry silence. 

sully, v. &i>! ' mi, ii i , to befoul, to 

dirty : Ger. sudeln, to dabble in wet and dirt), to soil ; 
to tarnish ; to stain or darken ; to dirty : sullying, 
imp. soiling, tarnishing : sullied, pp. -lid : adj. tar- 
nished ; stained. 

sulph, sulf, also sulpho, sul'fo (L. sulphur, brim- 
stone), prefixes in chemical terms denoting com- 
pounds containing sulphur or sulphuric acid : sulphate, 
n. sul'fdt, a salt formed by sulphuric acid with any 
base, as sulphate of lime: sulphatic, a. sul-fdt'-ik, 
pert, to, containing, or resembling a sulphate: sul- 
phide, n. sul'-fld, a compound of sulphur with another 
elementary substance : sul'phite, n. -fit, a compound 
of sulphurous acid with a base. 

i a! mt, and cyan- 

ogen), a name applied to an acid found in tin <'<i a.m: 
blossoms of cruci I md in human saliva. 

sulphosalt.ii il < i (sulphur, and salt), also 
sulphosel, n. sul'fo-sel (L. sulphur, and F. sel; L. 
sal, salt), a salt containing sulphur in both the acid 
and the base. 

sulphovinic, a. sul'fo -vin'lk (L. sulphur, sulphur, 
and vinum, wine), a term applied to an acid produced 
by the action of sulphuric acid on alcohol. 

sulphur, i:. suffer (L. sulphur; F. soufre, sulphur), 
iii i nig m nature 

as a greenish-yellow, brittle, solid body, crystalline in 
structure, and exhaling a peculiar odour when rubbed, 
burns with a bluish flame, and emits most suffocating 
fumes ; brimstone : sulphur-acid, an acid in which the 
oxygen is represented by the sulphur : sul'phury, a. 
-fu-rl, having the qualities of sulphur: sul'phurate, 
v. -rat, to subject to the action of sulphur : sulphura- 
ting, imp.: sul'phuring, n. -ring, exposure to the fumes 
of burning sulphur, as in bleaching: sul'phurated, 
pp.: sul'phura'tion, n. -rd'shun, the subjection of a 
substance to the action of sulphur : sul'phura'tor, n. 
-rd'-ter, an apparatus for fumigating or bleaching : 
sulphureous, a. sulfu'-rS-us, impregnated with or 
resembling sulphur, as fumes: sulphu'reously, 
ad. -II; sulphu'reousness, n. -n&s, the state of being 
sulphureous : sulphuret, n. sul'-fu-ret, a compound of 
sulphur with hydrogen, or with a metal or other 
electro-positive body: sul'phuret'ted, a. combined 
with sulphur: sulphur ii ', pert, to or ob- 

tained from sulphur: sulphuric acid, a powerful acid 
formed by one equivalent of sulphur combined with 
three of oxygen, much used in the arts and in medi- 
cine, popularly called oil of vitriol ; sulphurous, a. sill' 
fu-rus, containing or resembling sulphur : sulphurous 
acid, an acid formed and evolved in fumes from sul- 
phur when burned in air: sulphuretted hydrogen, 
sul'-fu-ret'-tSd-, a gas having the fetid odour of rotten 
eggs, composed of one equivalent of sulphur and one 
of hydrogen. 

sultan, n. sul'ttin (Ar. sultan, power, prince, king), 
the emperor of the Turks; the padisha or grand 
seignior ; a Mohammedan prince : sultana, n. sul-td- 
nti, or sultaness, n. sul'ta-nSs, the wife or consort of 
a sultan : sulta'na, a. applied to a small and fine variety 
of raisin : sul'tanship, n. the office or dignity of a 
sultan. 
sultry, a. sul'-tri (Dut. zwoel; Ger. schwuhl, suffo- 
mate, m&t,far, law; mete, m5t, 



eating with heat : AS. sivelan, to burn : old H. Ger. 
suelen, to dry up : Icel. svozla, thick smoke), oppres- 
sively hot ; very hot and close : sul'triness, n. -n&s, 
the state of being very hot and close. 

sum, n. sum ( P. somme, sum— from L. summa, the 
amount), that which two or more numbers, quantities, 
or particulars form when added or placed together; 
the amount or whole of anything ; the total ; a quan- 
tity of money ; tin-, substance-;; an abridgment; height: 
v. to collect or add into one whole, as particulars or 
several numbers ; to bring into a small compass ; to 
compute; to condense: sum'ming, imp.: summed, pp. 
stlmd: summary, n. sum'mer-l, an abstract; an 
abridgment: adj. containing th< substanci ,--irr, :< ! 
into a small compass ; short; concise; effected by a 
short way or method: sum'marily, ad. -II, shortly: 
summation, n. sum-md'-shun, the act of forming a sum 
or total amount , ;-.-- < : to sum up, to add up. 

sumach, n. su'-mdk (F. sumac; Sp. zumaque, su- 
mach: Ar. sunriiiii/,), tin; powder of the leaves of cer- 
tain shrubs which grow in Hungary, containing tan- 
nin, and a little yellow colouring matter. 

sumbul, n. sum'bOl (Tartar word), the root of a 
plant brought from the East, used in medicine as a 
stimulant. 

summer, n. sum'mer (Ger. sommer ; Icel. sumar; 
Gael, samhradh, summer; supposed to be connected 
with sun, as winter with wind), the warmest season 
of the year ; one of the four seasons ; that which fol- 
lows the spring: v. to pass the summer; to carry 
through the summer : sum'mering, imp. : sum'mered, 
pp. -merd: Indian summer, in N. Amer., a brief 
period of pleasant warm weather late in autumn: 
summer-house, a house or apartment formed in a 
garden for use in summer ; a residence for summer : 
summer solstice, with reference to the northern hem- 
isphere, that period of the year when the sun attains 

bis g|-o;it.i'st northern point, a Wont ii'Jd June. 

summer, n. siim'-mer (F. sommier; It. somaro, a 
sumpter-horse, a summer: W. swmer, a beam), in 
arch., the first stone laid over columns to form a 
cross-vault ; the central beam of a floor ; a horizontal 
beam or girder. 

summersault, n. sum'-mer -solvit, also sum'merset,-se£ 
(a corruption of F. soubremvt, ■■> gambol), other spell- 
ings of somersault and somerset— see somersault. 

summit, n. sum'mit (L. summits, highest, topmost: 
j -1,111,11, i) thi highest point; the top; utmost ele- 
vation : sum'mitless, a. -les, having no top. 

summon, v. sum'-mun (F. semondre, to invite, to 
warn : L. summonere, to remind, to give a hint^-from 
sub, under, and moneot I warn), to call by authority 
to appear at a place specified ; to give notice to ap- 
pear in court ; to cite : sum'moning, imp. : sum'- 
moned, pp. -mund, called or cited by authority: 
sum'moner, n. -mun-er, one who summons: sum'- 
mons, n. -miinz, a call by authority to appear at some 
particular place, or in a court ; the written or printed 
document by which such call is given ; a call or in- 
vitation to surrender. 

sump, n. sump (Dan. and Sw. sump; Dut. somp; 
f >•<■ umpf tramp, a marsh), an excavation at 
the bottom of a mine where the water accumulates, 
and from which it is pumped; in salt-works, the 

pond into which the sea s/atei i pu j d for future 

use ; a round pit of stone lined with clay for receiving 
the metal on its first fusion. 

sumpter, n. sum'-ter (It. somaro; F. sommier, a 
pack-horse: Ger. saum, a burden: Gr. sagrna, the 
load of a beast), an animal which carries baggage ; a 
baggage horse or mule ; used as the first part of a 
compound, as sumpter-horse. 

sumptuary, a. siim'-tu-er-i (L. sumptuarius, of or 
relating to expense— from sumptus, expense, cost : F. 

(mi pi mi n m [i i i Mint,'- to expense; regula- 
ting the cost of living: sumptuary laws, laws for- 
merly enacted to restrain ext.ia va'j.n.rice in costly 
food, dress, &c. : sump'tuous, a. -us, costly ; expen- 
sive; magnificent: sump'tuously, ad. -Ii: sump'tu- 
ousness, n. -nes, the state of being sumptuous ; ex- 
pensiveness. 

sun, n. sun (Goth, sunno; Icel. sunna; Sans, sunu, 
the sun), the c i 

and heat, distant from trie earth about 92,000,000 
mi'. u. In i'. ,i> n ml .i .I ii i oicl luminous: 

v. to expose to the sun's rays: sun'ning, imp.: adj. 
lying or basking in the sun : sunned, pp. sund -. sunny, 
a. sun'-ni, proceeding from the sun, or exposed to its 
rays; warm; bright: sun'niness, n. -nes, state of 
her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve ; 



SUND 



629 



SUPE 



being sunny : sun-like, a. like the sun : sunless, a. 
-16s, dark ; shaded : sunbeam, a ray of the sun : sun- 
blind, a covering for a window to subdue the too bright 
sunlight: sun-burned or -burnt, a. discoloured or 
darkened by the sun's rays ; tanned or darkened, as 
the complexion : sun-clad, a. clad in brightness, as of 
the sun : sun-dial, an instr. to show time by a style 
casting a shadow on a carved plate or surface : sun- 
dog, a luminous spot, sometimes seen near the sun : 
sundown, the time when the sun sets: sunfish, a 
name applied to several sea-fish : sunflower, a plant 
of the genus helianthus— so called from its large disc 
with yellow rays, or from its habit of turning round 
and following "the course of the sun: sun'rise, also 
sun'rising, the first appearance of the sun above 
the horizon; the early morning: sun'set, also sun'- 

setting, the time when the sun is Lisa in. >i 

the horizon; evening: sunshine, n. the direct rays of 
the sun, or the appearance of the place where they 
fall ; warmth ; illumination : sunshine or sunshiny, 
a. -shl'ni, clear; warm or pleasant; bright like the 
sun: sunstone, a resplendent variety of felspar, de- 
riving its play of colour's from minute embedded 
flakes or crystals of iron-glance : sunstroke, a disease, 
being a kind of apoplexy, caused by the action of the 
sun's rays in extremely hot weather on some part of 
the body, particularly on parts about the head, as 
the back of the neck : sun'ward, ad. -we-rd, towards 
the sun: Sun of Righteousness, in Scrip., a title 
applied to Jesus Christ as the great source of moral 
light and spiritual life : under the sun, in this world ; 
on the earth: sun and planet wheels, in mech., a 
contrivance for connecting The reciprocating motion 
of a beam into a rotatory motion. 

Sunday, n. siin'dd (AS. sunnan-dccg, Sunday— from 
sunnan, the sun, and dceg, day: Dan. sondag; Dut. 
zondag, Sunday— so called as the day dedicated to 
the particular worship of the sun), the first day of 
the week ; the Christian Sabbath : adj. pert, to the 
Christian Sabbath or Lord's day: Sunday-school, a 
school for the religious instruction of the young, kept 
on Sundays only. 

sunder, v. sttnkKr (led. sundr, in separate parts; 
sundra, to tear to pieces : Dut. sondi r, separated iron;), 
to part; to separate; to divide: sundering, imp.: 
sundered, pp. -dtrd: in sunder, in two parts: sun- 
dry, a. -drl, more than one or two; several: sun'- 
dries.n. plu. -dm, several things; collections of things 
or items of various kinds. 

sung, v. sung. pp. of sing, which see. 

sunk, v. sungk, pp. of sink, which see. 

sunken, a. sungk-n (Ger. sinken ; Sw. sjunka, to fall 
to the bottom— see sink), lying on the bottom of a 
river or piece of water. « 

sunn, n. sun, a fibrous material resembling hemp, 
obtained from a plant cultivated in the East Indies. 

Sunnites, n. plu. sun'uits (Ar. sunna, to regulate, 
to prescribe as law), the orthodox Mohammedans 
who receive the Sunna, a collection of traditions, as 
of equal importance with the Koran : Sunniah, n. sun' 
ni-d, one of the sect of Sunnites— see Shiites. 

sunniness, sunny— see sun. 

sup, siip, another form of the Latin prefix sub, 
which see. 

sup, v. silp{Icel. supa, to sup up liquids: Ger.saufen; 
Sw. supa; Low Ger. supen, to drink copiously— con- 
nected with sip and soiqi), to take by little at a time, 
or by mouthfuls, as a liquid ; to eat the evening 
meal: n. a small draught or mouthful of a liquid; a 
sip: sup 'ping, imp.: n. the act of taking supper: 
supped, pp. siipt. having taken the evening meal: 
sup'per, n. -per (F. souper), the meal at which soup 
formed the principal dish ; the evening meal : sup'- 
perless, a. -les, being without supper: the Lord's 
Supper, the Eucharist; the memorial observance 
among Christians of eating bread and drinking wine 
"to show forth Christ's death." 

super, su'per (L.), a prefix signifying "above"; 
over; in excess: super has sometimes the French 
form sur. 

superable, a. su'-per-d-bl (L. superabilis, that may 
be overcome— from super, above : It. superabile : Sp. 
superable), that may be overcome or conquered : su'- 
perably, ad. -bli: su'perableness, n. -bl-nes, the qua- 
lity of being surmountable. 

super-abound, v. su'per-a~-bdivncl' (L. super, in ex- 
cess, and abound), to be very abundant; to be 
more than enough: su'perabound'ing, imp.: su'per- 
abound'ed, pp.: su'perabun'dant, a. -bun'-ddnt, being 



than enough. 

superadd, v. siVper-dd' (L. super, above, and add), 
to add over and above: su'perad'ding, imp.: su- 
peradded, pp.: su'peradditi'on, n. that which is 
added over and above. 

superangelic, a. su'per-dn-jcl'ik (L. super, above, 
and angelic), having a nature or being superior to 
that of angels; connected with the world beyond 
that of angels. 

superannuate, v. su'-pir-dn'nu-at (L. super, above, 
and annus, a year), to impair or disqualify by age or 
infirmity ; to allow to retire from service on a pension 
on account of old age or infirmity : su'peran'nuating, 
imp.: superannuated, pp.: adj. disqualified by old 
age; allowed to retire on a pension on account of 
old age or infirmity : su peran nua'tion, n. -a'-shun, 
state of being too old for office or business. 



deur, pomp, or richness; stately; showy; elegant: 
superb 'ly, ad. -II, richly; elegantly; pompously: 
superb'ness, n. -nes, the state of being superb. 

supercargo, n. sih'per-kdr'go (L. super, above, and 
cargo), a person connected with a merchant -ship, 
who manages the sales and superintends all the com- 
mercial concerns of the voyage. 

supercelestial, a. su'-pir-sedest'-ydl (super, and celes- 
tial), situated above the firmament. 

supercharge, v. sii'per-ch&rj (super, and charge), in 
Tier., to place one bearing on another; n. a bearing or 
figure placed upon another. 

superciliary, a. siV P ,:,-:>il'i-er-i (super, and ciliary), 
in anat., situated above the eyebrow. 

supercilious, a. su'per-sil'l-us (L. superciliosus, 
haughty— from supercilium, an eyebrow, arrogance 
—from super, above, and cilium, an eyelid), expres- 
sing lofty pride by raising the eyebrows ; haughty ; 
arrogant; everbearing: superciliously, ad. -II: su'- 
percil'iousness, n. -nes, haughtiness ; an overbearing 
manner. 

supercolumnar, a. su'per-kodum'ner (super, and 
columnar), in arch., put one above another, as an 
order: su'percolumnia'tion, n. the putting of one 
order above another. 

superdominaut, n. su'pcr-dom'-l-ndnt (super, and 
dominant), in music, the sixth of the key in the de- 
scending scale. 

supereminent, a. sit'pc'r-Sm'4-nS7it (L. super, above, 
and eminent), eminent in a very high degree; sur- 
passing others in excellence: su'perem'inently, ad. 
-II : su'perem'inence, n. -nens, excellence in a high 
degree ; eminence superior to what is common ; also 
su'perem'inency, n. -nin-si. 

supererogation, n. su'per-Sr'O-ga'sMm (L. super, 
in excess, and erogo, I pay out, I expend), the per- 
formance of more duty than what is required; in 
Rom. Cath. Ch., those good deeds supposed to have 
been performed by saints over and above what was re- 
quired for their own salvation : su'pererog'atory, a. 
-tr-dij'a-tir-l, performed to an extent not enjoined or 
required by duty. 

superessential, a. su'per-es-sen'shdl (super, and 
essential), essential above others. 

superexalt, v. su'-per-eg-zawlt' (super, and exalt), to 
exalt to a superior degree. 

superexcellent, a. su'-per-Sk'sehlSnt (super, and 
tj-o.lfi nt), superior in an uncommon degree: su'per- 
ex'cellence, n. -lens, very great excellence. 

superexcrescence, n. su-per-iks-kres'-ens (super, 
and excrescence), a superfluous growth. 

superfecundity, n. sH (super, and 

fecundity), superabundant multiplication of the spe- 
cies. 

superfetate, v. su'per-fe fetatwm, to con- 

ceive above another conception— from fetus, a bear- 
ing, a bringing forth), to conceive anew while still 
with young : su'perfeta'tion, n. -fe-ta'-shun, a second 

' .-|'li"! 

superficial, a. su'per-fish'dl (It. superficiale ; F. su- 
perficiel, superficial— from L. superficies, the upper 
side of a thing— from super, above, and fades, the 
face), being on the surface or exterior part ; not pene- 
trating beneath the surface ; pert, to surfaces ; showy : 
without substance ; not deep or profound ; shallow ; 
more showy than real, as acquirements in any branch 
of knowledge: su'perfici'ally, ad. -li: su'perfici'al- 
ness, n. -nes, position on the surface ; shallow, slight 



cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



SUPE 6 

knowledge : su'perfici'es, n. -ez, the surface; in geom., 
that which has length and breadth only. 

superfine, a. su'-per-fin' (L. super, above, and fine), 
very fine ; surpassing in fineness : su'perfine'ness, n. 

■lies, \,\\i: state ill' qualify c»f bring superfine. 

superfluous, a. su-per'-Jliiii-us (L. superfiuus, running 
over— from super, above, and jftwo, I flow : It. super- 
flwo: F. superflu), more than enough or sufficient; be- 
yond what is wanted ; redundant : super'fluously, ad. 
-li: superfluity, n. su'-pcr-Jio-i-li, greater quantity than 
is wanted ; superabundance ; excess. 

superheat, v. su'-per-het' (super, and heat), in a 
steam-engine, to heat to excess ; to heat steam apart 
from its contact with water until it, resembles a gas. 

superhuman, a. su'-per-hn-inMn (super, and human), 
above or beyond what is human ; divine. 

superimpose, v. su'-per-im-p»-: (super, and impose), 
to lay on something else: su'perimpositi'on, n. -pO- 
zish'-un, the act or 'state of being superimposed, or 
laid on something else. 

superincumbent, a. su'-per-'ln-kiim-hiint (super, and 
incumbent), resting or pressing on something else. 

superinduce, v. su'-per-in-dus [super, and induce), 
to bring in or upon, as an addition to something else: 
su'perindu'cing, imp. : su'perinduced', pp. -dust': su- 
perinduc'tion, u. -dulr.-sliiiii, the art of superinducing. 



have the care of with the power of direction; to 
see or overlook: superintending, imp.: adj. oversee- 
iug.; governing: su perintend'ed, pp.: su'perinten'- 
dent, n. -ten-dent, also su'perinten'dant, n. -dclnt, one 
who has the oversight and charge of something with 
the power of direction ; an inspector ; an overseer : 
adj. that overlooks others with authority: superin- 
tendence, n. -cUns, oversight ; care ; direction ; man- 
agement ; also su'perinten'dency, n. -dSn-sl. 

superior, a. su-pe'-rl-er (L. superior, higher, upper 
—from super, above: It. superiore: F. supirieur), 
higher; more elevated or exalted in place, rank, dig- 
nity, oifice, or excellence; preferable; unaffected or 
uneonquered, as "a man superior to his sufferings"; 
in hut., placed above another organ— applied especially 
to indicate the position of the ovary with respect to 
the calyx : n. one of higher rank ; one more excellent 
or more advanced than another ; the chief or head of 
a monastery or convent; in Scot., one who has made 
the original grant of heritable property to a person 
called his vassal, which property is held by the vassal 
on certain stipulated conditions, as the payment of an 
annual fixed sum, or the performance of certain ser- 
vices: supe'riors, n. plu. -irs, in printing, small let- 
ters or figures cast at the tops of the shanks of types, 
thus ( 6 ), used for references to marginal or foot notes, 
and in works on mathematics : supe'rior'ity, n. -6r'-i- 
ti, quality of being more advanced, higher, or more 
excellent in certain respects than another ; pre-emin- 
ency; ascendency: superior planets, the planets at a 
greater distance from the sun than the earth, as Mars, 
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. 

superlative, a. su-psr'lcl-tiv (L. superlatus, exces- 
sive, exaggerated— from super, above, and latus, car- 
ried: It. superlativo: F. superlatif), surpassing all 
others; most eminent; in gram., expressing the high- 



-ll: superlativeness, n. -nes, the state of being in 

highest degree. 

superlunar, a. su'pir-W-ner (L. super, above, and 
/".■•■"■, i in niM(in) lining above the moon; not earthly. 

supermundane, a. su'oer-rnun'dan (super, and 
mundane), above the world. 

supernal, a. su- per'. mil (L. sunernus, on high, celes- 
tial—from super, above), relating to things above ; 
belonging to a higher place or region ; celestial: su- 
per'nally, ad. -li. 

supernatant, a. su'-pir-nd'-tdnt (L. super, above, 

•'' >' ! minni-., su nine), :i,, ii.ii : 01 s '.■: I e 1 1 1 1 i n ■_', on i ii 

surface: su'pernata'tion, n. -n&4a'shun, the act of 
swimming on the surface. 

supernatural, a. su'per-nM'u-rdl (L. super, above, 
and ?t,atur a, nature), exceeding the powers or laws of 
nature; miraculous: su'pernat'urally, a,d. -II: su'- 
pernat'uralness, n. -nes, the stale or quality of being 
supernatural: su'pernat'uralism, n. -izm, the doctrine 
of a divine and supernatural agency in the perform- 
ance of miracles : su'pernat'uralist, n. -1st, one who 
holds the principles. 

supernumerary, a. sii'-per-nu'-mir-er-i (L. super, 



mate, melt, far, law; mete, mSt, 



SUPE 

above, and numerus, a number: F. surnum&raire), 
exceeding a necessary or usual number; in excess of 
the number stated : n. a person beyond what is usually 
needed, or above the stated number. 

superphosphate, n. su'per-fos'Jat (super, and phos- 
phate), any substance containing the greatest quan- 
tity of phosphoric acid which can combine with the 
base: superphosphate of lime, in agri., a fertiliser 
prepared from ground bones, bone-black, or phospho- 
rite, treated with sulphuric acid. 

superpose, v. sil'-pir-pOz' (I,, super, above, waAposi- 
tus, placed), to lay or be placed upon ; to lay upon, as 
one kind of rock upon another : su'perpo'sing, imp. .- 
su'perposed, pp. -pozd: su'perpositi'on, n. ^O-eish-wn, 
a lying above or upon something; that which is situ- 
ated above or upon something else ; in geol., the order 
of arrangement in which strata and formations are 
placed above each other. 

super-royal, a. su'-per-rdif-al (super, and royal), de- 
noting a kind of paper in sheets larger than royal. 

supersalt, n. su'-pir-sawlt (super, and salt), a salt 
with a greater number of equivalents of acid than of 
base. 

supersaturate, v. su'-per-s&t'u-rat (super, and sat- 
urate), to add beyond saturation. 

superscribe, v. sii'-ju'r-skrib (L. super, above, and 

SCribo,! write), <<> U Clia- (.•• rngin.vr on i.hl I o, >, o; I i side, 

or surface ; to write .a name or address on the outside 
of a letter: su'perscri'bing, imp.: superscribed, pp. 
-skribd : superscription, n. -skrip'-shun (L. scrip/us, 
written), that which is written or engraved on the out- 
side; the address of a letter; an impression of letters 
on coins, 
supersede, v. su'per-sed' (L. super, above, and sedeo, 

1 sit), to set aside; to make void or useless by superior 
power; to render unnecessary; to suspend: su'per- 
se'ding, imp.: su'perse'ded, pp. rendered unnecessary; 
displaced; suspended: su'perse'deas, n. -se-de-<o< (h. 
set, aside, stay), in law, an order to suspend the powers 
of an officer in certain cases, or to stay proceedings. 

supersensible, a. su'-pir-sen'-si.-iil [super, and sen- 
sible), beyond the rea.ch of the senses or natural powers 
of perception; also su'persen'sual, a. (super, and 
sensual), above the senses. 

supersession, n. xn'- / >/r-sf.r.h'un (super, and session), 
the act of sitting on any thing; 1 he art of superseding. 

superstition, n. su'per-stish'-rm (L. su.perstitio, the 
remaining in the old obsolete belief, unreasonable re- 
ligious belief— from super, above, and statum , to stand : 
F." superstition), amazement or wonder at, or dread 
of, the divine or supernatural ; excess or extravagance 
in religion; the belief of what is absurd or without 
evidence, as in the direct agency of superior or super- 
' natural powers in certain events; a false religion; 
false worship : su'perstiti'ous, a. -us, manifesting be- 
lief in supernatural agencies in certain events; full of 
idle fancies and practices in regard to religion and 
the unseen world: su'perstiti'ously. ad. -li: su'per- 
stiti'ousness, n. -nes, the q 1 ia 1 i f y of being superstitious. 

superstratum, n. su'per-stra'-tum (super, and stra- 
tum), a layer above another, or overlying something 
else. 

superstructure, n. su'-p'r-striik'-tfn (I., super, above, 
and structure), any edifice or erection built upon 
something else ; that which is raised or built on a 
foundation or basis : su'perstruc'tive, a. -tiv, built on 
somel iiing else. 

superterrestrial, a.. su'-per-tSr-res'tri-dl (super, and 
ferrestriid), being above the earth, or above what be- 
longs to the earth. 

supertonic, n. su'-per-ton'-ik (super, and tonic), in 
music, the note next above the key-note. 

SUpertragical, a, siV-pbrdraj'-i-lud {super, and iroiji,- 

ccd), tragical to excess. 

supervene, v. sii'-per-ven' (L. super, above, and 
venio, I come), to come upon ; to happen to : su'per- 
ve'ning, imp.: adj. coming asau extraneous addition: 
su'pervened, pp. -vend: su'perve'nient, a. -ve-ni-enf, 
coming upon, as something additional: su'perven'- 
tion, a. -ven'shiin, the act of coming upon as some- 
thing extraneous. 

supervise, v sager-vi-/ (L. super, above, and visum, 
to see), to oversee; to inspect; to superintend: su'- 
pervi'sing, imp.: su'pervised', pp. -vizd': su'pervi'sal, 
n. -ci'-zdl, also su'pervisi'on, n. -vlzh'iin, the act of 
overseeing ; inspection : su'pervi'sor, n. -vi'zer, an 
overseer ; an inspector : su'pervi'sory, a. -zer-i, pert. 
in or having supervision. 

supervolute, a. su'-ptr-vo-lnl' (super, above, and 
her; pine, pin; note, not, mOve; 



SUPI 6 

. bat., having a plaited and rolled arrange- 
ment in the hud ; also su'pervolu'tive, a. ■lu'-tlv. 

supine, n. su-pln iL. supinus, bent or thrown hack- 
wards: Sp. supino: F. supin), in L. gram., a case 
of the infinitive mood ending in um and u— probably 
so called because, though having substantive-case end- 
ings, it throws itself back, as it were, on the verb ; a 
verbal noun. 

supine, a. su-pln' (L. supinus, bent or thrown back- 
wards lyiiiir > >n the back, careless), lying on the back, 
or with face upwards ; careless ; thoughtless ; negli- 
gent: inattentive; indolent: supinely, ad. -ll: su- 
pine'ness, n. -nes. indolence; thoughtlessness: supi- 
nate, a. su'pl-ndt, in hot., leaning or inclining with 
exposure to the sun : supination, n. -na'-shun. the 
act of turning the face upwards : su'pina'tor, n. -ter, 
in anat., one of those muscles which turn the palm 
of the hand forwards or upwards. 

supped, supper, supperless, supping— see sup. 

supplant, v. supplant' (L. supplanto, I trip up the 
heels, I throw to the ground— from sub, under, and 
planta, the sole of the foot: F. supplanter: It. sup- 
plantare), to take the place of, as by stratagem or un- 
fair means ; to displace ; to force away ; to supersede : 
supplanting, imp.: n. the act of displacing or turning 
out: supplant'ed, pp.: supplanter, n. -tr, one who 
supplants. 

supple, a. sup'pl (F. souple, supple : Bret, soubla, to 
bend down: Gael, sitbai't. flexible, supple: Icel. svi- 
pall, unsteady), easily bent ; flexible ; compliant ; not 
obstinate ; flattering or fawning : v. to make pliant or 
flexible ; to grow soft or pliant : suppling, imp. 
•Una: suppled, pp. sup'pld: sup'plely, ad. -pl-ll: sup'- 
pleness, n. -/<■.>, quality of being easily bent; readiness 
of compliance. 

supplement, n. sup'pK-mSnt (L. supplementum, that 
with which anything is made full or whole— from 
sub, under, and pleo, I fill : F. supplement: It. sup- 
plemento, a supplement), any addition by which de- 
fects are supplied ; an addition made to a published 
work or book to render it more complete ; an additi- 
onal sheet to a newspaper; in t rig., the quantity by 
which an arc or an angle falls short of 180 degrees, or 
a semicircle: v. svp'-plc-meut', to add something to 
make more full and complete; to add to: supple- 
menting, imp.: supplemented, pp.: supplemental, 
a. -dl, added to supply deficiencies or defects ; additi- 
onal; also supplementary, a. -ir-l-. supplementally, 
ad. -ll: suppletory, a. snp'-le-tir-l, also sup'pletive, a. 
•tlv, supplying deficiencies. 

suppliant, a. snp'-pii-dnt IL. supyhcans, kneeling 
down or humbling one's self— from sub. under, and 
plico, I fold : F. suppliant, a humble petitioner— from 
supplier, to entreat, to beseech), asking earnestly and 
submissively ; expressive of humble supplication ; en- 
treating : n one who entreats humblv and submis- 
sively: sup'pliantly, ad. -ll: supplicant, a. -kdnt, en- 
treating: asking submissively: n. one who entreats 
submissively ; a petitioner who asks earnestly : sup'- 
plicate.v. -kat, to seek by earnest prayer; to beseech; 
to entreat: sup'plicating, imp. entreating; implor- 
ing- : sup'plicated, pp.: sup'plicatingly, ad. -ll: sup'- 
plica'tion, n. -kd-shiin, a humble and earnest prayer 
in worship; an earnest entreaty: sup'plicatory, a. 
■kd-ter-i, petitionary; humble; submissive. 

supply, v. sup-pli' (L. supplere, to make full or 
whole — from sub, under, ana pleo, I fill: F. supplier .- 
It. supplire), to fill ; to give or afford what is wanted ; 
to serve instead of; to provide ; to bring or furnish ; 
to fill vacant room : n. sufficiency of things for use or 
want ; the necessary stores and provisions ; relief of 
want: supply'ing, imp.: supplied', pp. -plld'.- sup- 
plies', n. plu. -pttz', Things supplied in sufficiency; 
the sums of money granted by Parliament to meet 



noting a deficiencv in some article of commerce in a 
market, and the latter, the furnishing of the articles 

support, v. sup-port (L. supportare, to carry or 
bring to a place— from sub, under, and porto, I carry : 
F. supporter : It. sopportare). to bear or hold up ; to 
endure without being overcome ; to sustain ; to prop ; 
to maintain; to keep from fainting or sinking; to 
help ; to substantiate : n. sustaining power ; the neces- 
saries of life: food; That which upholds a person or 
thin:; from falling or sinking : assistance; aid; help: 
supporting, imp.: support'ed, pp.: supporter, n. -er, 

cow, boy, foot; pure, Mid; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



:i supr 

one who gives aid or help : a defender ; an adherent ; 
that which supports; in 7ftr., a figure, originally of 
some animal, placed on the side of the scroll as if to 
support it : support'able, a. -d-bl, that may be upheld, 
sustained, or endured ; bearable : supportably, ad. 
-d-bll: support'ableness, n. -bl-nes, the state of being - 
supportable: support'less, a. -ISs, without support: 
points of support, the collected areas, on the plan of 
any structure, of the piers, walls, columns, and the like, 
upon which it is to rest : right of support, in laiv, a 
servitude by which an owner of a house has a light 
to rest his timbers on the walls of his neighbour's 
house. 

suppose, v. siip-poz' (L. suppositum, to place undei, 
to substitute falsely— from sub, under, and positum, 
to place : F. supposer), to lay down, assume, or admit 
without proof; to imagine ; to receive as true without 
examination ; to regard : suppo'sing, imp.: supposed', 
pp. -pozd': adj. laid down or imagined as true ; be- 
lieved: suppo'ser, n. -zir, one who supposes: suppo- 
sable, a. -zd-bl, that may be imagined to exist: sup- 
position, n. siip'-pG-zlsh-un, the act of laying down, or 
admitting as true or existing, what has not been 
proved; belief without evidence; imagination; con- 
jecture ; in music, the transient use of discords fol- 
lowed by concords : sup'positi'onal, a. -dl, assumed 
without proof; conjectural: sup positi'onally, ad. -ll. 

supposititious, a. sup-poz'-htlsh'-iis IL. suppositious, 
put in the place of another— from sub, under, and 
positum, to place or lay), put by trick in the place be- 
longing to another ; not genuine ; spurious : suppos'- 
ititi'ously, ad. -ll: suppos'ititiousness, n. -nes, the 
state of being supposititious : suppos'itive, a. -i-tlv, 
including or implying supposition: n. in gram., a 
word implying supposition : suppos'itively, ad. -ll. 

suppress, v. silp-pres' (L. suppressum, to hold or 
keep back— from sub, under, and pressum, to press), 
to put down ; to overpower and crush ; to restrain ; to 
keep in ; not to tell or reveal ; to stop ; to stifle ; to 
conceal: suppressing, imp.: suppressed', pp. -presf: 
adj. crushed; concealed; stopped: suppreVsor, n. 
-ser, one who suppresses: suppression, n. -presh'-un, 
the act of crushing or destroying ; the act of holding 
back or retaining ; concealment; stoppage; in gram., 
the omission, as of words: suppres'sive, a. -pres'siv, 
that tends to suppress. 

suppurate, v. sup'pu-rdt (L. suppuratum, to gather 
matter underneath— from sub, under, and pus, the 
white and viscous matter of a sore— gen. puris: It. 
suppurare: F. suppurer), to generate or form white 
and viscous matter, as in a sore; to cause to form 
matter, as a sore: sup'purating, imp.: adj. secreting 
pus: suppurated, pp.: sup'pura'tion, n. -ra'shun, 
the process of producing matter, as in a sore; the 
matter formed in a sore : suppurative, a. -tlv, tending 
to suppurate : n. a medicine that promotes the form- 
ing of matter, as in a sore. 

supra, su'prd (L. sup* rus, upper, on high), a Latin 
prefix signifying "above"; on the top; over;beyond. 

supra-axiilary, su'prd-ak'-sl-lar-l (supra, and axil- 
lary), in bot., growing above the axil. 

siipracretaceous, a. su'prd-kre-ta'shfts (supra, and 
cretaceous), in geol., applied to deposits lying over the 
chalk formation. 

suprafoliaceous, a. su'-prd-fo'-ll-d-shus (supra, and 
foliaceous), in bot., inserted above a leaf or petiole. 

supralapsarian, n. su'-prd-ldp-sd'-ri-dn (L. supra, 
beyond, and lapsus, a falling down or into ruins), one 
who holds that the fall of our first parents, with all its 
consequences, was predestined from all eternity, as 
well as the decree of election, by which a part of the 
human race were to be saved by the Redeemer: adj. 
pert. to. 

supramundane, a, sii'-prd-inu'ii'-dan (supra, and 
mundane), situated above the world, or above our 
system. 

supranaturalists, n. plu. su-prd-ndt-u-ral-ists (su- 
pra, and naturalists), in theol., those who believe in 
supernatural manifestations in religion, in opposition 
to the rationalists, who exclude them ; also applied to 
those who adopt the system of accommodation in re- 

matters, and explain away tenets usually con- 



tal),'in anat., being above the orbit of the eye. 

suprarenal, a. su'-prd-re'-ndl (supra, and renal), in 
anat., situated abo- e or upon the kidneys. 

suprascapular, a. su'-pra-sl; \p- v. -lie i > upra, and scap- 
ular), in anat., situated above the shoulder-blade. 



SUPR 



632 



SURP 



supreme, a. su prem' (L. supremus, highest, top- 
most — from superus, that is above, higher : It. supremo; 
F. supreme, highest), highest; greatest; most excel- 
lent; holding the highest place in government or 
power : supreme ly, ad. -ll: suprem'acy, n. -premkl-sl, 
highest authority or power ; undivided authority in 
ecclesiastical affairs: oath of supremacy, an oath 
maintaining the royal prerogative in matters ecclesias- 
tical as well as in tilings temporal— called the royal 
supremacy— and the denial of the Pope's supremacy. 

sur, sir (F. sur, on, upon: another form of L. sub or 
super), a prefix signifying "over"; above; beyond: 
sometimes merely intensive. 

sural, a. su'-ral (L. sura, the calf of the leg), pert, 
to the calf of the leg. 

surbase, n. sir'-bas (F. sur, upon, and Eng. base), in 
arch., a cornice or series of mouldings on the top of 
the base of a pedestal, &c. : surbased, a. ser'-bast, 
having a series of mouldings on the top of the base : 
surbase'ment, n. -bds'-meut (F. surbaissement), the de- 
pression of any arch or vault which describes a por- 
tion of an ellipse. 

surbed, v. sir-bed' (F. sur, on or upon, and "bed), 
in arch., to set stones on edge, or contrary to their 
natural bedding in the quarry: surbed'ding, imp.: 
surbed'ded, pp. 

surcharge, v. sir-ch&rj' (F. surcharger, to overload 
—from sur, above, and charger, to load), to overload ; 
to overcharge; to overstock: n. a load greater than 
can be well borne; anexl racharge. surcharging, imp. : 
surcharged', pp. -charjd'. 

surcingle, n. ser-sliig'-gl (F. sur, over, and L. cingu- 
lum, a girdle, a sword-belt— from cingo, I bind round), 
a belt or band which passes over a saddle, or anything 
laid on a horse's back, in order to bind it fast; the 
girdle of a cassock : surcin'gled, a. -slng'-gld, girt or 
secured with a surcingle. 

surcoat, n. ser'-kot (F. sur, over, and Eng. coat), a 
short overcoat; the long and flowing drapery of 
knights. 

surculus, n. sir'-ku-lus, plu. sur'culi, -ll (L. surculus, 
a small twig), in bot., a sucker; a shoot thrown off 
under ground, and only rooting at its base ; used also 
in Eng. form, surcle, n. sir'-kl. 

surd, n. sird (L. surdus, deaf, dull, indistinct), in 
alg., a quantity which cannot be expressed by rational 
numbers or exactly determined, as the square root of 
2 or the cube root of 3: adj. that cannot be expressed 
by rational numbers. 

sure, a. shor (F. sur; old F. seur, sure, safe: L. 
securus, free from care, safe), certain; not liable to 
failure, loss, oi change; firm; stable; free from doubt 
or danger: ad. certainly; without doubt: surely, 
ad. -ft, certainly ; undoubtedly: snre'ty, n. -tl, security 
against loss or damage ; certainty ; in laxo, one bound 
with and for another ; a bail: suretiship, n. state of 
being surety ; obligation of being bound to answerfor 
another: sure-footed, a. treading firmly; not liable 
to stumble or fall: to be sure, certainly; without 
doubt : to make sure, to secure so that no failure may 
take place. 

suretiship, surety— see sure. 

surf, n. se?;/'(Xorm. t.telitte/er, to foam), the foaming 
or broken water made by the waves beating on the 
shore: surf 'y, a. -I, abounding with surf: surf-boat, a 
light strong boat capable of passing easily and safely 
through heavy surf. 

surface, n. ser'-fas (F. surface, outside: L. super- 
ficies, the upper side of a thing— from super, above, 
and fades, the face), the upper face or side of a thing; 
the outside ; the upper stratum of the soil ; that which 
has length and breadth only. 

surfeit, n. ser'-fit (old F. surfait, excess— from F. 
sur, over, and faire, L. facer e, to make), excess in 
eating and drinking; sickness ot satiety caused by 
over-fulness: v. to supply with food or drink to sa- 
tiety or sickness ; to cloy ; to be fed with over-fulness, 
or to satiety: surfeiting, imp.: n. act of feeding to 
excess; gluttony: surfeited, pp.: adj. fed to a sur- 
feit : sur'feiter, n. -ir, one who surfeits. 

surge, n. serj (F. sourdre, to rise, to spring; 
sourgeon, the spouting up of water in a fountain: L. 
surgere, to rise, to boil or bubble up), the large waves 
or billows; a great rolling swell of water; in ship- 
building, a certain tapered part of a capstan : v. to 
swell; to rise high and roll, as waves; to slip back, as 
a cable; to let go suddenly, as a rope : sur'ging, imp.: 
adj. swelling and rolling as great waves: surged, pp. 
serjd: surgy, a. sCr'jl, rising in high waves or surges; 



full of great waves : surgeless, a. -lis, free from 
waves; smooth: surge - beaten, a. beaten by high 
rolling waves. 

surgeon, n. ser'-jiin (F. chirurgien; Norm, serugien ; 
old F. surgien, a surgeon — from Gr. cheirourgos ; L. 
rhirurgus, one who works with the hand, an opera- 
ting medical man— from Gr. cheir, the hand, and ergon, 
work), one whose occupation is to cure or alleviate 
injuries and diseases of the body by manual opera- 
tions: surgeoncy, n. -si, the office or employment of 
a surgeon : sur'gery, n. -jir-l, the act or art of cur- 
ing or alleviating injuries or diseases of the body 
by manual operations ; the place or room in which a 
surgeon operates; the private shop for dispensing, 
attached to the house of a practitioner: sur'gical, 
a. -ji-kal, pert, to surgeons; done by an operation 
with the hand, as cutting out a tumour : sur'gically, 
ad. -li. 

surging, surgy— see surge. 

suricate, n. su'-ri-kat (F. surikate, the African name), 
a carnivorous African quadruped allied to the ich- 
neumon, somewhat smaller than the domestic cat. 

surloin, n. sir'-loyn, another spelling of sirloin, 
which see. 

surly, a. ser'li (old Eng. sirly or sir-like, magis- 
terial, arrogant: AS. sur, sour), cross and rude; 
gloomily morose ; snarling : surlily, ad. -ll : surli- 
ness, n. -nes, crabbed ; morosely ill-natured. 

surmise, v. sir- mlz' (old F. surmise, accusation— from 
surmettre, to lay upon, to accuse : L. super, upon, and 
missus, sent), to imagine without certain knowledge ; 
to suspect ; to form a notion or opinion on slight evi- 
dence, or from some trivial circumstance : n. the no- 
tion or opinion that something exists of which we 
have no certain evidence ; a conjecture ; a supposition : 
surmi'sing, imp.: n. the act of suspecting : surmised', 
pp. -mlzd': surmi'ser, n. -ml'-zer, one who surmises. 

surmount, v. ser-meneitt' (F. surmouter, to excel— 
from sur, upon, and monter, to mount— from mont, a 
hill), to overcome; to rise above; to go beyond; to 
surpass: surmounting, imp.: surmounted, pp.: adj. 
in arch., applied to an arch or dome rising higher than 
a semicircle : surmount'able, a. -d-bl, that maybe over- 
come: surmount'ably, ad. -bll: surmount'ableneus, 

n -/./ ,,,■ i li :iar ■ '■'.■■ , amiabl 

surmullet, n. ser-mul'-let (F. surmulet— -from saur, 
yellowish-brown, and Eng. -mullet), a fish allied to the 
perch— also called red mullet. 

surmulot, n. sir'-mu-lot (F. surmulot— from saur, 
yellowish-brown, and mulct, a field-mouse), the brown 
or Norway rat. 

surname, n. ser'-ndm (F. surnom, a surname — from 
sur, upon, and nom, a name : It. sopranome), a name 
added to, or over and above, the baptismal or Christian 
name— as William Smith, Smith being the surname, 
and William the baptismal or Christian name ; the 
family name : v. to give a surname to, or to call by 
one : sur'naming, imp. : sur named, pp. -namd. 

surpass, v. sir-pCis' (F. sur passer, to overtorj— from 
sur, beyond, and passer, to pass), to go beyond in any- 
thing; to excel; to exceed: surpas'sing, imp.: adj. 
excellent in an eminent degree; exceeding others: 
surpassed', pp. -pdst': surpas'sable, a. -pds'-sd-bl, that 
may be exceeded : surpas'sably, ad. -bH ; surpassing- 
ly, ad. -slng-U : surpas'singness, n. -nes, the state of 
surpassing. 

surplice, n. ser'plis (F. surplis ; old F. surpeliz, a 
surplice— from sur, over or upon, and 'pelisse, a furred 
robe : L. super, over, and pedis, a skin), an outer, long, 
white, linen rob'', with wide sleeves, worn by an offici- 
ating clergyman in cenain parts of the service hi the 
Episcopal or R. Cath. Ch., and in others : sur'pliced, a. 
-plist, wearing a surplice. 

surplus, n. sir-plus (F. surplus, surplus— from F. sur. 

over, and F. and L. plus, more), that which r ; 

over beyond what is wanted ; excess ; what r 
of an estate after debts, &c, have been paid: sur'- 
plusage, n. -Ctj, that, which remains over; in law, 
something in the pleadings or proceedings not neces- 
sary to the case. 

surprise, v. sir-prlz' (F. surprise, astonishment : F. 

surprendre ; It. sopraprendere, to take unawares), to 

take unawares ; to come upon one suddenly ; to strike 

with wonder ; to throw the mind into confusion by pre- 

iting something suddenly to the view or the mind : 



mate, mat, far, hue; mete, met, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, move; 



SURE 6 

astonishment; astonishing: surprised', pp. -prlzd': 
surprisingly, ad. -zing-li. 

surrender, v. siir-rcihdir (old F. surrender, to de- 
liver up— from sur, over, and rendre, to render), to 
deliver up, as one's self ; to yield to the power of an- 
other ; to give or deliver up : to resign ; to yield to 
any influence ; in mil,, to lay down arms and yield, as 
a prisoner of war : n. the act of resigning one's per- 
son, or the possession of something, into the hands of 
another ; a yielding or giving up : surrendering, imp. : 
surrendered, pp. -derd : surren derer, n. -irr, one who 
surrenders: surrenderor', n. -dir-or', in law, the 
tenant who surrenders an estate into the hands of his 
lord: surrenderee', n. -der-&, the person to whom the 
lord grants surrendered land. 

surreptitious, a. sur-rip-n<h'-ds (L. surreptitius, 
stolen, surreptitious— from surreptum, to snatch away 
secretly — from sub, under, and raptum, to seize and 
carry off), done by stealth or without authority ; made 
or introduced fraudulently: surreptitiously, ad. -If. 

surrogate, n. sur'-ro-gui (L. surrogatum, to elect in 
the place of another— from sub, under, and rogo, I 
ask), the deputy of an ecclesiastical judge, usually of 
a bishop or his chancellor ; an officer authorised to 
issue marriage licences. 

surround, v. sur-rcnad' iF. sur, upon, and round), 
to enclose on all sides; to encircle ; to encompass; to 
fence about: surrounding, imp.: adj. being on ail 
sides of; enclosing: surround'ed, pp.: surround' ings, 
n. plu. -inyz, external or attending circumstances. 

sursolid, n. ser-sol'-id (F. sur, above, and solid), in 
aritli., the fifth power of a number. 

surtout, n. sir-to' (F. sur, over, and lout, all: L. 
totus, all, the whole), an overcoat ; a coat having a 
wide skirt reaching about the knees. 

surturbrand, n. >.,■:■■ rdnd (Icel. surtarbrandr— 
from svartr, and branch-, a firebrand), in geol., a peat- 
like variety of brown coal or lignite, occurring in the 
pliocene deposits, and sometimes under the volcanic 
overflows of Iceland. 

surveillance, n. ser-vcd'uclns (F. surveillance— from 
swrveiller, to watch, to have an eye upon: F.sur, over, 
and L. vigilare, to watch), oversight ; watch ; inspection. 

survey, v. ser- irt'(old F. surveoir, to oversee : L. super, 
over, and videre, to see, to- overlook), to overlook ; to 
inspect; to view with attention, as from a height ; to 
oversee ; to measure, as land ; to examine attentively 
a district of country with the view of determining its 
area, the distances between the most prominent ob- 
jects, the best possible track for a railway or canal, 
&c: survey, n. ser'vd, an attentive view; an exami- 
nation of all the parts and particulars ; the operation 
of examining attentively a district of country, a line 
of coast, a sea, &c, with the view of determining dis- 
tances, the bearing of objects, &c: surveying, imp.: 
n. the act or art of measuring land, laying down 
tracks, taking the bearings of objects, &c, in any dis- 
trict of country: surveyed', pp. -vdd': surveyor, n. 
-er, one placed to superintend others ; one who sur- 
veys a district of country, &c; one who views and ex- 
amines for a particular purpose : survey'orship, n. 
the office of a surveyor: land-surveying, the art of 
measuring and laying out plans of lands or estates : 
surveyor-general, a chief or head surveyor : trigono- 
metrical survey, a survey on a large scale by means of 
a series of triangles whose sides extend over many 
miles. 

survive, v. ser-viv' (F. survivre, to survive : L. super- 
vivere, to outlive— from super, over, and vivo, I live), 
to live beyond another; to outlive, as a person or 
thing; to remain alive: surviving, imp.: adj. yet 
alive: survived', pp. -vivd': survival, n. -vl'-vcil, a 
living beyond the life of another : survi'vor, n. -ver, 
one who outlives another: survivorship, n. state of 
outliving another ; an estate, the beneficial interest in 
which is contingent on surviving another person. 

sua, siis (L. sub), a prefix, being another form of 
sub, which see. 

susceptible, a. siis-sep'ti-bl (It. susceptibile ; F. sus- 
ceptible, susceptible— from L. susceptum, to take hold 
of, to sustain— from sub, under, and captum, to take), 
capable of admitting aal; that may 

receive some change, influence, passion, &c; tender; 
impressible: susceptibly, ad. -tl-bli: suscep'tibleness, 
n. -bl-nes, also suscep tibility, n. -bil'l-ti, the quality 
of admitting - i jnal ; the being capable 

of receiving soi .. ... i fluence, affection, or pas- 
sion ; impressibility : suscep tive, a..-tlv, readily admit- 
ting. 

cow, boy,fo~ot; pure, bud; chair, 



3 SUTU 

suslik, n. siis'lik (Euss.), the variegated or earless 
marmot. 

suspect, v. siispekf (L. suspectum, to look at from 
beneath, to mistrust — from sub, under, and sjxetum, 
to look at: F. suspect, suspected), to imagine or be of 
opinion that something exists, but without positive 
evidence ; to mistrust ; to doubt ; to imagine to be 
guilty: n. a doubtful or suspected person: suspect- 
ing, imp.: suspected, pp.: adj. imagined without 
proof; mistrusted: suspect ediy, ad. -II: suspect ed- 
ness, n. -n-:s, the state of being suspected or doubted. 

suspend, v. siispend (L. suspendere, to hang up — 
from sub, under, and pendere, to bang downwards: 
It. suspendere: F. suspendre), to make to bans:; to 
attach to something above ; to cause to cease for a 
time; to interrupt; to deprive of any privilege or 
office for a time: suspending, imp.: suspend ed, pp.: 
adj. caused to cease for a time; hold undissolved in 
water ; held undetermined : suspenders, n. plu. -erz, 
straps for holding up trousers ; braces ; supports from 
which things may hang: to suspend payment, to 
cease to meet engagements, as a trader or company ; 
to become bankrupt. 

suspense, n. sus-pens' (L. suspensum, to hang up : 
F. suspense, suspense, suspension : Sp. suspenso, sus- 
pended), a state of uncertainty ; doubt ; indecision ; 
cessation for a time : adj. held in doubt or expecta- 
tion : suspen'sible, a. -pen'sl-bl, that maybe suspend- 
ed or held from sinking: suspen'sibil'ity, n. -bil'l-ti, 
the capacity of being suspended, or sustained from 
sinking : suspension, n. -shun, the act of hanging up, 
or causing to hang from, by attaching to something 
above; cessation lor a time; interruption ; the depriv- 
ing for a time of power, privilege, or office : suspen- 
sor, n. -s«-, in surg., a bandage to suspend the scro- 
tum; in bot., the cord which suspends the embryo, 
and is attached to the radicle in the young state: 
suspen'sory, a. -ser-i, that suspends; doubtful: n. 
that which suspends: suspension-bridge, a bridge 
having the roadway supported by chains passing over 
two or more high piers or columns, and well secured 
below and at the ends : suspension of arms, a short 
truce or cessation of hostile operations, agreed on by 
contending parties or armies in a time of war, as for 
burying the dead. 

suspicion, n.sus-pish'un (L. suspicio, mistrust— from 
sub, under, and specio, I look at: F. suspicion), imagi- 
nation of the existence of something upon little or no 
evidence ; doubt ; mistrust : suspici'ous, a. -its, apt to 
imagine with little or no reason ; mistrustful ; liable 
or open to suspicion ; questionable : suspici'ously, ad. 
-II: suspiciousness, n. -nes, the quality or state of 
being Mispicious. 

sustain, v. sils-tdn' (L. sustinere, to hold upright — 
from sub, under, and teneo, I hold: F. soutenir, to 
keep up), to bear or hold up ; to keep from falling ; to 
keep alive; to maintain; to suffer, as a loss: sus- 
taining, imp.: adj. bearing; upholding; suffering: 
sustained', pp. -tdnd' .- adj. uniform: sustain'er, n. 
■ir, he who or that which sustains: sustain'able, a. 
-d-bl, that may be sustained. 

sustenance, n. sus'-te-ndus (L. sustinens, supporting: 
old F. sustenance), support ; food ; victuals : sus'tenta'- 
tion, n. -ten-td'shun (L. sustentatum, to support, to 
maintain), preservation from falling; use of food or 
provisions ; support of life ; maintenance. 

sutler, n. sut'-ler (Ger. sudeln, to dabble in the wet, 
to do dirty work; sudler, a dabbler: Dut. soetelen, to 
do dirty work), a camp-follower ; one who follows an 
army to sell pn lots : suttle, v. sut'-tl, to 

act as a sutler: sut'tling, imp. -tllng: adj. engaged 
as a sutler : n. the occupation of a sutler : suttled, pp. 
sut'-tld. 

suttee, n. sut-te~ (Sans, sati— from sat, existing, true, 
good), in India, the sacrifice of burning a widow on 
the funeral pile of her husband ; the widow who so 
immolates herself— abolished throughout British In- 
dia in 1829 : suttee'ism, n. -izrn, the practice of self- 
immolation. 

suttle, n. sut'-tl (from Eng. subtle, which see : L. 
subtilis, nice, accurate), the weight of goods after the 
tare has been deducted, and tret has yet to be allowed. 

suture, n. su'-tur (L. sutura, a seam; sutuni, to sew 
or stitch: F. suture: It. sutura), in surg., the drawing 
together of a wound by sewing ; in anat., a seam or 
joint uniting the bones of the skull ; in bot., the part 
where separate organs unite, or where the edges of a 
folded organ adhere : su'tural, a. -tu-ral, of or re- 
lating to a suture; in bot., applied to that form of 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



SUZE 



634 



SWEA 



dehiscence or separation of fruits which takes place 
at the sutures : su'tured, a. -turd, having sutures : 
ventral suture, in the ovary, that next the centre of 
the flower : dorsal suture, that which corresponds to 
the midrib. 

suzerain, n. s6'z5-ran (F. suzerain, a lord para- 
mount—from sms, above : L. sursum, high up, above), 

the supreme or highest lord ; a superior Ion 1 > < 

fealty is due : suzerainty, n. -rtln-H (F. suzerainete), 
paramount authority or command. 

swab, n. swob (Dut. zwabber; Sw. swabb, a mop 
made of rope: Dut. zwabberen, to dabble, to paddle: 
Ger.schwabbdn. to splash) :. mop made of unravelled 
rope, used on shipboard for cleaning the decks; a 
mop for cleaning floors : v. to clean or dry with a mop : 
swab'bing, imp.: swabbed, pp. swdbd: swab'ber, n. 
-ber, an inferior officer appointed to see the ship kept 
clean. 

swaddle, v. siood'dl (Dut. swadderen ; Bav. schwa- 
dern; pro v. Eng. swatter, to splash or spill liquids : Dut. 
swadel, a swadi II i n g-1 >; md ), t< > hi nd , as with a bandage ; 
to swathe: n. clothes homnl round the body: swad'- 
dling, imp. -dling: swaddled, pp. swod'dld: swad- 
dling-band, a band or cloth wrapped round an infant. 

swag, v. sioa< i (Iron i the idea of tremulous motion 
represented by the sound of dashing water: Swiss, 
schioabben, to splash, to stagger like a drunken man ; 
scJuriii/i'tn, to si roll about: I'.av. sehwadern, to splash, 
to bluster), to sink down by its own weight ; to move, 
as something heavy and pendent : swag'ging, imp. : 
swagged, pp. siodgd: swagger, v. siodg'ger, to bluster ; 
to bully ; to brag noisily; to walk in an affected man- 
ner, swaying from one side to the other : n. an affected 
or insolent manner of walking: swag'gering, imp.: 
adj. blustering; exhibiting an insolent or affected 
manner of walking: swag'gered, pp. -gird: swag'ger- 
er, n. -ger-er, one who swaggers ; a boastful noisy fel- 
low : swag'gy, a. -gl, dependent by its weight ; swaying. 

swain, n. sioan (Dan. svend, a bachelor : Icel. sveinn, 
a boy, a young man), a young man employed in hus- 
bandry; a rustic; a lover. 

swale, n. sw<v. (probably from vale, with s prefixed), 
a valley or low place; shade, in opposition to sun- 
shine. 

swallow, n. swol'-lo (Icel. svala; Ger. schwalbe; Dut. 
zwaluw, a swallow), a well-known migratory bird 
which arrives in Britain about the middle of April : 
swallow-tailed, a. narrowing Inwards the end. 

swallow, v. swol'-lo (imitative of the sound made in 
swallowing a liquid : Ger. schioelgen, to guzzle : Icel. 
svelgia, to swallow: Dut. swelgen, to devour), to take 
down the throat ; to absorb ; to draw or sink into ; to 
engross ; to occupy completely ; to exhaust ; to con- 
sume; to receive or embrace without scruple or ex- 
amination, as opinions: swallowing, imp.: n. the act 
of taking down the throat; the act of absorbing; the 
receiving implicitly : swallowed, pp. -lad: swallower, 
n. -er, one who swallows. 

swam, v. siodm, pt. of swim, which see. 

swamp, n. sioomp (Icel. squampa, to splash : Norm. 
skumpla, to shake to and fro in a vessel : Low Ger. 
swamp; Ger. schwamm, a sponge, a soft spongv 
growth), a traet oi'land sal orated with moisture, and 
unfit for agricultural or pastoral purposes, but having 
a growth of certain kinds of trees— commonly, though 
erroneously, used as synonymous with bog or morass : 
v. to plunge or sink in, as in a swamp ; to over- 
whelm and fill with water, as a boat ; to plunge into 
inextricable difficulties : swamping, imp. : swamped, 
pp. sioompt: swampy, a. swomp'-i, consisting of or 
like a swamp; wet, and spongy: swamp-ore, a familiar 
term for bog-iron ore, which occurs in swampy tracts 
in bands or cakes of considerable thickness. 

swan, n. sioon (Dut. zwaan; Ger. schwan, a swan), 
a web-footed aquatic laid closely resembling the goose, 
with a very long neck, and remarkable for its grace 
and elegance while swimming: swan'nery, n. -ner-i, a 
breeding-place for swans. 

swap, v. swop (imitative of the sound of a blow, 

heiiei.- ;m\ sudden neovmeni i ' m i'elling: LOW Ger. 

swaps, expressing the sound of a smack, quick : W. 
chwap, a sudden stroke or blow), to strike with a 
hasty sweeping blow; to fall down with sudden vio- 
lence; (from the notion of asudden turn,) to exchange; 
to barter: n. a blow; a stroke: ad. hastily; at a blow: 
swap'ping, imp. : swapped, pp. sivopt. 
swape, n. swup (from sweep), a long pole tum- 

n'j on a, i mid. pnsi n :nl P.. racnne e it', I' 

a well. 



sward, n. swdHbrd (Icel. svordr; Dut. swaerde; Ger. 
schwarte, the thick skin of bacon or pork), the coat 
of turf on a grass-field, hillside, &c. : swardy, a. sioawr' 
dl, covered with grass, 

sware, v. swdr, the old pt. of the verb swear, which 
see. 

swarm, n. swuwrm (imitative of a confused humming 
or buzzing sound: Ger. schivarmen, to make a con- 
fused sound, as a multitude in motion : Bav. schvmrm, 
confusion in the head), a multitude of creatures mov- 
ing in a confused mass ; a great number ; a crowd: v. 
to crowd together with confused movements ; to collect 
and depart from a hive in a body, as honey-bees seek- 
ing new quarters ; to throng together ; to be thronged 
or overrun: swarming, imp.: adj. collecting rind 
moving in a crowded body as bees do ; thronging : 
swarmed, pp. swawrmd. 

swart, a. swawrt, also swarth, a. swaYorth (Goth. 
svarts; Icel. svartr; Ger. schwarz, black), darkly 
brown ; black ; tawny : swart, v. to blacken ; to make 
dusky: swart'ing, imp.: swart'ed, pp.: swarthy, a. 
swawrth'-i, being of a dark or dusky complexion; 
tawny: swarth'ily, ad. -II: swarthlness, n. -nes, dus- 
tiness or darkness of complexion. 

swash, n. swosh (imitative of the sound made by the 
collision of liquids or divided solids : Piedm. svasse, 
to splash Sw. swassa, to swagger), the blustering 
noise made by a liquid flowing with violence ; a swag- 
ger; in mech., a figure whose circumference is not 
round but oval : v. to bluster ; to make a clatter or 
great noise: swash'ing, imp.: swashed, pp. swosht: 
swashy, a. sioosb'-i, soft and moist, like fruit too ripe. 

swath, n. siooth (Ger. schwaden; Dut. swade; Low 
Ger. swad, the row of grass left by the mower : prov. 
Eng. swaff, as much grass as the scythe cuts at one 
stroke), the line or row of grass as it lies on the left 
of the mower cut by his scythe ; the whole breadth 
or sweep of the scythe in mowing. 

swathe, v. sivaih (Dut. sirudr/~;i swnddling-band— 
see swath), to make a bundle of; to tie up in bundles ; 
to bandage: n. a bandage or fillet: swathing, imp.: 
swathed, pp. swuthd. 

sway, v. sw& (Dut. zwaayen, to swing, to brandish: 
Icel. aveigja, to bend: Norm, svaga; Dan. svaie, to 
swing to and fro), to move backwards and forwards 
freely in the hand ; to wave or swing ; to influence or 
direct by power or force ; to hang in a heavy unsteady 
manner ; to lean to one side ; to have influence ; to 
bear ride; to govern: n. the swing or sweep of a weap- 
on; the motion of a thing ly ; influence; 
power exerted in govern i i it or authority 
which inclines to one side: swaying, imp.: swayed, 
pp. f - "-' 



swar (old H. Ger. wdr; > 
assured: Low Ger.waren, to prove by witnesses or 
documents: Icel. svara, to answer: Goth, svaran, to 
swear), to affirm on oath ; to appeal solemnly to God 
for the truth of what is stated ; to administer an oath 
to ; to declare a promise upon oath ; to give evidence 
upon oath ; to use profane language, or use the name 
of God irreverently : swearing, imp.: adj. affirming 
upon oath ; causing to swear : n. the act of affirming 
on oath ; profane or irreverent language : swore, pt. 
sioor, also sware, pt. swar, did swear: sworn, pp. 
sworn, affirmed on oath: swear'er, n. -er, one who 

'II II I OMiM I 

sweat, n. swet (Icel. sveiti; AS. sioat. sweat, blood: 
Sans, svaidas, sweat: L. sudor, sweat— from udus, 
, ,1, :i ii moisture which appears on the skins 
of animals in hot weather, or during severe exertion 
or labour ; toil ; labour ; drudgery : v. to give forth 
moisture through the pores of the skin ; to cause to 
perspire ; to exude ; to toil ; to drudge : sweating, 
imp. : adj. giving forth moisture from the skin: n. 
the act of making to sweat ; a kind of fermentation 
in the manufacture of tobacco-leaf for use; a process 
of fraudulently lessening the weight of gold coin by 
shaking them in a bag ; the employment of working 
tailors at low wages : sweat or sweated, pt. and pp. 
swet or sioet'-ed: sweat'er, n. -er, one who or that 
which causes to sweat: sweat'y. a. -K, moist with 
sweat ; laborious ; toilsome : sweat'ily, ad. -II: sweat'- 
iness, n. -nes, the state of being sweaty : sweating- 
bath, a hot bath which puts the body into a violent 
state of perspiration : sweating-sickness, a febrile 
epidemic disease, very fatal, which prevailed in Europe 



mate, milt, far, law; mite, met, her; pine, phi; note, i 



SWED 



635 



SWIN 



in the 15th and ICth centuries, characterised by pro- 
fuse sweating: sweating-room, a room for maturing 
cheese. 

Swede, n. swert (Ger. schivede: Sw. svensk), a native 
of Sweden; a variety of turnip : Swedish, a. swe'cllsh, 
of or from Swedi -n ; applied to a variety of turnip. 

Swedenborgian, n. sive'den-bdr'ji-dn, one who holds 
the doctrines of the new Jerusalem Church, as taught 
by Emanuel Swedenborg, a Swedish philosopher, horn 
A.r>. 1688, died 1772: adj. pert, to: Swe'denbor'gian- 
ism, n. -Cin-lzm, the doctrines of. 

sweep, v. swep (Icel. sr^a, to sweep, to wipe ; sopr, 
a besom : W. ysgub, a besom : Bret, skuba, to sweep : 
L. scopce, thin branches, twigs, a besom), to brush or 
rub off with a broom or besom ; to clean or remove, as 
by the motion of a broom ; to strike or remove with a 
long stroke ; to pass over with swiftness and violence, 
as water dashed over a surface to cany or drive off 
with quickness and violence; to pass with pomp; to 
draw over, as on the bottom of a river : n. the act of 
brushing or rubbing off with a broom ; the length of 
reach or swing of a moving body ; any part of a ship 
shaped in a segment of a circle ; a rapid survey with 
the eye ; the direction of any motion not in a straight 
line; range: sweeping, imp.: adj. moving or driving 
as with a sweep; brushing over, as with a broom; 
cleaning with a broom passing over : n. the act of one 
who or that which sweeps: swept, pt. pp. sw&pt: 
sweeper, n. swep'-er, one who sweeps : sweep 'ingly, ad. 
-li: sweepings, n. plu. -ingz, refuse ; rubbish : sweeps, 
n. plu. among seamen, large oars used to propel small 
vessels in a calm : sweepy, a. swep'i, passing with a 
sweeping motion, or with speed; strutting; wavy: 
sweep-net, a large net for drawing through a large 
extent of water: sweep-washer, one who extracts from 
the sweepings and refuse of workers in gold and silver 
the lost particles of the precious metals: sweep- 
stakes, n. plu. -states, the whole money or other things 
staked or won at a horse-race, or in gaming: chim- 
ney-sweep, one who cleans chimneys of the accumu- 
lated soot. 

sweet, a. sivc-t {AS. srvct; Dut.zoet; Icel. scctr; Sans. 
svad; L. suavi*, sweet), grateful to {lie taste or smell; 
pleasing to any of the senses; having the taste of 
sugar or honey; soft; harmonious; unsalted; pure; 
mild; gentle; fresh; not stale: n. something pleasing 
or grateful to the mind; a sweet substance: sweets, n. 
plu. home-made Mines, &c; cane-juice; confections 
made of or seasoned with sugar : sweetly, ad. -ft ■ 
sweet'ness, n. -nes, the quality of being grateful toanv 
of the senses; fragrance ; melody ; softness : mildness": 
sweet'ish, a. -Ish, somewhat sweet or grateful to the 
taste: sweetlshness, n. -nBs, the quality of being 
sweetish : sweeten, v. sivet'n, to make sweet ; to re- 
store to purity or freshness; to render grateful or 
pleasing to the mind ; to palliate; to make less pain- 
ful: sweetening, imp. swet'-nlng: n. act of making 
sweet; that which makes sweet : sweetened, pp. su-ct' 
nd: adj. made sweet, mild, or grateful: sweetener, 
n. sivet'-ner, one who or that which sweetens: sweet- 
scented or sweet-smelling, a. fragrant: sweet-tem- 
pered, a, gentle and mild in disposition and man- 
ners : sweet-bay, the laurel : sweetbread, a long, flat, 
glandular, fie ing below the stomach, 

somewhat resembling a dog's tongue in appearance ; 
the pancreas : sweet-briar or -brier, a thorny shrub 
of the rose kind, having a sweet fragrant smell: 
sweetheart, a lover: sweet herbs, fragrant herbs 
cultivated for culinary purposes : sweetmeats, n. plu. 
confectionery articles made wholly or partly of sugar ; 
fruit preserved with sugar : sweet-milk, milk as it 
is drawn from the cow, as opposed to skimmed and 
buttermilk: sweet-oil, olive-oil : sweet-pea, an annual 
plant of the pea kind, whose flowers are beautiful 
and sweet-scented: sweet-potato, a plant of the 
genus convolvulus, having tubers much used for food 
in tropical countries: sweetwilliam, a well-known 
beautiful flowering plant. 

swell, v. swel (Icel. svella, to swell : Dut. sivellen, to 
boil, to spring: Ger. wallen, to boil up), to increase 
the size of ; to expand or increase ; to cause to increase 
or rise ; to grow larger ; to heave ; to bulge out ; to 
rise into arrogance or anger ; to augment, as a note in 
music ; to be puffed up : n. increase or enlargement of 
bulk; increase, as of sound ; in music, the gradual in- 
crease and diminution in the sound of a note ; a grad- 
ual elevation of land ; a succession of large waves ; in 
familiar language, a man of importance; a dressy 
foppish fellow, who apes a higher position than he 



actually occupies ; a dandy: swelling, imp. : adj. in- 
creasing; tumid; turgid, as style or language: n. a, a 
of enlarging or increasing in bulk; inflation; a tu- 
mour ; any morbid enlargement ; protuberance : 
swelled, pp. sweld: adj. enlarged in bulk; also 
swollen, pp. swvl'-n : swell-mob, a company of well- 
dressed thieves following their call i . -,i.i i : 
concert: ground-swell— see ground: organ-swell, a 
certain number of pipes enclosed in a box, the gradual 
opening of which produces increased sound. 

swelter, v. swel'-ter (mid. H. Ger. swelten, to perish 
through heat or hunger: Icel. svelta, to famish. VS. 
siveltan, to die), to suffer oppressive heat; to he read- 
to faint or perish from excessive heat: sweltering, 
imp.: adj. oppressed with heat: swel'tered, pp. -tt'rd: 
swel'tiy, a. -tri, oppressive by excessive heat ; sultry. 

swept, v. sw&pt, pt. pp. of sweep, which see. 

swerve, v. swirv (expressing the notion of a hum or 
confused noise: Dut. su-erven, to wander, to revel: 
Sw. sioirra, to whiz : Dan. svrre, to hum, to buzz), to 
wander from; to rove; to deviate; to bend; to in- 
cline : swerving, imp. : n. act of wandering ; devia- 
tion from any line, rule, or standard: swerved, pp. 
sivervd. 

swift, a. siolft (the idea of rapidity is commonly ex- 
pressed by the figure of a smart blow: Icel. svipa, to 
whip, to move quickly ; svif, a sudden movement : 
Scot, su-ipper, quick, sudden: AS. swipian, to whip, 
to do something with a momentary action), moving 
a great distance in a short time; quick; nimble; 
speedy ; ready : n. a bird of the swallow tribe, so called 
from the i-apidity of its flight : swifter, n. -er, among 
seamen, a rope used to confine the bars of the capstan 
in their sockets ; a rope used to defend from external 
injury the sides of a boat— applied to certain shrouds 
not confined with the others : swiftly, ad. -II: swift'- 
ness, n. -nes, rapid motion ; quickness : swift-footed, 
a. nimble; fleet of foot. 

swig, v. swig (prov. Eng. sividge, water or beer spilt 
on the floor), to drink in sounding gulps; to suck 
greedily : n. a large draught : swig'ging, imp. : swigged, 
pp. swJgd. 

swill, v. swll (AS. swilian, to wash: Dan. skylle, to 
rinse, to wash), to rinse; to wash out with water; to 
drink greedily: n. the mixture of liquid substances 
1 ■ ■ I'niqz; drink 

taken in excessive quantities: swilling, imp.: adj. 
drinking grossly; intoxicating: swilled, pp. sivlld: 
swiller, n. -ler, one who swills or drinks heavily. 

swim, v. swim (originally applied to the movement 
of water in agitation: Icel. sveimla, to splash, to pad- 
dle in water ; sveima, to move to and fro in a confused 
manner: Ger. sclur, nrnien, to bathe in water ; scliwhn- 
men, to swim), to move about on the surface of water 
by movements of the hand; ami legs ; to move through 
water by means of fins, as fish ; to be carried along 
on the surface of water ; to float on water ; to cause 
to swim ; not to sink ; to have a waving feeling in the 
head, when the visible scene appears in unsteady 
movement like the surface of water; to be dizzy: n. 
a movement on the surface of water; the air-bladder 
of a tish which supports it in water : swim'ming, imp.: 
adj. floating on a fluid; moving in or on water: n. 
the act or art of propelling the tody through water 
by movements of the hands and feet ; a floating ; dizzi- 
ness: swam or swum, pt. swam or swum, did swim: 
swum, pp. swum: swim'mingly, ad. -li, in familiar 
language, smoothly; without obstruction ; with great 
success : swim'mer, n. -mer, one who or that which 
swims ; a protuberance on a horse's leg ; a water-fowl. 

swindle, v. swin'dl (Ger. schwindel, swimming in 
the head— applied to dealings in which the parties 
seem to have lost their head; scJnvindeler, one who 
induces delusions in others : Icel. sundla ; Dan. svimle, 
to be dizzy), to cheat grossly under the pretence of 
fair dealing; to defraud with deliberate artifice: 
swin'dling, imp. -dllng: adj. cheating; defrauding: 
n. act of grossly cheating ; knavery : swindled, pp. 
sic'fa'dld, grossly cheated : swin'dler, n. -dlir, a cheat ; 
one who makes it a practice to cheat and defraud 
others. 

swine, n. sing, or plu. moln (Goth, svein; Pol. 
sivinia, swine: Ger. sail: AS. sugu; L. sus, a sow), a 
pig; a sow; pigs collectively: swinish, a. sin'nish, 
resembling a sow ; gross ; hoggish : swi'nishly, ad. 
-ft : swinishness, n. -nes, the state or quality of being 
swinish: swineherd, a keeper of swine: swinestone, 
the fetid varieties of limesti m- , bei 1 ei known as stink- 
stone : swine-sty, a pen or house for swine. 



cdiv, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, (here, zeal. 



SWIN 



636 



SYLL 



swing, v. swing [Gw. sfhvingen; Norm, svinga, to 
whirl, to brandish: Dut. swancken; AS. swangettan, 
to wag, to waver), to cause to wave or vibrate; to 
wave loosely ; to whirl round ; to move to and fro ; to 
change position at anchor, as a ship at each turn of 
the tide ; in low language, to be hanged : n. motion 
from one side to the other ; a waving motion ; an 
apparatus to swing in or from; unrestrained liberty 
or licence; the sweep of a moving body: swinging, 
imp.: adj. moving to and fro; waving; brandishing; 
great ; huge : n. act of moving to and fro : swang or 
swung, pt. siot tmi or swum), did swing: swung, pp. 
swung: swing'er, n. -er, one who swings : swinglngly, 
ad. -inq-ll, in a swinging manner; vastly; greatly: 
swing-bridge, a bridge that may be moved by swing- 
ing : swing - plough, a plough without a fore wheel 
under the beam : swing-tree, the bar of a carriage to 
which the traces are fastened; also swingle-tree: 
swing-wheel, in a timepiece, the wheel which drives a 
pendulum. 

swinge, v. swlnj (AS. swingan, to do something 
with violent action; siveng, a blow: Fris. swinge, a 
flail : connected with swing), to beat soundly ; to whip : 
swinging, imp. swiu'juig: swinged, pp. swlnjd: 
swingel, n. swing' gl, that part of a flail which falls on 
the grain in thrashing : swingle, v. swlng'gl, to beat; 
to clean or dress by beating, as flax; to swing or 
dangle : n. in wireivorks, a wooden spoke fixed to the 
barrel that draws the wire ; a crank : swin'gling, imp. 
-gling: swingled, pp. swtng'-gld: swingle-tree, the 
cross-bar of a carriage, plough, &c, to which the 
traces of a harnessed horse are fastened ; a whifrle- 
tree : swingle-tow, the coarse part of flax separated 
from the finer. 

swinish, swinishness— see swine. 

swipe, n. sum/> (aimi.her form of swape : Icel. svipa, 

to move rapid! </ in ; ,,, „,..,, ,, i< .. ■ i,i :l m n 

contrivance for (Ira wing water, consisting of a rod un- 

evenl-, l.;il: I mi i po .1 hai'iic. :. 1 < <yn( :;\ > li.. ;ln.i i, 

end and a bucket at the long end. 

swipe, v. swlp (Norm, skvip, thin and tasteless 
drink : Ger. schwappen, to splash), to drink off hastily : 
swipes, n. plu. swlpz, a kind of small-beer. 

Swiss, n. swls, a native of Switzerland ; the lan- 
guage : Switzsr, n. swlt'ser, a native of Switzerland. 

switch, n. swlch (imitative of the noise made by it 
in moving rapidly through the air : Low Ger. zwuksen, 
to make such a noise: prov. Ger. sivutsche, along thin 
rod), a thin flexible branch of a tree ; a twig ; on the 
permanent way of a railway, a movable part of a rail 
for the purpo ;e of transferring a carriage from one 
line or track tc another : v. to strike with a flexible 
rod or twig: switching, imp.: n. a beating with a 
switch : switched, pp. swlcht. 

Switzer— see Swiss. 

swivel, n. siolv'l (Icel. svif, sudden movement : 
Norm, sviv, swing ; sveiva, the crank or handle of a 
wheel), a fastening so contrived as to allow the thing 
fastened to turn freely round on its axis ; a ring which 
turns upon a staple ; a small cannon which turns on a 
pivot or staple, ami which may be turned anyway: v. 
to turn on a pin or pivot : swiv'eliing, imp.: swivelled, 
pp. swiv'&ld. 

swollen or swoln, v. swol'n, pp. of the verb swell, 
which see : adj. largely increased in bulk. 

swoon, v. swdn (AS. swindan, to consume, to lan- 
guish: old H. Ger. swindan, to languish, to pine: 
Bav. schwand, waste: Swiss, schwinden, to faint), 
to sink into a fainting fit, and appear as if dead : 
n. a fainting fit: 3woon'ing, imp.: n. act of one who 
swoons : swooned, pp. swond. 

swoop, v. stvup (from sweep, which see), to take or 
seize with a sweeping movement ; to catch while on 
the wing ; to catch up : n. a sweeping movement ; a 
sudden lallin- mi and seizing, as a bird of prey on its 
victim: swoop'ing, imp.: swooped, pp. sw6pt. 

swop, v. swop (another form of swap : W. clnvap, a 
sudden stroke or blow), to exchange ; to barter : 
swop'ping, imp.: n. the act of exchanging or barter- 
ing : swopped, pp. siuopt. 

sword, n. sord (AS. sxourd; Dut. zwaard; Dan. 
svcerd; Icel. sorrth, a sword), a warlike weapon made 
of steel, consisting of a long knife-like blade, one side 
being a sharp cutting edge, and having a handle at 
one end— used as a weapon 1'or stabbing and cutting ; 
destruction by war ; vengeance or justice ; emblem of 
power or of triumph : sword'less, a. -Us, without a 
sword : sword-arm, the right arm : sword-bayonet, a 
bayonet having a shape somewhat like a sword : 
mate, mdt,fdr, law; mete, mSt, 



sword-bearer, a city-officer who carries the sword as 
the emblem of authority and justice before the chief 
magistrate : sword-belt, the belt round the waist 
from which the sword is suspended : sword-blade, the 
knife or cutting part of a sword : sword-fight, a battle 
where swords are the weapons employed: sword- 
fish, a large sea-fish having a remarkable elongation 
of the upper jaw in the form of a sword-like weapon, 
measuring from 10 to 15 feet in length: sword- 
shaped, a. shaped like a sword; ensiform: swords- 
man, one skilful in the use of the sword: swords- 
manship or swordmanship, n. skilful use of the 
sword : sword-stick, a walking-stick in which a sword 
is concealed. 

swore, v. sivvr, pt. of swear : sworn, v. sivOrn, pp. 
of swear, which see. 

swum, v. swum, pt. and pp. of swim, which see. 

swung, v. swung, pt. and pp. of swing, which see. 

Sybarite, n. sib'-d-rlt, an inhabitant of anc. Sybaris, 
in Italy; an effeminate voluptuary: Syb'arit'ic, a. 
■rlt'lk, pert, to or resembling a Sybarite. 

sycamine, n. sik'd-mln (Gr. sukuminos), supposed to 
be the black mulberry-tree, but the species is uncer- 
tain. 

sycamore, n. slk'd-mor (see sycomore), a well- 
known British forest-tree, belonging to the maple 
family, known by its five-lobed leaves and its profu- 
sion of flat-winged twin fruits, a different tree from 
the Bible sycamore; the plane-tree. 

sycee, n. si-se", the only silver currency of the 
Chinese, in the form of small hemispherical lumps. 

sycoma, n. si-ku'md (Gr. sukon, a fig), a fig-shaped 
tumour: syconus, n. slk'onus, in hot. , an aggregate 
fruit where many flowers have been developed upon a 
fleshy receptacle, which is either a flattened disc or 
forms a nearly-closed cavity, as in the fig. 

sycomore, n. sik'0-mor (Gr. sukomtjros, the fig-mul- 
berry— from sukon, a fig, and moron, a mulberry), a 
large tree allied to the common fig, whose fruit, shaped 
like the fig, has a sweet and delicate taste, found in 
Kgypt and Syria. 

sycophant, n. slk'6-fdnt (L. sycophanta ; Gr. suko- 

<■/,,;,,! ■ :,,!■■ '.■■.'Ill 'ill'': mnl : -aid ' i )"• ■< " •' ' " 

figs from Attica contrary to law, a tale-bearer— from 
sukon, a fig, and phaino, I show), a flatterer of princes 
and great men ; a parasite ; a mean or servile flatterer : 
syc ophancy, n. -fdn-st, obsequious and mean flat- 
tery ; servility: sye'ophan'tic, a. -fdn'-tlk, flattering 
meanly: sye'ophan'tish, a. -tish, like a sycophant: 
sye'ophantism, n. -tizm, mean flattery ; sycophancy. 

sycosis, n. si-ko'sls (Gr. sukon, a fig), a skin disease, 
characterised by the formation of patches of tubercles 
on the skin of the chin or upper lip. 

syenite, n. sl'-e-mt (from Sut ne, in Upper Egypt), a 
granitic rock composed of felspar, quartz, and horn- 
blende ; any granitic rock in which hornblende pre- 



syepoorite, n. sl'6-p6'rit, a sulphuret of cobalt, of 
a steel-grey colour, found at Saipoor, in India— used 
by Indian jewellers to give a rose-colour to gold. 

syllable, n. sil'ld-bl (L. sylluba; Gr. sullabe, a syl- 
lable—from Gr. sun, together, and lambano, I take), 
as much of a word as can be uttered distinctly by one 
effort of the voice ; a word : syllabic, a. sil-ldb'ik, 
also syllab'ical, a. -i-kdl, pert, to or consisting of a 
syllable: syllab'ically, ad. -II: syllabicate, v. -kdt, 
to form into syllables : syllabicating, imp.: syllab- 
icated, pp. : syllabication, n. -kd'shun, the act of 
forming into syllables, or dividing words into sylla- 
bles ; also syllabification, n. -fl-kd'-shun (L. facio, I 
make): syllabus, n. sil'lti act; a table of 

contents ; a compendium containing the heads of a dis- 

syllabub, n. sll'-ld-bub—see sillabub. 

syllepsis, n. sil-Up'sis (Gr. sullepsis, a taking to- 
gether—from sun, together, audlambano, I take), in 
r/rtthi., a figure by which we accept the sense of words 
rather by the intention of the author than by their 
c.ii'ici '■■rammatica] import: the agreement of a verb 
or adjective with one rather than another of two 
nouns, with either of which it might agree : syllep'tic, 
a. -tik, of or pert. to. 

syllogism, n. sll'lo-jizm (L. syllogismus ; Gr. sullo- 
gismos— from sun, together, and logizomai, I reckon), 
a form of argument consisting of three terms or pro- 
positions, the first two of which are called the pre- 
misses, and the third the conclusion, and are such that 
if the premisses be allowed as true, the conclusion must 
be true also. The following is a syllogism :— 1. The 
Mr; pine, pin; note, not, mCve; 



SYLP 



637 



SYNC 



world exhibits marks of design: 2. What ever exhibits 
narks of design had an intelligent maker ; 3. There- 
fore the world had an intelligent maker, syllogise, v. 
-jlz, to reason by syllogisms": syllogising, imp.: syl'- 
iogissd, pp. -jizd: syllogiser, n. -zer, one who reasons 
by syllogisms: syllogistic, a. -jis'-tik, also syllogis'- 
tical, a. -tlkdl, pert, to or in the form of a syllogism : 
syl logis'tically, ad. -II. 

sylph, n. sV/(F. sylphe, genius of the air— from Gr. 
s-'ph-:. a kind 'of beetle or moth), an imaginary being 
inhabiting the air : a fairy : sylph-like, a. like a spirit : 
sylph'id, n. -id, a little sylph : sylph ine, a. -in, like a 
sylph. 

sylvan, a. sil'-vdn, also spelt sil'van (L. silva, a 
wood, a forest), pert, to a wood or grove ; inhabiting 
woods; woody; shady: n. a wood-god; a satyr: 
syl'va, n. -vd, the forest -trees of any country. 

sylvanite, u. sU'vdn-lt, a name originally gj— - 



grey or brass-yellow colour. 

sym, sim (Gr. sun), a Greek prefix, another form 
of syn, which see. 

symbol, n. slm'-bol (L. symbolum ; Gr. sumbolon, a 
sign or mark— from sun, together, and ballo, I throw), 
a sign or mark by which one knows or infers a thing ; 
some outward token by which something moral or 
spiritual is represented or suggested to the mind ; a 
creed ; an emblem ; a type ; a letter or character hav- 
ing a distinctive signifi.-ation ; a religious rite or out- 
wardform i tag else; symbolic, a. 

slm-bol'-ik, also symbolical, a. -i-kdl, expressed or 
represented by resemblances or signs ; figurative : 
symbolically, ad. -II : symbolics, n. phi. -Iks, the study 
of symbols or creeds : symbolise, v. slm'bol-lz, to ex- 
press by symbols ; to have a resemblance of qualities 
or properties ; to be typical : sym bolising, imp. : adj. 
re; resent tags m bolised, pp. -izd .- sym'- 

bolisation, n. -i-zd'-shun, act ot 'symbolising; resem- 
blance in properties or qualities : sym boliser, n. one 
who symbolises: symbolism, n. -izm, the use of, or 
the being represented by, symbols; among chemists, 
consent of parts or ingredients : symbology, n. sim- 
bol'-o-ji, the art of expressing by symbols. 

symmetry, n. sim'-metrl (Gr. "summetria, an apt 
arrangement of parts or members — from sun, to- 
gether, and metron, a measure : F. symitri-:-. It. swn- 
mttria), the due proportion of the several parts of a 
body to each other ; harmony of parts ; in hot., applied 
to a flower, in reference to the parts being of the same 
number, or multiples of each other : symmetrical, a. 
sim-mct'rl-kdl, proportional in all its parts; having 
corresponding parts or relations : symmet'rically, ad. 
-ll: symmetrise, v. sim'-met-rlz, to make proportional 
in all its parts ; to cause to have corresponding parts : 
sym'metri'sing, imp.: symmetrised, pp. -rind: sym- 
metrist, n. -ri<t. our who j s studious of symmetry. 

sympathy, n. slm'-jid-thl (Gr. swnpatheia, conform- 
ity of feeling— from sun, together, and pathos, suffer- 
ing : F. sympathie), feeling corresponding to that 
which another feels; an agreement of affections or 
inclinations which makes two persons pleased with 
each other; fellow-feeling; compassion; in rued., the 
reciprocal influence exercised by the various parts of 
the body on one another; propensity of inanimate 
bodies to unite, or to mutual action : sym'pathet ie, 
a. -thet'-ik, also sym'pathet leal, a. -i-kal, pert, to 
or acting by sympathy; susceptible of sympathy; 
having common feeling with one another; in path., 
applied to the symptoms and affections which occur 
in parts more or less remote from the primarv seat of 
disease : sym'pathetlcally, ad. -li : sympathetic 
nerves, the system of nerves which are specially sup- 
plied to the viscera and blood-vessels : sym'pa'thise, 
v. -thlz, to have a common feeling with another; 
to be tender or compassionate : sympathising, imp.: 
adj. being affected by what another feels; tender; 
compassionate : sympathised, pp. -thizd : sym pathi'- 
ser, n. -thi-zer, one who feels with another. 

symphony, n. sim'-fo-ni (Gr. sumphemia, harmony 
of sounds— from sun, together, and phone, a sound, a 
tone), a consonance or harmony of mingled sounds ; a 
musical composition for a full band of instruments ; 
the instrumental introductions or terminations of 
vocal compositions: symphonious, a. sim-fo'-ni 



agreeing in sound; harmonious: symphonise, v. 
sim'/S-niz, to agree with ; to be in unison : sym'pho- 
nist, n. -nisi, a composer of symphonies. 
symphysis, n. sim'/i-sis (Gr. sumphusis a grow- 



ing together— from sun, together, and p h no, I grow: 
F. symphyse), in anat., the union of bones by means of 
an intervening cartilage, so as to form an immovable 
joint; a healing by the first intention; the coales- 
cence of a natural p'assage. 

sympiesometer, n. son'pi-e-sdm'-e-tir (Gr. sumpiezo, 
I press together, and metron, a measure), a kind of 
barometer in which the pressure of the atmosphere, 
acting upon oil, compresses an elastic gas in the upper 
part of the instrument, or which, acting on a thin dia- 
phragm of metal, moves the index or pointer. 

symploce, n. sim-plo-se (Gr. sumploke, an inter- 
weaving—from sun, together, and pleko, I twine), 
in gram., the repetition of a word at the beginning, 
and another at the end, of successive clauses. 

symposium, n. slm-p6'z%-um (Gr. sumposion, a 
drhiking-party— from sun, together, and pino, I 
drink), a drinking together; a merry feast. 

symptom, n. siin't7nn iGr. sumptvma, what happens 
with another thing— from sun, together, and ptoma, a 
fall : F. symptoyyie), something that happens in concur- 
rence with another thing; that which indicates dis- 
ease; a mark; a token : symptomatic, a. sim-to-mut- 
ik, also symptomatica! a. -mdt'-l-kal, indicating the 
existence of something else ; happening in concur- 
rence with something : symp'tomatlcally, ad. -kdl-li : 
symptomatic disease, a disease which is dependent 
upon, or which is a symptom of, some other disease, 
as dropsy following disease of the heart: symptoma- 
tology, n. -tom-d-toVo-ji (Gr. logos, a discourse), the 
part of medicine which treats of symptoms. 

syn, sin (Gr. sun, with, together), a Greek prefix , 
signifying "with "; together ; united— as in syntax : syn 
assumes the various forms of sy, syl, or sym, accord- 
ing to the letter which begins the other part of the 
word— -becoming sy before s, as in system : syl before I, 
as iu salable ; sym before jp, b,f, or v, as in symphony, 
symbol. 

synaeresis, n., also syneresis, n. sin-er'-S-sis (Gr. sun- 
airesis, a taking or drawing together— from sun, to- 
gether, and Itaireo, I take or seize), in gram., a figure 
by which two vowels, usually separated, are drawn 
together into one syllable ; the opposite of diceresis. 

synagogue, n. sih'-d-gog (Gr. sunagoge. an assembly 
—from sun, together, and ago, I lead : F. synagogue), 
among the Jews, a congregation met for worship, or 
for the performance of religious rites ; a place of wor- 
ship : synagogical, a. -goj'-i-kdl, pert, to: syn'agog- 
ically, ad. -li. 

synalepha, n., also synalaepha, n. sin'-d-W-fd (Gr. 
sunaloiphe, a melting together— from sun, together, 
and aleijmo, I anoint, I besmear), in gram., the process 
of cutting off or suppressing a vowel at the end of a 
word, when the next word begins with a vowel. 

synantherous, a. sln-dn'-ther-us (Gr. sun, together, 
and antheros, flowery, blooming— from anthos, a flow- 
er), in bot., having the stamens united by their an- 
thers : synan'thos,"a. -thos (Gr. sun, and anthos), in 
bot., having flowers and leaves which appear at the 
same time. 

synarthrosis, n. sin'-dr-thrO-sis (Gr. sunarthrois, a 
being joined together— from sun, together, and ar- 
thron, a joint), in anat., a union of bones without 
motion. 

syncarpous, a. sin-Mr -pits (Gr. sun, together, and 
karjios, fruit), in bot., having the carpels united so as 
to form one ovary or pistil. 

syncategorematic, n. sin-kdt'-c-gor-e-m<~it'lk (Gr. 
sun, with, and kategorema, a predicate), in logic, a 
word which cannot of itself be used as a term, as an 
adverb, or a preposition. 

synchondrosis, n. sin'kon-dro'-sis (Gr. sun, together, 
and chondros, a cartilage), in anat., the connection of 
bones by means of cartilage or gristle. 

synchronal, a. sln'-k)-o-ndl, also synchronous, a. 
-nils (Gr. sun, with, and chronos, time), happening at 
the same time ; of the same date or epoch ; simultane- 
ous : syn'chronal, n. that which happens at the same 
time with something else : synchronic, a. sin-kron'-ik, 
also synchronlcal, a. -i-kdl, same meaning as syn- 
chronal: synchronlcally, ad. -li : synchronise, v. sin' 
kro-niz, to agree in time ; to be simultaneous : syn- 
chronising, imp.: synchronised, pp. -nvsd: synchron- 
isation, n. sin'-kron-i-zd'-shun, concurrence of events: 
synchronism, n. -izm, a happening at the same time; 



in hist., the tabular arrangement in one view of 

persons things and events, according to 
dates : syn'ehronously, ad. -li. 
synclinal, a, sin-kli'ndl (Gr. sun, together, and 
cole, boy, foot; pure, biid; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



SYNC 6 

klino, I lean or bend), in geol., applied to strata that 
dip from opposite directions inwards, like the leaves 
of a half-opened book, or which incline to a common 
centre, forming a trough or basin-shaped hollow: 
synclinal axis, the line, of direction in which such a 
trough or basin-shaped hollow trends : anticlinal 
axis, the line of direction of .strata which dip in oppo- 
site directions from a common ridge, like the roof of 
a house. 

syncope, n. sln'ko-pe (Gr. sungkope, a cutting off, 
a shortening— from sun, together, and kopto, I cut 
off), in gram., a throwing out of one or more letters 
from the middle of a word, as ne'er for never, e'en for 
even; in med., a, fainting or swooning by the inter- 
ruption of the action of the heart: syn'copate, v. 
-pat, to contract a word by syncope ; in music, to 
prolong a note at the end of a measure into the 
first note of the following: syn'copating, imp.: syn'- 
copated, pp.: syn'copa'tion, n. -pa-shun, the contrac- 
tion of a word by suppressing one or more letters in 
the middle; in music, the aci, of syncopating; the per- 
formance of a passage by syncopal, hi;.; the notes : syn'- 
COpist, n. -pi si, one who contracts words by syncope. 

syncratism, n. sin'-krddizm, also syn'cretism, n. 
-krd4i.zvi(lh: siuuikralns, mixed together, matched), 
the attempt to blend Mm i^nc'i,.-, of different schools of 

philosophy or sects of religion into : system in order 

to produce union and concord: syn'cretists, n. plu. 
-tlsts, the followers of Oalixtus, a Lutheran divine, 
win) attempted in the 17th century to promote Concord 
among Christians of all sects, Protestant as well as 
Catholic; certain followers of the Platonic philosophy 
in the 15th century: syncretic, a. siu-kret'lk, blending 
parties or tenets: syncretistic, a. sin'kredis-lilc, pert. 
to syncretism. 

syndesmosis, n. sin'dSs-mo'sis (Gr. sun, together, 
and dcsniDS, a bond, a ligament), in aiuU., the option 
of one bone with aiiol her by ligaments. 

syndic, n. siu.'dik (Or. sumUkus, helping in a court 
of justice— from sun, together, and dike, justice: P. 
siuidic), an officer invested with different powers in 
different countries; one chosen to transact business 
for others : syn'dicate, n. -di-lcdt, the office of a syn- 
dic ; a council or body of syndics: v. to judge or cen- 
sure: syndicating, imp.: syndicated, pp. 

synecdoche, n. sin-Sk'dO-ke (Gr. simekdoche, the 
understanding one thing for another : i<\ synecdoche), 
in rhet., a figure in which the whole is put for a part, 
or a part for the who'" - ~ 
ideal, expressed by sy 
ecdoch'ieally, ad. -li. 

synechia, n. sin-e'kl-d (Gr. sun, with, and echo, I 
have, I hold), in med., a disea.se of the, eye in which the 
iris adheres to the cornea, or to the capsule of the 
crystalline lens. 

syngenesian, a. sin'jii uc'iiii-a.ii, (Or. sun, with, and 
genesis, general ion, birth), in ho/., having the stamens 
united in a cylindrical form by the anthers, as in the 
class of plants syn'gene'sia, -a ; also syn'gene'sious, 
a. -us. 

synochreate, a. sln-ok're-dt (Gr. sun, with, and L. 
ocreatus, furnished with greaves or leggings), in hot., 
having stipules uniting together on the opposite side 
of the axis from the leaf. 

synod, n. sin'od (Gr. sunodos, a meeting— from sun, 
with, and hodos, a way: F. synode), a convention; a 
council; among l J reshy/eriaii.s, an assembly consisting 
of several adjoining presbyteries : syn'odal, a. -o-ddl, 
pert, to 'a synod: n. money anciently paid to the 
bishop atthe Kasicr visilatlon: synodic, a. sin-od'ik, 
also synod'ical, a. -%-kdl, pert, to or transacted in a 
synod ; pert, to the period of time which the moon takes 
in returning to any given phase: synod'ically, ad. -1%. 

synonym, n., also synonyme, n. sin'o-nlm (Gr. suno- 
■niiinos, having the same name or meaning— from sun, 
together, and onoma, a name : L. nomen, a name), 

a word having the sa.ine ..CMiiiicaMon a.: :nioih"i 

word in the same language: plurals, syn'onyms and 
syn'onymes, -nlmz, also synonyma, In On'-* ma-. :..,, 
on'ymise, v. -mlz, to express the same meaning in 
different words : synon'ymising, imp.: synon'ymised, 
pp. -mizd: synon'ymist, n. -mist, one who collects and 
explains synonyms: synon'ymous, a. -rims, having 
the same meaning; expressing I, be sa.ru e thing: syn- 
on'ymously, ad. -li: synon'ymy, n. -mi, the quality 
of being synonymous ; a, figure by which synonymous 
words are used to amplify a discourse. 

synopsis, n. siu-oji'sis\(U: suimpsis, the act of view- 
ing at a glance— from sun, together, and opsis, aview), 



SYST 

a general view ; a collective view of any subject in a 
condensed form: synop'ses, plu. -sez: synop'tic, a. 
-tilt, also synop'tical, a. -ti-kul, affording a general 
view; exhibiting Mm principal parts at one view, or 
in a condensed form, as Mm Synoptic Gospels: synop'- 

, ..I'.., so /,, 

synovia, n. sln-6'vi-d (Gr. sun, with, and L. ovum; 
Or. oiin, an egg), a fluid resembling Mm white of an egg 
secreted in the cavity of joints for the purpose of keep- 
ing them moist : syno'vfal, a. -ill, pert! I ..i.ium 

synovia: synovitis, n. sln.'o-vi'-tis {His, denoting in- 
flammation), inflammation of Mm synovial membrane. 

syntax, n. sin'tdks, also syntaxis, n. sinddks'ls (Or. 
suntaxis, arranging or placing together— from sun, 
with, and tasso, 1 put in order), in grain,., the proper 
arrangement of words according to the best usage in 
order to express ideas; the due arrangement of words 
to form sentences according to certain established 
rules: syntactical, a. sinddk'ti-kdl, alsosyntac'tic, a. 
-tilt, pert, to syntax, or according to its rules: syn- 
tactically, ad. -li. 

. synteresis, n. sin'tS-rS'sis (Gr. sunteresis, a watch- 
ing closely— from sun, with, and tereo, I watch), in 
med., preservative or preventive treatment; in meta., 
conscience viewed as the internal repository of the 
laws of right : syn'teret'ic, a. -Ik, tending to preserve 
health: syn'teretlcs, n. plu. -iks, that department 
of medicine which re laics, to the preservation of health. 

syntexis, n. sm.-leks-is (Gr. sindexis, decay, con- 
sumption—from sun, with, and teko, I melt), a wasting 
of the body as from consumption : syntet'ic, a. -Ut'-ik, 
perl, to syntexis; wasting wiih consumption. 

synthermal, a. sin-ther'mdl (Gr. sun, with, and 
tin rim', beat), having the same degree of heat. 

synthesis, n. sln'thd-sis (Gr. sunthesis, a putting or 
placing together— from sun, together, and thesis, a 
placing), Mm uniting of elements to form a compound ; 
the opposite of analysis ; the putting of two or more 
tilings together to form a whole; insurg., the opera- 
tion by which divided parts are reunited: synthetic, 
a. sin-thet'ik, also synthetical, a. -i-kdl, pert, to syn- 
thesis; compounding: synthetically, ad. -li. 

syphilis, n. si/'ldis (Gr. sun, with, and phileo, I 
love: orGr. sus, a, swine, ami phi/as, dear), a form ' " 

.. -jaffe'e 

syphon— see siphon. 

syren— see siren. 

Syriac, a. sir'i-ak, of or relating to Syria or its lan- 
guage: n. the language of Syria: Syr'iacism, n. 
-d-sizm, a Syriac idiom or peculiarity: Syrian, n. 
-dn, a native of Syria. 

syringa, n. si-rina'i/d (Or. svriuax. a, pipe), a genus 
of plants of which fim lilac is the type: syringine, n. 
sir-in'jin, a bitter principle obtained from the leaves 
of the lilac: syringodrendron, n. si-ring'go-den'dron 
(Gr. dendron, a tree), in geol., a term applied to the 
sigillaria, in allusion to the pipe-like I lutings of its 
trunk: syringopora, n. plu. sir'lng-op'o-rd (Gr. poros, 
a pore), in geol. , a genus of corals abounding in the 
carboniferous limestone, resembling the organ-pipe 
coral of the Australian seas : syr ingot'omy, n. -got'- 
o-mi (Gr. temno, I cut), in anat., the art or operation 
of (idling fistulas. 

syringe, n. sir'inj (Gr. suringx, a pipe or tube), a 
small pipe or tube with a handle worked like a pump, 
with which a liquid may be sucked up or ejected— 
much used 1 >y medical men : v. to inject, wash, or clean 
c> i : h a s \ r i iigi s j I urging, imp. : syringed, pp. -injd. 

syrup, n. sir'Up (It. siroppo; Sp. xarope, sweet 
iuice— from Ar. sharao, wine, or any beverage ; shar- 
bat, sherbet, syrup), a mixture of sugar or honey and 
water, flavoured; the juice of the sugar-cane; the 
liquid refuse of sugar, finer Mian molasses: syr'uped, 
a. -upt, moistened with sugar or honey: syrupy, a. 
-iip-i, resembling syrup ; sweet. 

system, n. sis'- 1 cm, (Or. sustain, an assemblage of 
many things put together— from sun, together, and 
liistemi, I place or set: F. syslaic), an assemblage of 
things arranged in regular order; a plan or scheme 
in which many things or parts are reduced to regular 
order and dependence; regular method or order: 
systematic, a. sis'-tciu-dV-ik, also systematical, a. 



sing, imp.: sys'tematised, pp. -tizd: sys'tematisa'- 
tion, n. -ti-zd'-shun, the act of reducing to a system : 
mate, mitt, far, law; mete, mat, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, move; 



SYST 



639 



TACE 



systematise: 1 , n. -zer, also sys'tematist, n. -tlst, one 
who reduces to a system: systemic, a. sis-tem'-lk, in 
med., belonging to the body as a whole ; common to a 
general system : systemise, v. sls'tem-iz, same as 
systematise: sys'temless, a. -Us, without system; in 
bot. and zool., destitute of any one of the four systems 
of structure characterising organic nature. 

systole, n. sls'to-le (Gr. sustole, a drawing together 
—from sun, together, and stello, I send), in gram., the 
shortening of a long syllable ; in med., the contraction 
of the heart and arteries for expelling the blood and 
carrying on the circulation: systolic, a. sls-tol'-lk, 
pert. to. 



systyle, n. sis'tU (Gr. sun, together, and stulos, a 
column), in arch., the arrangement of columns in such 
a manner that they are two diameters apart ; an edi- 
fice haying a row of columns set close together around 
it, as in the Parthenon at Athens. 

syzygy, n. slz'i-jl, plu. syz'ygies, -jiz (Gr. suzugia, 
a yoking together— from sun, together, and zugon, a 
yoke), the point at which the moon or a planet in its 
brbit is in conjunction or opposition with the sun ; the 
times of both new and full moon : syzygy tide, the 
tide which takes place on the afternoon of the day the 
sun and moon are in syzygy. 



tabard, n. tdb'drd (It. tabarro; F. tabarre, a wide 
loose overcoat), an ancient sort of mantle or tunic, 
open at the sides, with wide sleeves reaching to the 
elbows; a herald's coat: tab'arder, n. -er, one who 
wears a tabard. 

tabasheer, n. tdb-d-sher' (Pers. tabshir, clay), a si- 
licious secretion found in the interior of the stem of 
the large Indian bamboo, highly valued in the East 
Indies as a medicine. 

tabbinet, n. tub'-bl-net (see tabby), a figured texture 
of silk and worsted. 

tabby, n. tdb'bl (It. tabino; Dut. tabijn; Ger. tobin, 
a rich kind of watered silk), an old name for silk wa- 
tered or figured; a mixture of lime, gravel, &c, and 
water, forming a mass which, when dry, becomes very 
hard ; a cat of a tabby colour ; an old maid, or elderly 
married lady who is a gossip: adj. brindled with dark- 
grey or black, like the waves of watered silk— applied 
to cats : v. to brindle ; to cause to look wavy, as wa- 
tered silk : tab bying, imp. : n. the passing of silk, 
&C. , under a calender to give it a wavy appearance : 
tab'bied, pp. -bid. 

tabernacle, n. tdb'er-ndk-l (L. tabcrnaculum, a tent 
—from tain ma, a hut), a movable or temporary habi- 
tation ; the movable structure carried by the Israelites 
during their wanderings in the wilderness as a place 
for worship and sacrifices; a place of worship; in 
Scrip., the natural body of man; in E. Cath. Ch., an 
ornamental erection on the altar for the reception of 
the consecrated vessels : v. to abide for a time ; to 
lodge: tabernacled, a. -nak-ld, lodged: tab'ernac- 
ular, a. -ndk'u-ler, pert, to a tabernacle; latticed: 
tab'ernac'ulaxly, ad. -li: feast of tabernacles, one of 
the three principal festivals of the Jews, which lasted 
seven days, during which the people dwelt in booths 
formed of the boughs of trees, commemorative of the 
dwellings of their ancestors in the wilderness. 

tabes, n. td'bez(L. tabes, a wasting away; fabidus, 
melting or wasting away), a gradual wasting away of 
the whole body, accompanied by languor and depressed 
spirits, without any apparent disease of the viscera: 
tabetic, a. td-bet'-ik, also tabet'ical, a. -i-kcll, affected 
with tabes ; wasting by slow disease : tabid, a. tab-id, 
wasted by disease : tab'idly, ad. -U -. tab'idness, n. , also 
tab'itude, n. -i-tud, state of being wasted by disease. 

tablature, n. tdb'-ld-tilr (L. tabula, a board, a plank : 
F. tablature, arrangement of marks on a line), a paint- 
ing or basso-relievo on a wall or on a ceiling, forming 
a single piece comprehended in one view, and formed 
according to one design ; in anat., a division or part- 
ing of the skull into two tables; a mode of writing 
music for a particular instrument. 

table, n. ta'bl (L. tabula, a board: F. table), a well- 
known piece of domestic furniture, consisting of a flat 
surface supported on one or more legs ; a flat surface 
in general ; persons sitting at table ; the fare or enter- 
tainment itself; a circular sheet of finished glass; a 
collection of particulars, numbers, results, &c, ar- 
ranged in order and brought into one view; in arch., 
any smooth ornament, usually that of a long square ; 
the ten commandments, consisting of two tables: 
adj. pert, to a table : v. to lay or place upon a table ; 
to enter upon the record ; to board, &c. : ta'bling, 
imp.: n. in shipbuilding, the letting of one piece of 
timber into another: tabled, pp. -ta'bld: the Lord's 
table, the sacrament of the Lord's Supper; also the 
table itself in the Eng. Ch. ; the Eucharist : table- 
beer, a weak beer for common vise : table-cloth, a 
covering of linen, &c, for a table, particularly at 
meals : table-land, in phys. geog., any flat or compara- 



tively level tract of land considerably elevated above 
the general surface of a country: table-layers, in 
geol., that peculiar structure in certain granites, 
greenstones, and other igneous rocks, which "gives to 
their sections the appearance of stratification : table- 
linen, the linen used for and at the table : table-spoon, 
the ordinary large spoon used at table : table-talk, 
familiar conversation at meals : table-turning, the 
alleged movements of tables attributed to an exertion 
of power of departed spirits, or to the development of 
latent, vital, or spiritual forces — generally under- 
stood, however, to be the result of mere "physical 
causes : to lay on the table, in Parliamentary usage, 
and in the usage of corporate and other bodies, to re- 
ceive any document or written communication, as a 
report, a motion, and suchlike, but to agree to post- 
pone its consideration indefinitely: to serve tables, 
in Scrip., to administer the alms of the church, a duty 
assigie-d to the d>-ao ms : to turn the tables, to change 
the condition or fortunes oi'o intending parties, a met- 
aphor taken from the vicissitudes of fortune in staking 
on the gaming-tables: table d'hote, n. ta'-bl dot (P. 
table of the landlord), a dinner at a hotel or tavern 
at which the landlord presides; an ordinary: twelve 
tables, a celebrated body of am'. Poman laws. 

tableau, n. tab-lo' (F. a picture, a painting), a strik- 
ing and vivid representation: tableaux vivants, tab- 
lo' vi-vdng' (F. living pictures), an exhibition in which 
one or more persons in appropriate costume represent 
some interesting historical or other scene, or some 
celebrated painting or statuary. 

tablet, n. tab-let (a dim. of table : F. tablette), a small 
flat surface of any material, anciently used for mem- 
oranda ; something Hat used for writing, painting, or 
drawing on ; a small flattish cake, as of soap ; a flat 
piece of sweetmeat. 

taboo, n. td-bb', in the Pacific Isles, a religious rite 
by which anything v. hatsocver is rendered sacred and 
inviolable: v. to forbid the use of; to render inviol- 
able ; to forbid approach or use : taboo'ing, imp. : 
tabooed', pp. -b6d'. 

tabour, n., also tabor, n. tu'-ber (prov. F. tabor; F. 
tambour; Sp. tambor, a drum: Ar. tabl, a drum: the 
sound of a blow is generally represented by such syl- 
lables as tab, tap, dub. dob, top), a small drum beaten 
with one stick, used as an accompaniment to a pipe 
or fife : v. to play the tabour ; to strike lightly and 
frequently: tabouring, imp.: ta'boured, pp. -bird: 
ta'bourer, n. -bir-er, one who plays on the tabour: 
tabouret, n. tdb'-tr-et (F.), a small tabour; a cush- 
ioned stool highly ornamented: tab'ret, n. a small 
tabour. 

tabular, a. tdb'U-Ur (L. tabula, a board or plank), 
having a flat or square surface ; set down in the form 
of tables or synopses ; having the form of lamina? or 
plates: tab'ulate, v. -lat, to reduce to tables or syn- 
opses: tabulating, imp.: tab'ulated, pp.: tab'ulator, 
n. -la-ter, one who tabulates : tab'ula'tion, n. -Id'-sh t'm, 
the act of throwing data into a tabular form: tabular 
spar, a mineral, occurring chiefly in broad, prismatic, 
or tabular masses, of a greyish-yellow or reddish-brown 
colour, having a vitreous or pearly lustre. 

tacamahaca, n. tdk'd-mcl-ha'kd, also tac'amahac', 
n. -hdk', a name applied to two or tlnee different 
tropical plants ; also the balsamic bitter resin pro- 
duced from one or two of them. 

tace, td'se, also tacet, ta'set (L. facet, it is silent : 
It. tacere, to keep silence : F. tacet, a pause in music), 
in written music, a term used to indicate when a part 
is to be silent during a whole movement. 



cdtv, boy, foot; pure, bud,; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



TACH 



640 



TAKE 



taehe, n. tush (see tack), a button ; a catch ; a 
loop. 

tachometer, n. td-kom'-e-ter (F. tachometre— from 
Gr. tachus, swift, and metron, a measure), a contriv- 
ance for indicating :;.■<: i i i ,.-u-ui,ic»js in the velocity of 
machines. 

tachydromian, a. tdk'-l-dro'-ml-dn (Gr. tachus, swift, 
and dromos, a course, a running), swift-coursed ; fleet : 
n. one of a family of wading birds ; one of a family of 
saurian reptiles, also of dipterous insects. 

tachylite, n. tdk'-l-lit (Gr. tachus, quick, awl lilhos, 
a stone), a black vitreous mineral of the hornblende 
family, easily fused under the M<»- ,, a ; „■ 

tacit, a. tds'it (L. tacitus, silent : It. tacitn : F. tacite), 
implied but not expressed in words ; silent : tacitly, 
ad. -It, silently , >> <> l ">"'" gn ">g | ' , -'i" i ' ; -i"» i" h| '•'',' "id ; 

taciturn, a. tds't-tern (L. taciturnus, of few words 
—from tacitus, silent), close or reserved in speech ; 

habitually silent: taciii •'/ ,, m, lain i ^ 

lence or reserve : tac'iturnly, ad. -It. 

tack, n. tdk (It. attaccare; Milan, tacca, to fasten : 
Bret, tach, a small nail), a very small nail with a flat 
head— so called from being used to fasten something 
on or to another, as a carpet on a floor ; the course of 
a ship with reference to the position of the sails ; the 
rope which fastens the foremost corner of the sail to 
the windward side of a ship, which is said to tack in 
going against a wind when the tack is changed from 
one side to the other; in Scot., a lease of land, &c: 
V. to attach or fasten slightly; to change the course 
of a ship by shifting the tacks and position of the 
sails: tack'ing, imp.: n. the net of changing a ship's 
course: tacked, pp. tdkt: tacket, n. tdk'St, a small 
short nail with a thick head: tacks'man, n. in Scot., 
one who holds a lease of land, &c, from another; a 
lessee. 

tackle, n. tdk'kl (But. 1ak>-l, the fittings of a ship: 
W. taclau, accoutrements, implements), among sea- 
men, a pulley of two or more blocks, with suitable 
ropes, for raising and lowering heavy weights; the 
ropes, rigging, &c, of a ship; harness; gear; appara- 
tus : tackling, n. -kllng, furniture of the masts ; in- 
struments or apparatus : ground-tackle, anchors, 
cables, and the like: fishing-tackle, the apparatus 
used for fishing: gun-tackle, the apparatus for the 
management of guns on board ship. 

tact, n. tdkt (F. tart, feeling, touch : L. txctus, 
touch, handling), peculiar skill or faculty; skill in 
adapting words or arii oris to circumstances; nice dis- 
cernment ; knack : tactless, a. -ISs, without tact. 

tactics, n. plu. f/ik'tiks (Gr. lnlUilcn*, fit for order- 
ing or arranging— from tasso, I set in order or array : 
F. tactique: Sp. tactir.u), the. various evolutions and 
manoeuvres in the position and arrangement of troops 
or of ships of war in the presence of an enemy; the 
science and art of disposing military and naval forces 
for attack or defence ; way or method of proceeding 
or acting : tac'tic, a. -ilk, also tac'tical, a. -tl-kdl, of or 
relating to tactics: tac'tically, ad. -li: tactician, n. 
tak-tlsh'dn, one skilled in naval or military tactics ; an 
adroit manager or contriver. 

tactile, a. tdk'til (L. to<iih<, that may be touched— 
from tango, I touch: F. inrjil.r), that maybe touched 
■••■ i'ei; ,;,,i i! ad. -li: tactllity, n. tak- 

tll'-X-tl: taction, n. tdk'shun, the act of touching; 
touch : tac'tual, a. -tu-dl, pert, to touch ; derived from 
touch : tac'tually, ad. -li. 

tadpole, n. tdd'-pol (AS. fade, a toad, and AS. fola ; 
Gr. polos, a young animal), a frog in its first state 
from the spawn. 

tael, n. tdl, in China, a denomination of money 
worth about 7s. ; a weight of 1 l-5th oz. 

ta'en, v. tan, a poetical enutraei ion for taken. 

taenia, n. te'ni-d (Gr. tainia; L. tcenia, a ribbon), 
the intestinal worm, nsiiatlv called the tape-worm; 
in arch., the fillet or band above the architrave of 
the Doric order: tae'nioid, a. -6yd (Gr. eidos, resem- 
blance), shaped like a rihhon, as the tape-worm: tae'- 
niop'teris, n. -Op'-tCr-is (Gr. pteris, a fern), in geol., a 
genus of elegant ferns occurring in the Lias and Oolite, 
nnd so named from their long, narrow, ribbon -like 
leaflets. 

tafferel, n. t&f'-JSr-U, also taffrail, n. tdf-rdl (Dut. 
tafereel, a panel— from tafel, a table), in a ship, the 
uppermost part of the stern, which is flat on the top, 

taffeta, n. tdf'-fe-tti, also taffety, n. -H (Sp. tafetan; 

F. taffetas, taffeta: Pcrs. lafiuli- from tnftan, to twist, 

to spin), a thin, glossy, silken fabric, having a wavy 

mdte, mdt,fdr, law; mete, mU, 



lustre, much used for curtains and hangings; in med., 
a plaMer spread on thin silk. 

taffy— see toffy. 

tag, n. tdg (Sw. tagg ; Low Ger. takke, a point, a 
thorn), a metallic point at, the end of a string; the end 
or extremity : v. to fit with a point, as lace ; to fit one 
thing to another: tag'ging, imp.: n. materials for 
tags: tagged, pp. tdgd: tag-sore, a disease in sheep: 
tag-tail, a worm having its tail of another colour: 
tag'-rag, n. -rdg, the rabble. 

taglia, n. tdl'-yd (It. tag/in, trickle), in mech., the 
name given to a system of fixed pulleys collected in 
one common block, or of a system of movable pulleys. 

tail, n. tdl (W. tagell, a dewlap : Icel. tagl, a horse- 
tail: Sw. tagel, horse-hair), the part which termi- 
nates an animal body; the hinder part of anything; 
a shoot or projection hanging loosely from the hin- 
der part; the bottom or lower part of anything; 
anything long and pendent ; the end or spent 
part: v. in arch., to fasten by one of its ends into 
a wall: tailing, imp.: n. in arch., the part of a pro- 
jecting stone or brick inserted in a wall: tailed, pp. 
tald: adj. furnished with a tail: tailings, n. plu. 
tdl'-ingz, the lighter parts of grain in winnowing: 
tailless, a. -ISs, having no tail : tail-piece, a piece at 
the end ; the end-piece of a violin to which the strings 
are attached ; in printing, an ornamental design placed 
at the end of a chapter or division of a book, or at the 
end of the book : tail-block, in ships, a single block 
having a short piece of rope attached to it, by which it 
may be fastened to any other thing : tail-board, the 
movable board at the back of a cart or waggon for 
convenience in unloading : tail-drain, in field-drain- 
ing, a main drain which receives the water running 
out of the other drains : to tail in or on, in arch., to 
fasten by one of the ends into a wall or some other 
support : tail-race, the stream of water from a mill 
after it has turned the wheel: to turn tail, to run 
away. 

tail, n. tdl (F. faille, a cutting: It. taglia, a share, a 
portion), limitation; abridgment: an estate tail, a 
partial estate cut or carved out of the fee-simple; an 
estate limited to certain heirs. 

tailor, n. tdl'-er (F. tattler; It. tagliare, to cut: Icel. 
taiga, to form by cutting), one whose business is to 
make men's outer garments: v. to work as a tailor: 
tail'oring, imp.: n. the business of a tailor: tail'ored, 
pp. -erd: tail'oress, n. -es, a female who makes men's 
garments : tailor-bird, an East Indian bird, so called 
from its habit of stitching together the leaves of plants 
in order to form its nest. 

tailzie, n. tdl'-zl (F. tattler, to cut), in Scot, law, the 
term corresponding with the Eng. word entail; any 
deed by which the legal course of inheritance is cut 
off and an arbitrary one substituted. 

taint, n. tdnt (F. atteindre, to reach, to attain to, to 
touch or hit in reaching: F. teindre; L. tingere, to 
tinge, to colour), a stain; a tincture; a blemish; in- 
fection : v. to defile ; to contaminate ; to impregnate 
with anything corrupt or foul ; to sully ; to be infected 
or corrupted: tainting, imp.: taint'ed, pp. : taint'- 
less, a. -les, pure ; free from infection : taintlessly, ad. 
-li: taint'ure, n. -ur, tinge; defilement. 

take, v. tak (Icel. tak, grip, hold : Dut. tacken, to 
touch: L. factum,, to touch :' Piedm. tache, to fasten), 
to obtain in almost any manner ; to receive ; to receive 
in any disposition of mind ; to suppose ; to receive in 
thought ; to lay hold of ; to seize ; to entrap ; to swal- 
low; to understand in a particular sense or man- 
ner ; to delight ; to engage ; to use or employ ; to 
procure; to turn to; to choose; to go into, as to 
take the water ; to pursue or follow, as a course ; to 
copy or paint; to change with respect of place, as 
he took out his hand ; to hire or rent, as a house ; 
to enter upon, as a campaign ; to please ; to catch ; 
to be fixed: n. the quantity of fish captured at one 
haul or catch ; a quantity, as of copy, by a composi- 
tor: ta'king, imp.: adj. alluring; attracting: n. the 
act of receiving or gaining possession; capture: 
took, pt. took, did take: taken, pp. ta'-kn: ta'ker, n. 
-ker, one who takes : to take advantage of, to catch 
by surprise ; to make use of convenient circumstances 
for the prejudice of: to take after, to imitate: to 
take aim, to direct the eye or weapon : to take along, 
to carry, lend, or convey: to take arms, to commence 
war or hostilities : to take away, to remove ; to de- 
prive of: to take breath, to cease or stop, as from 
labour, in order to breathe or rest : to take care of, to 
have the charge or care of; to superintend: to take 
her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



TALA 



641 



TAMA 



down, to remove from a high position; to reduce; to 
pull down ; to reduce to writing : to take effect, to be 
efficacious; to come into operation: to take fire, to 
become ignited : to take for, to suppose to be some 
person or thing else : to take from, to deprive of; to 
deduct ; to detract : to take heart, to gain confidence 
or courage; to be encouraged: to take heed, to be 
careful or cautious: to take heed to, to attend to 
with care : to take hold of, to seize : to take horse, to 
mount and ride a horse: to take in, to enclose; to 
comprise; to contract; to furl; to cheat; to admit; 
to receive regularly, as a periodical : to take in hand, 
to undertake : to take leave, to bid adieu or farewell : 
to take notice, to observe with particular attention ; 
to make remarks : to take off, to remove ; to cut off ; 
to destroy ; to swallow ; to imitate or mimic : to take 
on, to assume; to take upon one's self: to take out, 
to remove from within ; to extract : to take part, to 
share : to take part with, to unite with ; to join with : 
to take place, to happen: to take root, to live and 
grow, as a plant : to take stock— see stock : to take 
to, to be fond of; to become attached to ; to resort to : 
to take up, to lift ; to commence ; to purchase or bor- 
row ; to engage the attention ; to seize or arrest ; to 
begin where another has left off; to occupy ; to assume 
or carry on ; to pay and receive, as a bill of exchange : 
to take up arms, to begin war: to take the air, to 
walk or ride in the open air for exercise and health : 
to take the field, to enter upon a campaign ; to begin 
open war : to take to heart, to feel sensibly or keenly : 
to take upon, to assume : to undertake : to take with, 
to please : to take up with, to become familiar with 

talapoyn, n. tai'-a-pdyn, also telapoin, n. til'-d-pdyn, 
a priest of Burmah or Siara. 

talbot, n. taTcl'bot (said to be after the Talbot family, 
whose arms contain the figure of a dog), a hunting- 
dog with a broad mouth, deep chops, arid long pendu- 
lous ears. 

talc, n. talk (Ger. talk, talc— from talg, tallow: It. 
talco: F. talc), a foliated mineral of an apple-green, 
silver-white, and other shades of colour, translucent, 
and having a greasy feel— distinguished from mica by 
being much softer ; forms the basis of the rouge used 
by women, and in its natural state used by tailors 
for drawing lines on cloth : talck'y, a. -?, also talc'ose, 
a. -6s, consisting of talc, or containing it: talcite, 
n. tal'-slt, a mineral consisting of minute grains or 
scales of a silver-white or greenish colour, with a 
glimmering pearly lustre— also called nacrite: talcose 
granite, a granite rock composed of felspar, quartz, 
and talc or chlorite: talc-schist, a glistening rock 
consisting of talc and quartz arranged in folia?, more 
or less crumpled, of various colours, but more fre- 
quently of a greenish hue. 

tale, n. tal (Icel. tola, to speak : Dut. taele, speech ; 
taelen, to count), a stoiy ; a short narrative of adven- 
ture; a fiction; number told or reckoned; disclosure 
of anything secret : tale-bearer, one who impertinently 
or officiously gives intelligence about the doings of 
others that may create mischief and ill-will: tale- 
bearing, officious or thoughtless information given 
about others that may create ill-will : tale-teller, one 
who 1 elates stories, generally for amusement. 

tale, n. tal, another spelling of tael, which see. 

talent, n. tai'Snt (F. talent; L. talentum; Gr. talan- 
ton, a thing weighed), among the ancients, a weight, a 
coin, or a sum of money, varying in amount— the Jew- 
ish, of silver, about £390— of gold, about £5475; the 
Attic, about £243, 1.5s. ; a metaphorical use from the 
Scripture parable of the talents, natural gift or en- 
dowment; eminent ability; particular faculty: tal'- 
ented, a. possessing skill or talents ; mentally gifted. 

tales, n. plu. ta'lez (plu. of L. talis, such), in law, at 
a trial, qualified men who happen to be present taken, 
by permission of the judge, to make up the insuffici- 
ency in the number of the jurors, occasioned by chal- 
lenges or other causes. 

taliped, n. tai'i-pSd, also talipes, n. -pez (L. talus, an 
ankle, and .pes, afoot— gen. pedis),- the disease called 
club-foot ; a person affected with club-foot. 

talisman, n. tal'is-man (F. and Sp. talisman; It. 
talismano— from Ar. tilsam, a magical image: Gr. 
tdesma, tribute, incantation), among Eastern nations, 
some magical figure cut or engraved in connection 
with certain superstitious observances and astrologi- 
cal configurations of the heavens, to which wonderful 
virtues are ascribed ; any object which can be carried 
about the person, endowed with certain imaginary in- 
fluences or powers, as a protection from air kinds of 



j,d. -li. 

talk, n. tawk (Bav. dalken, to dabble, to speak im- 
perfectly: Ger. talken, to dabble, to talk foolishly: 
Low Ger. talk, a daw, a tattling woman : Swiss, talen, 
to speak imperfectly: Icel. tala, to speak or talk), con- 
versation; familiar speech; subject of conversation; 
rumour ; report : v. to speak, as in familiar conversa- 
tion ; to speak : to confer ; to reason ; to reprove gently ; 
to advise: talking, imp.: adj. given to talking; lo- 
quacious: n. conversation: talked, pp. taJrkt: talk- 
er, n. tawk'er, one who talks; a boaster: talk'ative, 
a. -a-tlv, fond of talking; loquacious: talk atively, 
ad. -li: talkativeness, n. -nes, the quality or condition 
of being talkative ; loquacity. 

tall, a. taui (F. taille, cut, the size or stature of a 
creature), high in stature; long and erect: tall'ness, 
n. -nes, the state or quality of being tall ; height of 
stature. 

tallage, n. tcil'laj, also tailage, n. tal'aj (F. taillage 
—from tailler, to cut), an impost ; excise : v. to lay on 
a tax or impost. 

tallow, n. tal'ld (Ger. talg; Icel. tolgr, the solid fat 
of ruminants: Ger. talgen, to daub: Swab, talket, 
clammy), the hard fat of ruminant animals, separated 
from the membranes by melting down : v. to smear 
or grease with tallow; to fatten: tallowing, imp.: 
tallowed, pp. -led: adj. greased with tallow: tar- 
lower, n. -er, one who deals in tallow; an animal 
which fattens readily: tallowy, a. -lo-i, like tallow; 
greasy: tallow-chandler, one who makes and sells 
candles: tallow-tree, a tree of China which yields a 
fatty matter : tallow - mineral, one of the mineral 
resins, a light, soft, fatty substance of a greenish-yel- 
low colour— also called hatchetine: vegetable tallow, 
a kind of fat-lik t alley, obtained from various plants. 

tally, n. tal'-ll, plu. tal'lies, -llz (It. tagliare; F. 
tailler, to cut: F. taille, a tally : It. tacca, a notch or 
tally), a stick on which notches or scores are cut cor- 
responding to the notches cut on another stick, for- 
merly employed as a method of keeping and checking 
accounts; anything made to suit or correspond to 
another; a label or ticket of wood or metal: v. to 
make to correspond ; to fit ; to suit ; to keep tally : 
tallying, imp.: tallied, pp. -lid, agreed; fitted; 
suited : tallier, n. -yer, one who keeps tallies to check 
accounts— now spelt teller, v, hich see : tal'lyman, one 
who sells for weekly payments, or payments for other 
short periods : tally-chop, a shop where goods can be 
obtained to be paid for by weekly or monthly pay- 
ments. 

tally-ho, int. tdl'-ll-ho", the huntsman's cry to his 
hounds. 

Talmud, n. toV-mud (Chald. talmiid, instruction — 
from lamad, to learn), the whole body of Jewish laws, 
comprehending the laws of Moses, the expositions 
and amplifications of the Rabbins thereon, and a col- 
lection of traditions ; the book or books containing 
them : the Talmud consists of two parts, the Mishna 
and Gemara: talmudic, a. tdl-mud'ik, also talmud- 
ical, a. -l-kal, pert, to or contained in the Talmud: 
talmudistic, a. Ull'mud-ls'tlk, pert, to the Talmud: 
talmudist, n. tdl'mud-ist, one learned in the Talmud. 

talon, n. tal'on (L. talus, the heel, the ankle: F. 
talon ; It. tallone, the heel), the claw of a bird of prey ; 
in arch., the ogee moulding. 

talook, n. ta-ldkf, in the E. I., a district or depen- 
dency, the revenues of which are administered by a 
talookdar : talook'dar, n. -ddr, in the E. I., the native 
head of a department acting under a superior. 

talpa, n. tal'-pd, plu. tal'pse, -pe (L. talpa, a mole), 
the common mole ; in swrg., a tumour under the skin ; 
an encysted tumour on the head : tal'pidae, n. plu. 
-pi-dc, the family of moles. 

talus, n. ta'-lus (L. talus, the ankle), in anal., the 
ankle-bone ; in arch, or fort., the^sloping part of a 
work; a slope; in geol., a sloping heap of fragments 
at the bottom of a rocky declivity, derived from its 
weathered and wasted surface. 

tamable, tamableness— see tame. 

tamarin, n. tdm'd-rin, a monkey of S. Amer. with a 
long squirrel-like tail. 

tamarind, n. tdm'd-rind (Ar. tamar-hindi, the In- 
dian date— from tamar, a dried date), the Indian date- 
tree ; the seed-pods preserved in sugar. 

tamarisk, n. tdm'd-risk (L. tamariscus ; F. tama- 
risc), an ornamental flowering evergreen, indigenous 
to southern latitudes. 



'hfoot; "pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



TAMB 



642 



TANT 



tambour, n. tdm'-Mr (see tabour: It. tamburo; F. 
tambour, a drum), a small drum; in arch., tlie naked 
part of certain capitals, bearing some resemblance 
to a drum; also the vail of a circular temple sur- 
rounded with columns, or the circular vertical part of 
a cupola above and below ; a round course of stones in 
a, pillar; a frame used by embroiderers, so called from 
its drum-like shape; the rich embroidery worked on 
it:v. to embroider with a, tambour: tam'bouring, 
imp.: tam'boured, pp. -bird: tam'bourine', n. -btr-en', 
a kind of drum; a broad hoop furnished with little 
hells, and covered over the top with parchment. 

tame, v. turn (Dut. tarn; Gar. za/un, tame: Icel. 
tamr, accustomed to: L. domare, to subdue), to re- 
duce from a wild to a domestic stale; to civilise; to 
subdue ; to reclaim : adj. that has lost its native wild- 
jjess; domestic; mild; gentle; subdued; spiritless; 
servile ; wanting in vigour ; dull : ta'ming, imp. : 
tamed, pp. tdmd: ta'mer, lr. -mer, one who tames: 
ta'mable, a. -vin-bl, capable of hem- reclaimed from 
a wild or savage state : ta'mableness, n. -bl-nes, the 
quality of being tamable: tameness, n. tdm-ues, the 
quality of being tame or gentle ; want of spirit ; with- 
out interest or beauty, as a scone : tameless, a. -Ids, 
wild ; untamable: tame'ly, ad. -li, in a tame manner; 
meanly; servilely. 

tamine, n. tdm'-in, also tam'iny, n. -l-nt, and tam'my, 
n. -nn {¥. tamis; It. tumigio ; but. terms, a strainer, 
a sieve— from L. stamen, iiie fixed threads in a loom), 
a thin woollen stuff high'y -lazed; a strainer or bolter 
of hair or worsted cloth. 

tamp, v. tamp (Lang, tapo, clay; tapio, tempered 
clay for wall-building : F. tarn pun m r. U > bung, to stop), 
among miners, to fill up a hole bored in a rock for 
the purpose of blasting it; in ■mil., to pack the ex- 
cavation of a mine with clay, &c, after the powder 
Iras been deposited ; to drive in or down by frequent 
gentle strokes: tam'ping, imp.: n. the act or opera- 
tion of filling a hole bond for blasting; in mil., the 
act or operation of packing with sand-bags or clay 
that part of a mine nearest the charge ; the material 

"se.uaiai g ba e ,,,.,::, am'per.n. -per, 

one who tamps; an instr., generally of iron, used 

in ramping or m |ro' org. mi. ee , i "\ .1 m : 1.1 

the powder in a bore or mine for blasting: tampion, 
11. tam'-pi on, also tompion, n. tOm'pl-ou, the stopper 
for closing the mouth of a cannon or mortar ; a stop- 
per ; a stopple. 

tamper, v. t&m'per (from tamp, which see), to med- 
dle; to deal with unfairly ; to try iittie experiments : 
tam'pering, imp.: adj. trifling: n. the act of med- 
dling with or practising secretly : tam'pered, pp. -perd. 

tampion, n.— see under tamp. 

tam-tam, n. tam'-iam' (Hind, torn torn, imitative of 
the sound of a drum), a drum flat at one end, and con- 
vex or round at the other, used in the ICa.st Indies and 
■Western Africa, made of an alloy of copper and tin, 
and very sonorous. 

tan, n. tdn (F. tan, bark of oak : Bret, tann, oak : 
Ger. tanne, a fir-tree), the bark of the oak, willow, and 
other trees, which abounds in tannin, crushed and 
broken in a mill, used for turning skins into leather : 
adj. of a yellowish-brown colour like tan: v. to con- 
vert skins into leather by steeping them amongst 
water and the bark of the oak, willow, &c; to make 
tawny or brown by exposure to the sun: tan'ning, 
imp.: n. the process of turning skins or hides into 
leather : tanned, pp. tdnd : adj. made brown by ex- 
posure to the sun : tan'ner, n. -ner, one who tans : 
tan'nery, n. -I, a place where the operations of tan- 
ning are carried on : tan-bed, a bed of waste tan : tan- 
pickle, brine for tanning: tan-pit, a vat or pit in 
which hides are laid among tan: tan-yard, a place 
where the tanning of skins is carried on: tan'nable, 
a. -nd-bl, that may be tanned. 

tandem, ad. tdn'dSm (L. tandem, at length, at last), 
singly ; one before the other— applied to horses har- 
nessed one before another 'instead of abreast: n. two 
horses harnessed tande.ru in a light two -wheeled 
vehicle. Note.— This word seems to have originated 
in the university slang application of the Eng. mean- 
ing "at length" of L. tandem, which, however, has 
really no connection whatever with the thing sig- 
nified. 

tang, n. tang (a metaphor from a ringing sound : F. 
tan-tan, a cattle-hell : tip. tangir, to play on a musical 
instr.: Maori, tangi, cry, sound: Ar. tarda, sound, 
noise), a rank taste; relish; something that leaves a 
taste or pain ; a sound ; a tone. 

mate., mat, far, law; mete, met, ht 



tang, n. tdng (Icel. tangi, a narrow tongue of land : 
Gael, teanga, a tongue), the, part of a knife, fork, or 
file, or suchlike, which runs up into the handle; the 
tongue of a buckle. 

tang— see tangle 2. 

tangent, n. tdn'jent (L. tangens, touching— from 
tango, I touch : It. and F. tangente), in trig, and geora., 
a straight line whicli touches a circle or curve, but 
though produced, does not cut it : tan'gency, n. -jSn-si, 
a contact or touching: tangential, a. tan-jen'-sliol, of 
or relating to tangents; having a, tendency, while 
moving in a curve, to fly oil' in a straight line: tan- 
gen'tially, ad. -li. 

tangible, a. tdn'-jl-U (L. tango, I touch: It. tangibih': 
F. tangible), that may be touched; perceptible by 
touch ; that may be possessed or realised : tan'gibly, 
ad. -bll: tan'gibil'ity, n. -bil'l-ti, the quality of being 
■perceptible to the touch: tan'gibleness, n. -bl-nes, the 
state or quality of being tangible. 

tangle, v. tdng'-gl (prov. Eng. twangling, discordant 
musical sounds by unskilful playing on a stringed in- 
str., hence a confused involved texture : Ar. tantanat, 
re-echoing of musical instruments, the murmuring of 
water), to knit together confusedly, as thread; so to 
interweave as to make it difficult to unravel : n. a 
quantity of thread or other things confusedly inter- 
mingled : tan'gling, imp. -gling: tangled, pp. tdng'-gld: 
adj. united confusedly : tan'gly, a. -gti, knotted ; inter- 
twined. 

tangle, n. tdng'-gl, also tang, n. tdng (Ger. and Dan. 
tang, sea-weed), a broad-leaved sea-weed having long 
ribbon-shaped fronds, of a leathery colour and con- 
sistence, found growing under low-water mark; oar- 
weed: tan'gly, a. -gli, covered with the sea-weed 
called tangle. 

tank, n. tdngk (Port, tanque; Sans, tanghi, a pond: 
Prov. tancar, to stop, to shut: Lang, tanca, to stop: 
Sp. taco, a stopper), a large cistern for storing water; 
a reservoir of water ; that part of the tender of a loco- 
motive which contains the water. 

tankard, n. tdng'-kerd (F. tanquard; Dut. tanc- 
kaerd; Norm, tankar, a can with a spout), a large 
drinking cup or vessel with a lid, and made of metal. 

tanner, tannery, tanning, tan-pickle— see tan. 

tannic, a. tdn'-nik (from tan), applied to a peculiar 
acid found in oak-bark, and more abundantly in gall- 
nuts, which is very astringent, and has the power of 
converting the skins of animals into leather: tan'nate, 
n. -ndt, a salt of tannic acid: tan'nin, n. -nin, another 
name for tannic acid, the peculiar principle in gall- 
nuts and oak-bark; a powerful antiseptic or preser- 
vative from putrefaction — the same property existing 
in peat-mosses, derived from the accumulated decay 
of vegetable substances. 

tansy, n. tdn'-zi (F. tanaisie; Sp. atanasia, the 
plant tansy— from Or. aflmnasia, immortality), a bit- 
ter strong-scented herb, producing yellow flowers. 

tant, n. tant (from taint, to stain), a small field- 
spider of an elegant scarlet colour. 

tantalise, v. tdn'td-tiz (Or. tantalizo, I shake vio- 
lently, I tantalise— from Gr. Tantedos; L. Tantalus, 
an anc. king, who, having divulged the secrets of Ju- 
piter, was punished in the lower world by having 
branches laden with fruit hung over his head, which 
always receded from his grasp, a rock hung over his 
head threatened to crush him every moment, also he 
was placed up to the chin in water, and yet coidd not 
drink), to tease or torment by presenting some object 
of pleasure or desire just within reach to be again 
placed beyond it ; to excite expectations or fears wiiich 
will not be realised ; to tease: tan'talising, imp.: adj. 
irritating or tormenting alter the manner Tantalus 
suffered: tantalised, pp. -lizd: tan'taliser, n. -zir, 
one who tantalises: tan 'talisingly, ad. -li: tantali- 
sation.n. tdn'-tu-li-zd'-shun, the act of tantalising ; the 
state of being tantalised : tan talism, n. -llzm, the pun- 
ishment of Tantalus ; a teasing or tormenting. 

tantalite, n. tdn'-tdl-lt (new L. tantalum), the ore of 
the metal tantalum or columbium, of a dark-bluish, 
grey, or iron- black colour: tan'talum, n. -him, the 
metal extracted from tantalite, of a dark-grey colour, 
very dense and difficult of fusion— also called colum- 
bium. 

tantamount, a. tdn'-td-mmi-nt (L. tantus; F. tant, so 
much, and Eng. amount— from F. ammit, on high), 
equal; equivalent in value or signification. 

tantivy, ad. tdn-tiv'-l (imitative from the sound of a 
hunting-horn), swiftly ; speedily,— a hunting term. 

tantrums, n. plu. tdu'-trums, in J'amiliar language, 
pine, 'pin; note, not, move; 



TAP 613 

childish ill-humour, with fits of passion ; a hurst of ill- 
tap, v. tap (F. taper, to tap : Bobem. tepati, to strike 
villi a hammer: Russ. toped', to stamp with the feet), 
to strike with something small; to strike a gentle 
blow; to touch lightly: n. a gentle blow; a slight 
stroke: tap'ping, imp.: tapped, pp. tapt. 

tap, v. tap (Icel. stappa : Fug. .-lamp, to strike end- 
wise: Low Ger. tappe ; Ger. zap/; Dut. tap, a plug 
thrust in to stop a hole: Sp. tapar, to stop up, to 
cover), to pierce for letting out a fluid ; to pierce or 
broach, as a cask; to box or bore into: n. a hole or 
pipe through which liquor is drawn; a plug or spill 
for stopping a hole pierced in a cask; a place in a 
public-house or tavern v. here liquor is drawn for drink- 
ing; a conical screw made of hardened steel, and 
grooved, for cutting internal threads in nuts and the 
like: tap'ping, imp.: n. the act of opening a cask of 
liquor; the surgical operation of removing fluid from 
the body, as in the disease of dropsy: tapped, pp. 
tapt: tapster, n. tdp'ster, one whose business is to 
draw liquor from the cask: tap-bolt, a bolt with a 
head on one end and a thread on the other: tap-house, 
a house whose liquors are retailed : tap-room, or the 
tap, the common drinking-room of a public-house: 
tap-root, in hot., the main root of a plant, which de- 
scends deeply in a tapering undivided manner: on 
tap, with a tap in the barrel, and so ready to be drawn, 
as ale on tap. 

tape, n. tap (AS. teeppe, the tip or corner of a gar- 
ment, tape), a narrow band of cotton or linen cloth, 
used for strings, binding, ic: tape-line, a narrow band 
of linen cloth painted, and figured with inches, vary- 
ing in length from six feet, much used by builders, 
engineers, iVc, in measurements: tape-worm, a long 
flat worm like a tape, bred in the intestines of verte- 
brate animals. 

taper, n. ta'p>'r (AS. toper, a wax-light : Eng. tap, a 
plug for stopping a hole, being smaller at the foremost 
end), a small wax candle; a" long wick coated with 
wax : adj. regularly narrowed towards one end ; long 
and slender: v. to narrow to a point ; to become grad- 
ually smaller towards the end: tapering, imp.: adj. 
gradually terminating in a point: ta'pered, pp. -pcrd: 
taperingiy, ad. -It. 

tapestry, n. tap'-c.<-tri IT. tapisserie, tapestry: Sp. 
tapete; L. tapete, hangings lor covering walls: Sp. 
tapar, to conceal, to mantle), a kind of carpeting, used 
for hangings to the walls of rooms, coverings for 
thrones, chairs of state, &c, dyed of various colours, 
and often embroidered with gold and silver work; 
called also arras : v. to adorn villi tapestry, or as if 
with it: tapestrying, imp.: tapestried, pp. -trid: 
adj. adorned as if with tapestry. 

tapioca, n. tdp'i-0'kd, a farinaceous substance, in 
the form of coarse grains, obtained from the cassava 
or manioc plant, a native of Brazil— cassava or man- 
ioc is prepared from the same, but more finely granu- 
lar. 

tapir, n. t<tfper{&v. and F.), a quadruped of several 
species, somewhat like a pig, and having a short pro- 
boscis; one of the tapiridas, td-pir'4-de, a group of 
animals having much the aspect of a pig, but about 
the size of an ass. 

tapirotherium, n. ta'per-6-the'ri-um (tapir, and Gr. 
tlierion, a wild beast), in geol., a gigantic fossil quad- 



ruped, related to the existing tapirs. 



lightly something else with a view to change or regu- 
late motion. 

tap-root, tapster— see under tap. 

tar, n. tdr (AS. teor; Icel. tjara; Ger. theer; Gael. 
tearr, tar : Swiss, targgen, to dabble, to daub), a thick, 
impure, resinous substance, of a bhu-kish colour, ob- 
tained from pine and fir trees, and from common coal ; 
a sailor— so called from his clothes having been often 
seen bedaubed with tar: v. to smear or daub with 
tar : tar'ring, imp.: tarred, pp. tard: tarry, a, tdr'ri, 
consisting of or like tar : mineral tar, a variety of 
bitumen found oozing from rocks of, different forma- 
tions. 

Tarai, n. td'ri (Pers. damp), applied to a district 
of country at the very foot of the Himalayas, com- 
posed for the most part of alternating beds of sand, 
gravel, and boulders brought down from the moun- 
tains. 

colu, toy, foot; pure, bud; chair, 



tarantula, n. tdr-dn'tudd, also taren'tula (It. tar- 
antula— trom L. tarentum, now It. Taranto, in the 
south of Italy), a species of spider found in the 
warmer parts of Laly, which bites severely. 

tardigrade, n. tdr'-di-grdd (L. tardus, slow, and 
gradus, a step), one of the tar'digra'da, -gru'-du, or 
sloth family. 

tardiness, tardily— see tardy. 

tardo, ad. tdr -do (It.— from L. tardus, slow), in 

tardy, a. tdr'-dl (L. tardus, slow: Sp. and It. tardo ; 
F. tardif, slow), slow in motion ; sluggish ; backward ; 
reluctant; late: tar'dily, ad. -ll, slowly: tardiness, 
n. -ncs, slowness of motion or pace. 

tare, n. tdr (It. tara; F. tare, waste or impairment 
of merchandise : AS. dtrian, to injure : Ar. darur, 
injury, damage), the allowance among merchants for 
the weight of the' package ; in Srnji., a plant or weed 
destructive to grains ; a leguminous plant cultivated 
as food for horses and cattle : the vetch: v. to ascer- 
tain the allowance for the weight of the package: 
taring, imp.: tared, pp. tdrd. 

tarentula— see tarantula. 

targe, n. tdrj, also target, n. tdr'-gct (F. targe; It. 
target; Sp. dar<ia; Gael, targuid. a shield — from L. 
tergus, skin, hide : Wal. targa, things-.made of wicker- 
work), a shield or buckler of a small kind; a shield- 
like object set up as a mark for practice for rifle-shoot- 
ing, or for artillery : targeted, a. tdr'-gct-cd, furnished 
or armed with a target : targeteer, n. tur'-get-er', one 
carrying a target. 

Targum, n. tdr'-gum (Chald. ten-gum, interpretation), 
one of the ancient translations or paraphrases of por- 
tions of the Old Testament Scriptures in the Chaldee 
language or dialect : tar'gumist, u. -gum-ist, the writer 
of a Targum. 

tariff, n. tdr'if (Turk, tarif, an explaining, a de- 
■ .-ribiiij 



g: Ar. tarif, explanation— from arif, know- 
ledge: F. tarif: It. turijjd), a table or book of rates 
or duties to be paid on goods imported or exported : 
v. to make a list of duties payable on merchandise : 
tariffing, imp.: tariffed, pp. -ift. 

tarn, n. tarn (Icel. Horn, a little lake), a small 
mountain-lake; a marsh; a bog. 

tarnish, v. /ur'-msh IF. teruixsant, tarnishing— from 
ternir, to make dim: old II. Ger. tarnjan, to conceal: 
AS. deoru, hidden, secret), to diminish the lustre or 
purity of; to sully; to stain; to soil; to become dull 
or dim : tarnishing, imp. : tar'nished, pp. -nlsht : 
adj. having lost its brightness by exposure to the air ; 
sullied; stained: n. a process of giving to gold or silver 
a pale or dim cast. 

tarpaulin, n. tdr-paw'lin (properly tar-palling), a 
tarred pall or covering for goods, &c; a waterproof 
piece of canvas for covering goods -also written tar- 
pauling or tarpaw'ling. 

tarragon, n. tar'rd-gon (old F. targon; It. targone; 
Sp. taragima; Ar. tnrkhun), an aromatic plant used 
lor perfuming vinegar in France; herb-dragon. 

tarred— see tar. 

tarriance— see tarry. 

tarry, v. tdr'ri (F. tareler ; Prov. tardar, to delay, 
t > tarry— from L. tardarc, to delay), to continue in a 
place ; to stay behind ; to delay ; to loiter : tarrying, 
imp.: n. delay: tar'ried, pip. -rid: tar'rier, n. -ri-er, 
one who tarries ; a species of dog— now spelt terrier: 
tar'riance, n. -dns, delay ; lateness. 

tarry— see tar. 

tarsus, n. tdr'sus (Gr. tarsos, the sole of the foot, or 
its upper surface), that part of the foot to which the 
leg is articulated, the front of which is called the in- 
step; the cartilage supporting each eyelid; the last 
segment of the legs of insects : tar'sal, a. -sell, pert, to 
the instep, or to the cartilage of the eyelid. 

tart, a. tdrt (AS. teart, sharp, biting: Dut. taertig, 
sour; tarten, to provoke), sour; acid; sharp; keen; 
severe, as a reply: tartly, ad. -It: tartness, n. -nes, 
sharpness to the taste ; sharpness of language or man- 
ner ; sourness : tart'ish, a. -ish, somewhat tart. 

tart, n. tdrt (F. tarte, a pie or pudding: It. torta, a 
kind of pastry-work : F. tourte, a cake), a pie, either 
for the hand or for the table, consisting of fruit, either 
raw or as a preserve, enclosed in pastry and baked : 
tartlet, n. a little tart. 

tartan, n. tdr'-tdn (a word not known in Gaelic : F. 
tireteiine ; Dut. tireteyn, linsey-woolsey), woollen cloth 
or stuff checkered or striped in various colours and 
patterns in the weaving, each Highland clan having a 
different pattern. 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



644 



TAW 



used in the Mediterranean. 

tartar, n. tdr'ter (F. tartre; Sp. tartaro, tartar: 
Eng. tart, acid), the white or reddish acid substance 
which gathers on the sides of casks and vats contain- 
ing wine, in the form of a hard crust, and frequently 
as a white crust on the teeth: tartaric, a. tdr-t'ir'ik, 
of or from tartar ; applied to an acid found in tartar, 
and in the j uice of grapes and other fruit : tartarise, v. 
tdr'-td-rlz, to impregnate or combine with tartar ; to 
form and deposit tartar, as wines : tar'tarising, imp. : 
tar'tarised, pp. -rlzd: adj. impregnated with tartar: 
tar'tarous, a. -rus, consisting of or resembling tar- 
tar: tartralic, a. tdr-trdl'ik, denoting the peculiar 
substance into which tartaric acid is converted by 
heat: tartrel'ic, a. -trSl'ik, denoting the substance 
into which tartralic acid is converted by heat : tar- 
trate, n. tur'trat, a salt of tartaric acid : cream of tar- 
tar, the tartar from wines and fruit : tartar emetic, 
a substance consisting of tartaric acid, combined with 
potassaand protoxide of antimony. 

Tartar, n. tdr'tdr, an inhabitant or native of Tar- 
tary ; one who proves too strong or cunning for his 
assailant, as in the phrase, "to catch a Tartar": Tatar, 
n. td'-tnr, though less common, Tatar in the best spell- 
ing, and is so written by modern travellers. 

Tartarean, a. tdr4d'r6-dn (L. Tartarus; Gr. Tar- 
taros, the infernal regions), of or resembling the infer- 
nal regions ; hellish. 

tartish, tartly, tartness— see tart 1. 

tartuffe, n. tdr'tdf (after the hero in Moliere's 
comedy), a hypocritical devotee. 

task, n. tdsk (F. tasche; Prov. F. tasque, a definite 
amount of work set for one to do : Dut. tackse, a task : 
L. taxare, to estimate), a certain amount of business 
or labour imposed by another ; something to be learned 
or done, as a schoolboy's lesson ; burdensome or dis- 
agreeable employment : v. to assign a definite amount 
of employment or labour ; to require to do ; to burden 
with employment or labour: tasking, imp.: tasked, 
pp. tdskt: task'er, n. -er, one who tasks: to take to 
task, to reprove ; to reprimand : taskmaster, one who 
imposes or assigns oppressive employment or labour 
to others : task-work, work done as a task ; work done 
by the job; piece-work. 

Tasmanian, n. tds-md'-ni-dn, a native or inhabitant 
of Tasmania: adj. of or pert, to Tasmania. 

tassel, n. tds'sl (W. das, a heap : Gael, dos, a bunch, 
a tuft : F. tas, a heap : Dan. dusk, a tuft : Bav. zassel, 
a catkin), a pendent ornament attached to the corners 
of a cushion, -&c, consisting of a bunch of silk attached 
to a cord ; a silk ribbon sewed to a book, to be put be- 
tween the leaves as a mark for reference : tasselled, a. 
tds'-sld, furnished or adorned with tassels. 

taste, n. tdst (It. tastare; F. taster, to handle, to feel 
by the sense of touch : Ger. fasten, to feel or grope : 
Bav. taschen, to handle, to feel), to perceive and dis- 
tinguish by means of the tongue or palate; to test by 
the tongue ; to try the relish of ; to obtain pleasure 
from ; to experience ; to undergo ; to have a particu- 
lar flavour or relish ; to eat a little ; to have a partic- 
ular quality or flavour ; to enjoy sparingly : n. the pe- 
culiar sensation excited by bringing a substance into 
contact with the tongue and palate, differing according 
to the substance ; relish ; flavour ; nice perception ; 
judgment; discernment; a little piece eaten; the fac- 
ulty of discerning beauty, order, or whatever consti- 
tutes excellence in human performances ; manner or 
style calculated to please : tast'ing, imp. : n. act of 
perceiving by the tongue ; the sense by which we dis- 



savoury: taste'ful, a. -fSbl, having a high relish; pos- 
sessed of a good taste ; having a pleasing style or man- 
ner, as in dress or in doing a thing : taste'fully, ad. 
-U: taste'fulness, n. -nes, the state or quality of being 
tastefid : tasteless, a. -Us, without taste ; having no 
power of giving pleasure : tastelessly, ad. -U .- taste'- 
lessness, n. -nes, the state of being tasteless : tast'er, 
n. -er, one who tastes ; one who judges wines or teas 
by tasting them ; a small instr. for testing the quality 
of cheese, ham,&c: tast'y, a. -i, palatable , rHi.Jnn- 
displaying nice perception of excellence ; in conform- 
ity to the' principles of good taste; elegant; fine: 
tastily, ad. -II, with a good manner and style of 
doing. 

Tatar— see Tartar. 

tatta, n. tdt'td (Hind, tatta), in India, a bamboo 



frame or trellis over which water is made to trickle in 
order to cool the air. 

tatter, v. tat'ter (Icel. toturr, a rag : Bav. tattern, to 
tremble, to shiver— the primary image being the flut- 
tering of the torn fragments), to rend or tear into 
rags : tat'ters, n. plu. -erz, loose torn pieces hanging 
from a garment : tat'tering, imp.: tat'tered, pp. -terd: 
adj. torn ; hanging in rags : in tatters, in rags or loose 
pieces, as a garment. 

tatterdemalion, n. tdt'-ter-dS-mtil'yun (Eng. tatter, a 
rag, and old F. maiUon, long clothes), a ragged dirty 
fellow; a ragamuffin. 

tattle, n. tdt'-tt (imitative of rattling gabbling talk, 
represented by the syllables ta, ta, tas Low Ger. 
tateln, to gabble like a goose : Dut. tateren, to stam- 
mer), idle trifling talk : v. to talk idly ; to tell or com- 
municate trifling idle stories ; to speak much with 
little meaning: tat'tling, imp. -tllng: adj. given to 
idle talk; apt to tell tales: n. idle talk: tattled, pp. 
tdt'tld : tat'tler, n. -tier, an idle talker : tat'tlery, u. 
-I, idle talk or chat: tat'tlingly, ad. -tllng-li. 

tattoo, n. tdt'46' (the beat of the drum is repre- 
sented by various combinations of the syllables rap, 
tap, tat, or the like: F. rataplan: Sp. taparapatan : 
It. tappata-. Dut. taptoe), the beat of drum at night 
to warn soldiers to repair to their quarters. 

tattoo, v. tdt-tff (probably imitative of the rap, tap, 
tat of the dabbling or puncturing), to puncture the 
skin, generally that of the face or arms, with a sharp- 
pointed instr., so as to form lines and figures, and 
afterwards to rub into the punctures a coloured 
substance to render them indelible : n. lines and fig- 
ures made on the skin of the body, and afterwards 
stained to render them permanent : tattooing, imp. : 
n. the act or operation of puncturing the skin and 
staining the spots with a coloured substance; the 
lines and figures thus formed: tat'tooed, pp. -tOd': 
adj. marked by stained lines or figures on the body. 

taught, v. tawt, pt. of teach, which see. 

taught or taut, a. tawt (corruption of tight), among 
seamen, tight; not slack; properly ordered ; prepared 
against emergency. 

taunt, v. tawnt (F. tancer, to chide, to rebuke : It. 
tansare, to assess for any payment, to rebuke), to re- 
proach with severe or insulting words; to censure 
with scoffs or mockery ; to upbraid : n. a severe and 
insulting reproach; bitter censure; ridicule: taunt'- 
ing, imp. : auj. addressing in bitter or insulting words : 
taunted, pp.: taunt'er, n. -er, one who taunts : taunt'- 
ingly, ad. -lng-U. 

taurine, a. taw'-rln (L. taurus ; Gr. tauros, a bull), 
of or relating to a bull; bovine: Tau'rus, n. -rus, 
the second in order of the twelve signs of the zodiac, 
containing, among others, the constellations Pleiades 
and Hyades: tau'ricornis, a. -ri-kor'nis (L. cornu, a 
horn), horned like a bull: tau'riform, a. -fawrm (I,. 
forma, a shape), formed like a bull: tau'rocol, n. -ro- 
kol (Gr. kolla, glue), glue made from a bull's hide. 

taut— see taught. 

tautology, n. taw-tol'6-jl (Gr. tautologia, tautology 
—from tauto, the same, and logos, a word), a repetiti- 
on of the same ideas in different words or phrases ; 
needless repetition: tautological, a. taw'td-loj'i-kal, 
having the same meaning; repeating the same ideas 
in different words: tau'tologlcally, ad. -li: tautolo- 
gise, v. taw-tol'o-jlz, to repeat the same idea in differ- 
ent words : tautol'ogising, imp. : tautol'ogised, pp. 
-jizd: tautol'ogist, n. -ji. f our who tautologises. 

tautophony, n. taw-tof'6-nl (Gr. tauto, the same, 
and phone, sound), repetition of the same sound: 
tau'tophonlcal, a. -to-fon'i-kdl, repeating the same 
sound. 

tavern, n. tdv'ern (L. taberna, a shed, a booth : F. 
taverne, a. tavern), a house licensed for liquors to be 
drunk on the premises ; an inn or inferior hotel. 

taw, v. taw (AS. tawian ; Low Ger. tauen, to taw or 
dress leather : Dut. touwen, to soften), to dress skins 
forglovesbyim- < : : i :>: , ..ui, line, oily, and 
other matters, instead of tanning them : tawing, imp.: 
n. the art or operation of preparing skins for white 
leather by impregnating them with saline, oily, and 
other matters, instead of tanning them : tawed, pp. 
tawd: adj. rendered like leather: tawer, n. taw'-ir, 
one who taws: taw'ery, n. -I, a place where skins 
are dressed by tawing. 

taw, n. tdw (AS. tawa, instruments : Dut. touw, a 
cable: Ir. tas, a whip), among children, a marble selei ted 
to be played with ; the game, or the spot or line where 
played from : taws or tawse, n. plu. taxcz, a leather 



mate, mdt,fdr, law; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, mOve; 



TAWD 



645 



strap cut into strips at one end, used as an instrument 
of punishment for children in schools in Scotland. 

tawdry, a. taw'dri (a corruption of Ethdredce tor- 
quern, Saint Ethelred's necklace, which was composed 
of many rows of twisted lace, an ornament much worn 
by Anglo-Saxon ladies— from L. torquis, a twisted 
neck-chain), vulgarly showy in dress ; having an ex- 
cess of showy ornaments arranged without taste : 
taw'drily, ad. -li: tawdriness, n. -nes, an excessive 
show of finery, mean and vulgar. 

tawny, a. triwn'4 (F. ; ark— from tan, 

of a dark colour), of a yellowish dark colour, like tan- 
ned leather, or like persons browned by the sun: 
tawn'iness, n. -nes, the quality of being tawny. 

tax, n. tdks (L. taxatus, rated or valued : F. taxer, to 
rate, to tax), a duty or rate imposed by Government 
on the products of industry, on property, and on in- 
comes ; a tribute ; an impost ; charge ; censure : v. to 
lay a rate or impost on ; to assess or settle judicially, 
as a bill of costs ; to exact from ; to censure ; to ac- 
cuse: taxing, imp.: n. act of laving an impost on: 
taxed, pp. takst .- taxer, n. taks'-er, one who taxes : 
taxable, a. -d-bl, that may be taxed: taxation, 
n. taks-a'shun, the act of laying on a rate or impost; 
the imposition of taxes on a community by the Gov- 
ernment for raising a revenue ; the revenue so raised : 
tax-gatherer, a collector of taxes. 

taxidermy, n. tdks'l-der'ml (F. taxidermie— from 
Gr. taxis, an arranging, and derma, a skin), the art of 
preparing and preserving the skins of animals in their 
natural appearance : taxlder'mist, n. -mist, one skil- 
ful in preparing and preserving animals for cabi- 
nets: tax'ider'mic, a. -mik, pert, to the art of pre- 
paring and preserving skins of animals in their natu- 
ral appearance. 

taxis, n. tdks'ls (Gr. taxis, an arranging), in surg., 
a process by which parts which have left their natural 
situation are replaced by the hand without the aid of 
instruments. 

taxites, n. plu. tdks'itz (L. toxus, the yew-tree), in 
geol., a term applied to such fossil remains as are evi- 
dently allied to the yew-tree: tax'odites, n. plu. 
-0-ditz, fossil plants found in Tertiary deposits, and 
allied to the taxodium, tdks-o'-di-um, or deciduous 
cypress of North America. 

taxonomy, n. taks-on'6-ml (Gr. taxis, an arranging, 
and nornos, law), the department of natural history 
which treats of the laws and principles of classifica- 
tion. 

tchornozem, n. chor'nO-zSm (Tartar, tchornen esm, 
black mould), the fertile black earth of the south of 
Kussia, which covers every other deposit throughout 
the whole extent of the Aralo-Caspian plain. 

tea, n. re (F. the; Sp. te ; Russ. t/shai— from Chin. 
tshd; prov. Chin, tha), the dried rolled leaves of a 
shrub or small tree of several species of the genus 
thea, extensively cultivated in China and surrounding 
countries ; an infusion or decoction of the dried leaves 
in boiling water; the afternoon repast at which tea 
is drunk: tea-canister, a small box for keeping tea 
intended for regular use: tea-cup, an earthenware 
vessel from which an infusion of tea is drunk: tea- 
dealer, one who sells tea: teapot, the small kettle 
or pot, having a handle and a spout, in which tea is 
infused : tea-service, a complete set of articles for the 
tea-table: tea-spoon, a small spoon for stirring the 
sugar which sweetens the tea. 

teach, v. tech (AS. tcecan, to instruct : Goth, gatei- 
han, to announce : Ger. zeigen, to show : Sans, adich, 
to teach), to' impart knowledge to ; to instruct ; to ac- 
custom ; to inform ; to suggest to the mind ; to per- 
form the office of an instructor: teaching, imp.: n. 
the act of instructing ; instruction : taught, pt, pp. 
t'urt, instructed ; informed : teach'er, n. -er, one who 
teaches; an instructor; a minister: teachable, a. 
tech'd-bl, that may be taught ; apt or willing to learn: 
teach'ableness, n. -n8$, the quality of being teachable ; 
willingness or readiness to be instructed. 

teache, n. tech, in sugar-ivorks, the last receptacle 
in which the cane-juice is boiled. 

teak, n. tek (Malabar, tekka), a tree of the E. I., af- 
fording a very valuable timber for shipbuilding, being 
•strong and durable. 

teal, n. tel (Dut. teeling), a web-footed water-fowl 
of the duck family. 

team, n. tern (Icel. taumr, a rein, a bridle : Low Ger. 
toora, a rein: AS. team, anything following in a row), 
a string of horses drawing a plough or waggon ; two 
or more horses or other beasts of burden harnessed 



ves a team; one of two or mon' un_ i 

gether for a common purpose. 

tear, n. ter (AS. tar; Goth, tagr ; Gr. dakru; Gael. 
deur, a tear), one of the fluid drops which flow or fall 
from the eyes through excessive grief or joy ; any 
moisture trickling in drops: tear'ful, a. -foul, full of 
tears ; shedding tears : tearless, a. -les, without tears ; 
unfeeling : tear'fully, ad. -li : tear'fulness, n. -nes. 

tear, v. tar (Goth, gatairan, to break up, to destroy : 
Dut. terren, to tear, to separate: W. tori; Bret, terri, 
to break), to separate by violence; to rupture; to 
shatter ; to divide by pulling ; to rend ; to remove or 
take away by violence, or by some degree of force ; to 
go very fast, as to tear along ; to rave ; to rage : n. a 
rent ; a rupture ; a separation by violence : tearing, 
imp. pulling apart: adj. raving; noisy; astonishing: 
tore, pt. tor, also tare, pt. tar, did tear: torn, pp. 
torn : adj. ruptured ; pulled asunder with some degree 
of violence : tear'er, n. -er, one who tears : to tear 
from, to separate and take away by force: to tear off, 
to pull off by violence : to tear out, to pull out by vio- 
lence : to tear up, to rip up. 

tease, v. tez (Dut. tecsen, to pick, to pull about : Ger. 
zausen, to pick or tease wool: Bav. zaisel, a teasel: 
Scot, tousel, to rumple, to pull about : Icel. tccta, to 
pull to pieces), to comb or card, as flax or wool ; to 
raise and dress the nap of cloth ; to reduce to shreds 
or fragments : teas'ing, imp.: teased, pp. tezd: teas- 
er, n. tez'er, one who teases ; an instr. for carding, or 
for reducing to fragments : teasel, n. te'zl, a plant 
whose prickly heads or burs are employed to raise a 
nap on cloth: v. to dress the surface of cloth with 
teasels : tea'seling, imp.: n. the cutting and gathering 
of teasels ; raising a nap by means of the teasels : tea- 
seled, pp. te'-zld : teaseler, n. tez'-lir, one who teasels : 
also spelt teazel and teazle, te'zl. 

tease, v. tez (imitative of setting a dog on to attack 
by hissing or snarling sounds : old F. enticer, to ex- 
cite, to provoke : Sw. tussa, to set on : Dan. tirre, to 
tease : Ger. reizen, to provoke, to tease), to annoy for 
the purpose of provocation ; to vex by petty requests, 
or by impertinent importunities ; to annoy ; to plague ; 
to in-itate : teas'ing, imp. : teased, pp. tezd : teas'er, 
n. -er, one who teases. 

teat, n. tit (Low Ger. titte ; Ger. zitze ; W. teth ; 
Gael, did ; It. tetta ; Gr. titthos, a breast : Icel. totta, 
to suck), the nipple of abreast; a pap; adug: teat'ed, 
a. in bot., having protuberances resembling the teats 
of animals. 

teazel, teazle— see tease 1. 

tebbad, n. ieb'-bdd (Pers. fever wind), the hot scorch- 
ing winds that sweep across the dry sandy plains of 
Central Asia, bearing clouds of impalpable sand. 

techily, techiness— see techy. 

technical, a. Uk'-nl-kal, also tech'nic, a. -nlk (L. 
technicus, a teacher of art : Gr. technikos, artistic, re- 
lating to art— from Gr. techne, art, a trade : F. tech- 
nique), pert, to the arts ; a term exclusively used, or 
used in a peculiar sense, in connection with any art, 



■kdl'l-tl, also tech'nicalness, n. -nes, quality or state of 
being technical or peculiar to the arts ; a technical 
word or expression: technics, n. plu. -niks, such 
branches of learning as relate to the arts ; the doctrine 
of the arts in general. 

technology, n. tek-nol'O-ji (Gr. techne, art, and logos, 
discourse), a discourse or treatise on any art, or on 
the arts in general, or on the terms used in the arts : 
technological, a. tik'no-loj'i-kdl, pert, to a description 
of the arts, or of the terms used in the arts : techno- 
logically, ad. -li: technologist, n. tek-nol'o-jist, one 
who discourses or treats of the arts, or of the terms 
of art. 

techy, a. Uch'-l (a corruption of touchy), touchy; 
peevish ; irritable : tech'ily, ad. -li : techiness, n. -nes, 
the state or quality of being techy. 

tectibranchiate, n. tek-ti-brdng'kl-dt (L. tectus, cov- 
ered, and Gr. bravgehia, gills), one of an order of 
molluscs having the branchiae or gills covered, or 
partly covered, by the mantle : adj. having covered 
gills. 

tectonics, n. plu. tek-ton'lks (L. tectonicus; Gr. 
tektonikos, of or belonging to building, architectural— 
from tekton, a builder), a series of arts by winch ves- 
sels, implements, and dwellings and other edifices, 
are formed agreeably to the end for which they are 
designed, and at the same time in conformity with 



'/,fobt; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



TECT 



646 



TELL 



just sentiments and artistic ideas : tectonic, a. -ik, 
of or pert, to building or architecture. 

tectrices, n. plu. te/c'-tri-scz IF. teetriees—U-om L. 
tectum, to cover), the feathers which cover the quill- 
feat hers and parts of the wing of a large bird. 

ted, v. tM (Swiss, zetten, to separate into small 
parts : Bav. zetten, to strew : Low Ge'r. toddeln, to fall 
in small quantities), to turn or spread out new-mown 
grass : ted'ding, imp.: n. the act of spreading grass 
for making into hay: ted'ded, pp.: adj. spread out 
to dry, as gia ..--. for hny. 

tedder, n. ted'dir, for tether, which see. 

Te Deum, n. te de'-um (L. te, thee, Deum, God), an 
fine Christia.n hymn in the Latin language, by some 
said to have been composed by sfc Ambrose, ami sun.? 
in the ordinary church service of the Eng. Ch. and other 
churches,— so called from the first words, "Te Deum 
laudamus"— "We praise Thee, O God"; a religious 
service of thanksgiving in which the Te Deum is sung. 

tedious, a. te'-di-us (L. tcedium, weariness, disgust— 
from tccdet, it offends or wearies), wearisome from 
continued difficulty, or from slowness; tiresome; irk- 
some; dilatory: te'diously, ad. -II: te'diousness, n. 
-n&s, the quality of being tedious: tiresomeness: te'- 
dium, n. -um, irksomeness ; wearisomeness ; dislike 
from weariness, or from want of mental occupation. 

teem, v. tern (AS. team, anything following in a row, 
race, progeny: Low Ger. toom, a line of progeny), to 
bring forth plenteously; to be fruitful or prolific; to 
produce in abundance: teem'ing, imp.: adj. produ- 
cing in abundance ; very li uitt'ul ; prolific : teemed, pp. 
temd. 

teens, n. plu. tenz (from ten), the years of one's age 
ending in teen— from thirteen to nineteen— as a girl in 
her teens. 

teeth, n. teth (plu. of tooth, which see), the whole of 
the small enamelled bones lixed in the lower and upper 
jaws, used for chewing, cutting, or tearing— divided 
into incisors or front cutting teeth, canines or side 
seizing and tearing teeth, and molars or grinding 
teeth : teeth, v. teth, to breed or form teeth ■ teeth '- 
ing, imp.: n. the process of the iir-d growth of teeth, 
called ih-ntitinn: teethed, pp. Ici-hii) eye-teeth— see 
eye : milk-teeth— see milk : wisdom-teeth— see wis- 
dom. 

teetotalism, n. te-to'-tal-izm (said to be from the 
stammering pronunciation of the word total by a cer- 
tain lecturer in the cause— thus, t-t-total), entire ab- 
stinence from the use of all intoxicating liquors : tee- 
to'tal, a. -trll, pert, to or consisting in teetotalism: 
teeto'taller, n. -Mr, one pledged to abstain from the 
use of all intoxicating liquors. Note.— Other two ori- 
gins have been surest ed by good authorities: 1. tee, 
as the first letter of tempi •rune. , and toted; 2. tea, asa 
beverage to be contrasted with alcoholic liquors, and 
total. 

teetotum, n. te-to'-tum (ptolnbh nmi u p < n i i 
steady movements when nearly spent), a child's toy, 
somewhat like a top, but twirled by the fingers; any 
small thing in contempt. 

tegmen, n. teg- men (L. tec/men, a covering), in tot., 
the second covering of the seed : tegmenta, n. plu. 
ten -enen'-ta, the scaly coats covering leaf-buds. 

tegular, a. Ug'-u-ler, also teg'ulated, a. -la-tSd (L. 
tegula, a roof-tile— from tego, I cover), pert, to or re- 
sembling a tile ; consisting of tiles, or those things 
which resemble tiles, overlapping each other. 

tegument, n. teg'u-mSnt (L. tcgumentum, a covering 
—from tego, I cover), in anat., the general covering of 
the human body ; any natural covering or envelope : 
teg'ument'ary, a. -m&nt'er-i, pert, to or consisting of 
coverings. 

tehee, int. or n. tS-he, a sound made in laughing ; a 
titter: v. to laugh: teheeing, imp.: teheed', pp. -lied'. 

teil, n. tel (L. tilia, the linden or lime-tree), the 
lime-tree or linden. 

teinds, n. plu. tendz (AS. teothe; Fris. tienda, the 
tenth), in Scot., certain p. on, ions of the landed property 
in every parish which have been fixed and valued, 
fom hng a fund from which parish clergymen are pro- 
vided with stipends, which may be augmented from 
time to time so long as the ascertained fund remains 
unexhausted: teind-court, the court having jurisdic- 
tion in all matters relating to teinds, the augmenta- 
tion of clergy n urn's stipends, the erection of new 
parishes, the building of new churches, and suchlike. 
teinoscope, n. tl'-no-skop (Gr. teino, I extend, and 
skope.o, I view), a telescope formed by combining 
prisms in a particular manner. 



telamones, n. plu. tel'-d-mo'-ncz (L. and Gr. telamon, 

a bearer or supporter), in arch., figures of men, gener- 
ally colossal in size, supporting entablatures. 

telegram, n. tel'-e-gram (Gr. tele, at a distance, and 
gramma, that which is written, a letter), a. message or 
despatch conveyed to any distance by means of elec- 
tricity, sent through a wire, generally copper. 

telegraph, n. tel'-e-graf (Gr. tele, at a, distance, and 
grajJho, I write), an apparatus or machine employed 
to convey intelligence to a distance, formerly effected 
by visible signals, and only to a limited distance, but 
now the signals are given in the form of marks or 
movements indicating letters and words by means of 
a current of electricity sent through a. wire with in- 
conceivable rapidity, and to any distance : v. to convey 
or announce by telegraph : telegraphing, imp.: tel'e- 
graphed, pp. -graft: telegraphic, a graft I, ; - i 
or communicated by a telegraph: telegraphically, 
ad. -li: telegraphy, n. tc-leg'-rd-fl, the art or practice 
of communic-iting intelligence by means of a current 
of electricity: electric telegraph, the machine and 
apparatus employed to send intelligence or messages 
loan)' distance, consisting of three essential parts— 
the tattery or source of electrical power, the wire 
or channel through which that power is conveyed, 
and the instruments by which the electricity gives 
its signals,— one must be placed at the spot from 
which the message is to be sent, and another at the 
place where the message is to be received : telegraph 
cable, a cable consisting of several strands of iron-wire 
rope, each iron-wire rope encasing a single line of cop- 
per wire protected by tarred rope or some such insulat- 
ing and protecting material, placed on the bottom of 
a river, strait, or sea., and nowacrossthegreat Atlantic 
Ocean itself, for the purpose of conveying messages or 
intelligence to such places as are separated from one 
another by a body of water : telegraphist, n. tel'-e-graf 
ist, one who works a telegraph ; one skilled in teleg- 
raphy. ■ 

teleology.n. 1 1 < ; ; h . • aplete, brought 

to an end rmdlogo a word) the doctrine of the final 
causes of things : tel'eol'ogist, n. -jist, one who seeks 
for the final causes of phenomena: teleological, a. 
tcl'-e-o-lOj'-i-kal, relating to or connected with final 
causes : tel'eolog'ically, ad. -li. 

teleosaurus, n. tel'-e-o-saw'-rus (Gr. teleos, complete, 
and sauros, a lizard), in geol., a genus of crocodilian 
reptiles, characterised by long slender muzzles with 
numerous pointed teeth. 

telephonic, a. tei'-e-fon'-ik (Gr. tele, afar off, and 
phone, a sound), conveying or sending sound to a 
great distance. 

telerpeton, n. tel-er'pMon (Gr. tele, afar off, and 
herpeton, a creeping thing), in geol., a small lizard- 
like reptile from certain white sandstones in Moray- 
shire, .Scotland. 

telescope, n. tel'S-skop (Gr. tele, afar off, and skopeo, 
I view), an instr. employed to assist the naked eye in 
viewing distant objects, especially the heavenly bodies, 
which, seen through it, arc vastly increased in their 
dimensions : tel'escop'ic, a. -skop'ik, also tel'escop- 
ical, a. -i-kal, pert, to a telescope; visible only through 
a telescope: tel'escop'ically, ad. -li: telescopy, n. tel- 
es'-ko-pi, the art or practice of using or making tele- 
scopes. 

telestich, n. tel'-e-stik (Gr. telos, the end, and stich os, 
a line, a verse), a poem in which the final letters of the 
lines make a name. 

tell, v. til (Icel. tola, to speak: Dut. teele, speech, 
discourse; tcelen, to count), to express in words; to 
utter; to relate ; to reveal; to betray; to publish; to 
explain ; to give an account ; to count ; to number ; to 
teach; to produce an effect, as "every word told" : 
tel'ling, imp. : adj. having or producing a marked 
effect, as a speech on an audience : told, pt. pp. told, 
expressed in words ; narrated: teller, n. -ir, one who 
tells— see next entry: tell-tale, n. one who officiously 
gives information of another's private concerns ; an 

i , e, oo;i cam .■ leree in: n-,i: 10 • << ■ ' 

tion: adj. officiously and heedlessly revealing : bab- 
bling; telling tales: to tell off, to count or divide, as 
a number of men, for a particular duty : to tell on, to 
inform about. 

teller, n. til'b'r (V labile, a tally or piece of wood on 
which an account was kept by notches, which, when 
completed, was split in two with corresponding notches 
on each piece: Eng, tallit r, formerly an officer in the 

y v. 'l ,l|l , I)! , lid I d :.. ' 



the cheques or tallies— see tally), an officer in a bauk- 
ate, m&t,fur, law; mete, mSt, Iter; pine, pin ; note, not, mCve, 



TELL 



647 



TENA 



inc establishment whose duty it is to pay money on 
cheques or hills: one who numbers or reckons votes 
in a division in a deliberative assembly, as in Parlia- 
ment : tel lership, n. the office of a teller. 

tellic, a, tel-lik (Gr. telos, the end), denoting the final 
end or purpose. 

tellurium, n. tel-iri-ri-bm (L. A llus, earth, land— gen. 
teUuris), a rare metal of a brilliant tin-white colour: 
telluric, a. -rlk, pert, to the earth, or procured from 
it; obtained from tellurium : tellu'ral, a. -rdl, pert, to 
the earth: tellurate, n. tcl'-lu-raf. a salt of telluric 
acid : tel'luret ted.a. -ret'ed, combined with tellurium : 
tellurion, n. tclda'il-on, a philosophical machine to 
show the causes which produce the succession of day 
and night, and the changes of the seasons: tellurite, 
n.tel'-lu-rlt, a sort of ochre occurring in small white 
beads or spherical masses, having a tinge of greyish 
yellow: tellurous, a. -riis, denoting an acid composed 
of one equivalent of tellurium and two of oxygen. 

temerity, n. tS-mcr'i-ti (L. temeritas, rashness — 
from tenure, by chance, rashly : It. temerita: F. temer- 
ite\ unreasonable contempt of danger; rashness; 
fonlhardiness. 

temper, v. tem'pir (L. temperare, to mingle in due 
proportion, to qualify — from tempus, time, portion : It. 
temperare; F. temperer, to qualify, to temper), to mix 
so that one part qualifies the other ; to qualify ; to make 
fit ; to unite in due proportion ; to form to a proper 
degree of hardness, as metals; to soften; to mollify: 
n. a mixture of different qualities in due proportion ; 
the state of a substance made up from the mixture of 
various ingredients ; the state or constitution of the 
mind; disposition of mind; mood; irritation; the 
state of a metal as to its quality of hardness : temper- 
ing, imp.: n. the preparing of steel or iron to render 
it more compact, hard, and firm, or to render it more 
soft and pliant : adj. mixing and qualifying; soft- 
ening ; hardening: tempered, pp. -pird, 'hardened : 
adj. disposed, a sin good-tempered, a. weh-dispo-ed ; 
not irritable or passionate : tem'peredly, ad. -li : tem'- 
perament, n. -pir-a-ment, natural organisation or 
constitution; due mixture of different qualities; the 
peculiar physical and mental character of an indi- 
vidual,— the' temperaments are reckoned five in num- 
ber— bilious or choleric,' the phlegmatic, the sanguine, 
the melancholic, and the nercous; in music, a system 
of compromises in the tuning of organs, pianofortes, 
and the like: tem'perance, n. -dns, habitual mod- 
eration in the indulgence of the natural appetites 
and passions; sobriety: tem'perats, a. -at, mod- 
erate; not excessive; habitually moderate in the 
indulgence of the appetites and' passions; sober; 
moderate or intermediate ; free from passion or undue 
excitement: temperately, ad. -li: tem'perateness, 
n. -nes, moderation; freedom from excess; calmness: 
tem'perature, n. -a-tiir, degree of heat or cold; any 
degree of sensible heat as measured by the ther- 
mometer : temperate zones, two parts of the earth 
north and south of the equator, within which the sun 
never appears vertical — the north lying between the 
arctic circle and the tropic of Cancer, and the south 
between the antarctic circle and the tropic of Capri- 
corn. 

tempera, n. tem'pir-d (It.), a kind of painting in 
whieh the pigments are mixed with chalk or clay, and 
diluted with weak glue or size, chiefly employed for 
scene-painting and for the decoration of rooms ; also 
called distemper. 

tempest, n. tem'-pest (L. tempestas, weather, a storm 
—from tempus, time: It. tempesta: old F. tempeste: F. 
temeete), wind rushing with great velocity and vio- 
lence, with or without rain, hail, or snow; a storm of 
extreme violence ; violent agitation or commotion : 
tempestuous, a. tem-pes'-tu-us, very stormy; blowing 
with great violence : tempes'tuously, ad. -li : tempes'- 
tuousness, n. -nes, the state or quality of being tem- 
pestuous : tempest-beaten, a. exposed to the full vio- 
lence of the tempest. 

Templar, n. tem'pler, one of a military order of re- 
ligious persons established at the beginning of the 
12th century for the protection of pilgrims in Pales- 
tine, and to guard the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem— 
so called from part of the order occupying land at the 
east of the Temple, and being dedicated to its service, 
suppressed;- ment of the 14th century ; 

a student of law of the Temple, near the Thames, Lon- 
don—formerly the property of the Knights Templar. 



cdic, oo~j,foot; pure, biid; chair, 



masons and bricklayers as a guide for the formation 
of ornamental portions of their work, and generally 
consisting of sections of moulding, &c, cut in thin 
board ; a pattern used by machinists, millwrights, &c, 
for shaping the teeth of wheels and other parts; a 
short piece of timber under a beam or girder to dis- 
tribute the pressure ; also written templet. 

temple, n. tem'-jd (L. t, malum, a piece or portion cut 
off, an open sacred place, a temple— from Gr. temno, I 
cut: It. templo: F. temple), a building appropriated 
to religious rites and worship ; a church ; in London, 
two inns of court, chiefly inhabited by lawyers— see 
Templar. 

temple, n. tSm'pl, usually in the plu. tem'ples, -plz 
old F. temple: It. tempia', the temple of the head— 
from L. tentpora. the temples of the head), the upper 
part of the sides of the head, said to be so called, as 
being the parts where the hair first begins to turn 
white, thus indicating the advance of age : tempo- 
ral, a. -po-ral, belonging to the temples. 

templet, n. tSm<plSt— see template. 

tempo, ad. tem'-po (It. tempo— from L. tempus, time), 
in music, exact time; the degree of movement. 

temporal, a. tcm'pO-rO.l (L." tem^/oralis, lasting but 
for a time— from t, mpus, time : It. temporale: F. tern- 
porel), pert, to this life, this world, or the body only ; 
worldly; secular; not eternal; measured or limited 
by time or by this life: temporally, ad. -li: tem'- 
poral'ity, n. -rai'-i-ti, a secular possession: tem'poral'- 
ities, n. plu. -Hz, secular possessions ; revenues of a 
clergyman arising from lands, tithes, &c; also tem'- 
porals : tem'porary, a. -rdr-i, lasting for a time only ; 
transient : temporarily, ad. -1-li : tem'porar'iness, 
n. -nes, the state of being temporary; not in per- 
petuity : tem'porise, v. -? a, to humour or yield to the 
current of opinion, or to circumstances ; to delay : 
tern porising, imp.: adj. complying with times or cir- 
enmstanees: temporised, pp. -rizd: tem'poriser, n. 
■ri-zer, one who temporises; a trimmer: tem'pori- 
singly, ad. -li: tem'porisa'tion, n. -ri-zd'-shun, the act 

tempt, v. temt (L. tentare or temptare, to try, to put 
to the test: F. tenter, to tempt i, to incite to something 
wrong by presenting plausible or alluring induce- 
ments ; to solicit t< > an evil act ; to allure ; to seduce ; 
to incite ; to provoke ; to solicit or draw without any 
notion of evil ; in Scrip. , to try ; to prove: tempting, 
imp. -ting: adj. adapted to entice or allure; attrac- 
tive: temp'ted, pp. -ted: temptingly, ad. -li, in a 
manner to entice, eenerallyin a bad sense: temp'ter, 
n. -ter, one who entices to evil: the tempter, n. the 
devil: temptation, n. tem-ta'shun, enticements to 
evil from the prospects of pleasure or gain ; state of 
being enticed to evil; anything presented to the mind 
as an inducement to an evil act ; a strong inducement 
offered to the mind. 

ten, a. n. ten (Goth, taihun: Ger. zehn; L. decern ; 
Sans, clusan, ten), nine and eue more: tenth, a. tenth, 
the ordinal of ten : n. a tenth part ; a tithe : tentlily, 
ad. -H, in the tenth place. 

tenable, a. ten'a-bl (F. tenable, tenable— from L. 
teneo, I hold), that may be held; capable of being 
maintained or defended: ten'ably, ad. -Ill: ten'able- 
ness, n. -bl-nes, also ten'ability, n. -bil'l-ti, state of 
being tenable. 

tenacious, a. iS-na'shiis (F. tenace, viscous, tena- 
cious— from L. tenax, holding fast— from teneo, I hold), 
holding fast; inclined to hold fast; retentive; ad- 
hesive; cohesive ; obstinate ; niggardly: tena'ciously, 
ad. -li: tena'ciousness, n. -nes, also tenacity, n. 
te-nas'-i-ti, that quality of bodies which enables them 
to stick or adhere to others ; that quality in bodies 
which enables them to resist a severe strain without 
rupturing or splitting— especially applied to metals, 
as gold, silver, copper, and iron, which can be drawn 
into wire: tenace, n. ten'as, in ivhist, a holding of the 
first and third best cards by the last player. 

tenaculum, n. tS-ndk'-u-ltlm (L. tenaculum, an instr. 
for holding— from teneo, I hold), in surg., a fine- 
pointed hook for seizing and raising bleeding vessels, 
sueli as arteries, I'm- the purpose of tying them. 

tenaille, n. te-nOV [¥. teuaille, a pair of pincers or 
tongs), in fort., a low work placed in the main ditch 
before the curtain, and between two bastions: 
tenaille-head, a field-work consisting of a ditch and 
parapet forming a succession of triangles, the faces of 
which flank each other. 

tenant, n. ten'dnt (old F. tenant, a holding— from L. 
tenens, holding), one who holds possession of lands or 
jame,jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



648 



TENT 



houses under another ; one who has the possession 
and use of any place for a limited time on certain con- 
ditions; a dweller; an occupier: v. to hold or occupy, 
as a tenant: ten'anting, imp.: ten'anted, pp.: adj. 
occupied by a tenant : ten'ancy, n. -Cm-si, the holding 
or possession of lands or houses on certain conditions 
and for a specified time : ten'antless, a. -Us, without 
a tenant: ten'antable, a. -dnt-d-bl, fit for occupa- 
tion ; in a state of suitable repair : ten'antry, n. -An- 
trl, the whole body of tenants on an estate : tenant 
in capite, -kdp'-i-te (L. in capite, in chief), one who 
holds immediately from the Crown : tenant-right, an 
important social question, especially in Ireland, re- 
garding the conditions under which tenants should oc- 
cupy land, in respect of tenure, rent, compensation 
for improvements, and the like. 

tench, n. tensh (F. tanche; Sp. tenca; L. tinea, the 
tench), a fresh-water fish of the carp family, very te- 
nacious of life. 

tend, v. tend (an abbreviation of attend: L. atten- 
dere, to direct the attention, to apply the mind to 
something), to attend, or be attentive to ; to watch ; 
to accompany; to hold and take care of: tending, 
imp.: tend'ed, pp.: tend'ance, n. -ans, care ; attention. 

tend, v. tend (L. tendo, I stretch out, I extend : It. 
tendere: F. tendre), to move in a certain direction ; to 
be directed to any end or purpose ; to have a leaning ; 



inent of a ship upon her anchor : tend'ed, pp. : tend'- 
ency, n. -en-si, direction or course towards any place, 
object, or result; inclination; proneness; aim. 

tender, n. ten'-der (from tend, to accompany), a 
nurse ; a small vessel that accompanies a larger, car- 
rying for its use provisions and other stores, or as a 
despatch-boat to convey intelligence ; on railways, a 
carriage attached to a locomotive to supply it with 
fuel and water. 

tender, v. tdn-der (L. tendo, I stretch out : old F. 
tendre, to offer to), to present for acceptance; to 
offer in payment or satisfaction of a demand : n. an 
offer of money to pay a debt or obligation incurred ; 
an offer in writing made by a. contractor or tradesman 
to execute certain specified work at a certain sum or 
rate; the thing offered; generally, any offer for ac- 
ceptance: ten'dering, imp.: ten'dered, pp. -derd. 

tender, a. ten'-der (F. tendre, tender, soft— from L. 
tener, soft, young: It. tenero), easily impressed, 
bruised, or injured; not firm or hard, as plants; not 
tough, as meat; easily pained; not hardy; young: 
feeble; weak; susceptible of the softer passions, as 
love or compassion ; affectionate ; pitiful ; careful not 
to injure or excite pain ; soft ; delicate : ten'derly, ad. 
-II: tenderness, n. -nSs, ; i<; b< ing i i )v injured; soft- 
ness; state of being easily hurt or pained; compassion; 
kindness ; extreme care not to give pain or offence ; 
cautious care not to injure ; softness or pathos of ex- 
pression : tender-hearted, a. having great sensibility ; 
very susceptible of the softer passions or emotions : 
tender-heartedness, n. the state or quality of being 
tender-hearted : tender loin, a tender part of flesh in 
the hind quarter of beef. 

tendon, n. tSn'-don (F. tendon; It. tendine, a tendon 
—from L. tendere, to stretch), the sinew which fastens 
the muscles to the bones like a string to the bow ; a 
ligament : ten'dinous, a. -di-niis, consisting of or re- 
sembling tendons ; full of tendons. 

tendril, n. ten'dni. (V. f< wlron, the tendershoot of a 
plant : old F. tendrillon, a tendril— from F. tendre, 
tender: L. tenere, to hold), the twisting-claws of a 
climbing pi ml -If to an object 

for support: adj. clasping ; climbing, as a tendril. 

tenebrious, a. te-ne'-bri-us, also tenebrous, a. Un'-S- 
brus (L. tenebrosus, full of darkness, gloomy— from 
tenebrce, darkness), dark; gloomy: tene'briousness 
or ten'ebrousness, n. -brus-nis, darkness; gloom. 

tenement, n. ten'-e-ment (F. tenement, a tenement— 
from L. teneo, I hold : It. tenimento, a holding, a keep- 
ing), anything occupied for a limited time on certain 
conditions, as lands or houses ; a building or house for 
habitation ; one or more apartments in the same build- 
ing used by one family : ten'ement'al, a. -dl, pert, to 
tenanted lands : ten'ement'ary, a. -er-%, that may be 
held by a tenant or tenants. 

tenesmus, n. te-nes-nm t (L ten smos; Gr. teinesmos, 
a straining at stool— from Gr. teino, I distend, I strain : 
;■' hjicsmr), in mni., a constant desire to go to stool, 
witli great straining, but no discharge : tenes'mic, a. 
■rntk, characterised by tenesmus. 



tenet, n. tcn'-U (L. tenet, he holds— from teneo, I 
hold), that which a person firmly believes and main- 
tains as a part of his creed ; doctrine; dogma; article 
of belief. 

tenfold, a. ten'-fold (ten, and. fold), ten times more. 

tennis, n. Un'-nls (old Eng. tennis, to drive to and 
fro : F. tamiser; Dut. temsen, to bolt or searce— afford- 
ing a lively image of an object driven from one side 
to the other), a game in which a ball is driven to and 
fro with rackets: tennis-court, a place for playing 
tennis. 

tenon, n. tSn'-on (F. tenon; It. tenone, a projection 
made to fit into a mortise— from F. tenir; L. tenere, 
to hold), in arch., the end of a piece of timber lessened 
in thickness and breadth and received into a cavity in 
another piece, called a mortise, in order to form a 
secure joint: v. to form tenons in: ten'oning, imp.: 
ten'oned, pp. -ond : tenon-saw, a saw with a brass or 
steel back for cutting tenons. 

tenor,' n. Un'-er (L. tenor, an uninterrupted course, 
tone, accent— from teneo, I hold : It. tenore : F. teneur), 
general run or currency ; character ; stamp ; purport ; 
sense contained ; general course or drift. 

tenor, n. ten'-er (It. tenore; F. tenor, tenor), the 
higher of the two kinds of voices usually belonging to 
adult males ; the middle part next above the bass in 
a piece of music arranged for four voices ; the persons 
who sing the tenor, or the instrument that plays it 

tenotomy, n. U-not'-o-mi (Gr. tenon, a tendon, and 
temno, I cut), in surg., the operation of dividing a 
tendon. 

tense, a. this (L. tensus, drawn tight— from tendo, I 
stretch), drawn tight; stretched; rigid: tensely, ad. 
-li: tenseness, n. -nSs, state of being stretched to 
stiffness : tension, n. Un'-shun, the act of stretching 
or straining; state of being bched .stiffness; the 
strain in the direction of the length which a body can 
bear: ten'sible, a. -si-bl, also ten'sile, a. -sll, capable 
of extension : ten'sive, a. -slv, giving the sensation 
of tension or contraction : ten'sively, ad. -II: ten'sity, 
n. -sl-tl, state of being tense or strained to stiffness : 
ten'sor, n. -sir, in anat., a muscle that extends or 
tightens a part : tension-rod, an iron rod applied to 
strengthen timber or metal framing, roofs, &c. 

tense, n. tens (F. temps; L. tempus, time), that 
form or modification of the verb by which time is ex- 
pressed. 

tent, n. tint (L. tentorium; F. tente, a tent: It. 
tenda, any cloth to hang before a window to keep off 
the sun— from L. tendere; F. tendre, to stretch, to 
spread), a movable house or place of shelter formed by 
canvas stretched and sustained by poles, or upon a 
light timber frame : v. to lodge, as in a tent : tent'ing, 
imp.: n. canvas for tents: tented, pp.: adj. furnished 
with tents, as soldiers ; covered with tents, as a field : 
tent'less, a. -les, having no tents : tent-bed, a bedstead 
having the top stretched over it like a tent. 

tent, n. tent (F. tente, lint: It. tenta, a surgeon's 
probe— from It. and L. tentare, to feel, to probe), in 
surg., a plug of lint used to dilate or keep open a 
wound : v. to search a wound ; to keep it open with a 
tent: tent'ing, imp.: tent'ed, pp. 

tentacle, n. t i 11 in the plu. ten'tacles, 

-klz, also tentacula, n. pli I (It. tentacolo ; 

F. tentacule, a feeler, or one of the antennae of insects : 
new L. tentaculum, a feeler — from L. tentare, to 
handle, to touch), slender flexible organs proceeding 
from the heads of many tribes of the smaller animals, 
and used for the purposes of feeling, exploring, pre- 
hension, locomotion, or for attachment to other bodies, 
as in the snails, insects, crabs, cuttle-fish, &c. ; feelers : 
tentac'ular, a. -Mr, pert, to tentacula or feelers : ten- 
tac'ulate, a. -lat, or tentac'ulated, a. having tentacles : 
tentac'ulif'erous, a. -llf-er-us (L. fero, I bear), having 
or bearing tentacles : tentac'ulites, n. plu. -litz (Gr. 
lithos, a stone), in geol., a genus of annulated feeler- 

ll' HI III! Ml Mill I III I- : In I I I III 

tentative, a. Un'-td-tiv (L. tentare, to try : F. tenia- 

■<< I ' I IN'J ' ' 

tenter, n. Un't r (' t< naoires, frames used by clo- 
thiers for stretching cloth : L. tendere ; F. tendre, to 
stretch), a machine for stretching cloth by means of 
hooks, called tenter-hooks: v. to hang or stretch on 
tenters : ten'tering, imp.: ten'tered, pp. -terd: to be 
on tenter-hooks, to be on the stretch ; to be in a state 
of suspense or anxiety. 

tenth, tenthly— see ten. 

tentorium, n. tSn-to'ri-um (L. tentorium, a tent — 
from tendo, I stretch), in anat, a projecting of the 



mate, m&t, fdr, law; mete, met, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



TENU 6 

dura-mater separating the cerebrum from the cere- 
bellum. 

tenuifolius, a. ten'u-ifd'll-iis (L. tenuis, slender, 
and folium, a leaf), in bot., having narrow leaves: 
ten'uiros'tral, a. -rOs'-trdl (L. rostrum, a beak), hav- 
ing a slender bill, as in the tenuirosters, a tribe of in- 
sessorial or perching birds. 

tenuity, n. le-nu-i-tl (L. tenuitas, thinness— from 
tenuis, thin or slender: It. tenuita : F. t, mult), small- 
ness in diameter; thinness: slenderness; rarity; 
lightness: tenuous, a. ten'-u-us, thin; slender; rare: 
ten'uously, ad. -It. 

tenure, n. ten'iir (F. tenure, a tenure— from F. tenir; 
L. tenere, to hold), the particular conditions under 
which a tenement is held ; holding or manner of hold- 
ing real estate. 

teocalli, n. te'o-kdl'll (Mexican, God's house), a pyr- 
amid for the worship of the gods among the anc. Mex- 
icans and other aborigines of Amer. 

tepefy, v. tip'-e-fl (L. tepefacere, to make moderately 
warm— from tepere, to be tepid, and facio, I make), to 
make or become m~ J ~ 
tep efied, pp. -fid. 
of being made tepid. 

tepid, a, t&p'-id (L. tepidus, moderately warm— from 
tepere, to be moderately warm: It. t.pido: F. tcpitk), 
moderately warm; lukewarm: tep'idness, n. -/<<->, also 
tepidity, n. te-pid'4-ti, moderate warmth: tepida- 
rium, n. tip'i-dd'riurn, in the anc Roman baths, the 
apartment in which the tepid hath was placed; the 
boiler in which the water was warmed. 

ter, ter (L. ter, thrice— from ires, three), a prefix in 
many chemical and other scientific terms, meaning 
" thrice " ; in the third degree. 

teraph, n. ter df, plu. ter'aphs or teraphim, tlr'cl- 
fan (Heb. teraphim, nourishersi, aniongihe anc. ./i n-s, 
tutelary household gods by whose worship families 
expected to be rewarded with domestic prosperity; 
also supposed to have been types of the ark in the 
form of crescents. 

teratolite, n. ter'd-tO-llt (Gr. teras, a sign or wonder 
—gen. teratos, and lithos, astone), a mineral of a pair- 
violet or bluish-grey clour, often with reddish-white 
veinsorspots ; the Terra Mirac'id,, sa So. ran' ice {L. the 
miraculous earth of Saxony), of old authors, ranch 
valued on account of its supposed medicinal properties. 

teratology, n. Ur'-d-tdl'-o-jl (Gr. teras or terat', a 
sign or wonder, and logos, a discourse), that branch of 
physiology which treats of malformations and mon- 
strosities in animals or plants. 

terce, n. ters, same as tierce, which see. 

tercine, n. tir'-sln (F. tercine — from L. tertius, the 
third), in bot., the third coat of the ovule, forming the 
covering of the central nucleus. 

terebinth, n. ter-c-lantli <L. t.nhinthus; Gr. tere- 
biiitlws, the terebinth), the turpentine-tree : ter'ebin'- 
thine, a. -bin'thin, pert, to turpentine, or partaking 
of its taste or qualities ; also ter'ebin'thinate, a, -th i li- 
cit : n. a medicine or application consisting of true tur- 
pentine, or turpentine of the firs. 

terebrate, v. ter'e-brdt (L. terebra, an instr. for bor- 
ing), to perforate, as with a gimlet; to bore: ter'- 
ebrating, imp.: ter'ebrated, pp. 

terebratula, n. ter'e-brdt'-udd, plu. ter'ebrat'ulse, 
-iile (dim. of L. terebratus, bored or perforated, in allu- 
sion to the perforation of the beak), a genus of brachi- 
opod bivalves found fossil, and a few species still 
existing as deep-sea molluscs: ter'ebratel'la, n. -bra- 
Ul'lcl, a genus of brachiopods resembling terebra bula, 
found fossil and existing. 

teredo, n. ter-e'-do (L. teredo; Gr. teredon, a worm 
which gnaws wood, clothes, &c— from L. tero; Gr. 
teiro, I rub, I grind), a marine animal, elongate and 
worm-like, lodged in a somewhat globular shell at the 
inner extremity of a tubular burrow, partly or en- 
tirely lined with shell, very destructive from its habit 
of boring into and taking up its lodgment in wood; 
the ship-worm : teredines, n. plu. ter'-e-dins, the 
borers ; the teredos : ter'edi'na, n. plu. -dl'-nd, in g<. <</., 
an extinct genus of boring molluscs whose pert", ; 
are common in the drift-wood of the London Clay. 

terete, a. te-ret' (L. teres, rounded off— gen. teretis), 
in bot., nearly cylindrical; having the transverse sec- 
tion nearly circular. 

tergeminal, a. ter-jem'l-ndl, also tergem'inate, a. 
-nat, and tergem'inous, a. -nils (L. tergeminus, three- 
fold, triple — from ter, three times, and geminus, 
double), thrice double ; threefold ; three-paired. 

tergiferous, a. ter-jif'er-iis (L. tergum, the back, and 



9 TERP 

fero, I bear), in bot., bearing on the back— applied to 
plants which tie . a « i: of the leaves, 

as ferns. 

tergiversation, n. ter'jl-ver-scl'shunCL. ter giver satio, 
a refusing, a shift— from tergum, the back, and versus, 
turned), a shift; a subterfuge ; an evasion; fickleness 
of conduct. 

tergum, n. ter'gum (L. tergum, the back), in entom., 
the upper surface of the abdomen. 

term, n. term (L. terminus; F. terme; It. termine, a 
boundary), a boundary ; a limit ; the time for which a 
thing lasts ; any limited time ; in logic, the subject or 
predicate of a proposition ; one of the three component; 
parts of a proposition, each of which is used twice ; a 
word or expression denoting something peculiar to an 
art or a science ; in alg. or arith., a member of a com- 
pound quantity ; a word or expression in general : 
v. to name; to call; to denominate : term'ing, imp.: 
termed, pp. termd: termer, n. -er, one who travels to 
attend a court-term : term'less, a. -Us, boundless : 
term'ly , a. -II, occurring every term : ad. term by term : 
terms, n. plu. conditions, as in a contract or agreement ; 
in law, four sections of the year during which the par- 
ticular business in the superior law courts is trans- 
acted, viz.— Hilary, begins 11th and ends 31st January ; 
Easter, begins 15th April, ends 8th May ; Trin ity, begins 
22d May, ends 12th June ; Michaelmas, begins 2d and 
ends 25th November ;— the University terms are Lent, 
Easter, Trinity, and Michaelmas: to bring to terms, 
to cause to submit or agree: to make terms, to come 
to an agreement. 

termagant, n. t6r'md-gunt (from Termagant or Ter- 
vagant, one of the supposed deities of the Mohamme- 
dans, represented in our old plays as a personage of a 
most violent character: It. Termegisto, the child of 
thunder, a great quarrelling boaster), a ranting bold 
woman ; a virago : adj. turbulent ; boisterous or furi- 
ous; scolding: ter'magantly, ad. -li: termagancy, 
n. -gcln-si, the state or quality of being termagant. 

termes, n. tir'mez, plu. termites, ter'-ml-tez (L. tar- 
mes, a wood-worm), a species of ant, mostly found 
within the tropics, very destructive to trees and the 
wood-work of houses ; the white ant. 

terminate, v. ter'mi-ndt (L. terminatum, to bound, 
to limit— from terminus, a boundary : It. terminare : 
F. terminer), to bound ; to limit ; to put an end to ; to 
finish; to come to an end; to conclude: ter'mina- 



minableness, n. -bl-nis, the state of being terminable : 
ter'minal, a. -ndl, forming the extremity; being at 
the end; in bot., growing at the end of a branch or 
stem : terminally, ad. -li : ter'mina'tion, n. -ncl' 
shun, the act of limiting or setting bounds ; end in 
time or existence. ; conclusion ; result; in gram., the 
ending of a word : ter'mina'tional, a. -dl, pert, to 
a termination or end; forming the termination or 
end; arranged according to the terminations: ter'- 
mina'tionally, ad. -li: ter'minative, a. -nd-tiv, direct- 
ing termination; absolute: ter'minatively, ad. -li: 
terminator, n. -ter, the dividing line between the 
enlightened and the unenlightened part of the moon : 
ter'minist, n. -nist, in eccles. hist., one who maintains 
that God has assigned to every individual a certain 
term of repentance. 

terminology, n. ter'ml-nol'o-jl (L. terminus, an end, 
and Gr. logos, a discourse), that branch of a science or 
art which defines and explains 1 he peculiar words and 
phrases used in it; also termonology, n. ter'-mO-uOl- 
6-ji (Gr. termon, an end, and logos, a discourse) : ter'- 
minolog'ically, ad. -loj'i-kdl-U. 

terminus, n. Ur'-mi-nus, plu. ter'mini, -n% (L. ter- 
minus, a boundary, a limit), a boundary-stone; the 
first or last station of a railway: plu. the principal 
station at which two or more railways end, as at Lon- 
don, Edinburgh, Glasgow, or Dublin. 

termite, n. ter'-mlt (see termes), the white ant. 

tern, n. Urn (Dan. tern; Sw. tarna; Icel. therna, 
the sea-swallow), a long-winged aquatic fowl, allied 
to the gulls. 

tern, a. tern (L. terni, three each), threefold; con- 
sisting of three : ternary, a. ter'ner-i, proceeding by 
threes ; consisting of threes ; arranged in threes : n. 
the number three ; also ter'nion, n. -ni-6n: ter'nate, a. 
nat, in bot., composed of three leaflets, as compound 
leaves. 

Terpsichore, n. terp-slk'6-re (Gr. Terpsichore— from 
terpein, to enjoy, and choros, dancing), in anc. Gr. 
myth., the muse who presided over the choral song 



co~iv, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



TERR 



650 



TEST 



and the dance: terpsichorean, a. terp'sik-o-rc'-dn, 
pert, to the muse who presided over dancing. 

terra, n. Ur'-rd (L. and It. terra, earth, clay), the 
earth ; earth ; clay : ter'ra cot'ta, -kot'td (It. baked 
clay), a kind of fine clay formed into works of art, 
which are afterwards burned in the same manner as 
bricks— anciently used for portable statues : ter'ra fir / - 
ma, -fer'nid (L.), solid earth: ter'ra Japon'ica, -jd- 
pon'-l-kd (L. Japan earth), same ascatechv, a substance 
obtained from the juice of a species of acacia, formerly 
supposed to be a kind of earth from Japan: ter'ra 
pon'dero'sa, -pon'-eUr-o'-sd (L. heavy earth), another 
name for tarytes or heavy spar : ter'ra Sien'na, -Si-en' 
nd (It. earth from Sienna), a ferruginous ochreous 
earth used as a pigment in both oil and water-colour 
painting, when burnt becoming of a deep-orange tint : 
ter'ra ver'de, -ver'-de (It. green earth), native-green 
earth used as a pigment in painting. 

terrace, n. terras (It. ft rrar.za, coarse earth, an open 
walk: F. terrasse; Sp. terrasa, a terrace — from L. 
terra, earth), a raised bank or platform of earth, either 
natural or artificial ; any shelf or bank of land having 
a uniformly flat or level surface ; any raised flat work 
or place ; an open gallery ; the flat roof of a house : v. 
to form into a terrace : ter'racing, imp.: ter'raced, pp. 
-rdst: adj. formed into a terrace ; having a terrace. 

terrapin, n. ter'-rd-pln, also ter'rapene, n. -'pen (F. 
terrapene), a large kind of turtle, living in tidal water, 
highly valued as a delicious article of food. 

terraqueous, a. ter-rd'-kive-ns (L. terra, earth, and 
aqua, water), consisting of land and water, as the sur- 
face of our earth or globe. 

terre, n. ter (F. terre, earth— from L. terra, earth) : 
terre-blue, t&r'-blo, a kind of earth of a blue colour: 
tsrre'-plain, -plan (F. -plain, a flat), in fort., the level 
terrace of the parapet on which the cannon are placed, 
being from 25 to 40 feet wide. 

terreen, n. ter-ren' (F. terrine, an earthen pan— from 
F. terre; L. terra, earth), an earthen or porcelain ves- 
sel for containing soup, &c, at table; more usually 
spelt tureen. 

terrene, a. ter-ren' (L. terra, earth), pert, to the 
earth or land ; earthy. 

terrestrial, a. ter-rei'frl-dl (L. ferrestris, belonging 
to the earth— from terra, the earth), existing on" the 
earth ; pert, to the world or the present state ; opposed 
to celestial : n. an inhabitant of the earth : terrestri- 
ally, ad. -II. 

terrible, a. ter'-rt-bl (L. terrihilts, frightful— from 
terreo, I frighten : It. terribih- : ¥. terrible), adapted to 
impress terror or dread ; fearful ; horrible ; awful : 
ter'ribly, ad. Hi: teriribleness, n. -bines, thequality 
or state of being terrible; dreadfulness. 

terricola, n. ter-rlk'-o-lo. (L. terra, the earth, andco/o, 
I inhabit), in geol. , an order of annelids which, like the 
earth-worms, burrow in the earth. 

terrier, n. ter'-rl-er (F. terrier, a burrow, a terrier— 
from F. terre; L. terra, the earth), a small rough- 
haired dog which follows animals into their burrows 
or holes ; in feudal law, a description or enumeration 
of lands and tenements; a survey or register of ec- 
clesiastical lands, &c. 

terrify, v. ter'-rl-fi (F. terrifier, to terrify— from 
L. terreo, I frighten, and/ocio, I m ke), to 
fear or dread in ; to alarm or shock with fear: ter'ri- 
fving, imp.: adi. filling with fear or dread; fright- 
ening: terirified, pp. -fid: terrific, a, ter-rif'-lk, caus- 
ing great dread ; fearful. 

terrigenous, a. ter-rlj'-e-nus (L. terrigena. bom of 
the earth— from terra, earth, and genus, birth, origin), 
produced by the earth : earth-born. 

territory, a. ter'rl-tor-i (L. territorium, domain, 
district— from terra, the earth: It. territorio: F. terri- 
toire), a district of country; the whole extent of land 
subject to a state, city, or sovereign prince; any dis- 
trict or division: ter rito'rial, a. -to'-rl-al, pert: to a 
territory; limited to a certain district: ter'rito'ri- 
ally, ad. -ll. 

terror, n. ter'-rer (L. terror, great fear— from L. terreo, 
I frighten: It. terrore: F. terreur), great fear; alarm 
that agitates the body and mind : dp-ad ; consternation : 
the cause of extreme fear : terirorless, a. -lis, free from 
terror : ter'rorism, n. -izm, a state of being terrified 
or put in bodily fear: ter'rorist, n. -1st, one of the ex- 
treme French revolutionists : reign of terror, a name 
lised to designate the bloodiest period of the French 
Revolution, from about October 17!>3 to July 1794 : ter- 
ror-smitten, a. overwhelmed with terror: King of 
Terrors, death. 



terse, a. tirs (L. tersus, wiped off, clean : It. terso), 
clearly written; expressive and elegant— applied to 
style or language : tersely, ad. -II: terse'ness, n. -nes, 
the state or quality of being terse; c< nciseness. 

tertials, n. plu. ter'-shdlstL. tertius, .third), the third 
series of feathers in the wings of birds, being large 
feathers growing near the junction of the wing with 
the body: ter'tial, a. -shdi, a t< rrn applied to the quills 
growing on the last or innermost joint of abird's wing. 

tertian, a. /■ /' : h'dn (L. tertiunus, belonging to the 
third— from tertius, the third), occurring every third 
day, as a fever : n. a fever whose paroxysms occur 
every third day, or every forty-eight hours. 

tertiary, a. ter'-sMr-l (L. tertius, third), third ; pert. 
to the third : n. the third or upper great division of 
the stratified systems, as distinguish 
and jsrimary. tertiary strata or system, in geol., the 
formations that occur above the chalk till the close of 
the drift : post-tertiary system (L. post, after), in geol., 
the recent and superficial accumulations occurring 
above the boulder-drift. 

terza-rima, n. tert'-sd-rc'-md (It. ierza-rima, a third 
or triple rhyme— from terza, three, and rima, rhyme), 
a complicated system of versification, borrowed by the 
early Italian poets from the troubadours. 

terzetto, n. tirt-set'-to (It, terzetto, a trio— from It. 
terzo, a third part; L. tertius, the third), in music, a 
composition in three parts ; a trio. 

tesselate, v. te-'se-hxt (L. tessellatus, furnished with 
small square stones or little cubes for paving— from 
tessera, a square), to form into squares or checkers ; 
to lay with checkered-work: tes'selating, imp.: tes'- 
selated, pp.: adj. formed in little squares or mosaic- 
work; covered with squares like a chess-board: tes'- 
sela'tion, n. -Id'-shun, mosaic-work; the operation of 
making mosaic-work : tes'selar, a. -ler, formed in little 
squares : tes'selite, n. -lit, a mineral which exhibits 
a peculiar tesselated or mosaic-like structure. 

tessera, n. tes'-ser-d, plu. tes'serae, -e (L. tessera; Gr. 
tessares, four-square), a small six-sided solid of mar- 
ble, earthenware, glass, &c, used for tesselated pave- 
ments, ornamenting walls, <gc.; a small square of any- 
thing used as a token or ticket : tes'seral, a. pert, to : 
tes'sular, a. -su-ler, cubical ; having equal axes. 

test, n. test (L. testa, earthen vessel, shell: It. testo, 
an earthen pitcher, a goldsmith's melting-pot : F. test, 
shell, test: may also be connected with L. testis, a 
witness), the vessel in which a natal is tried ; any crit- 
ical trial or examination; anything used to distin- 
guish substances, or to detect their presence; stand- 
ard; criterion; proof: v. to bring to a trial and ex- 
amination ; to compare with a standard ; to prove Iry 
experiment; to put to the proof; to refine, as gold or 
silver, by means of the test : testing, imp.: n. the act 
of trying for proof; the operation of refining gold or 
silver by the test: test'ed, pp.: test'less, a. -les, that 
cannot be tested: test-paper, in chem., a strip of 
paper impregnated with a reagent, used for detecting 
the presence of certain substances in compounds : 
test-tube, in chem., a tube or glass for holding sub- 
stances to be tested. 

test, n. test (L. testis, a witness), an oath which mili- 
tary and civil officers were obliged to take against 
Popery under the celebrated Test Act, repealed in 
1828; an oath or affirmation generally: test'able, a. 
■d-bl, capable of being devised or given by will. 

testa, n. -tes'-td, plu. tes'tae, -te (L. testa, a shell, a 
tile), a shell; in tot, the outer covering of the seed ; 
ttie shelly covering of certain animals : testaceans, n. 
plu. teifd'-shl-dnz, also testa'cea, -d, a general name 
for those moll hat are furnished with 

a shelly covering, as the oyster, periwinkle, &c, in 
distinction from those which are naked or merely cov- 
ered with a tough coriaceous substance: testacel, n. 
tes'-td-sel, a little shell : testaceous, a. tcs-td'-shus, pert. 
to or composed of shells ; having a hard shelly cover- 
ing; shelly: testa'ceol'ogy, n. -se-ol'-O-jl (Gr. logos, a 
discourse), the science of testaceous molluscs. 

testament, n. tes'-ta-ment (L. testamentum, a will— 
from testor, I bear witness to : It. testamento : F. testa- 
ment, a written document, properly attested, in which 
a person declares his pleasure as to the disposal of his 
property after his death ; a will ; either of the two 
great divisions of the Holy Scriptures, as the Old Tes- 
tament, the New Testament : tes'tament'ary, a. -menf- 
er- 1, pert, to a will ; bequeathed or devised by a will ; 
contained in a will : tes'tate, a, -tat, having made and 
i left a will; disposed of bv will: testator, n. tes-td'-ter 
I (L.), a man who makes and leaves a will at death: 



mdte, mdt,far, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, move; 



651 



TEW 



tes'-a triz, n. -inks, a woman who leaves a will at 
death. 

tester, n. tSs't-'r fit. testier*, tlie h«?ailpiece of any- 
thing, crown of a hat : old F. fiisre, the head), the flat 
canopy over anything, as a bed, a pulpit, a tomb, &e. 

testicle, n. tis'-tidd (L. testicidus, a testicle, a dim. 
from testis, a testicle— probably from ftsfjs, a witness, 
that is, a proof of virility : It. testicolo : F. testicule), 
in the male, one of the two glands which secrete the 
seminal fluid: testicnlate, a. tesdlk'-uddt, in hot., 
shaped like or resembling a testicle ; having two ob- 
long tubercules, as a root. 

testify, v. ies'-ti-fi (L. t-.stificor, I hear witness— from 
testis, a witness, :md faei.j. I make: It. testificare: F. 
testifier), to prove, as a witness ; to state or declare on 
oath; to publish and declaie freely: to give evidence 
or testimony; to declare against': tss'tifying, imp.: 
tes'tifled, pp. -fid: testification, n. -fbko'-shiin, the 
act of giving testimony or evidence : tes'tin'er, n. -er, 
one who testifies. 

testily, testiness— see testy. 

testimony, n. tcs'ti-mond (L. testimonium, witness, 
evidence — from testis, a witness), evidence; a solemn 
declaration or affirmation fertile purpose of establish- 
ing or proving some fact ; declaration; open attesta- 
tion; in Scrip., the tables or book of the law; the 
Gospel ; the Word of God : testimonial, n. -mo'nl-Cd, 
a written certificate in favour of one's conduct, quali- 
fications, and abilities; a gift raised by subscription 
in acknowledgment of an individual's public services, 
or as a token of respect for his private worth, pre- 
sented in the form of a sum of money, a piece of 
plate, or the like— taking the form of a monument, 
a benevolent endowment, or the like, if done after 
death. 

testudo, n. tcsduklo (L. testudo, a tortoise, or cover- 
ins: like it) ; in tool., the shield or covering of the tor- 
toise family ; in one. Home, a covering or screen for a 
number of soldiers during an attack, formed by their 
shields; in med., a broad soft tumour, called also a 
talpei: testu'dinal, a, -di-ndl, pert, to the tortoise, or 
resembling it: testudinate, a. -nat, also testu'dina- 
ted. a. -na-tel shaped like the back of a tortoise; 
arched: testudineous, a. tes'tu-dln'-6-us, resembling 
the shell of a tortoise. 

testv, a. tr-.n (old F. f<ste : F. me, the head), fret- 
ful: peevish; easily irritated: tes'tily, ad. -ti-lt: 



no<$orsp i -in. if the n.-ek— fr.'iu i';r. '• / '.I stretch), a 
disease riiarae: ri^d by violent and continued con- 
traction or spasms of the muscles, resulting in rigidity 
and incurvations of various parts: tin- disease called 
lockjaw: tetanic, a. te-tan-ik, pert, to tetanus: n. a 
medicine which acts ,.,, the nerves, and through them 
on the muscles: tetanoid, a. tet'-d-nmid (Gr.eidos, re- 
semblance), resembling tetanus. 

tetchy, a. tCch'-i, same as techy or touchy, which 
see. 

tete, n. tut (F. tie, the head), a lady's false hair or 
front: tete-a-tete, tat-a'at (F. head to head), private 
conversation; familiar interview or conference: ad. 
! to face; familiarly: tete '-de-pont', -de-pa;',, aj' 



cover the communication across a river. 

tether, n. teth'-er (Icel. tjodra, to tether: Fris. tucl- 
der; LowGer. tider, a tether: Gael, food, a halter), a 
rope or chain by which a beast is confined to certain 
limits while feeding ; anything by which one is re- 
strained : v. to confine by a rope ; to restrain within 
certain limits: tethering, imp.: tethered, pp. -erd: 
length of his tether, the extreme limits to which one 
can go. 

tetra, tet'rd (Gr. tetra, four), a common prefix in 
scientific and technical terms, signifying "four"; 
fourfold; four times. 

tetrachord, n. tet'rddcaTvrd. (Gr. tetra, four, and 
chorcle, a chord), in anc. music, a series of four sounds 
of which the first and last constituted a fourth. 

tetradymite, n. te-trad'-i-mit (Gr. tetradvmos, four- 
fold), a mineral, sulpho-telluride of bismuth, so called 
from the quadruple macles in which its crystals usu- 
ally appear. 

tetradynamous, a. tet'rd-din'-a-mus, also tet'rady- 
na'mian, a. -di-nd'mi-dn (Gr. tetra, four, and clunam is, 
power, strength), in hot., having six stamens, four of 
which are uniformlv longer than the others ; of the 
Class tet radyna'mia, n. -na-mi-d. 



tetragon, n. tSt'-rd-gon (Gr. tetra. four, and gonia, n 
corner, an angle), a plane figure having four angles, 
as a square, a rhombus, &v.: tetragonal, a. te-trug'6- 
ndl, having four angles and sides. 

tetragonolepis, n. tela a-e/6, i -ode-pis (Gr. tetra, four, 
gonia, a corner, and lepis, a scale), in geol., a fossil fish 
having four-cornered scales. 

tetragynian, a, tet'-rd-jln'-i-dn. also tetragynons, a. 
te-traj'-i- nils (Gr. tetra. four, and none, a woman), in 
hot., having four carpels or lour styles; of the class 
tetragyn'ia, n. -jin'-l-d. 

tetrahedron, n. tet'-rd-he-dron (Gr. tetra, four, and 
liedra, a seat, a base), a solid figure having four sides, 
each consisting of an equilateral and equal triangle ; 
one of the five regular solids : tet'rahe'dral, a. -drill. 
bounded by four equilateral and e.j lal triangles. 

tetrahexahedron, n. Ud-ra-'ueks'-a-hC-dron (Gr. tetra, 
four, hex, six, and heelra, a seat or base), in crystals, a 
solid bounded by twenty-four equal faces, four corre- 
sponding to each face of the cube : tet'rahex'ahe'dral, 
a. -lie'drdl, exhibiting four ranges of faces one above 
another, each range containing six faces. 

tetralogy, n. tc-irdl'-O-ji (Gr tetralagia— from tetra, 
four, and logos, a word), in the Gr. drama, a regular 
production consisting of four dramas, three being 
tragedies on the same general subject, and the fourth 
a comic drama. 

tetrameter, n. tS-frdm'-e-ter (Gr. tetra, four, and 
metron, a measure), a verse consisting of four metres : 
adj. having four metres. 

tetrandfous, a. tc-trun'drns, also tetran'drian, a. 
-dri-dn (Gr. tetra, four, and ant r, a man — gen. andms), 
monocliwous or hermaphroilite, and having four sta- 
mens ; of the class tetran'dria, n. -drl-d. 

tetrapetalous, a. tit'-ru-pct-d-ius (Gr. tetra, four, 
and petalon, a leaf), in hot., containing four distinct 
petals or flower-leaves. 

tetr aphyllous, a, tet'-rd-fV'-ids (Gr. tetra, four, and 
phidlon, a leaf), in hot., Inning four leaves. 

tetrapla, n. iit'ra-pla (Gr/ htrapinus, fourfold), a 
Bible consisting of four different Greek versions ar- 
ranged in parallel columns by Ori-en, one of the an- 
cient fathers : a version of the Bible in four languages 
and in four columns. 

tetrapterous, a. te-trdj,'-f,'r-us (Gr. tdra, four, and 
ptcron, a wing or a fin), having four wings : tetrap'- 
teran, n. -dn, an insect having lour wings: tetrap'- 
terus.n. -us in geol., a four-linned fossil "creature : a 
genus of fossil fishes peculiar to the chalk formation. 

tetraquetrons, a. tet-rd-ket'-tus (Gr. tetra, four: 
L. quadra, a square), in hot., having four angles, the 

tetrarch, n. tef-rurk (Gr. trfrarches— from tetra, 
four, and archos, a ruler), the B.oniaii governor of the 
fourth part of a province ; any petty prince or sove- 
reign : tet'rarchate, n. -rdr-ldt, also tet'rarchy, n. 
-kl, the fourth part of a province under a Roman 
governor; the office or jurisdiction of tetrarch : tet- 
rarchical, a. tcf-rdr'-ki-kid, pert, to a tetrarchy. 

tetraspermous, a. W'-rd-sp'Ir'-mOs (Gr. tetra, four, 
and sperma, seed), in hat., having four seeds. 

tetraspore, n. tet-rd-spor (Gr. tetra, four, and 
sporos, a seed), a germinating body among the algce 
or sea-weeds, composed of four spore-like cells; also 
applied to those of three cells. 

tetrastich, n. tot-rds'-tik (Gr. tetra, four, and stichos, 
a row, a verse), an epigram or stanza of four verses. 

tetrastyle, n. tet -rd-stll (Gr. tetra, four, and stulos, 
a column), in anc. arch., a building with four columns 
in front. 

tetrasyllable , n. tct'-rri-sV.'-ld-ol (Gr. tetra, four, and 
Eng. sullohli), a word of four syllables : tetrasyllable, 
a. -sil-ldh'-ik, also tet'rasyllab'ical, a. -lah'-i-kdl, con- 
sisting of or having four syllables. 

tetrathecal, a. tef-ra-ihc-kal (Gr. tetra, four, and 
theke, a case), in dot., having four loculanients or 
thecse. 

tetter, n. tef'-tir (Icel. titra; Bav. taftern; Ger. zit- 
tern, to tremble: Ger. zitter, a tetter), in med., a cuta- 
neous disease accompanied with redness anditchirej : 
ringworm : v. to affect with disease called tetters : 
tet'tering, imp.: tet'tered, pp. -terd: tet'terous, a. 
•tcr-iis, having the character of a tetter. 

Teutonic, a. tu-ton'ik, pert, to the Teutons or Ten- 
tones, or anc. Germans : n. the language of the anc. 
Teutons, the parent of a group of European 1 ; i _ 

tew, v. tu (AS. tawian; Low Ger. tauen, to taw 
or dress leather— see taw), to prepare by working; 
to pull about ; to beat or dress, as leather or hemp ; 



cdiv, oo~j,.foijt ; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, tfbere, zeal. 



TEWE 



652 



THEC 



tew'ing, imp. : tewed, pp. tud -. tew'-taw, v. -taib, to 
limit s<> as to soften, as skins or flax. 

tewel, 11. tu'Sl (old F. tuiel ; Norm. F. tuyau ; Icel. 
tuda, a tube : L. tubulus, a small pipe or tube), a pipe 
or funnel for smoke ; the iron pipe of a forge which 
receives the nozzle of the bellows. 

text, n. t6kst(L. textual, that which is woven, a web 
—from texo, I weave : F. texte, a text), that on which 
a commentary is written ; the subject of a sermon or 
discourse, as a selected verse or passage of Scripture ; 
the written composition or book, as distinguished 
from notes or comments; very large handwriting 
as preparatory training for small or running hand: 
text-book, a book used as a standard book for a par- 
ticular branch of study for the use of students ; a selec- 
tion of passages of Scripture arran-o-d for easy refer- 
ence : textual, a. teks'tu-dl, contained in the text; 
serving as a text: tex'tually, ad. -II: tex'tualist, n. 
■1st, one who adheres to the text ; one ready in citing 
texts : tex'tuary, n. -er-l, one of a sect of Jews who 
rigidly adhere to the text of the Heb. Scriptures. . 

textile, a. teks'til (L. textilis, woven, wrought— from 
texo, I weave), woven ; capable of being woven: tex- 
torial, a. Uks-to'rl-dl, belonging to weaving. 

texture, n. teks'tilr (L. textura, a web, a construction 
—from texo, I weave: F. texture), that which is woven ; 
a web; in anat. or tot., the disposition of the several 
parts of any body viewed in connection with each 
other; tissue. 

thalamus, n. thdl'a-mas (L. thalamus; Gr. thala- 
mos, a sleeping-room), in anat., that part of the brain 
from which the optic nerves are partly derived ; in 
hot., the receptacle of the flower, or the part of the 
peduncle into which the floral organs are inserted: 
thal'amiflo'ral, a. -ml-flo'rdl (L. ftos, a flower— gen. 
floris), denoting parts of the floral envelope inserted 
separately into the receptacle or thalamus. 

thalassiophytes, n. plu. thd-lds'si-o-fits (Gr. thalas- 
sios, belonging to the sea, and phuton, a plant), the 
algae or sea-plants ; a term sometimes employed to 
embrace the entire vegetable produci ions of the ocean. 

thaler, n. td'ler, the German dollar, equal to 35 
pence sterling nearly : -the word has been in other 
countries corrupted into dollar, 

Thalia, n. tha-li'd (L. Thalia; Gr. Thaleia— from 
Gr. thallo, I flourish or bloom), in anc. myth., the 
muse who presided over pastoral and comic poetry ; 
one of the graces; one of the recently - discovered 
asteroids. 

thallium, n. thdl'-li-um (Gr. thallos, the shoot of a 
plant, suggestive of greenness), a rare metal discov- 
ered by Crookes in 1861, whose spectrum furnishes a 
singularly brilliant green line. 

thallogen, n. thdl'6-jen (Gr. thallos, a young shoot, 
and gennao, I produce), one of a large class of cellular 

.' |)i-!.'j;i • • : • 1 : > i J i ;, '<::.' ■ . . hum ur- .; mail cO cos, 

tinction into root, stem, and foliage. 

thallus, n. thdl'lus, plu. thal'li, -h (\, ;/,,,//,- : 0, 
thallos, a young shoot or branch), in hot., a solid mass 
of cells, consisting of one or more layers, usually in 
the form of a flat stratum or expansion, or in the 
form of a lobe, leaf, or frond. 

Thalmud, n. tdl'mud— see Talmud. 

Thammuz, n. thdm'muz, also written Tam'muz 
(Heb.), according to some, the mystic name of the 
Egyptian god Osiris ; a deity among the Syrians, in 
honour of whom the Hebrew idolatresses held an 
annual lamentation— said to be identical with the 
Phoenician Adonis; the tenth month of the Jewish 
civil year, answering to a part of our June and July. 

than, conj. than (AS. thonne; old H. Ger. danne: 
another form of then), a joining particle used after the 
comparative degree, and followed by the object com- 
pared; also used after such words as other, other- 

thane, n. than (AS. thegen, a minister : Icel. thegn, 
a brave man, a warrior : old H. Ger. degan, a male, a 
soldier), among the Anglo-Saxons, a title applied to 
persons of dignity, being great landed proprietors : 
thanage, n. tha'ndj, the district in which the thane 
anciently presided : thane'dom, n. -dum, the office or 
jurisdiction of a thane: thane'ship, n. -ship, the state 
or dignity of a thane ; the property : thane-lands, the 
possessions granted to thanes. 

thank, v. th&ngl (Goth thcmkjan; Ger. denken, to 
think : AS. thane, thought, thanks), to express one's 
gratitude for a favour or for a kindness— often used in 
a contrary and ironical sense : thanks, n. plu. expres- 
sion of gratitude for a favour or a kindness— used 



ful; impressed with a sense of kindness received: 
thankfully, ad. -U: thankfulness, n. -n6s, state of 
being thankful ; expression of thanks ; gratitude : 
thankless, a. -lis, ungrateful unthankful; thank'- 
lessly, ad. -K : thank'lessness, n. -n&s, the state of 
being thankless ; ingratitude : thanks'giver, n. one 
who gives than! v. in ( ,ri .,,,. |..o< ..,, .,;.,...,. ,;,. 
kindness: thanks'giving, n. (thanks, and giving), 
the act of rendering thanks, or expressing grati- 
tude, for favours or mercies ; a public celebration of 
divine goodness : adj. applied to a day set apart for 
religious services in acknowledgment of the divine 
goodness : thank-offering or thanks-offering, an offer- 
ing made, or gift bestowed, in ackiio vii <i i,,< u> oi i.h<; 
divine goodness : thankworthy, a. deserving thanks ; 
meritorious : thank'worthiness, n. the state of being 
thankworthy. 

that, a. that, plu. those, thOz (AS. thcet, the, that : 
Goth, thata, that: Sans, tat, this or that), not i in i,io. 
the other ; the more distant thing, being thus opposed 
to this — this denoting the nearest, and that the 
more distant of the two objects ; pointing to some per- 
son or thing mentioned before : rel. pron. in certain 
cases used instead of who, which, and whom : conj. 
denoting the object, the final end, or purpose; be- 
cause : to the end that, in order that, conjunctional 
phrases, introducing a reason or purpose, and some- 
times a result : in that, for the reason that ; because. 

thatch, n. thdeh (AS. theccan, to cover, to conceal : 
Dan. daekke, to cover: L. tectum, a roof), straw or simi- 
lar substances used to cover the roofs of houses, also 
to cover the tops of stacks of corn or hay to protect 
them from rain : v. to cover or roof with straw, reeds, 

■ ..iii.if. ■■■< substances: thatch'ing, imp. : n. the act of 
covering buildings with thatch; such materials as 
straw or reeds used for covering buildings : thatch - 
er, n. -er, one who thatche i hou ;< •■; 

thaumatrope, n. thaw'md-trop (Gr. thauma, a won- 
der, and tropeo, I turn), an optical instr. or toy for 
showing the persistence of an impression upon the 
eye after the luminous object has been withdrawn : 
thau'matur'gy, n. -ter'jl (Gr. ergon, a work), the act or 
art of performing wonders : thau'matur'gic, a. -jlk, 
also thau'matur gical, a. -ji-kdl, exciting wonder; 
wonder-working: thau'matur'gist, n. -jlst, one who 
works wonders ; one who deals or believes in won- 
ders : thau'matur'gus, n. -gus, a wonder-worker ; a 
miracle-worker. 

thaw, n. thaw (Dut. daaw, dew: Ger. thauen, to 
dissolve, to thaw : W. tawdd, melting, dripping : Icel. 
thida, thaw), the melting of ice or snow by a change 
of temperature ; the change of weather that causes it : 
v. to melt or reduce to a liquid state, as ice or snow : 
to become sufficiently warm to melt ice or snow ; as 
the weather: thawing, imp.: thawed, pp. thawd: 
thawy, a. thaTv'i, growing liquid. 

the, a. the or the (AS. se or the; Dut. de; Ger. der, 
the), a word placed before nouns, or nouns preceded 
by adjectives, to point them out and limit their signi- 
fication; usually called the definite article, but is 
really a demonstrative adjective, and only a softened 
form of that; used before adjectives in the compara- 
tive and superlative degrees. Note.— In poetic com- 
positions, the e is often cut off before a vowel thus, th', 
and also the he, as t'other. 

theatre, n. ft < at rum; Gr. theatron, a 

'' ii i < ' at re), a build- 

ing in which to exhibit dramatic performances or 



or field of action ; a large apartment suitably arranged 
for lectures, anatomical demonstrations, &c: theatric, 
a. the-dt'rlk, also theat'rical, a. -ri-kdl, pert, to a the- 
atre ; resembling the manner of dramatic performers ; 
calculated for display: theat'rically, ad. -lit theat'- 
ricals, n. plu. -kdlz, dramatic performances. 

Theban, a. the'bdn, of or from Thebes, in Egypt : n. 
a native or inhabitant ol Thebes: Theban year, the 
anc. Egyptian year of 365 da , 6 hours. 

theca, n. the'-kd, plu. thecae, the'-se (Gr. theke, a sheath 
or case), in bot., the case containing the reproductive 
matter in some flowerless plants ; spore-cases of moss 
and suchlike plants ; in anat., an organ or part 
which encloses another, or contains something; a 
sheath or case. 

thecaphore, n. the'-kd-for (Gr. theke, a sheath, and 
phero, I bear), in bot., the roundish stalk on which 






■mate, mdt,/dr, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin) note, not, mdve; 



THEC 



653 



THER 



the ovary of some plants is elevated: thecasporous, 
a. the'-kds'po-rus (Gr. s-pora, a seed), having the spores 
in thecs or cases, as in fungi. 

thecodont, n. the'-ko-dont (Gr. theke, a sheath or 
case, and odoiis, a tooth— gen. odontos), in geol., asau- 
rian which has the :- sockets: the- 

codon'tia, n. plu. -don'-shl-d, one of the thirteen orders 
into which Professor Owen arranges the reptilia, liv- 
ing and extinct: the'codon'tosau'ros, n. ■to-saTc'-rns 
(Gr. sauros, a lizard), the socket-tooth saurian, a fossil 
reptile— so called from having the teeth implanted in 
distinct sockets, as in the crocodile. 

thee, pron. the (AS. the, thee: old Fris. thi; Goth. 
thuk, thee), the objective case of thoi:, which see. 

theft, n. theft (Goth, thiuvs; Icel. thjofr; Ger. dieb, 
a thief), the taking possession of the goods or mova- 
bles of anoth out leave or with violence ; 
the act of stealing: theft'uous, a. -thus, in Scots lata, 
of the nature of theft; tainted with theft: theft uous- 
ly, ad. -li. 

theine, n. the'-ln, also theina, n. the-X'-nd (F. theine 
—from new L. thea, the tea-plant), a bitter and vol- 
atile principle, obtained in the form of fine white 
prisms, of a silky lustre, from tea, coffee, &c; same 
as caffeine. 

their, pron. or a. thdr (AS. thara, of the, of those: 
Icel. their, they, masc), of them ; of or belonging to ; 
poss. plu. of they : their is used when prefixed to a 
noun or to an adjective and its noun, as their own 
statements ; the form theirs is employed as the substi- 
tute for a noun, and stands alone, as, the statements 
are theirs, theirs is the best cultivated field. 

theism, n. the'lzm (Gr. theos, a god : F. thdisme), be- 
lief in the existence of a God, with or without a belief 
in a revelation ; opposed to atheism ; the 1st, n. -ist, one 
who believes in til!- existence of a God: theistic, a. the- 
is'-tlk, also theis'tical, a. -tl-kdl, pert, to or according 
to theism: theis'tically, ad. -kOl-Vt. Note.— Theism 
is the same word etymologieally with deism, but a dis- 
tinction is drawn between them, — theists reject the 
idea of a divine revelation, but maintain the existence 
of a Deity who governs all things by the constant ex- 
ercise of His beneficent power ; deists admit the exist- 
ence of a God who created all things, but affirm that, 
having laid down immutable laws for their govern- 
ment, He does not further interfere. 

thelodus, n. the'-lo-diis (Gr. thele, a nipple, andodous, 
a tooth), in geol., a fossil fish of the Silurian bone- 
bed. 

them, pron. tkSm (AS. thccm, to thee), the objective 
case of the pronoun they: themselves', comp. pron. 
-selvz' (them, and selves), an emphatic form of them; 
those very persons. 

theme, n. them (L. and Gr. thema, the thing laid 
down, the subject treated of: F. theme: It. tema), a 
subject or topic for discussion ; the subject on which 
a person speaks or writes ; the primary or radical part 
of a verb ; in music, a series of notes selected as the 
subject of a new composition. 

Themis, n. the'-mis (L. and Gr. Themis— from Gr. 
them is, that which is established. by old usage), in anc. 
myth,, the goddess of law and justice. 

then, conj. th6n(AS. thonne or thcenne ; old H. Ger. 
danne; Dut. dan, then), in that case ; in consequence : 
ad. at that time, referring to a specified time either 
past or future; soon afterward; therefore: by then, 
by that time : till then, until that time. 

thenardite, n. the-ndr'-dlt (after Thenard), a sulphate 
of soda occurring in crystalline crusts, of a vitreous- 
white colour, at the salt-springs near Madrid, and in 
Peru, used in the manufacture of soda. 

thence, ad. thens (AS. thanan; Icel. thadhan, 
thence), from that place ; from that time : though in- 
elegant, and a pleonasm, the use oifrom thence, for 
thence, is not uncommon, even among good writers : 
thenceforth, ad. thens'-forth (thence, and forth), from 
that time : thencefor'ward, ad. (thence, and forward), 
from that time onward. 

theobroma, n. the'-o-bro'-md (Gr. theos, a god, and 
broma, food: F. theobrome), in bot., a genus of plants 
producing the cacao or chocolate-nut; the'obro'mine, 
n. -mln, a peculiar principle obtained from the choco- 
late-nut. 

theochristic, a. the'6-krXs'tik (Gr. theos, a god, and 
christos, anoi; ugbyGod. 

theocracy, n. the-ok'rd-si (Gr. theos, a god, and kra- 
tos, strength: F. theocratie), government of a state by 
the immediate direction of God, as the anc. Jewish 
state ; the state thus governed : theocratic, a. the'-O- 



krdt'-tk, also the'ocrat'ical, a. -i-kdl, pert, to : adminis- 
tered by the immediate direction of God: the'ocrat- 
ically, ad. -li. 

theocrasy, n. the-ok'-rd-sl (Gr. theos, a god, and kra- 
sis, a mixing), a mixture of the worship of different 
gods, as of Jehovah and idols; in anc. phil, an inti- 
mate union of the soul with God in contemplation. 

theodolite, n. the-od'o-lit (Gr. theaomai, I see, and 
dolichos, long: F. theodolite), an instr. used by land- 
surveyors, especiallv in trigonometrical surveying: 
theod'olit'ic, a. -llt'-ik, pert, to a theodolite. 

theogony, n. the-og'-o-ni (L. and Gr. theogonia— from 
Gr. theos. a god, and gone, race, progeny), the genera- 
tion or genealogy of the l ncli of heathen 
myth, which taught the genealogy of their deities: 
theog'onist, n. -nist, one who wrii es on theogony : the- 
ogonical, a. the'-O-gon'i-kdl, pert, to theogony. 



F. theologie), the science of God and divine things; 
divinity: theologian, n. the'-o-lo'-ji-dn, one well versed 
in the science of divine things : theological, a. loj'i- 
Ml, pert, to the science of divine things : the'olog'- 
ically, ad. -II: theologise, v. the-dl'-o-jlz, to render 
theological : theol'ogising, imp. : theol'ogised, pp. 
■jizd: theol'ogist, n. -jist, one versed in theology. 

theomachy, n. the-om'-d-kl (Gr. theos, a god, and 
mache, a battle), in anc. myth., a fighting against the 
gods, as the battle of the giants against the gods : 
theom'achist, n. -kist, one who fights against the 
gods: theomancy, n. the'-o-mdn-si (Gr. manteia, div- 
ination), a kind nt" divination drawn I mm the responses 
of the anc. heathen oracles: theopathy, n. the-op'd- 
thl (Gr. pathos, feeling or suffering), sympathy with 
the divine nature ; capacity for religious affections or 
worship : theopathetic, a. the-o-pd-thet'-ik, also the'- 
opath'ic, a. 4k, of or pert, to: theophany, n. the-Of'-d- 
ni (Gr. phainesthai, to appear), a manifestation of God 
toman by actual appearance: theopneusty, n. the'-op- 
nus'-ti (Gr. pneusis, a breathing), divine inspiration : 
the'opneus'tic, a. -tik, given by the inspiration of the 
Spirit of God. 

theorem, n. the'6-rem (L. and Gr. theorema^-from 
Gr. theoreo, I look at: F. theoreme: It. teorcma), in 
math., something laid down as a truth which is to be 
proved by a chain of reasoning ; in analysis, a rule or 
statement of relations expressed in a formula or by 
symbols: theorematic, a. the'-o-re-mdt'-ik, also the'- 
orera'ic, a. -6-rem-ik, pert, to or comprised in a the- 
orem. 

theory, n. the'6-ri (Gr. theoria, an inspection or 
survey — from theoreo, I look at, I behold: F. thi- 
orie), a doctrine or scheme of things terminating in 
speculation, and without a view to practice ; the ab- 
stract principles of any art considered without ref- 
erence to practice; the opposite of practice; the 
science, distinguished from the art; the philnsoph- 
ical explanation of phenomena, either physical or 
moral ; a scheme or system founded on inferences 
drawn from certain principles, or from the par- 
ticular arrangement of certain facts : theoretic, a. 
the-O-ret'-ik, also the oret'ical, a. -i-kdl, pert, to theory, 
or depending on it ; not practical ; speculative : the- 
oret'ically, ad. -kal-li: theorise, v. -rlz, to form a 
theory; to speculate: the'orising, imp.: the'orised, 
pp. -rlzd: the'oriser, n. -ri-zer, one who indulges 
in theory rather than in practice : the'orist, n. -rist, 
one who forms theories ; one given to speculation. 

theosophy, n. the-os'-ofi (Gr. theosophia, divine wis- 
dom—from theos, a god, and sophos, wise), a direct, 
as distinguished from a revealed, knowledge of God, 
supposed to be attained by extraordinary illumination ; 
the supposed direct intercourse with God and spirits : 
theos' ophism, n. -fizm, theosophy, or a process of it : 
theos'ophist, n. -fist, one who gives a theory of God, 
or of the works of God, founded not on reason, but 
on a supposed inspiration of his own : theosophic, a. 
the'-o-sof'-ik, also the'osoph'ical, a. -i-kdl, pert, to the- 
osophy. 

therapeutics, n. ther'-d-pu'-tiks (Gr. therapeutiJcos, 
having the power of healing— horn ihxrapeuein, to 
take care of, to heal : F. therapeutique: It. terapeutica), 
that department of medicine which relates to the dis- 
covery and application of remedies for the cure of dis- 
eases: ther'apeu'tic, a. -tik, also ther'apeu'tical, a. 
■tl-kdl, curative; pert, to the healing art: ther'apeu'- 



ticaily, ad. -li. 

there, ad. thdr (AS. thcer ; Icel. thar ; Dut. daar, 
there), in that place ; in the place most distant ; op- 
colo, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



THER 



654 



posed to here, in this place ; a word used as a mere 
introductory particle at the beginning of a sentence, 
adding to the sentence a peculiar and idiomatic era- 
pha.sis, which can hardly he explained: there serves to 
throw the nominative, alter the vol b, as " a man was," 
"there was a man"; in composition, there lias the 
force of that, as thereby, by that: thereabout, ad. 
-d-boivt, or there'abouts, ad. (there, and about), near 
that place ; near that number or degree ; concerning 
that matter: thereafter, ad. -after (there, and 
offer), according to that; accordingly : thereat', ad. 
-at' (there, and at), at (hat; at thai thing or event: 
there'by, ad. -hi (/here, and by), by that means; in 
consequence of that: therefore, ad. and conj. ther' 
for (there, and for), for that or this reason ; referring 
to something i in vinusly stated ; consequently; in re- 
turn for this or that: therefrom, ad. Ilidr-from' (there, 
nud from), from this or that: therein, ad. -in, (there, 
and///), in that or this ida.ee, time, 01 thing: there'into', 
ad. -in-to (thrre, and into), into that, or that place: 
there 'of, ad. -of (there, and of), of that or this : there '- 
on, ad. -on (there, and on), on that or this : there'out, 
ad. -uwt (there, and out), out of this or that: there'to, 
.-I /'<'. (///. /■. , ii.: /■) at i . .lere'unto', ad. -undo '. to 
that or this : there'upon', ad. -up -on' (there, and upon), 
upon that or this; in consequence of that; imme- 
diately: therewith', ad. -tmth (there, and with), with 
that or this ; forthwith : there'withal', ad. -awl', over 
and above ; with that or this. 

thermal, a. ther'mcil, sometimes ther'mic, a. -mik 
(Gr. thermos, warm; therme, heat: F. thermal: It. 
ten m de), of or pert, to heat; warm— applied to springs 
above i;o° Fahn 

thermidor, n. tJier'ml-dSr (F.— from Gr. thermos, 
warm), one of the months of the French Republican 
calendar, from 19th July to 17th August. 

thermo, ther'mo (Gr. thermos, warm ; therme, heat), 
a common prefix in many scientific terms, denoting 
"connected with or derived from heat": thermo- 
electricity, electricity developed by the unequal heat- 

ien eio t ,allii substanci i: tiierino-electrometer, an 
instr. for ascertaining the deflagrating or heating 
power of an electric current : thermometer, n. ther- 
■mom'e-ii'r (Gr. inetron, a measure), an instr. for mea- 
suring the degree of heat or temperature of bodies by 
the regular expansion of mercury, or of some other 
substance: thermometric, a. ther'mo-met'rik, also 
ther'momet'rical, a. -rldccil, pert, to a thermometer; 
made or ascertained by a thermometer: ther'momet'- 
rically, ad. -II: thermoscope, n. the r'-mo- shop (Gr. 
skopeo, I view), an instr. for indicating changes of 
t-mperature wii.'iout helical ing the degree of heat by 
which it is affected: ther'moscop'ic, a. -skOp'dk, of or 
pert, to the thermoscope : thermostat, n. ther'rno-stdt 
(Gr. statos, standing), a self-acting instr. for regulating 
* temperature: ther'mostat'ic, a. -st&t'lk, pert, to a 
thermostat; regulating the heat. 

thermonatrite, n. thtr-uwu'-ddrV (Gr. therme, heat, 
and Eng. natron, crude carbonate of soda), prismatic 
carbonate of soda with slight, earthy impurities, oc- 
curring with natron in the lakes of S. Amer., the 
Egyptian desert, &c, which is deposited from their 
waters during the warm season. 

thermotics, n. plu. ther-mot'lks (Gr. tliermos, warm), 
the science or philosophy of heat; the effects caused 
by the action of heat upon matter: thermot'ical, a. 
-i-kilt, produced by heat. 

thesaurus, n. thd-saw'rus (L. thesaurus; Gr. the- 
sauros, a treasure), a, treasury or storehouse; a re- 
,.e .lii.r.', . ['knowledge; a lexicon; a dictionary. 

these, a. ilbez (AS. this), the plu. of this, which see. 

thesis, n. the'sts, plu. theses, the'sez (L. and Gr. 
thesis, a proposition — from Gr. ti/hemi, I place, ( 
set: F. these: It. tesi), a position or proposition laid 
down or advanced to be supported by argument ; a 
theme ; a subject or question prescribed to a student 
on which to write, as a means of further testing his 
knowledge before granting a degree; the exercise or 
essay itself; a subject. 

Thespian, a. thes'-pl-Cin (Gr. Thespis, the founder of 
the Greek drama), of or relating to tragic acting ; 
tragic. 

theurgy, n. the'er-jl (Gr. theourgia, the work of God, 
a miracle — from theos, a god, and ergon, work), a mir- 
acle; the power of doing supernatural things by pra\ er 
to God, &c; a species of magic : the'urgist, n. -jist, one 

... pretends to the supernatural: theurgic, a. the- 



the 



///,'. also thettr'gical, a. -jidcdl, pert, to or done by 



thews, n. plu. thiiz (from Eng. thigh, the fleshy part 
of the leg: loci, tit jo, buttocks: AS. thiol, ,• but. dietle, 
the thigh), muscles; brawn ; strength : thewy, a. thu'4, 
having strong or large muscles ; muscular: thews and 
sinews, the pith and strength of any effort or enter- 
prise. 

they, pron. fha (AS. tha ; Goth, thai, they), the nnm. 
plu. of he, she, or if, denoting more than one person 
or thing; used indefinitely, as," they say"— that is, the 
world at large. Note.— They, their, them, may with 
strict propriety be employed, even though their correl- 
atives be in the sing, number; the use of these forms 
as singulars tends to prevent awkward repetitions 
and direct personalities. Such a form of expression 
as, " neither John nor his sister couldrecite his or her 
lessons," though strictly and grammatically correct, 
is an awkward one, and sounds harshly: "neither 
John nor his sister could recite flteir lessons" is more 
pleasant to the ear, and is quite in accordance with 
common usage: " In lowliness of mind let each esteem 
other better than themselves."— Philip, ii. 3. 

thick, a. thtk. (feel, thyckr, close pressed: Dut. dik; 
Ger. dick, thick, frequent: Fin. tukkia, to thrust into, 
to stop), not thin ; dense ; close ; compact , muddy ; 
not clear ; having more depth from side to side, or 
from surface to surface, than in common use; deep, 
as five inches thick; crowded; following each other 
in quick succession; dark; obscure; dull; stupid; 
intimate or familiar, as he is very thick with him: 
n. Hie thickest or most crowded part: ad. fast; fre- 
quently; to a greater depi.h than usual : thickly, ad. 
-II: thick'ness, n. -n6s, closeness or denseness; depth 
from side to side, or from surface to surface ; quan- 
tity laid on quantity to some depth; consistence; 
want of quickness of perception: thick'ish, a. -ish, 
somewhat thick: thick-headed, a. dull; stupid: 
thick-set, a. closely planted ; having a short thick 
body: thick-strakes, in sltijihiiibling, strakes of 
planking thicker than those in common use: thick- 
stuff, in shipbuilding, a term denoting all planking 
above four incites in thickness: through thick and 
thin, through whatever is in the way ; in a resolute 
way: thicken, v. thik'n, to make close or dense; to 
render less thin; to become dark or obscure; to be- 
come more numerous ; to press or be crowded : thick- 
ening, imp. th ik'-ning .- n. somethi n •_ • , . . . nib. bene! 
or mass to make it more thick: thickened, pp. thlk' 
nd: thick'et, n. -6t, a number of trees or shrubs grow- 
ing crowded irregularly together ; a small close wood 
or copse. 

thief, n. thef, plu. thieves, thevz (Goth, thiuvs; Icel. 
thjofr; Ger. dieb, a thief), one who takes away the 
property of another privately without leave, or by 
violence ; one who steals : thieve, v. thev, to steal : to 
wrongly ia Li lie' properly of another ■ f.hiev'ing, imp.: 
adj. practising theft: thieved, pp. thevd: thievery, 

... ///<■/■'/',■■/, i en car oi's.i.ea.jei'j, : ;..' iev'ish, a. -ish,, 

given to stealing; addicted to theft, partaking of 
the nature of theft: thievishly, ad. -II: thievlshness, 
n. -nSs, the state or quality of being thievish: thief- 
catcher, one who e business is to detect thieves and 
tiring them to justice : theft, which see. 

thigh, n. tin (AS. theoh; Dut. diede, thigh; Icel. 
th.jo, thick part of the thigh), the thick part of the 
lower limb between the knee and the hip-joint : thigh- 
bone, the large bone of the thigh. 

thill, n. thil (AS. thil, a stake: Icel. thil, a panel- 
ling), the shaft of a cart or carriage or other vehicle : 
thiller, n. -Mr, also thill-horse, the horse which goes 
between file shafts. 

thimble, n. thim'bl(n corrupt ion <>( rug. thumb, and 
bell), a metal cap or cover put on the lore part of the 
second linger of the right hand, used in sewi " "' 
driving the needle through the cloth ; among si 
an iron ring with a groove around it to rec, 
: op ■ : thimble-rig or -rigging, a sleight-of-hand ti 
which a pea or s.niati bail i m :■■,■,,, ie, : io be concea 
under one of three thimble-like cups : thimble-rigger, 
one who practises the above sleight-of-hand roguery to 
obtain money from the unwary by betting. 

thin, a. thin (Icel. thunnr ; Dut. dun; Ger. diinv; 
L. tenuis, thin), not thick; watery; very liquid; not 
dense; not close or crowded; sparse; lean; slender; 
Of a loose or slight textme; unsubstantial: ad. thinly 
—used in composition, as thin-soled-: v. to make less 
dense or thick; to make less close or crowded; to 
reduce the number of: thin'ning, imp.: n. the act of 
making less crowded or less thick; the reducing the 
number of trees or plants in any given area, in order 



mate, melt, far, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, mCve; 



THIN 6 

that those which are left may obtain greater space 
for mature growth : thinned, pp. f/ii/efrthinnish, a. 
-nlsh, somewhat thin: thinly, ad. -II: thin'ness, n. 
-ne<, the opposite of thickness : thin-skinned, a. hav- 
ing a thin skin ; unduly sensitive : to thin out, in geol., 
to gradually diminish in thickness till the strata dis- 
appear,— when the edge has been brought to the surface 
by'subterranean disturbance it is then said to crop out. 
"thine, pron. tfiln (AS. thin; Goth, theina; Icel. 
ihinn, thine), the poss. ease of the pron. thou; of or 
belonging to thee. 

thing, n. thing (Icel. and AS. thing; Ger. ding, orig- 
inally meaning, discourse,— then, solemn discussion, 
—cause, matter, or subject of discourse), that which 
can be thought of; a matter; an affair; an event or 
action ; any substance ; used in contempt, by way of 
extenuation or in pity, as, "never any thing was so 
ill-bred," "the poor thing sighed": things, n. plu. 
Clothes; luggage. 

think, v. thingk (see Eng. thing: Goth, thughjan; 
Ger. diiaken, to present itself in thought: Icel. thek- 
kja, to observe ; Dan. tccnke, to think— see thank), to 
have the mind occupied on some subject ; to revolve 
ideas in the mind; to muse; to hold as a settled 
opinion; to judge; to consider probable; to meditate; 
to ponder; to imagine; to believe: think'ing, imp.: 
adj. having the faculty of thought ; capable of a regu- 
lar train of ideas : n. imagination ; judgment: thought, 
pp. pt. thaict. revolved in the mind; considered prob- 
able: thinkable, a. thingk' d-U, capable of being 
thought ; conceived, as a thought : think'er, n. -er, one 
who thinks in a particular manner: think'ingly, ad. 
■Ing-ll. methinks or -thinketh, it seems to me: me- 
thought, it appeared to me : to think much of, to 
hold in esteem; to esteem— see thought. 

third, a. third (AS. thridda; Icel. thridie ; Gr. tritos; 
L. tertius, third), the ordinal of three: n. one part 
of three ; the l-60th part of a second.; in music, an 
interval containing three notes of the scale, the 
first and third being only sounded: thirdly, ad. 
-It, in the third place, third estate, the Commons— 
the Lords Temporal and Spiritual being the other two. 

thirst, n. thirst (Goth, thuursus, dry: Icel. thurr; 
Ger. diirr, dry: Gr. terso, I dry up), the sensation of a 
desire for swallowing a liquid, as water; a painful 
sense caused by the want of drink; eager desire after 
a thing wanted; vehement eagerness: v. to feel the 
want of a liquid, as water; to sutler from the want of 
drink ; to have a vehement desire for a thing : thirst'- 
ing, imp.: thirst'ed, pp.: thirst y, a, -I, suffering from 
thirst; very dry; parched; having any vehement de- 
sire: thirst'iness, n. -n6s, state of being thirsty: 
thirst'ily, ad. -ll: thirst'er, n. -er, one who thirsts. 

thirteen, v.. thir'-tcn (thr, < , and !■ n .- A:i. threat time), 
ten and three ; one more than twelve : thirteenth, a. 
■tenth, the ordinal of thirteen. 

thirty, a. ther'tl (AS. thrittig; Dan. tredive; Dut. 
dcrtiq), three times ten ; one more than twenty-nine : 
n. the sum of three times ten : thirtieth, a. -6th, the 
ordinal of thirty : Thirty Years' War, in h ist. , a series 
of wars carried on between the Protestant and Rom. 
Oath, leagues in Germany during the first half of the 
17th century. 

this, a. this, plu. these, thcz (AS. thes ; Ger. dies ; Icel. 
tliessi, this), that which is present or nearest in time 
or place; that which is just mentioned: by this, after 
such an interval ; by this time. 

thistle, n. this'-l (Icel. thistill; Ger. distel, a thistle), 
a name applied to a variety of prickly plants ; the 
national emblem of Scotland: thistly, a. thls'll, over- 
grown with thistles; prickly: thistle-down, n. the 
tine feathery down attached to the seeds of thistles. 

thither, ad. thith'er (AS. thider; Icel. thadhra, 
thither), to that place ; opposed to hither .• to that end 
or point : thitherward, ad. -werd, also thith'erwards, 
■wirdz, towards that place. 

tho', tho, a contr. of though. 

thole, n., also thowl, n. thai (AS. thol, a thole: Icel. 
thollr, a fir-tree, a pine : Dut. dolle, an oar-pin : Norm, 
and Dan. toll, a pin, a stopper), a pin inserted into the 
gunwale of a boat to keep the oars in place when row- 
ing,— if there be two to each row-lock, the oar is worked 
between them— if but one, the oar is fastened to it by 
a band or socket, and the oar may be put on or taken 
off at pleasure ; in arch., the scutcheon or knot in the 
midst of a timber-vault. 

thole, v. thol (AS. tholian; Icel. thola, to suffer, to 
bear), in Scot., to bear; to endure; to undergo: tho'- 
ling, imp.: tholed, pp. thold. 



5 THOU 

tholobate, n. thol'o-bat (Gr. tholos, an arched roof, 
and basis, a basis), in arch., that part of a building on 
which a cupola is placed. 

Thomaism, n. tho'-mu-lzm, the doctrines of St 
Thomas Aquinas with respect to predestination and 
grace: Tho 'mist, n. -mist, a follower of St Thomas 
Aquinas, a distinguished schoolman of the 13th cen- 
tury. 

thomsonite, n. idm'sondt (after Dr Thomson, the 
chemist), a mineral of the zeolite family, of a whitish 
colour, occurring in rectangular prisms in the cavities 
found in amygdaloid, basalt, greenstone, and old lava. 

thong, n. thong (AS. thwang or ilm-ong, a strap: 
related to whang, a slice or strap), a thin leather strap 
or leather string, used for fastening anything. 

Thor.n. thor (Icel. Thurr: AS. Thunor), in the Scan, 
myth., the son of Odin, the supreme god, and his wife 
Freya; the god of thunder, winds, showers, and the 
wea'ther, after whom we have the name of the fifth 
day of the week, Thursday. 

thorax, n. tho'-rdks (L. and Gr. thorax, the breast, 
defensive armour for the breast), in a nut., the chest ; 
that part of the body situated between the neck and 
the abdomen, containing the be;irt, lungs, &c: tho- 
racic, a. tho-rds'lk, of or relating to the thorax : tho- 
racic duct, the great trunk which conveys the con- 
tents of the absorbed vessels and the lacteals into the 
blood, and which runs up along the spine from the 
receptacle of the chyle to the left subclavian vein, in 
which it terminates : thorac'ics, n. plu. -Iks, an order 
of bony fishes having the ventral fins placed beneath 
the pectorals. 

thorite, n. tho'rlt (after the Scand. deity Thor), a 
hard, brittle, reddish-brown, massive mineral, occur- 
ring in the Syenites of Norway : thorina, n. tho-ri- 
nil, one of the primitive earths obtained from the 
mineral thorite; oxide of thorium: thorium, n. tho'- 
ri-fun, the metallic base of thorina. 

thorn, n. tlunern (Goth, thuttrmis; Icel. thorn; 
Ger. clom; W. draen, a thorn), a tree or shrub armed 
with sharp spines ; a spine ; a prickle ; anything that 
causes great trouble and anxiety: thorn'y, a. -I, full 
of thorns, or rough with them; spiny; troublesome 
and harassing: thorn'less, a. -Ids, wanting thorns: 
thorn-apple, thorn- bush, names of plants: thorn- 
hsdge, a hedge or fence composed of thorn-bushes: 
thornback, a fish of the ray kind : thornbut, -but (Uer. 
durnbiif), aturbot. 

thorough, a. thur'o (AS. thurh; old H. Ger. durh, 
thorough: another form of through, which see), pass- 
ing through or to the end ; complete ; entire : thor- 
oughly, ad. -II, fully; completely: thoroughness, n. 
■nes, the state or quality of being thorough: thorough- 
bred, a. fully taught or accomplished; bred from 
a sire and a dam of the best blood, as a horse : 
thorough-bass or -base, -bas, in music, an accompani- 
ment to a continued bass by figures ; a term com- 
monly used as synonymous with the science of har- 
mony: thor'oughfare, n. -far, a passage from one 
street or opening to another ; an unobstructed way : 
thorough-going, a. going all lengths . thorough-paced, 
a. complete; going all lengths : thorough-pin, a tum- 
our on each side of the hough of a horse. 

those, a. thoz (AS. tha ; Gr. tous, those), the plu. of 
that, which see. 

Thoth, n. thoth, theanc. Egyptian god of eloquence, 
supposed to have been the'inventor of writing and 
philosophy. 

thou, pron. thdiv (AS. and Icel. thil; Goth, thu; 
Ger. du; L. tu; Gr. tu or su, thou), the pron. sing, 
of the second person, used in speaking to a person ; 
now seldom used, except in solemn discourse or' in 
addressing the Deity; still used by the Society of 
Friends or Quakers 'in their ordinary conversation; 
but among the uneducated, thee, the objective form, is 
very commonly and incorrectly substituted for thou. 

though, corn, tho (.VS. theah; Icel. tho; Goth. 
thuuh, though), granting or admitting, as, "though 
he slay me, yet will I trust hi him"; notwithstand- 
ing; however: as though, as if. Note.— In familiar 
language, though is used at the end of a sentence in 
the sense of however, yet, and is meant to render em- 
phatic and afim bement or opinion of the 
speaker— that, in spite of drawbacks, such "was or 
would be,"— as, "his di\ i ccessful though." 

thought, v. thnTrt, pt. and pp. of think, which see. 

thought, n. thawt (AS. theaht or thoht, thought— 
from thencan, to think— see think), that which the 
mind thinks ; the act of thinking ; the state of the 



colo, bo~y,fo~ot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



THOU 



656 



THRO 



mind when attending to a particular subject ; inward 
reasoning ; an idea ; a conception ; fancy ; imagination ; 
meditation ; judgment ; solicitude ; design or pur- 
pose ; in familiar language, small degree or quantity, 
as, "I am a thought better": thoughtful, a. -fool, 
full of thought ; having the mind directed to some ob- 
ject ; anxious ; attentive ; considerate : thought'fully, 
ad. -U: thought'fulness, n. -nSs, deep meditation ; solici- 
tude : thoughtless, a. -l& rithout thought <-;mH< 
thoughtlessly, ad. -II : thoughtlessness, n. -nes, the 
state or quality of being thoughtless ; heedlessness ; 
inattention. 

thousand, n. thow'zdnd (Goth, thusundi ; old H. 
Ger. zenstunt; Lith. tukstantis, a thousand), the num- 
ber of ten hundred; any great number: adj. denot- 
ing ten hundred, or any great number : thousand-fold, 
a. multiplied by a thousand : thou'sandth, a. -zdndth, 
the ten-hundredth part of anything; denoting one 
part of a thousand equal parts ; the ordinal of thou- 
sand. 

thowl— see thole. 

thrall, v. thrawl (Icel. thrall; Gael, trdill, a slave), 
to enslave : n. a slave ; a bondsman ; slavery ; bond- 
age : thralling, imp.: thralled, pp. thrawld: thral- 
dom, n. -dom, bondage ; slavery ; the state of a thrall 
or servitude. 

thrapple, n. thr&p'-pl (AS. throt-bolla, the throat- 
pipe), in Scot., the windpipe of an animal: v. to seize 
forcibly by the throat: thrap'pling, imp. -pling : 
thrappled, pp. thrdp'pld. 

thrash, v. thr&sh, also thresh, v. thrSsh (imitative of 
the sound: Icel. thriskja; Dan. toerske; Ger. dres- 
chen; Dut. drbschen; Goth, thriskan, to thresh), to 
beat, as corn, in order to separate the seed from 
the straw; to beat soundly; to work at thrashing: 
thrashing, imp.: n. act of beating out grain; a 
sound drubbing: thrashed, pp. thrdsht: thrash'er, n. 
-er, one who thrashes out grain : thrashing-floor, the 
floor or space on which grain is beaten out : thrash- 
ing-machine, a machine or apparatus for beating out 
the seed of grain. 

thrave, n. thrdv (Dan. trave, a score of sheaves : 
Sw. trafwe, a pile of wood : AS. threaf, a handful : 
Icel. thrifa, to gripe, to seize), two dozen; twenty- 
four, sometimes twelve, sheaves of wheat. 

thread, n. thred (Dut. draed, thread: Ger. draht, 
thread, straw-band— from Ger. drehen ; Dut. draayen, 
to turn, to twiit), a thin string or line formed of any 
fibrous substance twisted together ; any fine filament 
or line ; the prominent spiral part of a screw ; some- 
thing continued in a course or tenor, as a discourse : 
v. to pass a thread through, as the eye of a needle ; to 
pass of pierce through, as a narrow or intricate 
way: threading, imp.: thread'ed, pp.: thread'y, a. -I, 
like thread ; containing thread or threads : thread- 
iness, n. -nes, the state of being thread-like, or drawn 
out into threads : thread'er, n. -er, one who threads : 
threadbare, a. worn to the threads, or deprived of 
the nap, as cloth ; worn out ; used till it has lost its 
interest or novelty; trite: threadbareness, n. the state 
of being threadbare: thread-shaped, a. in hot., in the 
form of a filament or thread. 

threat, n. IhrU (AS. threan, to reprove : Icel. thruga, 
to press, to compel : Sw. truga, to drive by threats or 
fear), an avowed determination to inflict punishment 
or injury on another; a menace: v. to threaten: 
threaten, v. thret'n, to announce openly the purpose 
of inflicting punishment or injury on another; to 
attempt to terrify by threats or menaces ; to present 
the appearance of coming evil ; to exhibit the appear- 
ance of some coming danger or evil : threatening, 
imp. thret'ning : adj. indicating a menace or some 
evil or danger impending: n. the declaration of a 
purpose to inflict evil ; a denunciation of evil ; a men- 
ace: threatened, pp. thret'nd: threatener, n. thrif- 
tier, one who threatens : threat'eningly, ad. -li. 

three, n. a. thre (Lith. trys ; L. tres ; Sans, tri, three), 
two and one : three-deep, a. in rows of three running 
across the length: threefold, a. thrice repeated: 
three-coat-work, in arch., a plastering consisting of 
picking-up, roughing in (i oating, and finishing: three- 
pence, a sum consisting of three penny-pieces : three- 
ply, a. consisting of three distinct webs inwrought 
together in weaving ; threefold : threescore, three 
times twenty ; sixty : rule of three— see rule. 

threnetic, a. thre-nit ! I - • ikos, inclined to 
mourning), sorrowful; mournful. 

threnody, n. thren'o-di (Gr. threnos, a wailing, and 
ode, a song), a song of lamentation. 



thresh, thre'sh, and thrashing-floor— see thrash. 

threshold, n. thresh'old (AS. therscwald; old Eng. 
threswold; Icel. threskjolldr, a threshold: Bav. dres- 
chen; Goth, thriskan, to tramp, and AS. weald or 
wold, a wood), the bar on which we tread in entering 
a house ; the door-sill ; gate ; entrance ; the point of 
entering or beginning. 

threw, v. thro, pt. of throw, which see. 

thrice, ad. thrls (from Eng. three), three times ; very 
thrice-favoured, a. highly favoured. 

thrift, n. thrift (from Eng. thrive), a thriving state 
or condition ; economical management in regard to 
means or property ; economy ; sparingness ; frugality : 
thrift'y, a. -i, economical; r.rudji!; industrious and 
frugal ; using ei >E ay and •<>'.( management of pro- 
perty: thriftily, ad. -li: thrift iness, n. -n8s, eco- 
nomical management of property; frugality: thrift'- 
less, a. -Ms, profuse ; extravagant : thriftlessly, ad. 
-U : thriftlessness, n. -nes, the state or quality of being 
without economy or frugality. 

thrill, v. thrll (It. trillare, to shake, to quaver : F. 
dridriller, to tingle, as mule-bells : Dan. trille, to roll 
—see trill), to pierce; to penetrate; to cause a sharp 
tingling sensation to run throughout the whole body ; 
to feel a sharp tingling sensation throughout the whole 
body: n. a thrilling sensation: thrilling, imp.: adj. 
penetrating; feeling a tinglin ihi erinfe sensation 
running throughout the whole body: thrilled, pp. 
thrild : thril'lingly, ad. -li : thril'lingness, n. -nes, the 
quality of being thrilling. 

thrissa, n. thrls' sa (Gr. thrissa, a kind of anchovy 
full of small hair-like bones— from thrix, a hair or 
bristle), a fish of the shad and herring kind whose flesh 
is considered as sometimes poisonous, found in the 
waters of intertropical countries. 

thrissonotus, n. thrls'so-no'-tus (Gr. thrix, a bristle, 
and notos, the back), in geol., a genus of fossil fishes 
characterised by the peculiarity of their dorsal fins : 
thris'sops, n. -sops (Gr. opsis, appearance), one of Agas- 
siz' genera of fossil fishes, so named from the long 
bristle-like character of their fin-rays. 

thrive, v. thrlv (Icel. thrifa, to seize, to lay hold of: 
Dan. trives, to thrive : Norm, triva, to snatch), to pros- 
per, particularly by economical and good manage- 
ment ; to increase in goods and property ; to flourish ; 
to grow: thri'ving, imp.: adj. being prosperous or 
successful ; increasing : n. act of growing ; growth ; 
healthful increase : thrived, pt. thrlvd, also throve, 
pt. thrOv, did thrive : thriven, pp. thrlv'n : thriving- 
ly, ad. thri'ving -11: thri'ver, n. -ver, one who thrives. 

thro', thrd, a contr. of through, which see. 

throat, n. throt (AS. throte; Dut. strot; It. strozza, 
the throat), the fore part of the neck, in which are the 
gullet and the windpipe or trachea ; the contracting 
part of a chimney ; in shipbuilding, the hollow inside 
part of a knee-timber. 

throb, v. throb (Sw. drabba, to strike against, to 
knock: Russ. trepat', to knock gently: L. trepidare, 
to tremble), to heave or beat with more than usual 
force and rapidity, as the heart or pulse ; to palpitate : 
n. a beat or strong pulsation, as of the heart : throb'- 
bing, imp.: adj. beating with unusual force, as the 
heart or pulse : n. act of beating with unusual force, as 
the heart or pulse : throbbed, pp. throbd : throbbing 
pain, a pain which is seemingly increased or caused 
by the pulsation of arteries. 

throe, n. thro (AS. thrawan, to twist : Scot, tliraw, 
to wreathe, to twist— see throw), extreme pain or 
agony ; the pains of travail or child-birth. 

thrombus, n. throm'bus (Gr. thrombos, a clot of 
blood), a small tumour formed by the escape of blood 
under the skin. 

throne, n. thrdn (L. thronus ; Gr. thronos, a seat: 
P. trone), a royal seat ; a raised chair of state, usually 
richly ornamented, and surmounted by a canopy ; the 
seat of a bishop in his cathedral ; sovereign power and 
dignity ; the place where God pre-eminently manifests 
His power and glory : v. to place on a royal seat ; to 
exalt: thro'ning, imp.: throned, pp. tlirond, thro'ned 
in poetry, placed on a royal seat; exalted: throne'- 
less, a. -les, without a throne. 

throng, n. thrdnt mg,& press or crowd : Ger. 

dringen, to press : Icel. thryngva, to press : Dan. trang, 
narrow), a great number of individuals pressing or 
pressed into a close body ; a crowd ; an assemblage : 
v. to crowd or press; to incommode with numbers 
crowding together; to come in multitudes ; to swarm: 
thronging, imp.: adj. crowding together; pressing 
together in great numbers: n. act of crowding to- 



mute, m&t.fdr, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



THEO 



657 



THUR 



pettier: thronged, pp. throned: adj. filled with a i 
multitude of persons pressing together. 

throstle, n. thros'-l (Ger. drossel; Dan. trost; L. 
turdus, a thrush), the song-thrush; a machine used 
in spinning in wool-nulls : throst'ling, n. -ling, a mor- 
l.iil swelling in the throat in animals of the cow kind. 

throttle, v. throt'tl (from Eug. throat), to prevent 
respiration by pressure on the windpipe ; to strangle ; 
to suffocate : n. the windpipe : throt'tling, imp. 
-tling: throttled, pp. throt-tld : throttle-valve, a valve 
in the steam-pipe of an engine for regulating the sup- 
plv of steam to the cylinder. 

through, ad. thro (Goth, thairh; Ger. durch; AS. 
thurh, through: W. trtcydd, through, by means of: 
L. trans, across, on the other side), from one end or 
side to the other ; to the end or conclusion : prep, from 
end to end; from side to side of; passage among or in 
the midst of: by means of: throughout, ad. in every 
part : prep, in every part of ; from one extremity to 
the other : to carry through, to accomplish : to fall 
through, to be given up, as a project or plan ; to be 
abandoned : to go through, to prosecute to the end, as 
a scheme: through and through, completely tlimuuh; 
pierced wholly from side to side: through- ticket, a 
ticket for a whole journey: through-train, on a rail- 
way, a train which goes the whole length from ter- 
minus to terminus, or to the end of a long route. 

throve, v. throv, pt. of thrive, which see. 

throw, v. thru (original meaning, to turn or whirl, 
and thence, to cast or hurl: AS. ihrawan, to twist: 
Scot, thraw, to wreathe or twist: W. troi, to turn: 
Bret, trci, to twist : L. torquere, to twist), to send to a 
distance by flinging or casting, as from the hand; to 
whirl ; in the silk manufacture, to unite and twist by 
whirling ; to toss ; to cast ; to put or place carelessly ; 
to overturn or prostrate, as in wrestling ; to perform 
the act of hurling or casting : n. the act of hurling or 
flinging; a driving or propelling, as from the hand or 
from an engine; a cast, as of dice; the distance to 
which a thing j s or may be thrown, as a stone's-throw ; 
a stroke: throw'ing, imp.: threw, pt. thro, did throw: 
thrown, pp. thron, flung; sent to a distance: thrower, 
n. tlwo'-Cr, one who throws ; also throw'ster, n. -stir, 
one who throws silk for the weaver : to throw ahout, 
to scatter : to throw away, to lose by neglect or folly ; 
to reject: to throw back, to retort; to reject; to re- 
fuse : to throw by, to lay aside as useless : to throw 
down, to overturn; to destroy; to depress : to throw 
in, to put in; to deposit with others; to join in or 
with : to throw off, to expel ; to reject or discard : to 
throw one's self down, to lie down : to throw one's 
self on or upon, to resign one's self to the favour, 
clemency, or power of: to throw out, to reject; to 
expel; to eject; to utter caielessly or insidiously: to 
throw up, to resign ; to vomit : to throw silk, to twist 
singles into a cord: thrown-silk, silk consisting of 
two or more singles twisted into a cord. 

throwster— see under throw. 

thrum, n. thrum (Ger. trumm, a short thick piece, 
stump, end: Icel. thrbm, edge, lip: Swiss, triem, the 
ends of the thread of the warp cut off by the weaver), 
the ends of weavers' threads cut off ; any coarse yarn : 
v. to stick short pieces of yarn through ; to knot ; to 
fringe ; to play rudely or monotonously on an instr. 
with the fingers: thrum'ming, imp.: adj. playing on 
an instr. rudely and monotonously with the fingers ; 
knotting; twisting: thrummed, vp. thrumd: thrum- 
my, a. thrum-mi, containing or resembling thrums. 

thrush, n. thrush (AS. thrysce; Dan. troske, a 
thrush), a singing bird of various species; the mavis. 
thrush, n. thrush (from Eng. thrust, a breaking out), 
a. disease in the feet of horses and some other animals 
of an inflammatory and suppurating kind ; a disease 
of infancy, consisting of small inflammatory ulcers, of 
a whitish colour, in the mouth and fauces ; aphthae. 

thrust, n. thrust (Icel. thrysta, to press, to thrust; 
Goth, trudan, to tread grapes in a press : L. trudere, 
to thrust), a violent and sudden push ; a sudden push 
or a drive, as with a pointed weapon, or with the foot ; 
in arch., out- ; an arch against its abut- 

ments, or of rafters, beams, &c, against the walls: v. 
to push or drive with force ; to drive or force, as a 
thing into a body, or between bodies ; to stab ; to 
squeeze in ; to attack by a thrust ; to enter by pushing 
or squeezing in ; to push forward : thrusting, imp. : 
n. the act of pushing with force or squeezing in: 
thrust'ed, pp., also thrust, pp. thrust: thrust ings, n. 
■lich is last pressed out of the curd 
by the hand; also spelt thrutchings, thruch'-lngz: 
coiv, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, 



home-thrust, an unexpected rebuke administered to 
a person, drawn from his own statements, arguments, 
or conduct. 

thrustle, n. thrus'l, the thrush or throstle. 

thud, n. thud (AS. thoden, noise, din: L. tundere, to 
pound, to din or stun one with noise), a stroke or blow 
causing a dull sound. 

Thug, n. thug (Hind, thug, a deceiver, a robber), in 
India, one of an association' of robbers and murderers : 
Thug gee, n. -ye', also Thug'gism, n. -glzm, the practice 
and superstition of the Thugs. 

thuites, n. plu. thu-ltz ((Jr. thuia, a tree producing 
an aromatic gum— from thuein, to burn incense or 
perfumes), in geol., a genus of coniferous plants occur- 
ring in framm-nts in the shale and coal of the oolite, 
their imbricated steins and terminal twigs resembling 
those of the modern thuja or arbor-vitcc: thu'ja, 
n. -ja, in hot., a genus of evergreen trees, thickly 
branched, having scale-like, closely-imbricated, or 
compressed leaves ; also written thu'ya, n. -yd. 

Thule, n. thu-le (L. or Gr. thule), in early anc. hist., 
the northernmost part of the habitable world, sup- 
posed to have been Norway or Iceland, or more pro- 
bably the mainland of the Shetland Islands,— hence 
ul'tiina Thule, td'-tl-md- (L.), furthest Thule. 

thumb, n. thum (old H. Ger. thumo ; Ger. daumen; 
Icel. thum all, a thumb), the short thick finger of the 
hand : v. to handle awkwardly ; to play or soil with the 
thumb or fingers; to finger : thumb ing, imp.: thumbed, 
pp. thumd, soiled with the fingers: adj. having 
thumbs: thumbkin, n. tMm'-kin, also thumb-screw, 
an instr. of torture for compressing or squeezing the 
thumbs, much used in Scotland during the tyrannical 
times of the 17th century: thumb-stall, a kind of 
thimble or sheath of iron, horn, or leather, for protect- 
ing the thumb in sail-making and other work : by rule 
of thumb, in a rude unskilful manner ; not by educa- 
tion or imparted skill. 

Thummira, n. thum'-mim (Heb.), perfections— one of 
the ornaments of the breastplate of the anc. Jewish 
high priest, always used in the compound, Urim and 
Thnmmim,— what they were has never been satisfac- 
torily ascertained. 

thump, n. thump (imitative of the sound of a blow: 
It. thumbo, a thump: Dan. dump, sound of a heavy 
fall: Vv\ twmpian, to thump, to stamp: F. tomber, to 
fall), a heavy blow with something hard and thick: v. 
to strike with something thick or heavy, as with a 
club, or the fist; to strike or fall with a dull heavy 
blow: thumping, imp.: adj. heavy; large; fat: 
thumped, pp. thiimpt: thump'er, n. -er, one who 'or 
that whichthumps ; familiarly, anything large, great, 
or admirable ; a barefaced lie. 

thunder, n. thun'der (Ger. dormer; L. tonitru; F. 
tonnerre, thunder— from L. tonare, to thunder: Icel. 
duna, to bellow : Dan. dund<:r, a rumbling sound), the 
deep and loud rumbling sound heard in the sky after 
a Hash of lightning; the report or noise caused by a 
discharge of atmospheric electricity ; any very loud 
noise ; an alarming threat or denunciation : v. to sound 
or rumble loudly, as the sound which follows a dis- 
charge of atmospheric electricity ; to make a loud 
heavy noise, especially with some continuance ; to 
emit with noise and terror; to publish, as a startling- 
denunciation: thun'dering, imp.: adj. making a loud 
noise, especially with some continuance; uttering a 
loud sound : n. the report following an atmospheric 
discharge of electricity : thun'dered, pp. -derd : thun'- 
derer, n. -der-er, one who 1 bunders : thunder-blast or 
-clap, a sudden burst of thunder : thunderbolts, shafts 
of lightning ; a familiar name for belemnites, the ma- 
jority of which are straight, round, tapering, or of a 
bolt-like form; a person daring or irresistible; any- 
thing sudden and startling, as intelligence ; an eccles- 
iastical denunciation: thunder-cloud, a dark cloud 
which produces lightning and thunder : thunder- 
shower, sudden and heavy rain during thunder: 
thunder-stone, a variety of crystalline iron pyrites ; 
a belemnite: thunder-storm, a storm with thunder 
and lightning : thunder-struck, a. struckbylightning ; 
greatly astonished ; struck dumb by something start- 
ling and surprising. 

thurible, n. thu-rl-bl (L. thuribulum, a censer to 
burn incense in— from thus, frankincense— gen. thu- 
ris), a vessel held in the hand for burning incense, sus- 
pended by chains, nnd used at mass, vespers, and 
oilier solemn offices of the R, Cath. Church. 

thuriferous, a. thfi-rif:'r-us(L. thus, frankincense— 
gen. thuris, and fero, I bear), producing or bearing 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



2 T 



THUR 



658 



TIDE 



frankincense: thurification, n. thu'rl-fl-ka'shun (L. 
faclo, I make), the act of fuming with or burning 
incense. 

thurl, n. therl (AS. thyrel, a hole, an aperture), a 
short communication between adits in mines; along 
adit in a coal-pit. 

Thursday,]), tlierz'da (AS. 1hiinrrt;-drrg, the thun- 
derer's day : Dan. Torsdut/, Tbor'sdav- aft-a-tln '-v.hiJ 
Thor, the god <>i t)m 1 1. l<.-r), tb.; fifth .lay of the week. 

thus, ad. conj. thus (AS. thus: Dan. and Low Ger. 
clus.- old Ger. sus), in this or that manner; on this 
wise ; to this degree or extent. 

thus, n. thus (L. thus, frankincense), the resin of the 
spruce-fir. 

thuya— see thuja, under thuites. 

thwack, n. thwak (imitative of the sounds of blows), 
a smart blow with something blunt and heavy ; a 
thump: v. tu strike with something blunt and heavy ; 
to beat or thump : thwacking, imp. : thwacked, pp. 
thivdkt. 

thwart, a. thwaTvrt (Icel. thvera, to slant: AS. 
thiveorh ; Ger. zwerch, cross, wry : Dut. dwaers, ob- 
lique), being across or crosswise: v. to lie or come 
across the direction of; to cross, as a purpose ; to op- 
pose ; to frustrate or defeat : n. the seat or bench of 
a boat on which the rowers sit, placed athwart the 
boat : thwarting, imp. : adj. opposing ; crossing : n. 
the act of one who or that which thwarl ii" na, <>i' 
crossing or opposing: thwart'ed, pp.: thwart'er, n. 
-er, one who thwarts: thwart'ingly, ad. -tng-ll: 
thwart'ly, ad. -II, crosswise. 

thy, pron. thi (a contr. of thine), of thee, or belong- 
ing to thee : thyself, reciprocal pron.— from thy, and 
self. 

thyine-wood, n. thi'-\n-v<~<,d, (O. thuia, a tree pro- 
ducing an aromatic gum), a precious wood mentioned 
in the Revelation, probably the wood formerly called 
thuja, known to the Romans by a name signifying 
citron-wood. 

thylacine, n. thl'ld-sm (Gr. thulakos, a pouch, and 
kuon, a dog), a genus of marsupial animals, including 
the dog-faced opossum, the only known living species, 
a native of Tasmania : thy'lacole'o, n. -ko-le'-o (Gr. l< on, 
a lion), in geol., a carnivorous marsupial mammal 
from the uppermost tertiaries of Australia: thy'laco- 
the'rium, n. -the'ri-um (Gr. therinn, a, wild beast), in 
geol. , a small marsupial mammal of the oolite. 

thyme, n. tlm(L. thymum; Gr. thumon; F. thym; 
It. timo, thyme), a common aromatic herb : thymy, 
a. tl'ml, abounding with thyme ; fragrant. 

thymus, n. thl'miis (Gr. thumon, a fleshy excres- 
cence on the skin), a temporary organ existing at the 
lower part of the neck in children, and disappearing 
gradually after the second year. 

thyro, thl'ro, or thyreo, thi'rS-0 (Gr. thureos, a 
shield), a prefix in anatomical terms, implying connec- 
tion with the thyroid cartilage: thy'roid, a. -rdyd (Gr. 
eidos, resemblance), in anat., applied to one of the car- 

i 'I.e.- ;: of i In f : i ■ ,\ •'■' r "'ii i ' •' ic l<Ui i< i . 

applied to a glandular body lying in front of this car- 
tilage, or the arteries supplying the part. 

thyrsus, n. ther'sus, also thyrse, n. titers (L. thyr- 
sus ; Gr. thursos, a stalk, a stem, a staff entwined 

with ivy and rine shoo; a, in /..,/., a species o o 

rescence ; a panicle very compact, as in the lilac, or 
like a bunch of grapes. 

thyself— see under thy. 

tiara, n. ti-a'ra (L. and Gr. tiara, a turban : It. tiara: 
F. tiare), the lofty ornamental head-dress of the anc. 
Persians ; the mitre of the anc. Jewish high priest ; 
the Pope's triple crown : tia'raed, a. -rdd, possessing 
or wearing a tiara. 

tibia, n. tih'i-a (L. tibia, a pipe or flute: F. tibia), 
in anat., the larger of the two leg-bones, so called from 
its supposed resemblance to an anc. flute : tib'ial, a. 
-('(/, pert, to or situated near the tibia. 

tic, n. tlk (F. tic, a knack), a local and habitual con- 
vulsive motion of certain muscles, particularly of the 
face: tic-douloursux, n. 1 ik'd >",■!, „, .,./(F. douloureux, 
. painful), a painful affection of a nerve, coming on in 
Midden attacks, usually in the head or face ; neuralgia 
in the face. 

tick, n. tik (F. tique ; Ger. zecke), an insect, a para- 
site on sheep, dogs, c.c; a, small bean used for feed- 
ing horses, &c.: tick-seed, a plant- 



tick, v. <?& (imitative, ni tin; sound of light knock- 
ing : Dut. tikken, to pat, to touch : Low Ger. ticken, to 
touch gently, as with the tips of the lingers; klitzcn, 
to jot down in writing), to make a small quick noise ; 

mate, mat, far, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin ; note, not, move; 



to make clots with the point of a pen ; to beat, as a 
watch does: n. the beat of a watch ; a dot or small 
mark with the point of a pen : ticking, imp.: ticked, 
pp. tlkt: to tick a thing off, to mark an item with the 
touch of a pen : to take a thing on tick, to have it 
jotted down or marked on the score instead of paying : 
on tick, on credit : tick-tack, the noise occasioned by 
two successive vibrations of the pendulum. 

tick, n. tik, also ticking, n. -ing (Dut. tijk; Ger. 
zieche, a tick or covering of a bed— from Ger. Ziehen ; 
Dut. trekken, to draw), the cover or ease of a bed 
which contains the feathers, wool, or other stuffing: 
ticken, n. tik'n, also ticking, n. -ing, the strong cloth 
" ied for bed-ticks. 

ticket, n. tlk'et (F. ttiquette, a little note or ticket), 
a, mark stuck on the outside of anything to give notice 
of something concerning it ; a token or certificate to 
secure some benefit or privilege; a label; a slip of 
paper bearing a mark, number, &c; a small card in- 
scribed and numbered, admitting to a place of amuse- 
ment, or to travel on a railway, steamboat, &c: v. 
to distinguish by a ticket; to attach a ticket or label 
to: tick'eting, imp.: tick'eted, pp.: ticket-porter, a 
porter wearing an authorised ticket or badge : ticket 
of leave, a licence to be at large, granted to a convict 
of good conduct before the expiry of his sentence, 
liable to be forfeited on misconduct: ticket-writer, 
one who writes and paints show-cards for shop-win- 
dows, &c. 

tickle, v. m ;'i. irl-, to mark with dots : 

Low Ger. ticken, to touch lightly: L. titillare; Scot. 
kittle; Dut. kittelen; Ger. kitzeln, to tickle), to touch 
lightly, as the skin, so as to cause a peculiar thrilling 
sensation which excites laughter ; to please by slight 
gratification; to excit' tin n I i n of tn kling; to 
feel tickling : tic'kling, imp. -kling: n. a light touch that 
causes one to twitch or feel a peculiar sensation pro- 
vocative to laughter: tickled, pp. tik'kld: tic'kler, n. 
-kler, one who tickles : tic'klish, a. -kllsh.ea&ily tickled ; 
easily moved or affected ; tottering ; nice ; critical : 
tic'klishly, ad. -II : ticlilishness, n. -n6s, the state or 
quality of being very sensitive ; criticalness of state. 

tid, a. tid (AS. tiihhr, tender), tender ; soft ; nice : 
tid-bit, n. -bit, a delicate or tender piece. 

tidal— see under tide. 

tide, n. tid (AS. tid, hour, time : Ger. zeit; Sw. tid, 
time, season: AS. tidon, to happen), the alternate 
ebb and flow, or rising and falling, of the waters of 
the ocean, and bays, rivers, &c, connected with it ; 
stream ; current ; favourable course ; turning-point : 
v. to drive witli the stream ; to work in or out of a 
harbour or stream by favour of the tide : ti'ding, imp. : 
ti'ded, pp.: tidal, a. ti'ddl, of or pert, to the tides; 
periodically falling and rising by the tides, as a river: 
tideless, a. tid'les, having notides : tidal basin, a dock 
that is filled on the rising of the tide : tidal river, a 
river whose waters rise and fall up to a certain point 
in its course under the influence of the tide-wave : 
tide-current, a current in a channel caused by the 
alternation of the level of the water during the pas- 
sage of the tide-wave : tide-day, the interval between 
two successive arrivals at the same place of the same 
vertex of the tide-wave : tide-gate, in a basin or dock, 
a gate to prevent the waters flowing back when the 
tide ebbs : tide-gauge, an instr. or apparatus for regis- 
tering the state of the tide at every instant of time : 
tide-mill, a mill in which the tide-water is the motive 
power: tide-tables, tables showing the time of higli 
water at any place for any day of the year: tide- 
waiter, a custom-house officer who waits for the 
arrival of vessels, and remains on board to secure the 
payment of the dues on all goods: tide-wave, the 
accumulation of the waters of the ocean caused by the 
action of the moon, modified by that of the sun, and 
which changes its position tbrou'jhoni ihe day: tide- 
way, the channel in which the tide sets : ebb-tide, the 
falling back of the water towards the sea : flood-tide, 
the rising and flow of the tide towards the shore: 
neap-tides, the lowest tides, caused by the sun and 
moon when at right angles to each other— that is, 
during the firs ah larters of the moon: re- 
tard or age of the tide, the interval between the transit 
of the moon at which a tide originates and the appear- 
ance of the tide itself: spring-tides, the highest tides, 
caused by the joint attraction of the sun and moon 
when in a straight line, or acting in the same direc- 
tion: to tide over a difficulty, by prudence and skil- 
ful management, and it may be the kindly aid of an- 
other, to be able to get over an evil turn in one's affairs. 



TIDI 6, 

tidings, n. plu. tl'dlngz (AS. tidan, to happen : Icel. 
tidindi, events, news : Ger. zeitig, timely, seasonable), 
news; intelligence: ti'dingless, a. without news or 
tidings. 

tidblogy, n. tl-dol'6-ji (En?, tide, and Gr. logos, dis- 
course), the theory or doctrine of the tides ; that part 
of science which treats of the general laws that govern 
tides, and the circumstances, of a local or casual na- 
ture, which may influence their height and time. 

tidy, a. H'-di (Ger. zeifig, seasonable: Dut. tijdig, 
timely, in season), seasonable ; arranged in good order ; 
neat : v. to make neat and clean ; to put in good order : 
n. a piece of fancy knitted-work to throw over the 
back of an arm-chair, or a sofa, or suchlike ; a child's 
light outer covering: ti'dying, imp.: ti'died, pp. -did, 
arranged in neat order : ti'dily, ad. -di-ll : ti'diness, n. 
-7i6s, the quality or state of being arranged with neat- 
ness and simplicity. Xote— The preceding entries, 
tide, tidings, and tidu, are etymologically connected. 

tie, v. tl (AS. tige, a drawing, a tie ; tian, to bind: 
Low Ger. teen ; Ger. Ziehen, to draw), to fasten or bind, 
as with a cord ; to make fast ; to unite so as not to be 
easily parted; to constrain; to confine; to unite: n. 
a fastening ; a knot; obligation arising from rela- 
tionship or friendship ; a piece of timber or metal 
used to bind together two bodies having a tendency 
to diverge; in music, a curved line written over or 
tinder notes, either rising or falling on the stave, or 
both, to indicate that they are to be shirred or sung to 
the same syllable without its repetition; an equality 
in numbers, as in votes, and so hindering either party 
from being victorious ; a knot of hair ; a sort of neck- 
cloth : tying, imp.: tied, pp. tid: tie-beam, the beam 
which connects the bottom of a pair of principal 
rafters : to tie down, to fasten in order to hinder fr in 
rising; to impose a legal or moral obligation upon; 
to restrain : to tie up, to confine ; to restrain. 

tier, n. tcr (old F. Here, rank, order: Dut. tuyer; 
Low Ger. tier, a tether, a row of connected things), 
a row, especially where two or more are placed one 
above another. 

tierce, n. ters (F. tierce, a third: F. tiers; L. tcrtius, 
third), a cask whose contents are one-third of a pipe- 
viz., forty -two gallons ; in gum ing, a sequence of three 
cards of the same colour ; a particular thrust in fenc- 
ing. 

tiercel, n. ter'-sel IF. tiereelet, said of male birds of 
prey: L. tertius, the third), a small goshawk — so 
called from being the male, and small, or as being, 
according to an old fancy, the product of a third egg. 

tiers-etat, n. terz'-i-td (F.), in Fr. hist., the third 
branch of the legislative assembly; the commonalty. 

tiff, n. tlf (prov. Eng. tiff, a sup or draught of drink ; 
tiffing, eating or drinking out of due season: Norm. 
tev or tceft, drawing the breath), a small sup or draught 
of liquor : tiffin, n. tlf 'fin, a slight repast between 
breakfast and dinner; luncheon,— a term generally 
used among Anglo-Indians: tiff, n., or tift, n. tlft, a 
fit of ill-humour or peevishness ; altercation : tifty, a. 
ilf'ti, ill-natured; petulant; also tif' fish, a. -fish. 

tige, n. tej (F. tige, a stalk or stem— from L. tibia, a 
pipe or flute), in arch., the shaft of a column from the 
astragal to the capital. 

tigellus, n. tl-jci'-lus, also tigella, n. -Id (a Latinised 
word from F. tigelle— from tige, a stem), in hot., the 
portion of the embryo between the radicle and cotyle- 
dons ; the young embryonic axis. 

tiger, n. H'ger (L. and Gr. tigris, a tiger: F. tigre ; 
It. tigro, a tiger : Hind, teer, an arrow), a fierce rapa- 
cious animal of Asia of the feline family, nearly as 
large as a lion ; a servant in livery who rides with his 
master or mistress: ti'gerish, a. -Ish, also ti'grish, 
a. -grlsh, like a tiger; fierce: tiger-cat, a carnivorous 
animal resembling the tiger, but of smaller size : tiger- 
footed, a. hastening to devour: ti'gress, 11. -gres, the 
female tiger: ti'grine, a. -grin, resembling a tiger; 
feline : tiger-shell, one of the cowrie-shells— so called 
from its spots. 

tight, a. tit (Dut. dicht, solid, thick: Icel. thettr ; 
Sw. tat, stanch, tight), not loose or slack; compact; 
not leaky ; not having holes ; sitting very close to the 
bod}-, as clothes; ill supplied or stringent, as the 
money-market: tightly, ad. -II: tight'ness, n. -nes, 
the quality or condition of being tight: closeness.; 
compactness ; stringency : tighten, v. Ht'-n, to draw 
or make tight or tighter; to straiten; to make close 
~~ closer: tightening, imp. tlt'-ning: tightened, pp. 



9 TIME 

or leggings ; part of the stage-dress of a dancer or 
acti ess : tight-rope, a rope suspended above, the earth 
and tightened, on which persons dance and perform 
other feats. 

tike, n. tik (old Sw. tik; Icel. tyk, a little bitch: Ger. 
dachs, a badger), a dog ; a cur ; a selfish snarling fel- 
low; a vulgar person ; a rustic. 

tilbury, n. Hl'-bSr-i, a kind of carriage open at the 
top. named after the original maker. 

tile, n. HI (AS. Hgel; Ger. ziegel; L. tegula; F. tuille, 
a tile— from L. tegere, to cover), a piece of burnt clay, 
fiat or round, or other form, used for roofing and for 
drains, <^c; in the form of small slabs, coloured and 
ornamented, used for floors, walls, &c: V. to cover 
with tiles, or as with them: tiling, imp.: n. act of 
covering with tiles; tiles collectively : tiled, pp. Hid: 
adj. covered with tiles : tiler, n. tl'lir, a man whose 
occupation is to cover buildings with tiles ; a brother 
who covers or seals the door on the outside at a lodge 
of freemasons— also spelt tyler: tile-earth, clay suit- 
able for making tiles: tile-ore, a variety of led oxide 
of copper, occurring massive or incrusting : tilestone, 
anv thinly-laminated sandstone suitable for roofing. 

till, coiij. til, also until, An- til' (Ger. ziel; old H. Ger. 
zil ; Bohem. cyl, a bound, a limit), to the time when ; 
to the degree that, as, I shall wait till you arrive : 
prep, to the time of; to the time, as till to-morrow: 
till now, to the present time: till then, to some fu- 
ture time fixed on. 

till, n. til (F. layette, a till or drawer: Dut. tillen, 
to lift, to move), a drawer in a desk or counter; a 
money-box. 

till, v. HI (AS. tilian, to direct one's efforts to a pur- 
pose, to labour: Dut. tuylen, to till the soil : Low Ger. 
telen, to beget, to cultivate), to prepare land for seed, 
and to raise and dress crops; to cultivate: n. (Scot. 
till, a cold unproductive clay), a Scotch term for the 
stilt" unstratilied clays of the boulder formation, now 
beginning to be applied to any thick unstratilied allu- 
via : tilling, imp.: n. culture ; tillage : tilled, pp. tiki: 
tiller, n. Hl'-tr, one who tills : tillable, a. -la-bl, cap- 
able of being tilled: tillage, n. -aj, the art or practice 
of ) ireparing land for seed and raising crops ; culture : 
tilth, n. tilth, cultivated land ; culture. 

tiller, n. til'ler (Dut. tillen, to lift, to meddle with), 
among seamen, the bar or lever by which the rudder 
is worked. 

tiller, v. til'ler (AS. tilga; Dut. telghe, a branch, a 
shoot), to send up a number of shoots from a root: 
tillering, imp.: tillered, pp. -Urd: tillers, n. plu. 
-Urz, shoots or sprouts springing from a root or stump ; 
the young trees left to stand when a wood is felled. 

tilt, v. tilt (AS. tealtian, to totter, to vacillate), to 
ride at each other with blunt lances; to joust; to 
fight ; to rush, as in combat ; to fall or lean, as to one 
side ; to throw to one side : n. inclination forward ; a 
riding at each other with blunt lances: tilting, imp.: 
n. the act of one who or that which tilts; the process 
by which blistered steel is rendered ductile : tilt'ed, 
pp.: adj. levelled, as in a tilting match ; raised up on 
end or edge: tilt'er, n. -er, one who tilts: to tilt up, 
to strike up a thing so as to set it slanting : tilted up, 

■ ■■■■[ olio, I 1, o, kil an I i, lio'o-.i o 

up at a high angle of inclination: tilt-hammer, a 
large hammer set in motion by machinery, and lifted 
or tilted 1 >y projections or wipers on the axis of a wheel, 
used in the manufacture of iron. 

tilt, n. Hit (Icel. tjalld, a tent, curtain: Dut. telte ; 
Ger. zelt, a tent: Sp. tulda, an awning), a covering 
overhead; the canvas covering of a cart or waggon; 
an awning of canvas extended over the stern-sheets of 
a boat : v. to cover with an awning : tilt-waggon, a 
covered waggon. 

tilth— see under till 3. 

timbal, n. tim'bal (F. timbale; Sp. timbal; It. tim- 
ballo, a kettle-drum— from Gr. tuptein, to beat), a kind 
of kettle-drum ; one of certain species of insects which 
make noises by the rapid movements of folded mem- 
branes in a cavity on the under part of the abdomen, 
and which membranes are called the timbales, tlm- 
bai-ez. 

timber, n. tlm'ber (Goth. Hmrjan, to build: Ger. 
zimmer, building materials: Hut. timruer, the whole 
materials of a building), wood fit for building pur- 
poses ; the trunk of a tree ; the main beams of a build- 
ing ; one of the upright pieces of a ship's frame : adj. 
furnishing timber; made of or used for timber: v. to 
furnish with timber: timbering, imp.: n. timber 
materials: tim'bered, pp. -bird: adj. furnished with 



cdio, boy, f Jot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, ffiere, zeal. 



TIME 



660 



TING 



timber; wooded: tim'bers, n. plu. -berz, the ribs on 
which a vessel is framed : timber-head, in a ship, 
the top end of a timber rising above the gunwale : tim- 
ber-tree, a tree whose wood is fit for use as timber: 
timber-work, work made of timber or wood : timber- 
yard, a place where timber is kept. 

timbre, n., also timber, n. tlm'-ber (F. timbre, a clock- 
bell, stamp), the crest on a coat of arms ; an acous- 
tic property by which sounds of the same note and 
loudness, on two diffei tvl its, are distin- 
guished from each other by a different quality. 

timbrel, n. tim'brel (Sp. tambor, a drum ; timbal, a 
kettle-drum— see tabour), an anc. drum, like a tam- 
bourine, having bells round the rim : tim'brelled, a. 
■breld, sung to the sound of the timbrel. 

time, n. tlm (Icel. tima; Dan. time, to happen, to 
befall: Goth, gatiman; Ger. ziemen, to be fit or be- 
coming: L. tempus; F. temps; It. tempo, time), a par- 
ticular portion of duration, past, present, or future ; 
any space or measure of duration, as an hour, a day, a 
month; period; interval ; life or duration ; repeated per- 
formance ; season; completion of the time, as of preg- 
nancy ; state of things at a particular period, as good 
times; in gram., tense ; in music, measure of duration 
of sounds indicated by certain marks ; the number of 
notes, &c, in a bar, indicated by certain figures at the 
beginning of a piece ; the absolute velocity with which 



words ; the present state of things ; repetition or addi- 
tion of one more : v. to adapt to the occasion ; to do at 
the proper time or season ; to regulate as to time : ti'- 
ming, imp.: timed, pp. timd, adapted to the season or 
occasion : ti'mist, n. -mist, one who keeps good time : 
timely, a. tlm'-li, seasonable; opportune; sufficiently 
early: ad. early; soon; in good season: timeliness, 
n. -n6s: timeless, a. -las, done at an improper time: 
time'lessly, ad. -li: timeously, ad. tl'mus-ll, in proper 
time : absolute time, time reckoned for all places by 
some common epoch, and irrespective of local stand- 
ards or epochs : apparent time, the time of day reck- 
oned by the sun: astronomical time, mean solar 
time : at times, at distinct intervals : civil time, time 
as reckoned for the purposes of common life into 
years, months, &c. ; common time, in mil., the or- 
dinary time taken in marching, being at the rate 
of about ninety steps per minute ; iii music, four 
crotchets in a bar, or time equal to four crotchets : 
in time, in good season; sufficiently early: mean 
time, a mean or average of apparent time: quick 
time, in mil., rapid marching, in which the steps are 
about one hundred and ten in a minute : sidereal time, 
that time which is shown by the apparent diumal rev- 
olutions of the stars : solar time, time as measured 
by the sun, or as shown on the sun-dial : true time, 
mean time, as kept by a uniformly-going il ■ 
ball, a ball dropt down a staff placed on an elevated 
position at an observatory by means of an electrical 
apparatus, to publish accurately a preconcerted time 
—1 p.m. Greenwich time being thai in g uerai n ■ a 
Britain : time-bargain, a contract for the sale or pur- 
chase of merchandise, or of stock in the public funds, 
at, a certain future time : time-bill, same as time- 
tables, which see : time-book, in workshops and facto- 
ries, and suchlike, a book in which a record is kept 
of the time the work-people have been at work each 
day : time 'enough, sufficiently early : time-honoured, 
a. honoured for a long time ; venerable and worthy 
of honour : time immemorial, or time out of memory, 
time beyond memory, or to which memory does not 
extend : time-keeper, a clock or watch ; a person 
appointed to record the time each person has worked 
per day in a workshop or factory : time of memory, in 
JCmj. lam, a time said to commence from the beginning 
of the reign of Richard I. : time out of memory— see 
time immemorial: time-killing, a. adapted to pass 
away the time: timepiece, a watch or ornamental 
clock for a mantelpiece : time-pleaser, one who always 
turns round to the prevailing opinions: time-sanc- 
tioned, a. permitted or approved of by long use : time- 
server, one who adapts his opinions and manners to 
the times, or who obsequiously -complies with the ru- 
ling powers : time-serving, n. mean compliance with 
present power : adj. servile ; obsequious: time-tables, 
printed lists of the times of starting and arrival of the 
several trains at each station of one or more railways, 
or of omnibuses and steamboats: time-worn, a. im- 
paired by time : to kill time, to make the time pass 
pleasantly or without tediousness by occupying the 

mate, m&t,f&r, law; mete, me~t, 



attention with something : to lose time, to delay ; to 
go too slow : to move or go against time, to move or 
run as rapidly as possible in order to ascertain the; 
greatest attainable speed. 

timid, a. tlm'ld (L. timidus, faint-hearted, cowardly 
-from timeo, lam afraid of: F. tiniide: It. timidu), 
faint-hearted ; wanting courage to meet danger or dif- 
ficulty, real or imaginary: timidly, ad. -II: tim'id- 
ness, n. -nes, also timidity, n. ti-mld'l-ti, want of 
courage or boldness to face drinker; habitual cowar- 
dice : timorous, a. tim'-er-us (L. timor, fear : It. 
tiynoroso, timorous, fearful), full of fear or scruples ; 
fearful of danger : timorously, ad. -II .- tim'orousness, 
n. -nes, tearfulness. 

timocracy, n. ti-mok'rd-sl (Gr. time, honour, work, 
and krateo, I govern), government by men of pro- 
perty who are possessed of a certain income: timo- 
cratic, a. tl'mo-krdt'ik, pert, to timocracy. 

tin, n. tin (Icel. tin; Ger. zinn ; L. stannum, tin : W. 
ystaen), a white, soft, and very malleable metal ; thin 
plates of iron covered with a coating of tin ; a dish 
made of tinned-iron plate : v. to cover with a coating 
of tin; to overlay with tinfoil: turning, imp.: n. the 
art or process of covering plates of iron, or the inner 
surfaces of iron or copper vessels, &c, with a coating 
of tin; the layei i oating thus put on: tinned, pp. 
tind, covered with tin: tinny, a. tin'-nl, abounding 
with tin: n. in Scot., a child's vessel or jug made of 
tinned sheet-iron : tin'ner, n. -ner, one who works in 
a tin-mine: tinfoil (L. folium, a leaf), tin in thin 
leaves : tin'man, one who makes or sells articles made 
of tinned sheet-iron: tin-mine, a mine producing tin 
ore : tin-plate, thin sheets of iron coated with tin : tin 
pyrites, a sulphuret of tin, copper, and iron— a min- 
eral of a steel-grey, or sometimes of a copper-yellow, 
colour : tin-stone or -ore, the oxide of tin or cussit- 
erite, the ore from which the tin of commerce is ob- 
tained: tin-ware, iron articles coated with tin; uten- 
sils made of tin-plate : block-tin — see under block : 
stream-tin, the gravel-like ore found with detritus 
in the gullies and water-courses of metalliferous dis- 
tricts. 

tincal, n., alsotinkal, n. ting'MUMal. tingkal : Pers. 
tinkar), crude borax, as it is imported from the East 
Indies, in yellow greasy crystals. 

tinchel, n. tln-chel (Gael, timchioll, a circuit, a 
compass : AS. tynan, to enclose), in Scot., a large num- 
ber of sportsmen who, having surrounded an exten- 
sive sjia.ee, gradually close in upon their game. 

tinct, tlngkt (L. tinctum, to colour), an old spelling 
of taint, which see. 

tincture, n. tingk'tur (L. tinctura, a dyeing— from 
tinctum, to moisten, to dye : It. tintura : F. teinture, 
dye, tincture), a slight taste or quality added to any- 
thing; inmed, a solution, generally in spirit, of the 
aci..Ue principle ol anj substance; a liquid extract; 

a shade of colour: v. to im] with any foreign 

matter; to conn >n m ini tea. portion of anything foreign; 
to imbue: tincturing, imp.: tinc'tured, pp. -turd: 
tinctorial, a, tlngk-to'-rl-al, containing or imparting 
colour. 

tinder, n. tinkler (Sw. tindra, to sparkle ; tunder, 
tinder : Icel. tyndra, to sparkle ; tendru, to light a fire ; 
tundr, tinder: Ger. zunder; old F. tondres, tinder), 
anyveryiiifiaiiiiiiaM: Don iaii c-i i-i.-;.-. n , 

linen, used for obtaining fire by striking a spark 
among it by means of a flint and steel : tin'dery, a. 
-i, also tinder-like, a. like i inflammable: tinder- 

ore, an impure arsenical sulphide of antimony and 
lead, occurring in soft flexible flakes resembling tinder, 

Hi' a '•:<:■; ' I I I 1 J 1 '. I I l.'OjoUi' 

tine, n. tin (Icel. tindr; Norm, tind, the tooth of a 
comb or harrow : Dan. tand, a tooth), the point of the 
fork of a deer's horn ; one of the spikes of a fork, or 
of a harrow ; a prong : tined, a. tind, furnished with 
tines. 

tinfoil— see tin. 

ting, n. ting (imitative of the sound), the sharper 
sound of a bell— the other is called tong, and the com- 
bination ting-tong. 

tinge, v. timjiL. iingo, I moisten, I dye: F. teindre, 
to dye or colour), to colour or stain ; to impregnate 
with something foreign; to communicate in a slight 
degree the taste or qualities of a substance : n. a slight 
degree of colour or taste derived from some other sub- 
stance: tin'ging, imp.: tinged, pp. tinjd. 

tingle, v. ting'gl (imitative of the sound of a small 
bell, represented in different languages by the sylla- 
bles tin, ting, tink, tang, twang; L. tinnire, to ring: 
Mr; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



TINS 



661 



F. tinier, to ring, to tingle ; tinton, the ting of a bell: 
Dut. tintelen, to tingle as with cold), to feel a ringing 
sensation, as in the ear; to have a quick thrilling 
sensation, with a feeling of slight pricking, generally 
disagreeable and painful, but sometimes imparting a 
degree of pleasure: tingling, imp. -gling: n. a thril- 
ling sensation ; a noise in the ears : tingled, pp. ting- 
gki. 

tinker, n. ting'-ker (imitative of the t inking or clink- 
ing sound of working or hammering metal: probably 
Scot, tink, to rivet, the noise so made, and caird or 
card, a gipsy, a sturdy beggar— i.e., tink-caird, a per- 
son who mends pots and pans), a mender of pots and 
pans, especially such as are made of tin-plate ; any 
mender or botcher: v. to work as a tinker; to patch 
up coarsely : tin Tiering, imp. : n. the employment of 
a tinker; the act of patching up coarsely: tinkered, 
pp. -kerd. 

tinkle, v. tlng'kl (imitative of the sound of small 
bells— see tingle), to make small, quick, sharp S' nuiJs, 
as of little bells, or pieces of metal ; to cause to clink ; 
to have in the ears the sensation of small sharp 
sounds: n. a clink; a quick noise: tinkling, imp.: 
adj. making a sharp quick noise : n. a small, quick, 
sharp sound, as of a small bell: tinkled, pp. ting-kid. 
, tinned, tinner, tinning, tinny — see tin. 

tinsel, n. tln'sU (old F. estincelles; F. etincelle, a 
sparkling, spangles: Dut. tintelen, to tinkle, to spar- 
kle: L. scintilla, a spark), something very shining and 
gaudy; something showy, or having a false lustre, but 
without value; a kind of lace: adj. gaudy; showy 
to excess; superficial: v. to adorn with something 
glittering, but not of much value ; to make gaudy : 
tin 'selling, imp.: tinselled, pp. -seld. 

tint, n. tint (It. tinta: old F. tinct ; F. teint, dye, 
hue: L. tinctus, coloured, tinged), a slight colouring 
distinct from the ground or principal colour ; a shade ; 
a hue of colour; the different degrees of intensity and 
strength of colour in a pigment : v. to give a slight 
colouring to : tinting, imp. : n. a forming or impart- 
ing of tints : tinted, pp. : adj. slightly stained or dyed ; 
tinged. 

tmtinnabular, a. tin'-tln-nab-u-ler, also tin 'tinnab'- 
nlary, a -ler-l(L. tintinnabulum, a bell— from tintin- 
nare, to ring, to jingle: an imitative word), relating 
to or connected with a bell ; making the sound of a 
bell : tin'tinnab ula'tion, n.-ia'shun, a tinkling sound, 
as of a bell. 

tiny, a. tl'ni (imitative of making the voice pipy to 
express something very small: Dut. iceynigh; Or. 
wenig, little, small), very small ; little ; puny ; ti'nier, 
comp. -er: ti'niest, super! -est. 

tip, n. tip (Dut. tip, a point : Ger. zip/el, a tip, a 
corner: Eng. top), the point or extremity of any- 
thing small ; the end ; a slight blow ; a hint ; a small 
present in money (slang) : v. to form a point to ; to 
cover on the top or end; to strike lightly; to give 
a hint or wink (slang) ; to make a present in money : 
tipping, imp.: n. in music, a distinct articulation given 
to the flute by striking the tongue against the roof of 
the mouth : tipped or tipt, pp. tipt, having the top or 
end covered : tipstaff, n. an officer who bears a staff 
tipped with metal; a constable: tiptoe, n. the point 
of the toe : on the tiptoe of expectation, the state of 
being awake or alive to anything: tiptop, a. highest; 
supreme : n. the- highest or utmost degree ; the ex- 
treme : to tip the wink (slang), to intimate to another 
by means of a wink. 

tippet, n. tip-pet (Ger. zip/el, the tip or lappet of a 
garment: Dut. timp, a tip or corner, a wrapper for 
the neck), a narrow garment or covering of fur or 
cloth for then er, worn by females. 

tipple, v. tip'pl (Bav. zip/el, a corner of anything, a 
small portion: prov. Eng. tip, a draught of liquor : 
Low Ger. tippl, a dot, a fine drop : Norm, tipla, to drip 
slowly, to sip), to drink intoxicating liquors frequent- 
ly and to excess: n. an excess in drinking intoxicating 
liquors: tippling, imp. -pllng: adj. indulging in the 



runs swiftly over the water), pert, to insects of the 
genus tip nla, or the crane-fly kind. 

tirade, n. ti-rdd' (F. tirade, a long train of words— 
from F. tirer; L. trahere, to draw), a long train of 
words; a dec] a >r reproof. 

tirailleur, n. ti-ral-yir' (F.), a soldier put in front 
of the line as a sharpshooter to annoy the enemy ; a 
skirmisher. 

tire, n. tir (old F. Here, rank, order: Low Ger. tier, 
a row of connected things— see tier), a row or rank ; a 
head-dress; furniture; apparatus; in mtt., guns, shot, 
and shells, &c, placed in a regular form : tire-woman, 
a female head-dresser; a milliner: tire or tiring room, 
the dressing-room of a theatre. 

tire, n. tlr (from tie, to fasten or bind), a heavy 
band or hoop of iron used to tie or bind the fellies of 
►heels in order to secure them from breaking or wear- 



-vvho tipples : tippling-house, a shop where intoxicating 
liquors are retailed to be drunk on the premises ; a 
dram-shop. 

tipsy, a. tlp'-si (Swab, tapps; Swiss, tips, a fuddling 
with drink: Swiss, tipseln, to fuddle one's self), 
affected with liquor; drunk: tip'sily, ad. di: tip- 
-.■ing drunk. 

tipulary, a. tip'-u-Ur-l (L. tippula, an insect that 

cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



ing. 

tire, v. tlr (Bret, terri, to break, to abolish : AS. 
teran, to break, to tear : Low Ger. teren, to pull, to 
plague: Sw. tazra; L. terere, to rub, to wear away), to 
fatigue; to weary; to exhaust the strength by labour ; 
to be fatigued ; to have the patience exhausted : tiring, 
imp. Wring: tired, pp. tird: adj. weary; fatigued; 
jaded: tiredness, n. tird'nes, the state of being 
wearied : to tire out, to weary or fatigue beyond fur- 
ther exertion : tiresome, a tlr'sum, fatiguing; weari- 
some ; tedious ; exhausting patience : tire'somely, ad. 
-II: tire'someness, n. -nis, the quality or state of be- 
ing tiresome; tediousness. 

tirolite, n. tir'6-llt (so called from being found in 
many parts of the Tyrol, and Gr. lithos, a stone), cop- 
per-froth ; a fine verdigris-green or azure-blue car- 
bonate of copper and arsenic. 

T-iron, n. te-i'em, rolled bar-iron, shaped, when cut 
in sect ions, like the letter T. 

'tis, Hz, a contr. for it is. 

tisic, a. tiz'lk, and tisical, a. tlz'i-kdl, for phthisic, 
which see. 

Tisri, n. tlz'rl (Heb. tishri— from Chald. shera', to 
open, to begin), the first month of the Hebrew civil 
year, and the seventh of the ecclesiastical, answering 
to parts of our September and October. 

tissue, n. tish'-u (F. tissu, woven— from F. tisser; 
L. texere, to weave), any woven stuff; cloth inter- 
woven with figured colours, or with gold or silver 
thread; any thin and delicate texture or fabric; in 
anat. or bot., the minute elementary structures of 
which organs are composed ; a connected series ; a col- 
lection; a mass: v. to form tissue of; to interweave : 
tis'suing, imp.: tissued, pp. -iid: adj. variegated: 
tissue-paper, a very thin semi-transparent variety of 
paper. 

tit, n. tit (Icel. tita, a small object of its kind: the 
change of a or o in tat or tot for i in tit marks dimin- 
ution or the least portion of anything— see tot), any 
very small thing ; a small horse or woman, in. con- 
tempt: tit-bit or tid-bit, a choice tender piece: tit 
for tat, an equivalent by way of revenge or repartee : 
tit'ling, n. -ling, the titlark; the hedge-sparrow: 
tittle, n. t-lt'tl, a particle ; a minute part ; a jot : tittle- 
tattle, n. -tdt'tl, idle trifling talk; an idle trifling 
talker: v. to talk idly; to engage in small senseless 
talk : tit tle-tat'tling, imp. -ling : tit'tle-tat'tled, pp. 
-tdt'tld : titlark, a small species of lark : titmouse, 
n. -mows, a small bird of several species ; plu. tit'mice. 

Titan, n. tl'ta iheathei myth., the eldest son of 
heaven and earth : Ti'tans,plu. the sons of Titan and 
Terra (L. earth), and their descendants, who warred 
against Jupiter, said to have been a race of giants of 
enormous size and vast strength : ti'tan, a. , or titanic, 
a. tl-tan'-ik, of or relating to the Titans ; enormous. 

titanium, n. ti-ta'-ni-um (Gr. titanos, lime, white 
earth), one of t h < of a dark cop- 

per-red colour with a strong metallic lustre, sometimes 
found in small • in the slag of blast-fur- 

naces: titanite, n. ti'-td Itanium ore — 

better known by the name of sphene: titanic, a. tl- 
ttln'ik, pert, to or containing titanium : titanic acid, 
the form in which titanium occurs as a constituent of 
several minei ii t n us (I. 

Jero, I bear), containing or yielding titanic acid and 
titanium. 

titanotherium, n. tl'tcn • Titan, a fabu- 

lous giant, andGr. therion, a beast), in geol., a large 
herbivorous mammal having some relations to the 
modern tapirs— was probably about twice the size of 
the existing horse. 

tithe, n. tlth (AS. teothe, tenth ; teot,hian, to tithe or 



TITH 



662 



TOIL 



take a tenth: Fris. tienda, tenth), a tenth part; the 
tenth part of the product; of land ami stock a Hotter! to 
the clergy : v. to tax to the amount of a tenth ; to pay 
tithes: tithing, imp. ti'thing: n. in Eng. in AS. 
<t?nes, a district n-igiiiaflyceinta.ining ten householders, 
who were sureties to the king for the good behaviour 
of each other: tithed, pp. tUhd: tithing-man, the 
officer of a town; a parish officer ; a constable: ti'- 
thable, a. -thd-bl, subject to the payment of tithes: 
tither, n. -l-///r, one v. ho tithes, or collects tithes. 

tithonic, a. tl-thon'ik (Gr. Tithonos ; L. Tithonv.s, in 
anc. myth., a son of La.omedon, consort of Aurora, en- 
dowed with immortality), pert, to or denoting those 
rays of light which produce chemical effects : tithon'- 
ically, ad. -II: tithonicity, n. ti'-thd-nis'i-H, that pro- 
perty of light by which it produces chemical effects. 

titillate, v. tit'll-lat (L. titillatum, to tickle: F. ti til- 
ler), to tickle i " i ling: titil- 
lated, pp.: tit'illa'tion, n. -la-shun, the act of, or state 

Of being tickled ; any ;:lie,ln ! l! >.<>•• 

titlark— see tit. 

title, n. ti'tl (L. tilvliir, a superscript i'in, a title: 
It. titolo; AS. tilul, a title), an ins<aspi i'en put over 
a thing as the name by vlnch it is to be known; 
the inscription at the beginning of a book intimating 
the subject of the work, and usually the author's and 
publisher's names; a general head containing partic- 
ulars ; a name ; an appellation ; a name of honour or 
dignity; a claim of right; that which is the foundation 
of ownership ; the written document that proves a 
right: v. to call; to name: ti'tling, imp. -fling: ti- 
tled, pp. tl'tld, named : adj. having a title or name of 
honour: title-deeds, writ ten instruments setting forth 
a man's title or right to property: title-page, the first 
page of a book, setting forth briefly the subject of the 
book, and the names of the author and publisher. 

titling, titmouse— see tit. 

titter, n. tlt'ter (imitative of a succession of sharp 
thin sounds: Dut. tateren, to make a rattling sound, 
to stutter: Icel. titra; Ger. zittern, to tremble, to 
shiver), a restrained laugh ; a giggle : v. to laugh with 
restraint : tit'tering, imp. : n. restrained laughter : 
tit tered, pp. -terd. 

tittle, tittle-tattle, &c— see tit. 

titular, a. tit'-u-ler (L. titulus, a title : F. fifuhrire), 
existing in name or title only ; having the title with- 
out possession or enjoyment: n. a person invested 
with a title to ;.n office, but who does not discharge; its 
duties : tit'ularly, ad. -II : tit'ular'ity, n. -ldr'i-ti. state 
of being titular : tit'ulary, a. -ler-i, pert, to a title : n. 
one who has a title or right. 

tivy, ad. tiv'i, contr. of tantivy, which see. 

tiza, n. ti'zd, the name by which borate of lime is 
called in southern Peru, where it is found on the dry 
plains in white reniform nodules. 

to, prep, to (Dut. toe; Ger. zu, to), a word denoting 
motion toward a place; expressing direction towards; 
denoting addition ; denoting the direction of; toward ; 
denoting accord or adaptation ; denoting address ; in 
comparison of; as far as; denoting effect or conse- 
quence: ad. the sign orprciixofthc; infinitive of a verb, 
as, " to live" ; the particle coming between two verbs 
to show that the second is the object of the first ; used 
after averb to modify its meaning, as, "he comes to".- in 
colloquial usage, especially in the U. States, the infini- 
tive is often understood, and only to expressed, as, "he 
orders me to go, but I do not wish to" (gro being under- 
stood): to-day, n. this day: to-night, n. this night: 
to-morrow, n. on the morrow : to and fro, n. a pacing 
backwards and forwards : ad. backward and forward : 
to the face, in presence of: to wit, to know ; namely. 

toad, n. tod (Dan. tudse, a toad— from Icel. tutna, to 
swell : prov. Bug. tote, to bulge out), a reptil" resem- 
bling the frog, but without its activity : toad'ish, a. 
-Ish, like a toad : toad-eater, n. originally, the assist- 
antto a mount ebank ; a. law uing obsequious parasite ; 
a mean and servile flatterer : toad'y, n. -i, a syco- 
phant; a mean flatterer or hanger-on; plu. toadies, 
-lz: v. to fawn upon with servile flattery; to display 
obsequiousness towards: toad'ying, imp.: toad'ied, 
pp. -id: toad'ying, n. -i-ing, or toadyism, n. -izm, 
servile flattery; the practice of meanly (awning on 
another: toad-stool, a poisonous kind of fungus. 

toadstone, n. tod'ston (Ger. todestein, dead stone- 
that is, stone containing no ores), among Derbyshire 
miners, certain trap-rocks which occur interstratih'd, 
or in connection with the mountain-limestones, void of 
ore ; (from Eng. toad), a stony concretion or jewel, 
fabled to be found in the head of the toad ; a kind of 



amygdaloid, so called from its mottled aspect resem- 
bling the skin of a toad. 

toast, v. tost (It. tostare, to toast or parch: L. tos- 
turn, to dry, to scorch), to dry and scorch by the heat 
of a fire, as bread or cheese ; to warm thoroughly : n. 
bread scorched or browned before the fire : toasting, 
imp.: toast'ed, pp.: adj. scorched by heat, as bread 
or cheese : toast'er, n. -er, an instr. for toasting 
bread, cheese, &c., before the fire : toast-rack, a small 
light stand, generally of metal, having partitions, in 
which dry slices of toad, may stand upright. 

toast, v. tost (probably from the Ger. cry, stoss an 
— that is, clink— the Oi. topers knocking their glasses 
together when they pledge; en.edi other), to drink to 
the health or honour of; to drink in honour of any- 
thing, or to its prosperity; to name a health to be 
drunk : n. the person or thing named whose health 
and prosperity are to be drunk to: toast'ing, imp. : n. 
.the system or practh n of drinking toasts: toast'ed, ' 
'pp.: toast'er, n. -er, one who toasts: toast-master, a 
person at a public dinner who announces the toasts to 
tin; company anil h-uls the cheering. 

tobacco, n. to-bdk'ko (the Indian name, tabaco, for 
the pipe or tube in which they smoked the plant, trans- 
ferred by the Spaniards to the plant itself: Sp. tabaco ; 
F. tabac), a highly-narcotic and poisonous plant, in- 
digenous to America, but extensively grown elsewhere; 
the dried and prepared leaves of the plant, much used 
in smoking and chewing, and in the manufacture of 
snuff: tobacco-pipe, a pipe used in smoking tobacco : 
tobae'eonist, n. -nist, one who manufactures the 
leaves of the tobacco-plant, or sells the various manu- 
factured forms of it. 

tobine, n. to'-bln (Dut. tabijn), a stout twilled silk. 

tocsin, n. tok'si.a (K. tocsin— from old F. toqner, to 
touch, to strike, and sein, a bell), an alarm-bell ; the 
ringing of a bell for the purpose of gi eg mi ala, o. 

tod, n. tod (Icel. todda, a flock or ball of wool: Ger. 
zote, a lock or flock of wool : Dan. tot, a bunch of flax), 
a bunch of anything fibrous, as hay ; a weight of wool 
of 28 lb. ; in Scot., the fox— probably so called from its 
bushy tail. 

to-day, n. tob-du'—aee under to. 

toddle, v. tod'dl (Dut. tau!,-ren, to tremble, to see- 
saw: Ger. zottehi, to reel, to stagger— see tot), to walk 
unsteadily, as a child: tod'dling, imp. -dling : tod- 
dled, pp. tdd'dld. 

toddy, n. tod'di (toddy, a word formed from Hind. 
tari, the juice of the Palmyra tree), the juice drawn 
from various kinds of palms in the East Indies; 
a spirit or liquor prepared from it; a mixture of 
spirits and hot water sweetened : grog is a mixture 
of spirits and cold water: toddy-ladle, a small ladle 
or deep spoon for mixing toddy in the tumbler or 
bowl, and for lifting a portion of it into a wine-glass. 

toe, n. to (Icel. and AS. ta; Dut. teen; Low Ger. 
taan, a toe— from Icel. teina, a shoot : Dut. teen, a- 
twig: AS. ton, a shoot, the toes being regarded as tir 
twigs or branches of the foot), one of the five branches 
which terminate a foot ; one of the fore parts of the 
paw or foot of a beast: toed, a. tod, having toes: 

lie ' I ll ' OI I " J 

bulbs, they fork into ,finger-and-toe-\ike divisions. 

toffy, n. tof'fi (Scot, taffie, a sweetmeat made of 
molasses mixed with flour, and boiled till it acquires 
consistency), a hard-baked candy or sweetmeai. mad. 
of molasses or sugar mixed with butter, and boiled to 
a consistency. 

toga, n. to'git (L. toga, a gown), a gown ; the loose 
gown or mantle worn by the anc. Romans : to'gated, 
a. -gd-ted, also to'ged, a. -ged, dressed in a gown; 
wearing a gown. 

together, ad. UTo-gcth'-er (Eng. to, and Ger. gattern ; 
Dut. gaderen, to gather, to collect), in company; in 
the same place; in the same time; in concert: to- 
gether with, in union with. 

toggery, n. tog'ger-i (L. toga, a gown), in familiar 

hlllllljlllji-, idol lees: gai-nie/us , a.l l.ieli' ... 

toggle or toggel, n. rod/.',// (probably from Dut. tok- 
kelen, to touch; or Ger. stack,.-!,, a little stick), among 
seamen, a small wooden pin tapering towards both 
ends, with a groove around its centre : toggle-joint, 
an elbow or knee joint consisting of two bars so 
connected that they may be brought into a straight 
line. 

toil, n. tdyl (Dut. tuylen, to till the ground ; tuyl, 
agriculture, labour— see; till), fatiguing labour; labour 
oppressive to the mind or body : v. to labour with 
pain or fatigue ; to work with fatigue : toiling, imp.: 



mate, milt, far, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, move; 



TOIL G63 

adj. labouring with fatigue : toiled, pp. twjld: toil'er, 
ii. -er, one who toils: toil'ful, a. -fool, wearisome: 
toilless, a, -16s, free from toil: toil'some, a. -sum, 
laborious; attended with fatigue or pain; wearisome : 
toilsomely, ad. -It: toil'someness, n. -nes, state of 
being toilsome or laborious. 

toil. n. toyl, usually in the pin. toils (F. toiles, toils, 
something to enclose or entangle wild beasts in: F. 
1oile, cloth— from L. tela, a web), any net or snare; 
any web or string spread for taking prey. 



TONG 



table; the dressing-table itself; mode or operati 
dressing; all matters connected with personal cleanli- 
ness and the adjustment of articles of dress: toil'- 
inette', n. -i-uef (F.I. a doth whose weft is of woollen 
yarn, and the warp of cotton and silk. 

toise, n. Mjfc (F. foist , a fathom— from L. tensus ; It. 
teso, stretched— as if measured by the width of the 
outstretched arms), a French measure of length, about 
six and a half English feet. 

Tokay, n. to-ka', a highly-prized wine produced at 
Tokay, in Hungary. 

token, n. to'-kn (Goth, taikns; Ger. zeichen, a mark, 
a brand: Icel. teikna; Dan. tegne, to mark, to draw), 
something meant to represent another thing; a 
mark ; a sign ; a symptom ; a memorial of friendship ; 
one of stamped pieces of metal used as coin to serve 
a temporary purpose ; in the Scotch Presbyterian 
Churches, one of stamped metal tickets of admission 
to partake of the sacrament of the Lord's Supper ; in 
printing, ten and a half quires of paper : to'kenless, 
a. -les, without a token. 

tola, n. to'-la (Hind, tula, a balance), in India, a 
weight for gold and silver, about 180 grains troy. 

told, v. told, pt. and pp. of tell, which see. 

toledo, n. to-le'do, a sword-blade of the finest tem- 
per, originally lvm Teie.io, in Spain. 

tolerable, a. toi'ir-a-bl (L. tolerubilis, that may be 
borne or endured— from tolero, I bear, I endure : F. 
tolerable), that may be borne or endured; support- 
able ; moderately good or agreeable ; not very excel- 
lent or pleasing; passable: tolerably, ad. -bit: tol'- 
erableness, n. -binds, the state of being tolerable: 
tol'erant, a, -dnt (L. tolero, I bear), enduring; suf- 
fering to be, or to be done; indulgent: tolerantly, 
ad. -II: tol'erance, n. -Cms, patience and indulgence 
towards those whose opinions or practices differ from 
our own : tol'erate, v. -at, to suffer to be ; to per- 
mit or allow without positive hindrance : tolerating, 
imp.: tolerated, pp. suffered; not prohibited: tol- 
era'tion, n. -a'shun, the allowance of that which is 
not wholly approved : the permission of religions opin- 
ions and modes of worship different from those of the 
established church. 

toll, n. tol (Ger. toll; Icel, tollr, custom, toll: Gr. 
telonion, a custom-house: Ger. zahlen, to reckon), a 
duty or tax imposed on travellers or goods passing 
along a bridge or a public road; a tax paid, or duty 
imposed, for some liberty or privilege ; a miller's com- 
pensation for grinding corn : v. to impose a toll on ; 
to exact, as a tax or "tribute: toll'able, a. -d-bl, sub- 
ject to the payment of toll: toll'age, n. -ay. payment 
of toll ; the amount paid : toll-bar, a beam or gate 
across a road at a toll-house to prevent vehicles pass- 
ing without paying toll : toll-booth, n. -bdth, a booth 
for the collection of tolls; subsequently a prison: 
tolbooth, n. tol-both', in Scot., a jail : toll-gate, a 
gate where toll is taken : toll-gatherer, one who col- 
lects the tolls : toll-house, the house where the toll- 
gatherer or tollman resides. 

toll, v. tol (Icel. tcdl, deceitful: W. twyll, deceit, 
illusion : Bret, touella, to enchant, to allure : old H. 
Ger. tollon, to stroke: originally meant, "to incite one 
to do a thing, to draw, to entice"), to stroke or ring 
slowly, as a bell to invite the people into church; 
to sound a bell with slow uniform strokes in order to 
announce a death, or tc solemnity to a funeral : 

n. the slow repeated sounding of a bell at short in- 
tervals: tolling, imp.: adj. sounding as a tolled bell: 
n, the act of one who or that which tolls : tolled, pp. 
told: adj. rung, as a bell. 

tolmen, n. tol'-men (Celt, clol, a table, and men, a 
stone), a curious, supposed druidical monument, con- 
sisting of a large stone placed horizontally on other 
upright stones about three or four feet high, also 
omlech ,■— also spelt dolmen. 

tolu-balsam, n. to-lo'-, a fragrant oleo- resin, the 
produce of a South American tree. 

co~tv, boy.fdbt; pure, hud; chair, 



tomahawk, n. tom'a-haTck (Ind. tomehagen or tamoi- 
hecan), an Indian war-club terminating in a heavy 
knob ; an Indian hatchet : v. to kill with the Indian 
club or hatchet: tomahawking, imp.: tom'ahawked, 
pp. -harckt. 

tomato, n. io-md'-td (Sp. and F. t ornate, but of Indian 
origin), a plant and its fruit, also called the love-opp',, 
having a rounded flattened form, but often irregular 
in shape, and of a bright-red or yellow colour. 

tomb, u. t6m (F. tombe, a tombstone; tombeau, a 
tomb: It. tomba; Sp. tumba, a tomb : Gr. tumbos, a 
mound of earth raised over a dead body, a tomb), a 
grave ; a house or vault in which to deposit the dead : 
tombed, a. tombd, deposited in a tomb : tomb'less, a. 
-les, without a grave or a sepulchral monument: 
tomb'stone, n. a stone with an inscription placed over 
a gnu e in memory of the deceased. 

tombac, n. tom'-bdk (Mai. tambaga, copper), an 
alloy of copper and zinc; brass with an excess of zinc : 
white tombac, tombac with a portion of metallic 
arsenic added. 

tom-cat, n. tdm'kclt (from Tom, the familiar abbre- 
viation of Thomas, and cut), a lull-grown male cat. 

tome, n. torn (F. tome, a volume : Gr. tomos, a piece 
cut off, the part of a book— from temnein, to cut : L. 
tomus, a piece or bit ; in mid. L., a book), a book ; one 
volume of several constituting the same work. 

tomentose, a. to'men-tos', also tomentous, a. tO-mSn' 
tiis (L. tomenlum, a stuffing for cushions : F. tomenteux: 
Sp. tomentoso), in bot., covered with hairs so close as 
scarcely to be discernible ; having a whitish down-like 
wool ; nappy: tomen'tum, n. -turn, inbot., the closely- 
matted hair or downy nap covering the leaves or stems 
of some plants ; in anat., the minutely-divided vessels 
on the surface of the brain. 

tomfool, n. tom'fol (Tom, the familiar abbreviation 
of Thomas, and fool), a great fool ; a silly trifler : tom- 
fool'ery, n. -er-l, foolish or senseless trifling. 

to-morrow, n. tdb-mor'ro, the day after the present. 

tompion, n. tom'pi-on— see tamp. 

tomtit, n. torn-tit' (Tom, the familiar abbreviation 
of Thomas, and tit— see tit), a very little bird ; the 
titmouse. 

tom-tom, a. lom'-tom'— see tam-tam. 

ton, n. tun (L. Una, a wine-vessel: F. tine, a tub; 
tonne, a barrel), a weight of 20 cwt. ; in ship-measur- 
ing, 40 cubic feet, by which the burden of a ship is 
estimated: tonnage, n. -dj, the weight of goods that 
may be carried in a ship ; a duty or toll on vessels, or 
on goods carried on water. 

ton, n. tong (F.), the prevailing fashion ; high mode. 

tone, n. ton (F. ton, tone, tune : Gr. tonos, a stretch- 
ing, a tone or note of the voice: L. tonus; Sp. tono, a 
tone), sound, or a modification of sound ; a particular 
inflection of the voice as modified by the feelings or 
passions ; the particular sound of the voice in speak- 
ing or reading ; the state of the body in regard to the 
healthy performance of its animal functions ; in music, 
an interval of sound; in paint., the harmony of the 
colours of a picture in light and shade : v. to utter in 
an affected tone; to tune: to'ning, imp.: toned, pp. 
tond: adj. having a tone: toneless, a. -Us, without 
tone ; unmusical : tone-syllable, an accented syllable : 
tonic, a. ton'ik, increasing tension; giving or increas- 
ing strength ; imparting vigour to the bodily system: 
strengthening ; pert, to tones or sounds ; in music, 
denoting the key-note: n. a medicine or agent which 
imparts vigour and strength to the body ; a stomachic ; 
in music, "the key-note or fundamental sound which 
generates all the rest: tonicity, n. to-nls'1-ti, a state 
of healthy tension of muscular fibres while at rest : 
toning down, subduing in colour or shade ; softening 
so as to remove all harshness. 

tongs, n. plu. tongz (Icel. taung; Sw. tang; Dut. 
tanghe ; Ger. zange, tongs : Icel. tangi, a tongue of 
land, the tang or part of a knife enclosed in the 
handle), an instr. of metal, consisting of two long 
legs jointed at one end, for grasping and holding any- 
thing. 

tongue, n. tung (Icel. tunga; Ger. zunge; Gael. 
teanga; L. lingua, utongue), the chief instr. of speech, 
and the organ of taste ; speech ; discourse ; power of 
speech; a language; am a ii ibii rig a tongue 

in its shape, use, or situation ; the projection on the 
end or side of a board which fits into a groove; the 
clapper of a bell : v. to chide ; to scold ; to talk or 
prate much: tongu'ing, imp. -ing: tongued, pp. 
tungd: adj. having a tongue: tongue'less, a. -les, 
speechless : tongue-shaped, a. in the lorm of a tongue : 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zecd. 



TONI 



664 



TORC 



tongued-tied, a. having an impediment of speech 
arising from some defect in the tongue; unable to 
speak freely from whatever cause : to hold the tongue, 
to be silent. 

tonic, ton'lk—see under tone. 

to-night, n. tub-nit' (to, and night), the night at the 
close of the present day. 

tonka-bean, tong'-kd-, also tonquin, tong'-kn-m (F. 
tonca: Tonquin, the country of its production), the 
fruit of a shrubby plant of Guiana, possessing a very 
pleasant smell, used in the scenting of snuff. 

tonnage— see ton. 

tonsils, n. plu. ton'sUs (L. tonsillar, the tonsils of 
the neck— from tonsilis, shorn or dipt : F. tonsille), 
two oblong glands situated on each side of the fauces, 
at the base of the tongue : ton'sili'tis, n. -ll'-tls, in- 
flammation of the tonsils ; a form of sore throat : ton'- 
sile, a. -sll, that may be clipt or shorn. 

tonsorial, a. ton-so'-rl-dl (L. tonsorius, of or belong- 
ing to shaving— from tonsor, a barber), of or pert, to a 
barber, or to shaving: tonsure, n. ton'-shobr (L. ton- 
sura, a shearing, a clipping: F. tonsure: It. tonsura), 
the act of clipping the hair or of shaving the crown of 
the head ; the state of being shorn ; in the R. Cath. 
Ch., the first ceremony performed in devoting a per- 
son to the priesthood ; the corona or crown worn by 
priests as a markof their order and rank in the Church : 
ton'sured, a. -shobrd, shaven on the crown; shorn; 
bald. 

tontine, n. ton-tin' (F. tontine: so called from the 
Italian Tonti in the 17th century, its first inventor), 
an annuity of survivorship ; an annuity being shared 
equally by several individuals, the equal share being 
increased by the death of successive annuitants until 
the whole goes to the last survivor, or to the last two 
or three, according to the original agreement. 

too, ad. t6 (AS. to, denoting an increase or addition 
—see to), more than enough ; over ; likewise. 

took, v. took, pt. of take, which see. 

tool, n. tdl (Icel. tol, an instrument : L. telum, a 
weapon), an instr. or aid for any manual operation ; 
a person used by another as an instr. to accomplish 
certain ends ; a hireling : v. to shape or fashion with 
a tool: tool'ing, imp.: n. workmanship performed 
with a tool, as in bookbinding : tooled, pp. tdld. 

toom, n. torn (Scot, toorn; Icel. tornr, empty, un- 
occupied: Gael, taorn, to pour out), in Scot., a place 
where rubbish may be emptied or poured out. 

toot, v. t6t (Cut. tuyten, to sound a horn: oldEng. 
totte, to whisper : Icel. thjota, to resound as the wind), 
to make a particular noise with the tongue striking 
on the upper teeth; to sound the flute or horn in a 
particular manner: toot 'ing, imp. : toot'ed.pp.: toot'- 
er, n. -er, one who plays on a pipe or horn. 

tooth, n. toth, plu. teeth, teth (Goth, tunthus; Ger. 
zahn; Sans, danta; Gr. odont'; L. dent', a tooth), one 
of the bony processes growing in the jaws, used as the 
instrs. of biting and chewing ; something pointed ; a 
prong; taste; palate; one of the notches on the rim 
of a wheel by i i i > • anient parts of 

another wheel or body : v. to furnish with teeth ; to 
indent; to jag; to lock into each other: toothing, 
Imp. : n. in brickwork, the irregular projecting bricks 
left standing at the end of a wall or building to form 
a union for any additional building: toothed, pp. 
tdtht: adj. having teeth or jags: tooth'ful, n. -fool, a 
small quantity : adj. palatable : toothless, a..-16's, with- 
out teeth : tooth'ache, n. -Ok, severe pain in one or 
more of the teeth, caused by decay : tooth'some, a. 
-sum, grateful to the taste: tooth'someness, n. -n&s, 
the quality of being toothsome : tooth'y, a. -i, hav- 
ing teeth: teeth on edge, a disagreeable tingling 
sensation in the teeth, caused by grating sounds, or by 
the actual or 1 1 >gjn > i i mi substances 

with the teeth, as an acrid or a woollen substance : 
tooth-pick, a small article for picking out particles of 
food that have lodged between the teeth : tooth and 
nail, with one's utmost power; by all possible means : 
in the teeth, in direct opposition : to the teeth, 
directly to one's face : to cast in the teeth, to retort 
reproachfully: to show the teeth, to threaten: in 
spite of the teeth, notwithstanding threats expressed ; 
in defiance of opposition. 

top, n. top (Icel. toppr, the top or summit: Low 
Ger. topp; Out. top, summit: W. twb, around lump), 
the highest or upper part of anything ; the surface ; 
the highest place or rank; the chief; among seamen, 
the small platform near the lower-mast head : adj. 
situated at the top or highest part : v. to rise to the 



highest place ; to rise above others ; to excel ; to rise 
over and above ; to cover on the top ; to crop ; to take 
the upper part: top'ping, imp.: adj. fine; gallant; 
predominating: topped, pp. 16 pt: adj. surpassed ; hav- 
ing the top cut off: top'ful, a. -f8bl, full to the top or 
brim: top-armour, in aship, a railing on the top pro- 
tected with netting: top-boots, boots with an orna- 
mental band of bright-coloured leather on the upper 
parts : topcoat, a coat worn over the ordinary dress 
by men: top-draining, surface-draining: top-dress- 
ing, manure laid on the surface without being turned 
or ploughed in : top-gallant, a. highest ; elevated ; 
that is above the top-mast : top-heavy, a. too heavy 
on the top ; tipsy : top-mast, the second mast above 
the deck, next the lower mast : topmost, a. -most, the 
uppermost; the highest: top-sail, the sail extended 
across the top-mast: top-timbers, pieces in the ribs 
of a ship's side, which are next above the futtocks. 



pear shape, which is made to spin on its point by 
means of a long cord ; also with a blunter point made 
to spin for any length of time by the continual appli- 
'■uImipi oi'a whip of several loose strands. 

topaz, n. to'pdz (F. tojmze : Gr. topazion), one of the 
precious stones, occurring in finely-striated crystals, 
transparent, of various colours, or colourless, most 
frequently yellow, and harder than quartz : topazolite, 
n. to-pdz'-o-llt (Gr. lithos, a stone), a pale-yellow, nearly 
transparent, variety of garnet : topaz-rock, a granular 
slaty mixture of quartz, schorl, and topaz. 

tope, n. top, one of the shark family, somewhat re- 
sembling the dog-fish. 

tope, v. top (Bav. toppen; Sp. topar, to knock} Sw. 
topp; F. tope, an exclamation representing striking 
hands on the conclusion of a bargain), to pledge one 
in drinking; to knock the glasses together before 
drinking them off, then to have a drinking-bout ; to 
drink in excess; to tipple: to 'ping, imp.: toped, pp. 
tOpt : toper, n. to'-per, a drinker to excess ; a tippler. 

tophaceous, a. to-f&'slv&s (L. tophaceus, belonging 
to tufa or turf— from tophus, tufa or tuff), a term ap- 
plied to bodies found in the lungs resembling stone : 
tophus, n. to'-fus, a swelling affecting a bone, or the 
periosteum ; a calcareous concretion about the joints, 
occi ing tti sfl in gouty persons. 

Tophet, n. to-fit, also To'pheth, n. -feth (derived by 
some from Heb. toph, a drum, from the beating of 
drums, and other discordant aoi there made to stifle 
the cries of the sacrificed children), in Scrip., a place 
lying south-east of Jerusalem, in the valley of Hin- 
nom, where fire was continually kept burning ; hell. 

tophus— see tophaceous. 

topiary, a. top-i-er-i (L. topiarius, belonging to or- 
namental gardening— from topia, ornamental garden- 
ing), shaped or done by cutting and clipping, as trees 
and hedges. 

topic, n. top'-ik (Gr. topikos, belonging to a place— 
from topos, a place, a topic : F. topiques, subjects of 
conversation: Sp. topico, topical),a lutiject of discourse 
or argument ; a general head ; in logic, one of the va- 
rious general forms of argument to be employed in 
probable, as distinguished from demonstrative, rea- 
soning: topical, a. top'-l-kdl, pert, to a topic ; in med., 
pert, to an external local remedy, as a poultice, a 
blister, and the like : topically, ad. -It. 

topography, n. to-pog'-rd-fi (Gr. topos, a place, and 
grapho, I write or describe : F. topographie), the de- 
scription of a particular place, as a city, a town, a 
tract of country, &c, including notices of everything 
connected with it: topographic, a. top'-o-grdf'-lk, also 
topographical, a. -t-kal, \ iei fc totopoi raphy; descrip- 
tive of a particular place, or of places : topograph- 
ically, ad. -II: topographer, n. to-pog-rd-fer, one who 
describes particular places in writing ; also topog'ra- 
phist, n. -fist. 

topped, topping, topmost, &c— see top. 



iim ,i iim , , )i topjibl 

topsy-turvy, ad. top'-si-Ur-vi (a corruption of the 
phrase, topside t'other way), in an inverted posture ; 
bottom upward. 

tor, n. tor (AS. tor, torr, or tur, a high hill, a peak), 
atower; a high pointed hill a jutting rock. 

torch, n. torch (It. torcia; F. torche, a torch, the 
wreathed wisp of wad or straw placed between the 
head and the burden on it— from It. torcere, to twist : 
L. tortus, twisted), a large candle to be carried in the 



mdte, mdt,fdr, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, move; 



TOEE 



665 



TOTH 



hand when lighted, formed of some such material as 
cotton, hemp, or flax, well tarred, or steeped in grease 
or suchlike substances ; a flambeau : torch-bearer, one 
who carries a torch lighted: torch-light, the light 
given by torches. 

tore, v. tor, pt. of the verb tear, which see: n. the 
dead grass which remains on mowing land during 
winter and spring. 

tore, n. fOr— see torus. 

toreumatography, n. to-ru'-md-tog'rd-fi (Gr. tor- 
euma, embossed work, and grapho, I write or describe), 
a description of sculptures mid basso-relievos; also 
toreu'matol'ogy, n. -tol-0-ji (Gr. logos, discourse). 

toreutic, a. to-rii'tlk (Gr. toreutos, elaborate), highly 
finished or polished— applied to figures in hard-wood, 
ivory, and the like. 

torment, v. tor-mint' (L. tormentum, a twisted cord 
or rope, an instrument of torture— from torqueo, I 
twist : F. tourment), to put to extreme pain or anguish - 



: n. tOr-mdnt, 

extreme pain; torture; misery: tormenting, imp.: 
adj. paining to a distressing degree : tormented, pp.: 
torment'er, n., also tormentor, n. -er, one who tor- 
ments; a kind of harrow on wheels for reducing a 
stiff soil: torment'ingly, ad. -li: tormina, n. tOr'-mi- 
ml ^L. tormina, gripes, colic), in med. , griping or twist- 
ing pains. 

torn, v. torn, pp. of tear, which see. 

tornado, n. tor-na-do (Sp. tornada, a return from a 
journey, a whirling wind — from tornar, to return), 
any violent storm or hurricane of wind, usually at- 
tended with thunder, lightning, and rain, generally 
limited In area, and of short duration; a whirlwind 
or whirl-storm. 

torose, a. tO-rOs', also torous, a. to-rus (L. torus, a 
knot or bulge), in bot., uneven: alternately elevated 
and depressed ; swelling in knobs. 

torpedo, n. tOr-pe'-dO (L. torpedo, stiffness, numb- 
ness—from torpere, to be still, to be stiff with frost : 
It. torpedine), the cramp-fish ; a fish which gives elec- 
tric or benumbing shocks when touched ; a machine 
or engine which, partially submerged in the sea, ex- 
plodes when touched by a passing vessel, either greatly 
injuring or wholly destroying it. 

torpid, a. tOr'-pld (L. torpidus, benumbed, stupefied 
—from torpere, to be still, to be stiff with frost : It. 
torpido: F. torpide), benumbed ; having lost the power 
of exertion and feeling ; dull; inactive: torpidly, ad. 
■li: tor'pidness, n. -n6s, also torpidity, n. tor-pid'-i-d, 
numbness; inactivity; sluggishness: torpes'ceut, a. 
pis-sent, becoming torpid: torpes'cence, n. -sins, tor- 
pidness; stupidity: torpify, v. tOr'-pi-fl (L. facio, I 
make), to make torpid: torpifying, imp.: tor'pifled, 
pp. -fid: tor'pitude, n. -tiid, torpidity: torpor, n. 
-por, numbness ; dulness ; inactivity : tor'porif'ic, a. 
-if -Ik, tending to produce torpor. 

torque, n. tork, also torques, n. tor'kwes (L. torques, 
a twisted neck-chain — from torqueo, I twist), a fa- 
vourite ornament of the anc. Britons, consisting of 
a chain or collar for the neck, formed of small ring- 
lets of metal interlaced with each other : torqued, 
a. torkt, wreathed. 

torrefaction— see torrefy. 

torrefy, v. tor'-re'-fl (F. torrifier, to torrefy: L. tor- 
reo, I dry or burn, and facere, to make : Sans, tarsh, 
to be dried up), to dry by a fire ; to roast or scorch ; 
to parch or dry highly on a plate of metal or porce- 
lain, as a drug: tor'refying, imp.: tor'refied, pp. 
-fid: tor'refac'tion, n. -fdk'-shun, the operation of dry- 
ing or scorching by a fire. 

torrent, n. tOr'-rent (L. torrens, burning— said of 
streams, raging, rushing— gen. torrentis : L. torrens ; 
It. torrente; F. torrent, a torrent), a rapid-rushing 
stream of water ; a stream of water running over a 
precipice or declivity; a violent or rapid flow: adj. 
rolling or ru id stream. 

torricellian, a. tor'-ri-chel'-ll-dn, of or discovered by 
Torricelli, a famous Italian philosopher and mathe- 
matician. 

torrid, a. tor-rid (L. torridus, dried up, parched : 
F. torride : It. torrido), parched ; dried with heat ; 
burning: tor'ridness, n. -ties, the state of being 
parched with heat : torrid zone, the middle zone or 
belt of the earth's surface, extending on each side of 
the equator to the Tropic of Cancer on the north, and 
the Tropic of Capricorn on the south— so called from 
its high temperature. 

torse, n. tors (F. tors : L. tortus, twisted), in her., a 
wreath ; a twisted scroll. 



torsion, n. tor-shun (L. tortum, to twist, to bend : 

F. torsion), the ". i >.\ > 

ing or wrenching of a body by the action of a lateral 
force : torsion-balance, an instr. for estimating very 
minute forces by the action of fine wires or threads 
which twist round each other: tor'sel, n. -sel, any- 
thing in a twisted form: tor'tile, n. -til, twisted; 
wreathed ; coiled : tor'tive, a. -tiv, twisted ; wreathed. 

torso, n. tor'-sO (It. torso, the stump of a cabbage, a 
torso : L. thyrsus, a stalk or stem), the trunk of a 
statue ; a statue deprived of head and limbs. 

tortilla, n. tOr-tel'-yd (Sp.), a thin unleavened cake 
of maize-flour, baked on a heated plate or stone. 

tortoise, n. tor'-tiz (L. tortus, twisted or crooked: 
F. torlue : Sp. tortuga), a reptile more or less flattened, 
covered with a very hard shell or case, into which it 
can draw its head and feet at will : tortoise-shell, the 
horny scales or plates of the tortoise, manufactured 
into various articles. 

tortuous, a. tOr'-tu-us, also tor'tuose, a. -Os (L. tor- 
tuosus, full of crooks or turns— from tortus, twisted : 
It. tortuoso : F. tortueux), twisted ; winding ; having 
many crooks and turns ; crooked ; deceitful : tor'tu- 
ously, ad. -li: tor'tuousness, n. -nes, also tortuosity, 
n. -os ■■'■i-tl, state of being crooked and winding; wreath; 
flexure. 

torture, n. tOr'-tur or -choir (L. tortus, twisted, 
crooked: F. torture), extreme pain; anguish of body 
or mind; torment; pain inflicted as a punishment, or 
for the purpose of extorting a confession : v. to pain 
extremely ; to put to the rack ; to torment ; to harass ; 
to vex: tor'turing, imp.: adj. tormenting; keeping 
on the rack; vexing: tor'tured, pp. -turd or -chwrd: 
tor'turer, n. -tu-rer, one who tortures : tor'turingly, 
ad. -ring-ll. 

torulose— see torus. 

torus, n. to-riis, also tore, n. tor (L. torus, a thing 
swelling out, a bulge : It. toro : F. tore), in arch., a large 
moulding in the bases of columns, the profile of which 
is semicircular ; in hot., the axis on which all the parts 
of the floral whorls within the calyx are seated : toru- 
lose, a. tor'-ru-lOs', in hot., having successive rounded 
swellings, as the pods of some cruciferous plants. 

Tory, n. tOr'-l (Gael, and Ir. taobh-righ, pronounced 
somewhat like to'-re or tu'-re, the king's side— from 
taobh, side or part, and righ, king : said by others to 
be from the Irish robber word toree, give me— i.e., 
your money, — subsequently applied to Popish out- 
laws in Ireland, then to those who refused to con- 
cur in excluding a R. Cath. prince from the throne), 
in politics, a term opposed to It 'hig ; ,i name applied 
to a great political party in 1680, first as a term of 
reproach ; a name commonly applied to certain tradi- 
tional maxims of public policy ; the political succes- 
sors of the Tories are how commonly known as Con- 
servatives : Toryism, n. to'-ri-lzm, the principles of the 
Tories. 

toss, v. tds (W. tosio, to jerk : Norm, tossa ; Low Ger. 
tosen; Bav. zetten, to let drop, to scatter in small 
portions), to throw with the hand ; to throw upwards ; 
to lift or throw up with a sudden or violent motion ; to 
roll and tumble : tos'sing, imp. : n. the act of throw- 
iug upwards ; a rising and falling suddenly ; a rolling 
and tumbling : tossed, pp. tost : tos'ser, n. -er, one 
who tosses: to toss off, to drink hastily; to make 
short work of: to toss the oars, to raise them perpen- 
dicularly with their blades upwards, as a salute : to 
toss up, to throw a coin up into the air and bet on 
which side it will fall : to toss hay, to throw up and 
turn it over : toss-pot, n. a toper ; a drunkard. 

tot, v. tot (the syllables tat, tot, tit, are used inform- 
ing words signifying broken sound, then short abrupt 
movement, a small quantity : Norm, tot, a murmur : 
Icel. titra, to shiver : Dan. tot, a flock of wool), any- 
thing small, as a term of endearment ; anything small 
of its kind: to tot about, to move about with short 
steps, as a child attempting to walk, or a feeble old 
person : to tot down, to jot down ; to mark with a 
slight touch of the pen : tot'ty, a. -ti, unsteady ; dizzy ; 
small : tot'ter, v. -ter, to shake as if about to fall ; to 
be unsteady; to shake: tot'tering, imp.: adj. threat- 
ening to fall: tot'tered, pp. -terd: tot'teringly, ad. 
-li: tot'terer, n. -er, one who totters. 

total, a. to'tal (L. totus, all, whole : F. and Sp. total: 
It. totale), whole; complete; entire; undivided: n. 
the whole; the complete amount: to'tally, ad. -li: 
totality, n. tO-tdl'i-tl, the whole sum or amount: in 
toto, -to'- to (L.), in the whole. 

t'other, a. iuth'-er, contr. of the other. 



y,fobt; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



TOTT 6< 

totter, v. tol'ter, tottering, &c— see tot. 

toucan, n. to'kan (F. toucan: Sp. tuca), a bird Of 
tropical Amer., remarkable for the large size of its 
bill ; in astron., a small constellation. 

touch, v. tuch (It. ticche-tocche, represents the sound 
of knocking at a door : Sp. tocar, to knock at a door : 
It. tocco, a knock), to come close to or in contact 
■with ; to perceive by the sense of feeling ; to handle 
slightly ; to put the hand, finger, foot, or other part 
on or against ; to arrive at ; to meddle with ; to rub 
or strike against ; to soften ; to make an impression 
on, as the heart ; to be in a state of contact ; to take 
effect ; to treat of slightly in a discourse : n. the con- 
tact of two bodies at the surface ; the sense of feeling ; 
that by which anything is examined ; the act of put- 
ting the hand, finger, or other part on or against ; a 
single act of a pencil upon the picture being painted ; 
a stroke ; slight notice ; a small quantity intermixed : 
touch'ing, imp.: adj. affecting; moving; pathetic: n. 
the sense of feeling: prep, concerning; relating to; 
with respect to: touched, pp. tdcht: touchable, a. 
tuch'cl-U, that may be touched: touch'ingly, ad. -U: 
touch'y, a. -I, exceedingly susceptible ; peevish; iras- 
cible : touch'ily, ad. -It : touch'iness, n. -nes, peevish- 
ness ; irritability: touch and go, within the smallest 
possible point of happening: touch-hole, the small 
hole of a cannon or firearm through which fire is com- 
municated to the charge : touch-needles, small bars 
of gold and silver, some pure, and others alloyed with 
certain proportions of copper, used by assayers for 
trying gold and silver articles : touch-paper, paper 
steeped in a solution of saltpetre and dried, which 
burns slowly, used as a match : touchstone, a variety 
of flinty slate, so called from its being used to test 
the purity of gold and silver, the quality being judged 
of by the colour of the streak which it leaves on the 
stone; Lydian stone: touchwood, very dry decayed 
wood, used as tinder ; amadou : to touch on or upon, 
to treat of; to mention slightly : to touch at, to come 
or go to without stay : to touch up, to repair ; to im- 
prove by slight touches : touch-me-not, name of a 
plant whose rip<' seed-vessel, when irritated or touched, 
projects the seed to some distance ; in med., the Eng. 
name for tli .ease called lupus. 

tough, a. tuf (AS. toh; Dut. taai; Ger. zcihe, what 
stands tugging and pulling : Low Ger. togen; Ger. 
ii'Ji-n. i - ' pull, i nil i'.,! admitting of tugging and pull- 
ing without fracture or injury ; not easily broken or 
separated; able to endure hardships ; tenacious; diffi- 
cult, as a tough piece of business : tough'ly, ad. -II : 
tough'ness, n. -nes, the quality of a substance which 
renders it in some degree flexible and without much 
liability to fracture ; tenacity : tough'ish, a. -ish, 
rather tough : toughen, v. tuf-n, to make tough ; to 
grow tough: toughening, imp. tfif'ning : toughened, 
pp. tnf-nd. 

toupee, n. tob-pa' (F. toupet, a toupee), a kind of 
peruke; an art I iallockol hair; a curl. 

tour, n. t6r (F. tour; It. torno, a turn), a lengthy 
excursion ; a ramble ; a roving journey ; a turn : tour'- 
ist, n. -ist, one who performs a lengthy journey or 
excursion. 

tourmaline, n. tor'md-lln (from tournamal, its 
name in Ceylon), a mineral occurring in long pris- 
matic crystals, most frequently black, but found of 
various colours ; schorl. 

tournament, n. tor'nd-ment (It. torneamento, a 
tournament; torneare, to surround, to tilt: old F. 
tourneement), a combat in an enclosed space; a mock 
fight or martial sport of the middle ages for exhibit- 
ing prowess and skill in arms : tour'ney, v. -ni, to 
perform at tournaments : n. a tournament : tour'ney- 
ing, imp.: tour'neyed, pp. -nid. 

tourniquet, n. tor'-nl-lM (F.— from tourner, to turn), 
a. bandage which may be tightened by a screw, used in 
surgery to produce pressure on a blood-vessel, so as to 
restrain bleeding. 

touse, v. tdiuz, also tousle, v. tdtv'zl (Low Ger. tus- 
cln, to pull the hair about : AS. tcesan ; Dut. teesen ; 
Dan. tcese, to tease wool), to card or dress wool by 
pulling it to pieces, which are laid together again a 
number of times ; to pull about ; to rumple ; to di- 
shevel: tous'ing, imp.: toused, pp. tdivzd. 

tout, v. tdivt (Icel. lata, anything sticking out: Dut. 
tuyte, the nave of a wheel — see toot), to look; to 
peep; to look out for custom: touting, imp.: n. the 
act of looking out for customers : tout'ed, pp.: tout'er, 
n. -er, one who hangs about places frequented by 
tourists, in order to offer his services to show them 



6 TOY 

about, or to secure their custom; one who watches 
ne^-horses in the course of training to secure informa- 
tion about their capabilities, available in betting. 

tow, n. to (Fris. touw, tow: Icel. tog, the long hairs 
or oKU-se shaggy part of thefleece— fromtoga, to draw, 
to drag), the coarser part of flax or hemp separated bv 
the hackle or swingle. 

tow, v. to (F. touer, to tow: Dut. toghen; Icel. toga, 
to pull, to drag; tog, a cable : Dan. toug, a cable: AS. 
teon, to draw), to drag, as a boat or ship, through the 
water by means of a rope: tow'ing, imp.: n. the act 
of drawing through water by means of a rope: towed, 
pp. tod: towing-boat, a boat that tows: tow-line or 
tow-rope, a rope or cable used in towing or dragging 
a vessel through water : tow-path, the roadway on 
the banks of a canal for men or horses that tow : tow- 
age, n. to'aj, the act of towing; the price paid for tow- 
ing. 

toward, prep, tO'erd, also tow'ards, -trdz (AS. 
towardes— from to, and iceardes, direction), in the 
direction of; with a tendency to; with respect to; 
regarding: ad. nearly; near at hand: adj. ready to 
do or learn; docile: to'wardly, ad. -II: to'wardness, 
n. -nSs, also to'wardliness, n. -Il-n6s, readiness to do 
or learn; docility; aptness. 

towel, n. tdw'el (It. tovaglia, a table-cloth: oil F. 
touaille; Dut. dwede, a towel: Goth, twahan; AS. 
thwean, to wash), a cloth for wiping the face and 
hands, especially after washing; any cloth used as a 
wiper in domestic use : towelling, n. cloth for towels, 
tower, n. tolv'-r (W. turr, a tower, a heap or pile: 
L. turris; F. tour, a tower: Gael, torr, a steep hill, a 
heap), a lofty b ■ ■■ re, consisting 

of many stories > : eg high above 

the main edifice ; high flight ; elevation : v. to be lofty ; 
to rise and fly high; to soar: tow'ering, imp. : adj. 
very high; elevated; soaring: towered, pp. tolv'-rd: 
adj. having towers; adorned or defended by towers : 
towery, a. tdiv'rl, adorned or guarded with towers ; 
lofty: tower-mustard, n. tow'-r-mus'-terd, a hardy an- 
nual plant whose foliage is so disposed on the stem 
as to give it: ppearance. 

to wit, ad. tOo-wif (to, and wit), namely. 
town, n. tciivji (Low Ger. tuun, an enclosed place : 
Ger. zaun, a hedge : AS. tynan, to enclose, to hedge — 
from Goth, tain; Ger. zain; AS. tan, a rod or shoot), 
properly, an enclosed place, then a farm, dwelling, 
village, or collection of houses walled in; any collec- 
tion of houses larger than a village; any principal 
collection of houses of a county; the metropolis: 
town'less, a. -15$, without towns: town-clerk, an. 
officer who keeps the records of a town and enters 
official proceedings : town-council, a body of represen- 
tatives elected by their fellow-citizens to manage the 
municipal affairs: town -crier, a person employed 
by a town to make announcements of sales, intended 
meetings, &c. : town-hall, the building where the 
public business of a town is transacted: town-house, 
a residence in a town, as opposed to a country- 
house : township, n. the territory or district of a town : 
townsfolk, n. tolvnz'fok, the people of a town or city : 
towns'man, n. an inhabitant of the same town : town- 
talk, the subject of common conversation. 

toxicology, n. toks'i-kol'o-ji (Gr. toxikon, a poison, 
and logos, discourse), that branch of medical science 
which relates to poisons, their effects, detection, and 
antidotes: toxlcologlcal, a. -ko-loj'-i-kcd, of or relat- 
ing to toxicology: toxlcologlcally, ad. -II: toxlcol- 
ogist, n. -kol'0-jlst, one who is skilled in the science 
which relates to poisons. 

toxoceras, n. toks-os'er-ds, also toxoceratite, n. 
toks'o-ser'a-tlt (Gr. toxon, a bow, and ke ras, a horn), 
in geol., a genus of the ammonite family, so named 
from the bow-shape of its shell : toxaster, n. toks-ds- 
ter (Gr. astron, a star), a genus of fossil sea-urchins, 
characterised by their somewhat semicircular con- 
tour: toxodon, n. tdks'6-don (Gr. odous, a tooth— gen. 
odontos). a large fossil quadruped, so named from the 
singularly ins two outer incisors. 

toxophilite, n. toks-of'-l-llt (Gr. toxon, a bow, and 
Xthilos, a lover), a lover of archery; an archer. 

toy, n. toy (an ellipse for play-toy, implements of 
play: Low Ger. tug; Sw. tyg; Dan. toi, materials, im- 
plements : old Eng. daff-toy, a trifle : Scot, daff, fool- 
ish), a child's plaything; a bauble; that which is 
valued for its look only, or for amusement : v. (old 
Eng. togge, to tug, to pull about), to handle amorously ; 
to trifle; to treat foolishly: to play with: toying, 
imp. : toyed, pp. tdyd : toylsh, a. -ish, trifling ; play- 



mdte, milt, far, law; mete, met, Mr; %>\ne,p\n; note, not, move; 



TRAC 



6G7 



TRAG 



ful: toy'ishly, ad. -U: toy'ishness, n. -nes, the quality 
or state of being toyisli : toy-shop, a shop where toys 
are sold. Note.— Toy as a noun and verb have really 
different roots, hut the senses have become so mixed 
up that it was thought better to group them together. 

trace, n. tras (It. trao:ia; F. trace, a trace, a point 
of the foot: Sp. traza, first sketch, outline: L. tractus, 
a drawing), mark or visible appearance left by some- 
thing passing ; a footstep; a vestige: v. to delineate 
with marks ; to follow by the visible marks left ; to 
follow by footsteps or tracks : tra'cing, imp. : n. course ; 
regular track or path ; a delineation by visible marks ; 
a plan; a sketch : traced, pp. trust, marked out; fol- 
lowed by footsteps: tracer, n. -&-ir, one who traces: 
tra'ceable, a. -sd-bl, that may be traced: tra'ceably, 
ad. -bit : tra'ceableness, n. -bl-nes, the state of being 
traceable : tracery, n. -sir-l, artistic work in fanciful 
and flowing outlines; certain kinds of ornamental 
stone-work, as in Gothic windows : tracing-paper, a 
semi-transparent paper used in taking sketches or 
outlines. 

trace, n. tras, usually in the plu. traces, tra-sez (F. 
tirasse, a hunting-net: old Eng. trayce, horses' har- 
ness : L. tractus, a drawing or dragging), the straps, 
ropes, or chains by which horses draw vehicles. 

trachea, n. trd-ke-u (Gr. trachus, rough, rugged- 
fern, tracheia, the word arteria, artery, being under- 
stood; tracheia, the windpipe), a cartilaginous and 
membranous tube which conveys the air into, and 
out of, the lungs ; the windpipe : tracheae, plu. -e, the 
air-tubes of the body in insects; in hot., the spiral 
vessels of plants: trache'al, a. -al, pert, to the wind- 
pipe. 

trachelipodous, a. trdk'-r-lqi'-O-dus (Gr. tracheitis, a 
neck, a,nd pous, the foot— gen. podos), having the foot 
attached to the neck, as in the trachelopods, truk- 



i, what is poured in), in hot., the vascular 
tissue of plants, consisting of spiral vessels. 

tracheotomy, n. trdk-i-6t'-6-ml (Gr. tracheia, the 
windpipe, and temno. I cut), the operation of making 
an opening in the windpipe : trachitis, n. tra-kl'-tls, 
inflammation of the windpipe. 

trachyte, n. trdk-lt (Gr. trachus, rough), in geol.the 
name given to the felspathic class of volcanic rock 
which has a coarse cellular paste, and rough and 
gritty to the touch : trachytic, a. trd-kU'lk, pert, to 
or consisting of trachyte. 

track, n. trdk (F. trac, a beaten way or path, a trade 
or course: Ger. trapp, the sound of the footfall, a foot- 
print: Icel. troda, to tread: Norm, trakka, to tram- 
ple: L. tractus, a dragging), a mark or marks left 
ppon the way by something that has passed along ; a 
beaten path; course; road; way: v. to follow by the 
marks left upon the way ; to draw a vessel by a rope, 
as into a harbour or along a canal: tracking, imp.: 
tracked, pp. trakt, followed by the marks or foot- 
steps : trackless, a. -les, without a road or path ; 
untrodden : tracklessly, ad. -II : track'lessness, n. 
-nis, the state of being trackless or without a track : 
track-road, a towing-path. 

tract, n. trakt (AS. traht, a treatise : L. tractus, a 
drawing or dragging, a district— from traho, I draw: 
It. tratto, a pull: F. trail-:, way, course), a quantity of 
land or water of indefinite extent ; region ; a short 
treatise on a particular subject in the form of 
pamphlet; length; extent: tractarian, n. trdk-ta'-i 
an, one of the writers of the Oxford Tracts for the 
Times, in favour of Puseyism ; a Puseyite. 

tractable, a. trdk'td-bl (L. tractabilis, quiet, man- 
ageable—from tractare, to handle, to manage), easily 
led, managed, or taught ; docile : trac'tably, ad. -bli : 
trac'tableness, n. -bl-nes, also trac'tabil'ity, n. -bll'4- 
ft, the state or quality of being tractable or manage- 
able; docility. 

tractor, n. trdk'tcr (L. tractus, a drawing or drag- 
ging—from trahere, to draw or drag), that which draws 
or is used for drawing ; an apparatus of small bars of 
metal supposed to possess magnetic and soothing 
powers: tractrix, n. trdk-trlks, in geom., a curve of 
which the tangent is always equal to a given line : 
trac'tile, a. -til, that may be drawn out in length; 
ductile: trac'tion, n. -shun, the act of drawing, or the 
state of being drawn : trac'tive, a. -tiv, that pulls 
draws; capable of puHii . irac'tora'tion, 

n. -ter-d'-shun, a method of treating diseases by draw- 
ing over the affected parts two small rods made of 
different metals: trac'tory, n. -tir-i, same as trac- 



trix: traction-engine, a .locomotive engine for drawing 
heavy loads upon common roads. 

trade, n. trad (AS. trad, trod; tredan, to tread: It. 
tratta; L. tractus. a drawing or dragging: Icel. trod, 
treading: Sp. trato} treatment, intercourse : F.traite, 
trade, trading), the proper meaning of trade is trod- 
den way, beaten patli or course ; the business of buy- 



he carries on for a livelihood ; mechanical or mer- 
cantile employment, as distinguished from a learned 
profession; occupation; the body of persons en- 
gaged in the same particular employment : v. to en- 
gage in selling and buying for money or by barter; 
to carry on commerce : trading, imp. : adj. carrying- 
on commerce ; as applied to politics and public men, 
venal ; having the character of ;m adventurer ; having 
a price : n. the act of one who carries on a trade ; the 
business of carrying on trade: traded, pp.: tra'der, 
n. -dir, one engaged in buying and selling commodi- 
ties ; a vessel sailing with goods for trading : trade- 
sale, a sale by auction for any particular trade, especi- 
ally booksellers or publishers: tradesman, n. trddz'- 
man, one who follows a special way of life, in oppositi- 
on to the husbandman ; a common name for a shop- 
keeper : trade-mark, a symbol impressed by a trades- 
man or manufacturer on Hnguisntheni 
from those manufactured by rival houses: trade- 
price, the price after deducting discount allowed to 
retailers : trades-people, persons engaged in trades, 
especially shopkeeping : trades-union, a combina- 
tion among workmen having in view the settlement 
of the proportion which wages should bear to the 
profits of the employers, and the redress of grievances : 
trade-winds, winds which hold a certain steady 
course ; winds in or near the torrid zone which 
blow nearly in the same direction throughout the year, 
and which are taken advantage of by ships engaged 

tradition, n. trd-dish'-un (L. traditio, a delivering 
up, a recounting— from trado, I deliver, I transmit : 
F. tradition), the transmission of events, doctrines, 
opinions, rites, &c, from father to son, through succes- 
sive generations, by word of mouth; that which is so 
handed down : plu. things or deeds preserved only in 
the memories of successive generations, and not com- 
mitted to writing : traditional, a. -al, transmitted by 
word of mouth only ; received by tradition : traditi- 
onally, ad. -ai-li: traditionary, a. -er-i, derived from 
tradition; transmitted from age to age without writ- 
ing: traditionary, n., also traditi'onist, n. -ist, one 
who acknowledges the authority of tradition : traditi- 
onarily, ad. -er-i-li: traditive, a. trad'l-tlv, trans- 
mitted, or transmissible, from age to age by oral com- 
munication: trad'itor, n. -ter, among the early 
Christians, a name of infamy applied to those who 
delivered their Scriptures, &c, to their persecutors to 
save their lives. 

traduce, v. trd-dus' (L. traducere, to lead or bring 
across— from trans, across, and duco, I lead or bring), 
to misrepresent and abuse; to calumniate; to de- 
fame: tradu'eing, imp.: traduced', pp. -dust', mis- 
represented; calumniated: tradu'eingly, ad. -II: tra- 
du'eer, n. -ser, one who traduces : tradu'eent, n. -sent, 
slandering: traduc'tive, a. -diik'-tiv, derivable; that 
may lie deduced. 

traffic, n. trdf'flk (Sp. traficar, to traffic : Lang. 
trafl, disturbance, trouble : W. trafu, to stir, to agi- 
tate), large trade ; goods or persons passing to and fro 
along a road, railway, or canal : v. to buy and sell 
goods; to trade; to carry on commerce; to trade 
meanly or mercenarily: trafficking, imp.: adj. bar- 
gaining; dealing; jobbing: n. the act of buying and 
selling goods: trafficked, pp. -filet: trafficker, n. 
-fik-er, one who carries on commerce; a trader; one 
who buys and sells goods. 

tragacanth, n. trdg'-d-kdnth (L. tragacanihum— 
from Gr. tragos, a he-goat, and akantha, a thorn), the 
concrete juice or gum of several species of shrubby or 
herbaceous plants, abundant in Siberia, usually in'th- 
form of white or yellowish semi-transparent flakes, of 
great toughness. 

tragedy, n. trdj'-S-di (Gr. tragodia, the goat's song, 
a tragedy— from tragos, a goat, and ode, a song: L. 
tragazdia; It. tragedia; F. tragidie, a tragedy), a dra- 
matic poem representing an event, or a series of 
events, in the life of an individual, generally having 
a fatal issue, and meant to impress on the mind 
some great moral truth ; any event in which human 



cole, bo~j,fuot ; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, tltere, zeal. 



TRAG 6< 

lives are lost by murderous violence ; a fatal and 
mournful event: tragedian, n. trd-je'di-dn, an actor 
of tragedy in a theatre : trage'dienne', n. -di-8n', or 
trd-zhd'di-dn (F.), a female ;>.r,i,<>> of tragedy: tragic, 
a. trdj'ik, also tragical, a. -i-kdl (L. tragicus, tragic), 
of or relating to tragedy ; expressive of or resembling 
tragedy ; fatal ; calamitous : tragically, ad. -It : trag'- 
icalness, n. -nSs, the qualii oi beinj I ragical; mourn- 
fulness : tragi-comedy, n. trdf-i-kom'e-di, a dramatic 
piece having serious and comic scenes blended, and 
the issue not fatal or unhappy: trag'i-com'ic, also 
-comical, pert, to tragi-comedy: tragl-comlcally, 
ad. -li. 

tragus, n. trd'giis (Gr. trarjos, a goat), in anat., a 
small cartilaginous eminence at the entrance of the 
external ear, often beset with hair like the beard of a 
goat. 

trail, n. tral (Sp. trailla, a drag for levelling ground : 
mid. L. tracula, a sled or harrow : It. tragula, a drag- 
net: Dut. treylen, to drag a vessel by a rope: L. tra- 
here, to draw), the track followed by the hunter ; the 
marks or scent left by any animal by which it may be 
pursued ; anything drawn to length ; that part of the 
stock of a gun-carriage which rests on the ground 
when the piece is unlimbered; entrails of certain 
birds, as of a snipe or woodcock : v. to draw along the 
ground or behind ; to draw ; to drag ; to be drawn out 
in length: trailing, imp.: adj. that is drawn along 
the ground; iloa.Ung, dragging, or waving: trailed, 
pp. trald: trailer, n. -er, one who or that which trails 
or requires support, as a plant. 

train, n. tran{It. traino; Sp. tragin; old F. trahin; 
F. train, a train— from L. trahere, to draw), that which 
is drawn along behind ; the long part of a dress be- 
hind ; the after-part of a gun-carriage ; a number of 
followers or attendants ; a retinue ; a regular method ; 
a course ; a series ; orderly company ; a procession ; a 
line of gunpowder laid to fire a charge; on a railway, 
a number of carriages or trucks attached behind an 
engine : v. to draw ; to form by instruction and prac- 
tice ; to break or tame for use ; to cause to assume a 
proper shape in growth, as a tree ; to point a large 
gun in a particular direction : train'ing, imp. teach- 
ing and forming by practice : n. the process of teach- 
ing and forming by practice ; the operation or art of 
forming young trees to a wall or espalier ; the pre- 
paration of men for athletic exercises, or horses for 
running a race ; the disciplining of troops : trained, 
pp. trdnd: adj. having a train ; brought up or reared 
by practice: train'able, a. -d-bl, capable of being 
trained: train'er, n. -er, one who trains— generally 
restricted to one who prepares another for the per- 
formance of feats requiring certain physical qualities, 
as a horse for racing, or a pugilist for a prize-fight : 
to train up, to educate by teaching and practice: 
train of artillery, a number of large guns, mortars, 
&c: train-band, a band or company of militia : train- 
bearer, one who holds up the train of a distinguished 
person. 

train-oil, n. trdn'dyl (Sw. tran; Ger. thran, train- 
oil, oil that drips from the fat of whales : Low Ger. 
traon, a drop, train-oil), an oil obtained from the fat 
or blubber of the whale. 

trait, n. trd (F. trait, feature— from L. tractum, to 
draw), anything drawn out at length ; a line ; a stroke 
or touch ; a feature, or peculiar feature. 

traitor, n. trd'ter (It. tradire ; F. trahir, to betray : 
old F. trahitor; F. traitre, a traitor: L. tradere, to 
give over, to betray), one guilty of treason ; one who 
betrays his trust : trai'torous, a. -us, guilty of trea- 
son; treacherous; perfidious: trai'torously, ad. -11: 
trai'torousness, n. -nes, the quality of being traitor- 
ous ; treachery : trai'tress, n. -tres, a woman who be- 
trays her country or her trust. 

traject, v. trd-jekt' (L. trajectus, shot over or across 
—from trans, over, and j actum, to throw), to throw or 
cast through: trajectlng, imp.: traject'ed, pp.: tra- 
jec'tion, n. -jek'shnn, a throwing or casting over; 
transportation: trajec'tory, n. -ter-i, in math., the 
curve which a body describes when thrown through 
space, as a planet or comet in its orbit, or a stone 
thrown upwards obliquely. 

tram, n. tram (probably a contr. of trammel, shack- 
les for regulating the motion of a horse : prov. Eng. 
tram, a kind of coal-waggon— the sepse being, that 
which restrains or keeps nil bin limits), the shaft of a 
cart ; a coal-waggon ; one of the rails or tracks of a 
tram-road: tram-road or -way, a road prepared for 
the easy transit of carriages or waggons by forming 



8 TRAN 

wheel-tracks of smooth beams of wood, blocks of stone, 
or plates of iron. 

trammel, n. trdm'-mU (It. tramaglio ; Sp. trasmallo; 
F. tramail, a fishing-net of two or three layers— from 
L. trans, through, and macula, the mesh of a net), a 
kind of long net ; shackles to teach horses to amble ; 
anything that hampers or confines; an impediment; 
an instr. for drawing ovals : v. to confine or restrain ; 
to hamper; to shackle: tram'melling, imp.: tram'- 
melled, pp. -mild. 

tramontane, a. trd-mdn'tan (It. tramontano, be- 
yond the mountains : L. trans, across or beyond, and 
mons, a mountain), lying or being beyond the moun- 
tains— applied more especially to the Alps; foreign; 
barbarous: n. one living beyond the mountains. 

tramp, v. trdmp (nasalised form of Ger. trapp, frapp, 
representing the sound of the footfall: Dut. trajipaii: 
Sw. trampa, to tread, to trample), to tread ; to travel 
on foot; to wander: n. a stroller; a workman jour- 
neying on foot from place to place in search of employ- 
ment: a vagrant: tramping, imp.: tramped, pp. 
trdmpt: tramp'er, n. -er, one who tramps: trample, 
v. trdm'pl, to tread under foot; to tread down; to 
treat with contempt and insult; to tread with force 
and rapidity : n. a treading under foot with contempt : 
tram'pling, imp. -pllng : adj. moving as in a tramp, 
regularly and more or less loudly : trampled, pp. trdm' 
pld, trodden under foot : tram'pler, n. -pier, one who 
tramples. 

tram-road or -way— see tram. 

trance, n., also transe, trans (It. transire, to pass 
over, to fall into a swoon : old F. transi, fallen into a 
swoon : F. transe, a swoon : Sp. trunsito, passage to a 
better life: L. transitus, passed over), a state of the 
body in which the soul seems to be rapt in visions ; 
a total suspension for a time of sensation and voluntary 
motion, while the heart and lungs continue to act: 
tranced, pp. trdnst, being or lying in a trance. 

tranquil, a. trdn'kwll (L trunqn.iUiis, calm, serene: 
It. tranquillo : F. tranquille), free from strife or agita- 
tion; calm; peaceful; quiet; undisturbed: tran'quil- 
ly, ad. -li: tranquillity, n. trdn-kwil'41-ii, freedom 
from disturbance or agitation ; a calm state ; quiet- 
ness: tranquillise, v. trdn'ktvil-iz, to quiet; to calm 
or soothe ; to allay agitation : tran'quillising, imp. : 
tran'quillised, pp. -Izd: tran'quillisingly, ad. -zing-li: 
tran'quilliser, n. -i-zer, one who or that which tran- 
quillises: tran'quillisa'tion, n. -zd'shun, the act or 
state of being soothed or calm. 

trans, trdns, a Latin prefix which, with its form tra, 
signifies, across ; over ; beyond ; through ; completely ; 
from one to another ; complete change. 

transact, v. trdns-dkt' (L. transactum, to carry 
through, to settle— from trans, through, and actum, to 
lead, to act), to carry through ; to complete ; to per- 
form; to manage; to conduct matters: transacting, 
imp.: transact ed, pp.: transac'tion, n. -dk'shun, the 
management of any affair ; the performing of any 
business; that which is done: transactor, n. -ter, 
one who transacts. 

transalpine, a. trdns-dl'pln (L. trans, across, and 
Alps), lying beyond the Alps, in regard to Rome— viz., 
on the north of the Alps ; opposite of cisalpine. 

transatlantic, a. trdn t-l k (] trans, across, 



do, I climb), to rise above; to surmount; to surpass: 
transcending, imp. : adj. rising above ; surpass- 
ing: transcend'ed, pp.: transcend'ent, a. -Snt, very 
excellent; supremely excellent; going beyond the 
bounds of human knowledge : transcend'ently, ad. -ll: 
transcend'ence, n. -ens, also transcend'ency, n. -en- 
si, superior excellence: transcendental, a. trdn'-sen- 
dent'dl, super-eminent; mphil., that which goes be- 
yond the limits of actual experience, but not of human 
knowledge ; metaphysical : tran'scendent'ally, ad. -li : 
tran'scendent'alism, n. -al-izm, that system of philo- 
sophic inquiry which, by depreciating experience, loses 
sight of the relation which facts and phenomena sus- 
tain to principles; mphil., that kind of investigation 
or use of langua ■ ivhi h is - rue, obscure, or extrava- 
gant: tran'scendent'alist, n. one who believes in, or 
adheres to, transcendentalism. 

transcribe, v. trdn-skrib' (L. trans, over, and scribo, 
I write), to write over again, or in the same words ; to 
copy: transcri'bing, imp.: transcribed', pp. -skrlbd': 
transcriber, n. -ber, one who transcribes : transcrip- 
tion, n. trdn-skrip'-shun, the act of copying: tran- 
script, n. trdn'-skript (L. scriptus, written), a copy; 



:, mdt, far, law;- mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, mCve; 



THAN 



transcrip tively, ad. -li. 

transe, trdns, the old and proper spelling of trance, 
■which see. 

transept, n. trdn'sept (L. trans, across, and septum, 
« fence, an enclosure), the cross portion of a church, 
or that part which projects at right angles to the body ; 
in a cruciform church, one of the arms of the cross. 

transfer, v. trdns-fer' (F. transferer ; Sp. trans- 
ferir, to transfer : L. trans, over, and fero, I bear or 
carry), to convey from one place or person to an- 
other ; to make over ; to convey, as a right from one 
to another ; to sell ; to mark or impress on a litho- 
graphic stone: transfer, n. trdns'fer, the conveyance 
of a thing from one place or person to another ; the 
conveyance of aright or title from one person to an- 
other ; the mark or impression made on a lithographic 
stone: transferring, imp.: n. the act of conveying 
from one to another, as a right or property : trans- 
ferred', pp. -fi-nl': transferrer, n. -er, one who trans- 
fers: transferable, a. -fer'd-bl, also transferable, a. 
-ri-bl, that maybe conveyed from one to another; ne- 
gotiable, as a bill of exchange : transfer'abil'ity, n. 
-bU'l-tl, alsotransfer'ribility.n. quality of being trans- 
ferable : transferee, n. trdns'fir-re, the person to 
whom a thing is transferred: transference, n. -ens, 
the act of conveying from one to another ; the passage 
of a thing from one place to another : transfer-book, 
a register of transfers of shares or stocks : transfer- 
paper, prepared paper on which lithographers impress, 
write, or draw their designs, from which they are im- 
pressed or put upon the stone, and then printed from ; 
line unsized paper on which copies of recently- written 
letters are impressed by the copying-machine. 

transfigure, v. trdns-fig'ur or -fig'ur (F. trans- 
fgurer, to be transfigured : L. trans, over, from one 
to another, and Jigura, form, shape), to change the 
appearance or outward form of; to transform: trans- 
figuring, imp.: transfigured, pp. -fig'iird, changed 
a 5 to outward form: transfig'ura'tion, n. -u-rd'shun, 
change of form; in Scrip., the supernatural change 
in the persona] appearance of our Lord on the Mount. 

transfix, v. trdns-fiks' (L. trans, through, undfixum, 
to fasten), to pierce through, as with a pointed weapon : 
transfixing, imp.: transfixed', pp. -Jikstf: transfix'- 
ion, n. -flk'shun, the act or state of being transfixed. 

transform, v. t)-dns-fa7crm' (L. trans, across, and 
forma, a shape), to change the shape or appearance of; 
to change, as one substance into another; to change 
the heart or natural disposition ; to be changed in form 
or substance: transforming, imp.: adj. able to effect 
a change ofform or state: transformed , pp. -ftucrmd', 
changed; renewed: transformation, n. trdns'-for-md' 
shun, change in shape or external appearance ; a 
change of heart or disposition: transformative, a. 
trdns-fawrm'-d-tlv, having power or a tendency to 
transform. 

transfuse, v. trdnsfilz' (L. transfusum, to pour out 
from one vessel into another— from trans, through, 
and fusum, to pour), to transfer, as blood, from one 
living animal to another; to cause to be instilled or 
imbibed: transfu'sing, imp.: transfused', pp. -fuzd': 
transfu'sible, a. -fu'-zi-bl, that may be transfused: 
transfusion, n. trdns-fu'zhiin, the introduction of the 
blood of one to the vessels of another. 

transgress, v. trdns-gres' (L. transgressus, a passing 
over— from trans, across, and gradior, I step or pass: 
F. transgresser), to pass over or beyond a limit; to 
break or violate ; to offend by the violation of a com- 
mand or an order ; to sin : transgres'sing, imp.: trans- 
gressed', pp. -grcst', violated : transgres'sor, n. -ser, 
one who transgresses; an offender: transgressi'on, 
n. -gresh'iin, the act of violating any law or rule of 
moral duty ; a fault ; a crime ; a sin : transgressi'onal, 
a. -dl, that violates a law or rule of duty: trans- 
gres'sive, a. -gres'siv, faulty; apt to transgress; con- 
sisting in transgression : transgres'sively, ad. -li. 

tranship, another spelling of trans-ship, which see. 

transient, a. trdn'sh'ent or -zl-ent (L. transiens, go- 
ing or passing over— from trans, across, and iens, go- 
ing), passing ; of short duration ; soon passed ; fleet- 
ing; momentary: transiently, ad. -li : tran'sient- 
ness, n. -nis, the state of being transient ; shortness 
of continuance. 

transit, n. trdns'lt (L. transitus, gone or passed 

over— from trans, over, and itum, to go: It. transito: 

F. transit), a passing over or through ; the passing of 

a iieavenly body over the disc or face of a larger one ; 

cdiv, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, 



9 THAN 

a passing; conveyance: transition, n. trdn-sizh'un, 
passage from one place or state to another ; change ; 
in music, a passing from one key to another; in geol., 
a passage from one state or period to another: adj. 
denoting a change from one condition or state to an- 
other: transiti'onal, a, -iin-dl, also transiti'onary, a. 
■er-l, pert, to or denoting transition : transitive, a. 
trdns'l-tlv. having the power of passing; in gram., de- 
noting a verb whose action passes over to, or which 
has an effect upon, a noun or pronoun : trans itiveiy, 
ad. -II: trans'itiveness, n. -n£s, the state or quality of 
being transitive : transition rocks or strata, in a- <•!., 
the strata that were deposited at a period when the 
earth and sea were passing into a state fit for the recep- 
tion of organised beings ; the metamorphic strata : 
trans'itory, a. -l-ttr-l, passing without continuance; 
speedily vanishing; fleeting: transitorily, ad. -li: 
trans itor'iness, n. -tie's, a passing with a short con- 
tinuance. 

translate, v. trdns-ldt' (L. iranslafus, carried or 
brought over, transferred— from trans, over, and latus, 
carried: It. translatare : old F. translater), to carry 
or remove from one place to another; to convey; to 
change ; to render from one language into another, as 
French into English, retaining the sense of the orig- 
inal; to interpret; to transfer, as a bishop from one 
see to another: translating, imp.: transla'ted, pp.: 
translator, n. -ter, one who expresses the sense of 
words in one language by those of another: transla'- 
table, a. -td-bl, that maybe expressed in the words of 
another language: translation, n. -shun, change or 
removal from one place to another ; the removal of a 
person to Heaven without tasting death ; the act of 
expressing the words of one language by the words of 
another ; interpretation ; a version : transla'tive, a. 
-tiv, taken from others : transla'tory, a. -tir-l, trans- 
ferring; serving to conveyor change: transla'tress, 
n. -tres, a woman who translates. 

translucent, a. trd.ns-16'scut {L. transh/crns, shining 
through— from trans, through, and lucens, shining), 
transmitting rays of light, but not in sufficient quan- 
tity to permit objects to be seen; semi-transparent: 
translu'cently, ad. -li: translu'cence, n. -sens, also 
translu'cency, n. -sSn-si, that property of certain min- 
erals and other substances which permits light to pass 
through them, but not in sufficient quantity to show 
distinctly tic forms and colours of objects placed on 
their other side : translu'cid, a. -sid, semi-transparent. 

transmarine, a. trdns'md-ren' (L. trans, beyond, 
and marinus, of or belonging to the sea— from mare, 
the sea), lying or being beyond the sea. 

transmigrate, v. trdns'-rai-grdt (L. transmigra- 
tion, to remove across — from trans, beyond, and 
migratum, to remove, to depart), to pass over or 
into another country ; to pass from one body into an- 
other; to emigrate: trans'migrating, imp.: trans'- 
migrated, pp.: trans'migrator, n. -grd-ter, one who 
transmigrates: transmigration, n. ■gra'-shiin, the 
passing of persons from one count p moth> ., 
purpose of residence ; the passing of a thing into an- 
other state ; the passing of a soul into another body: 
transmigratory, a. truns-mi'gru-tir-i, passing from 
one to another. 

transmissible, a, trdns-mis'-sl-bl (F. transmissible ; 
Sp. transmisible, transmissible : L. trans, beyond, and 
missus, sent), that may lie passed iromone to another: 
transmis'sibil'ity, n. -bil'-i-ti, the quality of being 
transmissible: transmissi'on, n. -mish'un (L. trans- 
missio, a sending across), the act of sending, or being- 
sent, from one to another; passage through: trans- 
mis'sive, a. -mis'-siv, transmitted; derived from one 
to another. 

transmit, v. trdns-mif (L. transmittere, to send 
across, to transmit— from trans, over, and mitto, I 
send: F. transmettre), to send from one person or 
place to another ; to suffer to pass through : trans- 
mit'ting, imp. : transmitted, pp. sent from one to 
another : transmit'ter, n. -ter, one who transmits : 
transmit'tible, a, -ti-bl, that may be sent from one to 
another : transmit'tal, n. -tdl, the act of sending from 
one to another. 

transmute, v. trdns-muf (L. transmutare, to change, 
to transmute — from trans, across, and muto, I 
change: F. transmitter), to change from one nature or 
substance into another: transmu'ting, imp.: n. the 
act of transforming into another nature or substance : 
transmu'ted, pp.: transmu'table, a. -mu'ta-bl, that 
may be changed into another nature or substance : 
transmu'tably, ad. -ta-bll : transmu'tabil'ity, n. 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



TEAN 



C70 



TRAS 



-Ml'l-tl, also transmu'tableness, n. -M-nSs, qual- 
ity of being able to be changed into another na- 
ture or substance: transmutation, n. trdns'mu-td'- 
shun, the change of anything into another substance ; 
in geol., a change from one place to another, or from 
one thing into another : transmitter, u. -t6r, one who 
or that which transmutes. 

transoms, n. plu. tr&n'sSmz (L. trans, across, and 
sumere, to take; tra, / senna, a rope, a noose), in a, ship, 
beams or timbers fixed across the stern-post to 
strengthen the after-part and give it form; in arch., 
a horizontal mullion or cross-bar in a window; a 
lintel over a door ; in surv., the vane of a cross-staff; 
a cross-bar of any kind. 

transparent, a. trdns-pd'-rUnt (L. trans, through, 
and parens, appearing, being visible— gen. parentis: 
F. transparent: Sp. transparente), that may be seen 
through ; opposite of opaque ; clear ; limpid : trans- 
parently, ad. -U, so clearly as to be seen through : 
transpaTentness, n. -nes, quality of being transpa- 
rent: transparence, n. trdns-pd'rens, also transpa'- 
rency, n. -rSn-si, that property of bodies which per- 
mits light to pas-; 1 broii-h them so freely that the 
forms, hues, and distances of objects can be distinctly- 
seen on the other side ; a picture painted on a semi- 
transparent material, and which may be seen at night 
by a light placed behind it. 

transpierce, v. trdns-pers' (trans, through, and 
pierce), to pass through ; to penetrate ; to permeate. 

transpire, v. trdn-splr' (F. trun,sj,irer, to transpire 
—from L. trail.:, throne,!), and spiro, I breathe), to 
emit through the pores of the skin; to send off in 
vapour; to pass <>1i' in insensible vapour ; to become 
public: transpi'ring, imp. exhaling; becoming pub- 
lic: transpired', pp. -splrdf, exhaled; escaped from 
secrecy: transpi'rable, a. -spi'-rd-bl, that may be 
emitted through pores : transpiration, n. frdn'spi-ra- 
shun, the process of passing off through the pores of 
the skin in the form of vapour. 

transplant, v. trdns-pldnt' (F. transplanter, to 
transplant: trans, across, and plant), to remove and 
plant in another place; to remove and settle in resi- 
lience in another place: transplanting, imp.: n. the 
act of removing, as a tree, from one situation to 
another: transplant'ed, pp.: trans'planta'tion, n. 
-tu'shnn, conveyance from one to another. 

transplendent, a. trdn-:-pi,:,,'-,hhd (L. trans, through, 
and splendens, shining), resplendent in the highest de- 
transport, v. trdns-porf (L. transportare, to convey 
or carry over — from trans, over or across, and porlo, 
I carry: It. transportare: F. transporter), to remove 
from one place to another; to send or carry into ban- 
ishment, as a criminal; to hurry or carry away by 
passion or emotion; to ravish with i ilea sur ■<■■ < ia 
transport, n. trdns'-port, conveyance ; a ship employed 

in conveying goods, store ; ; .'.,-., pari, ic h, •■]>■ .,., , 

ployed by Government; rapture; ecstasy; a violent 
manifestation of anger or rase : transporting, imp. 
removing ; banishing ; hearing away the soul with 
pleasure; ravishing with doii-iit: Lransport'ed, pp. 
conveyed; ravished with delight: transport'able, 
a. -d-bl, that may be removed : transport'ingly, ad. 
-^.•transportation, n. trdns'-por-ta'-shun, the act of 
carrying or conveying from one place to another ; 
banishment for crime: transport'edly, ad. -11: tran- 
sporter, n. -er, one who transports. 

transpose, v. trdns-poz! (L. transposition, to place 
or set across— from tra n-i, across, and jmsitum, to place 
or set: F. transpuser), to change the place or order of 
by putting one in the place of the other; in alg., to 
change a term from one side of an equation to the 
other by changing the sign ; in gram., to change the 
natural order of words or letters ; in music, to change 
the key: transposing, imp.: transposed', pp. -pozd' : 
transpo'ser, n. -zer, one who transposes : transpo'sal, 
n. -zdl, a change of place or order: transposition, 
n. trdns'po-zish'iln, the Hinti-inL' the places of words 
or things : trans'positi'onal, a. -un-dl, pert, to or em- 
bracing transposition: transpositive, a. trdns-poi-i- 

■■■ lea'di or e by Man ..losing: transpos'itively, 

ad. -It. 

trans-ship, v. trdns-shtp' (L. trans, over, and Eng. 
sh ip), to convey from one ship to another : trans-ship'- 
raent, n. the act of transferring goods from one ship to 
another. 

transubstantiate, v. trdn'sub-stdn'shl-at (F. trans- 

svhstuntirr, to transubstantiate — fromL. trans, across 

or over, and substantia, substance: It. transustau- 

mate, mdt, far, law; mete, met, 



ziare), to change into another substance : tran'aub- 
stantia'tion, n. -a'shun, a changing into another sub- 
stance; in the if. Cath. Ch., the supposed miraculous 
change of the bread and wine in the Eucharist into 
the body and blood of Christ : tran'substan'tial, a. 
■shdl, having passed from its original nature, essence, 
or substance ; relating to transubstantiation. 

transude, v. trdn-sud" (F. transsude.r, to pass 
through in vapour— from L. trans, through, and sudo, 
I sweat), to ooze or pass through the pores or inter- 
stices of a membrane or substance : transu'ding, imp. : 
transu'ded, pp.: transudation, n trdn u-du Ian, 
the oozing of fluids or vapours through porous bodies : 
transu'datory, a. -dd-ter-i, passing, as vapours or 
fluids, through porous bodies. 

transverse, a. trdns-vers' (L. transversus, turned 
across, lying across— fro in trans, across, and versus, 
turned: F. transverse), lying or heme; across ; running 
in a cross direction ; in bot., being at right angles with 
the valves: n. that which crosses or lies in a cross 
direction : transversely, ad. -II: transversal, n. -vir' 
sdl K in geom., a straight or curved line which tra versos 
or intersects any system of other lines: adj. running 
or lying across. 

trap, n. trdp (AS. treppe, a trap; treppan, to en- 
snare: It. trappa, a trap, a falling door: F. ultra per, 
to catch: imitative of the sharp sound of a falling 
door), a machine that shuts suddenly or with a spring, 
used for taking game or vermin ; any device by which 
men or animals may be caught unawares ; a strata- 
gem; a contrivance in drains in towns which pre- 
vents effluvia passing from them; a game, and the 
instr. used in it : v. to catch in a trap ; to take by 
stratagem: trap'ping, imp.: adj. catching wild ani- 
mals in traps : n. the art or practice of catching wild 
animals by snares or traps : trapped, pp. ti dpt, caught 
in a trap: trapper, n. trdp'-per, one whose occupation 
is to catch wild animals by means of traps : trap-door, 
a door in a floor or a roof which shuts close like a 
valve : trap-stair, a narrow staircase or ladder lead- 
ing up to a trap-door: traps, n. plu. in familiar lan- 
guage, articles for dress or ornament easily packed 
and carried about; goods; furniture. 

trap, n. trdp, or trap-rock(Sw. trappa.; Dan. trappe, 
a stair : Dut. trap, step, degree— so called from the 
step-like or terraced aspect of the hills in which they 
occur), in geol., a general term used to designate all 
the multifarious igneous rocks of Palteozoic and 

>:.'■'■/ v ■ :>ech re.: -'I i or i, from the more ancient 

granites on the one hand, and the recent volcanic 
rocks on the other, and which often send out dykes 
into the fissures of more modern strata ; a term em- 
bra cing basalt, clinkstone, greenstone, compact fel- 
spar, hornstone, pitchstone, claystone, amygdaloid, 
trap-tuff, wacke, and the like: trappean, a. trdp' 
pe-dn, also trap, a. pert, to the trap-rocks ; of the 
nature of trap : trappous, a. trup'pus, pert, to or re- 
sembling trap; partaking of the qualities of trap: 
trap'py, a. -pi, resembbng or composed of trap. 

trapan, v. trd-pdn' (from trap 1, which see), to 
catch by stratagem— see trepan 2, which is now the 
usual spelling. 

trapezium, n. trd-pe'zi-iim, also trapeze, n. ird-pe.z' 
(L. trapezium— from Gr. trapezion, a small table or 
counter: F. trapeze), in geom., a plane figure con- 
tained by four straight lines, no two of which are 
parallel ; in anat., one of the small bones of the wrist : 
plu. trape'zia, -zi-d, or trape'ziums, -zi-umz: trape'- 
ziform, a. -faivrm, having the shape of a trapezium : 
trape'zius, n. -us, in anat., a somewhat square muscle 
attached to the shoulder and the spine in the neck : 
trapezoid, n. trdp'-e-zoyd (Gr. trapezion, a table, and 
eidos, resemblance), in geom., a plane figure contained 
by four straight lines, having only two of the opposite 
sides parallel ; in ancd., one of the bones of the wrist 
resembling the trapezium, but smaller; plu. trap'- 
ezoid'es, -zdyd'ez: trap'ezoid'al, a. -dl, having the 
form of a trapezoid: trapezohedron, n. trdp'e-zo- 
he'dron (Gr. hedra, a seat, a base), a solid figure 
bounded by twenty -four equal and similar trapeziums. 

trappean, trappous, trappy— see trap 2. 

trappings, n. plu. trdp'-pingz (Sp. trapo, a cloth, a 
rag: Port, trap- a, , io n . i.- >< 
imitative of the sound made by the flapping of cloths), 
ornamental articles of dress; furniture; external 
and superficial decorations ; ornamental housings for 
horses. 

trash, n. trdsh (old Eng. trash or trousse, clippings 
of trees : Norm, trosa, to make a sound as of breaking, 
her; pine, pin; note, not, move; 



TEAS 



671 



TREA 



to break to bits : Icel. tros, offal, rubbish), waste or 
worthless matter ; refuse: v. to free from worthless 
matter; to lop : trashing, imp.: trash'ed, pp. trCisht: 
trashy, a. trash'-l, waste; worthless; rejected. 

trass, n. tras, also tarrass, n. tar-ras' (Ger. trass— 
from L. terra, earth), in geol., a tufaceous alluvium or 
volcanic earth which occupies wide areas in the Eifel 
<listrict of the Rhine — used, when pulverised, as a 
hydraulic cement. 

traumatic, a. traw-mclt'ik (L. traumatievs ; Gr. 
fro. umatikos, fit f< >r healing wounds— from Gr. trauma, 
a wound), applied to symptoms and causes arising 
from wounds or local injury: n. a medicine useful in 
the cure of wounds : traumat'icine, n. -l-sin , a wound- 
healer— applied to a preparation of gutta-percha for 
covering wounds. 

travail, v. trdv'cl (F. travail, pains, labour, work : 
Bret, trale I, a rattle : W. trafu, to stir, to agitate ; 
traf, a stir, a strain), to work or labour excessively ; 
to toil ; to suffer the pains of child-birth : n. labour 
with pain ; suffering the pangs of child-birth : trav- 
ailing, imp.: adj. being in the pains of child-birth: 
travailed, pp. trdv'eld. 

trave, n. trdv, also travis, n. trdv'ls (It. trave; Sp. 
trabe, abeam, a large piece of timber— from L. trabs, 
.-„ beam), a wooden frame to confine an unruly horse 
while being shod ; a beam or a lay of joists. , 

travel, v. trdv'el (a different spelling and applica- 
tion of travail: It. travaglio ; Sp. trabajo; F. travail, 
pains, labour, work : W. trafu, to stir, to agitate), to 
pass through; to journey over ; to go or march on foot ; 
to pass to a distant place or country : n. a passing from 
one place to another ; a journeying to or through a 
country : travelling, imp.' walking; g<>ir.g: adj. pert, 
to travel : n. a passing through a country or countries : 
travelled, pp. -eld: adj. having made journeys: trav- 
els, n. plu. -elz, a statement made, either written or oral, 
about things seen, with observations thereon, during 
a journey or journeys: trav'eller, n. -el-lCr, one who 
is travelling, or who has travelled, in distant coun- 
tries ; an agent of a wholesale house who travels from 
one place to another to effect the sale of goods among 
retailers or manufacturers; a wayfarer; among sea- 
men, a ring or hoop that slides along a rope or boom : 
travel-stained, a. having the clothes soiled through 
passing from one place to another. 

traverse, a. trdv'ers (L. transversus, turned across, 
or lying across— from trans, across, and versus, 
-turned: It. traversa; F. traverse, a cross-beam of 
■timber), lying across; being in a direction across 
something else : n. anything laid or built across ; in 
fort., a parapet and trench across a ditch — a detached 
parapet and trench on the flank of any work to protect 
the defenders— generally a parapet with banquette 
and palisade thrown across the whole width of the 
covered way; in arch., a gallery or loft of communica- 
tion in a church or other large building; in law, a 
denial of some matter of fact by the opposite party : v. 
to place in a cross direction ; to wander over ; to pass 
over and view ; te turn and point, as a cannon, in any 
direction ; in lau; to deny what has been advanced by 
an opposite party ; in fencing, to oppose a movement ; 
to turn, as on a pivot : ad. athwart ; crosswise : trav'- 
crsing, imp. passing over ; thwarting ; denying : trav- 
ersed, pp. -erst, passed or travelled over; denied: 
traverser, n. -sir, one who opposes a plea in law: 
traversable, a. -sd-bl, that may be traversed or crossed; 
that may be denied : traverse-sailing, the case in 
plane-sailing when the ship makes several courses in 
succession, the track being zigzag, and the directions 
of its several parts lying more or less athwart each 
other : traverse-table, a table so called from its use in 
traverse-sailing; in raiheays, a platform with one or 
more tracks, and arranged to move laterally on wheels 
for the convenience of shifting carriages, &c. 

travertine, n. trdv'er-tin (It. tibertino, travertine : 
X. lapis tiburtinus, the stone of Tibur— from anc. 
Tibur, near Rome, at which it is abundantly formed 
from the waters of the Anio), a whitish concretionary 
limestone deposited from the water of springs holding 
lime in solution ; calcareous tufa or calc-tuff. 

travesty, v. trav'es-tl (F. travesti, disguise— from 
Iravcstir, to disguise— from L. trans, over, andvestire, 
to clothe : It. travestito, a mask), to translate or par- 
ody in such a manner as to render ridiculous or ludi- 
crous; to turn into burlesque: n. a burlesque transla- 
tion or imitation of a work: trav'estying, imp. -H- 
■lag, turning into ridicule : travestied, pp. -ticl, paro- 
died ; turned into ridicule. 

coiv, boy, f Sot; pure, bud; chair, 



travis— see trave. 

trawl, v. trawl (from Eng. trail: mid. L. tracula, a 
sled or harrow: It. tragula, a drag-net), to fish by 
trailing or dragging a net sunk in the water behind 
a boat or vessel : trawl'ing, imp.: adj. dragging a net 
for fish ; using a drag-net : n. the act of dragging for 
fish with a net : trawler, n. -a; one who trawls ; a 
small vessel used in fishing with the trawling-net. 

tray, n. tra (Dut. draagen, to carry ; draag-bak, a 
hod for carrying mortar), a very shallow trough em- 
ployed for a variety of purposes in domestic use ; a 
tin board ; a waiter. 

treacherous, a. trech'er-iis (from Eng. traitor: Prov. 
trachar, to betray: old Eng. trechour, treachery: L. 
tradere, to give over, to betray), faithless; perfidious ; 
betraving a trust ; not to be relied on : treach'erously, 
ad. -li : treach'erousness, n. -ncs, also treach'ery, n. 
- ; . bet rayal of trust ; violation of faith and confidence ; 
violation of allegiance ; perfidy. 

treacle, n. tre'-kl (old Eng. triacle, an old confection, 
considered a sovereign remedy against poison— from 
mid. Gr. therion, a viper: Gr. tlo riukus; L. tlieriacus, 
good against the poison of animals, especially the 
bite of serpents), a preparation so called because it 
was good against the bite of vipers, or because sup- 
posed to be made of viper's flesh ; the syrup which 
drains from the sugar-refiner's moulds; molasses; a 
saccharine fluid obtained from the juices of certain 
vegetables. 

tread, v. tr5d (AS. tredan; Ger. treten; Icel. troda; 
Goth, trudan, to tread: W. troeel; Gael, troidh, the 
foot), to step or walk on ; to beat or press under the 
foot ; to trample in contempt or hatred ; to subdue ; to 
copulate, as birds ; to set in motion with the feet; to 
walk or go ; to walk with form or state : n. mode of 
stepping; place trod on or used in stepping; way; 
track: in arch., the horizontal part of a step on which 
the foot is placed : tread'ing, imp. pressing with the 
foot: n. act of pressing with the foot; a walking; a 
stepping: trod.pt. trocCdid tread: trod or trodden, pp. 
trod'-n, pressed or crushed by the foot : tread'er, n. -t'r, 
one who or that which treads : tread-mill, a machine 
worked by a number of men treading continuously on 
the steps of a cylinder, used chiefly as a n instr. of pris- 
cii discipline: treadle, n. trcd.i.t\n- part of amachine 
which is pressed by the feet, and is thus set in motion ; 
the albuminous cord which unites the yolk of the egg 
to the white. 

treason, n. tre'-zn (from Eng. traitor, which see: 
old F. traison; F. trahison, treason— from L.tradere, to 
deliver up, to betray), the crime of a subject attempt- 
ing in any way to overthrow the government of a 
country ; a breach of fidelity ; treachery : high trea- 
son, any crime affecting the safety or dignity of a sov- 
ereign or his state : trea'sonable, a, d-bl, involving or 
partaking of the crime of treason: trea'sonably, ad. 
-u.-bli: trea sonableness, n. -bl-ncs, the state or qual- 
ity of being treasonable. 

treasure, n. trezh'-obr (L. thesaurus; Gr. thesauros, 
anything laid or stored up : It. tescni.ro : F. trisor), a 
store of money in reserve; riches hoarded; a great 
store of anything collected for future use ; something 
very much valued : v. to lay up or collect for future 
use : treas'uring, imp. laying up for future use : 
treas ured, pp. -oord, laid up for future use : treas'ure- 
less, a. -Cordis, without treasure: treas'urer, n. -er, 
one who has the charge of the money or funds of a 
society, corporation, state, &c. : treas urership, n. 
-sliip, the office of a treasurer: treas'ury, n. -i, a 
place or building in which stores of wealth are re- 
posited ; a department of Government where the 
public money is received, kept, and disbursed; all 
the officers connected with the department ; an 
abundant store: treasure - city or -house, a place 
where treasure is deposited: treasure -trove, -trov 
(F. trouver, to find), any money, articles made of 
gold or silver, or the precious in ■■■■ ' -. ■ : 
found in the earth or otherwise hidden, the owner of 
which is not known : treasury bond, a species of ex- 
chequer bill : treasury warrant, an official and legal 
notice issued by the Lords of the Treasury for the in- 
formation of the public : Lords of the Treasury, five 
state officers who have the superintendence of the 
department for the managing of the public finances, 
the chief of whom is called the First Lord of the Trea- 
sury, and is generally Prime Minister for the time 
being, the second being the Chancellor of the Ex- 
chequer, and its practical head. 
treat, v. tret (F. traiter; old F. traicter, to meddle 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



TREB 



672 



TREV 



in writing or speaking; to discourse; to entertain 
with food or drink as a compliment; to behave 
towards; to manage, as a disease, in the application 
oiremedies; in chem., to subject to the action of; to 
make and receive proposals with a view to settle a 
claim, adjust differences, &c; to negotiate: n. an 
entertainment given as an expression of regard; 
something which affords much pleasure: treating, 
imp.: adj. using ; discoursing on ; enterta n n n ■ _■. : 
act of one who treats; bribery: treat'ed, pp.: treat'- 
er, n. -er, one who treats : treat'ment, n. -merit, man- 
agement ; manner of using; good or bad behaviour 
towards ; manner of applying remedies in disease : 
treatise, n. -iz, a written oomposilion on ■•, p^iiniim 
subject ; a formal essay : treat'y, n. -1 (F. traiU), the 
act of making and receiving proposals with the view 
of adjusting differences ; a formal agreement ; a league 
or contract between two or more nations. 

treble, a. treb'-l (L. tripius : Or. triphms, threefold: 
L. tres, three, andplcrits, twisted or plaited : It. triplo; 
F. triple, triple), threefold ; acute in a threefold de- 
gree : n. in music, the highest or most acute part of 
the four parts in a harmonised piece of music ; one 
who plays or sings the treble : v. to multiply by three ; 
to become threefold : trebling, imp. : trebled, pp. 
tr&b'-ld: trebly, ad. -II, in a threefold number or 
quantity. 

tree, n. trd (AS. treow ; Goth, triw ; Icel. tre, a tree, 
wood : W. derm : Gr. drus, an oak), any woody plant 
of considerable height rising to some distance with a 
single woody stem ; something resembling a tree ; a 
cross; apiece, of timlier, or something usually made of 
timber : treeless, a. -IBs, destitute of trees : treenail, 
one of the long wooden bolts used in fastening the 
planks of a ship to the timbers : genealogical or 
family tree, the drawing or picture of a tree, in 
which the different divisions of a family are exhibited 
as the branches, and the relation of each family to 
the common ancestor, as the trunk or stock, shown 
at a glance. 

trefoil, n. tre'fdi/KL. trifolium, three-leaved grass— 
from tres, three, dad folium, a leaf: F. trejle), a. three- 
leaved plant, as clover; an architectural ornament 
resembling the three-leaved clover. 

trellis, n. trel'lls (F. trcillis, any latticed or grated 
frame ; treille, an arbour or walk covered with Vines : 
L. trilix, triple-twilled— gen. trilicis), a structure or 
frame of cross-barred work, used for screens, for the 
supporting of plants, &c: v. to furnish with a lattice 
or open framework : trellising, imp.: trellised, pp. 
-1st, having a trellis, or formed as a trellis : treillage, 
11. trel'laj (F.), a contexture of light posts and rails 
used to support espaliers. 

tremando, a. ad. trS-mdn'do (It.), in music, a general 
shake of the whole chord; the term directing it to be 
done. 

tremble, v. tr&m'bl (F. trembler: Sp. temblor ■ It. 
tremolare, to tremble, to shake— from L. tremulus, 
shaking), to shake with fear, cold, or weakness ; to 
quiver; to shiver; to shake, as a sound: trem'bling, 
imp. -Wing: n. the act or si ate of shaking, as from fear 
or cold: trembled, pp. trSm'-Wd: trem'bler, n. -Wer, 
one who trembles : tremblingly, ad. -II : trembling- 
poplar, the aspen-tree : tremblores, n. plu. tr&m-WO- 
rez, the name given by the Sp. settlers of S. Amer. to 
the "surface-tremors," which in some volcanic dis- 
tricts are almost of daily occurrence. 

tremendous, a. trS-mdn'dus (L. tremendus, fearful, 
dreadful— from tremo, I tremble), sufficient to excite 
fear or terror ; dreadful ; terrible ; extremely violent : 
tremen'dously, ad. -II : tremen'dousness, n. -n&s, the 
state or quality of being tremendous or terrible. 

tremolite, n. trem'o-llt (from Tremola, a valley of 
Switzerland, where first found), a variety orsub-species 
of hornblende, occurring in long prismatic crystals, 
pearly and semi-transparent. 

tremor, n. trdm'or (L. tremor, a shaking— from trem- 
ere, to tremble : It. tremore), a shivering or shaking; a 
quivering or vibratory motion : trem'ulous, a. -il-lus 
(L. tremulus, shaking, trembling : Sp. tremulo, tremu- 
lous), affected with fear or timidiiv , sliai m imi 
ering : tremulously, ad. -II : trem'ulousness, n. -n6s, 
the state of being tremulous or quivering. 
trench, n. irensh (I'rov. trencar, to cut off: It. trin- 
r '~ trin- 
ti the 



terrupt the approach of an enemy; the wall or breast- 
work formed by the earth thrown out of the ditch : v. 
to cut ; to dig a ditch in ; to fortify or defend with 
trenches and earthen breastworks ; to encroach upon ; 
to furrow deeply with the spade or plough : trench'- 
ing, imp.: n. the act of cutting into narrow ditches; 
the preparation of soils by deep cutting and exposure : 
trenched, pp. trensht, furrowed or cut deep : trench'- 
er, n. -er, one who cuts trenches ; a wooden plate on 
which meat maybe cut or carved; the table itself ; 
food: trencher-cap, the square cap worn by the stu- 
dents at Oxford and Cambridge: trencher-man, a 
feeder ; a great eater : trench-plough, a kind of 
plough for turning up land to a greater depth than 
that effected by the ordinary plough: trenchant, a. 
Ireush'ant, cutting; sharp. 

trend, v. trend (Fris. trund; Dan. trind, round: 
AS. trendel, an orb, a circle), to have a particular 
direction or curve, as a coast-line ; to stretch : n. in- 
clination in a partieular direction: trending, imp.: 
n. particular direction: trend'ed, pp. 

Trent, Council of, n. trent, in eccles. hist., a famous, 
council of the R. Cath. Ch., assembled by Paul III. in 
1545, and continued in twenty-five sessions under 
Julius III. and Pius IV. until its close in 1563. 

trental, n. tr&n'-tdl (F. trente ; It. trenta, thirty : L. 
trii/iv/ii, thirty), in R. Cath. Ch., an office for the dead 
consisting of thirty masses, recited for thirty days in 
succession after the person's death for whom it is per- 
formed. 

trepan, n. trZ-pdn' (Gr. trupanon, a borer, an auger: 
F. trepan; Sp. Urpann, an auger), in surg., a circular 
saw for removing a portion of the skull : v. in surg., 
to perforate the skull and take out a piece for the pur- 
pose of relieving the brain from pressure : trepan'- 
ning, imp.: n. the operation of making an opening in 
the skull to relieve the brain from compression or ir- 
ritation : trepanned', pp. -pdnd'. 

trepan, v. trS-pdn' (AS. treppe, a trap ; treppan, to 
ensnare), to lay a trap for ; to ensnare ; to take by 
stratagem: n. a cheat ; a deceiver; a snare: trepan'- 
ning, imp.: trepanned', pp. -pdnd'.- trepan'ner, n. 
-ner, one who trepans. 

trephine, n. trS-fen' (from trepan), an improved 
form of the trepan: v. to perforate with a trephine; 
trephining, imp.: n. the act or operation : trephined', 
pp. -fend'. 

trepidation, n. trSp'l-dd'shun (L. trepidatio, trem- 
bling, fear— from trepidus, agitated, trembling: F. 
trepidation), a quaking or quivering from fear or 
terror; a state of confused hurry or alarm. 

trespass, n. tres'pds (old F. iresjjasser, to exceed, to 
pass on or over— from L. trans, beyond, and -p<is?us, 
a step), any wrong or damage done by one person to 
another; transgression generally; unlawful entry 
on the lands of another; a known violation of the 
moral law ; sin : v. to go upon the lands of another 
unlawfully ; to pass over a limit or boundary; to vio- 
late any known rule of moral duty ; to intrude ; to go 
too far : tres'passing, imp. entering upon the lands 
of another; violating any Known moral duty: tres'- 
passed, pp. -past : trespasser, n. -ser, one who tres- 
passes ; an offender : trespass-offering, among the 
Israelites, an offering for some known violation of 
the divine law. 

tress, n. tres (It. treccia; F. tresse; Sp. trenza, a 
plait of three bands of hair— from Gr. tricha, three- 
fold), a braid or lock of hair ; a ringlet : tres'ses, n. 
plu. -s8z, ringlets : tressed, a. trest, formed into tres- 
ses ; curled ; knotted : tressy, a. tres'si, abounding in 
tresses. 

trestle, n., also tressel, n. trSs'sl (old F. trestd— 
from Dut. drierin, [,,,, ■■. ■ W. trawst, a rafter), a 
movable support of timber in the form of a three or 
four legged stool, with a strong narrow top. 

tret, n. tret (Norm. F. /reft, draught; L. trahere, to 
draw), an allowance to purchasers of goods for waste 
or refuse matter of 4 lb. on every 104 lb. after the 
tare is deducted. 

tretosternon, n. tre'tos-ter'non (Gr. tretos, perfora- 
ted, and sternon, the breast-bone), in geol., a term ap- 
plied to the fossil bones of a turtle-like animal from 
the Wealden and Purbeck beds, seemingly related to 
the river-turtles of the hotter regions. 

trevet, n. trSv'et, also trivet, n. triv'et (Dut. treeft; 
F. trepied, a support standing on three feet), a stool 
or other thing supported by three legs; a movable 
iron frame or stand to support a kettle. &c., ouagrate, 
and keep it from pressing on the coals. 



mate, mdt,fdr, law; mete, met, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, mGve; 



TKEY 



673 



TEIC 



trey, n. tra (old F. trei; L. tres, three), a three at 
cards ; a card of three spots. 

tri, trl (Gr. treis, three ; trts, thrice: L. tres or tris, 
three), a common prefix in scientific terms, signifying 
thrice, or in threes.— as in tripartite, divided into three 
parts : fn'lobate, three-lobed. 

triable, a. trl'd-bl (see try), that may be subjected 
to trial or test : that may undergo a judicial examina- 
tion : tri'ableness, n. -net, the state of being triable. 

triacontahedral, a, trva-kon'-ta-hc'-drdl (Gr. tria- 
conta, thirty, and ft dra, a seat, a base), having thirty 
sides ; bounded by thirty rhombs. 

triad, n. tri'dd (Gr. trias, the number three— gen. 
triados—ftomtreis, three : F. and It. triade),the union 
of three ; three objects united ; in music, the common 
chord, consisting of a tone with its third and fifth. 

triadelphons, a. irl'il-del'fus (Gr. treis, three, and 
adelphos, a brother), in hot., having stamens united in 
three bundles by their filaments. 

trial, n. trVul (from try, which see), any effort or 
exercise to ascertain what can be done ; an attempt ; 
an endeavour; examination by test or experiment; 
experience; any suffering or temptation that puts 
strength or virtue to the test; affliction; the formal 
examination before a judge by means of witnesses in 
a court of law, as to whether certain alleged facts or 
charges are true or untrue. 

triandrian, a. tri-dn'-dri-dn, also trian'drous, a. 
-drus(Gv. treis, three, and inter, a man— gen. andros), 
in hot., having three distinct and equal stamens, as 
in the class trian'dria, n. -drl&. 

triangle, n. trl-ang'gl (F. triangle; L. triangidum, 
a triangle— from L. tris, three, amf angulus, a corner, 
an angle), a plane figure bounded by three straight 
lines, having three corners or angles ; anything in the 
form of a triangle : trian'gled, a. -gld, having the form 
of a triangle; formed into triangles: triangular, a. 
-gu-ler, having the form of a triangle ; relating to a 
triangle: triangularly, ad. -II: trian'gular'ity, n. 
-Mr-i-ti, quality of being triangular: trian'gulate, v. 
-Idt, to divide into portions hi the form of triangles 
for surveying: trian'gulating, imp.: trian'gulated, 
pp.: trian gula'tion. n. -la-shi'tn. the division of a dis- 
trict of country into portions in the form of triangles 
for the convenience of accurate measurements, as in 
the trigonometrical survey: triangular compasses, 
compasses with three legs for taking and laying off 
three points at once. 

triarchy, n. tri'-ar-kl (Gr. treis, three, and arche, 
government), government by three persons. 

trias, n. trt'os, or triassic system, trl-as'sik- (Or. 
trias, the number three, a triad), in geol., a triple 
series, so called from its being composed in Germany, 
where it is fully developed, of three main members, 
corresponding, in all its relations, to the upper New 
Red Sandstone of the earlier English geologists : tri- 
as sic, a. pert, to or composed of trias. 

tribe, n. trib (L. tribus, a tribe— from tris, three, 
being one of the three original great divisions of the 
Roman people : F. and It. tribu), a family or race exist- 
ing distinct from others ; any class or distinct portion 
of a people ; a number of things having certain com- 
mon characteristics; a division between order and 
genus ; a group of genera subordinate to an order ; a 
body of rude or savage people under one chief: tri- 
bal, a. tri'-bul, belonging to a tribe. 

triblet, n. f;-;7><Yf, also tribolet, n. trib'0-lSt (F. trib- 
oulet), a goldsmith's tool used for making rings; a 
steel cylinder round which metal is bent in the pro- 
cess of forming tubes. 

tribometer. n. ti i-bCm'-e-tu- (Gr. trihein, to rub, and 
metron, a measure : F. tribometre), an instr. for ascer- 
taining the degree of friction in rubbing surfaces. 

tribrach, n. trVlTdk (Gr. treis, three, and brcichus, 
short), in -poetry, a foot of three short syllables. 

tribulation, n. trib'-u-lu'shiin.(L. tribulum, an instr. 
for rubbing out corn, consisting of a broad beam of 
wood studded underneath with sharp pieces of flint 
or with iron teeth : F. tribulation), that which occa- 
sions distress or vexation ; severe affliction. 

tribune, n. trtb'un (L. tribunus, the chief of a tribe, 
a commander— from tribus, a tribe: It. tribuno: F. 
iribun), among the anc. Romans, an officer or magis- 
trate chosen by the people to protect them from the 
oppression of the nobles, and to defend their liberties ; 
a bench or elevated platform from which speeches are 
delivered, as in the assemblies of France: tribune- 
ship, n. -ship, the office of a tribune; also trib'unate, 
•un-at: tribunal, n. tribu'-nal (L. tribunal, a raised 



platform on which the seats of magistrates were 
placed: F. tribunal: It. tribunate), a bench or raised 
seat of a judge ; any judgment-seat or court of justice: 
tribunitial, a. trib'-u-nlsh'cll, pert, to tribunes; suit- 
ing a tribune. 

tribute, n. trlb'ut (L. tributum, a stated payment— 
from tribuo, I allot, I bestow: It. tribute-: F. tribut), 
a stated sum paid annually by a conquered or subject 
state to a superior as a price for peace or protection ; a 
personal contribution : trib'utary, a. -u-ter-l, paying 
tribute; subject or subordinate ; yielding supplies oi 
anything: n. a state that pays tribute to a superior; 
any stream which, directly or indirectly, contributes 
water to another stream. 

tricapsular, a. trl-kdp'su-ler (L. tris, three, and cap- 
suht. a little chest), in bot., having three capsules. 

tricarpeliites, n. plu. tn-Mr'pH-litz (Gr. treis, three, 
and karpos, fruit), fossil nut-like fruits from the Lon- 
don clay— so called from their consisting of three car- 
pels or seed-cells. 

trice, n. tris (oldEng. treis : F. trois, three: Sp. tris, 
an instant), the time in which one can count three; 
an instant ; a moment : within or in a trice, in a very 
short time. 

trice, v. tris (Sw. trissa; Dan. tridse, a pulley: 
Low Ger. drysen, to hoist), to hoist and bale up aloft ; 
to haul up and secure by means of a small rope : tra- 
cing, imp.: triced, pp. trlst. 

tricennial, a. tri-sen'ni-dl (L. triceni, thirty at a 
time, thirty each, and annus, a year), belonging to a 
period of thirty years ; occurring'once in thirty years : 
tricen'tenary, n. -Un-er-l (L. centum, a hundred), a 
period or space of three hundred years. 

triceps, n. trl'sSps (L. tris, three, and caput, ahead), 
in anat., the three-headed muscle. 

trichiasis, n. trl-ki'd-sis (Gr. thrix, the hair of the 
head, a hair or bristle— gen. trichus), in rued., a dis- 
ease of the eye in which the eyelash turns in upon the 
eyeball and produces irritation. 

trichidium, n. tri-kki-i-nrn (Gr. trichinos, made of 
hair— from thrive, hah - ), in bot., a filamentous organ 
resembling a netted purse, in which the spores of 
certain fungi are included : trichina, n. tri-kl'-na, 
plu. trichina, -we, a minute parasite or worm, in- 
festing, in the adult state, the intestinal canal, and 
in its larval state the muscular tissue, of man and 
certain mammals, especially the hog: trichuriasis, n. 
trik'in-l'a-sis, the disease produced by trichinous 
meat ; the disease of trichinous meat : trichinous, a. 
-us, producing or produced by trichina? ; relating to 
the disease trichuriasis. 

trichopteran, a. trl-kop'-ter-dn, also trichop'terous, 
a. -its (Gr. thrix, the hair of the head, and pteron, a 
wing), hair-winged, as the c:i.se-worm flies. 

trichord, n, tri'kawrd (Gr. treis, three, and chorde, 
a cord or string), a three-stringed lyre. 

trichotomous, a. trhkof-o-mus (Gr. triche, threefold, 
and tenino, I cut), divided into three parts or into 
threes: trichotomy, n. -mi, division into three parts. 

trick, n. trik (Dut. trekken, to pluck, to draw: Ger. 
streich, a stroke, a trick : F. tricher, to cheat, to de- 
ceive), any fraud or underhand scheme to impose upon 
others; something done to cheat or deceive; practice 
or habit, as he has a trick of winking ; a sly artifice 
by way of amusement ; the dexterous artifice of a 
juggler ; a parcel of cards falling to a winner at one 
round of play : v. to deceive ; to impose on ; to de- 
fraud; to dress or adorn fantastically: tricking, imp. 
cheating; deceiving; defrauding: tricked, pp. triki: 
tricker, n. trtk'ker, one who cheats ; also trick'ster, n. 
-ster: trick'ery, n. -er-i, artifice; deceit; the art of 
dressing up fantastically : trick'ish, a. -ish, given to 
deception and cheating: trick'ishly, ad. -li: trick'- 
ishness, n. -nes, quality of being trickish or deceitful; 
tricky, a. -i, artful; cunning. 

trickle, v. tnk'-kl (in:it.-ni\ e of broken noise: Sp. tra- 
quear, to shake to and fro: Scot, trinkle, to tingle, to 
trickle), to flow in drops, or in a small stream ; to run 
gently down: tric'kling, imp. -kling: adj. flowing in 
a small gentle stream : n. the act of flowing in a small 
gentle stream : trickle 

trick-track, n. trik-tr&k (F. trictrac), a game at 
..:.:- kukgammon. 

triclinium, n. trX-kll'-ni-um (L.), in anc. Rome, a 
couch to recline on at meals, usually for three persons ; 
a dining-room furnished with couches on three sides : 
tricli'niary, a. -ni-er-i, pert, to the anc. mode of re- 



cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



TEIC 



674 



TRIM 



kos, a kernel or berry), in hot., having three one-seeded 
cells. 

tricolour, n. trl'kul-er (L tris, three, and Eng. 
colour: F. tricolor, of three colours), a national ban- 
ner of three colours, blue, white, and red : tri'coloured, 
' •'•! - • - : ha iiv ) bree colours. 

tricornigerous.a. tri'-kor-nij'-er-v.s (L. tris, three, cor- 
nu, a horn, and gtro, I bear or carry), having three 
horns. 

tricostate, a. trl-kos'-tat (L. tris, three, and costa, a 
rib), in hot., three-ribbed ; having ribs from the base. 

tricuspid, a. tri-kns'jdd, (L. tris, three, and cuspis, 
a point— gen. cuspidis), having three summits or 
points: tricus'pidate, a. -pi-dut, having three long 
points ; ending in three points. 

tridactylous, a. trl-ddk'ti-lus (Gr. treis, three, and 
daktulos, a finger or toe), have three fingers or toes. 

trident, n. tri'-dSnt (L. tridens, having three teeth- 
gen, tridentis— from tris, three, and dims, a tooth: It. 
tridente : F. trident), any instr. in the form of a fork 
with three prongs ; a kind of sceptre or spear having 
three prongs; the sceptre of Neptune, the fabulous 
god of the sea: tri'dented, a. having three teeth 
or prongs: tridentate, a. trl-den'tat, in tot., having 
three teeth. 

tridentine, a. trl-deritin, pert, to the celebrated 
Council of Trent, or to Trent. 

tried, v.— see try. 

triennial, a. trl-en'nt-dl (L. triennium, the space of 
three years— from tris, three, and annus, a year), con- 



Act of William and Mary, providing that no Parlia- 
ment should last longer than three years. 

trier, n. trl'er (from try, which see), one who ex- 
amines anything by a test or standard. 

trifarious, a. trl-fa'ri-us (L. trifarius, of three sorts 
or ways), in hot., in three rows ; looking in three 
directions. 

trifid, a. trl'fid (L. trifidus, cleft into three parts- 



reach to the middle. 

trifle, n. trl'Jl (It. truffa, a toy, an idle thing: F. 
truffe, a mock, a jest), a thing of little value or im- 
portance ; a small light cake or confection flavoured 
and tinctured with a spirituous liquor: v. to act or 
talk lightly ; to indulge in light or silly amusements ; 
to spend or v. >]y: tri'fling, imp. -fling: 

adj. being of small importance or value: n. employ- 
ment about thing3 of no importance: trifled, pp. 
trl'fld,: tri'fler, n. -fler, one who wastes time idling, or 
acts with levity : tri'flingly, ad. -fli/uj-li. 

trifoliate, a. tri-fO'H late, a. -U-6-lat 

(L. tris, three, and folium, a leaf), in hot., having three 
leaves or leaflets from the same point : trifo'lium, n. 
-li-um, a genus of papilionaceous plants, commonly 
known as clovers or trefoils. 

triforium, n. trl-fo'rl-ilm (L. tris, three, and /oris, 
a door), in arch., the open gallery or arcade in the 
wall above the arches of the nave of a cathedral or 
church. 

triform, a. trl'fawrm (L. tris, three, and forma, a 
shape), having a triple form or shape. 

trifurcate, a, trl-fer'kut, also trifur'cated, a. -ka- 
ted (L. tris, three, and furca, a fork), having three 
branches or forks. 

trig, a. trig (from trick, to dress, to decorate), full ; 
trim; neat: v. to trick out: n. a wedge to prop a 
cask, or to stop a wheel: trig'gir.g, imp.: trigged, pp. 
trlgd: trig'ness, n. -nes, smartness; neatness. 

trigamous, a. trig'-d-mus (Gr. treis, three, and 
gamos, marriage), thrice married; in hot., having 
three sorts of flowers in the- same flower-head: trig 7 - 
amy, n. -mi, the stat.e of having married three times ; 
state of having three wives or three husbands living 
at the same time. 

trigemini, n. plu. trl-jSm'l-nl (L. tris, three, and 
gemini, double), in anat., the fifth pair of cranial 
nerves, which are divided into three branches. 

trigger, n. trig'ger, or tricker, n. trif;'ker (But. trek- 
ken, to pull : Sw. trycka, to press), the catch in a fire- 
arm which, when pulled, sets free the lock or clap for 
striking fire; a catch to hold the wheel of a carriage 
on a declivity ; a wedge placed under the foot of the 
dog-shore, and withdrawn at the moment of launching 
a ship. 

triglyph, n. trl'yUf (Gr. treis, three, and gluphe, a 
carving), in arch., an ornament consisting of a grooved 



tablet in the frieze of the Doric order, repeated at 
equal intervals: triglyphic, a. trl-gUftk, also tri- 
glyph'ical, a. -i-kdl, pert, to triglyphs; containing 
three sets of sculptures. 

trigneaa— see trig. 

trigon, n. trl'gon (Gr. treis, three, and gonia, an 
angle), a triangle: trigonal, a. -go-ndl, also tri'- 
gonous, a. -nus, having three angles or corners; in 
hot., having three angles, the faces being convex : tri- 
gonally, ad. -li: trigonellites, n. plu. trl-gdn'&l-litz, 
in geol., a shell-like organism consisting of two plates 
or valves, and so called from its triangular form. 

trigonia, n. trl-go'ni-d, plu. trigo'niae, -e (Gr. tri- 
gonon, a triangle— from t re (■'■■, Three, and gonia, a cor- 
ner), in geol., a bivalve of the Oolite and Chalk— so 
called from its three-cornered shape, and thick, tuber- 
culated, ribbed shell— the horse-heads of the Portland 
quarrymen : trigoniadae, n. plu. trl'gO-nl'd-de, a- 
family of conchiferous molluscs, chiefly fossil, having 
equivalve, close, three-cornered shells. 

trigonocarpon, n. trl'go-nokdr'-pon (Gr. trigonon, a 
triangle, and karpos, fruit), in geol., a genus of thick- 
shelled fruits occurring in the Coal-measures — so 
called from the three projecting ribs or corners which 
mark the surface of the shell. 

trigonocerous, a. tri'-gO-nos'-er-us (Gr. trigonon, a 
triangle, and kera, a horn), having horns with three 

trigonometry, n. trlg'-on-om'e-trl (Gr. trigonon, a 
triangle, and metron, a measure), in math., the appli- 
cation of number to express the properties of angles 
or of circular arcs, as well as to exhibit the mutual 
relations of the sflles and angles of triangles to one 
another: trig^onomet'rical, a. -Ora-et'rl-kdl, performed 
by or according to the rules of trigonometry : trig'- 
onomet'rically, ad. -kdl-li. 

trigonous— see trigon. 

trigraph, n. trl'grdf (Gr. treis, three, and grapho, I 
write), a name given to three letters having one sound ; 
a triphthong. 

tngynous, a. trl'ji-nus (Gr. treis, three, and gune, a 
woman), in hot., having three carpels or three styles ; 
of the order of trigynia, trl-jiu'i-a. 

trihedron, n. ti i-he'drOn (Or. treis, three, and hedra, 
a seat, a base), a figure having three equal sides : trihe'- 
dral, a. -drdl, having three equal sides. 

trijugate, a. tri'jdo-gat, also triju'gous, a. -gits (L. 
tris, three, and jugum, a yoke), in hot., having three 
pairs 'if leaflets. 

trilateral, a. tri-ldt'er-dl (L. tris, three, and latus, 
a side— gen. lateris), having three sides, as a triangle : 
trilat'erally, ad. -dldl. 

trilingual, a. trldivg'gwdl, also trilin'guar, a. -gwer 
(L. tris, three, and lingua, a tongue), consisting of 
three languages. 

triliteral, a, trl-lit'er-dl (L. tris, three, and litera, a 
letter), consisting of three letters : n. a word consist- 
ing of three letters : trilit'eralism, n. -Izm, the system 
in the philology of the Semitic languages with their 
three fundamental letters as the roots of their words. 

trilith, n. trl'lith (Gr. treis, three, and lithos, a 
stone), an obelisk or monument of any kind consist- 
ing of three stones : trilithic, a. trl-llth'-lk, having the 
character of a trilith. 

trill, v. tril (Sw. trilla, to roll: Dan. trille, to roll, 
to trundle: Icel. trilla, to run about : It. triyliare, to 
quaver with the voice in singing : W. treigl, a rolling 
over), to utter or play with a quavering or tremulous 
vibration ; to sound in tremulous or quavering vibra- 
tions : n. a shaking or quavering of the voice in sing- 
ing; a quavering or tremulous sound: trilling, imp.: 
adj. quavering; tremulous: trilled, pp. trild. 

trillion, n. trU'-yvn (L. tris, three, and Eng. million: 

; "<•'.'.■ "") i Eng. system of notation, a number 

represented by the third power of a million; the 
figure 1, followed by eighteen ciphers ; in the I. and 
It. systems, the figure 1, followed by twelve ciphers. 

trilobite, n. tri'-lo-bit (Gr. treis, three, and lohos, 
a lobe), in geol., an extensive family of palaeozoic 
crustaceans, deriving their name from the obvious 
three-lobed-like aspect of their bodies ; also trilobiti- 
dse, n. plu. trll'o-Ut'i-de. 

trilocular, a. trl-lok'u-ler (L. tris, three, and loculus, 
a little place), in hcA., having three cells. 

trilogy, n. tril'6-ji (Or, treis, three, and logos, a dis- 
course), a series of three dramas, each complete in 
sense, the whole, however, forming but one poetical 
picture, as in Shakespeare"s Henry VI. 

trim, a. trim, (AS. trum, firm, steadfast ; trymian, to 



mate, mat, far, law ; mete, met, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, move; 



TEIM 



675 



TRIP 



establish, to set in order), compact; firm; nice; 
dressed up ; being in good order : n. ornaments ; pro- 
per state of dress ; the state of a ship in regard to her 
cargo, ballast, masts, &c, by which she is well pre- 
pared for sailing : v. to put in due order for any pur- 
pose ; to decorate ; to dress ; to make neat or tidy ; to 
put a vessel in due order for sailing by adjusting the 
cargo, ballast, &c; to fluctuate between parties so as 
to appear to favour each in turn : trim'ming, imp. : n. 
necessary or ornamental appendages, as lace, ribbons, 
and the like ; the act of one who trims ; inconstancy : 
trimmed, pp. trlmd, dressed ; lopped or pruned : 
trim'mer, n. -mir, one who trims ; one who changes 
sides to balance parties : a time-server ; a flat brick 
arch for supporting a hearth in an upper floor of a 
building ; a piece of wood in a wall to support the 
ends of a joist or rafter; one who tits ornaments or 
arranges them : trim'ly, ad. -li, neatly ; in good order : 
trim'ness, n. -nes, neatness; snugness; state of being 
in good order: trim'mingly, ad. -mlng-ll, in a trim- 
ming manner : in trim, in proper order : to trim in, in 
carpentry, to fit, as a piece of timber into other work : 
to trim up, to dress ; to put in order. 

trimerous, a. trl-me'-riis (Gr. treis, three, and meros, 
apart), in hot., composed of three parts,— a trimerous 
Jlower, having its envelopes in three or multiples of 
three, 

trimeter, n. trl'-mS-ter (Gr. treis, three, and metron, 
a measure), a poetical division of verse, consisting of 
three measures : trimetric,a. trl-mCt'-rik, alsotrimet- 
rical, a. -rl-kdl, consisting of three poetical measures ; 
in ruin., applied to crystals having the axes of three 
kinds. 

trine, a. trln (L. trinus, three), threefold : n. in as- 
trol., the aspect of planets 120 degrees distant from 
each other: trinal, a. trl'ncll, threefold. 

trinervis, a. tri-ner'-vls, also triner'vate, a. vat (L. 
tris, three, and nervus, a nerve), in hot, having three 
ribs springing together from the base. 

tringle, a. trlng'gl (F. tringle, a curtain-rod), in arch., 
a name common to several little square members or 
ornaments, particularly one fixed over a tmiyph. 

Trinity, n. tri.-i'-i-tl (L. trim', three each, threefold: 
It. trinita; F. trinity, the Trinity), the union of three 
persons in one ; the Godhead, comprising the Father, 
the Son, and the Holy Spirit: Trin ita'fian, a, -ta'-ri- 
An, pert, to the doctrine of the Trinity : n. one who 
believes in the doctrine of the Trinity : Trin'ita nan- 
ism, n. -izm, the doctrine that there are three distinct 
persons in the Godhead: Trinity Sunday, the Sunday 
next after Whitsunday : Trinity House, an institution 
for the examination and licensing of pilots, erecting 
lighthouses, &c: Trinity term, in Eng., the sitting of 
the law-courts between 22d May and 12th June. 

trinket, n. a e of the rattling which 

pleases children with their toys: Port, trinco, snap- 
ping of the fingers : F. traquet, a rattle : Wal. trankot', 
a rattle, a trifle), anything small and of no great value ; 
any small ornament for the person made of gold, 
silver, pebble, and suchlike ; a toy. 

trinomial, a. trl-no-ml-dl (L. tris, three, and nornen, 
a name), applied to an algebraic expression consisting 
of three terms : n. an algebraic quantity consisting of 
three terms. 

trio, n. trl'-o (It. trio, three united— from L. tris, 
three), three united ; three persons in company or 
acting together ; amusicalcompositionrequirmgthree 
performers. 

triones, n. plu. t rl-O'-nez (L. triones, oxen), in astron., 
the seven principal stars in the constellation Ursa 
Major, popularly called Charles's Wain. 

trionyx, n. trl'-o-niks (Gr. treis, three, and onux, a 
claw), a fossil tortoise, three-clawed, occurring in Ter- 
tiary strata. 

trior, n., also trier, n. trl'-er (from try, which see), 
a person appointed to ascertain whether a challenge 
to a panel of jurors, or to a single juror, is just. 

trip, v. triy xpp-trapp, represents the 

sound of the footfall : Dut. trippen, to tread : Dan 
trip, a short step: F. triper, to tread), to nm or step 
lightly or nimbly ; to take short quick steps ; to strike 
the foot against something so as to cause to fall or 
stumble ; a false step ; to cause to fall by striking the 
feet suddenly from under the person, with up, as "to 
trip up "; to overthrow or supplant ; to fail ; to err : n. 
a stumble or fall by striking the foot against an ob- 
ject; a stroke or catch in wrestling; a failure; a 
mistake; a slight error; a journey or excursion; a 
short voyage or journey: trip'ping, imp. : adj. quick; 
cow, hoy, foot; pure, bud; chair, 



nimble : n. the act of fcripp nee : tripped, 

pp. tript: trip per, n. -per, one who trips: trip'pingly, 
ad. -ll: to catch tripping, to detect committing an 
error or mistake. 

tripartite, a. trl-par t> -from L. tris, 

three, and partitus, divided), in hot., deeply divided 
into three ; having three ci irts or copies : 

tripartition, n. trl'-pur-tish'-rm, a division by three. 

tripe, n. trip (It. trippa; Sp. tripa: F. tripo ■ W. 
tripa, belly, guts), proper!)', the entrails; the larger 
intestines and stomach of ruminants cleaned and pre- 
pared for food : tripe'man, n. one who sells tripe : 
tripestone, a name given to anhydrite when composed 
of contorted plates, which bear a sort of resemblance 
to the convolutions of the intestines. 

tripedal, a. trl-pe'-ddl (L. tris, three, and pes, the 
foot— gen. pedis), having three feet. 

tripennate, a. trl-p&n-nat, also tripin'nate, a. -pin- 
nut (L. tris, three, and penna, a leather), in hot., a com- 
pound leaf three times divided in a pinnate manner. 

tripetalous, a. trl-pet'-d-liis (Gr. treis, three, and 
petedon, a leaf), in lot., having three petals or flower- 
triphthong, n. trip'thdng (Gr. treis, three, and 
phthongge, the voice, sound), a combination of three 
vowels in one sound : triphthon'gal, a. -thong'-gdl, con- 
sisting of a triphthong. 

tripinnate— see tripennate. 

tripinnatifid, a. trl'-pin-ndt'-i-fld (L. tris, three, 
penna, a feather, and nndere, to divide), in hot., ap- 
plied to a pinnatifid leaf with the segments twice 
divided in a pinnatifid manner. 

triphyllous, a. trl-fti'-hls (Gr. treis, three, and phul- 



tres, three, and plico, I fold), consisting of three united ; 
three times repeated : v. to make thrice as much or 

allj itten treble: tripling, imp. -ling: 

tripled, pp. trip'-ld: trip'ly, ad. -li, in a threefold 
manner: triple-crowned, a. having three crowns: 
triple-time, in music, a certain time, so called from 
the bars being divisible into three equal parts : trlp'- 
let, n. -I6t, three of a kind ; three united ; three notes 
sung or played in the time of two : triplicate, a. -li- 
kat, made thrice as much ; threefold : n. a third paper 
or thing corresponding to two others of the same 
kind: trip'lica'tion, n. -kd'-shun, the act of making 
threefold, or adding three together : triplicity, n. tri- 
plls'-i-ti, also tripleness, n. trip'l-n&s, state of being 
threefold: triplite, n. trip-lit, a mineral phosphate 
of manganese occurring in massive or coarsely-granu- 
lar aggregates, so called from its being cleavable in 
three directions at right angles to each other. 

triplicostate, a trip'li-kos'-tclt (L. triplex, threefold, 
and costa, a rib), in hot., having three ribs proceeding 
from above the base of the leaf. 

tripod, n. trl'-pod (Gr. tripous, three-footed— from 
treis, three, and pous, a foot : L. tripus, a three-footed 
seat— gen. tripodis), a three-legged stool or table ; a 
stool or seat supported by three legs on which the 
priest or priestess in anc. times was placed to obtain 
inspiration to utter oracles; a cup for liquids sup- 
ported on a three-footed pedestal. 

tripoli, n. trlp'-o-li, a polishing-powder originally 
brought from Tripoli, in Africa, but now from many 
other places— an infusorial earth of a whitish-grey or 
yellow colour, soft, light, and friable: trip'oline, a. 
■lln, pert, to tripoli. 

tripos, n. trl-pos (see tripod), at Cambridge Univer- 
sity, one of the honour-lists with its three classes — 
the triposes now embrace mathematics, classics, law, 
theology, &c; he whose name appears in the tripos- 
paper: tripos-paper, a printed list of the successful 
candidates for mathematical and classical honours: 
triposes, n. plu. tri'-pos-ez, the three divisions in the 
list of mathematical, together with the three in clas- 
sical, honours, the mathematical consisting of — 1. 
Wranglers, 2. Senior Optimes, 3. Junior Optimes— the 
classical being called the first class, second class, and 
the third class. 

triptote, n. trip-tot (Gr. treis, three, and ptotos, 
liable to fall), in gram., a noun only used in three 
cases. 

triptych, n. ( eis, three, and ptuche, 

anything in folds), a small altar-piece of three com- 
partments, the centre one fixed, the other two made 
to fold like doors on the centre one, and to cover it. 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



TRIQ e\ 

triquetrous, a. trl-ke'trus (L. triquetrus, having 
three corners), in hot., having three angles, the faces 
being concave : trique'trously, ad. -11. 

trireme, n. trl'rcm (V. trireme; L. trirernis— from 
L. tris, three, ami rcnrus, an oar), in anc. tunes, a ves- 
sel with three benches or tiers ot oars on each side. 

trisagion, n. tri-sii'-gi-oa (Gr. trisagios, thrice holy), 

in the Gr. Ch., the threefold icatiou '- 1 ' ' •■■■" • 

"holy." 

trise, v. trlz, among seamen, to haul up by means 
oi .1 rope iV-iVim;, imp.: trised, pp. trizd. 

trisect, V. trirrlW (L. tris, three, and Sectum, to 
cut), to cut or divide inio three equal part3: trisect- 
ing, imp.: trisect'ed, pp.: trisec'tion, n. -sSk-sliun, 
the division of a thing into three equal parts; in geom., 
the division of an angle into three equal parts. 

trisepalous, a. tri-sip'-d-las (L. tris, three, and Eng. 
srjuil), in hot,, having three sepals. 

trismus, n. trls'-mus (Gr. trizo, I gnash), lockjaw; a 
kind oi' tetanus all'eeting the muscles of the jaw. 

trisoctahedron, n. tri-sok'-ta-he'-dron (Gr. treis, 
three, okto, eight, and hedra, a base), a figure having 
twenly-l'our equal faces. 

tristichous, a. tris'-ti-kus (Gr. treis, three, and sK- 
c7ios, a row), in three rows. 

trisyllable, n. trls-sll'ld-U (Gr. treis, three, and 
Siitlnhi .n.syllable). a word consisting ni'three syllables: 
trisyllabic, a. trisHl-ldb'lk, also tris'yllab'ical, a. -lab- 
1-kiit, consisting of three syllables. 

trite, a. trlt (L. tritus, rubbed, used much ; tritum, 
to rub or wear : it. trito, trite), worn out ; common ; 
stale ; so common as to have lost all novelty and in- 
terest: trite'ly, ad. -It, in a common manner: trite'- 
ness, n. -n/'s, the quality of being trite ; staleness. 

triternate, a, trl-ier'ndt {h. Iris, three, and terni, 
three each), in hot., divided three times in aternate 
manner. 

tritheism, n. trl'the-lzm (Gr. treis, three, and Eng. 
theism), the opinion that the Father, Son, and Holy 
Spirit are three distinct Gods : tri'theist, n. -ist, one 
who maintains tritheism: tri'theis'tical, a. -is'tl-kdl, 
pert, to tritheism. 

Triton, n. trl'ton (L. and Gr. Triton), a fabled sea- 
demigod, the son of Neptune and Amphitrite, and 
trumpeter of Neptune, represented as having the 
upper part of the body like that of a man, and the 
lower like that of a fish, the tail being twisted and 
forked. 

triturate, v. trlt'u-rdt (L. tritura, a rubbing or 
treading out of grain), to rub or grind to a fine pow- 
der: trit'urating, imp.: triturated, pp.: trit'ura'- 
tion, n. •ru'shini, the act of reducing to a fine powder: 
trit'urable, a. -rd-bl, capable of being reduced to a 
fine powder by rubbing or grinding. 

triumph, n. trl'umf (L. triumphus, a solemn and 
magnificent entrance of a general into anc. Rome after 
having obtained an important victory : Gr. thriamhos, 
a procession in honour of Bacchus: F. trioinphe), the 
pomp with which a victory is celebrated in public ; a 
victory ; a conquest ; state of being victorious ; exulta- 
tion for success : v. to celebrate a victory with pomp ; 
to obtain victory ; to insidt upon an advantage gained ; 
to be prosperous: tri'umphing, imp.: n. the act of 
one who triumphs : tri'umphed, pp. -umft -. tri'umph- 
er, n. -iimf-er, one who triumphs: trium'phal, a. 
-fdl, pert, to a triumph; serving to commemorate a 
victory; serving to betoken joy, or to give a joyful 
welcome : trium'phant, a. -fdnt, celebrating victory ; 
rejoicing, as for victory; expressing }oy for success: 
triumphantly , ad. -U : to triumph over, to overcome ; 
to subdue : triumphal arch, in arch., an arch erected 
to perpetuate the memory of a conqueror, or some re- 
markable victory or important event; a temporary 
erection in the form of an arch as a mark of rejoicing. 

triumvir, n. trl-um'-ver (L. tris, three, and vir, a 
man), one of three men united in the same office ; plu. 
trium'virs, -vcrz, alsotrium viri, -vi-rl: trium'virate, 
n. -vi,-rdt, the union of three men in one government 
or office; in anc. hist., the joint government of the 
Roman empire by Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus, and 
afterwards by Antony, Octavius, and Lepidus. 

triune, a. trl'-un (L. tris, three, and unus, one), 
three in one— applied to God, in order to express the 
unity of the Godhead in a trinity of persons. 

trivet— see trevet. 

trivial, a, triv'4-ai (L. trivialis, that maybe found 
everywhere— from trivium, a cross-road— from tris, 
three, and via, a road or way: F. trivial), common- 
place ; of little worth or importance ; trifling ; incon- 



5 TROM 

siuerable : trivially, ad. -II: triv'ialness, n. -vis, 
lightness; unimportance: trivium, n. -urn, tin; three 
arts of grammar, logic, and rhetoric, constituting, as 
it were, a triple way to eloquence. 

trocar, n. tro'kitr (F. trocar, a trocar — from trois- 
q uarts, three-fourths— from ],. Iris, three, and quart its, 
the fourth— so called from its triangular point), a sur- 
gical instr. for taking oil fluids from pail s of the body, 
as in dropsy. 

trochanter, n. trO-kdm't&r (Gr. trochanter, a runner, 
the ball on which the hip-bunc turns in its socket— 
from trochazein, to run along), in anat., one of the 
two processes or prominences at the upper part of the 
thigh-bone, called the greater and the less, in which 
are inserted several of the muscles used in motion. 

trochee, n. tro'ke, also trochaeus, n. tro-ke'us (L. 
trochtcus; Gr. trochaios— from trurhos, a running), a 
metrical foot of two syllables, a long followed by a 
short: trochaic, a. tro-kd'-ik, also trocha'ical, a. -1- 
l.ni, in pui try, consisting of trochees. 

trochilics, n. plu. fro-kil'tks (Gr. trochilia, a roller, 
a windlass— from Indicia, to run: L. trochlea, a case 
containing one or more pulleys), in ntech., the science 
of rotatory motion : trochil'ic, a. -ik, having power to 
dra w out or turn round, as a wheel. 

trochilus, n. trok'il-us, also troch'il, n. -il (Gr. 
trochilos; L. trochilus, the trochilus— from Gr. trech- 
ein, to rurr), a genus of humming-birds of numerous 



wren ; a hollow ring-like moulding, much used in 

classic architecture. 

trochlea, n. truk'le-d (L. trochlea, a case containing 
one or more pulleys — from Gr. ircch'in, to run), in 
anat., a pulley-like- cartilage through which the ten- 
don of the trochleary muscle passes ; applied to one 
of the projections of bones over which parts turn as 
ropes over pulleys : trochlear, a. -16-ir, shaped like a 
pulley : trochleary, a. -er-l, of or pert, to the troch- 
lea: trochoid, n. tro'kdyd (Gr. eidos, resemblance), iu 
geom . , the curve described by any point in a wheel roll- 
ing on a straight line. 

trochoceras, n. tro-kds'er-ds (L. trochus; Gr. trochos, 
a wheel, a hoop, and keras, a horn), in geol., a genus 
of nantilitos having a spiral depressed shell: trochus, 
n. trO'-kt'is (L.), an extensive genus of living and fossil 
univalves, characterised by their pyramidal-shaped 
numerous-whorled shells, which are nearly flat at 
the base and pearly inside— commonly called silver- 
shells. 

trod, pt. trod, trodden, pp. trod'n—see tread. 

troglodyte, n. trog'-lb-Oil, (Gr. trog/od.utes, one who 
creeps into holes— from trogle, a hole, a cavern), one 
dwelling in a subterraneous cave— applied by the an- 
cients to certain tribes who liyed far up the Nile: 
troglodyt'ic, a. -dlt'-lk, also troglodyt'ical, a. -dit'-l- 
kdl, pert, to a troglodyte or dweller in caves. 

trogontherium, n. trog'-on-the'-rl-um (Gr. trogo, I 
gnaw, and thcrion, a beast), in geol. , an extinct rodent, 
closely allied to the existing beaver, but much larger. 

Trojan, n. tro'jdn, an inhabitant of anc. Troy: adj. 
pert. to. 

troll, v. trol (It. trottolare, to turn and twirl, to roll 
and tumble down : Swiss, trohlen, to thunder, to roll : 
Norm, trulla, to trundle : Low Ger. trul, anything of 
a rounded form : W. trolio, to trundle, to roll), to roll 
or trundle; to move or utter volubly; to turn; to 
drive about ; to sing the parts of in succession, as of 
a round ; to draw on ; to fish for pike with a rod hav- 
ing the line running on a reel near the handle : n. 
a reel at the handle of a fishing-rod round which the 
line is rolled : a song, the parts of which are sung in 
succession: trolling, imp.: adj. rolling; driving 
about ; fishing with a rod and reel : trolled, pp. trold: 
troller, n. -Mr, one who trolls : to troll or trowl the 
bowl, to push the bowl round : to troll a song, to roll 
it out with rise and fail of the voice (probably the 

equivalent of .s v.. ■. in a <//■ ■> ' ■ ' 

words). 

troll, n. trol (Icel. trold: Sw. troll), in Scand. myth., 
a supernatural being superior to man in strength and 
stature, but much beneath him in mind. 

trollop, n. trol'lop (from Eng. troll, to roll or trundle), 
a strolling loitering woman ; a woman loosely and 
negligently dressed ; a draggle-tail. 



a the 



mdte, mdt, far, lotc ; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve 



TROM 



677 



TKUA 



tag able by its means to command a great compass of 
sounds. 

tromp, n. tromp (F. trombe, a water-spout, a water- 
blowing machine), a f urnace-blower ; a blowing appa- 
ratus : tromp'il, n. -U, an aperture in a tromp. 

tron, n. tron (mid. L. trona, a steelyard: Icel. trana, 
a crane: Scot, tron*-:, tron). an old Scotch weight, vary- 
ing from 21 to 28 oz. avoirdupois, the weight used at 
the trone; a steelyard-balance. 

trona, n. tro'nd (of N. African origin), a crude car- 
bonate of soda, occurring in crystalline incrustations 
in the deserts of Africa and Asia, and in the dried-up 
lakes and river-courses of S. Amer. 

troop, n. trop (Sp. tropa; F. troupe; It. truppa, a 
body of men : W. torp, a round mass or lump : L. 
turba, a crowd), a number of persons in a body or line ; 
a multitude ; a division of a regiment of cavalry under 
a captain : v. to collect in numbers ; to march in a 
body or in company with some degree of haste : troop'- 
ing, imp.: trooped, pp. tropt: trooper, n. -er, a 
horse-soldier : troops, n. plu. traps, soldiers in gene- 
ral ; an army. 

trope, n. trop (L. tropus; Gr. trqpos, a trope— from 
Gr. trepo, I turn: It. tropo; F. trope), in rhet., a 
change in the signification of a word from a primary 
to a derived sense; a word or expression used in a 
sense different from that which it usually signifies ; a 
word used figuratively : tropical, a. tro'-pi-kdl, figura- 
tive, as the use of a word : tropically, ad. -li : tro- 
pist, n. -plst, one who deals in tropes. 

trophi, n. plu. tro'fl (Gr. trophos, a feeder— from 
trephein, to feed), in entom., the parts of the mouth 
employed in feeding : tro'phosperm, n. -Jo-sperm (Gr. 
sperma, a seed), in bot., the part of the ovary from 
which the ovules arise, usually called the placenta, 

trophy, n. tro'fl (L. tropceuni; Gr. tropaion, a sign 
and memorial of victory, consisting originally of a 
trunk of a tree on which were fixed the arms, shields, 
helmets, &c, taken from the enemy— from trope, a 
turning: F. trophee: It. trofeo), anything taken from 
aoa enemy which can be shown as an evidence of vic- 
tory ; something preserved as a memorial of victory; 
articles of produce or manufacture artistically ar- 
ranged, and exhibited as evidence of progress, as at an 
industrial exhibition: tro'phied, a. -fid, adorned 
with trophies. 

tropics, n. plu. trop'iks (L. tropicus; Gr. tropikos, 
of or belonging to a turn or turning— from Gr. trepo, I 
turn : F. tropique ; It. tropico, a tropic), the two circles 
of the celestial sphere, the one north, and the other 
south from the equator, at a distance of 23° 28', and 
parallel to it, within the limits of which the sun moves 
in his yearly course— the one north of the equator be- 
ing called the Tropic of Cancer, the one south of it 
the Tropic of Capricorn. Note. —The tropics mark 
out the limits of the torrid zone, or that portion of 
the earth's surface over any part of which the sun is 
vertical twice in the year : trop leal, a. -i-kdl, pert, to 
or incident to the tropics; being within or near the 
tropics: tropically, ad. -ft. 

tropifer, n. trdp'i-fer (Gr. tropin, a keel, and Gr. 
phero; li.fero, I carry), in geol., a minute crustacean, 
so called fi : arapace. 

tropology, n. tro-pol'o-ji (Gr. tropos, a trope, and 
logos, discourse), a rhetorical or figurative mode of 
speech: tropological, a. tro'-po-lof-l-kdl, varied or ex- 
pressed by tropes. 

trot, n. trot (It. trottare ; F. trotter, to trot: Ger. 
trott or trapp, the sound of the footfall : Sw. tratta, to 
trip, to trot : Ger. treten, to step), the pace of a horse or 
other quadruped a littk- faster than walking: v. to 
move faster than a walk: trot'ting, imp.: adj. mov- 
ing with a trot : trot'ted, pp. : trotter, n. -tir, a quad- 
ruped that trots : trotters, sheep's or pig's feet cooked. 

troth, n. troth (AS. treoiva, faith, a pledge— from 
treoiv, a tree, a piece of wood — conveying the idea of 
firm, unyielding : see true), faith ; fidelity ; truth : 
toothless, a. -Us, faithless : troth-plighted, a, having 
fidelity pledged. 

troubadour, n. trd'bd-d&r' (F. troubadour; Sp. 
trovador; It. trovatore— from F. trouver; Sp. trovar; 
It. trovare, to invent, to compose), one of a school of 
lyric poets who flourished in the eleventh, twelfth, 
and thirteenth centuries in the S. of France and N, 
of Italy. 

trouble, n. trub'-l (F. troubler; It. torbolare; L. tur- 
bare, to disturb : Gr. thorubeo, I disturb with noise : 
Bret, trabel, a rattle : Norm, trimballer, to jingle bells), 
disturbance of mind ; that which causes - ~" 



yy>fobt; pure, bud; chair, 



disturbance of mind; distress; anxiety; uneasiness; 
among miners, any shifting of the strata of a coal- 
field by which the regular and continuous working of 
its minerals is interrupted : v. to disturb ; to put into 
confused motion ; to grieve ; to make uneasy; to mo- 
lest ; to engage overmuch ; to give occasion of labour 
to: troub'ling, imp. -ling: n. the act of molesting or 
annoying; the act of afflicting : troubled, pp. triib'-lcl: 
adj. disturbed; disordered: troubler, n. -ler, one 
who troubles: troublesome, a. trub'l-sum, causing an- 
noyance; tiresome; giving inconvenience to : troub'- 
lesomely, ad. -II: troublesbmeness, n. -nes, the state or 
quality of being troublesome: troublous, a. -liis, 
agitated; full of trouble or disorder; causing great 
anxiety and distress. 

trough, n. trof (It. truogo; Wal. troc; Norm, tros, a 
trough), a long hollow vessel of wood, stone, or metal, 
open at the top, for holding feeding-stuff's for animals, 
&c; the channel that conveys water, as to a mill; in 
geol., any sudden depression of strata by which they 
are made to assume a basin -shaped arrangement: 
trough of the sea, the long hollow between any two 
waves: trough-joint, in geol., the fissure or joint fre- 
quently found to pass through the middle of the cur- 
vature of any sudden depression of strata. 

trounce, v. trdivns (Sp. trance, peril, danger: F. 
transe, extreme fear; troncon, a truncheon or staff 
used as an instr. of punishment), to beat with a 
truncheon ; to cudgel ; to punish severely : trounc - 
ing, imp.: trounced, pp. trinmst. 

trous-de-loup, n. tro-de-16' (F. trou, hole, de, of, 
loup, wolf), holes or pitfalls dug in the form of in- 
verted cones, about 6 feet deep and 4£ in. in diameter, 
having pointed stakes fixed on the bottom, and almost 
reaching the top, of great use as an obstacle to the ap- 
proach of cavalry. 

trousers, n. plu. trdiv'zerz (F. trousse, a truss, a 
bundle ; trousser, to tuck, to fasten up), a garment 
worn by men and boys extending from tlie waist 
to the ankles, covering the lower part of the trunk, 
and each lower limb separately: trou'sering, n. -sen- 
ing, the different kinds of cloth used in making men's 
trousers. 

trousseau, n. tr6s-so" (F. trousseau, a bunch, bride's 
clothes— from trousse, a truss, a bundle), the collective 
lighter outfit of a woman about to be married, con- 
sisting of personal cloth u sents.ahdthe 
like. 

trout, n. trdfvt (AS. truht ; F. truite; It. trota, a 
trout: Gr. troktes, one that gnaws), a common name 
for the smaller species of the salmon tribe, inhabiting 
streams, variegated with spots, and esteemed as deli- 
cate food: trout - coloured, a. white, with spots of 
black, bay, or sorrel : trout-stream, a running water 
or river in which trouts abound : troutlet, n. -let, 
also trout ling, n. -ling, a small trout. 

trover, n. tro'-vir (F. trouver; It. trovare, to find), 
in law, the obtaining possession of any goods by find- 
ing them, or by various means other than by pur- 
chase; an action at law to recover lost or strayed 
property by the rightful owner from the finder, or 
to try a disputed case of property in goods and 
chattels : treasure-trove— see treasure. 

trouvere, m, also trouveur, n. tro-vdr' (F. trouver, 
to find, to invent, to compose— see troubadour, with 
which it is identical), one of a class of early descrip- 
tive poets, epic in their form and style, who flourished 
in the N. of France. 

trow, v. tro (AS. treowian, to trust, to believe; 
treoiv, trust, faith), to think ; to imagine ; to conceive : 
trowing, imp. : trowed, pp. trod. 

trowel, n. trdiv'el (F. truelle; L. trulla, a ladle, a 
trowel), a flat, somewhat broad tool used to take up 
and spread mortar ; a similar tool, used by gardeners : 
trow elled, a. -eld, formed with a trowel. 

trowsers, another spelling of trousers, which see. 

troy, n. troy, also troy-weight (said to be from 
Troyes, in France— more probably a corruption of 
tron, a name used to designate a weight, but not one 
of a fixed amount, still locally in use), a weight used 
by goldsmiths and jewellers. 

truant, a. trd'ovm han; F. truand, a beg- 

gar, a rogue: Cornish, tru; W. truan, poor, miser- 
able: Gael, truagh, wretched), idle; wandering from 
business or duty; loitering: n. an idler; a scholar 
absent from school without permission ; a loiterer : v. 
to idle at a distance from duty; to absent one's self 
from school without permission, as a scholar : tru'ant- 
ing, imp. : tru'anted, pp. 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



TRUC 6 

truce, n. tr6s (It. tregua; F. treve, formerly tr eves, 
a truce : Icel. tryggr, secure, trusty : Goth, tryggva, a 
covenant), a temporary peace or suspension of hos- 
tilities agreed upon by contending forces or states ; 
cessation ; short quiet : truce-breaker, one who vio- 
lates an agreement or engagement. 

truck, v. truk (P. true, a smack with the lips : 
Piedm. truche; Milan, truccar, to knock: F. troquer; 
Sp. trocar, to swap, to barter: F. troc; Scot, track, 

'•ii.-i. !■_■.■■ lurh >-) the radical meaning of the word is, 
a knock, a blow, then a piece of business ; to exchange ; 
to barter or give in exchange : trucking, imp. : 
trucked, pp. trukt : truckage, n. truk'-aj, the practice 
of bartering goods : truck'er, n. -er, one who trucks : 
truck system, the system formerly pursued in facto- 
ries, in public works, and among coalmasters, of com- 
pelling their work-people to take goods in exchange 
for their labour— a system put down by Act of Parlia- 

l/jrili Llloiedl :;i-,ill • (U"-.l i i / .' • > I 1 - V d 1:1 I.;/ pl.lrr ; 

truck, n. truk (prov. Eng. truckle, to roll : It. troco, 
a top, a gig : Sp. traquear, to crack, to make a loud 
noise; tniqminir, to shake, to move to and fro), a 
small wooden wheel; a sort of platform running upon 
wheels or tracks ; a small solid wheel for ordnance ; a 
cylinder ; the round disc at the top of a mast ; a rail- 
way waggon for the conveyance of goods : truckle, n. 
trdk'l, a small wheel or caster : v. to roll or cause to 
roll ; to roll on a wheel or something round ; to yield 
or bend obsequiously to the will of another ; to sub- 
mit servilely: truckling, imp. -ling: adj. meanly 
obedient : n. servile submission to the will of another : 
truckle-bed, a bed that can be rolled in under another 
ami drawn out, when wanted for use. 

truculent, a. truk'u-Unt (L. truculentus, very sav- 
age, fierce: It. truculento: F. truculent), savage; of 
fierce aspect ; destructive; cruel: truc'ulence, n. -ISns, 
also truc'ulency, n. -lea-si, savageness of manners : 
truc'ulently, ad. -It. 

trudge, v. truj (It. truscare, to blurt with the mouth : 
F. true, the sound made by the lips in encouraging a 
horse : Icel. prutta, to make a noise with the mouth in 
driving cattle: It. truccare, to scud, to pack away 
nimbly), to go steadily along ; to jog or march heavily 
on ; to travel or walk with labour and effort : trudg'- 
Ing, imp. : trudged, pp. trujd. 

true, a. trd (Icel. trior, sure, trusty: Dan. troe; 
Goth, truan; Ger. trauen, to believe, to confide in: 
AS. treowa, trust, faith), in accordance with that 
which actually exists, or is done or said; real; not 
false ; genuine ; faithful ; honest ; exact ; right : true'- 
ne3S, n. -wes, d ■ , unity to fact or 

H-alil.\ ; jiii", i! , iVoni i'al ;< hood , In jev.i > am ■ i u y . ii 

delity : truly, ad. tro'll, in reality ; according to truth : 
tru'ism, n. -izm, that which is self-evident; some- 
thing trite : true bill, the formula by which the grand 
jury finds or approves a bill of indictment : true-blue, 
inflexibly honest or faithful : true-born, a. of genuine 
birth : true-bred, a. of a genuine or right breed : true- 
hearted, a. sincere ; not faithless or deceitful : true- 
heartedness, n. state of being sincere and faith- 
ful : true-love, one really beloved : true-love-knot, a 
line or band 1 Hdtl ma uy folds, a supposed em- 

blem of the interwoven affections. 

truffle, n. trdbf'ft (old F. trufle; Sp. trufa; It. tar- 
tufo, a truffle : L. tuber, a swelling, a truffle), a fleshy 
fungus of a roundish shape, found buried in the soil 
at the depth of several inches in the clayey sandy soils 
of the south of England, in France, &c, much esteemed 
as a luxury : truffled, a. troof-fld, cooked or stuffed 
with truffles. 

truism, n.— see true. 

trull, n. trill (Ger. trolle, a coarse sluttish woman : 
Swiss, trolle; Swab, trull, a thick fat woman), a sorry 
wench ; a vile strumpet. 

trullisation, n. trul'-lt-za'shun (L. trullissare, to 
trowel, to plaster— from trulla, a trowel), the laying 
of strata of plaster with a trowel. 

truly, ad.— see true. 

trump, v. trump (It. trombare, to make a rattling 
noise ; strombare, to blurt with one's mouth : F. trom- 
per; old Sp. trompar, to cheat, to deceive), to lie; to 
boast ; to deceive ; to play a trick upon : trumping, 
imp.: trumped, pp. trumpt: to trump up, as a story, 
to get up a fraudulent story ; to devise ; to seek and 



empty talk ; things of no value : adj. trifling ; not 
to bear investigation. 
trump, n. trump, also trumpet, n. trum'pet (It. 



8 TRUS 

tromba; F. trompe or trompette, a trumpet: Dut. 
trompe; Ger. trompf, a trump or Jew's harp: L. tuba, 
a trumpet with a straight tube), a wind instr., used 
chiefly in war and military exercises and music, 
and for conveying orders with increased power of 
sound: v. to publish by sound of trumpet; to pro- 
claim: trum'peting, imp.: trum'peted, pp.: trum'- 
peter, n. -er, one who or that which trumpets; a 
soldier who blows a trumpet ; one who proclaims or 
publishes: trumpet-call, a military order sounded 
through a trumpet : trumpet-fish, a fish so called from 
its tubular muzzle : trumpet-flower, a name applied 
to more than one species of plants whose flowers are 
trumpet-shaped; a species of honeysuckle: trumpet- 
shell, a univalvular shell of a trumpet shape : trum- 
pet-tongued, a. having a tongue loud and vociferous 
as a trumpet : speaking-trumpet, a trumpet for in- 
creasing the intensity of speech, and transmitting it 
to a considerable distance in a particular direction : 
hearing or ear trumpet, a long tube, generally made 
curved or spiral, with a trumpet-shaped end, for col- 
lecting sounds into a focus, used by persons with im- 
perfect hearing, to enable them to hear words and 
sounds more distinctly. 

trump, n. trump (F. triomphc; Ger. trump/, a sort 
of game at cards: L. triumvhus, a triumph), the suit 
of cards in a game which takes any of the other suits ; 
the winning card ; an old game at cards : v. to play a 
winning card on another in order to win: trump ing, 
imp.: trumped, pp. trumpt. 

trumpet, n.— see trump 2. 

truncate, a. trung'-kat (L. truncatum, to maim, to 
cut off: It. troncure; P. tronquer, to lop off), in bot., 
terminating abruptly as if cut off at the end : v. to cut 
off; to lop; to maim: trun'cating, imp.: trun'cated, 
pp. cut short ; maimed ; in geom., applied to a pyramid 
or cone, the top or vertex of which is cut off by a plane 
parallel to its base: truncation, n. trung-kCi'-shun, 
state of being truncated ; the change in the geometri- 
cal form of a crystal, produced by the cutting off of 
an angle or edge so as to leave a face more or less 
large instead of the edge or angle. 

truncheon, n. trun'shun (P. troncon, a piece cut or 
broken off, as from a lance or sword— from L. trun- 
care, to cut or lop off), a short staff ; a cudgel ; a 
baton ; a military staff of command : v. to beat with 
a cudgel: trun'cheoning, imp.: trun'cheoned, pp. 
-shund : trun'cheoneer', n. ■shun-er', a person armed 
with a truncheon. 

trundle, v. trun'dl (AS. trendel, an orb, a circle: 
prov. F. trandoul, a swing ; trandoula, to sway to and 
fro : Scot, trintle, to trundle), to roll along ; to roll, as 
on little wheels ; to roll along, as a hoop : n. a round 
rolling body ; a low cart with small wooden wheels— 
now called a truck: trun'dling, imp. -dling-. trundled, 
pp. trun'dld: trundle-bed, same as truckle-bed, which 
see : trundle-head, the wheel that turns a millstone. 

trunk, n. trungk (L. truncus; F. tronc, the stock or 
body of a tree without the boughs: Dut. stronk, a 
stump, a trunk), a box or chest, particularly one 
covered with leather or skin, so called as resembling 
the trunk or chest of a man's body ; the stem or body 
of a tree apart from its branches ; the main body of 
anything ; the proboscis of an elephant ; the part of 
the body between the head and the abdomen ; a water- 
course made of planks : trunked, a. truvkt, having 
a trunk : trunk-hose, large breeches reaching to the 
knees, formerly worn : trunk-line, the main line of a 
railway, as distinguished from the branch lines or 
feeders. 

trunnion, n. trun'yun (F. trognon, the stalk of a 
cabbage with the leaves pulled off: It. troname, the 
trunk or body of a tree), one of the two knobs which 
project from the opposite sides of a cannon, and which. 
seem to support it on the cheeks of the carriage. 

truss, n. trus (F. trousser, to pluck up ; trousse, a 
truss, a bundle: old F. torser, to pack up: old Sp. 
trossa; Sp. torca, a truss of hay: W. torchi, to twist, 
to wreathe), a quantity, as of hay or straw, tied to- 
gether; asmall haii(l-jia,cl-:oii bundle of dry goods; in 
arch., the collection of timbers framed together, form- 
ing one of the principal supports to a roof; in surg., 
a bandage or apparatus used in cases of hernia to 
keen up the reduced parts, and to prevent further pro- 
trusion; among seamen, the rope used to keep the 
centre of a yard to the mast : v. to bind or pack close ; 
to skewer, as poultry, &c; to make fast: trus'sing, 
imp.: n. the act of packing or binding closely; the 
collection of timbers which bind and support a roof 



mate, mdt, f&r, law; mete, met, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, move; 



TEUS 



679 



TUG 



or a beam: trussed, pp. trust: to trass up, to make 
close or tight. 

trust, n. trust (Icel. traustr, trusty: Norm, traust, 
firm, steady: Goth, triggus, faithful— see true), a rest- 
ing of the mind on the integrity, justice, or friend- 
ship of another; reliance; confidence; the person or 
thing that is the ground of confidence ; credit given 
without examination ; That which has been given or 
received in confidence ; son ic-tlring committed to charge 
of which an account must be given ; confidence in sup- 
posed honesty ; credit given on a promise of payment ; 
in law, an estate held by certain parties for the use 
of another ; a turnpike road or district managed by 
commissioners : v. to rely on ; to believe ; to commit 
to the care of in confidence ; to hope, as "I trust he 
will do well"; to be confident of something future; 
to sell to upon credit ; to confide or have confidence 
in: trusting, imp.: adj. confiding: trust'ed, pp.: 
trust'er, n. -er, one who trusts: trustingly, ad. -li: 
trustee, n. trds-W, a person who holds an estate or 
property of any kind for the benefit and use of another : 
trustee'ship, n. ship, the office of a trustee: trust- 
ful, a. -fool, fall of trust; worthy of trust; faithful: 
trust'fully, ad. -li: trust'fulness, n. -nes, faithfulness: 
trustless, a, -Us, not worthy of trust : trust'lessness, 
n. -nSs, the state or quality of being trustless : trusty, 
a. trus'tl, that may be safely confided in or trusted ; 
honest; faithful; that will not fail; firm; strong: 
trus'tily, ad. -li: trus'tiness, n. -nSs, the quality of 
being trusty ; fidelity ; honesty : trustworthy, a. wor- 
thy of trust or confidence ; faithful : honest : trust'- 
worthiness, the state or quality of being trustworthy. 

truth, n. troth (Dan. troe; Goth, truan; Ger. trauen, 
to believe, to confide in ; Icel. trur, sure— see true), 
conformity to fact or reality ; purity from falsehood ; 
fidelity ; it is true— as, " she said, truth, Lord " : truth'- 
fal, a. -fool, habitual disposition to speak truth ; close- 
ly adhering to truth: truth'fully, ad. -li: truth'ful- 
ness, n. -n6s, the state of being truthful : truthless, 
a. -lis, wanting in truth : truth lessness, n. -nes, the 
state of being truthless ; in truth, in reality ; in fact : 
of a truth, in reality; certainly: truth-speaking, a. 
uttering truth. 

try, v. tri (F. trier, to pick, to select : L. tritum, to 
tread out or thresh corn: It. tritare, to break very 
small: Piedm. trie, to grind or wear down), to at- 
tempt; to endeavour; to make or use exertion in 
order to perform; to make experiment on; to prove 
by experiment; to examine; to bring before a tri- 
bunal or into a court of law; to examine judicially by 
witnesses ; to purify or refine : trying, imp. putting 
to the proof ; examining by a test ; straining ; endeav- 
ouring : adj. acting as a test, as to one's patience or 
principles: n. the testing: tried, pp. trial: adj. ex- 
amined by test : trier, triable, trial— see in Diction- 
ary in alphabetical order : to try on, to fit on an arti- 
cle of dress : try-sail, among seamen, a fore-and-aft 
sail set with a boom and gaff, and hoisted on a small 
mast, used in a storm: trying-house, the place where 
whale's blubber is reduced to oil and refined. 

tryst, n. trlst (Scot, tryst, a tryst : AS. truwa, faith, 
trust ; tryw, a tree), in Scot., an appointment to meet ; 
an appointed place of meeting : v. to agree to meet : 
tryst'ing, imp. agreeing with beforehand : n. an ap- 
pointment: tryst'ed, pp.: tryst'er, n. -er, one who 
trysts : trysting-day, y of meeting or 

assembling: trysting-place, a place designated for a 
meeting or for an interview ; a rendezvous. 

T-square, a rule having a cross-piece at one end for 
making parallel lines— so called from its shape. 

tub, n. tub (Dut. tobbe; Low Ger. tubbe,- Ger. zuber, 
a vessel to be borne in two hands, a tub), an open ves- 
sel made of staves and hooped, having the appearance 
of a cask which has been cut through the middle cross- 
wise ; a box in which coals are sent up the shaft of a 
coal-mine : v. to plant, set, or put in a tub : tublnng, 
imp.: n. in mining, the lining of a shaft with wood or 
iron for the purpose of preventing the falling in of the 
sides or of loose material from them, often made air 
and water tight : tubbed, pp. tubd. 

tube, n. tub (F. tube; Sp. and It. tubo; L. tubus, a 
pipe, a tube), a pipe ; a hollow cylinder of wood, metal, 
or glass for conveying fluids, &c. ; one of the vessels 
of animals or plants for conveying fluids or other sub- 
stances ; a telescope, particularly without the fittings : 
v. to furnish with tubes: tulaing, imp.: n. tubes col- 
lectively: tubed, pp. tubd: tu'biform, a. -bl-fawrm 
(L. forma, shape), in the form of a tube. 

tuber, n. tu'ber (L. tuber, a hump, a knob or excres- 



QQW, b 



cence— from tumeo, I swell), a thickened, roundish, 
underground stem, as a potato, a turnip, &c; in anat., 
the rounded projection of a bone. 

tubercle, n. tu'ber-kl (L. tuberculum, a small hump 
or protuberance— from tuber, a 1 
old F. tubercle: F. tubercule), a little knob; in med., 
a small.hard.local tumour— when deposited in numbers 
on the lungs, and suppurating, producing the disease 
known as consn 

on the skin ; in bot., a swollen simple root, as of some 
orchids; a little tuber: tubercular, a. tu-bir'-ku-lir, 
full of small knobs or tubercles ; caused by tubercles, 
as consumption ; prone to generate tubercles : tuber'- 
culate, a. -hit, in bot., having tubercles: tuber'culous, 
a. -Ids, affected with tubercles; disposed to tuber- 
cular diseases: tuberiferous, a. til'ber-if'er-iis (h.fero, 
I bear), producing or bearing tubers, as the potato : 
tu'berose, a. -os, also tu'berous, a. -us, having knobs 
or tubers ; connected into a bunch by rootlets, as in 
the potato : tuberosity, n. -os'l-tl, in anat., a kind of 
projection or elevation ; the state of being knobbed. 

tubicornous, a. tu'-bl-kor'nus (L. tubus, a pipe, and 
cornu, a horn), having horns; composed of a horny 
; r h, as in the tuTricorns, 
-kornz, a family of ruminants. 

tubipore, n. tu'-bi-por (L. tubus, a pipe, and porus, a 
passage), one of a genus of coral zoophytes ; organ- 
pipe coral: tu'biporite, n. -po-rit, a genus of fossil 
corals composed of closely-united calcareous tubes — 
now known as sijringopora. 

tubular, a. tu'bu-ler (L. tubulus, a small pipe or 
tube— from tubus, a pipe: It. tubulare), having the 
form of a tube or pipe ; consisting of a tube or pipe ; 
m bot. , applied to the regular florets of the composite : 
tubular boiler, a boiler made up or consisting of 
tubes : tubular bridge, a bridge consisting of a great 
iron tube through which a roadway passes : tubulated, 
a. -la-ted, made in the form of a tube or pipe; fur- 
nished with a small tube or tubular opening : tu'bule, 
n. -bul, a small pipe or tubular body : tubuliform, a. 
tu-bu'-ll-fawrm (L. forma, a shape), having the form 
of a tube or tubule: tubulous, a. tu'bu-lus, composed 
of tubes; in bot., composed of tubular florets; having 
a bell-shaped mouth or border, somewhat tubular 
in its form. 

tuck, v. tiik (Ger. zucken, to draw in, to shrug: Low 
Ger. tukken, to shrug the shoulders), to turn or gather 
up ; to draw into a narrower compass ; to press in or 
together, as the bed-clothes : n. a horizontal plait or 
fold made in a garment to shorten it ; a kind of net : 
tucking, imp.: tucked, pp. tiikt: tucker, n. tuk'ker, a 
fold of cloth for shading the bosom of a woman ; an 
ornamental fold to a woman's dress. 

tuckahoe, n. tuk'ka-ho (Inch, signifying bread), a 
curious vegetable of the Southern States of Amer., 
growing under the surface of the ground like tho 
truffle of Europe, someti Kan bread. 

tucking-mill, n. tuk'king-mil (W. teiu; Ir. tiugh, 
thick), a fulling-mill for thickening cloth. 

Tuesday, n. tuz'-da (AS. tywes-dceg, Tuesday— from 
Tyw, the god of war, and dceg, day: in Scand. myth., 
Tuisco, the god of war: Icel. tysclagr: Sw. tisdag: 
Dan. tirsdag), the third day of the week. 

tuesite, n. tu'-e-slt (mid. L. tuesa, name for the river 
Tweed), a mineral of a bluish or milk-white colour, 
found on the banks of the river Tweed in the upper 
Old Red Sandstone — makes excellent slate-pencils. 

tufa, n. til'-fd, also tuff, n. tuf (It. tufo, soft sandy 
stone: L. tofus; Ger. tof, tufa), originally applied to 
a light porous rock composed of cemented scoriae and 
ashes, now applied to any porous vesicular compound: 
tufaceous, a. tu-fa'shus, pert, to or consisting of tufa, 
or resembling it. 

tuft, n. tuft (F. touffet, a group or bunch of hair or 
trees : Ger. zopf, a tuft of hair : Icel. toppr, the sum- 
mit : W. twb, a round lump ; twff, a tuft), a collection 
of small things forming a knot or bunch, as of threads 
or feathers; a cluster; a head of flowers; a little 
bundle of leaves or hairs, and the like : v. to adorn 
with a tuft or with tufts: tufting, imp.: tuft'ed, pp.: 
adj. growing in tufts a Jlusters; adorned with a tuft 
or tufts : tufty, a. tuf'-ti, abounding with tufts ; grow- 
ing in clusters : tuft-hunter, one who is very assidu- 
ous in courting the acquaintance of persons of rank- 
so named in reference to noblemen and persons of qual- 
ity wearing tassels in their caps at the Eng. univer- 
sities. 

tug, n. tiig (analogous to the verb lug, denoting, to 
seize by something hanging : Swiss, tschogg, a hanging 
pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



TUIT 



630 



TUEB 



lock; tschoggen, to pull by the hair: Fin. tukka, a 
hanging luck; tukkata, to pull by the hair), a pull 
with strong effort : a small steam-vessel used to tow 
or pull ships out of or into a harbour or dock: v. to 
pull or draw with considerable effort; to pull with 
continued exertion; to drag: tug'ging, imp.: n. labo- 
rious pulling: tugged, pp. tugd: tug'gingly, ad. -II: 
tug'ger, n. -ger, one who tugs : the tug of war, the 
harassing toils, the dangers, and the expenditure at- 
tending actual warfare. 

tuition, n. tu-ish'un (L. tuitio, a taking care of, a 
guarding— from tueor, I look at or behold), superin- 
tending care, as over a pupil or ward; instruction; 
the act or business of teaching : tuiti'onary, a. -er-i, 
pert, to tuition. 

tulip, n. tu'lip (F. tiill/tr; S]i. tvlipa; Sw. tulpan 
Ger. tulpe, a tulip— from Pers. tuliban, a turban), 
bulbous plant cultivated for the beauty and variety of 
its flowers. 

tulle, n. t6l (F. tulle— so called from the town of 
Tulle, in France, where first made), a kind of ne 
lace. 

tumble, n. tnm'bl (F. tmnber; It. tombolare; Icel. 
tumba, to fall : AS. tumbinn., to dance: W. twmpian, 
to stamp, to thump), a fall: v. to fall; to come sud- 
denly to the ground ; to roll or turn over : tum'bling, 
imp. -Ming: adj. rolling: n. the act of falling; the 
performance of certain actors in a circus : tumbled, 
pp. turn-bid: tum'bler, n. -blCr, one who amuses the 
public by placing himself in various postures ; a kind 
of latch in a lock ; a well-known drinking-glass— so 
called from its original pointed or round bottom mak- 
ing it impossible for it to stand without falling over; 
a variety of the domestic pigeon which tumbles or 
turns over in its flight : tum'blerful, n. a quantity suffi- 
cient to fill a tumbler. 

tumbrel, n. tum-brSl, also tum'bril, n. -brll (old F. 
tomberel; F. tombereau— from tomber, to fall, to tum- 
ble), a covered cart used to convey tools, ammunition, 
&c, in a military train ; a cart or truck which may be 
tumbled or tilted up ; a dung-cart ; a frame or crib, 
made of willows and the like, for containing hay and 
other food for the feeding of sheep. 

tumefy, v. ttl'me-fl (L. tumefacere, to cause to swell 
or puff up— from tumeo, I swell, and/acio, I make: F. 
tumefier), to cause to swell ; to swell ; to rise in a tu- 
mour: tu'mefying, imp.: tu'mefied, pp. -fid: tu'me- 
fae'tion, n. -fdk'sliun, act of swelling ; a swelling ; a 
tumour. 

tumid, a. tu-mid (L. tumidm, swollen, protuberant 
—from tumeo, I swell), being swelled ; being enlarged 
or distended ; protuberant ; swollen in sound or sense ; 
absurdly sublime; pompous; bombastic: tu'midly, 
ad. -II: tu'midness, n. -nes, the state or quality of 
being tumid : tumescent, a. tu-mes'sent, being or grow- 
ing tumid. 

tumour, n. tu'mer (L. tumor, a swelling— from tu- 
meo, I swell), a swelling or enlargement of any part of 
the body caused by morbid growth : tu'moured, a. 
-riu'rd, swelled; distended 

tump, n. tump (W. tivmp, a round mass or heap, a 
hillock), a little hillock; a knoll: v. to throw up tne 
earth around a tree so as to form a hillock : tump'ing, 
imp.: tumped, pp. tumpt. 

tumular— see tumulus. 

tumult, n. tu'miilt (L. tumultus, disturbance, agita- 
tion—from tumeo, I swell: It. tumulto: F. tumulte), 
the commotion of a multitude of people, with great 
noise and uproar ; wild disorder ; uproar ; distmbance : 
tumul'tuary, a. -tu-er-l, disorderly; confused and 
restless: tumultuous, a. -iu-us, conducted with con- 
fusion and noise; disorderly; turbulent; lawless: 
tumul'tuously, ad. -II: tumul'tuousness, n. -nSs, the 
state of being tumultuous ; disorder. 

tumulus, n. tu'mu-lus (L. tumulus, a raised heap— 
from tumeo, I swell: It. twmulo), a mound or hillock, 
anciently raised to mark a place of burial ; a barrow : 
tu'mular, a. -ler, consisting of a heap ; formed in a 
heap or hillock : tu'mulous, a. -liis, also tu'mulose, a. 
-los, full of hillocks: tu'mulos'ity, n. -los'i-tl, hilli- 
ness. 

tun, n. tun (F. tonne; Icel. and old H. Ger. tunna, a 
cask), a large cask; a measure consisting of 4 hhds. 
or two pipes ; a drunkard : v. to put into large casks : 
tua'ning, imp.: tunned, pp. tund : tun-bellied, a. -bel' 
lid, having a large belly swelling out like the middle 
of a cask : to tun up, to put liquor into a tun. 

tune, n. tun (F. ton; It. tono; L. tonus; Gr. tonos, 
the sound or tone of an instr.), a series of musical 



notes of a particular measure and of a given length; 
a melody; a short musical composition ; the proper 
relation of notes and intervals to each other; fit tem- 
per or humour; disposition: v. to put into a proper 
state, as an instr., lor producing the proper musical 
sounds; to put into any proper state or order ; to form 
one sound to another: tu'ning, imp.: n. the operation 
of adjusting a musical instr. in order that its various 
musical sounds may be produced as correctly as pos- 
sible : tuned, pp. tund, put in order that the proper 
sounds may be produced: tunable, a. tu'nd-U, that 
may be put in tune: tu'nably, ad. -bll: tu'nableness, 
n. -bl-nis: tuneful, a. tun'-fool, harmonious; melodi- 
ous: tune'fully, ad. -II: tune'less, a. -16$, unmusical; 
not harmonious: tuner, n. itX-m'r, one whose occupa- 
tion is to tune musical instrs.: tuning-fork, a steel 
instr. having two flat prongs, which, by their vibra- 
tions, when pressed together and then suddenly set 
free, produce a particular musical note, used for regu- 
lating the pitch of instrs., and also of the human voice : 
out of tune, not in a proper state for use ; not in a 
proper temper or disposition. 

tungsten, n. Mng'stcn (Sw. tungsten, heavy stone— 
from tung, heavy, and sten, a stone), a hard brittle 
metal of a light steel-grey colour and brilliant metallic 
lustre— also called wolfram: tungstenic, a. tung-stai' 
ik, pert, to tungsten : tungstic, a. -stik, obtained from 
or formed of tungsten : tungstic acid, an acid com- 
posed of one equivalent of tungsten and three of 
oxygen : tung'state, n. -stai, a salt of tungstic acid 
and a base. 

tunic, n. tu'nlk (L. tunica, an under garment of the 
Romans worn by both sexes: It. tnmica: F. tuuiqiu:), 
a long under garment worn by an officiating clergy- 
man in the R. Oath. Ch.; a loose frock or dress worn 
by females and boys, drawn in at the waist and reach- 
ing only a little way below it ; a natural covering; a 
seed-cover : tunicated, a. tu'ni-ka-tSd, covered with a 
tunic or membrane : tu'nicle, n. -nl-kl, a little tunic ; 
a natural covering ; a kind of cope : tu'nica'ta, n. plu. 
-ka'td, also tu'nicaries, n. plu. -ktr-iz, a class of head- 
less molluscs which have no shells, but are protected 
instead by an elastic leathery-looking tunic — having 
no apparent organs of locomotion, they are found 
floating free in the ocean, or fixed to rocks, shells, 
plants, and the like. 

tunnage, n. tun'naj, same as tonnage— see ton. 

tunnel, n. tun'-nel (F. tonnelle, a trellised walk, a 
vaulted roof; tonnelet, a hoop petticoat— from tonne, 
a tun : Eng. tun, a cask), a vaulted underground pas- 
sage through a hill or under a river— so called from its 
resemblance to the interior of a tun or cask : v. to form 
or cut a tunnel through or under ; to hollow out in 
length : tun'nelling, imp. : n. the operation of cutting 
a passage through a hill or under a river, and arching 
the roof: tun'nelled, pp. -neld: adj. having a tunnel 
formed or made through; penetrated or cut through, 
wholly or partially, as a hill : to tunnel, to fill vessels 
with liquor: tun'nellers, n. plu. -erz, on shipboard, 
men who fill casks with water : tunnel-kiln, a lime- 
kiln in which coal is burned : tunnel-net, a net wide 
at one end and narrow at the other. 

tunny, n. tun'-nl (L. thunnus; Gr. thunnos, the 
tunny-fish— from Gr. thunein, to hurry or dart along : 
It. tonno: F. tl<- •»;. i u 

larger than the mackerel, and highly esteemed along 
the Mediterranean as food. 

tup, n. tup (old F. towp, a ram), a ram; a male of 
the sheep kind. 

turban, n. ter'bdn (F. turban; It. turbante, a turban 
—probably from F. turbin, a whelk, to which, from its 
conical shape and spiral folds, it bears a striking re- 
semblance), the usual covering for the head worn by 
the people of Eastern nations, consisting of a quilted 
cap round which a sash or scarf is twisted ; the whole 
set of whorls in a shell: tur'baned, a. -band, wearing 
a turban. 

turbary, n. tir'bd-rl (mid. L. turbaria— from furhrr, 
turf), a place where peat is dug; the right of digging 
peat; a swampy peat-moss: turbary deposits, in 
geol., swampy deposits. 

turbid.a. ter'-bld [] 1 Idus confused, disordered: 
Sp. turbido, muddy), thuk; muddy; not clear, as a 
liquid: tur'bidly, ad. -II: turTiidness, n. -nes, the 
state or quality of being turbid ; muddiness. 

turbinate, a. /<:';■:/,, :•»,</, i ., turbinated, a. -nd-tSd 
(L. turbinatus, pointed like a cone, conical— from tur- 
bo, a whirlwind, a whipping-top: F. turbine, a shell 
in the form of a spire), in bot., shaped like a top, or a 



mate, mat, fur, luio; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, rnCve; 



TURB 



681 



TURP 



cone inverted; wreathed conically; spiral-shaped: 
'.urlrination, n. -bi-na'shun, the act of spinning or 
■whirling, as a top: turTune, n. -bin, a horizontal 
water-wheel : turbinidse, n. plu. Ur-bin'-i-de, an exten- 
sive family of molluscs, having spiral, top-shaped, or 
pyramidal shells : turbo, n. Ur'-bo (L.), the common-top 
shell. 

turbith, n. ter'blth, another spelling of turpeth, 
which see. 

turbot, n. ter'-bot (Dut. tarbot, turbot— from bot, 
blunt : F. turbot), the largest and most esteemed of 
the flat-fish taken on the British coasts. 

turbulent, a, tir'bu-lent (L. turbulentus, restless, 
agitated— from turbo, I disturb: It. turbolento : F. 
turbulent), being in violent commotion; restless; dis- 
turbed ; tumultuous ; producing commotion ; refrac- 
tory; insubordinate: tur'bulently, ad. -li: tur'bu- 
lence, n. -lens, also tur'bulency, n. -ICn-sl, a disturbed 
state ; disorder or tumult of the passions ; a disposition 
to resist authority, as by a mob or crowd. 

tureen, n. tii-ren', the usual spelling of terreen, 
which see. 

turf, n. terf (Icel. torf; It. torba; F. tourbe;V?. 
torp, a lump), the grassy surlace of unfilled laud ; a 
detached piece of the surface of a grassy park or pas- 
ture hillside ; sod; sward; the fibrous, black, earthy 
substance used as fuel ; peat ; race-ground ; horse-rac- 
ing: v. to cover with turf or sod: turfing, imp.: n. 
the operation of covering with turf : turfed, pp. tirft : 
turfy, a. tir/'-i, abounding with or resembling turf; 
given to horse-racing (slang): turf'iness, n. -nSs, the 
state or quality of being covered with turf: turfen, a. 
iir, '■/>, made of turf; covered with turf. 

turgent, a. ttr'jCnt [L. tureen*, swilling out), swell- 
ing; tumid; protuberant: turgescent, a, tir-jcs'sSnt 
(L. turgescens, beginning to swell), growing large; in 
a swelling state: turges'cence, n. -sens, also turges'- 
cency, n. -sen-sl, act of swelling; inflation; bombast. 

turgid, a. ter'jid (L. tani/dus, swollen, distended: 
It. turgido: F. turgide), swelled; distended beyond 
the natural size; puffed up; pompous; inflated, as 
language: turgidly, ad. -li: tur'gidness, n. -nes, also 
turgidity, n. ter-jid'i-tl, state of being swelled ; tumid- 
ness. 

turio, n. tu'rl-6 (L. turio, the tendril or young 
branch of a tree), in bot., a young shoot covered with 
scales sent up from an underground stem, as in aspar- 
agus ; the earlv stage of a sucker when invested by 
leaf-scales : tu'rioniferous, a. -nlf-tr-us (L. fero, I 
bear), producing tendrils or young shoots. 

Turk, n. ttrk, a native of Turkey ; a cruel tyrannical 
man: Turkish, a. tir'klsh, pert, to or resembling the 
Turks : Tur'key, n. -kl, the country of the Turks ; a 
large domestic fowl, originally from N. Amer.— so 
called as supposed to come froinTurkey, or more likely 
from the bright-scarlet colour of the fleshy excrescen- 
ces on its head : adj. of or from Turkey: Turkey-red, 
a fine durable red produced from madder: Turkey- 
stone, a familiar name for the whet slate or honestone, 
some of the finest varieties coming from Turkey, used 
for sharpening cutting instrs. and for polishing plate. 

turkois, n. ter-ko~yz'—see turquois. 

turmeric, n. ter'mer-lk (mid. L. ta-ra-merita; F. 
' i ile earth: also said to be from Hind. 



dians as a dye and for seasoning their food— also used 
as a medicine : turmeric paper, paper stained yellow 
with a solution of turmeric, used as a test for free al- 
kali, which changes its yellow to a brown. 

turmoil, n. tfr'mo~yl (F. tremouille, a mill-hopper, 
proverbial for the constant racket it keeps up: prov. 
F. triboul, great noise, confusion: old F. trimar, dis- 
turbance), disturbance ; harassing labour ; trouble and 
confusion; tumult: turmoil, v. ter-moyl' ', to harass 
with commotion; to weary; to be disquieted: tur- 
moil 'ing, imp.: turmoiled', pp. -mdyld'. 

turn, v. tern (F. tour, a turn; tourner, to turn: W. 
twrn, a turn : L. tornare, to turn wood : Gr. tornos, a 
pair of compasses), to cause to go round ; to move 
round ; to move from a direct course or straight line ; 
to change the direction of ; to change or alter ; to re- 
verse ; to put the upper side downwards ; to form or 
shape, as by means of a lathe ; to translate, as from 
one language to another ; to transform ; to cause to 
loathe; to bewilder or make mad, a b h 
his brain; to expel, as, to turn him out of doors; to 
direct, as the inclination or thoughts; to cause to 
cow, bolj,/(Jbt; pure, bud; chair, 



change, as a party or principle ; to change, as a course 
of life; to revolve in the mind; to make sour, as a 
liquor : n. a movement in a circular direction ; a bend, 
as in a road ; the twist of a rope round a dent or belay- 
ing -pin; a walk to and fro; a change; change of 
direction ; opportunity ; convenience, use, or purpose ; 
that which comes to one by rotation or in the course 
of duty; a good or evil act; form or cast, a^ the 
turn of a sentence: turn'ing, imp.: n. a bending 
course ; deviation from the way or proper course ; the 
art or operation of forming by a lathe : turned, pp. 
ternd, changed ; formed by a lathe : turner, n. tern'er, 
a workman who forms articles with a lathe : turn'ery, 
n. -er-i, the art of forming articles by means of a lathe ; 
things made by a turner : turn'key, n. {turn, and key), 
one who has the charge of one or more keys of a pris- 
on, and opens and locks the doors : turn'coat, n. (turn, 
and coat), one who forsakes his party or changes his 
principles: turn'pike, n. (turn, and pike: originally 
a cross of two bars armed at the ends with pikes, and 
turning on a pin, to hinder horses from entering), a 
gate or bar across a road to hinder passage till toll be 
paid : turnpike road, a public road on which tolls are 
established : turnspit, a person who turns a spit ; 



for the purpose of only admitting foot-passengers: 
turn-table, a large revolving platform on a railway 
for altering the direction of carriages or locomotives: 
turning-point, that which decides a matter: turn- 
out, act of coming forth ; an equipage ; a quitting of 
employment, as by a body of workmen, on account of 
some grievance real or alleged ; the net quality of 
produce yielded: by turns, one after another; alter- 
nately: to a turn, exactly; perfectly: to take turns, 
to take the places of one another alternately : to turn 
about, to move the face to another quarter, or in 
another direction: to turn a penny, to gain money 
by trade, however small the amount: to turn aside, 
to avert ; to deviate from any course : to turn away, 
to dismiss, as from service; to avert; to deviate 
from any course: to turn down, to fold or double 
down : to turn in, to fold or double ; in familiar 
language, to go to bed : to turn off, to dismiss or put 
away ; to divert or change, as a course ; to hang 
a criminal : to be turned of, to be advanced beyond: 
to be turned off, to be discharged, as a workman: 
to turn on, to charge or set running: to turn 
on or upon, to reply or retort : to turn out, to drive 
out ; to expel ; to strike, as workmen ; to put to pas- 
ture ; to make or finish for use, as goods ; to rise from 
bed : to turn over, to transfer ; to open and examine ; 
to overset : to turn over a new leaf, to begin afresh or 
a new course : to turn tail, to retreat ignominiously : 
to turn to, to have recourse to : to turn the back, to 
flee ; to retreat: to turn the back upon, to quit with 
contempt; to forsake: to turn the head, to make 
giddy ; to bewilder ; to infatuate : to turn the scale, 
to make the balance incline to one side; to give 
superiority or success : to turn the stomach of, to 
sicken : to turn the tables, to reverse success or supe- 
riority : to turn up, to bend or be doubled upwards ; 
to come to light ; to happen. 

turnip, n. tdr'nlp (probably Eng. turn, in the sense 
of round, andL. napus; F. navet, a turnip), a field or 
garden-plant of several species and varieties, much 
cultivated for its large round bulb, used as an acces- 
sary of diet by man, but principally for the feeding 
of cattle. 

turnkey— see under turn. 

turnpike— see under turn. 

turnsol, n. tern-sol (F. tournesol; It. tornasole, the 
turnsol— from F. tourner; It. tornare, to turn, and L. 
sol; It. sole, the sun), a plant, so named because its 
flower is supposed always to turn towards the sun. 

turpentine, n. ter'-p&n-tin (Ger. terpentin; L. tere- 
binthus ; Gr. terebinthos, the turpentine-tree Ittere- 
binto: F. terebinthe), an oily resinous substance flow- 
ing naturally, or by incision, from several species of 
trees, as the pine, the larch, the fir, &c. 

turpeth, n. ter'-peth, also turbeth and turbith (new 
L. turpethum : said to be from Indian turbad, a pur- 
gative root), the yellow basic sulphate of mercury — 
so called from its yellow colour, which resembles tho 
i ib < , , , , 

turpitude, n. ter'pi-tud ugliness, foul- 

ness—from turpis, ugly, shameful: It. turpit u <li ,,<-■ • 
< ' extreme de- 

pravity or wickedness ; moral deformity ; badness. 

ame, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



TURQ t 

turquoise, n., also turkois, n. ter-km/z' (from Turkey : 
F. turquoise), a phosphate of alumina with a little 
phosphate of iron and copper— a highly-prized stone, 
taking a fine polish, and usually of a beautiful sky- 
blue or greenish-blue colour, used in jewellery. 

turret, n. tur'-rit (L. turris, a tower : old F. tourette, a 
small tower : W. twred, a turret — from twr, a tower), 
a small tower, often crowning the angle of a wall, 
&c: tur'reted, a. furnished with turrets; formed 
likeatower : turriculated, a. tur-rlk'a-la-ted (L. lotus, 
borne or carried), furnished with, or having little 
towers or turrets: turrilite, n. tur'ri-llt (L. turris, a 
tower, and Gr. litho.s, a stone), in geol., a genus of 
chambered shells belonging to the ammonite family, 
and characterised by their straight, spiral, turreted 
appearance : tur'ritel'la, n. -til'-ld, in geol, a genus of 
marine gasteropods having a turriculated shape, the 
shell being elongated and many-whorled,— the living 
species are familiarly known as screw-shells, and have 
a world-wide distribution: turret-ship, a formidable 
iron-clad war-vessel with low sides, in which heavy 
guns are mounted within one or more iron turrets, 
which may be rotated, so that the guns may be made 
to bear and be fired in any required direction : another 
kind of iron-clads are called monitors. 

turtle, n. ter'tl (It. tortora; Sp. tortola; L. turtur, a 
turtle-dove, the bird that cries tur, tur), the turtle- 
dove, a species of pigeon noted for the constancy of 
its affection; the large edible sea-tortoise— called also 
the green turtle— a name arbitrarily applied to the 
creature by the Eng. sailors, perhaps from their affec- 
tion in pairing-time: turtle-shell, the name of a shell, 
a beautiful species of murex ; also tortoise - shell : 
turtle-soup, a most expensive and esteemed soup, 
made with the edible turtle or tortoise ; the flesh of 
the edible turtle added to an ordinary soup -stock: 
turtle-stones, in geol., flattened noddies of calcareous 
clay, ironstone, or other matter, internally divided 
into numerous angular compartments, often arranged 
in lines or bands, and generally containing some cen- 
tral organic nucleus, round which the matter has 



1 to one of the five orders of architecture, 
which allows no ornaments or fluting; applied to a 
fine kind of straw-plait : n. an inhabitant or nativo 
of Tuscany. 

tush, int. tush (imitative of a blurt with the lips : 
Fris. twoy, Die. tun, interjection when one spits with 
disgust: Low Ger. tuss, hush), an interjection to 
check or rebuke ; a sound expressing contempt ; be 
silent. 

tusk, n. tusk (AS. fuse, a grinder; Fris. tosch, a 
tooth : Gael, tosg, a tusk), the long pointed tooth on 
each side of the upper jaw of certain animals, as 
the elephant and wild boar: tusked, a. tuskt, also 
tusky, a. tus'ki, furnished with tusks. 

tussle, n., also tustle, n. tUs'sl (another form of 
tousle, to pull about roughly : Ger. zauzen, to tear and 
draw by violence : probably from twist, as wrestle from 
wrest), a struggle or struggling ; a petty hand-to-hand 
conflict between two persons : v. to struggle hand to 
hand : tus'sling, imp. : tussled, pp. tus'-sld. 

tussock, n. tus'sok (prov. Eng. tuz, a knot of wool or 
hair : Dan. dusk, a bunch, a tassel), a tuft of grass or 
twigs ; a tall strong grass, originally from the Falk- 
land Islands ; also called tussac-gras's, -s&k. 

tut, int. tut (another form of tush: prov. Dan. trutte, 
to stick out the lips : Sw. trut, a snout), an exclama- 
tion to check or rebuke. 

tutelage, n. tu'te-laj (L. tutela, protection, guardian- 
ship— from tutor, a .protector, a defender: It. tutela: 
F. tutele, guardianship), state of being under a guar- 
dian; protection; guardianship: tutelar, a. tu'-te-ler, 
also tu'telary, a. -ler-i, having the charge or guardian- 
ship of a person, a place, or a thing; protecting; 
guardian. 

tutenag, n. tu'te-natg (new L. tutenago: F. touten- 
ague), Chinese copper, an alloyed metal of eight parts 
of copper, three of nickel, and six and a half of zinc ; 
in India, zinc or spelter. 

tutor, n. tu'ter (L. tutor, a watcher, a defender— 
from tueor, I look or gaze at, I guard : It. tutore : F. 
tuteur), one who has the care of the education of an- 
other ; a private instructor ; in civil law, a guardian ; 
in universities and colleges, one who superintends the 
studies of students or undergraduates : v. to teach ; 
to instruct; to correct: tu'toring, imp.: n. the act of 
instructing ; education : tu'tored, pp. -tercl : tu'toress, 

mate, m&t, far, law; mete, met, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, rnOve, 



12 TWIL 

n. -is, a woman who instructs privately: tutor- 
ship, n. -ship, the office of a tutor: tu'torage, n. -ter- 
aj, education, as by a tutor ; guardianship : tutorial, 
a. tu-to'rl-dl, pert, to a tutor or instructor; exercised 
by a tutor : tuto'rially, ad. -II. 

tutti, ad. tdbt'ti (It.— from L. totus, the whole), in 
music, a direction to performers for all to play in full 
concert. 

tutty, n. tut'-tl r F. tutie: Sp. tutia: It. tuzia: mid. 
L. tutia), impure oxide of zinc collected from the 
chimneys of smelting-funiaces. 

tuyere, n. t6-yar' or twe'-ar (F. tuye're, opening of a 
furnace : Icel. tuda, a tube), the point or nozzle of the 
blast-pipe that enters the side of a smelting-funiace ; 
also the aperture in the side where the nozzle enters. 

twaddle, v. twod'dl, also twattle, v. twot'tl (Swiss, 
watteln, to dabble in the wet: Icel. thwaetta; Norm. 
tweetta, to jabber, to talk nonsense: I'.av. schn-atteln, 
to splash, to chatter), to talk foolishly; to chatter; to 
talk in a trifling manner: n. foolish or trifling tnlk: 
twaddling, imp. -dling: twaddled, pp. twod'-dld: 
twad'dler, n. -dler, one who talks in a silly manner. 

twain, a. or n. twan (AS. twa; Russ. dwa, two), 
two. 

twang, v. twting (imitative of a resonant sound), to 
sound with a quick sharp noise ; to sound, as a tense 
string pulled and allowed to spring back suddenly : n. 
the sound of a tense string pulled and suddenly set 
free; a nasal tone of voire; a disagreeable resonance 
in a voice from speaking through the nose ; a disagree- 
able flavour: twanging, imp.: adj. contemptibly 
noisy: twanged, pp. twdngd: twangle, v. tivang'-gl, 
to twang: twank, v. twCtnk, same as twang. 

'twas, twoz, a contracted form of it was. 

twattle, v. twdt'tl, same as twaddle, which see. 

tweak, v. tivek (another form of twitch, which see), 
to pinch or pull with a sudden jerk and twist, as the 
nose: n. a sharp pinch or jerk: tweaking, imp.: 
tweaked, pp. twekt. 

tweed, n. twed, an undressed woollen cloth of vari- 
ous patterns and designs, extensively used for trouser- 
ings, for vestings, and for common and country suits, 
manufactured chiefly in the S. of Scotland, and in the 
valley of the river Tweed. 

tweel, v. hvel, samefb twill, which see: tweel'ing, 
imp.: tweeled, pp. tweld. 

tweer, n. twe'-er, another spelling of tuyere, which 
see. 

tweezers, n. plu. twe'zerz (from the numeral two: 
Swiss, zwiser, a forked twig: Swab, zwisele, a forked 
stem: Low Ger. twille, any forked object), an instr. 
consisting of two pointed branches for taking hold of 
small obj ects ; small nippers or pincers used for pluck- 
ing out hairs. 

twelve, n. a. twSlv (AS. tweolf, twelve : Goth, tvnlif, 
twelve— from tvai, two, and laibos, relics: Lith. divi- 
lika, twelve— from divi, two, and likti, to remain 
over : the idea being the second excess above ten — 
see eleven), the first number after eleven ; two and 
ten ; a dozen : twelfth, a. twelfth or twelth, the ordi- 
nal of twelve : n. one part of twelve : twelvemonth, 
n. a year : twelfth-cake, a sweet ornamental cake 
given to friends or visitors on the festival of Twelfth- 
night, 6th January : Twelfth-day or -tide, the twelfth 
day after Christmas ; the festival of the Epiphany or 
manifestation of Christ to the Gentiles : Twelfth-night, 
the evening of the Epiphany, a church festival: twelve- 
pence, n. -pins, a shilling. 

twenty, n. a. tiven'ti (Ger. zwanzig; Iael. tuttugu, 
twenty : Goth, tvaitigjus, twenty— from tvai, two, and 
tigjus, the sum or number of ten : AS. tiventig, twenty 
—see eighty, under eight), one more than nineteen ; 
a score; an indefinite number: twen'tieth, a. -eth, 
the ordinal of twenty: n. one of twenty equal parts: 
twentyfold, a. twenty times as many : twenty-fours, 
in printing, a' sheet of paper which, when printed, 
folds into 24 leaves or 48 pages. 

twice, ad. twls (old Eng. twies— from two: AS. 
tiriirn, twice), two times; once ami again; doubly. 

twiddle, v. twid'-dl (a word imitative of a quivering 
motion), to touch lightly ; to play with a tremulous, 
quivering motion: twid'dling, imp. -dling: twid- 
dled, pp. tivid'dld. 

twig, n. twig (Low Ger. twieg ; Ger. zweig, a twig— 
from zivei, two : Dan. tvege, a forked branch), a small 
shoot or branch of a tree or bush : twig'gy, a. -gi, 
oh shoots. 

twilight, n. tivl'llt (AS. tweon-leoht, twilight— from 
tweo, doubt— from twi, two, and leoht, light), the faint 



TWIL 61 

light perceived before sunrise and after sunset : adj. 
faint ; obscure ; shaded ; imperfectly illuminated. 

twill, v. tail, alsotweel, v. twel(Ger. zwillich, tick- 
ing: L. bilix, woven with two threads— from bis, twice, 
and licium, a thread: Low Ger. twillen, to make 
double), to weave cloth so as to produce the appear- 
ance of diagonal lines or ribs on its surface : n. cloth 
having a kind of diagonal-ribbed appearance on the 
surface, produced by a particular maimer of weaving : 
twilling, imp. : twilled, pp. twlld: adj. woven in 
such a manner as to produce the appearance of diag- 
onal ribs on the surface. 

twin, n. twin (Ger. zwilling; old H. Ger. zwinilinc, 
twin: Lith. dwyni, twins: AS. tivinan, to twine, to 
make double— from twi, two), one of two young pro- 
duced at a birth by an animal that usually brings 
forth only one ; one very much resembling another : 
adj. denoting one of two produced at a birth; very 
much resembling : twin'ling, n. -ling, a twin lamb : 
twin-born, a. produced at the same birth : twin- 
brother, a brother, being one of two produced at the 
same birth : twin-likeness, near resemblance. 

twine, v. twin (Icel. tvinna; Dan. twinde, to twine, 
to double), to twist; to wind around another, as a 
thread or cord; to wind or twist anything flexible 
around something else ; to unite closely, as by twist- 
ing; to embrace; to turn round: n. a strong thread 
composed of two or three smaller threads twisted to- 
gether ; cord; atwist: twining, imp.: adj. ascending 
spirally around a stem, a branch, or a prop : twined, 
pp. twlnd, uniting closely to ; embracing. 

twinge, v. Iirinj (a nasalised t'»nn of twitch, which 
see), to affect with a sharp, sudden, passing pain ; to 
pinch ; to be affected with sharp sudd., n pains c >f short 
duration: n. a sudden, sharp, passing pain; a pinch ; a 
sudden rebuke, as of conscience: twinging, imp.: n. 
the act of pinching with a sudden twitch; a sharp 
passing pain: twinged, pp. twlnjd. 

twinkle, v. twuuf-kl. also twirik, v. twink (Dut. tin- 
tekn, to tinkle, to twinkle: Swiss, zwiigg n, to twitter; 
zwinken, to wink, to twinkle), to flash or sparkle at 
short intervals ; to shine with a tremulous or quiver- 
ing light ; to sparkle ; to open and shut the eye by 
turns: n. a shining with a tremulous or quivering 
light ; a motion of the eye ; a wink ; the time occupied 
by a motion of the eye ; an instant : twinkling, imp. 
-kllng: adj. shining with a twinkle: n. a sparkling; a 
moment; an instant: twinkled, pp. twing'-kld. 

twirl, v. twirl (Swiss, zwitzern, to twitter, to flicker: 
mid. H. Ger. twin!, that which turns rapidly round : 
Swiss, zwirlcn, to twirl: Bav. zwercn, to stir: zwircl, 
a stirrer), to turn round rapidly; to cause to rotate 
with rapidity, particularly with the fingers ; to revolve 
rapidly: n. a rapid circular motion; quick rotation; 
twist: twirling, imp.: n. act of that which twirls ; a 
rapid circular motion: twirled, pp. twirld. 

twist, v. twist (Dut. twisten, to double or unite two 
threads, to twine: Dut. twist; Ger. zwist, discord, 
quarrel: Bav. zwisel, the fork of a tree), to unite by 
wnding one thread or other flexible substance round 
another; to form by winding separate things round 
each other ; to encircle ; to turn from a straight line ; 
to be united by winding round each other : n. a cord, 
thread, or suchlike, formed by winding separate parts 
round each other ; a contortion; silk in hanks, balls 
or reels for sewing; a little roll of tobacco ; an obliq- 
uity or peculiarity in intellect or disposition: twisf- 
ing, imp.: adj. forming convolutions; becoming con- 
torted: n. contortion: twist'ed, pp.: adj. formed by 
winding threads or strands round each other: twisf- 
er, n. -er, one who or that which twists ; a rope or 
twine maker. 

twit, v. tivit (AS. edwifan, to reproach : Icel. vita, 
to reprove, to blame), to vex or annoy by bringing to 
remembrance a fault, imperfection, or the like; to 
upbraid; to taunt: twitting, imp.: twitted, pp.: 
twit'tingly, ad. -li: twit'ter, n. -Ur, one who twits or 
reproaches. 

twitch, v. twich (Ger. zwicken, to pluck, to pinch : 
Low Ger. tukken, to twitch, to pluck), to pull with a 
sudden jerk ; to snatch : n. a pull with a sudden jerk ; 
a spasmodic contraction of the muscles, of extremely 
short duration: twitching, imp.: adj. pulling with a 
jerk; suffering short spasmodic contractions: n. the 
act of pulling with a jerk; the act of suffering short 
spasmodic contractions : twitched, pp. tioicht. -twitch.'- 
er, n. -er, one who or that which twitches : twitch- 
grass (from quick, in the sense of living), a species of 
grass difficult to root out and destroy ; couch-grass. 



3 TYPH 

twitter, v. twit'ter (imitative of sharp broken sounds 
like the notes of a little bird : Ger. zwitschem, to twit- 
ter: Swiss, zwitzern, to flicker: Bav. zwitzern, to 
gnash the teeth), to make a succession of small tremu- 
lous sounds like a swallow or other small bird ; to feel 
a slight trembling of the nerves: n. a small tremulous 
noise, as of a swallow ; a slight trembling of the 
nerves: twittering, imp.: n. the act of uttering a 
succession of sin ill somid<: twittered, pp. -terd. 

'twixt, twlkst, a contracted form of betwixt. 

two, a. and n. t6 (AS. twa; Ger. zivey ; Dan. to; Gr. 
and L. duo; Russ. dwa; Sans, dvan, two), one and 
one; the number after one: two-edged, a. having 
edges on both sides : two-faced, a. having a face both 
in front and behind, as the Roman god Janus; insin- 
cere ; given to double-dealing : twofold, a. two of the 
same kind ; two different things existing together : 
ad. in a double degree: two-handed, a. requiring two 
hands to grasp, as a sword; stout and strung; large: 
two-masted, a. having two masts, as a ship: two-ply, 
a. consisting of two thicknesses ; consisting of two 
strands twisted together, as thread : twopenny, a. 
tup'-pen-nl, of the value of tivopence: twopence, n. to' 
pens or tup-pens, sum amounting to two pennies. 

Tycoon, n. tl-kdn' (formerly spelt ziogoon), the ex- 
ecutive rider of Japan, who pays homage to the priest- 
king, called the Mikado. 

tying, v. Wing, imp. of the verb tie, which see ; 
binding; fastening: n. in mining, the term for wash- 
tyke, n. tik— see tike. 

tyler, n. ti'ler— see under tile. 

tymbal, n. tim'bdl— see timbal. 

tympan, n. tlm'pan, also tym'panum, n. -pel- 
niim(L. tympanum .■ Gr. iumpanon, a drum, a tim- 
brel: It. timpano: F. tympan), in a printing press, the 
parchment frame on which the sheet of paper is laid 
before being turned over on the form of type to be 
printed: tym'panum, n. in anat., the middle cavity 
of the ear, familiarly called the drum of the ear; in 
arch., the naked face of a pediment, usually a trian- 
gular space or table in the corners or sides of an arch, 
often enriched with figures ; the die of a pedestal ; the 
panel of a door; a drum-shaped wheel with spirally- 
curved partitions, used for raising water for the pur- 
poses of irrigation: tympanic, a. tlm-pim'ik, belong- 
ing to the tympanum or drum of the ear : tympanise, 
v. tiiu'-jidn-iz, to stretch, as the skin over a drum- 
head: tym'panising, imp.: tym'panised, pp. -Izd: 
tym'pani'tes, n. -pd-ni'tez, also tym'pany, n. -pd-nl, 
in merl., a flatulent distension of the abdomen: tym'- 
panitic, a. -It'ik, relating to or affected with tympa- 
nites : tym'panoph'ora, n. plu. -nof-or-d (Gr. phoreo, 
I bear), in geol., certain fossil plants having minute 
branching stems, each branddet being terminated by 
a rounded or globular appendage resembling a seed- 
vessel. 

type, n. tip (L. typus ; Gr. tupos, a figure, an image 
or figure on a wall— from Gr. tuptein, to strike : ft. 
tipo: F. type), a mark of something; an emblem, 
sign, or symbol ; a figure of something to come ; the 
shape or form of a letter of the alphabet in metal; a 
peculiarity in the form of a disease ; the original con- 
ception hi art which becomes the subject of a copy , 
the perfect representation or idea of anything : typic, 
a. tip'-lk, also typical, a. -i-kal, emblematic; figur- 
ative ; indicative rather than positive; in bot., &c, 
applied to a specimen which has eminently the char- 
acteristics of the species, or to a species having the 
characteristics of an order; representing something 
future by a form, model, or resemblance : typically, 
ad. -li : typify, v. -fl (type, and L. feccio, I make), 
to represent by an image or resemblance; to fore- 
shadow; to prefigure: typifying, imp. representing 
by model or emblem: typified, pp. -fid, represented 
by a symbol or emblem: typ'ifica'tion, n. -ka'shUn, 
act of typifying: typefounder, a manufacturer of 
types for printing : type-metal, an alloy of lead, an- 
timony, and i ! tug types. 

typhoid, a. tl-foyd—see typhus. 

Typhon, n. ti'fon {Gr. Tuphon: L. Typhon), the evil 
genius in Egyptian mythology; in L. and Gr. myth., a 
name for the giant Typhoeus. 

typhoon, n. ti-jini' (L. tijphon; Gr. tuphon, a whirl- 
wind), a name i gators to one of those 
great storms of wind or hurricanes that visit the 
seas of southern China and adjacent seas, generally 
from June to November. 

typhus, a. ti'fus (Gr. tuphos, smoke or stupor), in 



cole, bo~i,fobt; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal, 



TYPI 61 

rued. , a very fatal form of fever, characterised by much 
depression, tin- appearance uf an emotion on the skin, 
and a tendency to put re! action : typhous, a. -fas, 
pert, to typhus : ty'phoid, a. -foyd (Gr. eidos, resem- 
blance), pert, to a low form of fever, eharaeterised 
by general depression and an eruption of the skin, 
with morbid changes in the intestinal .-anal: ty'pho- 
ma'nia, n. -fo-ina'-ni-a [htplms, and Gr. mania, mad- 
ness), the low muttering delirium which accompanies 
typhoid fever. 

typic and typical— see type. 

typify, v.— see under type. 

typography, n. tl-pidg'rd-fl (Gr. tupos, a type or 
figure, and grapho, I write), the art or operation of 
printing: typographic, a. tlp'O-grdf'ik, also typ'o- 
graph'ical, a. -i-kal, pert, to the art or act of printing ; 
employed in printing; emblematic; figurative: typ'- 
ograph'ically, ad. -li: typographer, n. li-pOg'ni-jcr, 
a printer. 

typology, n. tl-pol'6-jl (Gr. tupos, a type or form, 
andlogos, discourse), ihe dm trine of types or figures. 

tyrant, n. tl'rdnt (L. iyrannus; Gr. turannos, a 
ruler, a king: It. tirauno: F. tyran), one who ob- 
tains supreme power by usurpation, and maintains 
it by force; a ruler or sovereign who uses power to 



I ULTR 

oppress ; one who abuses his rule or authority by act3 

of oppression and cruelty; a despotie ruler; an op- 
pressor: tyrannical, a. ti-rdn'nl-kal, pert, to a tyrant; 
that acts as a tyrant; unjustly severe; arbitrary; 
despotie'; cruel: tyran 'nically, ad. -li: tyran'nicid'e, 
n. -/• id (from tyrant, and L. cozdo, I cut, I kilj), the 
act of killing a tyrant ; one who kills a tyrant: tyr- 
annise, v. tir'an-vlz, to act the part of a tyrant; to 
rule with unjust and oppressive severity: tyranni- 
sing, imp. ruling with unjust severity: tyr'annised, 
pp. -izd: tyr'annous, a. -rafis. tyrannical; arbitrary: 
tyr'annously, ad. -nus-li: tyr'an'ny, n. -nl, the govern- 
ment or acts of a tyrant; an arbitrary or despotic 
exercise of power; cruelty; unjust severity. 

Tyrian, a. tir'l-dn, pert, to anc. Tyre ; richly purple, 
as from the anc. Tyrian dye: n. a native of Tyre. 

tyro, n. tl'ro (L. tiro, a young soldier: It. tirone), a 
beginner in learning; one engaged in learning the 
mere, rudiments; a person having an imperfect or 
slight knowledge of the subject. 

Tyrolese, a. tir'odez, pert, to the Tyrol, in Austria: 
n. the natives of the Tyrol. 

tzar, n. zdr— see czar. 

tzetze, n. tsetse, in certain central parts of Africa, 
the name of a fly whose bite is fatal to animals. 



ubiquitous, a. u-bik'wl-tus (L. ubique, everywhere— 
from ubi, where: It. ubiquita; F. ubiquity, ubiquity), 
existing or being everywhere; omnipresent: ubiq'- 
uitously, ad. -li: ubiq'uitary, a. -wl-ter-l, existing 
everywhere or in all places : n. one who exists every- 
where: ubiq'uity, n. -wl-ti, existence everywhere at 
the same time ; omnipresence. 

udal, a. u'ddl (Icel. odal ; Dan. odd, an hereditary 
e-,t:ue— irorn odh, possession: see a'lodiiun), in Ork- 
ney and Shetland, a term applied to land under no 
feudal superior: udaller, n. u-ddl-Ur, one who holds 
lands without any original charter, and without a 
feudal superior 

udder, n. ud'-der (old H. Ger. utar; Ger. enter; Icel. 
jugr; Gr. outhar; L. uber, an udder), the milk-vessel 
of a female beast with the dugs or paps, particularly 
in cows and other large quadrupeds: ud'dered, a. 
-dird, furnished with udders. 

udometer, n. u-dom'6-ter (Gr. hudor, water, and 
metron, a measure), a water-measure; a rain-gauge. 

ugh, int. (Ger. hu, an exclamation of shudder or 
horror), a word representing the sound made by an 
utterance during the moment of shudder. 

ugly, a. ug'-ll (from the interjection ugh, expressing 
fear or horror: Dan. huggeren, to shiver: Icel. ugga, 
to fear, to doubt; uggiigr, frightful, alarming: old 
Eng. uglike or ugly, used formerly in the sense of hor- 
rible), that v. !i .: i rye; frightful; 
deformed: ugliness, n. -nes, total want of beauty; 
moral depravity : ug'lily, ad. -II. 

ukase, n. u-kas' (Russ. ukas— from kasatj, to show, 
to say), in Russia, a proclamation or imperial order 
having the force of law. 

ulans, n., also uhlans, n. u'-ldnz (Pol. hidan— from 
Turk, oglan, a youth, a lad), a kind of militia among 

i! dei - rartars; alight cavalry of the Polish 

armies, armed with lance, sabre, &c; the famous light 
cavalry of the Prussian armies, chiefly employed as 
irregulars in foraging, in outpost duty, and suchlike. 

ulcer, n. vl'ser (L. ulcus, a sore, an ulcer— gen. ul- 
ceris: It. ulcer a-. F. ulcere), a sore; a dangerous run- 
ning sore originating in a constitutional disorder: 
ul'cerate, v. -at. to affect with ulcers ; to be formed 
into an ulcer: ul'cerating, imp.: ul'cerated, pp.: adj. 
affected with ulcers ; having the character of an ulcer : 
ul'cera'tion, n. -d'-shun, the process of forming into 
an ulcer; an ideer or ulcerous sore: ul'ceratory, a. 
-d-ter-l, that promotes ulceration: ul'cered, a. -serd, 
having become ulcerous ; affected with an ulcer : uT- 
cerous, a. -us, affected with an ulcer or with ulcers ; 
having the nature of an ulcer; discharging pus or 
matter: ul'cerously, ad. -li: ul'cerousness, n. -nes, 
the state of being ulcerous. 

ule, n. u'le, an elastic gum, the produce of the ule- 
tree of Mexico. 

Ulema, n. u-le'-md (Ar. Ulema, the wise or learned 
men), a corporation in Turkey composed of the hier- 
archy, consisting of the imans or ministers of relig- 
mdte, mat, far, law; mete, m$t, 



ion, the muftis or doctors of law, and the cadis or 
judges. 

ullage, n. ul'-ldj (F. eullaqe, the act of filling up; 
eullier, to fill up to the bung-hole: Prov. mi,,,-, to 
anoint with oil, to fill up a cask), among grin,/. ,>, what 
a cask wants of being full ; properly, the quantity re- 
quired to fill it up. 

ulmaceous, a. uhmd'-shni (L. vh,m-, an elm), pert, 
to trees of the elm kind: ulmic acid, n. ul'-rnik ds'-Ul, 
a vegetable acid exuding spontaneously from the elm, 
chestnut, oak, &c: ul'min, n. -rain, a dark-brown sub- 
stance which exudes from the bark of the elm and 
several other trees : ul'mus, n. -mils, a genus of hardy 
deciduous trees, including the elms. 

ulmannite, n.iil'mdn-nlt (after Ullmann, theHessian 
chemist), an ore of nickel and antimony, found ehictiy 
in the copper-mines of the Westerwald, of a bluish- 
grey colour. 

ulna, n. ul'nd (L. ulna; Gr. olene. the elbow, the 
arm: It. ulna: F. aulne), in anat., the larger of the 
two bones that form the forearm, or that portion be- 
tween the wrist and elbow: ulnar, a. -ntr, pert, to 
the ulna or elbow. 

ulodendron, n. u'lO-dSn'drdn (Gr. hide, a wood, and 
dendron, a tree), in geol., a genus of Coal-measure 
trunks, often of considerable size, characterised by 
their stems not being furrowed but covered with 
rhomboidal scales, and having on opposite sides two 
vertical rows of large circular scars, to which cones 
had been attached. 

ult.— see under curt. 

ulterior, a. ul-te'rl-er (L. ulterior, further, on the 
further side: It. ulteriore: F. ulterieur), more distant 
or remote; further; being beyond something else 
either expressed or implied. 

ultima, a. ul'tl-md (L. ultimus, the furthest, the 
most distant), most remote; furthest: n. the last 
syllable of a word: ultimate, a. -mdt, furthest: most 
remote ; extreme ; last ; intended in the last resort ; in 
chem., that relates to absolute elements; the last into 
which a substance can be resolved; the opposite of 
proximate: ultimately, ad. -II, finally; at last; in the 
end: ul'tima'tum, n. -md'-tum, the last offer; the final 
conditions or terms offered as the basis of a treaty; 
any final proposition ; plu. ul'tima'ta, -td : ultimate 
ratio, in math., that term of a ratio toward which a 
series tends, and which it doss not pass. 

ultimo, usual j on- i ito ult.— see under curt. 

ultra, a. and prefix, nl'-trd (L. ultra, beyond), be- 
yond; on the other side; extreme; disposed to go 
beyond what is natural or proper : ul'traism, n. -izm, 
the principles that advocate extreme measures : ultra, 
n. also ul'traist, n. -ist, one who advocates extreme 
measures. 

ultramarine, a. iil'trd-md-rSn' (L. ultra, beyond, 
and marivns, marine— from mare, the sea), situated 
beyond the sea; foreign: n. a blue pigment of great 
beauty and permanence, prepared from the lapis lat- 
her; pine, pin; note, not, mCve; 



ULTR 61 

zuli, the finest specimens being brought from China 
and Further Asia, hence the name— now artificially 
prepared: ultramarine ashes, the residue of lapis 
lazuli from which ultramarine has been extracted, 
producing; a colour va i g rey to blue. 

ultramontane, a. ul'-trd-mon'-tan (L. ultra, beyond, 
and iiin,iiantts, pert, to a mountain— from mons, a 
mountain: F. ultramontain), being beyond the moun- 
tains—namely, the Alps— meaning their south side 
when used by the nations north of them ; belonging 
to the Italian or extreme party in the Ch. of Rome; 
foreign: ul tramon tanism, n. -tan-ism, the doctrines 
and tenets of those who hold extreme views as to the 
Pope's rights and supremacy : ultramon'tanist, n. -1st, 
one who holds to ultramontanism. 

ultramundane, a. id'trd-mun'ddn (L. ultra, beyond, 
and mundus, the world), being beyond the world; be- 
yond the limits of our system. 

ultroneus, a. ul-tro'ne-us (L. ultroneus, voluntary— 
from ultro, to the further side), of one's own accord ; 
voluntary. 

ululate, v. ul'u-lat (L. ululatum, to howl), to howl, 
as a dog or wolf : ululating, imp. : ululated, pp. : 
ul'ulatibn, n. -hi'-<lu'nt. a howl, as of a dog. 

Ulysses, n. u-lis'sez, the Latin name of the hero called 
Odysseus in the poems of Homer. 

umbel, n. um'-bil (L. umb.Jia, a little shadow— from 
umbra, a shadow: It. umbella: F. ombelle), in oof., an 
inflorescence in which numerous stalked flowers arise 
from one point, as in the carrot or hemlock : um'bel- 
lar, a. -ler, pert to or resembling an umbel : um'bel- 
late, a. -at, also umtellated, a. bearing umbels ; 
arranged in umbels: um'bellule, n. -liil, a little or 
partial umbel : umbelliferous, a, -Uf'er-iis (L./ero, I 
carry), producing umbels; pert, to the order of plants 
which have their flowers arranged in umbels : umbel- 
lifer, n. um-bei-li-fer, one of the order of plants urn- 
beliif erae, -Uf'-er-e. 

umber, n. um'-ber (L. umbra, shade, hue: Umbria, 
a district of Italy whence said to have been first ob- 
tained), a pigment of various shades of brown, occur- 
ring either naturally in veins and beds, or prepared 
artificially; a finely-pulverised peat or brown coal 
from Cologne, used as a pigment, but chiefly employed 
to adulterate snuff, &c. 

umbilical, a. um-bil'4-kdl, also umbil'ic, a. -Ik (L. 
umbilicus, akin to Gr. omjihalos, the navel: It. umbel- 
lico: F. ombilic), of or pert, to the navel: umbilical 
cosd, in anat., a cord-like substance which extends 
from the placenta to the navel of the foetus: umbil'- 
icate, a. -i-kdt, also umbil'icated, a. having a navel, or 
resembling one; in but., fixed to a stalk by a point in 
the centre; depressed in the middle like a navel: 
umbilicus, n. -kiis, the navel; in bot„ the scar by 
which a seed is attached to the placenta, more com- 
monly called the hilum ; in conch., the conical depres- 
sion at the base of a univalve shell. 

umbles, n. plu. iim'blz (L. umbilicus, the navel: see 
numbles), the entrails of a deer : umble-pie— see under 
humbles. 

umbo, n. um'bO (L. umbo, the boss of a shield), the 
boss or protuberant part of a shield ; in bot., a conical 
protuberance on a surface; in conch., the knob-like 
point of a bivalve shell, situated immediately above 
the hinge; plu. umbones, um-bo-nez: um'bonate, a. 
-nut, also umlmnated, a, -nd-ted, knobbed in the cen- 
tre ; round, with a projecting point in the centre like 
the boss of an anc. shield. 

umbra, n. um'brd (L. umbra, a shadow), in astron., 
the dark cone projected from a planet or satellite on 
the side opposite the sun. 

umbraculiform, a. um-bruk'u-li-fdTcrm (L. umbrac- 
ulum. a shady place, an umbrella, and forma, a shape), 
having the form of an arbour or umbrella : umbrac'- 
ulif'erous, a. -lif'-er-iis (L. fero, I bear or cany), in 
tot., in the form of an expanded umbrella. 

umbrage, n. iim'brdj (F. ombrage, a shade, jealousy, 
suspicion: It. ombrare, to give a shadow, to startle 
for fear, as at a shadow— from L. umbra, a shade, a 
shadow), a shade ; a screen of trees or foliage ; notion 
or suspicion of injury; offence: umbrageous, a. urn- 
bra'-je-m, forming or 'yielding shade; shady: umbra'- 
geousness, n. -nes, the state or quality of being um- 
brageous. 

umbrella, n. um-bril'ia (It. ombrello, an umbrella— 
from It. ombra; L. umbra, a shade: F. ombrelle, a 
sunshade), a portable screen to be held above the head 
to shade from the sun, or to protect from rain, and 
which may he opened and shut at pleasure. 

colv, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



5 UNAD 

umhriferous, a. um-brif-ir-iis (L. umbra, a shadow, 
and.?' ro, I bear), casting or making a shade. 

umpire, n. um'pir (oldF. nompair ; F. impair, un- 
even or odd in number : old Eng. noiumpere, an ar- 
biter: L. non par, not equal), a third pi iSoi> . :■■■- < 
to decide a controversy left to arbitration, in case the 
two arbitrators should disagree : umpirage, n. iim- 
pir-aj, the power, right, or authority of an umpire to 
decide ; the decision of an umpire : um'pireship, n. 
the office of an umpire. 

un, un (AS. un, a privative or negative particle), a pre- 
fix signifying "not"; the opposite of: un, signifying 
"not," or "the opposite of," may be used before almost 
any adjective, as in twifi i i be of fruitful ; 

before nouns derived from adjectives, as in wifruit- 
fulness, the opposite of fruitfulness, and before ad- 
verbs, as in wnfruitfully : un before a verb signifies 
"to take off"; to deprive of; to undo; to destroy,— as in 
wndress, to take off' dress. Note.— Those words only 
are given which are in most general use ; when not 
found, turn to the word, less the prefix un, or to the 
primary word, lor further explanations and the roots. 
Un is equivalent to the Latin prefix in when it signi- 
fies not. In the use of un or in before adjectives, 
usage has greatly varied. As to when it is proper, 
according to the best usage, to write un or in, the best 
guide is to consult the dictionary. In many cases both 
in and un are in good use as prefixes for the same 
word, and are used indifferently, some writers prefer- 
ring un and others in. 

unabased, a. un'd-basf, not abased ; not humbled. 

unabashed, a. un'-d-bdshf, not confused with shame, 
or by modesty. 

unabated, a. un'-d-ba'-tcd, not diminishedin strength 
or violence : un'aba'ting, a. not dinrinishing in strength 
or violence. 

unabbreviated, a. un'-db-bre'-vi-d-tc'd, not abbrevi- 
ated or shortened. 

unabiding, a. un'd-bl'ding, not abiding or perma- 
nent : un'abi'dingly.ad.: un'abi'dingness, n. 

unable, a. un-d'bl, not able; weak; not having 
adequate knowledge or skill. 

unabolished, a. iui'd-bol'isht, not abolished ; remain- 
ing in force. 

unabridged, a. un'-d-brijd', not shortened. 

unabrogated, a. un-db'-ro-gd-ted, not annulled. 

unabsolved, a. un'db-zolvd', not acquitted or for- 
given. 

unabsorbed, a. iin'db-sorbd', not imbibed or ab- 
sorbed. 

unaccented, a. Hn'dk-sent'e'd, having no accent or 
force of the voice upon, as a syllable. 

unacceptable, a. un'-dk-sept'-d-bl, not acceptable; 
not pleasing: un'accept'ed, a. not accepted; rejected. 

unaccommodating, a. un'-dk-kOin'-mo-dd'-ting, not 
ready to oblige; uncompliant. 

unaccompanied, a. un'dk-kum'pan-ld, not attended ; 
having no appendages. 

unaccomplished, a. ini'dk-kdm'pttsht, not accom- 
plished; not finished; incomplete; not refined in 
manners. 

unaccountable, a. un'dk-kolvnt'd-bl, not to be ac- 
counted for ; inexplicable : un 'accountability, n. 
state of being unaccountable. 

unaccredited, a. un'dk-kred'lt-ed, not received ; not 
authorised. 

unaccustomed, a. un'dk-kus'tumd, not accustomed; 
not habituated. 

unachievable, a. un'd-cJiev'd-bl, that cannot be 
done: un'achieved', a. not accomplished or per- 
formed. 

unacknowledged, a. un'dk-nol'-ejd, not recognised ; 



not owned ; 



t avowed. 



unacquainted, a. un'-dk-kwdnt'ed, not having famil- 
iar knowledge. 

unacquired, a. un'-dk-kivlrd', not gained oracquired. 

unacquitted, a. un'-dk-kwit'-ted, not declared inno- 
cent. 

unactuated, a. Hn-dk'tu-d-ted, not moved. 

unadapted, a. un'd-ddpt'-ed, not suited. 

unaddicted, a, un'dd-dikt'ed, not given or devoted. 

unaddressed, a. Hn'-dd-drest' , not addressed. 

unadjusted, a. un'dd-just'-ed, not settled ; not reg- 
ulated ; not liquidated. 

unadmired, a. Hn'dd-mird' ', not regarded with ad- 
miration. 

unadmonished, a, Hn'dtd-mon'isht, not cautioned. 

unadopted, a. un'-d-dopt'-cd, not received as one's 
own. 



UNAD 6£ 

unadorned, a. un'd-ddwrnd', not decorated; not 
embellished. 

unadulterated, a. un'-d-dul'ter-d-Ud, genuine ; pure. 

unadvisable, a. un'dd-vl'-zd-bl, not advisable; not 
expedient : unadvised', a. not prudent ; not discreet ; 
rash: unadvisedly, ad.: un'advi'sedness, n. impru- 
dence ; rashness. 

unaffected, a. un'df-fSkt'ed, plain; natural; not la- 
boured or artificial ; sincere; not moved; not-influ- 
enced: un'affect'edly, ad.: un'affect'edness, n. the 
state of being unaffected : un'affect'ing, a. not adapted 
to move the passions. 

unaffirmed, a. un'-df-fermd' ', not affirmed. 

unamicted, a. un'affilkt'id, free from trouble or 
distress. 

unaffrighted, a. un'df-frlt'ed, not terrified by sud- 
den fear. 

unagitated, a. un-nj't-hhlni, not disturbed; calm. 

unaided, a. un-dd'-ed, not assisted. 

unaiming, a. un-dm'lng, having no particular aim 
or direction. 

unalarmed, a. un'd-ldrmd', not disturbed with fear: 
un'alarm'ing, a. not alarming. 

unallayed, a. nu'iilhui,'. not, appea sod or quieted. 

unalleviated, a. un'dl-le'vi-d-ted, not mitigated. 

unallied, a. un'dl-lid' , having no connection either 
by nature, marriage, or treaty; having no powerful 
relation. 

unalloyed, a. un'dl-ldyd', not reduced by foreign ad- 
mixture; unmixed. 

unalterable, a. un-dwl'tcr-d-bl, incapable of altera- 
tion; unchangeable; hum utal de : unaltered, a. not 
altered or changed: unalterably, ad.: unal'terable- 
ness, n. the state of being unalterable. 

unambiguous, a. un'-dm-blg'-u-us, not' obscure ; 
plain; clear; not of doubtful meaning: un'ambig'u- 
ously, ad.: unambiguousness, n. the state or quality 
of being unambiguous. 

unambitious, a. un'dm-blsh'us, free from ambition ; 
not aspiring: un'ambiti'ously, ad. 

unamenable, a. un'd-me'-nd-bl, not amenable or re- 
sponsible. 

unamiable, a. un-d'ml-ti-bl, not adapted to gain 
affection: una'miableness, n. the state or quality of 
being unamiable. 

unanimated, a. iln-dn'i-ma-ted, not possessed of 
life; dull; not enlivened. 

unanimous, a. fi-iinii'i-mris (L. units, one, and ani- 
mus, mind: It. and F. unanime), being of one mind; 
agreeing in opinion : unanimously, ad. -11: unanimity, 
n. u'nd-'uiiu-l-U, state' of being unanimous; agreement 
in opinion or determination. 

unannealed, a. un'dn-neld', not tempered by heat ; 
suddenly cooled. 

unanuexed, a. t"iii'<iii-iu':ksf.', not annexed or joined. 

unannounced, a. un'-dn-ndionstf , not announced or 
proclaimed. 

unanointed, a. un'd-ndynt'ed, not anointed ; not 
having received extreme unction. 

unanswerable, a. un-du'ser-d-bl, that cannot be re- 
futed or answered satisfactorily: unanswerably, ad.: 
unan'swerableness, n. : unanswered, a. not an- 
swered ; not refuted ; not opposed by a reply. 

unapostolic, a. un-dp'-os-tol-lk, also unap'ostol'ical, 
a. -l-kdl, not agreeable to apostolic usage ; not having 
apostolic authority. 

unappalled, a. ihi'i'i/i-p/urhl', net daunted. 

unappealable, a. ?<//:e/e/,e/,r/-/, admitting no appeal. 

unappeasable, a. un'-dp-pez'-d-bl, not to be pacified: 
un'appeased', a. not pacified. 

unapplauded, a. im'-dp-plawd'-ed, not applauded ; 
not praised. 

unapplied, a. un'-dp-plld', not used according to the 
intention. 

unappreciated, a. wi'dp-pre'shl-d-tcd, not duly esti- 
mated or valued. 

unapprehensive, a. un'dp-prS-hen'slv, not fearful or 
suspecting. 

unappnzed, a. tin'dp-prizd', not previously in- 
formed. 

unapproachable, a. un'dp-proch'd-bl, that cannot 
be approached ; inaccessible: un'approach'ably, ad.: 
un'approached', a. not to be approached. 

unappropriated, a. un'-dp-pro-prl-d-ted, not applied 
to any specific object ; not granted or given, as to a 
person or company. 

unapproved, a. un'dp-prdvd', not having received 
approbation : un'appro'vmg, a. not approving. 

unapt, a. icn-dpt', not ready to learn ; not qualified ; 



6 UNBA 

dull; unready: unaptly, ad.: unapt'ness, n. the state 
of being dull or unready to learn. 

unarmed, a. un-drmd', not having arms ; not 
equipped; in bot., not furnished with scales or pric- 
kles, or suchlike. 

unarranged, a. un'dr-rdnjd', not disposed in order. 

unarrayed, a. ua'dr-rud', not disposed in order. 

unarrested, a. un'-ar-rcst'ud, not stopped; not ap- 
prehended. 

unarticulated, a, un'-dr-tlk'u-ld-ted, not articulated 
or distinctly pronounced. 

unascertainable, a. un-ds'-scr-tdn'-d-bl, that cannot 
be reduced to certainty: unascertained', a. not known 
witli certainty. 

unashamed, a. tin'-d-shamd', not ashamed. 

unasked, a. ua-Oskt', not sought by entreaty; unso- 
licited. 

unaspiring, a. un'ds-pl'rlng, not aspiring or ambiti- 
ous : un aspi'ringly, ad. 

unassailable, a. uu'-as-sdl'-d-bl, that cannot be as- 
sailed or attacked: un'assailed', a. not attacked by 
violence. 

unassaulted, a. un'ds-sauit'ed, not attacked with 
violence. 

unassayed, a. un'ds-sdd', not attempted; not tried 
or tested— applied to metals. 

unasserted, a. un'ds-sirt'ed, not affirmed or vindi- 
cated. 

unassessed, a. un'ds-scst', not assessed or rated. 

unassignable, a. un'ds-sln'd-bl, that cannot be trans- 
ferred by assignment or indorsement: un'assigned', 
a. not transferred; not declared. 

unassimilated, a. un'ds-sim'l-ldtSd, not made to 
resemble; not united with or actually made a part; 
not made into the fluids or solids of the body, as 
food. 

unassisted, a. ii?i'ds-sUt'6d, not aided or helped: 
un'assist'ing, a. giving no help. 

unassociated, a. un-ds-so'shl-a-tSd, not united with 
a society. 

unassuaged, a. un'-ds-swajd' , not appeased. 

unassumed, a. nn'us-sO,,,,/ , not assumed : un'assu'- 
ming, a. not bold or forward ; modest ; not arrogant. 

unassured, a, iin'd-shord', not bold or confident. 

unatoned, n.un'd-tond', not expiated: un'ato'nable, 
a. not to be appeased. 

unattached, a. un'M-tdchf, not arrested ; not closely 
adhering; not united by affection; having no fixed 
interest. 

unattacked, n. fni'df-tnkf. not attacked or assaulted. 

unattainable, a. un'dt-tdn'a-bl, not to be obtained; 
being out of reach : un'attained', a. not attained or 
reached. 

unattempted, a. un'fit-tem'tld, not tried or essayed. 

unattended, a. un'-at-tend'-cd, not accompanied ; 
having no attendants. 

unattested, a. un'-dt-test'ed, not attested; without 
witness. 

unattired, a. un'-dt-tlrd' , not attired or adorned. 

unattracted, a. ■un'dt-trdk'ted, not affected or influ- 
enced, as by attraction: un'attrac'tive, a. not attrac- 
tive or prepossessing. 

unauthenticated, a. ttn'-dic-tMn'-tl-kd-tM, not proved 
to be genuine ; not made certain by authority. 

unauthorised, a. un-aiu'tho-rizd, not warranted by 
proper authority. 

unavailable, a. vn'd-vdl'd-U, not having sufficient 
power to produce the intended effect; useless; ineffec- 
tual; vain: uu'avail'ing, a. not having the desired 
effect; useless. 

unavenged, a. un'd-vSnjd', not having obtained satis- 
faction; not punished. 

unaverted, a. un'-d-vert'id, not turned away. 

unavoidable, a. un'd-voyd'd-bl, that cannot be 
shunned ; certain ; inevitable : una void 'ably, ad. 

unavowed, a. un'-d-vdwd', not acknowledged or con- 
fessed. 

unawaked, a. tin'-d-wdkf, also un'awak'ened, a. 
-u'uk'-nd, not roused from sleep ; not roused from spir- 
itual slumber or torpidity. 

unaware, a. un'-d-wdr', not aware ; without thought ; 
inattentive : ad., also un'awares', ad. -wdrz', sud- 
denly; unexpectedly. 

unawed, a. un-awd', not restrained by fear. 

unbacked, a. un-bdkt', not taught to bear a rider; 



food. 
mate, mdt,fdr, law; mete, met, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, m&ve; 



UNBA 

unbalanced, a. iin-hOl'dnst, 

nut settled; 11...: brought to 
and debtor side of an accouE 

unbandaged, a. tin-bdn-ddjd, not wrapped with a 
bandage. 

unbaptised, a. <";> '-bdin-tizd', not having received the 
sacrament of bap: ism. 

unbar, v. tin-bar', to unfasten; to open by removing 
bolts or bars. 

unbearable, a. un-bar-d-bl, not to be borne or en- 
dured. 

unbeaten, a. un-bci'-n, not treated with blows; un- 
trod. 

unbecoming, a, un'-be-kum'-ing, unsuitable; impro- 
per for the person or character ; indecent : un becom'- 
ongly, ad. 

unbefitting, a. iin'-bi -fit-ting, unsuitable ; unbecom- 
ing- 

unbefriended, a. tin'-bd-frend'-ed, not supported by 
friends. 

unbegot, a. un'-be-got', also unTjegot'ten, a. -got'-tn, 
not generated: eternal; not yet generated. 

unbegun, a. tin'-be-gtin', not yet begun. 

unbelief, u. Qn'iS-lef, the withholding of belief; 
scepticism; infidelity; disbelief of divine revelation; 
rejection of Christ as the Saviour of men: unbe- 
liever, n. -lev'-tr, an incredulous person ; an infidel ; 
one who does not believe in a divine revelation or 
the mission of Christ: unbelieving, a. incredulous: 
infidel ; not acknowledging a divine revelation or the 
mission of Christ : un believed, pp. discredited. 

unbeloved, a. un-bC'-lai:l , not loved. 

unbend, v. tin-bend', to become unbent; to relax; to 
make straight ; to set at ease for a time ; among sea- 
men, to take the sails from the yards and stays ; to 
cast loose, as a cable from an anchor ; to untie one 
rope from another : unbend'ing, imp. relaxing from a 
strain : adj. unyielding ; resolute ; inflexible : unbent', 
pt. pp. relaxed ; not strained; unstrung; loosed: un- 
bend ingly, ad. 

unbeneficed, a. tin-ben'-eflst, not enjoying a benefice 
or church living. 



i-ing, unbecoming; not 



unbent— see unbend. 

unbeseeming, a. un'-bS-, 
heAtting. 

unbesought, a. tin'-be-sawt', not sought by petition 
or entreaty. 

unbespoken, a. tin'bS-spO'Jm, not bespoken or or- 
dered beforehand. 

unbestowed, a. un'-be-stod' ', not given; not disposed 
of. 

unbias, v. tin-bl'-ds, to free from bias or prejudice: 
unbi'assing, imp.: unbi assed, pp. -«.-/, freed from pre- 
judice or bias : adj. impartial ; unprejudiced. 

unbid, a. tin-bid', also unbidden, a. -bld'-n, not com- 
manded ; spontaneous ; uninvited. 

unbigoted, a. tin-big'-ot-ed, free from bigotry. 

unbind, v. tin-bind', to set free ; to untie; to loose: 
unbinding, imp. setting free ; untying : unbound', 
pt. pp. -bdicnd', set free. 

unbishop, v. tin-bish'dp, to deprive of episcopal 
orders. 

unbit, a. tin-bit', also unbit'ten, a. -bit'-n, not bit- 
ten: v. to unbridle; among seamen, to remove the 
turns from off the bits, as to unbit a cable. 

unblamable, a. tin-bid'- md-bl, unworthy of blame; 
innocent; faultless: unbla'mably, ad.: unbla'mable- 
ness, n. the state of being unblamable : unblamed', 
a. free from censure. 

unbleached, a. iin-blechf, not bleached or whitened. 

unblemished, a. iln-blem'isht, not stained; free from 
reproach ; free from deformity ; irreproachable. 

unblenched, a. tin-blensht', not confounded: un- 
hlench'ing, a. not sin tag; firm. 

unblended, a. tin-blend'-ed, not blended or mingled. 

unblessed or unblest, a, iin-blesf, excluded from 
benediction; unhappy. 

unblighted, a. tin-blit'-ed, not blighted; unblasted. 

unbloody, a. un-blud'-i, not stained with blood ; not 
cruel. 

unblown, a. un-blon', not having the bud expanded ; 
not inflated with wind. 

unblunted, a. tin-blunt'-ed, not made obtuse or dull. 

unblushing, a. un-blush'-lng, destitute of shame; 
impudent: unblush'ingly, ad. 

unboiled, a. tin-boyld', not cooked in boiling water. 

unbolt, v. tin-bolt , to remove a bolt from ; to un- 
fasten : unbolt'ed, a. freed from fastening by bolts ; 
not having the bran separated, as in flour ; unsifted. 
cole, boy, foot; jwre, bud; chair, 



687 UNCH 

unbooted, a. Un-bdt'ed, not having boots on. 
unborn, a. tin-bawm', not brought into lile; still to 

appear; future. 
unborrowed, a, tin-bor'-rod, genuine ; original; one's 

unbosom, v. tin-bobz'tim, to disclose freely, as opin- 
ions and feelings; to reveal in confidence: unbos'- 
oming, imp. : unbos'omed, pp. revealed in confi- 
dence, as one's feelings and griefs. 

unbought, a. tin-bawf, obtained without money or 
purchase ; not finding a purchaser. 

unbound, a. un-bdivnd', not bound ; loose ; free from 
obligation; wanting a cover, as a book: unbounded, 
a, having no bound or limit ; without check or con- 
trol ; interminable : unbound edly, ad. 

unbowed, a. un-bdiud', not bent or arched, as the 
body in stooping or kneeling. 

unbrace, v. im-bras', to loose; to relax: unbra'- 
cing, imp.: unbraced', pp. 

unbreathable, a. un-breth'-d-bl, that cannot be re- 
spired or breathed: unbreathed', a. not breathed; 
unexercised. 

unbred, a. tin-bred', not polished in manners ; ill 
educated ; rude. 

unbribed, a. tin-brlbd', not corrupted or influenced 
by a gilt of money. 

unbridled, a. tin-brl'-dld, unrestrained ; licentious. 

unbroken, a. tin-bro'-kn, not subdued; not tamed; 
not accustomed to the saddle or harness, as a horse. 

unbrotherly, a. un-bruth'-ir-ll, not becoming a 
brother; unkind. 

unbruised, a. tin-br6zd', not hurt. 

unbuckle, v. tin-buk'-kl, to loose from buckles; to 
unladen: unbuckling, imp.: unbuckled, pp. 

unbuilt, a. tin-bilt', not yet built or erected. 

unbuoyed, a. tin-boyd', unmarked by buoys; not 
borne up. 

unburied, a. tin-ber'-ld, not put under ground; not 
interred. 

unburned, a. tin-birnd', also unburnt', a. -bernf, 
not consumed by fire ; not scorched ; not baked. 

unburthen, v. un-ber'-thn, also unburden, v. -dn, to 
ease; to throw off; to relieve the mind or heart by 
revealing what lies heavy on it. 

unbusinesslike, a. un-biz'-nes-llk, not like one en- 
gaged in business ; confused and irregular in the way 
e.f managing ordinary affairs. 

unbutton, v. tinbilt'tn, to loose the fastenings by 
buttons. 

uncage, v. tin-kdj', to release from a cage : uncaged', 
a. released from a cage or confinement. 

uncalcined, a. un-kdl'-slnd, free from calcination. 

uncalculating, a. tin-kdl'-ku-ld-ting, not in the habit 
of studying details ; inconsiderate. 

uncalled, a. tin-kaivld', not summoned; not invited: 
uncalled-for, a. not required or needed ; improper. 

uncancelled, a. un-kdn'-sild, not erased; not an- 
nulled. 

uncandid, a. un-k&n'-did, not frank or sincere: un- 
can didly, ad. 

uncanonical, a. tin'-kd-nCn'-i-kdl, not agreeable to 
the canons ; not acknowledged as authentic : un- 
canon'ically, ad. : un'canon'icalness, n. the state of 
being uncanonical. 

uncanvassed, a. un-kdn'-vdst, not canvassed. 

uncap, v. un-kdp, to remove a cap or cover from ; 
to open. 

uncared-for, a. un-kard'-for, not regarded or heeded. 

uncase, v. un-kds', to take off or out, as from a 
cover; to display or exhibit the colours of a regiment. 

uncaught, a. tin-kawt', not yet caught or taken. 

uncaused, a. un-katezd', existing without an author 
or a cause. 

unceasing, a. un-ses'-lng, continual; not intermit- 
ting; uninterrupted: unceasingly, ad. 

uncensured, a. un-sen'-shoord, not censured ; exempt 
from blame. 

unceremonious, a. tin'-ser-S-mo'ni-tis, without cere- 
mony; not formal: un'ceremo'niously, ad. 

uncertain, a. un-ser'-tdn, not certain or sure; doubt- 
ful; unsettled; precarious: uncer'tainty, n. want of 
certainty or precision ; doubtfulness. 

unchain, v. un-chan', to set free from chains or sla- 
very. 

unchallenged, a. un-chdl'-Unjd, not objected to; not 
called to account. 

unchangeable, a. tin-chanj'-d-bl, not subject to vari- 
ation or change; immutable: unchange'ableness, n. 
the state or quality of being subject to no change; 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



UNCH 6; 

immutability: unchangeably, ad.: unchanged', a. 
nut changed or altered; not alterable: unchang'ing, 
a. s itferiiig no alteration: unchang'ingly, ad. 

uncharitable, a. un-chdr'l-tabl, contrary to the uni- 
versal love enjoined by Christianity ; severe in judg- 
ing: harsh : uncharitably, ad.: unchar'itableness, n. 
want of charity. 

unchartered, a. iin-chur'-terd, having no charter. 

unchaste, a. un-chast', not chaste; not pure; li- 
bidinous: unchaste'ly, ad.: unchas'tity, n.-chas'ti-ti, 
lewdness ; unlawful indulgence of the sexual appetite. 

unchastised, a. tin'-dni -i/zd', not corrected or pun- 
ished. 

unchecked, a. un-chekt', not restrained or hindered. 

uncheckered, a., also unchequered, un-chek'-erd, not 
checkered; not diversified. 

unchewed, a. un-chod', not masticated or prepared 
by the teeth. 

unchivalrous, a. un-sluv'-dlrus, not according to 
chivalry. 

unchristened, a. un-krls'nd, notbaptisedand named. 

unchristian, a. un-kri-.t'iidn, contrary to the prin- 
ciples of Christianity ; not converted to the Christian 
faith; infidel: unchrist'ianise, v. to turn from the 
Christian faith. 

unchurch, v. un-chirch', to expel from a church. 

uncial, a, un'shl-al (L. vrtcodi<, pert, to an ounce or 
inch— from uncia, the twelfth part of anything : It. 
oncia; F. once, an ounce or an inch), pert, to certain 
characters or letters of a large round kind between 
capital and small letters, used in the writing of anc. 
MSS., and in anc. inscriptions from the 3d to the 11th 
centuries A.D.; done in uncial letters : n. an uncial let- 
ter ; a letter standing for a word in anc. inscriptions. 

unciform, a. uri-sl-fcuvrm (L. uncus, a hook, and 
forma, shape), having a curved or hooked form, ap- 
plied to the last bone of the second row of the wrist- 
bones: un'cinate, a. -nat (L. uncus, a hook), in hot., 
provided with a hooked process; furnished with 
hooked spines. 

uncircumcised, a. un-sir'kilm-slzd, not having been 
circumcised; applied to a Gentile, as opposed to a 
Jew: uncir'cumcisi'on, n. -slzh'un, Gentiles, as op- 
posed to Jews. 

uncircumscribed, a, un-sir'-kum-skribd' , not bounded 
or limited. 

uncivil, a. un-slv'll, not courteous in manners ; not 
polite; rude: uncivilly, ad.: uncivilised, a. not re- 
claimed from savage life; rude; coarse. 

unclaimed,;.: ided ; not called 

for. 

unclarified a. un-kldr'lfld. not made clear. 

unclasp, v. un-kl'isii', to open what is fastened with 
a clasp ; to loosen that which clasps or embraces. 

unclassic, a. un-klds'-sik, also unclas'sical, a. -sl-lcCd, 
not according to the best models of writing ; not pert, 
to the classical writers. 

uncle, n. ung'-kl (F. oncle; L. avunculus, an uncle), 
the brother of one's father or mother. 

unclean, a. iin-klen', foul; dirty; filthy; ceremoni- 
ally impure ; unchaste : uncleanly, a. : unclean'li- 
ness, n. want of cleanliness: unclean'ness, n. foul- 
:. ~- : ss; ceremonial impurity; defilement by 

sin; unchastity; lewdness: uncleansed', a. not puri- 
fied. 

uncleavable, a. iin-l ' inot be split. 

unclerical, a. un-kler'i-kdl, unbecoming a clergy- 
man ; contrary to the clerical character. 

undipped, a. un-klipt', not diminished or shortened 



unclog, v. un-klog', to free from anything that re- 
tards motion : unclogged', a, set free from obstructions. 

unclose, v. un-kloz, to lay open; to break the seal 
of, as a letter: unclo'sing, imp. breaking the seal of: 
unclosed', a. open ; not finished ; not concluded ; not 
sealed. 

unclothe, v. un-kloth', to strip off clothes ; to make 
naked : uncloth'ing, imp.: n. act of taking off clothes : 
unclothed', pp. : adj. not clothed ; wanting clothes. 

unclouded, a. un-kldtvd'ed free from clouds; not 
obscured : uncloud'edness, n. freedom from obscurity 
or gloom: uncloud y, a. free from clouds ; clear; free 
from obscurity or gloom. 

uncoated, a. un-kot'-ed, not covered with a coat. 

uncock, v. un-kuk', to let down the hammer of a gun 
or pistol. 

uncomned, a. un-kofflnd, not furnished with a 
coffin. 



3 UNCO 

uncoif, v. un-ktfjf , to pull the cap off: uncoifed ', a. 
not wearing a coif or cap. 

uncoil, v. un-koyl', to unwind or open, as the turns 
of a rope. 

uncoined, a. un-koynd', not coined ; in bars or in- 
gots. 

uncollected, a. >hi'kO'-W;'-ted, not brought together; 
not recovered from confusion or wandering, as the 
mind. 

uncoloured, a. un-kul'erd, not stained or dyed ; not 
heightened in description. 

uncombed, a. un-komd', not dressed with a comb. 

uncombined, a. iin'kOm-blnd', not combined; sim- 
ple ; separate : un'combi'nable, a. incapable of being 
combined or united. 

uncomeatable, a. un'-kum-dt'd-bl (un, come, at, and 
able), in familiar language, that cannot be come at; 
inaccessible. 

uncomely, a. un-kum'll, wanting in grace; unseem- 
ly : uncome'liness, n. -nes, want of beauty or grace. 

uncomfortable, a. vn-kurn'firt-a-bl, affording no 

)mfC*' + " """"" n»«»m"«»a> ~l«/w«-n- . „„„„„,*„„+ 

My, 
rest. 

uncommanded. a. un'kOm-mdnd'-ed, not required by 
order or law ; without the proper officers, as in the 
case of troops. 

uncommended, a, un'-kdm-mdnd'cd, not praised or 
lauded : un'commen'dable, a. not worthy of praise or 
approbation. 

uncommiserated, a. un'kom-mlz'er-a-ted, not pitied. 

uncommitted, a. un'kom-mlt'ted, not pledged by 
anything said or done; not referred to a committee. 

uncommon, a. un-kom'mon, not usual; rare; not 
often seen or known: uncommonly, ad. to an un- 
usual degree. 

uncommunicated, a. im'kdm-mu'nlka-ted, not dis- 
closed or delivered to others : un'commu'nicative, a. 
not communicative ; reserved. 

uncompanionable, a. un'kom-pdn'yun-d-bl, not 
sociable. 

uncompassionate, a. un'-kdm-pdsh'un-dt, having no 
pity or mercy. 

uncompensated, a. Hn'-kdm-pcn'sd-tSd, not re- 
warded. 

uncomplaining, a. un'-kom-pl&n'lng, not murmuring 
or disposed to murmur. 

uncomplaisant, a. un-kom'pla-zanf, not civil; not 
courteous. 

uncompleted, a. un'-kom-pU'-tUd, not completed ; not 
finished. 

uncomplicated, a. i 
cated; simple. 



a-kom'-pll-ka-Ud, not conipli- 



uncomplimentary, a. un'kom-pll-men'ter-'l, not ex- 
pressing civility or praise. 

uncomplying, a. v.n'kom-pli'lng, unbending, as in 
temper or disposition ; not yielding to request or com- 
mand. 

uncompounded, a. v.n'-kom-pdwnd'ed, not mixed; 
not intricate ; simple. 

uncompressed, a. un'kom-prestf, free from compres- 
sion. 

uncompromising, a. un'-kom-pro-mi'-zing, not agree- 
ing to terms ; unyielding. 

unconcealed, a. un'-kon-seld', not kept close or secret. 

unconceived, a. un'-kon-sevd', not thought or ima- 

unconcern, n. un'kon-sern, absence of anxiety; in- 
difference : un'concerned', a. not anxious ; having no 
interest in; unmoved: un'concern'edly, ad. with en- 
tire indifference ; without interest or affection. 

unconciliated, a. iin'kdn-sil'-i-a-ted, not propitia- 
ted; not brought into a state of friendship: un'con- 
cillating, a. not of winni og i timers ; not 

adapted to gain favour : un'concillatory, a. not tend- 
ing to gain favour. 

unconcluded, a. un'-kon-klo'ded, not decided; not 
closed. 

uncondemned, a. un'kon-demd', not judged guilty; 
not disapproved. 

uncondensed, a. un'-kon-denst ', not reduced into a 
smaller compass ; not returned into its original form, 
as steam into water. 

unconditional, a. un'-kon-dlsh'-un-dl, absolute; tin- 
reserved ; not limited by conditions : un'conditi'on- 
ally, ad. without terms of limitation. 

unconducted, a. un'kon-duk'ted, not led; not 
guided. 

■konfest', not a 



mute, mat, far, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, move; 



acknowledged. 



UNCO 6. 

unconfned, a. un'-kon-flnd' , free from constraint or 
control ; unbounded. 

unconfirmed, a. un'kdn-fermd', not fortified by res- 
olution; not strengthened by additional testimony; 
not confirmed according to the Ch. of England ritual. 

unconformable, a. un'kon-fawrm'd-U, not consist- 
ent; not agreeable or agreeing; in geol., applied to 
strata when one set is laid on the upturned edges of 
another set. 

unconfused, a. un'-kon-fuzd' , not embarrassed. 

unconfuted, a. un'-kon-fu-ted, not confuted or over- 
thrown. 

uncongealed, a. ini'-'i tot jealed or frozen. 

uncongenial, a. un'-kon-jC'-ni-dl. not adapted to. 

unconnected, a. un'-kon-n&k'-ted, not united; separ- 
ate ; loose ; vague ; not coherent. 

unconquerable, a. un-kong'-ker-d-bl, that cannot be 
overcome or subdued ; invincible ; insuperable : un- 
conquerably, ad.: uncon'quered, a. not vanquished 
or defeated ; unsubdued. 

unconscientious, a. un-kon'-sM-e'n'shus, not regula- 
ted or restrained by conscience. 

unconscionable, a. un-kon'shun-A-ol, not guided or 
influenced by conscience ; unreasonable : unconscion- 
ably, ad. in a manner that conscience and reason do 
not justify. 

unconscious, a. tin-kun'shns, having no mental per- 
ception ; not knowing : uncon'sciously, ad. without 
knowledge or perception. 

unconsecrated, a. un-kon'sS-krd-tSd, not set apart 
for sacred use. 

unconsenting, a. un'kon-sSnt'lng, not yielding con- 
sent. 

unconsidered, a. un'-kon-sid'erd, not considered or 
attended to. 

unconsolidated, a. un'-kdn-sdl'ida-t&d, not made 
solid. 

unconstitutional, a. un-kon'sti-tu'shun-dl, contrary 
to the principles of the constitution : unconstitu- 
tionally, ad. in a manner not warranted by the prin- 
ciples and usages of the constitution. 

unconstrained, a. un'kdn-strclnd', free from con- 
straint; voluntary: un'constrain'edly, ad. without 
force or constraint ; freely. - 

unconsumed, a. im'kon-siimd, not consumed or ex- 
pended ; not wasted or dissipated. 

unconsummated, a. un-kon'sum-ma-tSd, not fully 
completed. 

uncontaminated, a. v.n'kon-tdm'1-nd-ted, not pol- 
luted or defiled. 

uncontemned, a. un'-kon-tcmd', not despised. 

uncontending, a. iin'-kon-Und'-lng, not contesting. 

uncontested, a. mi'kon-test'ed, not contested or dis- 
puted. 

uncontradicted, a. un-koii'trd-dlk'ted, not denied. 

uncontrollable, a. un'-kon-trvl'ld-bl, that camiot be 
controlled; ungovernable; irresistible: un'control'- 
lably, ad.: uncontrolled', a. not governed or re- 
strained ; not resisted ; unopposed : un'control'ledly, 
ad. -Sd-li. 

uncontroverted, a. un-kon'trc-vert'ed, not disputed; 
not liable to be called in question. 

unconverted, a. un'kon-vert'ed, not changed; not 
persuaded of the truth of the Christian religion, and 
disposed unfeignedly to become a follower of the Lord 
Jesus ; not changed in opinion ; not regenerated : un'- 
conver'tible, a. that cannot be converted or changed 
in form. 

unconvinced, a. Hn'kon-vlnsf , not persuaded or 
satisfied. 

uncooked, a. un-kobkf, not cooked or dressed, as food. 

uncork, v. im-kork', to draw the cork from. 

uncorrected, a. ■uri-kdr-rek'-ted, not revised; not 
amended ; not rendered exact. 

uncorroborated, a. un'-kor-rdb'o-rd-tM, not con- 
firmed. 

uncorrupt, a. un'kor-riipf, not depraved; not 
tainted with wickedness: un'corrup'ted, a. not viti- 
ated; not depraved or perverted: un'corrup'tible, a. 
that cannot be corrupted. 

uncounted.. : d, not numbered or count- 

ed. 

uncouple, v. Hn-Mp'l, to loose ; to disjoin: uncoup'- 
ling, imp.: uncoupled, a. set loose or free. 
. uncourteous, a. un-kort'-yus, uncivil ; unpolite: un- 
court'eously, ad.: uncourt'eousness, n. disobliging 
treatment ; incivility : uncourt'ly, a. not elegant or 
refined in manners, as those at the court of a prince ; 
coarse ; rustic. - 



9 UNDE 

uncouth, a. un-k6th' (AS. un, not, and AS. cuth; 

Ger. kund, known: AS. cunnan; Dut. konnen, to 

know), strange ; awkward ; ungraceful ; ungainly : 

uncouth'ly, ad. -II, oddly; strangely: uncouth'ness, 

1 ardness. 

uncovenanted, a. iin-kriv-c->iu>it-ed, not having 
joined in a league, covenant, or agreement, as in the 
Solemn League and Com ii nn i In ~, ,>tti^,h people 
in the persecuting times of the Stuarts ; in theol., ap- 
plied by some to those who have not entered into that 
relationship which God has been pleased, through 
Christ Jesus, to establish between Himself and His 
people, by such appointed means of grace as baptism 
and the Eucharist, as when a person dies unbaptised 
he is said to be left to the uncovenanted mercies of 
God. 



open ; to bare the head in token of respect : uncover- 
ing, imp. laying open to view: uncov'ered, pp. laid 
open to view ; laid bare. 

uncreated, a. un'-kre-d'-tM, not yet created ; not pro- 
duced by creation. 

uncredited, a. tin-kred'-lt-Cd, not setto the credit of ; 
not believed. 

uncritical, a. un-krit'-l-kal, not according to the just 
rules of criticism. 

uncropped, a. un-kropf, not gathered; lying in fal- 
low. 

uncrossed, a. un-krost', not cancelled ; not opposed ; 
not thwarted. 

uncrowded, a. un-krdtvd'M, not closely pressed to- 
gether ; not thronged. 

uncrowned, a. un-kroiend', not crowned; deprived 
of a crown. 

uncrystallisable, a, un-1;* it'-idl-h'-zn-bl, that cannot 
be formed into crystals.- uncrys'tallised, a. not con- 
verted into crystals. 

unction, n. Ungk'-shUn (L. unctio, an anointing; 
unctus, anointed, smeared : F. miction), a rubbing or 

inn in. , oh ,,, ,, i , , .... ,!,,,,. .; . ,,,,, 

or laxative; in preaching thai if address widen 

thrills or soothes, or inspires with feelings of devotion ; 
divine or sanctifying grace : extreme unction, in the 
R. Gath. Ch., the sacrament or rite of anointing with 
consecrated oil, administered to persons at the point 
of death : unc'tuous, a. -tu-us, resembling oil or grease ; 



quality of being oily or grea i; oiliness. 

uncultivated, a, un-kul'tl-vd-ted, not instructed ; not 
civilised; rough in manners ; wild; in a state of nature. 

uncumbered, a. un-kuin'bcrd, not burdened; not < n 
barrassed. 

uncurbed, a. un-kerbd', not restrained ; licentious. 

uncured, a. un-kurd', not cured or healed. 

uncurl, v. un-kirl' , to loose from ringlets ; to become 
straight: uncurled', a. lmt formed into ringlets. 

uncurtailed. a. Cm-hlr-tnld', not shortened. 

uncut, a. un-kut', not separated or divided by cut- 
ting, especially said of the leaves of a book that have 
not been cut or dressed in the binding. 

undamaged id, not made worse. 

undated, a. v.n-i ui-ird Having no date. 

undated, a. un'da-tSd (L. undatus, made in the form 
of waves— from unda, a wave), having a waved sur- 
face; in bot., rising and falling in waves towards the 
margin, as a leaf. 

undaunted, a. un-dawnt'-ed, not subdued or depressed 
by fear ; intrepid : undauntedly, ad. : undaunt'edness, 
n. fearless bravery. 

undazzled, a. un-ddz'ld, not dimmed or confused by 
splendour. 

undebased, a. un'de'-bdst', not adulterated. 

undebauched, a. un'di-bdwcht' , not corrupted by 
debauchery. 

undecagon, n. un-dlk a i, eleven, and 

Gr. gonia, an angle), a plane figure having eleven an- 
gles or sides. 

undecayed, a. un'dS-kdd', being in full strength ; 
not impaired by age or accident: un'decay'ing, a. 
not suffering diminution or decline. 

undeceivablt hi, not subject to be im- 

posed on or misled : un'deceive', v. to free from de- 
ception, cheat, or mistake : un'deceiv'ing, imp. free- 
ing from deception or fallacy : un'deceived', pp. not 
misled or imposed upon. 

undecided, a. un'-de-si'-ded, not decided or deter- 
mined; wavering; hesitating. 



cow, toy, J 'dot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



UNDE 6! 

undeciphered, a. un'-di-sl'-Jerd, not deciphered or 
explained. 

undecked, a. tin-dikf, not adorned; not having a 
deck, as a ship. 

undeclared, a. un'dS-kldrd', not declared or avowed. 

undeclinable, a. un'de-kli'nd-bl, that cannot he de- 
clined or avoided: un declined', a. not varied in ter- 
mination. 

undecomposable, a. Un'dS-kom-po'zd-bl, that cannot 
he resolved into its constituent elements : un'decom- 
posed', a. not senarated, as constituent particles. 

undecorated, a. un-dek'o-rd-ted, not adorned or em- 
bellished ; plain. 

undedicated, a. tin-dSd'l-ka-ted, not dedicated or 
consecrated ; not inscribed to a patron. 

un&ef&ced, a.un'de- fosr , not disfigured; not deprived 
of its form; not obliterated ; legible: un'deface'able, 
a. that cannot be defaced or disfigured. 

undefended, a. un'de-J'end'-eil, iiot protected; being 
without works of defence ; exposed to assault. 

undeflled, a. un'-di-fild', not stained ; not polluted ; 
pure; clean. 

undefinable, a. iin'de-fi'nd-bl, not capable of being 
described or limited: un'defined', a. not having its 
limits described ; not described by definition or expla- 
nation. 

undefrayed, a. un'd8-frdd", not defrayed or paid. 

undegraded, a. un'de-gra'ded, not reduced in rank; 
not deprived of dignity. 

undejected, a. Hn'cM-jek'tSd, not dejected; not de- 
pressed. 

undelayed, a. Hn'-dS-ldd', not delayed; not put off. 

undeliberated, a. un'-de-llb'-er-a-Ud, not carefully 
considered. 

undelighted, a. un'de-lit'6d, not well pleased. 

undelivered, a. un'de-llv'erd, not commmiieated. 

undemolished,a. un'dg-mol'lsht, not pulled down or 
destroyed. 

undemonstrable, a. vvUi<':-ni<hi'-r.tr<hbl, not capable 
of complete proof : un'demon'strated, a. not proved 
beyond the possibility of a doubt. 

undeniable, a. tinkW-ni'-d-bl, that cannot be contra- 
dicted ; positive ; certain : un'deni'ably, ad. 

undeplored, a. un'de-plord', not lamented. 

undepraved, a. un'di-pravd' , not corrupted or viti- 
ated. 

undepreciated, a. un'-dc-pre'-shl-d-ted, not lowered 
in value. 

undeprived, a. un'dS-prlvd', not divested of by 
authority. 

under, piep. un'der (Goth, undar ; Ger. unter, un- 
der: Sans, antar; L. inter, among, within), beneath or 
below, so as to have something over or above ; in a 
state of subjection to; less than; by the show or pre- 
tence of, as under the disguise of a friend ; denoting 
rank or order of precedence, as, none were present 
under the rank of a baron ; in a state of oppression 
by ; in the state of being known by ; in the state of ; 
attested by, as under his own hand : ad. in a lower or 
subordinate condition; in subjection: adj. lower in 
rank or degree; subordinate: to knock under, to 
yield; to submit: under arms, in mil., drawn up 
ready to use arms, as soldiers : under fire, exposed to 
an enemy's shot: under ground, below the surface of 
the ground: under sail, among seamen, moved by 
sails ; in motion by sails— applied to a ship when sail- 
ing: under sentence, having sentence pronounced 
against : under the lee, to the leeward— that is, the 
sheltered side : under way, in a condition to make 
progress— applied to the sailing of a ship ; progress ; 
having started : to keep under, to hold in subjection. 

under, un'der (see under, prep.), a prefix signifying 
"that which is less than right or ordinary"; that 
■which is inferior or subordinate to something else ; 
lower in rank or degree. Note. — All the possible com- 
pounds of under are not given, but only those which 
are most common. The roots of the compounds of 
under may be ascertained by consulting the dictionary 
for the separate parts. Under is not usually separated 
by a hyphen, and is sometimes prepositional, as un- 
derground, and sometimes adverbial, as underdone. 

underagenf Writ, an inferior agent. 

underbid, v. un'der-bid', to offer for a thing less 
than the value, or than is offered by another : un'der- 
bid'ding, imp. bidding less than another. 

underbred, a. un'der-bred', of inferior breeding or 
manners. 

underbuilder, n. un'der ■■Ml'der, a subordinate work- 
man in building. 



UNDE 

underclay, n. Hn'dir-Icla, in geol„ a term applied to 
those beds of clay which immediately underlie seams 
of coal, and which, where they exist, seem to have 
been the ancient soil or mud on which the vegetation 
of the coal-bed flourished. 

undercliff, n. un'der -kit/, in rjeol, a term applied to 
a cliff when the upper part has fallen down along a 
considerable line of coast, and forms a subordinate 
terrace between the sea, and the original shore. 

undercoat, n. un'der-kOt, a coat worn beneath a 
greatcoat or other coat. 

undercroft, n. uu'-der-kroft {under, and prov. Eng. 
croft for crypt, a vault : see crypt), a vault under the 
choir or chancel of a cathedral or other church, as 
that of St Paul's, London ; any secret walk or vault 
under ground. 

undercurrent, n. un'der-kur'rSnt, a current below 
the surface of the water. 

underdone, a. un'-d&r-dun' , done less than is req- 
uisite; moderately cooked or done. 

underdose, n. un'd-'r-dos, a .(jua.nl ity less thanadose. 

underdrain, n. ihi-d, 'r-dran, a drain or trench below 
the surface: v. Cui-dtr-dran' , to drain by cutting a 
channel below the surface of the ground : un'der- 
drained', pp. drained by cutting a channel below the 
surface. 

underfoot, ad. un'der-fddt, beneath: adj. applied to 
a kind of granite paving. 

undergird, v. un'der-gerd', to bind below; to gird 
round the bottom. 

undergo, v. un'der-go', to endure something burden- 
some ; to suffer; to sustain without sinking or yield- 
ing: un'dergo'ing, imp. suffering; enduring: under- 
went', pt. -iventf, did undergo : un'dergone', pp. -g6n', 
borne; sustained; endured. 

undergraduate, n. un'der-grdd'u-dt, a member or 
student of a university who has not taken his first de- 
gree : un'dergrad uateship, n. the office or condition 
of an undergraduate. 

underground, n. un'cUr-grolvnd, a space beneath 
the surface of the ground: ad. or adj. beneath the sur- 
face of the earth. 

undergrowth, n. un'der-groth, that which grows 
under trees. 

underhand, a. un'-der-htind, secret ; done by mean- 
ness or fraud; clandestine: ad. by meanness and 
fraud ; by secret means. 

underived, a. un'de-rlvd', not borrowed; not re- 
ceived from a foreign source. 

underkeeper, n. un'der-kep'er, a subordinate keeper. 

underlay, v. un'der -la', to lay beneath ; to support 
by something laid under: un'derlay'ing, imp.: un- 
derlaid', pp. 

underleaf, n. un'der-lef, an apple for making cider 
from. 

underlet, v. un'der -let', to sublet. 

underlie, v. un'-der-ll', to lie beneath, as a support; 
to be liable to : n. in mining, the dip or inclination 
of a mineral vein viewed from above downwards; 
also underlay, n. 

underline, v. un'-der-Un', to mark with a line below 
the word or words : underlined', pp. marked with a 
line underneath. 

underling, n. un'der-ling (dim. of under), an inferior 
person or agent ; a mean fellow. 

underinaster, n. un'-der-mds'ter, a master subordi- 
nate to the principal master. 

undermine, v. un'der-mln', to excavate beneath, as 
earth or rock, for the purpose of creating a fall, or 
blowing up the mass ; to remove the foundation or 
support of anything; to injure by secret and dis- 
honourable means : un'dermi'ning, imp. digging away 
the earth beneath: un'dermined', pp. having the 
foundation or supports removed. 

undermost, a. un'der-most, lowest in place beneath 
others. 

underneath, ad. un'der-neth (AS. underneodhan, 
underneath— from under, under, and neodhan, be- 
neath), below ; in a lower place : prep, beneath ; below. 

underpay, v. un'der -pd', to pay at too small a rate ; 
to pay too little. 

underpin, v. un'der-pin', to lay stones under, as a 
building or wall on which it is to rest ; to prop ; to 
support by some solid foundation : un'derpin'ning, n. 
the act of one who underpins; the stones on which a 
building immediately rests. 

underplot, n. un'-der-plot, a series of events in a 
play proceeding collaterally with the main story ; a 
clandestine scheme. 



mate, mdt,fdr, law; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



UNDE 



691 



underprop, v. Hn'der-prop', to support ; to uphold. 

underrate, v. un'-dir-raf, to rate below the value : 
un derra ted, a. valued too low. 

underrun, v. un'-der-run' , among seamen, to pass a 
boat or ship along or under a cable or rope— the cable 
being raised and "passed over the bows and stern, the 
men haul the boat along by pulling upon the cable. 

under-secretary, n. unkler-sik'-re-ter-i, an assistant- 
secretary. 

undersell, v. finkler-sel', to sell the same articles at 
a lower price than another. 

under-servant, n. un'der- 
dinate to another. 

under-sheriff, n. iin'der-sher'if, a sheriff acting un- 
der a superior ; a deputy-sheriff. 

undershot, a. unkler-shot, moved by water passing 
under the wheel, as the wheel of a mill 

undershrub, n. un'der -shrub, in hot., applied to a 
■woody plant of small size, the ends of whose branches 
perish every year. 

undersign, v. unklir-sln', to write one's name at the 
foot : un'dersigned', a. subscribed at the bottom or end 
of a writing: n. the person whose name is signed at 
il -~ and; the persons whose names are 



r'-vdnt, a servant subor- 



the bottom o: 

so signed. 
undersized, a. i 

the common, 
undersoil, n. iir, 
undersong, n. u 

a song. 



i-der-sizd', being of a size less than 



■der-solil, soil beneath the surface. 
n'-der-song, the chorus or burden of 

uncfer stand, v. Hn'dir-stdnd' {under, anistand: AS. 
undcrstandan, to understand), to comprehend fully; 
to have just and adequate ideas of; to know the 
meaning of; to mean without expressing; to know 
what is not expressed; to be informed by another; 
to learn : understand ing, imp. comprehending the 
ideas or sense of another: adj. knowing; skilful: n. 
that power of the mind by which it is enabled to re- 
ceive or comprehend the real state of things pre- 
sented to it, or that by which men derive ideas from 
sensations; the faculty of reflection and generalisa- 
tion ; among Ger. metaphysicians, the faculty of the 
mind which deals with real, practical, and material 
knowledge, and the adaptation of means to ends, and 
which is distinguished from reason; intellect; com- 
prehension ; conception ; intelligence ; terms of com- 
munication : understood', pt. pp 

understate, v. u n '-der-stat', to represent less strongly 
than the truth will bear. 

undertake, v. un'-der-tak' , to engage in; to enter 
upon; to take in hand; to take upon one's self; to 
stand bound; to promise: undertaking, imp. en- 
gaging in; beginning to perform: n. any business or 
project which a person engages to perform; an enter- 
prise : un'dertook', pt. did undertake : undertaken, 
pp.: un'dertater, n. one who engages in any busi- 
ness or project; one who makes coffins and manages 
funerals. 

undertone, n. un'dir-ton, a lower manner of speak- 
ing than usual ; a low tone. 

undertow, n. un'-dir-to, a nautical term for any 
decided undercurrent of water ; the backward flow of 
a wave. 

undervalue, v. un'der -vcll'ii, to value or estimate 
below the real worth ; to esteem lightly ; to, hold in 
mean estimation; to despise: un'dervarumg, imp.: 
un'derval'ued, pp.: un'derval'ua'tion, n. a value or 
estimate below the real worth. 

underwent, pt. of the verb undergo, which see. 

underwood, n. un'-der-wood, small trees and bushes 
growing among large trees ; coppice. 

underwork, v. unkler-ioerk ', to attempt to destroy 
or injure by clandestine measures ; to work at a less 
price than others : n. subordinate work ; petty affairs. 

underwrite, v. un'der-rit' , to subscribe, as one's 
name for insurance ; to practise insuring : un'derwri'- 
ting, imp.: n. the act or practice of insuring ships, 
goods, &c: un'derwri'ter, n. one who insures ships, 
goods, &c, for a certain amount in case of loss, by 
subscribing his name to a formal document in con- 
sideration of a certain sum per cent.: un'derwiit'ten, 
pp. subscribed, as a name in writing. 

undescribe . bd', not represented or set 

forth : un'descri'bable, a. that cannot be represented 
in words. 

undeserved, a. Hn'-dS-zervd', not merited : un'deser'- 
vedly, ad. without desert, either good or evil : un'de- 
ser'vedness, n. the state of being undeserved : un'de- 
ger'ving, a. not having merit : un'deser'vingiy, ad. 

cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, 



UNDI 

Ss'-ig-nd-tSd, not marked out 



undesignated, a. un-d 
or indicated. 

undesigned, a. un'-d5-zind\ not intended; not pro- 
ceeding from on purpose: un'design'edly, ad.: un'- 
design ing, a. not acting with set purpose ; upright ; 

undesirable, a. iln'de-zl-rd-bl, not to be wished; 
that does not please : un'desired', a. not desired ; not 
solicited : un'desi'ring, a. not wishing : un'desi'rous, 
a. not eager to obtain. 

undestroyed, a. un'-de-strdyd' , not wasted; not 
ruined. 

undetached, a. un'dS-tacht', not detached or separ- 
ated. 

undetected, a. unkle-tek'-Ud, not discovered ; not laid 
open. 

undetermined, a. un-dS-ter'-mind, not settled or fixed 
on. 

undeterred, a. Hn'-de-terd', not restrained by fear or 
obstacles. 

undeveloped, a. un-dS-vel'-opt, not opened or un- 
folded. 

undeviating, a. u?i-de'-vl-a-fing, not departing from 
the way or from principle; steady; regular: unde - 
viatingly, ad. 

undevoured, a. unkle-vwerd' ', not eaten up. 

undiademed, a. un-di'-u-demd, not adorned with a 
diadem. 

undid, v. un-dld', pt. of the verb undo, which see. 

undigested, a. un'di-jes'-ted, not dissolved in the 
stomaeh, as food. 

undignified, a. un-dlg'-nl-fid, not marked with dig- 
nity ; below one's position ; mean. 

undiluted, a. iinkli-16'ted, not rendered more fluid ; 
not weakened in strength. 

undiminishable, a. un'-di-min'-ish-d-bl, not capable 
of being made less or smaller : undiminished, a. not 
lessened; not impaired: un diminishing, a. not be- 
coming less. 

undimmed, a. un-dlmd', not obscured. 

undiplomatic, a. un-dip'-lO-mdt'-lk, not according to 
diplomatic rules. 

undipped, a. un-dlpt', not plunged or immersed, as 
among water. 

undirected, a. Unkll-rSk'-tSd, not guided or in- 
structed ; not addressed, as a letter. 

undiscerned, a. tinkliz-zernd' ', not seen or observed; 
not discovered: un'discern'ible, a. that cannot be 
discovered; invisible: un'discern'ing, a. not capable 
of seeing or discriminating; wanting judgment to 
make just distinctions; injudicious. 

undischarged, a. unklls-chdrgd', not freed from any 
load, burden, or obligation, 

undisciplined, a. iin-dis'-sl-pllnd, not duly exercised 
and taught; raw; not instructed. 

undisclosed, a. unklis-klozd', not revealed; not un- 
folded. 

undiscouraged, a. ■Hn-dls-kur'-djd, not disheartened. 

undiscoverable, a. ■Hn'-dis-kuv'ir-d-hl, that cannot 
be found out ; that cannot be brought to light : un'- 
discov'ered, a. not brought to light ; not found out. 

undiscriminating, a. un'-dls-krlm'-l-na-ting, not ob- 
serving the difference between. 

undfsguised, a. Hn'dls-glzd', not covered with a 
mask ; not having a false appearance ; open ; candid ; 
frank. 

undishonoured, a. iin-dis-on'erd, not disgraced. 

undismayed, a. un'-dis-mad' , not disheartened by 
fear ; not discouraged. 

undispersed, a. unklis-persf, not scattered. 

undisplayed, a. unklls-plad" , not unfolded. 

undisposed, a. un'-dis-p>ozd' , not distributed or be- 
stowed ; not sold. ■ 

undisputed, a. tiridis-pu'ted, not contested; not 
called in question : un'dispu'tedly, ad. without ques- 
tion or dispute. 

undissembled, a. Unfdis-sSrn'bld, open ; undisguised : 
un'dissem'bling, a. not exhibiting a false appearance ; 
truthful. 

undissipated, a. Hn-dis'-sl-pd-ted, not scattered; not 
dispersed. 

undissolvable, a. Unkliz-zol'-vd-bl, that cannot be 
dissolved or melted ; that cannot be loosened : un 'dis- 
solved', a. not melted : un'dissolv'ing, a. not melting. 

undistended, a. un'->, \ enlarged. 

undistilled, a. un'-dis-tild', not let fall in drops ; not 
having the spirit or essence extracted from. 

undistinguishable, a. Hn'-dls-ting'-gwish-d-bl, that 
cannot be distinctly seen; not to be known or distin- 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



UNDI 



692 



UNEV 



guished: un'distin'guishably, ad.: un'dutin'guished, 
.-I., imfc so marked ;is to be 1 1 i.sLii ict ly known from each, 
other ; not plainly discerned ; no" marked by any par- 
ticular property; not eminent; not treated with any 
particular respect : un' distinguishing, a. making no 
difference; not discriminating. 

undistracted, a. un'-dls-trdk'tgd, not perplexed ; not 
having the mind confused by bom o av <•• ' 
variety of objects. 

undistributed, a. un'-dls-trib'u-Ud, not dealt out; 
not divided among two or more. 

undisturbed, a. un'dis-terbd' , free from interrup- 
tion; unmolested; serene; tranquil: un'disturb'ing, 
imp. not molesting. 

undiversifled, a. un'dt-ver'sl-fld, not varied; uni- 
form. 

undiverted, a. un'di-ver'tSd, not turned aside ; not 
amused. 

undividable, a. un'di-vi'-<h>-l,l, that cannot be separ- 
ated into parts: un'divi'ded, a. not separated into 
parts; unbroken ; whole: un'divi'dedly, ad. so as not 
to be parted. 

undivorced, a. un'-dl-vorst' , not separated judicially, 
as a man from his wife. 

undivulged, a. un'di-vuljd', not revealed or dis- 
closed ; kept secret. 

undo, v. tin-do', to reverse what has been done ; to 
annul ; to loose ; to unravel ; to ruin : undo'ing, imp. 
reversing what has been done; ruining: n. the revers- 
ing of what has been done; ruin: undid', pt. : undone', 
pp. annulled ; destroyed ; ruined, as he has undone 
all my work: adj. not performed ; not executed— as, he 
lias left his own work undone: undo'er, n. one who 
undoes. 

undock, v. un-dolc', to remove a vessel from a wet 
dock or basin. 

undomesticated, n. ikiidO-mSsltt-kCL-tSd, not accus- 
tomed to a family life ; not tamed. 

undoubted, a. un-dmvt'ed, not called in question ; 
admitting no doubt ; indisputable: undoubt edly, ad. 
without question : undoubt'ing, a. not hesitating re- 
specting the truth ; not fluctuating in uncertainty ; not 
wavering. 

undrained, a. un-drdnd', not freed from water. 

undraped, a. un-drapt', not covered with drapery. 

undrawn, a. un-drawn', not pulled by any external 
force; not allured; not drawn, as a ticket; not por- 
trayed. 

undreaded, a. un-drSd'dd, not feared. 

undreamed, a. un-dremd', also undreamt', a. 
•drciiit', not thought of; not even dreamed of. 

undress, v. %'m-drSs', to divest of clothes ; to strip : 
un'dress, n. a loose, negligent dress: undres'sing, 
imp.: undressed', pp. divested of clothes; disrobed: 
adj. not attired ; not trimmed ; not put in order. 

undried, a. un-drld', wet ; moist. 

undrilled, a. un-drild', not taught and trained by 
frequent exercise. 

undrinkable, a. un-drlnk'-d-bl, that cannot be drunk. 

undriven, a. un-drlv'n. not impelled; not blown 
hither and thither, as snow. 

undrowned, a. un-drdivnd' , not suffocated in water. 

undue, a. un-du', that cannot yet be demanded by 
right; improper; excessive; not agreeable to any 
rule or standard : undu'ly, ad. not according to duty 



from unda, a wave), to move up and down, as waves ; 
to move or play, as curls or waves ; to cause to vibrate : 
un'dulating, imp. -ld-tlng, waving: adj. wavy; rising 
and falling, as waves: un'dulated, a. having a 
waved or ridged surface: un'dula'tion, n. -Id'shun, 
a waving motion or vibration ; a wavy appearance ; 
alternate elevations and depressions of the surface : 
un'dula'tory, a. -ter-l, resembling the rising and 
falling motion of waves: un'dula'tingly, ad. -II: 
undulatory theory, in optics, that theory of light 
which supposes its various phenomena to be due to 
undulations in an ethereal medium. 

unduly— see undue. 

undutiful, a. un-di'i'h fdbl, not obedient; wanting 
in respect: undu'tifully, ad.: undu'tifulness, n. want 
of respect ; disobedience. 

undying, a. iin-dl'ing, not subject to death ; not per- 
ishing ; ever enduring. 

unearned, a. iin-ernd', not earned or obtained by 
labour or merit. 

unearth, v. un-erth', to drive from the earth or 
from a burrow ; to uncover ; to expose : unearthed', 

mate, mat, far, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, move; 



a. -erthf, driven from the earth, or from a den or 
burrow; freed from tin: cover of earth, as roots: un- 
earthly, ad. not of earth ; supernatural. 

uneasy, a. un-c'-.i, restless ; disturbed ; constrained ; 
disagreeable: unea'sily, ad. with a certain degree of 
pain: unea'siness, n. restlessness; disquietude. 

uneatable, a. un-et'd-U, not fit to be eaten. 

unedifying, a. un-ed'i-fl-tng, not improving to the 
mind : uned'ified, a. not improved or instructed in 
mind or dispositions. 

uneducated, a. un-td'-u-kd-Ud, illiterate; ignorant. 

uneffaced, a. un'-ef-fast' , not obliterated or destroyed, 
;is a writing or a figure on the surface of a thing. 

unelected, a. un'6-lek'ted, not chosen; not preferred. 

unembalmed, a. un'em-bumd' ', not prepared to pre- 
vent decay or putrefaction. 

unembarrassed, a. un'-em-bdr'-rdst, not perplexed or 
confused in mind ; free from pecuniary difficulties. 

unembittered, a. un'-tlm-bit'-terd, not rendered dis- 
tressing ; not exasperated. 

unembodied, a. un'6m-bdd'4d, free from a corporal 
body ; not collected or formed into a body. 

unemphatic, a. un'em-fdt'lk, not characterised by 
emphasis or expressiveness : un'emphat'ically, ad. 
without energy or emphasis. 

unemployed, a. un'em-pldyd' ', not occupied ; at lei- 
sure ; not engaged in work. 

unempowered, a. un'im-pdw'rd, not empowered or 
authorised. 

unencumbered, a. un'6n-kum'b6rd, not encumbered 
or burdened. 

unending, a. un-end'lng, not coming to an end ; not 
terminating. 

unendowed, a. un'Sn-dowd', not supplied with a per- 
manent fund. 

unendurable, a. un'-en-du'rd-bl, not to be endured ; 
intolerable. 

unengaged, a. un'en-gdjd', not bound by promise ; 
free from obligation; not occupied: un'enga'ging, a. 
not adapted to win the affections ; not inviting. 

unenglish, a. un-lng'glish, not according to English 
manners in speech or action. 

unenjoyed, a. un'6n-jdyd" , not obtained or enjoyed; 
not possessed with satisfaction. 

unenlarged, a. un'en-lurjd', not increased in bulk or 
extent. 

unenlightened, a. un'e'ndit'nd, not supplied with 
light ; not enabled to see or comprehend truth. 

unenlivened, a. un'en-llv'nd, not animated ; not ren- 
dered cheerful. 

unenslaved, a, iki'-Sn-slavd', not in bondage; free. 

unentangled, a. uu'-en-tdng'-gld, not confused or dis- 
ordered ; not involved in anything complicated. 

unenterprising, a. un-en'ter-prl'zlng, not adventu- 

unentertaining, a. un-en'-ter-tdn'-lng, not entertain- 
ing or amusing. 

unenthralled, a. un'Sn-thratvld', not enslaved or 
reduced to thraldom. 

unenviable, a. un-en'vl-d-bl, not capable of exciting 
envy ; not desirable : unen'vied, a. exempt from the 
envy of others : unen'vious, a. free from envy. 

unequable, a. un-ek'wd-bl, different at different 
times; not uniform. 

unequal, a. un-e'-kw&l, not even ; not of the same 
size; inferior; inadequate; ill -proportioned; ill- 
matched ; not regular or uniform : une'qualled, a. un- 
paralleled ; unrivalled : une'qually, ad. 

unequivocal, a. un'e-kwiv'o-kdl, not doubtful ; clear; 
evident ; not of doubtful signification : un'equiv'- 
ocally, ad. : un'equiv'ocalness, n. the state of being 
unequivocal. 

unerring, a. un-er'rinr), committing no mistake ; 



incapable of error ; certain ; sure : uner'ringly, ad. 

unessayed, a. un'es-sud', unattempted. 

unessential, a. un'es-sen'shdl, not absolutely neces- 
sary ; not necessary to the existence of a thing ; unim- 
portant. 

unestablished, a. un'Ss-tdb'llsht, not permanently 
fixed. 

unevangelical, a. Un'e-vitri , not orthodox; 

not according to the precepts and doctrines of the Gos- 
pel as interpreted by the prevailing sects, or by a party 
in a Church. 

unevaporated, a. un'S-vap'O-rd-ted, not passed off 
in vapour ; not dissipated. 

uneven, a. un-e'vn, not level ; not uniform ; not of 
equal length : une'venly, ad.: une'venness, n. the state 
of not being level ; want of uniformity or levelness. 



UNEX 6 

unexaggerated, a. un'igz-dj'Cr-a-ted, not enlarged 
beyond the truth. 

unexalted, a. iin'-egz-aTd'-ted, not raised high; not 
elevated in power. 

unexamined, a. Hn'Sgz-dm'ind, not inquired into or 
investigated; not interrogated. 

unexampled, a. ft] ag no example 

or similar ease ; unprecedented. 

unexcelled, a. un'ek-seld', not surpassed or out- 
stripped. 

unexceptionable, a. tin'ek-sSp'shun-d-bl, not liable 
to any exception ; unobjectionable. 

unexcited, a. dn'-Ck-si'-tcd, not roused or stirred up. 

unexcluded, a. ioi'-eks-klu'-dSd, not hindered; not 
debarred. 

unexecuted, a. un-eks'e-ku-tcd, not performed ; not 
signed or sealed. 

unexem-'^- 
by exampL. 

unexercised, a, un-iks'-er-slzd, not practised; not 
disciplined. 

unexerted, a. tin'egz-er'ted, not called into action ; 
not enforced. 

unexhausted, a. I'n'Cks-hoTcst'ed, not all used or 
spent. 

unexisting, a. On'Sgz-ls'tXng, not havingbeing or life. 

unexpanded, a. <" -. '> _ <', <!'■{$, not spread out. 

unexpected, a. tin'-eks-pek'-ted, not looked for; sud- 
den ; taken by surprise : unexpectedly, ad. at a time 
or in a manner not looked for ; suddenly. 

unexpended, a. un'Sks-pend'Sd, not expended or 
laid out. 

unexpired, a. tin'-eks-pXrd', not ended. 

unexplainable, a. uii-cks-pldn'd-V, not capable of 
being made plain to the understanding: unex- 
plained', a. not made plain o r int*»in«rfH«> 

unexplored, a. un'tk> u : 0r,. 
amined by the eye ; unknown. 

unexplosive, a. an'Sks-% lO'-siv, not bursting out with 
violence, as gunpowder. 

unexported, a. tin'-eks-pOri'Sd, not sent out of a 
country. 

unexposed, a. tin'Sks-pozd', not laid open to view ; 
concealed. 

unexpounded, a. tin'-cks-p^cnd'-Cd, not explained or 
interpreted. 

unexpressed, a. in'Sks-prSsf, not mentioned or 
named: un'expres'sive, a. not representing with 
force ; not emphatic. 

unexpunged, a. un'eks-punjd', not blotted out ; not 
obliterated. 

unextended, a. itn'eki-fcnd'-i~d, having no dimen- 
sions ; occupying no assignable space. 

unextinguishable, a. Hn'eks-ting'-gwish-d-M, that 
cannot be quenched : un extinguished, a. not 
quenched ; not entirely repressed. 

unextorted, a. ■'■■'■Ck<-t6rt : 0d, spontaneous; without 
force or compulsion. 

unextracted, a. tin'Sks-trdk'tSd, not drawn out. 

unfaded, a. un-fd'-ded, not having lost its strength 
or colour; unwithered: unfading, a. not liable to 
lose its freshness ; not transient ; not liable to wither. 

unfailing, a. vn-jal'-Xng, not liable to fail; not cap- 
able of being exhausted ; certain : unfair ingly, ad. 

unfair, a. u 'i-fdr', not impartial ; using trick or arti- 
fice; trickish; not just: unfairly, ad. not in a just 
manner: unfairness . :. induct orp'rae- 

tice ; the state or quality of being not honourable or 
candid in dealings. 

unfaithful, a. rn-fOJT.'-jV:!, inconstant; not obser- 
vant of promi~: = : vi bating trust or confidence; negli- 
gent of duty : unfaith'fully, ad. : unfaith'fulness, n. 
neglect or violation of vows or promises ; breach of 
confidence or trust reposed. 

unfallen, a. un-fawl'n, not degraded ; not decreased ; 
not ruined. 

unfaltering, a. tin-/,:" i: : failing ; not hes- 

itating. 

unfamiliar, a. iintf&mtt'-yer, not rendered agreeable 
by frequent use ; not accustomed : un 'familiarity, n. 
the state of being unfamiliar. 

unfashionable, a. un-fash'un-H-U, not according to 
the prevailing mode; not regulating dress, &c, ac- 
cording to the reigning custom : unfashi'onableness, 
n. neglect of the prevailing mode : unfashi'onably, ad. 



; tou: 



3 UNFO 

unfathered, a. tin-fath'ird, having no father: un- 
fath'erly, a. unkind ; not becoming a father. 

unfathomable, a. tin-fdth'tim-d-bl, that cannot be 
sounded by a line ; too deep for measuring : unfath'- 
omably, ad.: unfath'omed, a. not to be measured in 
depth. 

unfatigued, a. un'fd-tegd' ', not wearied. 

unfavourable, a. unjd'ver-d-bl, not kind or oblig- 
ing; not propitious; discouraging: unfavourably, 
ad.: unfa'vourableness, n. the quality of being unfa- 
vourable ; want of disposition to countenance or sup- 
port : unfavoured, a. not favoured or assisted. 

unfeared, a. un-ferd', not feared or dreaded. 

unfeasible, a. un-fe'-zi-bl, impracticable. 

unfeathered, a. un-jetk'ird, having no feathers; 
unfledged. 

unfed, a. tin-fed', not supplied with food. 

unfeeling, a. tinfel'-ing, void of sensibility ; cruel; 
callous: unfeelingly, ad. 

unfeigned, pp. tin-jdnd', but adj. tin-Jdn'-ed, not 
counterfeit ; real ; sincere : unfeign edly, ad. without 
hypocrisy; sincerely. 

unfelt, a. tin felt', not felt; not perceived. 

unfeminine, a. un-jlm'-i-nia, not according to the 
female character or manners. 

unfenced, a. tinfcnsf, deprived of a fence. 

unfermented, a. tin'fer-ment'-Cd, not having under- 
gone the process of fermentation ; unleavened. 

unfetter, v. tin-fgt'ter, to loose from fetters or 
bonds ; to free from restraint : unfet tered, pp. un- 
chained : adj. free from restraint. 

unfigured, a. tinflg'urd, plain; not covered or 
adorned with figures. 

unfiiial, a. unfXl'-i-dl, undutiful; not becoming a 
child. 

unfilled, a. tinflld', not fully supplied. 

unfinished, a. tinfin'-isht, nut complete; not 
brought to an end ; wanting the last touch. 

unfit, a. tin-fit', unsuitable ; unqualified : v. to dis- 
able ; to disqualify : unfit'ting, imp. rendering unfit 
or unsuitable: adj. disqualifying; unbecoming: un- 
fitted, pp. disqualified ; rendered unsuitable : unfit- 
ly, ad. : unfitness, n. want of suitable powers or 
qualifications ; want of propriety or adaptation to 
character or place. 

unfix, v. ini-t'Xks', to remove, as a bond or fastening; 
to loose from that which fa-tens ; to unsettle : unfix'- 
ing, imp. unsettling; loosing: unfixed', pp.: adj. 
wandering; inconstant; having no settled object : un- 
fix'edness, n. the state of hoing~unnxed or unsettled. 

unflagging, a. in-fldg'gimg, not drooping ; maintain- 
ing strength or spirit. 

unflattering, a. tin-fldt'-tir-ing, not concealing the 
truth ; not gratifying with obsequious behaviour. 

unfledged, a. un-ftejd', not yet furnished with feath- 
ers ; not having attained to full growth. 

unflinching, a. un-jiinsh'lng, not shrinking ; resolute. 

unfoiled, a. tin-fdidd', not vanquished. 

unfold, v. tin-fold', to expand ; to open ; to spread 
out ; to lay open to view ; to disclose ; to reveal : un- 
folding, imp. expanding; disclosing: n. the act of 
expanding or disclosing : unfold ed, pp. expanded ; 
revealed. 

unforbidden, a. tin'for-Md'n, not prohibited; al- 
lowed. 

unforced, a. tin-forsf, not constrained; not urged 
or impelled ; not feigned ; natural ; not violent. 

unforeboding, a. tin /< gn ing no omens. 

unforeseen, a. tin'for-sen' , not known before it hap- 
pened. 

unforetold, a. tin'- for -told', not predicted. 

unforewarned, a. tin'for-ivawrnd', not previously 
warned or admonished. 

unforgetful, a. un'for-get'fGol, not losing remem- 
brance of. 

unforgiven, a. tin'fdr-giv'n, not pardoned : unfor- 
giving, a. not disposed to overlook or pardon offences ; 
implacable. 

unforgotten, a. tin'-for-got'n, also un'forgot', a. 
-got, not lost to memory ; not overlooked. 

unformed, a. tinfdXcrmd', not moulded into regular 
shape. 

unforsaken, a. tirifor-sa'kn, not deserted; not en- 
tirely neglected. 

unfortified, a. tinfor'tt-fld, not secured from at- 
tack by walls and defences; not guarded; defenceless. 

unfortunate, n. tinfor'-tu-ndi, not successful; not 
prosperous : unfortunately, ad. without success ; un- 
happily. 



co~v, boy, f Jet; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



UNFO 



694 



UNHA 



n-fos'-sil-lzd, not converted into 



unfossilised, a. i 
stone. 

unfought, a. tin-fawt', not contended or contested, 
as a battle. 

unfound, a. tin-fdwnd', not found ; not met with. 

unfounded, a. un-fdwnd'-ed having no foundation ; 
vain; idle. 

unfragrant, a. tin-frd'grdnt, not sweet-smelling. 

unframed, a. tin-frdmd' ', not fitted for erection ; not 
formed. 

unfranchised, a. tin-frdn'chlzd, not granted certain 
privileges or rights. 

unfraught, a. tin-frdwt', not having a freight ; not 
filled or stored. 

unfreed, a. un-fred', not liberated. 

unfreighted, a. tin-frdt'-ed, not loaded, as a ship. 

unfrequent, a. tin-fre'-kwent, not common : un'fre- 
quent'ed, a. rarely visited ; seldom resorted to. 

unfriable, a. un-fri'-d-bl, not easily crumbled. 

unfriended, a. tin-frend'-ed, wanting friends : un- 
friendly, a. not kind ; not favourable : unfriend'li- 
ness, n. want of kindness. 

unfrock, v. tin-froK, to disrobe ; to uncover. 

unfrozen, a. tin-fro'-zn, not congealed. 

unfrugal, a. tin-fro'-gal, not saving or economical. 

unfruitful, a. tin-fr6t'fdbl, not producing fruit; un- 
productive; barren: unfruit'fully, ad.: unfruit'ful- 
ness, n. barrenness; unproductiveness. 

unfulfilled, a. un'-foolfild', not accomplished. 

unfunded, a. tin-fund'-ed, having no permanent fund 
for the payment of interest. 

unfurl, v. tin-ferl', to loose and unfold ; to expand : 
unfurling, imp. unfolding: unfurled, pp. unfolded; 
expanded. 

unfurnished, a. tin-fer'nisht, not supplied with fur- 
niture; empty. 

ungainly, a. tin-gdn'-li, not expert or dexterous; 
clumsy ; awkward: ungain'liness, n. clumsiness. 

ungallant, a. tin-gdl'-ldnt, discourteous; rude: un- 
gallantly, ad. 

ungarnished, a. tin-gdr'-nisht, not garnished or 
" ner" 

troops for defence. 

ungathered, a. un-gdth'-erd, not collected ; not picked 
or plucked. 

ungenerous, a. tin-j6n'-cr-tis, not of a noble mind ; 
illiberal ; not magnanimous : ungen'erously, ad. un- 
kindly; dishonourably. 

ungenial. a. tin-je'-nl-dl, not favourable to natural 
growth. 

ungenteel, a. tin'-jSn-tel' , not consistent with polite 
manners or good breeding : un'genteelly, ad. 

ungentle, a. tin-jen'-tl, harsh; rude: ungent'ly, ad. 
harshly: ungen'tleness, n. harshness; rudeness; un- 
kindness; incivility. 

ungentlemanly, ad. tin-j&ritl-m&n-ll, not becoming 
a gentleman : ungen'tlemanliness, n. the state of 
being unlike a gentleman. 

ungeometrical, a. iin-je-6-me't'ri-Ml, not agreeable 
to the rules of geometry. 

ungifted, a. tin-gift'-ed, not endowed with peculiar 
faculties. 

ungilded, a. tin-glld'-ed, also ungilt', a. -gilt', not 
overlaid with gold. 

ungird, v. tin-gerd', to loose from a girdle or band : 
to unbind: ungird'ing, imp.: ungird'ed, pp., also un- 
girt', pp. unbound: adj. loosely dressed. 

ungladdened, a. tin-gldd'-nd, not made glad or 
cheered. 

unglazed, a. tin-gldzd', not furnished with glass; 
wanting glass windows. 

d ; impious ; neglecting 
the worship of God : ungodliness, n. disregard of God 
and His commands. 

ungorged, a. tin-gorjd', not filled ; not sated. 

ungovernable, a. tin-guv'-Srn-d-bl, that cannot be 
governed or restrained ; unruly : ungov'ernably, ad. : 
ungov'ernableness, n. the quality of not being able 
to be restrained; unruliness: ungov'erned, a. not sub- 
jected to laws or principles ; not restrained or regu- 
lated. 

ungowned, a. tin-gdivnd', not having or not wearing 
a gown. 

ungraced, a. tin-grdst', not embellished or dignified ; 
not honoured : ungrace'ful, a. not marked with ease 
and dignity ; wanting beauty and elegance : ungrace'- 
f ully, ad. awkwardly ; inelegantly : ungrace'fulness, 
n. want of ease or dignity ; awkwardness. 



ungracious, a. tin-grd'-shtii, offensive ; unpleasing ; 
odious ; hateful : ungra'ciously, ad. 

ungrammatical, a. tin'-nrdm-mat-l-laU, not accord- 
ing to the rules of grammar: ungrammatically, ad. 

ungranted, a. Hn-grdnf-ed, QOt conceded; not ' 
stowed or conferred. 

ungrateful, a. tin- gr at'- fool, not feeling thankful or 
showing gratitude for favours; making ill return." *'— 
a kindness ; not agreeable ; unpleasing : ungrate'fi 
ad: ungratefulness, n. wanting in thankful feel 
for favours n-e.-ived; ill n'turii tor a kindness. 

ungratified, a. tin-grOA-ifld, not pleased; not in- 
dulged. 

ungrounded, a. tin-grdwndMid, having no foundation 
or support; false. 

ungrudged, a. tin-grvjd', given willingly: ungrudg- 
ing, a. freely giving : ungrudgingly, ad. 

ungual, a. ting'-gwdl (I,, u/igni.--, a nail, a claw), pert. 
to a nail, claw, or hoof; having a nail, hoof, or claw 
attached : un'guical, a. -gin-kdl, pert, to or like a 
claw : unguic ular, a. -guik'-u-lir, formed as a nail or 
claw: unguic ulate, a. -hit, also unguic ulated, a. 
-Id-tbd, having claws ; in hot., applied to petals which 
have an unguis or stalk: unguiform, a. ting-gun- 
faivrm (L. forma, a shape), claw-shaped : un'guis, n. 
-givls (L.), a claw; in hot., the narrowed part of the 
base of a petal. 

unguarded, a. tin-gard'-M , not watched; notdefend- 
ed; not attentive to danger; not cautious: unguard- 
edly, ad. : unguard'edness, n. the state of being not at- 
tentive to danger. 

unguent, n. ung'-gwCnt (L. unguentum, an ointment, 
a perfume — from imgo, I besmear: F. onguent: Sp. 
unguento), a soft composition used for the cure of 
sores, burns, and the like ; an ointment : unguent'ous, 
a. -gu-tint'-us, partaking of the qualities of an unguent. 

unguessed, a. tin-gest', not obtained by conjecture. 

unguical, unguicular, unguiculate, unguis, &c. — see 
ungual. 

ungula, n. Sr, <ht, a hoof, a claw : It. 

unghia: F. angle), a hoof-shaped section of a cylinder, 
a cone, &c. , cut off by a plane oblique to the base : un'- 
gulate, a. -Idt, also un'gulated.a. -Id-Ud, hoof-shaped; 
having the digits enclosed in hoofs: un'gulous, a. 
-lus, pert, to or resembling a hoof: un'gulite-grit, 
■Ut-grW (L. ungula, a hoof, Gr. lithos, a stone, and 
Eng. grit), in geol., a series of greenish-coloured shales 
and grits occurring near St Petersburg, so called be- 
cause then- prevailing shell is the (/bolus or ungula, a 
ij ; i i 1 - s 1 1 ; i ) i ..- 1 1 brachiopod. 

unhabitable, a. un-hdV-l-td-bl, that cannot be dwelt 
in ; not fit for abode. 

unhabituated, a. un-hd-blt'-u-d-ted, not accustomed. 

unhackneyed, a. tin-huk'-nid, not worn out by use 
and repetition. 

unhallowed, a. r < u-lmi'ir,,! . profane; unholy; impure. 

unhand, v. u n-hdnd', to loose from the hand ; to let go. 

unhandled, a. un-hun'-dld, not touched; not treated 
or discoursed on. 

unhandsome, a. tin-li&ndJ-sum, not beautiful; 
graceful; unbecoming; uncivil: unhandsomely, ad.: 
unhand'someness, n. want of beauty and elegance ; 
unfairness; incivility. 

unhandy, a. tin-hdn'-dl, not skilful and ready in the 
use of the hands; awkward: unhan'dily, ad. awk- 
wardly; clumsily: unhandiness, n. want of dexterity ; 
awkwardness. 

unhang, v. tin-hung 1 , to divest of hangings, as a 
room ; to take from the hinges, as a door : unhanged', 
also unhung', pp. not punished by hanging. 

unhappy, a. un-hdp'-jA, miserable or wretched in a 
certain degree ; bringing calamity ; wretched : unhap- 
pily, ad. unfortunately ; miserably, &c. : unhap'pi- 
ness, n. misfortune; misery; wretchedness. 

unharassed, a. tin-hdr'-dst, not fatigued 'with bodily 
labour, or with care ; at ease. 

unharboured, a. tin-hdr'-berd, not sheltered. 

unhardened, a. tin-hdr'-dnd, not made more firm or 
compact ; not made obdurate, as the heart. 

unhardy, a. un-hdr'-dl, not able to endure fatigue ; 
feeble. 

unharmed, a. tin-Mrmd', unhurt; uninjured. 

unharmonious, a. tin'-hdr-rno-nl-tis, discordant; not 
adapted to each other: un'harmo'niously, ad. 

unharness, v. un-h&r'-nes, to loose from harness o 
gear; to divest of armour: unharnessing, imp.: un- 
har'nessed, pp. divested of harness. 

unhatched, a. tin-hdcht', not having left ths egg ; 
immature. 



mate, mdt.fdr, law; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, mCxe; 






UNHA 6S 

unhaunted, a. vn-hawnt'cd, not resorted to; not 
visited by _'ko?:s or spirits. 

unhazarded, a. tin-hdz'-erd-Sd, not put in danger; 
not exposed to loss. 

unhealthy, a. un-hel'thi, -wanting in a sound and 
rigorous state of body ; unsound ; sickly : unhealth- 
ftu, a. injurious to health; unwholesome: unhealth- 
fully, ad.: unhealthily, ad. in an unwholesome man- 
ner : unheal'thiness, n. the quality or condition of 
being unhealthy ; the want of a sound and vigorous 
state of body. 

unheard, a. tin-herd', not perceived by the ear ; un- 
known by fame ; unprecedented. 

unheated, a. un-het'M, not made hot. 

unheavenly, a. un-hcc'-ii-li, iii.it resembling heaven. 

unhedged, a. iin-hSjd', not surrounded by a hedge; 
not fenced in. 

unheeded, a. iin-hed'Sd, disregarded : neglected : un- 
heedful, a. inattentive; careless: unheed fully, ad.: 
unheeding, a. careless ; negligent : unheed'ingly, ad. 

uuhelped, a. un-helpt', having no aid or assistance; 
unsupported. 

unheroic, a. un'-hC-ro'ik, not brave. 

unhesitating, a. iin-hes'btd-nng, not remaining in 
doubt ; prompt ; ready : unhesitatingly, ad. 

unhewn, a. Cui-hun', not dressed, as stone; rough. 

unhindered, a. Hn-hin'derd, not opposed. 

unhinge, v. Hn-hlnf, to take from the hinges; to 
unfix; to loosen; to unsettle : unhinging, imp.: un- 
hinged', pp. loosed from the hinges ; unsettled ; de- 
ranged. 

unhistorical, a. iln'his-tur'l-kdl, not pert, to or con- 
tained in history. 

unhive, v. un-hiv', to drive from a hive; to deprive 
of a habitation. 

unholy, a. un-ho'll, profane; not hallowed or con- 
secrated; impious; wicked; not ceremonially puri- 
fied : unholily, ad. in an unholy manner : unho liness, 
n. impiety ; an unsanctified state of the heart ; pro- 
faneness. 

unhonoured, a Hn-on'-lrd. not regarded; not held 
in high estimation ; not celebrated. 

unhook, v. un-hook', to loose from a hook: unhooked', 
a. loosed from a hook. 

unhoped, a. Cn-hdpf, not expected; not so probable 
as to excite hope : unhopeful, a. leaving no room for 
hope : unhope fully , ad. 

unhorse, v. un-hors', to throw from a horse; to cause 
to dismount : unhorsed', a. thrown from a horse : un- 
horsing, imp. throwing from a horse ; dismounting. 

unhouse, v. loi-hdivz', to drive from a house or hab- 
itation : unhoused', a. houseless ; destitute of shelter. 

unhumbled, a. iin-hum'uld, not affected with shame ; 
not contrite in spirit. 

unhunted, a. iin-hunt'&d, not pursued with hounds 
for taking, as game. 

unhurt, a. un-hert', not injured; not harmed: un- 
hurt 'ful, a. harmless. 

unhusbanded, a. un-Ms'bdnd-Sd, not managed with 
frugality. 

unhusk, v. un-huskf, to free from husks : unhusked', 
a. freed from the husk : unhusk'ing, u. the process of 
freeing grain or other corn from the husk. 

uni, prefix, u'-nl (L. unus, one), used as a prefix, or 
ineompositi. ! y one, or producing one. 

uniaxial, a, u'nl-dk'-sl-dl (L. unus, one, and Eng. 
axis), having but one axis. 

unicellular, a. u'-nl-sel'-u-lar (L. unus, one, and Eng. 
cellular), composed of one cell. 

uniclinal, a. u'nVkll'-nal (L. unus, one, and Gr. klino, 
L. clino, I bend, I lean), in geol, a term applied to one 
great elevation or depri iter which the 

rocks regain their normal inclination. 

unicorn, n. il'ni-kaTvrn (L. unus, one, and cornxi, a 
horn), a fabulous anim: orse, but hav- 

ing one horn issuing from its forehead ; the narwhal, 
an animal of the whale kind having a long twisted 
tusk growing out of its nose: u'nicor'nous, a. -kor- 
nits, one-horned. 

unideal, a. un'l-de'dl, not ideal; real 

unifacial, a. u'ni-fd'shi-dl (L. unus, one, and fades, 
the face), having only one face or front surface. 

unifiorous, a. u'ni-flo'-rus (L. unus, one, and flos, a 
flower— gen. floris), having but one flower. 

uniform, a. u'ni-faTcrm (L. unus, one, and forma, 
shape), having always the same form, manner, or 
character; not different; not variable; regular: n. 
an official or state dress; the particular dress of 
soldiers; a livery for a policeman, a gaoler, &c; 
cow, boy, foot; -pure, bud; chair, 



5 UNIN 

u'niformly, ad. -H, without variation : u'nifor'niity, 
n. -for'-mi-ti, constant resemblance to itself; same- 
ness ; unvaried likeness ; resemblance in shape and 
character, as between the correspondm:? parts of a 
subject in the fine arts : Act of Uniformity, the Act 
of Parliament which regulates the rites and forms of 
the Church of England : u'nifor mita'rian, n. -for'-ml- 
td'rl-dn, in geol., one who holds the doctrine that 
the laws of nature have acted uniformly throughout 
all time past, and that the appearances in the earths 
crust, however difficult of solution, are to be ascribed 
to the uniform action of those laws, and not to revolu- 
tionary operations. 

unify, v. u'-nl-fi (L. unus, one, and faeio, I make), 
to reduce to unity or uniformity: unifying, imp.: 
u'nified, pp. -fid: unification, n. -fi-kd'-ahun, reduc- 
tion to unity or uniformity. 

unigeniture, n. u'-n i-jen'i-tur (L. unus, one, and geni- 
tus, produced, brought forth), the state of being the 
only-begotten: u'nigenltus, a. -l-tus, only-begotten: 
n. a celebrated bull or ecclesiastical decree issued by 
Pope Clement XI. in 1713, which began with that 
word. 

unigenous, a. u-nij'-S-niis (L. unus, one, and genus, 
a kind), of one or the same kind or genus. 

unilabiate, a. ii'nl-ld'bl-dt (L. unus, one, and labium, 
a lip), in bot., having one lip only. 

unilateral, a. ri'-ai-bjf-tr-al iL. unus, one, and latus, 
a side— gen. latcris), having but one side; in bot., ar- 
ranged on one side or turned to one side. 

uniliteral, a. u'-nl-lit'er-dl (L. unus, one, and litera, 
a letter), consisting of one letter only. 

unilocular, a. il'nl-lok'u-ler (L. ttnus, one, and 
loculus, a little place), in bot., having a single division 
or cavity. 

unilluminated. i '7, .i-nd-Ud, dark; ignorant. 

unillustrated, a. un'il-Ms'trd-ted not made"plain. 

unimaginable, a. un'-im-dj'ln-d-bl, not to be con- 
ceived : un'imag'inative, a. that cannot have a notion 
or idea: un'imag'ined, a. not conceived. 

unimitated, a. un-im'i-td-ted, not copied in form, &c. 

unimpaired, a. un'-im-pdrd' , not made worse; not 
enfeebled. 

unimpassioned, a. iin'-im-pdsh'-und, not endowed 
with passions ; cool ; calm. 

unimpeachable, a. %ln'-nn-pech'd-bl, that cannot be 
accused ; free from stain or fault : un'impeached', a. 
not charged or accused. 

unimpeded, a. m im-pe'-de'd, not hindered. 

unimplored, a. un'-im-plord', not solicited. 

unimportant, a. un'-im-piort'-dnt, not of great mo- 
ment; insignificant. 

unimportuned, a. iin-lm'por-tund', not requested 
with urgency. 

unimposing, a. un'tm-po'zlng, not being adapted 
to impress forcibly. 

unimpregnable, a. iin'-im-pr8ghid-M, that may be 
taken ; that may be impugned. 

unimpressible, a. un'-lm-pris'si-bl, that cannot re- 
ceive impressions: unimpressed', a. not awakened 
or aroused ; not fixed deep in the mind : un'impres'- 
sive, a. not forcible ; not adapted to awaken the pas- 
sions : un'impres'sively, ad. 

unimprovable, a, im'-lm-iyrO'vd-bl, not capable of 
culture or tillage : unimproved', a. not made better or 
wiser; not advanced in knowledge or excellence; 
not used; not tilled : un'impro'ving, a. not tending to 
advance or instruct. 

unimuscular, a. u'-ni-mus'-ku-ler (L. unus, one, and 
musculus, a muscle), having one muscle only, and one 
muscular impression. 

uninclosed, a. un'-ln-klozd, not confined on all sides. 

unincorporated, a, un'-ln-kor'-po-rd-ted, not united 
in one body ; not blended. 

unincumbered, a. un'ln-kum'bird, not burdened ; 
free from mortgage or other charge. 



foul air; not corrupted: un'infec'tious, a. not foul"; 
not capable of communicating disease. 

uninfested, a. un'in-fSst'ed, not plagued or annoyed. 

uninflamed, a. un'-in-fldmd' , not set on fire; not 
highly provoked : un'inflam'mable, a. that cannot be 
set on fire. 

uninfluenced, a. ftn-tn'fiob-enst, not persuaded or 
moved by others; acting freely: unin'fluen'tial, a. 
not able to sway or affect the action of another. 

uninformed, a. un'in-fawrmd' , not instructed ; un- 
taught. 

game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



UNIN 

uninhabitable, a. un'lndidb'44d-bl, unfit to be dwelt 
in by men : uninhabited, a. not dwelt in by men ; 
without inhabitants. 

uninitiated, a. un'ln-ish'i-a-tSd, not instructed in 
the first principles. 

uninjured, a. un-ln'jobrd, not hurt; suffering no 
harm. 

uninscribed, a. un'ln-skrlbd', not marked on with 
letters or characters. 

uninspired, a. un'in-spird', not having received any 
supernatural instruction or illumination. 

uninstructed, a. Hn'Ui-slrakt'rd, nor, educated ; not 
furnished with instructions or directions : un instruc'- 
tive, a. not conferring improvement. 

uninsulated, a. un4n'su4d4ed, not being separated 
or detached. 

uninsured, a. un'4n-s7i6rd', not secured against loss, 
as by fire. 

unintellectual, a. un4n'tal4ek'4u-dl, not having a 
great capacity of receiving ami comprehending ideas. 

understandi 
understood. 
unintended, a. un'in-tend'-gd, not designed. 
unintentional, a. iin'-ln-ten'shun-dl, done or happen- 
ing without design: unintentionally, ad. without 
design. 

uninterested, a. un-ln'-ter-cst-Hd, not having the 
mind engaged ; having nothing at stake : uninter- 
esting, a. not capable of exciting or attracting the 
mind : unin'terest'ingly, ad. -II. 

uninterpolated, a. un'4n4er'-p64d4ed, not inserted 
by another into an original writing, 
uninterpreted, a. un'-in4ir'-pr64ed, not explained. 
uninterred, a. un'ln-terd', not buried. 
uninterrupted, a. \m'4n4er-rup'4ed, not broken ; 
unceasing; not disturbed by intrusion, or by another 
occupation : unin'terrup'tedly, ad. 

unintoxicating, a. un4n46ks'4-kd4lng, that does not 
make drunk. 

unintrenched, a. un'4n4rcnsht' ' , not protected by a 
ditch and parapet. 

unintroduced, &.nn'4n4ro-d usl', nut duly conducted 
or ushered into a place ; not brought into notice. 

uninured, a. un'4n-urd', not hardened by use or 
practice. 

uninvaded, a. un'ln-vd'ded, not entered with a hos- 
tile design. 

uninvested, a. un'hi-vest'-C'ii, not placed in possessi- 
on, as an office ; not laid siege to ; not laid out in 
some kind of property. 

uninvestigated, a. un'4n-vSs'4i-ga4e'd, not searched 
into. 

uninvited, a. un'tn-vl'tSd, not requested; not solic- 
ited : un'invi'ting, a. not alluring ; not drawing to. 

uninvoked, a. un'in-vokt', not asked for by earnest 
address in prayer. 

union, n. un'yun or u'ni-dn (F. union; It. unione, 
union— from L. units, one), the act of joining two or 
more things into one in order to form a new body ; 
concord; agreement; intimate connection; confeder- 
acy; a permanent combination among wori nc ., n 
gaged in the same occupation or trade, and which is 
instituted for mutual protection and assistance in 
matters of dispute between them and their employers, 
for the increase of wages, for the shortening of the 
hours of labour, and for suchlike ; a joint or connec- 
tion ; several parishes united for the joint management 
of their poor : unionism, n. 4zm, the system of com- 
bination among workmen engaged in the same occu- 
pation or trade : unionist, n. -1st, one who advocates 
or promotes union ; a member of a trades union : The 
Union, the legislative incorporation of Scotland and 
England in A.D. 1706, and of Ireland with both in A.D. 
1800 : union-jack (F. jaque, the surcoat or jacket of a 
soldier, which in the middle ages was usually embla- 
zoned with the red cross of St George), the national 
flag of Great Britain and Ireland, exhibiting the union 
of the crosses of St George of England, St Andrew of 
Scotland, and St Patrick of Ireland: union-joint, a 
joint in the form of the letter T for uniting pipes of 
iron, &c. : union by the first intention, in surg., the 
growing together of the opposite surfaces of a recent 
wound, when brought into contact, without suppura- 
tion. 

unionidse, n. plu. u'ni-dn'4-de (L. unio, a single large 
pearl, and the Gr. termination ides, signifying de- 
scent), the family of river-mussels found in the ponds 
and streams of all parts of the world. 



3 UNKE 

uniparous, a. u-nlp'-d-rus (L. unus, one, and pnrio, 
I bear or bring ing only one at a birth. 

uniped, a. u'ni-p&d (L. unus, one, and pes, a foot- 
gear -jirdis), having only one foot. 

unique, a. u-nek' (F. uniijm , sole, singular— from L. 
unus, one), sole; only; without an equal; without 
another of the same kind. 

uniradiated, a. u'nl-rd'di-d4ed (L. unus, one, and 
Eng. rniliritcd), having one ray. 

unirritated, a. un4r'-rl4a4H, not provoked or 
angered. 

unisexual, a. u'-nl-sUks'u-dl (L. unus, one, and Eng. 
sexual), in hot., of a single sex— applied to plants hav- 
ing .separate male and female flowers. 

unison, n. u'-nl-sun (L. unus, one, and sonus, a 
sound), sameness of sound ; sounds precisely equal in 
respect to acuteness or gravity ; agreement ; concord : 
adj. sounding alone: unisonant, a. u-nls'-Q-nant (L. 
sonans, sounding), having the same degree of gravity 
or acuteness: unis'onance, n. -ndns, accordance of 
sounds. 

unit, n. u'nit (L. unitas; F. uniU; It. unita, one- 
ness, sameness— from L. unus, one), a single person or 
thing; the least whole number; in math., a certain 
dimension or magnitude assumed as a standard of 
measure. 

Unitarian, n. vL'ni4d'rtdn (L. unitas, oneness— 
fromwnws, one), one who denies the doctrine of the 
Trinity, ascribing divinity to God the Father only : 
adj. pert, to : U'nita'rianism, n. -Izm, the doctrines of 
those who deny the divinity of Christ, or the person- 
ality of the Holy Ghost. 

unite, v. u-nif (L. unitum, to join together: It. 
unire: F. unir), to combine ; to join in affection or in- 
terest ; to cause to agree ; to make to adhere ; to grow 
together; to be mixed: uniting, imp.: uni'ted, pp.: 
adj. joined ; made to agree ; mixed : uni'table, a. -td-bl, 
that may be united : uni'tedly, ad. -II: uni'ter, n. -tir, 
one who or that which unites : unity, n. u'-nl4% (L. 
unitas, oneness), state of being one; concord; agree- 
ment; oneness of sentiment or behaviour; the corre- 
spondence of various parts so as to form one harmo- 
nious whole : United Brethren, the Moravians, a cer- 
tain religious sect. 

univalve, n. vf-nt-vti.lv (L. unus, one, and valval, the 
folds or leaves of a door), a shell-fish whose shell con- 
sists of a single piece, as in the periwinkle an d 1 in q it : 
adj. having one valve or piece only: u'nivalv'ular, a. 
a-ler, having one valve only. 

universal, a. u'nl-ver'sdl (L. universalis, belonging 
to all or the whole— from universus, the whole: F. 
universel: It. universale), embracing or comprehend- 
ing the whole; general; all; comprising all the par- 
ticulars : n. in logic, a general abstract conception uni- 
versally applicable to each individual or species con- 
tained under it: u'niver'sally, ad. -II, in a manner to 
comprehend all: u'niversaHty, n. -sdl'44l, state of ex- 
tending to the whole: univer'salism, n. -sdl-izm, the 
f the universalis! a niver'salist, 
n. -1st, one who holds the doctrine that all men will be 
finally saved. 

universe, n. u'nl-vers (L. universum, the whole 
world— from unus, one, and versus, turned : It. uni- 
verso: F.M'/iu-f /•■-■), the whole system of created things ; 
heaven and earth and all that pertain to them : u'ni- 
ver'sity, n. -ver'-si-ti, an incorporated institution for 
the purpose of imparting instruction in literature and 

i ui and po isi ssingthe legal powerof conferring 
degrees. 

univocal, a. u'-ni-vO'-k&l (F. univoque; It. univoco, 
univocal— from L. unus, one, and vox, a voice, a word 
—gen. vocis), having one meaning only ; having uni- 
son of sounds : n. a word having one signification or 
meaning : u'nivo'cally, ad. -li. 

unjoined, a. iln-jo'ynd', not connected ; not united. 

unjointed, a. un-jdynt'-cd, bavin- no joinings; hav- 
ing no articulation, as the stem of a plant. 

unjudged, a. un-jujd', not tried; not censured 
rashly. 



ably, ad.: unjustified, a. not vindicated; not par- 
doned. 

unkennel, v. un-ken'-nel, to drive from a hole, as a 
fox ; to release from a kennel ; to rouse from secrecy : 






from confinement ; driven from his hole, as a fox, 
mate, mOt, far, laTv; mete, mSt;htr; pine,ptn; nOte, not, m6ve; 



UNKE 



697 



UNMI 



unkept, a. un-kSpt', not retained or preserved ; not 
observed. 

unkind, a. tin-kind', not benevolent ; not obliging : 
unkindly, ad. : unkind'ness, n. want of goodwill ; 
disobliging treatment ; want of natural affection : un- 
kind'liness, n. quality of being unkindly. 

unkindled, a. tin-kin- did, not set on lire. 

unkinglike, a. tin-king'-llk, also unkingly, a. unbe- 
coming a king ; not noble. 

unknightly, a. tin-nlt'-ll, unbecoming a knight. 

unknit, v. tin-nit, to separate ; to loose ; to open 
out work that has been knit. 

unknot, v. un-n6V, to untie; to free from knots: 
unknotted, a. untied. 

unknowing, a. un-no'-lng, not knowing; ignorant: 
unknow'ingly, ad. : unknown', a. not understood 
clearly ; doubtful ; not recognised by remembrance ; 
greater than is imagined. 

unlaborious, a. tin'-ld-bo'-ri-tis, not difficult to be 
done : unlabo'riously, ad.: unlaboured, a. not tiHed ; 
that offers without effort ; easy ; not stiff. 

unlace, v. tin-las', to loose from a fastening of cord 
or string passed through holes: unla'cing, imp.: un- 
laced', pp. unfastened. 

unlade, v. tin-lad', to take out the cargo of; to re- 
move, as a load : unla'ding, imp. removing a load or 
cargo from a ship : unla'den, pp. freed from a load. 

unladylike, a. un-la'-dl-lik, not becoming a lady. 

unlaid, a. tin-lad', not placed ; not fixed : not pacified. 

unlamented, a. tin'-ld-ment'-e'd, not regretted; not 
mourned for. 

unlarded, a. tin-lar'-dSd, not intermixed. 

unlatch, v. tin-lach', to loose by lifting the latch. 

unlawful, a. tin-lcnc'-jool, contrary to law; illegal: 
unlawfully, ad.: unlaw'fulness, n. state of being con- 
trary to law. 

unlay, v. r ids of a rope. 

unlearn, v. tin-Urn', to forget what has beenlearned : 
unlearning, imp. : unlearned', pp. forgotten: adj. tin- 
lern'&d, ignorant; not instructed; not gained by 
study : unlearn'edly, ad. 

unleavened, a. un-Uv'-nd, not fermented, as bread. 

unled, a. tin-led', not led or conducted. 

unless, conj. tin-Ids' (un r not, and less: said to be a 
corruption of the old Eng. phrase, in lasse than), ex- 
cept; if not; supposing that not. 

unlessened, a. un-lds'-nd, not diminished. 

unlettered, a. tin-ldt'-tird, not learned; untaught; 
ignorant. 

unlevel, a. tin-lev'-dl, not even : unlev'elled, a. not 
levelled ; not laid even. 

unlicensed, a. tin-ll'-senst, not having permission by 
authority. 

unlicked, a. tin-Ukf, shapeless; not formed to 
smoothness ; rough. 

unlighted, a. tin-llt'-ed, not kindled or set on fire ; 
not illuminated. 

unlightsome, a. tin-llt'-sum, dark; wanting light. 

unlike, a. un-lllc', having no resemblance"; dissimi- 
lar : unlikely, a. improbable ; such as cannot be rea- 
sonably expected: ad. improbably: unlike'ness, n. 
want of resemblance: unlikelihood, n., also unlike- 
liness, n. state of being unlikely ; improbability. 

unlimber, v. tin-lim'-ber, in artillery practice and 
in action, to detach the fore part or trail, with the 
horses, from a field-piece: unlim'bering, imp.: un- 
lim'bered, pp. free from the limbers, as a gun. 

unlimited, a. tin-lim'-l-ted, having no bounds ; indef- 
inite; not restrained. 

unlink, v. tin-lingk', to free from links ; to discon- 
nect. 

unliquefied, a. un-llk'-icd-fid, unmelted; not dis- 
solved. 

unliquidated, a. tin-ttk'-wi-cla-tcd, not settled; not 
paid. 

unlivery, a. tin-llv'-li, not lively ; dull. 

unload, v. tin-loci', to discharge of a load or cargo, 
a3 a ship; to disburden: unloading, imp. relieving 
of a burden: unload'ed, pp. freed from a cargo or bur- 
den. 

unlocated not fixed in a place. 

unlock, v. tin-lok', to unfasten; to lay open: un- 
locked', a. not made fast. 

unlooked-for, a. tin-loold'-for, not expected; not 



unloose, v. tin-los' (AS. unlesan, to free), to untie; 
to let go from a fastening : unloosing, imp. : unloosed', 
pp. set free ; untied. 

unloved, a. Hn-luvd', not regarded with affection: 



unlovely, a. destitute of the qualities that attract 
love; not amiable: unlove'liness, n. want of the 
qualities that attract love : unlov'ing, a. not fond : un- 
lov'ingly, ad. 

unlucky, a. tin-luk'-i, unfortunate; not successful; 
subject to frequent misfortunes; ill-omened: unluck'- 
ily, ad. unfortunately : unlucklness, n. ill fortune. 

unmade, a. tin-mad', not yet formed. 

unmaidenly, a. un-mad'-n-ll, not becoming a maiden. 

unmaimed, a. tin-mamd', not disabled in any limb ; 
sound. 

unmake, v. tin-mak', to destroy the former quali- 
ties ; to deprive of form or being : unma'king, imp. 
destroying the peculiar properties of a thine. 

unmalleable, a. rni-inai'-le-a-bl, not capable of being 
hammered into a plate. 

unman, v. tin-man', to deprive of the qualities of a 
man : to dishearten : unman'ning, imp. : unmanned', 
pr>. deprived of the fortitude pertaining to a man; 
dispirited; dejected: unmanly, a. unbecoming a 
man; not worthy of a noble mind; base; cowardly: 
unmanliness, n. the state or quality of being un- 
manly : unman'ful, a. not becoming a man. 

unmanageable, a. tin-man'-aj-d-bl, not easily re- 
strained or directed; not easily wielded: unman'- 
ageably, ad.: unman'ageableness, n. the state of 
being unmanageable: unman'aged, a. not tutored; 
not broken in. 

unmannerly, a. tin-m&n'-ncr-K, ill-bred; rude in 
behaviour: ad. uncivilly: unman'nered, a. uncivil; 
rude : unman nerliness, n. rudeness of behaviour. 

unmanufactured, a. un-mdn'-u-fdk'-tdrd, not wrought 
lut ■ > pi-nper form for use. 

unmanured, a. tin'-md-nurd', not enriched by man- 
unmarked, a. tin-mdrkf, having no mark; not re- 
garded; undistinguished. 

unmarketable, a, un-mdr'-kdt-d-bl, not fit for sale, 

unmarred, a, tin-murd', not, injured or spoiled. 

unmarriageable, a. tin-mdr'-ij-d-bl, not lit to be 
married: unmarried, a. having no husband, or no 
wife. 

unmarshalled, a. un-mdr'shdlcl, not disposed or 
arrayed in order. 

unmask, v. tin-mdsV, to strip off any disguise ; to lay 
open; to expose to view: unmasking, imp. stripping 
off a disguise : unmasked', pp.: adj. open; exposed to 
view. 

unmastered, a. tin-mrts'-terd, not conquered. 

unmatched, a. tin-mdcht', having no match or 
equal. 

unmeaning, a. tin-men'-lng, not expressive ; not in- 
dicating intelligence: unmean'ingly, ad.: unmeaning- 
ness, n. the state of being unmeant: unmeant', a. 
not intended. 

unmeasurable, a. tin-mSzh'-<v>-rdbl, boundless: un- 
meas'ured, a. plentiful beyond measure; immense; 
infinite. 

unmeddled with, tin-mSd'-ld ivlth, not touched ; nob 
injured or altered. 

unmeditated, a. tin-mdcl'-l-ta-ted, not prepared by 
previous thought. 

unmeet, a. tin-met', not fit or proper; not worthy or 
suitable : unmeet'ly, ad. : unmeet'ness, n. unfitness. 

unmellowed, a. tin-mdl'-lod, not fully matured. 

unmelodious, a. tin'-me-lo'-cli-tis, wanting melody; 
harsh: un'melo'diously, ad.: un'melo'diousness, n. 
the state of being unmelodious. 

unmelted, a. tin- melt- del, undissolved; not softened. 

unmentionable, a. tin-men- shun- d-bl, that may not 
be mentioned or named : unmen'tioned, a. not named. 

unmerciful, a.' un-mer'-si-fdbl, cruel; not disposed to 
spare or forgive ; hard-hearted : unmercifully, ad : 
unmer'cifulness, n. want of tenderness and compas- 
sion to those in one's power. 

unmerited, a. un-mdr'-i-ted, not deserving; unjust. 

unmilitary, a. tin-mil'-l-ter-i, not according to' mili- 
tary rules or customs. 

unmilked, a. tin-milk ! nol nil !■:< m> . 

unmilled, e fui-inibr, not milled, as coin. 

unminded, a. un-mind'-ed, not heeded : unmind'ful, 
a. not attentive unmindfully, ad.: usi- 

mind'fulness, n. the state of being unmindful. 

unmingled, a. tin m> \ d ; pure. 

unministerial, a. un'-mia-ls te'-ri-dl, not acting under 
superior authority ; not pert, to a minister of state, or 



lost. 



cato, boii, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, Hicre, zeal. 



UNMI 6< 

unmistakable, a. un'mis-ta'-kd-U, that cannot be 
misunderstood : un'mista'ken, a. not erred in opinion 
or judgement; sure. 

unmitigable, a. un-mit'4-gd-bl, tliat may not be alle- 
viated or soothed: unmitigated, a. not softened in 
severity or harshness ; not lessened. 

unmixed or unmixt, a. un-mtkst', not mingled; 
pure; unadulterated. 

unmoaned, a. un-mOndf, not lamented. 

unmodified, a. un-mod'4-fld, not altered in form. 

unmodulated, a. un-mdd'-u-ld46d, not varied in a 
musical manner, as a sound or musical note. 

unmoist, a. un-mdyst', not wet: unmois'tened, a. 
not made moist or humid. 

unmolested, a. un'-mo-Ust'-Hd, not disturbed; free 
from disturbance. 

unmoor, v. un-mor', to loose from anchorage, as a 
ship ; to bring to the state of riding with a single an- 
chor : unmoor'ing, imp. : unmoored', pp. 

unmortgaged, a. un-mOr'-gdjd, not pledged in secu- 
rity for the payment of a debt. 

unmortified, a. un-mor -ti-j id, not subdued by sor- 
row. 

unmotherly, a. un-muih'-er-ll, not becoming a 
mother. 

unmoulded, a. un-mold'-ed, not shaped or formed. 

unmounted, a. un-mownt'-ed, not raised on high ; not 
got on horseback. 

unmourned, a. un-mornd', not lamented. 

unmovable, a. On-mO'vd-bl, that cannot be moved; 
firm: unmo'vably, ad.: unmoved', a. not transferred 
from one place to another ; not changed in purpose ; 
firm; not having the passions excited: unmo'vedly, 
ad. : unmo'ving, a. having no power to affect the pas- 
sions. 

unmuffled, a. un-muf'-ld, taken from the face, as a 
cover; uncovered. 

unmurmuring, a. On-mir'nu' r-ing, not complaining : 
unmur'mured, pp. not complained of. 

unmusical, a, un-nid'-zi-kdl, harsh; not pleasing to 
the ear : unmu'sically, ad. 

unmutilated, a. un-mu-ti-ld-te'd, not deprived of a 
member; entire. 

unmuzzle, v. un-muz'-l, to loose from a muzzle : un- 
muz'zled, a. loosed from a muzzle. 

unnamed, a. un-ndmd', not mentioned. 

unnatural, a. un-ndl'-u-rul, contrary to the laws of 
nature ; acting without the affections of our common 
humanity ; not agreeable to the real condition of per- 
sons or things : unnat'urally, ad. 

unnavigable. a. un-ndv'4-gd-bl, that cannot be passed 
over in ships: unnav'igated, a. not passed over in 
ships. 

unnecessary, a. un-nlls'es-ser'4, needless; useless; 
not required by the circumstances of the case: un- 
nec'essarily, ad. needlessly. 

unneighbourly, a. un-nd'-ber-ll, not becoming per- 
sons living near each other; not kind and friendly: 
ad. in a manner not becoming a neighbour. 

unnerve, v. un-nerv', to deprive of force or strength ; 
to enfeeble : unnerving, imp. : unnerved', pp. de- 
prived of nerve or strength: adj. weak; feeble. 

unnoted, a. un-no'-ted, not observed or remarked ; 
not distinguished. 

unnoticed, a. un-no'-tist, not regarded; not treated 
with the usual marks of respect ; not hospitably en- 
tertained. 

unnumbered, a. un-num'berd, indefinitely numer- 
ous; innumerable. 

unobjectionable, a. un'-ob-jek'-shun-d-bl, not liable to 
objection; that need not be condemned as faulty or 
improper. 

unobscured, a. un'-ob-skurd', not darkened. 

unobservable, a. tin'-ob-zer'-vd-M, not discoverable: 
tm'obser'vant, a. not attentive; heedless: un'ob- 
served', a. not noticed ; not regarded ; not heeded : 
un'obser'ving, a. inattentive ; heedless. 

unobstructed, a. On o>> i. m i, / filled with im- 
pediments ; not hindered : un' obstructive, a. not 
presenting ;>>• <.;.-■!:■■ i. 

unobtainable, a. un'ob-tdn'-d-bl, not within reach 
or power: un'obtained', a. not gained ; not acquired. 

unobtrusive, a. un-ob-trO'-stv, not forward; modest. 

unoccupied, a. un-ok'-ku-pAd, not possessed; not en- 
< t leisure. 

unoffending, a. un'-6f-fend4ng, not giving offence ; 
harmless ; not sinning. 

unofficial, ;\.~>?n J -6i-i i.l'al, not pert, to an office or 

public trust; not proceeding from the proper author- 

mdte, mat, far, IcCto ; mete, met, 



3 UNPI 

ity; in a private capacity: un'offici'ous, a. not for- 
ward or intermeddling. 

unopened, a. un-o'-pnd, remaining close, shut, or 
sealed. 

unoperative, a. Hn-dp'-Sr-a-tlv, producing no effect. 

unopposed, a. un'-op-pOzdJ ', not resisted ; not meet- 
iii'-C willi any obstruction. 

unoppressed, a. Hn'Op-prSsf, also un'oppres'sive, 
a. not unduly burdened. 

unorganised, a. un-6r'-gdn-Xzd, not having the parts 
arranged and constituted ; not having organic struc- 
ture or vessels. 

unoriginated, a. un'-o-rlj-i-nd-Ud, having no birth 
or creation. 

unornamental, a. Hn-dr'-nd-mSn-tdl, plain; undec- 
orated : unor'namen'ted, a. not adorned. 

unorthodox, a. un-6r'4h6-doks, not believing the 
doctrines of Scripture as taught by a sect or sects ; not 
according to opinions as generally received. 

unostentatious, a. ■&n-6s46n4d'-shus, not making a 
display ; not showy ; modest ; unassuming : unos'ten- 
ta'tiously, ad. 

unowned, a. un-Ond', having no known owner. 

unoxygenated, a. un-6ks'4-j6n-a-t6d, also unox'- 
ygenised, a., not having oxygen in combination. 

unpacified, a. un-pjdtsH-fld, not appeased; not 
calmed. 

unpack, v. tin-pakf, to unloose and open, as a bale 
of cloth ; to disburden : unpack'ing, imp. : unpacked', 
pp. opened and taken out, as a package of goods: 
adj. not filled closely. 

unpaid, a. un-pjdd', sent or received without the 
carriage, freight, or postage being paid; applied to 
one who performs the duties of an office gratuitously ; 
not discharged, as a debt ; not having received wages, 
as workmen : unpaid for, a. taken on credit. 

unpainted, a. ■On-pdnt'-M, not covered with colour. 

unpalatable, a. un-pM'-d-td-bl, not agreeable to the 
taste ; not such as to be relished ; disagreeable. 

unparalleled, a. un-pjdr'-d-leld, having no parallel or 
equal; unequalled. 

unpardonable, a. tin-par -dn-d-bl, not to be forgiven ; 
that cannot be remitted, as a sin : unpardoned, a. 
not granted forgiveness: unpar'doning, a. not dis- 
posed to pardon or forgive. 

unparliamentary, a. un-ptir'-tt-ment'-d-ri, contrary 
to the usages or rules of proceeding in Parliament, or 
in a legislative body. 

imparted, a. un-part'-Zd, not separated; not divided. 

unpatented, a. un-pd46at-ed, not granted or secured 
by a patent. 

unpathetic, a. &n'p&4het'4k, not adapted to move 
the passions or to excite emotion. 

unpatriotic, a. tin-pa'-tri-6t4k, not acting for the 
interests of one's native country. 

unpatronised, a. tin-pd'-tro-nlzd', not receiving coun- 
tenance or friendly support. 

unpaved, a. un-pdvd', not covered with flagstones. 

unpeaceable, a. un-pes'd-bl, quarrelsome ; disposed 
to disturb the tranquillity of others. 

impenetrated, a. un-pen'S-trd-ted, not entered or 
pierced. 

unpensioned, a. tin-piSn'-sJitind, not rewarded by a 
pension. 



unperceivable, a. un'-per-sev'-d-bl, that cannot be 
discerned or observed: unperceiv'ably, ad.: unper- 
ceived', a. not observed ; not noticed. 

imperforated, a. un-pjer'-fo-rd-ted, not penetrated by 
openings. 

unperformed, a. tin'-per-fawrmd', not done or exe- 
cuted ; not fulfilled. 

unperjured, a. un-per'-jdbrd, free from perjury. 

unpermitt' 'Vert, not allowed. 

unperplexed, a. un-per-pMkst' , not harassed. 

unperused, a. un'-pier-Ozd', not read. 

unperverted, a. un'per-vert'ed, not wrested or 
turned to a wrong use. 

uhpetrified, a. un-pet'ri-fld, not converted into 
stone. 

unphilosophical, a. un'-fil-6-sof'4-kdl, not according 
to the rules or principles of sound philosophy : un- 
phil'osoph'ically, ad. 

unpierced, a. un-pjersif, not penetrated. 

unpillowed, a. un-jm . .pillow. 

unpin, v. un-pin', to loose from pins ; to unfasten. 

unpitied, a. un-plt'4d, not compassionated ; not re- 
garded with sympathetic sorrow: unpit'iful, a. hav- 
her; pine, pin; note, not, move; 



UNPL 6! 

ing no pity ; not merciful : unpit'ifully, ad. without 
mercy : unpit'ying, a. showing no compassion. 

unplagued, a, un-plagd', not tormented or harassed; 
not teased. 

unplanted, a. Hn-pMni'-Sd, of spontaneous growth. 

unpleasant, a. <'< n-pb: z'-Cm t, not affording pleasure; 
disagreeable : unpleas'antly, ad. : unpleas'antness, n. 
the state of being unpleasant : unpleas'ing, a. offen- 
sive. 

unpledged, a. un-pttjdf, not engaged by promise; 
not mortgaged. 

unpliable, a. un-pll'd-bl, also unpli'ant, a. not easily 
bent; stiff; not readily yielding. 

unplighted, a. un-pllt'-ed, not pledged. 

unploughed, a. un-plolvd', not turned up with the 
plough. 

unpoetic, a. un'po-St'lk, also un'poet'ical, a. not 
having the beauties of verse ; unbecoming a poet : un- 
poetlcally, ad. 

unpointed, a. unpoynt'-M, having no marks of 
punctuation. 

unpolarised, a. Zn-po'ler-lzd', not having the prop- 
erty of pointing to the poles of the earth. 

unpolished, a. vnpol'isht, not made bright by rub- 
bin--; not refined in manners ; rude; rough. 

unpolite, a. Hn'pO-llt', not refined in manners; not 
civil or courteous ; rude : un'polite'ly, ad. in an un- 
civil or rude manner : un'polite'ness, n. want of re- 
finement in manners ; rudeness. 

unpolluted, a. un'pol-lo'ted, not defiled or corrupted. 

unpopular, a. un-pup'-u-ler, not having the public 
favour; not pleasing the people: unpop'ularly, ad.: 
unpop'ular'ity, n. state of not pleasing the people. 

importable, a. un-port'-d-bl, not fit for being carried. 

unportioned, a. un-por'-shund, not having a certain 
amount of goods, property, or money, as a wife. 

unpossesse not held ; not occupied. 

impotable, a. un-po'-td-bl, not drinkable. 

unpractised, a. un-prdk'tist, not skilled ; not having 
experience; raw. 

unpraised, a. un-prazd', not celebrated. 

unprecedented, a. un-prSs'6-dent'-ed, not preceded 
by a like cause ; not justified by the authority of a 
former example : unpree'eden'tedly, ad. 

imprecise, a. 3m i pr8-s%s', not precise; not exact. 

unprejudiced, a. iin-prej-db-dist, free from undue 
bias or prepossession ; impartial ; not preoccupied by 
opinion. 

unprelatical, a. iin'prg-hlt'i-kdl, unbecoming a dig- 
nitary of the church. 

unpremeditated, a. wi'prS-mSd'i-td-tSd, not pre- 
viously prepared in the mind; not done by design; 
not previously intended. 

unprepared, a. tiriprS-pdrd', not ready; not fitted 
or furnished by previous measures : un preparedness, 
n. state of being not prepared. 

unprepossessed, a. mi-pre'poz-zest', not biassed by 
previous opinions; not partial: unpre'posses'sing, a. 
not having a winning or attractive appearance. 

unpressed, a. un-pr&st', not pressed or forced. 

unpresuming, a. un'pre-zum'ing, not too confident 
or bold ; modest. 

unpresumptuous, a. un'-pri-zum'-tu-us, not rash; 
modest ; submissive. 

unpretending, a. un'-pre-Und'-lng, not claiming dis- 
tinction; modest. 

unpreventable, a. un'prS-vent'-a-bl, that cannot be 
hindered or obstructed: un'prevent'ed, a. not hin- 
dered. 

unpriestly, a. un-prest'-ll, unsuitable to, or unbe- 
coming, a priest. 

unprincely, a. iin-prins'-ll, unbecoming a prince. 

unprincipled, a, un-prln'sipld, having no settled 
principles ; destitute of virtue. 

unprinted, a. un-prlnt'-ed, not printed, as a literary 
work ; not stamped. 

unprivileged, a. un-prlv'i-lSjd, not enjoying a partic- 
ular immunity. 

unprized; a. un-prlzd', not valued. 

unproclaimed, a. un'-pro-klamd' , not notified by 
public declaration. 

unprocurable, a. un'pro-ku'-ra-bl, not obtainable. 

unproductive, a. Un'pro-diik'tlv, barren; not pro- 
ducing large crops ; not producing profit or interest, 
as money : un'produc'tively, ad.: unproductiveness, 
n. state of being unproductive. 

unprofaned, a. icn'prO-fdnd', not violated; not pol- 
luted or defiled. 

unprofessional, a. fai'pro-fSsJi'un-til, not belonging 



9 UNKE 

to a profession; not in keeping with a profession: 
un'professi onally, ad. 

unprofitable, a. tin-prdf'lt-d-bl, producing no im- 
provement or advantage ; useless ; producing no gain ; 
serving no purpose : unprofltably, ad.: unprofitable- 
ness, n. state of producing no gain or advantage. 

unprogressive, a, iin'-pro-nrcs'-xic, not advancing. 

unprohibited, a. wi'pro-hib'i-ted, not forbidden; 
lawful. 

unprojected, a. un'pro-jekt'ed, not planned; not 
formed in the mind. 

unprolific, a. un'-pro-lif-ik, barren ; not producing 
fruit. 

unpromising, a. un-prom'-ls-lng, not affording a 
favourable prospect of success. 

unprompted, a. un-promt'-ed, not dictated or insti- 
gated. 

unpronounceable, a. un'prd-nmvns'd-bl, that cannot 
be pronounced or uttered by the mouth: un'pro- 
nounced', a. not uttered by the mouth. 

unprophetic, a. un'prO-fet'lk, not foreseeing future 
events ; also un'propnetlcal, a. 

unpropitiated, a. un'prd-pish'4-a-ted, not concili- 
ated; not reconciled: un'propiti'o a nol i':n-om 
able ; not disposed to promote : unpropitiously, ad. : 
un'propiti'ousness, n. the state of being unpropitious. 

unpropped, a, un-proj>t', not supported ; not upheld. 

unprosperous, a. Un-pros'-per-Us, riot attended with 
success ; unfortunate : unpros'perously, ad. 

unprotected, a. un'pro-tekt'ed, not supported ; not 
shielded or covered from danger: un'protect'ing, a. 
m it shielding from danger. 

unprotracted, a. un'pro-trdkt'ed, not drawn out in 
length. 

unproved, a. un-pr6vd', not established as true. 

unprovided, a. un'pro-vl'-ded, unfurnished; unsup- 
plied. 

unprovoked, a. iin'pro-vokt ', not proceeding from a 
just cause; not incited: un'provo'king, a. giving no 
offence. 

unpruned, a. u~n-pr6nd', not cut ; not lopped. 

unpublished, a. un-pub'lisht, not made public; 
private. 

unpunctual, a. un-pwigk'tu-cil, not exact in time. 

unpunished, a. un-pun'ishl, suffered to pass without 
punishment, or with impunity. 

unpurchaseable, a. un-per'-chas-d-bl, that cannot be 
obtained at any price : unpurchased, a. not bought. 

unpurified, a. un-pu'-ri-fld, not freed from foul 
matter; unsa.nctified. 

unpursued, a. un'per-sud' , not followed ; not prose- 
cuted. 

unqualified, a. iin-kwdl'-l-fid, not having the requi- 
site talents or accomplishments ; not having taken the 
requisite oaths ; not modified by conditions or excep- 

unquelled, a. un-kweld' ', not subdued. 

unquenchable, a. un-kwdnsh'd-bl, that will never 
be, or cannot be, extinguished: unquench'ably, ad.: 
unquenched', a. not extinguished. 

unquestionable, a. un-kwSsf-yun-d-bl, not to be 
doubted; certain: unquestionably, ad. without 
doubt: unquestioned, a. not doubted; not exam- 
ined ; indisputable : unquestioning, a. not doubting. 

unquickened, a. un-kwik'nd, not matured to vitality. 

unquiet, a, ua-kicV-H, not calm or tranquil; rest- 
less; troublesome: unqui'etly, ad.: unqui'etness, n. 
restlessness ; want of peace. 

unquoted, a. un-kwo'ted, applied to goods not in 
the prices current or sale-lists ; not dealt in or recog- 
nised by the stock exchange, as certain kinds of shares 
or stocks. 

unracked, a. un-rakt', not poured from the lees. 

unransacked, a. un-rdn'sdkt, not searched; not 
pillaged. 

unransomed, a. un-ran'sumd, not liberated from 
captivity by a price paid. 

unravaged, a, un-rdr'fijd, not wasted or destroyed. 

unravel, v. un-rdv'-l, to disentangle ; to clear from 
complication or difficulty; to separate connected 
parts ; to clear up ; to unfold : unrav'elling, imp. un- 
folding; clearing from difficulty: unrav'elled, pp. 
disentangled. 

unreached, a. un-rechf, not attained to. 

unread, a. un-rSd', not recited ; not perused ; not 
learned in books: n. a proof not examined by the 
reader or corrector of a printing office : unread'able, 
a. that cannot be read ; not legible. 

unready, a. un-red'-i, not prepared; unfit; un- 



),fobt; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



UNRE 



700 



UNEI 



gainly : unreadily, a. not promptly ; not cheerfully : 
unread'iness, n. want of preparation. 

unreal, a. un-re'dl, not substantial ; having appear- 
ance only: un'real'ity, n. want of real existence: un- 
realised, a. not accomplished ; not carried out. 

unreaped, a. un-repf, not cut down, as grain ; not 
gathered. 

unreasonable, a. un-rS'-zn-d-bl, exceeding the hounds 
of reason ; immoderate ; exorbitant : unreasonably, 
ad.: unreasonableness, n. excess of demand, passion, 
and the like : unrea'soned, a. not derived from reason : 
unrea'soning, a. not exercising the faculty of reason. 

unreeve, v. un-rev', to remove ropes or pulleys from 
a block or tackle. 

unrebuked, a. un'-rS-bukf, not reproved or checked. 

unrecanted, a. un'-re-kdnt'-ed, not retracted. 

unreceived, a. ua're-sevd', not taken ; not come into 
possession ; not embraced, as opinions. 

unreckoned, a. un-rUk'-nd, not reckoned or enumer- 
ated. 

unreclaimed, a. un're-kldmd', not tamed; not re- 
formed; not recovered, as land from a wild state. 

unrecognisable, a. un-r6k'6g-nl'-zd-bl, that cannot 
be acknowledged; that cannot be received as known: 
unrec'ognised', a. not acknowledged or known. 

unrecommended, a. 6M-r$k'dm-m8ndl8d, not com- 
mended to the notice of another. 

unreeompensed, a. un-rek'-om-pSnst', not rewarded 
or compensated. 

unreconcilable, a. un-rSk'-on-sl'ld-bl, not capable of 
being appeased; implacable: unre'conciled', a. not 
appeased; not having become favourable ; not having 
made peace with God through Christ. 

unrecorded, a. un'-re-kavurd'-Sd, not registered ; not 
kept in remembrance. 

unrecounted, a. un'-rS-kmvnt'ed, not related or told. 

unrecoverable, a. un'-ri-kilo'-cr-d-bl, that cannot be 
regained or repossessed : un'recov'ered, a. not re- 
gained. 

unrectified, a. un-rck'-tl-fld, not corrected, as an 
error ; not refined, as spirits. 

unredeemable, a. un'r6-dem'-d-bl, that cannot be 
purchased back: un'redeemei', a. not ransomed; not 
paid. 

unredressed, a. tin'rS-drSst', not relieved from in- 
justice ; not reformed. 

unreduced, a. un'rd-dust, not lessened in size or 
amount : un'redu'cible, a. that cannot be lessened in 
amount. 

unrefined, a. tirirS-flnd', not refined ; not polished 
in manners. 

unreflecting, a. un'-rS-flSkt'-lng, not throwing back 
light ; wanting in thought. 

unreformed, a. un'-rc-foXvrmd' ', not reclaimed from 
vice ; not amended ; not corrected. 

unrefracted, a. un'-re'-frdkt'-ed, not turned from a 
direct course, as rays of light, 

imrefreshed, a. un'rS-fresht', not relieved from 
fatigue ; not cheered : un'refresh'ing, a. not relieving 
from fatigue or weariness ; not invigorating. 

unrefuted, a. tin're-fu-tid, not proved to be false. 

unregarded, a. un'-re-gdrd-ed, not noticed; not 
heeded ; neglected. 

unregeneracy, n. un're-jen'-er-d-sl, state of being 
unrenewed in heart: un'regen'erate, a. also un're- 
gen'erated, a. not renewed in heart ; remaining at 
enmity with God. 

unregistered, a. un-rej'is-terd, not recorded. 

unregretts grSt'tSd, not lamented. 

! unregulated, a. un-reg'-u-ld-tld, not reduced toorder. 

unrehearsed, a. un're-herst' , not recited or repeated. 

unrelated, a. un'-redu'-ted, not connected by blood or 
affinity. 

unrelaxing, a. un'rM&ks'-ing, not abating in atten- 
tion or severity. 

unrelenting, a.. un'-re-Unt'-lng \ having no pity; hard; 
cruel; infle LW n relent'ingly, ad. 

unrelieved, a. un'rS-levd', not eased or delivered 
from pain ; not delivered from distress : un'reliev'able, 
a. incapable of being relieved ; admitting no succour. 

unremarked, a. un'-re- mdrkt' ', unobserved. 

unremedied, a. un-rem'e-did, not cured; not re- 
paired. 

unremembered, a. wi'-rg-mem'-berd, not retained m 
the mind : not recollected. 

unremitted, a. un'-ri-mU'tSd, not forgiven ; not re- 
laxed ; not abated : un'remit'ting, a. not abating ; in- 
cessant ; continued : un'remit'tingly, ad. 

unremovable, a. un'-re-m6'-vd-bl, that cannot be dis- 



, not done or spoken 



placed; fixed: un'removed', a. not taken away; not 
capable of being removed. 

unrenewed, a. Un'-rS-nild', not made anew ; not 
renovated ; not horn of I he- Spirit. 

unrenowned, a. un'-re-nownd', not celebrated or 
eminent. 

unrepaid, a. Hn're-pOd', not paid back ; not com- 
pensated. 

unrepaired, a. Hn'-rS-pdrd', not mended. 

unrepealed, a. un'-rtl-pcld' , not abrogated ; remain- 
ing in force. 

unrepeated, a. un'rd-pet'ic 
again. 

unrepentant, a. un'rH-pHn'tdnt, also un'repent'ing, 
a. not feeling sorrow or regret ; not contrite: un're- 
pent'ed, a. not sorrowed for or regretted. 

unrepining, a. un'-re' -pl'-ning, not peevishly murmur- 
in,;' or complaining. 

unreplenished, a. un'-re-pUn'-lsht, not filled or ade- 
quately supplied. 

unreported, a. Hn'-rS-pOrt^Sd, not yet officially made 
known ; not yet published. 

unrepresented, a. Cui-rep'-rS-zint'Sd, having no ono 
to act in one's stead. 

unrepressed, a. Hn'-rS-prisf, not crushed; not sub- 
dued : un'repres'sible, a. that cannot be put down or 
restrained. 

unreprievable, a. iiu'-rS-prev'-d-bl, that cannot be 
respited from death : un'reprieved', a. not respited. 

unreprovable, a. un'-ri-pro'- cd-bl, that cannot be 
justly blamed or censured : un reproved', a. not liable 
to reproof or blame ; not censured. 

unrequited, a. un'-re-kiul'-ted, not recompensed. 

unrescued, a. un-r6s'-kud, not delivered. 

unresented, a. tin're-z&nt'-ed, not regarded with 
anger. 

unreserved, a. fm'-rS-zervd' , not limited ; not with- 
held in part ; open ; frank ; free ; concealing or with- 
holding nothing: un'reserv'edry, ad. without limita- 
tion; frankly; without concealment: un'reserved- 
ness, n. frankness ; openness. 

unresigned, a. un'-re-zlnd', not surrendered; not 
i ve to God's will. 

unresisted, a. un're-zlst'-td, not opposed: unre- 
sisting, a. not making resistance ; submissive ; hum- 
ble : un'resist'ingiy, ad. 

unresolved, a. un'-re-zdlvd/, not determined; not 
cleared ; not solved. 

unrespected, a. un'rS-spckt'-ed, not honoured or 
esteemed. 

unrespited, a. Hn-res'plt-Sd, not respited; admit- 
ting no intermission. 

unrest, n. un-resf, disquiet; want of tranquillity. 

unrestored, a. un'-rg-stord', not replaced in a former 
position ; not having recovered health. 

unrestrained, a. un'-re- strand', not controlled; not 
checked or repressed : un'restraint', n. freedom from 
control. 

unrestricted, a. un'-re- strikt'-ed, not limited or con- 
fined. 

unretracted, a. un'-re-trdld'-ed, not withdrawn ; not 
recalled. 

unreturned, a. un'-re-ternd', not brought or sent 
back ; not restored ; not come back. 

unrevealed, a. un'-ri-veld' , not discovered ; not dis- 
closed. 

unrevenged, a. un're-venjd', not having inflicted 
punishment in return for injury; not vindicated by 
just punishment : un'revenge'ful, a. not disposed to 
revenge. 

unrevered, a. Hn'rS-verd', not regarded with venera- 
tion: unrev'erenced, a. not regarded with respect and 
esteem mingled with fear. 

unreversed, a. un'-re-versf, not repealed; not an- 
nulled by a counter-decision. 

unreviewed, a. un're-vud', not considered; not 
viewed and examined again. 

unrevised, a. un're-vlzd' , not altered and amended. 

unrevived, a. un'-re-vlvd' , not recalled into life or 
force. 

unrevoked, a. un'-rc-vokf, not recalled or annulled. 

unrewarded, a. un'-re-wawrd'&d, not remunerated. 

unriddle, v. un-rld'-dl, to solve or explain. 

unrifled, a. un-ri-fld, not robbed or plundered ; not 
grooved, as a gun. 

unrig, v. un-rig', to strip of rigging, as a ship : 
rig'ging, imp.: unrigged', pp. 

unrighteous, a. un-rl'chu' or rif'i'us, not just ; evil; 



wicked ; contrary to the divine law : uuright' 
mate, mdt.fdr, Itffo; mete, met, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, m(>xe. 



>usly, 



UNRI 



701 



UNSH 



ad. wickedly : unrighteousness, n. a violation of the 
divine law; wickedness. 

unrip, v. tin-rip', to open seams ; to separate or tear 
asunder, as clothes or sails ; to rip. 

unripe, a. tin-rip', not mature ; not brought to a 
state of perfection; too early: unri'pened, a. not 
matured : unripeness, n. immaturity. 

unrivalled, a. tin-rl'vdld, having no competitor; 
having no equal. 

unrivet, v. tin-riv'-et, to loose from rivets; to un- 
fasten. 

unrobe, v. tin-rob', to strip of a robe ; to undress : 
unrobing, imp. undressing: unrobed', pp. undressed. 

unroll, v. tin-rOl', to undo or open out that which 
has been twisted; to display: unrol'ling, imp.: un- 
rolled , pp. opened out ; untwisted. 

unromantic, a. tin'-rO-mdn'-tik, not addicted to the 
•wild and fanciful ; of a grave, sober, or matter-of-fact 
temperament: un'roman'tically, ad. 

unroof, v. tin-rof, to strip off the roof or covering 
of a house: unroofing, imp.: unroofed', pp. stripped 
of the roof. 

unroot, v. tin-rft, to tear up by the roots ; to extir- 
pate : unroofed, pp. torn up by the roots. 

unrounded, a. ua-rolvnd'-ed, not shaped or cut to a 
round. 

unrouted, a. un-rdlvt'-ed, not thrown into disorder 
and defeated. 

unruffled, a. iin-riif'Jld, calm ; tranquil ; not agitated ; 
not disturbed. 

unruled, a. tin-r6ld', not governed ; not directed by 
superior power : unruly, a. disregarding restraint ; 
disposed to violate laws-, ungovernable; refractory: 
unru'liness, a. disregard of restraint ; turbulence. 

unrumple, v. tinrum'pl, to free from rumples ; to 
open out. 

unsaddle, v. tin-sdd'-dl, to take the saddle from : 
unsad'dled, a. not having a saddle on. 

unsafe, a. un-sdf, not free from danger: exposed 
to harm or destruction: unsafely, ad. not without 
danger: unsafe'ness, n., also unsafe'ty, n. state of not 
being free from danger. 

unsaid, a. pp. iin-sed', not spoken or uttered. 

unsaintly, a. un-sdut'-li, not like or becoming a 
saint. 

uns 
ing £ 
being unsaleable. 

unsalted, a. tin-scnvlt'-M, fresh ; not pickled with salt. 

unsaluted, a. tin'-sd-lo'-ted, not addressed with ex- 
pressions of kind wishes; not greeted. 

unsanctifled, a. tin-sdngk'-tl-Jid, unholy; not con- 



the full. 

unsatisfactory, a. tin-sdt'-ls-fdk'-ter-l, not giving 
satisfaction; causing discontent: un'satisfac'toriiy, 
ad. so as not to give satisfaction: unsat'isfi'able, a. 
that cannot be satisfied: unsat'isfied, a. not gratified 
to the full ; not content ; not convinced : unsatisfying, 
a. not yielding full gratification ; not giving content. 

unsaturated, a. i'u< ,- supplied to the 

full. 

unsavoury, a. tin-sd'-ver-i, having a bad taste or 
smell ; tasteless ; unpleasing; disgusting: unsa vouri- 
ness, n. the state of being unsavoury; bad taste or 
smell. 

unsay, v. ii.n-sd', to retract ; to deny something for- 
merly declared. 

unscanned, a. un-skdnd', not examined with care. 

unscared, a. tin-skdrd', not frightened away. 

unscarred, a. tin-skdrd', not marked with scars or 
wounds. 

unscathed, a. tin-skdtht', uninjured. 

unscattered, a. un-skdt'-terd, not dispersed or thrown 
into confusion. 

unsceptred, a. tin-sSp'-terd, having no sceptre or 
royal authority. 

unscholarly, a. tin-skol'-er-li, not suitable to a 
scholar : un'scholas'tic, a. not pert, to schools ; not 
pedantic : unschooled', a. not taughl illit<- 1 ; u 

unscientific, a. tin-sl'-en-tif'-lk, not according to the 
principles of science ; not versed in science : unsci- 
entifically, ad. 

unscorched, a. tin-skorcht', not injured by the fire, 
as the skin. 

unsecured, a. 



■skdwrd', not cleaned by rubbing. 
cow, boy, fool; pure, bud; chair, 



unscratehed, a. tin-skrdchf, not rubbed or torn on 
the surface ; not erased. 

unscreened, a. tin-skrend', not covered; not shel- 
tered or protected ; not sifted. 

unscrew, v. un-skro', to loose from screws ; to un- 
fasten. 

unscriptural, a. tin-skrip'-til-rdl, not agreeable to 
the Scriptures; not warranted by the authority of 
God's Word : unscrip'turally, ad. 

unscrupulous, a. un-skrO'-pu-ltis, not particular as 
to means employed: unscrupulously, ad.: unscru- 
pulousness, n. the state trupulous. 

unsculptured, a. un-sktilp'-tiird, not engraved ; not 
cut in stone. 

unseal, v. tinsel', to break or remove the seal of; to 
open: unsealing, imp.: unsealed', pp.: adj. opened 
by breaking the seal ; having no seal. 

unsearchable, a. un-serch'd-bl, that cannot be ex- 
plored or investigated : unsearchably, ad. : unsearcn- 
ableness, n. the quality of being beyond the power of 
man to explore: unsearched', a. not explored; not 
critically examined : unsearch'ing, a. not penetrating. 

unseared, a. tin-serd', not hardened. 

unseasonable, a. tin-se'-zn-d-bl, not being in the pro- 
per season or time ; being beyond the usual time ; 
unfit ; untimely : unseasonably, ad. not in the usual 
time : unsea'sonableness, n. the state of being not in 
season, or out of the usual time : unseasoned', a. not 
accustomed ; not kept till fit for use, as wood ; not 
inured ; not salted ; not sprinkled with, as a condi- 
ment for a relish. 

unseat, v. tin-set', to throw from the seat ; to deprive 
of a position, particularly that of a member of Parlia- 
ment : unseat ed, pp. thrown from the seat ; deprived 
of the position : adj. having no seat or bottom : un- 
seating, imp. throwing or expelling from a seat. 

unseaworthy, a. tin-se'-wer-tki, not fit for a voyage, 
applied to the c trip in regard to its state 

of repair and the soundness of its timbers : unsea- 
worthiness, n. the state of being unseaworthy. 

unseconded, a. un-sCk'-un-did, not supported by one 
in addition to the mover, as a proposition or motion. 

unsectarian, a. vn'-sek-td'-rl-dn, not characterised 
by any of the peculiarities or narrow prejudices of a 
sect. 

unsecular, a. tin-sSk'-ti-lcr, not worldly: unsec'- 
ularise, v. to detach from the things of this world ; to 
devote to sacred uses. 

unsecured, a. tin'-se-kurd', not guarded effectually 
from danger. 

unseduced, a. tin'-sS-dust', not drawn to ill. 

unseeing, a. lui-sc'-liig, wanting the power of vision. 

unseemly, u.-un-sem'-Li., not lit or becoming; not de- 
cent: ad. unbecomingly; indecently: unseemliness, 
n. indecency; impropriety. 

unseen, a. tin-sen', not discovered; invisible. 

unselfish, a. Hn-sSlf'-lsh, not unduly attached to 
one's own interests : unselfishly, ad. 

unsent, a. tin-sUnt', not despatched ; not transmitted. 

unseparated, a. tin-sip'-dr-a-tcd, not detached or 
parted. 

unsepulchred, a. \ 
unburied. 

unserviceable, a 
vantage; useless. 

unset, a. un-s&t', not placed; not sunk below the 
horizon. 

unsettle, v. tin-set'-tl, to unfix; to make uncertain 
or fluctuating; to disconcert: unset'tled, pp. and a. 
unfixed ; unhinged ; not determined ; unsteady or 
wavering; fickle; having no fixed place of abode; tur- 
bid; not occupied by permanent inhabitants: un- 
set'tling, imp.: unset tledness, n. the state of being 
unfixed or undetermined; uncertainty: unset'tle- 
ment, n. unsettled state ; irresolution. 

unsevered, a. tin-sev'erd, not parted or divided. 

unsex, v. un-seks', to make otherwise than the sex 
commonly is ; to deprive of qualities natural to the 
sex. 

unshackle, v. unfetter; to set free: un- 

shackling, imp.: unshackled, pp. loosed from shack- 
les or restraint. 

unshaded, a. un-shd'-ded, not obscured by having 
the light intercepted ; not clouded : unshad'owed, a. 
-shdd'-od, not darkened ; not clouded. 

unshaken, a. tin-shd'-kn, not agitated; not moved; 
firm. 

unshamed, a. un-shdmd', not shamed. 

unshapable, a. tin-slid'-pd-M, that cannot be put 
lame, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



n-sSp'-til-kerd, having no grave ; 
. tin-ser'vls-d-bl, not bringing ad- 



UNSH 



702- 



UNSU 



into proper form: unshaped', a., also unshap'en, a. 
deformed; ugly: unshape'ly, a. not well formed. 

unshared, a. tin-shard:, not enjoyed in common. 

unshaved, a. tin-shdvd', not having the beard 
dressed with a razor. 

unsheathe, v. tin-sheth', to draw from the sheath or 
scanbard: an3heath'ing, imp. : unsheathed', pp. 

unshed, a. tin-sMd', not spilt. 

unsheeted, a. un-shet-ed, not covered with sheets or 
plates. 

unsheltered, a. tin-shel'-terd, not defended from dan- 
ger or annoyance ; unscreened : unsheltering, a. not 
protecting; not shielding from danger. 

unshielded, ;i. I'ui-r.hrhi'rri. not pmi. . ■',< o 

unshifting, a. tin-shift- unj, not changing placi 
expedients. 

unship, v. tin-ship', in a ship, to remove from the 
place where it is settled or fixed: unshipped', pp. 
removed from its place in a ship. 

unshocked, ;i. a n-shoU', net disgusted; not offended. 

unshod, a. tin-shod', having no shoes. 

unshorn, a. au-hurn:, net sheared or clipped. 

unshot, a. ti u-sliol' , not hit by shot; not discharged : 
v. to take the balls out of, us out of guns. 

unshrinking, a. tin-shrlngk'-ing, not withdrawing 
from danger or toil ; not recoiling : unshrink'ingly, 
ad. 

unshrouded, a. tin-shrdwd'M, not covered ; not pro- 
tected. 

unshrunk, a. tin-shrungk', not contracted. 

unshunned, a. ihi-sluiud', not avoided. 

unshut, a. uri-shiV, open ; unclosed. 

unsifted, a. tin-sift'-id, not separated by a sieve ; 
untried. 

unsightly, a. tin-slt'll, disagreeable to the eye; 
deformed: unsight'liness, n. the state of being un- 
sightly. 

unsilvered, a. tin-sll'-verd, not covered with quick- 
silver. 

unsinewed, a. tin-sin'-ud, deprived of strength or 
force. 

unsinged, a. tin-sinjd', not singed ; not scorched. 

unsinking, a. ti/n-s'bngk'-'lng, not failing. 

unsinning, a. tin-sln'-nliig, committing no sin; not 
tainted with sin. 

unsisterly, a. tin- sis'- ter-ll, not becoming a sister. 

unsized, a. tin-slzd', not sized or stiffened. 

unskilful, a. lin-sL d'-J'n,,i, wa.m ing the knowledge and 
dexterity which are acquired by experience ; clumsy : 
unskilfully, ad.: unskil'fulness, n. want of dexterity 
and readiness in action or execution which are ac- 
quired by experience : unskilled', a. destitute of prac- 
tical knowledge. 

unslackened, a. un-sldk'-nd, not made more slack or 
loose. 

unslaked, a. un-sldkf, not quenched, as thirst; 
not saturated with water, as lime. 

unsleeping, a. tin-slep'-ing, ever-wakeful. 

unsling, v. tin- sling' , to unloose from the slings or 
fast: 'Mings of a swung cask. 

unsmoked, a. tin-smokl', not dried in smoke ; not 
used in smoking, as a-pipe. 

unsmooth, a. tin-smdih', not even on the surface; 
rough : unsmoothed', a. not made smooth or even. 

unsociable, a. un-so'-shi-d-bl, not having the quali 
ties and manners which render one agreeable h 
society ; reserved ; not free in conversation : unso' 
ciably, ad. not kindly; with reserve: unsociable- 
ness, n. the state of being unsociable : unso'cial, a. 
not adapted by qualities and manners to be agreeable 
in society. 

unsoiled, a. un-sdyld', not stained; unpolluted 
not tainted. 

unsold, a. tin-sold', not given to another for a price. 

unsoldierly, a. uii-sOl'-jer-li, also unsol'dierlike, a. 
unbecoming a soldier. 

unsolicited, a. un'-so-lis'-i-tSd, not requested; un- 
asked : un'solic'itous, a. not anxious ; not very desir- 
ous. 

unsolved, a. un-solvd', not explained. 

unsophistical, a. tin'-so-fis'-ti-kdl, rustic; simple 
ignorant: un'sophis'ticated, a. genuine; pure; sim 
pie ; not adulterated by admixture. 

unsorrowed, a. tin-sdr'-rod, not lamented; not be- 
wailed. 

unsorted, a. un-sort'-gd, not separated into kinds 
or classes. 

unsought, a. iin-sawf, had without searching. 

unsound, a. tin-sdwnd', defective; infirm; sickly; 



not orthodox ; not solid ; not real ; not substantial ; 
not well established : unsound'ly, ad.: unsoundness, 
n. the state of being unsound or defective; corrupt- 
ness ; want of solidity ; want of orthodoxy ; weakness 
or sickliness of body : unsound'ed, a. not tried with 
the lead to ascertain the depth of. 

unsoured, a. tin-smord', not made sour or morose. 

unsown, a. tin-son', also unsowed', a. not scat- 
tered, as seed on tilled land ; not propagated by seed 
being scattered. 

unsparing, a. tin-spd'-rlng, profuse; liberal; not 
parsimonious: unsparingly, ad. in abundance; lav- 
ishly. 

unspeakable, a. iin-spek'-d-bl, that cannot be spoken 
or uttered; that cannot be- expressed in words: un- 
speak'ably, ad. in a maimer or degree that cannot be 
expressed ; unutterably. 

unspecified, a. tin-spes'-i-fld, not particularly men- 
tioned. 

unspecious, a. vn-yj>r'.inh-, not plausible. 

unspeculative, a. tin-spik'-u-la-tlv, not given to 
forming theories ; not apt to engage in trading ad- 
ventures. 

unspent, a. tin-spint', not used or wasted ; not ex- 
hausted. 

unspilt, a. tin-spilt', not shed. 

unsplit, a. tin-split', not riven or rent in length. 

unspoiled, a. un-spwjld', not rendered useless ; not 
con-upied; not plundered. 

unspoken, a. tin-spo'-kn, not spoken or uttered. 

unspotted, a, un-spot'-ted., not stained; untainted 

.en 'eeii unblemi heel pot'tedness, n. state of 

being free from stain or guilt. 

unsquared, a. un-skwdrd', not formed with lines or 
right angles ; undressed, as round or natural timber. 

unstable, a. tin-sta'-bl, not steady; inconstant; 
irresolute ; wavering : unsta'bleness, n. the state of 
being unstable. 

unstaid, a. un-stdd', not steady ; volatile; unfixed. 

unstained, a. tin-stand', not dyed; not polluted; 
not dishonoured. 

unstamped, a. un-stdmpf, not stamped or impressed. 

unstanched, a. un-stdnsht' , not stanched or stopped, 
as blood. 

unstatesman-like, a. tin-stdts'-mdn-llk, not becoming 
a statesman. 

unstayed, a. un-stdd', not stopped or retarded. 

unsteadfast, a. un-sted'-fdst, not fixed; not firm; in- 
constant. 

unsteady, a. tin-stid'-l, not constant; irresolute; 
changeable: unsteadied, a. not supported ; not kept 
from shaking: unsteadily, ad.: unsteadiness, n. 
inconstancy ; want of firmness ; irresolution. 

unsteeped, a. tin-stept', not soaked. 

unstimulated, a. liii-stUa'-il-ld-ted, not excited to 
action, or to more vigorous exertion. 

unstinted, a. un-stiat'-ed, not restrained within cer- 
tain limits. 

unstop, v. tin-stop', to free from any obstruction ; 
to open: unstop'ping, imp. talcing out a stopper; 
freeing from any obstruction : unstopped', pp. 
opened: adj. not meeting any resistance. 

unstored, a. un-stord', not laid up for future use ; 
not warehoused. 

unstormed, a. tin-stawrmd', not taken by assault, • 
as a fortified place. 

unstrained, a. un-strdnd', easy; not forced; 
natural. 

unstraitened, a. tin-strdt'-nd, not contracted. 

unstratified, a. un-strdt'-i-fid, in geol., applied to 
rocks which do not occur in layers or strata, but in 
amorphous masses. 

unstrengthened, a. tin-strength'-Snd, not having 
strength :ehled to; riot, supported. 

unstring, v. tin-string', to relax; to loosen, as the 
nerves ; to take from a string, as beads ; to untie : 
unstringed', pp.: adj. not having strings: unstring'- 
ing, imp. loosing from a string: unstrung', pt. pp. 
relaxed in tension; loosed; untied. 

unstruck, a. tin-struk', not impressed ; not affected. 

unstudied, a. tin-stud-id, not premeditated or pre- 
pared beforehand; easy; natural: unstu'dious, a. 
not diligent in study. 

unstuffed, a. tin-stuff; not filled ; not crowded. 

unsubdued, a. tin'- sub- dud' , not brought into subjec- 
tion ; not conquered. 

unsubmissive, a. tin'- s&b- mis'- siv, not yielding to 
the will or power of another; disobedient: un'sub- 
mis'sively, ad. 



mdte, mdt, far, law; mete, met, Mr ; pine, pin; note, not, rnOve; 



UNSU 



703 



UNTR 



■unsubscribed, a. iin'siib-skrllcL , not attested by 
writing one's name beneath. 

unsubstantial, a. I'm'-sub-stda'shdl, not solid; not 
Teal : unsubstantially, ad. : un'substan'tial'ity, n. 
state of not having a real existence : un'substan- 
tiated, a. not established by proof; not verified. 

unsubverted, a. un'sub-vert'ed, not overthrown; 
not entirely destroyed. 

unsuccessful, a. un-si'-k-ses'/obl, not accomplishing 
what was intended or expected ; not fortunate : un- 
success'fully, ad.: un'success fulness, n. the state of 
being unsuccessful. 

unsucked, a. un-siikf, not having the breasts drawn. 

unsufferable, a. iin-suj'-Jir-a-bl, uot to be endured; 
intolerable. 

unsuitable, a. un-sut'd-bl, unfit; not adapted; im- 
proper: unsuitably, ad. : unsuit'ableness, n. the 
state of being unsuitable: unsuit'ed, a. not fitted; 
nur adapted: unsuit'ing, a. not fitting; not becoming. 

unsullied, a. un-sul-lld, not stained"; not tarnished; 
not disgraced : unsulliedly, ad. 

unsung, a. I'm-suihi'. not celebrated in verse. 

unsupplanted, a. un'supplant'-ed, not displaced or 
undermined ; not overthrown by stratagem. 

unsupplied, a. un'-sup-plld ', not furnished with nec- 
essary things. 

unsupportable, a. fcn'sup-port'd-hj, intolerable; 
such as cannot be endured : un supported, a. not up- 
held; not sustained. 

unsuppressed, a. un'-s-iip-prest', not subdued; not 
extinguished. 

unsurgical, a. tin-ser'-ji-Ml, not according to the 
principles and rides of surgery. 

unsurmountable, a. un'-ltr--mo~rnt'a-U, that cannot 
be overcome ; insuperable. 

unsurpassed, a. I'lii'-s-r-tmsf. not exceeded. 

unsurrendered, a. un-ser-ren'-dird, not yielded to 
others. 

unsurveyed, a. Hn'ser-vad', not examined carefully 
;ent — - 

liable to admit. 

unsuspected, a. Hn'&ii-s-pikt'-M, not considered as 
likely to have done a certain act: unsuspecting, a. 
not imagining that any ill is designed: un'suspect'- 
ingly, ad. 

unsuspended, a. iin'-siis-pead'cd, not hung up; not 
delayed. 

unsuspicious, a. Hn'sUs-plsh-iis, not inclined to mis- 
trust another : not imagining evil in others : un'sus- 
pici'ously, ad. not in such a way as to imagine evil 
in others. 

unsustainable, a. vn'sus-tan'-d-bl, that cannot be 
maintained: un'sustained', a. not supported: un'sus- 
tain'ing, a. net keeping from falling; not maintaining. 

unswathe, v. Unswafh, to free, as from the en- 
circling folds of bandages. 

unswayed, a. Hn-sivad', not controlled or influ- 
enced ; not biassed. 

unswept, a. iin-sivSpV, not cleaned with a broom. 

unswerving, a. un-swerv'lng, not deviating from a 
certain standard: unswervingly, ad. 

unswung, a. im-sicung', not suspended. 

unsymmetrical, a. ■un'slm-met'ri-kdl, wanting sym- 
metry or due proportion of parts. 

unsympathising, a. un-sim'-pd-tht-zing, not having 
a common feeling. 

unsystematic, a. itn-sW-trm-af'-H; also unsys'temat'- 
ical, a. not having regular order or arrangement of 
parts. 

untainted, a. iln-tanf'ed, not rendered impure by 
admixture of foul matter; not stained; unblem- 
ished: untaint'edly, ad.: untaint'edness, n. the state 
of being untainted. 

untaken, a. un-td'-kn, not reduced; not swallowed ; 
not subdued. 

untamable, a. un-td'ma-N, that cannot be reclaimed 
from a wild state : untamed', a. not reclaimed from 
■wildness ; not domesticated ; not brought under con- 
trol. 

untarnished, a. iln-tdr'nisht, not soiled ; not stained ; 
unblemished. 

untasked, a. un-tuskf, not burdened with a definite 
amount of labour. 

untasted, a. un-tclst'-ed, not tried by the sense of 
taste, or by the tongue : untast'ing, a. not trying by 
the sense of taste. 

untaught, a. iin-tawf, not instructed; unlettered; 
unskilled ; ignorant. 



untaxed, a. un-t&kst', not charged with taxes; not 
accused. 

unteachable, a. un-tech'd-bl, that cannot be taught 
or instructed : unteach', v. to cause to forget what has 
been taught. 

untempered, a. iin-tern'-perd, not duly mixed for use. 

untempted, a. uii-tcr.i-tnl, nut tried by enticements 
.suasions : untemp'ting, a. not adapted to tempt 
are. 

enable, a.vn-ten'-a- 
session ; not defensible. 

untenantable, a. un-tcn'-dnt-d-bl, not in suitable re- 
pair for a tenant : unten anted, a. not occupied, as a 
house. 

untended, a. un-ten'-ded, not having a person to wait 
upon or accompany. 

untender, a. un-ten'der, not soft ; wanting in sensi- 
bility or affection. 

untendered, a. iin-tSn'derd, not offered. 

untented, a. un-tent'-ed, not having the shelter of a 
tent. 

unterrified, a. un-Ur'-rl-fid, not affrighted or 
daunted. 

untested, a. Un-tSsf-Sd, not tried by a standard. 

unthanked, a. un-thdngkf, not repaid with acknowl- 
edgments or gratitude : unthank'ful, a. not making 
acknowledgments fur favours received; ungrateful: 
unthank fully, ad. : unthank'fulness, n. neglect of 
acknowledgments for good received ; ingratitude. 

unthawed, a. un-thuird', not melted or dissolved. 

untheological, a. un-the'-o-loj'l-kdl, not pertaining 
to the science of divine things. 

untheoretical, a. un-the'-o-ret'-l-kdl, not depending 
on theory or speculation. 

unthinking, a. un-Unngk'-lng, thoughtless; incon- 
siderate: unthinkingly, ad.: unthought'ful, a. in- 
considerate ; heedless : unthought'-of, a. not regarded. 

unthread, v. un-threa", to draw a thread from ; to 
loose. 

unthreatened, a. un-ihret'nd, not threatened; not 
menaced. 

unthrift, n. iin'thrlft, one who wastes his substance 
by extravagance: unthrift'y, a. prodigal; lavish; 
profuse: unthrift'ily, ad.: unthrift'iness, n. the state 
of being unthrifty. 

untidy, a. ua-ti'di, not nearly dressed; not in good 
order: untidily, ad.: untidiness, n. want of order or 
neatness. 

untie, v. iin-tl', to free from a knot or any fasten- 
ing ; to unbind ; to loosen : untied', pp. loosed, as a 
knot; unbound: adj. not bound or gathered in a 
knot ; not held by any fastening. 

until, prep. un-tW (AS. on, in, into, and Ger. ziel; 
old H. Ger. zil ; Bohem. cyl, a bound, a limit, an end), 
to ; till ; as far as, with respect to time : conj. as far 
as ; to the point that ; to the degree or time that. 

unfilled, a. un-tild', not tilled or cultivated. 

untimely, a. ua-tlm'li, happening before the usual 
or natural time ; premature : ad. before the natural 
time : untime'liness, n. the state of being untimely. 

untinctured, a. un-thujk'-l nrd, not impregnated 
with ; not imbued with, as the mind. 

untinged, a. un-tinjd', not stained ; not discoloured ; 
not infected. 

untired, a. iin-tlrd', not exhausted by labour or ex- 
ercise: unti'ring, a. not becoming exhausted; not 
becoming weary or fatigued: unti'ringly, ad. 

untitled, a. un-tl'tld, not having a name of distinc- 
tion or dignity. 

unto, prep, iin'tob (AS. on, in, and Eng. to), to— 
now used only in formal or Scriptural language. 

untold, a. un-told', not related; not revealed; not 
numbered. 

untouched, a. tin-titchf, not hit; not moved or 
afl'ected ; not meddled with. 

untoward, a. un-to'erd, perverse ; not easily guided 
or taught ; troublesome : unto wardly, ad. in a fro- 
ward or perverse manner: adj. perverse; awkward: 
unto'wardness, n. perverseness. 

untraceable, a. tln-traskl-bl, that cannot be followed 
by footsteps or tracks : untraced', a. not marked out 
or delineated ; not marked by footsteps. 

untracked, a. un-trdkf, not marked by footsteps. 

untraceable, a. Hn-trdkt'-ri-hJ, not yielding to com- 
mon measures and management; stubborn; rough; 
difficult. 

untrained, a. Hn-trdnd' ', not disciplined; not skil- 
ful ; not educated. 

untrammelled, a. un-trdm'-meld, not shackled. 



cow, i 



fg,Joot; pure, oud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal- 



UNTR 



704 



UNWO 



untranscribed, a. un'trdn-skrlbd', not copied; not 
written over again. 

untransferable, a. un'trdns-fer'd-bl, not to be passed 
to another: nn'transferred', a. not conveyed or as- 
signed to another. 

untranslatable, a. un'/nhir.-ln-iii-hf, not capable of 
being expressed in the words of another language: 
untranslated, a. not expressed in the words of an- 
other language. 

untransported, a. tin'-trdns-pdrt'-ed, not conveyed 
from one place to another. 

untransposed, a. un'-trdns-pozd', having the natural 
order. 

untravelled, a. tin-trdv'&ld, not trodden by pas- 
sengers ; not having visited foreign countries. 

untraversed, a. un-trdv'&rst, not passed over. 

untried, a. un-trld', not attempted ; ' not yet ex- 
perienced; not heard and determined in a court of 
law. 

untrimmed, a. un-trlmd', not pruned or dressed, 
as a bush ; not put in order by paring and dressing. 

untriturated, a. tin-trlt'u-ra-ted, not reduced to 
powder. 

untrod, a. tin-trod', also untrodden, a. tin-trod'n, 
not passed over by persons ; not marked by the feet. 

untroubled, a. un-trub'-ld, not disturbed by care or 
business; not agitated ; not foul or turbid. 

untrue, a. un-trff, contrary to the fact; false; not 
faithful or true to another : untruly, ad. falsely. 

untrussed, a. un-trust', not tied up. 

untrustworthy, a. un'-trust-wer'-thl, not deserving 
of confidence. 

untrusty, a. tin-trust'l, not worthy of confidence ; 
unfaithful : untrust'iness, n. the state of being un- 
trusty : untrust'ed, a. not confided in. 

untruth, n. un-troth', a falsehood; something not 
in conformity to fact and reality : untruth'ful, a. hav- 
ing the habit of uttering falsehoods ; not speaking the 
truth : untruthfully, ad. 

untunable, a. un-tu'nd-bl, not harmonious; not 
musical : untu'nably, ad.: untune, v. un-tiln', to make 
incapable of harmony; to disorder: untuned', a. 
made incapable of producing harmonious sounds. 

unturned, a. un-ternd', not moved round. 

untutored, a. un-tu'terd, uniiisfnu-ted ; nulao-ld 

untwine, v. un-tivln', to unwind; to loose that 
which has been united closely: untwined', a. un- 
twisted ; disentangled. 

untwist, v. un-twisf, to turn back that which has 
been twisted, to open; to disentangle: untwist'ing, 
imp.: untwist'ed, a. separated; opened. 

unused, a. un-uzd', not employed ; not handled for 
some purpose ; not habituated or accustomed : unu'- 
sual, a. not usual ; not common : unu'sually, ad. 

unutterable, a. un-iit'-tir-a-bl, that cannot be ex- 
pressed in words; that cannot be disclosed: unut'- 
terably, ad. 

unvacated, a. un'vd-ka'tSd, not made vacant. 

unvalued, a. un-vdl'ud, not prized ; neglected. 

unvanquished, a. un-vdn'-kwlsht, not overcome; 
not conquered. 

unvaried, a. un-va'rld, not altered or diversified. 

unvariegated, a. un-va'ri-6-ga-ted, not diversified. 

unvarnished, a. un-vdr'nlsht, not artificially 
coloured or adorned; plain. 

unvarying, a. un-vd'rl-lng, not altering ; not liable 
to change. 

unveil, v. un-vdl, to uncover; to disclose to view: 
unveil'ing, imp. uncovering; disclosing: unveiled', 
pp. 

unventilated, a. un-ven'-tl-ld-tSd, not purified by a 
free current of air. 

unversed, a. un-verst', not skilled ; unacquainted. 

unvindicated, a. un-vln'dl-ka-t6d, not defended; 
not proved to be just and valid. 

unviolated, a. un-vl'o-ld-ted, not injured; not trans- 
gressed. 

unvisited, a. un-vlz'l-tSd, not resorted to ; not fre- 
quented. 

unvitiated, a. un-vlsh't-d-tM, not corrupted; not 
injured in its substance or qualities. 

unvitrified, a. un-vWri-fld, not converted into glass. 

unvouched, a. un-vdwcht', not affirmed or fully 
tested. 

unvowed, a. un-voim i I ed by promise. 

unwakened, a. un-wu'knd, also un awaked', a. not 
roused from sleep or stupidity. 

unwalled, a. un-wawld', not surrounded or fortified 
by a wall. 



unwarily, unwariness— sec unwary. 

unwarlike, a. vu-uyuri'iik, not fit for war; not used 
to war ; peace-loving. 

unwarmed, a. vn-vxnrnnd', not warmed or excited ; 
not heated in a moderate degree. 

unwarned, a. un-ivawmd', not cautioned ; not pre- 
viously admonished of danger. 

unwarp, v. un-wmurp' ', not to turn or twist out of 
shape ; not to turn aside from the true direction : un- 
warned', a. not biassed; impartial: unwarp'ing, a. 
unyielding ; nndeviating. 

unwarrantable, a. un-w6r'-rdnt-d-bl, not justifiable; 
unjust; improper: unwarrantably, ad. in a manner 
that cannot be justified: unwar'rantableness, n. the 
state of being unwarrantable : unwarranted, a. not 
assured or certain ; not guaranteed to be sound and 
perfect, or of a certain quality. 

unwary, a. un-u-n'rt, not cautious; not vigilant 
against danger : unwa'rily, ad. without vigilance or 
caution ; heedlessly : unwa'riness, n. want of cau- 
tion; carelessness. 

unwashed, a. un-woskt', also unwash'en, a. not 
demised by water. 

unwasted, a. un-ivd'stSd, not lost by extravagance 
or negligence ; not lost by preventable means. 

unwatched, a. unwOchf, not guarded; not had in 
keeping : unwatch'ful, a. not guarding with caution ; 
not vigilant. 

unwatered, a. un-waw'terd, not overflowed or wet 
witli w.-iterj dry. 

unwavering, a. un-v;a'-vcr4ng, not unstable; not 
fluctuating; firm. 

unweakened, a. Un-wSk'-nd, not enfeebled. 

unweaned, a. un-iotm ' uol ithdrawn from the 
mother's milk. 

unweaponed, a. tin-w&p'-nd, not furnished with 

unweariable, a. iln-wS'rl-d-bl, that cannot be ex- 
hausted by toil or exertion: unwea'riably, ad.: un- 
wea'ried, a. not tired; not fatigued; that does not 
tire or sink under fatigue or exertion : unwea riedly, 
ad. : unwea'riedness, n. state of being unwearied : 
unwea'ry, a. not tired. 

unweave, v. iin-ivcv', to undo what has been woven. 

unwed, a. un-wed', also unwed'ded, a. unmarried; 
remaining single. 

unweeded, a. un-vCd'Sd, not cleared of weeds. 

unweighed, a. un-v:dd', not having the weight ascer- 
tained; not deliberately considered and examined: 
unweigh'ing, a. inconsiderate ; thoughtless. 

unv/elcome, a. un-ivel'kurn, not well received; not 
pleasing: unwel'comed, a. not willingly and gladly 
received. 

" L>. .■ <li < ■ .: , l"! :i .:'! 

unwept, a. im-wSpf, not lamented ; not mourned. 

unwhipt, a. un-hwipt, not corrected ; not chastised. 

unwholesome, a. ua-ltol'sum, unfavourable to 
health : unwhole'someness, n. state of being injurious 
to health. 

unwieldy, a. tin-wel'dl, that is moved with dif- 
ficulty; bulky; ponderous: unwiel'dily, ad. heavily; 
with difficulty: unwiel diness, n. difficulty of being 
moved. 

unwilled, a. Hn-wlld', not produced by the will : 
unwilling, a. averse; reluctant: unwillingly, ad.: 



lingnesi 
ind, v. '. 



been twisted or convolved : unwinding, a. not turn- 
ing round; not encircling: unwound', pp. -wdivnd', 
untwisted. 

unwinged, a. un-ivlngd', not provided with wings. 

unwiped, a. un-wlpt', not cleaned by rubbing. 

unwise, a. un-wlz', not choosing the best means for 
the end ; not ' ' < ■'■■•■' V' : -. 

unwished, a. un-ivlshf, not sought ; not desired. 

unwithered, a. un-iviik'-erd, not withered or faded: 
unwith'ering, a. not liable to wither. 

unwitnessed, a. un-wlt'nSst, not attested by wit- 
nesses ; wanting testimony. 

unwittingly, ad. un-wit'tlng-li, without knowledge 
or consciousness ; ignorantly. 

unwitty, a. un-wlt'H, destitute of wit: unwit'tily, 
ad. 

unwomanly, a. un-wctbm'dn-ll, unbecoming a wo- 
man. 

unwonted, a. un-wunt'-< inaccu tomed; not made 
familiar by practice; unusual: unwont'edly, ad.: un- 
wont'edness, n. uncommonness ; rareness. 

unwooded, a. tin-wobd'Sd, destitute of trees. 



mdte, mdt,fdr, luiv; mete, met, Mr; pine, pin; n6te, not, move; 






UN WO 



705 



UEAN 



unwooed, a, un-v;6d>, not courted. 

■unworkmanlike, a. iin-ivtrk- man-Ilk, unskilful. 

unworldly, a. a'a-ie-irld'-li, not devoted to this world 
with its e-alns and enjoyments: unworld'liness, n. 
the state of being- not worldly. 

unworn, a. v.n-u:0rn', not worn or impaired. 

unworshipped, a. un-wir'-shipt, not worshipped or 
adored. 

unworthy, a. un-v:er'4hi, not deserving-; wanting 
merit: unbecoming; base: unwor'thily, ad. without 
due regard to merit : unwor thiness, n. the state of 
being unworthy. 

unwound, pp. of unwind, which see. 

unwounded, a. un-ieOh.d'-ed, not hurt; not injured. 

unwoven, a. un-av-in, not united by intermixture 
or close connection. 

unwrap, v. iln-rdp', to open what is folded. 

unwreathe. v. Cm-rCth', to untwist; to untwine. 

unwrenched, a. un-rensht', not strained or distorted. 

unwrinkled, a. ini-i -ing'-kld, not shrunk into furrows 
and ridges. 

unwritten, a. itn-rit'-tn, not reduced to writing; 
verbal ; blank : unwritten law, the common law, or 
that law which ha> b-en established by usage. 

unwrought, a. un-rawt', not laboured; not manu- 
factured. 

unwrung. a. uu-rund. not pinched. 

unyielded. a. tin-ycid'-fd, not allowed; not given 
up; not conceded -/unyield'ing, a. unbending; un- 
pliant: stiff; (..b-tmrm/: unyieldingly, ad. 

unyoke, v. vn-yOk', to loose from; to disjoin; to 
free from a yoke: unyoking, imp.: unyoked', pp. 
loosed from the yoke : adj. not having worn the yoke ; 
unrestrained. 

up, ad. up (AS. up, exalted ; high : Icel. upp ; Low 
Ger. uff; Ger. auf, over, on, upon), aloft; on high; in 
a state of advance ; in a state of being raised or in- 
creased; in a state of climbing or ascending; in a 
state of insurrection ; in a state of elevation ; out of 
bed ; into order, as he drew up his company ; much 
used in modifying- the action of averb: prep, from a 
lower place or position to a higher ; not down : int. or 
impera. arise ; raise up : up and down, backward and 
forward ; from one place to another ; here and there : 
up to, to an equal height or degree ; fully prepared : 
up stream, from the mouth toward its head ; against 
the current : up the country, in a direction from the 
coast, or up a river: the ups and downs of life, the 
various changes of good and bad fortune, or the joys 
and sorrows of life : up with, denoting the act of rais- 
ing to give a bh iw : it is all up with him, he is lost ; 
it is all over with him: the time is up, the allotted 
time is past : to blow up, to inflate ; to destroy by 
mining, or from below ; to reprove sharply : to come 
up with, to reach in following : to grow up, to come 
to maturity: done up, put in order; dressed for use ; 
exhausted. 

Upas, n. u'-pus (Malay, puhn-upas, the poison-tree— 
from j •vhri, tree, and upas, poison), a tree common in 
the forests of Java and the adjoining islands whose 
juices are poisonous— what has been said in regard 
to the atmosphere surrounding it being deadly, or 
even deleterious, is entirely fabulous. 

upbear, v. tip-bar' (up, high, and bear), to raise 
aloft ; to elevate. 

upbraid, v. no-brad' (AS. upgebredan, to cry out 
upon, to reproach i. to charge with something wrong 
or disgraceful ; to reprove with severity ; to chide ; to 
cast in the teeth: upbraiding, imp.: n. the act of re- 
proaching in severe terms; reproaches or accusations 
made against any one to his face: upbraid'ed, pp.: 
upbraid'ingly, ad. -li. 

upcast, a. up'-kdst (up, high, and cast), cast up ; 
thrown upward: upcast or upcast-shaft, in mining, 
the shaft or pit for carrying off foul or heated air ; a 
throw or fault. 

upcoiled, a. up-kdidd', made into a coil. 

upheave, v. up-hev', to lift up from beneath ; to rise 
or swell upwards: upheav'ing, imp.: upheaved', pp.: 
adj. lifted or forced up from below by some elevating- 
power: upheav'al, n. in geol., a lifting up of strata 
by some expansive or elevating power from below. 

upheld, up-held' (pt. and pp. of the verb uphold, 
which see), sustained; supported. 

uphill, a. up'dal (up, high, and hill), difficult, like 
the act of ascending a hill. 

uphold, v. up-Mid', to lift on high; to elevate; to 
support or ]:■-■ ititain; to con- 



tinue without failing : uphol'd'ing, imp. : upheld', pt. 

cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



and pp. sustained ; kept from falling : uphold'er, n. 
one who upholds ; an upholsterer; a defender. 

upholsterer, n. up-hol'-ster-er (a corruption of up- 
holder, the origi 

up old goods), one who furnishes houses with beds, 
curtains, and the like : uphol'stery, n. -i, that kind of 
house-furnishings supplied by an upholsterer : uphol- 
stered, a. sterd, fitted wit] ind coverings of 

cloth, &c. 

uplands, n. up'-l&ndz (tip, high, and lands), ground 
elevated at intervals above the meadows and flati 
which lie on the banks of rivers, near the sea, or be- 
tween hills; high ground: upland, a. pert, to up- 
lands; higher in situatic .?//■, one who 
resides on the uplands : up'landish, a. -dish, dwelling 
on the higher grounds, or on mountains. 

uplift, v. tip-lift', to raise; to elevate; to take up 
before being due, as wages: uplift'ing, imp.: uplift '- 
ed, a. raised high ; elevated. 

upmost, a. Cvjj'-most (up, high, and most), highest ; 
topmost : uppermost is now generally used for up- 
most. 

UDon, prep, iip-on' (AS. uppan, upon— from up, 
high: Ger. an, on), resting on the top or surface : not 
under ; on ; with respect to ; near to ; denoting situa- 
tion; denoting assumption, as he took an office upi.-u 
him; denoting time when, as upon the third day; 
thrown over the body, as clothes. 

upper, a. up'-per (comp. of up), higher in place; 
superior in rank or dignity: uppermost, a. superl. 
-most, highest in place, rank, or power: up'per- 
hand, n. superiority; advantage: upper-nurse, a 
head-nurse with the care of children in a family: 
upper - servant, one of the higher servants where 
manv are kept : upper-works, in a ship, the parts 
above water when fully freighted for a voyage : up- 
pish, a. -pish, proud ; aspiring to seem higher than 
the real station befits. 

upright, a. up'-rlt (up, high, and right), erect; pos- 
sessing rectitude; honest: n. something standing 
erect and perpendicular ; a timber supporting a rafter : 
uprightly, ad. : upright'ness, n. state of possessing 
honesty and integrity. 

uprising, n. up-rl'-zlng, the act of rising from below 
the horizon, as the sun ; the act of rising from a re- 
cumbent or sitting posture ; a rebellion. 

uproar, n. upj'-ror (Dut. oproer, a tumult, a sedition: 
Ger. aufruhr, disturbance: AS. lire ran ; icel. hrcera, 
to move, to agitate), a violent disturbance and noise ; 
bustle and clamour: uproarious, a. -%-u.s, accompa- 
nied with great noise and disturbance : uproariously, 
ad. 

uproot, v. iin-rdt' (up, high, and root), to tear up 
by the roots; to destroy utterly : uproot'ed, pp. torn 
up i >y the 1 oots ; utterly destroyed. 

upset, v. up-set', to overturn ; to throw clown from 
an erect position: n. an overturn: upset-price, the 
price at which houses, lands', or goods are exposed to 
sale by auction, forming a set or fixed sum from which 
increased offers may begin. 

-upshot, n. up'-shot, conclusion; end; final issue; 
outcome; result. . 

upside, n. up'-sul. the upper side or part : up'sides, 
ad. -sld.z, in familiar hnigung, , in the phrase "I shall 
be upsides with liim," meaning— I shall be on equal 
terms with him. or have the upper hand ; I shall have 
my revenge : upside-down, ad. vp'-sid-demn' , with the 
upper part down ; in complete disorder and confusion. 

upstart, n. up'-stdrt, one that has suddenly risen 
from a humble station to one of wealth or power. 

upthrow, n. u.p'-thrc>. in 'mining, a sudden uplift of 
strata by a fault or dislocation. 

upturn, v. uj/dern, to throw up; to furrow. 

upward, a. vj>'u:erd (AH. up, high, and weard or 
weardes, used in composition to express situation cr 
direction), directed to a higher place: ad. toward a 
higher place; toward the source;— also up'wards, 
-werdz, opposed to dowmvards. 

uraehus, n. u'rd-kiis (Gr. ouron, urine), a fibrous 
cord which is attached to the apex of the bladder, and 
ascends to the umbilicus. 

uraemia, n. u-re'-mi-d (Gr. ouron, urine, and Jiaimo, 
blood), in med., poisoning of the blood in some dis- 
orders of the urinary organs. 

uralite, n. u'-rd-llt (from Ural, where first found), a 
pseudomorphous mineral of a dark-green or greenish- 
black colour. 

Urania, n. u-rd'-ni-d (L. urania; Gr. ourania, the 
heavenly— from Gr. ouranos, heaven), in anc. myth., 



URAO 



706 



USUR 



one of the nine muses; one of the minor planets: 
uranite, n. u'ni-nit, a, mineral of a bright yellow or 
green colour — differs from mica in being neither flexi- 
ble nor elastic : uranium, n. u-rd'ni-um, a metal ob- 
tained from several minerals in the form of a powdery 
substance of a greyish-black colour with a metallic 
lustre, preparations of which are used for imparting 
fine orange tints to glass and porcelain enamel: u'ran 
or uranium ochre, the earthy oxide of uranium, found 
in soft friable masses, having various hues of yellow 
and orange : Uranus, n. u'rd-nus, a large planet re- 
volving between Saturn and Neptune; in anc. myth., 
a deity, the father of Saturn. 

urao, n. urd'o (Sp. ), a native name for the en rbonate 
of soda, found in crystalline crusts on the dried-up 
lakes and river-courses of S. Amer., known by the 
name of trona to the Arabs of Africa, &c. 
urate, n. u'rat— see uric. 

urban, a. er'bdn (L. urbanus, belonging to the city 
— from wrbs, a city), of or belonging to the city: ur- 
bane, a. er-bdn', courteous in manners; civil; polite: 
urbanity, n. er-bdn'l-ti, courtesy; politeness ; polished 
manners. 

urceolar, a. er'-sg-d-ler (L. urceolus, a little pitcher, 
a water-pot), in hot., fleshy or bulging, as tubercles or 
leaves: ur'ceolate, a. -Idt, urn-shaped; shaped like 
a pitcher. 

urchin, n. er'chln (L. ericius, a hedgehog, an urchin : 
F. he'risson, a hedgehog— from herisser, to set up his 
bristles), the hedgehog; a name in slight anger given 
to a child : sea-urchin, a creature having a spherical 
shell flattened on the lower side, and covered with 
prickly spines. 

urea, n. u'rg-d (Gr. ouron, urine— from ourein, to 
make water), a peculiar pearly substance found in 
urine: ureter, n. u're-ter (Gr. oun t< ,-. the passage for 
the urine), in anat., the tube or duct that conveys the 
urine from the kidney to the bladder: urethra, n. 
u-re'thrd (Gr. ourethru), the tube or canal by which 
the urine is conveyed from the bladder and discharged: 
ure'thral, a. -thrdl, pert, to the urethra : uretic, a. or 
n. u-rbt'-ik, a medicine which increases the secretory 
action of the kidneys. 

urge, v. erj (L. urgere, to press upon, to drive : It. 
urgere), to push ; to impel; to incite ; to press, as an ar- 
gument or objection ; to importune; to press forward : 
urging, imp. er'jim/: adj. pressing with solicitations; 
importunate : urged, pp. erjd : urgent, a. er'jent, 
pressing; importunate ; forcible : ur'gently, ad. -II: 
'ir'gency, n. jen-si, pressure of dilflculty or necessity; 
entreaty ; importunity. 

uric, a. u'rik (Gr. ouron, urine : see urea), of or 
from urine : uric acid, a peculiar substance found in 
the urine of certain animals, and in the excrements of 
serpents, &c: u'rate, n. -rat, a salt of uric acid. 

Urim, n. u'-rlm (Heb. urim, lights ; plu. of ur, light, 
flame), a part of the breastplate of the high priest 
among the anc. Jews, by means of which Jehovah re- 
vealed His will on certain occasions : Urim and Thum- 
mim, light and perfection. 

urine, n. u'-rin (L. urina; Gr. ouron, urine: akin to 
Sans, vari, water: It. urina: F. urine), a fluid secreted 
by the kidneys and aeeumulnted in the bladder, from 
which it is discharged : urinal, n. u'rl-ndl, a vessel in 
■which, or a place where, urine may be discharged ; an 
erection in a street for public convenience ; a portable 
•waterproof case: u'rina'rium, n. -nd'ri-um, a place 
where urine may be stored for manure : u'rinary, a. 
■ner-i, relating to or found in urine : n. a place for 
storing urine : u'rinate, v. -ndt, to void or discharge 
urine : u'rinating, imp. : urinated, pp. : u'rinom'eter, 
n. -ndm'-6-ter (Gr. metron, a measure), an instr. for 
determining the density of urine: u'rinous, a. ■ 
pert, to urine. 

urn, n. em (L. urna, a water-pot, a vessel for draw- 
ing water: It. urna: F. urne), a vessel of a roundish 
form bulging out or swelling in the middle ; a vessel 
for keeping water hot at table ; a vessel in which the 
ashes of the dead were kept in anc. times ; in bat., the 
theca or spore-case of mosses. 

uroscopy, n. u-ros'ko-pi (Gr. ouron, urine, and skopeo, 
I view), the judgment of diseases from the inspection 
of the urine. 

ursa, n. er'sd (L. ursa, a she-bear ; ursus, a male 
bear), the bear : Ursa Major, n. -md'-jor (L. the greater 
bear), a brilliant constellation of the northern hemi- 
sphere, consisting of seven principal stars, familiarly 



lesser bear), a constellation notable from its contain- 
ing, at the end of the tail, the pole-star : ursidae, n. 
plu. ir'-si-de, the bear tribe, a well-known family of 
carnivorous animals : ursiform, a. -fawrm (L. forma, 
a shape), in the shape of a bear : ur'sine, a. -sin, pert, 
to a bear, or resembling it; grizzly. 

urticaceous, a. er'ti-kd'shas (L. urtica, a stinging 
nettle), having the character of a nettle : ur'tical, a. 
■kdl, pert, to or allied to the nettles: ur'tica'ria, n. 
■kd'rl-d, nettle-rash, a transient inflammation of the 
skin, characterised by the eruption of small, round, 
oval-like elevation, ol" a whiter or redder tint than tho 
healthy skin: ur'ticating, a. -kd-tlng, stinging, as a 
nettle : ur'tica'tion, n. -kd'shun, stinging, as that of a 
nettle ; the process of stinging with nettles. 

urus, n. u'rus (L. urus, a Celtic word: It. uro: F. 
ure), the wild ox, described by Ca;sar in his Commentar- 
ies, and stated to have abounded during his invasion 
in the forests of Gaul and Germany— long extinct in 
all parts of Europe. 

us, pron. us (AS.), the obj. case of the pronoun we. 

use, n. us (L. usus, use, employment, practice: F. 
us : It. uso), state of being employed to any purpose ; 
occasion or need to employ ; the quality which makes 
a thing proper for a purpose ; benefit ; advantage ; 
habit; in law (L. opus, need: formerly written aps or 
as), profit ; benefit : use, v. uz, to employ ; to apply 
or handle for some purpose ; to consume ; to accus- 
tom ; to render familiar by practice ; to be accus- 
tomed; to be wont: using, imp. u'-zlng : used, pp. 
uzd: usage, n. u'zdj, treatment; a series of actions 
performed by one person to another which affects him 
for good or evil ; custom; practice : usance, n. v'-zun: , 
proper employment ; the period after date allowed for 
the payment of a bill of exchange according to com- 
mercial custom : useful, a. us'-fo'ol, conducive to any 
end; suited or adapted to the purpose; profitable; 
serviceable : uselully, ad. -II : usefulness, n. -ties, the 
state of being useful: useless, a. -Us, worthless; 
fruitless ; unavailing : uselessly, ad. -li : uselesaness, 
n. -nes, the state of being useless : user, n. -u'zer, one 
who uses : usual, a. u'zhdb-dl, customary ; such as or- 
dinarily occurs : u'sually, ad. -II, commonly : in use, 
in employment; in customary practice: use and 
wont, us-, the common or customary practice: to use 
up, -uz-, to leave nothing of; to exhaust ; to tire out 
thoroughly. 

usher, n. ush'er (It. usciere; L. ostiarius; F. huis- 
sier, a door-keeper), an inferior officer in some Eng- 
lish courts of law ; in Eng., a subordinate teacher in a 
school or academy: v. to give entranee to ; to accom- 
pany and introduce ; to introduce : ush'ering, imp. : 
ush'ered, pp. -ird ■. ush'ership, n. the office of an 
usher. 

usquebaugh, n. iis'kwS-baw' (Gael, uisge-beatha, lit- 
erally, water of life), a st) 'a -it, slightly 
aromatic, made in Ireland and Scotland ; whisky. 

ustulate, a. us'-tu-ldt (L. ustulatum, to burn a little, 
to scorch), in bot, blackened as if burned: us'tula'- 
tion, n. -la'shun, the roasting or drying of moist 
substances to prepare them for pulverising. 

usual— see use. 

usucaption, n. u'zu-kdp'shun (L. usucaptum, to 
acquire ownership of a thing by long use— from usus, 
use, practice, and captum, to take), in civil law, the 
title or right to property acquired by the uninter- 
rupted and undisputed possession of it for a certain 
time. 

usufruct, n. u'zU-frukt (L. usus, use, employment, 
and fructus, fruit), the right of using and enjoying 

in. of a bhing belonging to another without 

impairing the substance. 

usurer, usurious, &c— see usury. 

usurp, v. u-zerp' (L. usvrpare, to -ejze to one's own 
use— from L. usus, use, and rapio, I seize : It. usurp- 
are: F. usurper), to seiz ce and with- 

out right ; to assume ; to arrogate : usurp'ing, imp. 
seizing the power or property of another without 
right : usurped', pp. -zerpt ', occupied and enjoyed by 
violence : usurp'er, n. -er, one who occupies the power 
or property of another without right,— applied par- 
ticularly to the taking possession of a throne or 
sovereignty: usurpation, n. u'zer-pjd'shun, forcible 
seizure and possession without right : usurpatory, a. 
u-zer'-pd-ter-l, marked by usurpation: usurp'ingly, 
ad. -li. 

usury, n. u'-zhob-rl (L. usura, a use or enjoyment : 
It. usura: F. usure), an illegal or very exorbitant 
rate of interest for lent money : u'surer, n. -rer, one 



mate, mdt,fdr, law; mete, met, Mr; pl?ie,pln; note, not, mOve; 



UTEN 



707 



VAIL 



who lends money at an illegal rate of interest : one 
who charges an exorbitant rate of interest : usurious, 
a. u-zh'jb'rl-us, taking an exorbitant rate of interest 
for money : usu'riously, ad. -li : usu'riousness, n. -nes, 
the state"of being usurious. 

utensil, n. ii-tai : <il J.. ufensilis, that maybe used. 
fit for use— from utor, I use : It. utensili, utensils : F. 
ustensile), a hollow instr. or vessel in domestic use, and 
suchlike. 

uterine, a. u'ter-in (L. uierus, the womb: It. utero: 
akin to Sans, udara, the belly : F. uterin, uterine), of 
or pert, to the uterus, or proceeding from it ; born of 
the same mother but 1 r : u'terus, n. 

•us, the muscular and vascular part in the females of 
certain animals in which conception occurs, and in 
which the foetus is developed and nourished until 
birth. 

utility, n. u-tU'l-tl (L. utilitas, utility, benefit— 
from utilis, useful, serviceable— from utor, I use : F. 
aud It. utile), profitableness to some end; benefit; 
advantage; profit: utilise, v. u'til-iz, to render prof- 
itable ; to turn to good account or use : utilising, 
imp. -l-zing: u'tilised, pp. -izd: u'tilisa tion, n. -l-za- 
shun, a making profitable ; a gaining : u'tilita'rian, a. 
-i-td'-rl-dn, pert, to utility or things useful: n. one 
who holds the doctrine of utilitarianism : u'tilita'- 
rianism, n. -Izm, the doctrine which makes utility 
the sole standard of good for man, or of moral con- 
duct; the doctrine that "the greatest happiness of 
the greatest number" should be the end and aim of 
society in its social utions. 

utmost, a. ut'mOst (AS. uternost— from vie, out, and 
nuzst, mosti, situated at the furthest point or extrem- 
ity; most distant; last; being in the greatest or 
highest degree : n. the most that can be ; the greatest 
power, degree, or effort. 

Utopian, a. il-to'pldn (from More's Utopia, an im- 
aginary land which he represents as enjoying the ■■*■ 



cal ; impracticable : uto'pianism, n. -izm, chimerical 
schemes in theory or practice. 

utricle, n. u'-trl-kl (L. utriculus, a small skin or 
leathern bottle— from uter, a bag or bottle made of an 
animal's hide), in hot., a thin-walled cell; a bladder- 
like covering ; a thin-skinned one-seeded fruit : utric- 
ular, a. u-trlk'-u-ler, containing vessels like small 
bags : utric'ulus, n. -lus, a kind of fruit with an in- 
flated covering ; a little bladder filled with air, atta-hed 
to certain aquatic plants. 

utter, a. ut'-ter (AS. ut, out ; uter, outer, extreme), 
complete ; perfect ; total ; absolute ; thorough ; entire : 
v. to send out, as words ; to speak ; to disclose ; to pub- 
lish; to put into circulation: ut'tering, imp.: ut'tered, 
pp. -terd, spoken; disclosed; put into circulation : 
ut'terable, a. -d-bl, that may be spoken or expressed 
in words : ut'terance, n. -dns, manner of speaking ; 
pronunciation: ut'terer, n. -er, one who utters; a 
promulgator : ut'terly, ad. -li, to the full extent ; per- 
fectly; totally: uttermost, a. -most, extreme; being 
in the furthest or highest degree : n. the greatest 
power or degree ; that beyond which nothing is : 
utter barrister, one admitted, but not yet allowed 
to plead within the bar : to the uttermost, in the 
most extensive degree ; in the highest degree. 

uvea, n. ii'vg-d (L. uva, a grape: It. uva), in anat., 
the posterior layer of the iris, so called from the black 
and very thick varnish which covers it, and which re- 
sembles the skin of a black grape : u'veous, a. -us, 
resembling a grape: u'vic, a. -vik, of or from the 
grape. 

uvula, n. u'-vu-ld (L. uva, a grape: old F. uvule: It. 
uvola), in anat., the fleshy conical body suspended 
from the middle of the lower border of the soft palate : 
u'vular, a. -lir, of or pert, to the uvula. 

uxorious, a. ug-zO'rl-us (L. uxorius, of or belonging 
to a wife— from uxor, a wife), foolishly fond of a wife : 
uxo'riously, ad. -li, with fond submission to a wife : 
uxo'riousness, n. -tie's, excessive and foolish fondness 
for a wife. 



vacant, a. va'kdnt (L. vacans, empty, void— g. 
vacantis: It. vacante: F. vacant), empty; void of 
every substance except air ; not filled by an occupant 
or possessor ; unsupplied ; indicating want of thought, 
as a look: va'cantly, ad. -II: vacancy, n. -Mn-sl, that 
which is vacant ; empty space; time of leisure ; situa- 
tion or office unfilled ; the time during which a place 
or situation remains unfilled ; listlessness ; emptiness 
of thought: vacate, v. vd-kdt' (L. vacalurn, to be 
empty or void, to be without), to make empty ; to 
withdraw from ; to annul: vaca'ting, imp.: vacated, 
pp.: vaca'tion, n. -shun, act of making void; the in- 
termission of judicial proceedings ; interruption for a 
time of regular studies at a college or school ; inter- 
mission of any stated employment. 

vaccine, a. vdk'sln (L. vaccinus, of or from cows— 
from vacca, a cow : It. vaccino.-F.vaccin), pert, to or 
derived from cows, as vaccine matter : vac'cinate, v. 
-sindt, to inoculate with vaccine matter or the cow- 
pox as a preventive of small-pox : vac'cinating, imp.: 
vaccinated, pp.: vaccinator, n.-nd-ter, one who vac- 
cinates : vac'cina'tion, n. -nd'slmn, the act or prac- 
tice of inoculating persons with the cow-pox in order 
to secure them from attacks of the small-pox. 

vacillate, v. vds'-U-ldt (L. vacillatum, to sway to and 
fro: It. vacillare: F. vaciller), to waver; to fluctuate 
in mind or opinion; to be unsteady or inconstant: 
vacillating, imp. : adj. unsteady ; inclined to fluctuate 
in opinions or resolutions : vacillated, pp.: vac'il- 
latingly, ad. -li: vac'illa'tion, n. -Id'shun, amoving 
one way and the other ; unsteadiness ; a fluctuation of 
mind: vac'illant, a. -Idnt, wavering; unsteady; fluc- 
tuating. 

vacuum, n. vdk'u-um (L. vacuum, an empty space : 
It. vacuo, emptiness: old F. va cq ue), a space empty 
or devoid of matter, solid or aeriform : in vacuo, in- 
vdV-u-O (L.), in empty space : vac'uist, n. -1st, one who 
regards a perfect vacuum in nature possible : vacuity, 
li. vd-ku-i-ti, space unfilled or unoccupied by matter; 
emptiness; void: vacuum-pump, a pump connected 
to the boiler of a marine engine for charging the 
boiler with water from the sea by discharging the 



vade-mecum, n. va'de-me'Mm (L. vade, go, and 
mecum, with me), a book or other thing which a person 
carries with him as a companion or book of refer- 
ence ; a manual ; a handbook. 

vagabond, a, vng'-a-bOnd (L. vagabundus, strolling 
about: It. vagabondo: F. vagabond), wandering ; hav- 
ing no settled home or habitation ; unsettled ; idle : n. 
an idle fellow without a settled home ; a vagrant : 
vag abondage, n. -bond-aj, also vag'abondism, n. -izm, 
an idle unsettled life. 

vagary, n. va-gd'rl, vaga'ries, n. plu. -riz (L. vagari, 
to wander, to roam: It. vagare: F. vaguer), a wan- 
dering of the thoughts ; a wild freak ; a whimsical pur- 
pose. 

vagina, n. vd-jl'nd (L. vagina, a scabbard, a sheath : 
It. vagina.- F. login), the canal or passage which leads 
from the external orifice to the uterus; in bot, a 
sheath ; any part which completely surrounds another : 
vagi'nal, a. -ndl, pert, to the vagina; resembling a 
sheath: vaginant, a. vaj'i-ndnt, serving to invest or 
sheathe : vag'inate, a. -ndt, also vag'inated, a. fur- 
nished or invested as with a sheath : vagino - pen- 
nous, a. -no-pen' : nus (L. penna, a wing or feather), 
having the wings enclosed in a sheath; sheath- 
winged. 

vagrant, a. vd'-grdnt (L. vagor, I wander : It. vagare ; 
F. vaguer, to ramble), wandering from place to place ; 
having no fixed habitation ; unsettled: n. one who has 
no settled abode; an idle wanderer; a vagabond: 
va'grantly, ad. -li: va'grancy, n. -gran-si, unsettled 
condition ; life or habits of one without a fixed habita- 
tion. 

vague, a. vag (L. vagus, strolling about, wander- 
ing : It. vago : F. vague), not settled or definite ; loose ; 
unfixed; ill-defined; proceeding from no reliable 
source: vaguely, ad. -li: vague'ness, n. -nes, state of 
being uncertain or unsettled. 

vail, n. val (a mere corruption of avail, the anc. 
Eng. term signifying money given to servants, casual 
emoluments of an office), money given to servants by 
employers, visitors, or others, as a perquisite or pre- 
sent ; customary or stipulated perquisites to servants, 
as grease and broken meat to a cook, and left-off 



cow, boy, f Cot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



VAIN 7C 

clothes to a personal servant; also spelt vale, n. vCd, 
in which case the root is 1,. vale, farewell. 

vain, a. van (L. vnnu.<, that contains nothing, empty: 
Icel. vanr, vain, void: It. vano: F. vain), prond of 
trifling attainments; having an unduly high opinion 
of one's own accomplishments ; ineffectual; fruitless, 
as an effort; unsatisfying: vainly, ad. -II: vain- 
glo'rious, a. proud or boastful to excess of one's own 
attainments or performances; self-proud: vainglo'ri- 
ously, ad.: vainglo'ry, n. self-pride; excessive pride 

oi one.'.; own pei-i'miiiaiice;.; /anity, II. VCln'i.- U (L. VU'll- 

itas, emptiness : F. vanite), empty pride inspired by 
an overweening opinion of one's own importance ; any- 
thing empty, visionary, or unsubstantial; vain pursuit; 



white, intended to represent the appearance of the 
skins when sewed edge to edge : vairy, a. vu'rl, in 
her. charged with vair. 

vaivode, n. vd'rod, a prince of the Danubian prov- 
inces ; an inferior Turkish officer. 

vakeel, n. vd-kel', in the & I., a, native attorney or 
agent. 

valance, n. vdl'dns, also val'ence, n. -6ns (It. val- 
enza, serge for bed-curtains; probably from having 
been made at Valencia or Valence), a piece of drapery 
hanging round the head of a bed, or from the head of 
window-curtains : v. to decorate with fringed drapery : 
valancing, imp.: val'anced, pp. -dust. 

vale, n. vdl, a poetic word for valley, which see. 

valediction, n. vdl'6-dik'shun (L. vale, farewell, and 
dictum, to say), a. bidding farewell: val'edic'tory, a. 
-dik'ter-i, bidding farewell: n. an oration or address 
delivered on bidding farewell. 

valentine, n. vdl'-en-tln, a letter containing some 
pictured representation conveying sentiments of love 
or burlesque, sent by one person to another on the 
14th of February, being the day of the festival in the 
Ch. of Rome in honour of St Valentine, and the day 
on which birds are supposed to pair ; a love-letter ; 
a sweetheart. 

valentinite, n. vdl-Sn'tln-lt (after Basilius Volen- 
tinus), white oxide of aid imony, a mineral of a whitish- 
grey colour, found in veins in the primary rocks along 
with other ores of antimony, lead, and zinc. 

valerian, n. vd-lc'ri-dn (L. valere, to be strong, to be 
in health), a plant, most of whose species are veiy 
ornamental in flower-borders, and which have stimu- 
lant and aromatic qualities: valerianic, a. -dn'-ik, 
of or from valerian. 

valet, n. val'-et (F. valet; old Eng. varlet, a servant 
— from old F. vaslet or varlet, a boy), a servant who 

" lead ■. .,,) ;, .., ni. I -man . ure Pndy ..<■, . ,,,,i. : 

waiting-servant. 

valetudinarian, n. vaVe-fu'dj-mV-ri-an (L. valetudi- 
narius, one in ill health— from valetudo, state of 
health: It. vidrtml inurin: F. vuh'tinlinaire), a person 
of weak or sickly constitution : adj. sickly; seeking 
to recover health. 

Valhalla, n. vdldidl'ld (Icel. valholl, hall of the 
Slain— from vtdr. slaughter, and lioll, a royal hall), in 
Scand, myth., the palace or hall of immortality in- 
habited by the souls of heroes slain in battle ; in Ger- 
many, a national building in which the statues of 
persons assumed to be worthy of immortality are 
placed. 

valiant, a. v&l'ydnt (F, roillant, worthy, courage- 
ous : old F. valure, worth : L. vedere, to be of worth, 

to be sound), brave; coma-eon,; mi ropid iii i.! an v - 

heroic : valiantly, ad. -II. 

valid, a. vdl'-id (L. validus, strong, stout— from ved- 
ere, to be strong: It. vid.ido.- F. valide), founded in 
truth ; not weak or defective ; having legal force ; exe- 



force. 

valise, n. vd-les' (F.), a small leather sack or bag 
for containing the clothes of a traveller; a travelling- 
bag; a saddle-bag. 

vallation, n. vdldd'shun (L. vallare, to surround 
with a rampart— from vallum, a rampart), a rampart 
or inti'enchmeut; more frequently circiimcallaiiini. 

valley, n. va.l'li (L. ndlis, a valley: It. valle: F. 
vallee), a tract of low-lying land bounded by hills or 
mountain-ranges ; in arch., the gutter or internal 



3 VAND 

angle formed by the two inclined sides of a roof: val- 
lecula, n. vdldSk'tidd (dim. of vallis), in Int., a d - 
pressed space or interval between the ribs on the fruit 
of limbelliferae. 

valonia, n. vddo'nl-d (It. valonea— from mod. Gr. 
balania, the holm or scarlet oak), the acorn-cup of an 
oak growing in Turkey, Greene, and other countries 
bordering on the Levant, much used by tanners, from 
the abundance of tannin which it contains. 

valorem, ad, dd vddo'-rbm (L. ad, to, and valorem, 
value), according to the value; in finance, a term used 
to denote the market value of commodities imported, 
and liable to a customs rate according to such ascer- 
tained value. 

valour, n. vdl'-er (F. valeur; It. valore, stoutness, 
bravery : L. vedere, to be well, to be strong), that 
quality of mind which enables a. person to encounter 
danger with firmness and resolution; personal bra- 
very; courage: val'orous, a. -Us, brave; courageous; 
si on!, hearted: val'orously, ad. -II. 

value, n. vdl'-u (F. valeur, value, worth: L. 
valere, to be strong, to be worth), worth as estimated 
by some rate or standard ; excellence ; usefulness ; 
efficacy in producing results : v. to rate or estimate at 
a certain price ; to have in high esteem; to prize : val- 
uing, imp. : val'ued, pp. -ud, estimated at a certain 
rate ; appraised : valuable, a. -u-d-bl, having value or 
worth; precious; costly: val'uableness, n. -bl-nes, 
the state of being valuable: val'ua'tion, n. -d'shun, 
the act of setting a price ; value set upon a thing : val- 
ua'tor, n. -d'ter, one whose occupation it is to set the 
value or worth on a thing ; an appraiser ; also val'uer, 
n. -er : val'ueless, a. -Us, having no worth. 

valve, n. vdlv (L. valvce, folding-doors— from volvo, 
I turn round or about), anything that opens over the 
mouth of a vessel ; u cover or lid opening in one direc- 
tion and shutting in another; in but., one of the pieces 
into which a pericarp or fruit separates, when sepa- 
rating naturally: valvate, a. vdl'vdt, in bot., opening 
by valves, like the parts of certain seed-vessels which 
separate at the edges of the carpels : valvate estiva- 
tion or vernation, in bot. , names used when the leaves 
in the flower-bud and leaf-bud are applied to each 
other by their margins only : valved, a. veiled, having 
valves; composed of valves: valvular, a. vul'vuder, 
containing valves : val'vule, n. -vul, one of the 
parts which compose the outer covering of a pericarp 
or fruit : safety-valve— see under safe. 

vamp, n. vamp (a corruption of F. avant, before— 
avant-j/ied, the fore part of the foot), the upper leather 
of a shoe : to vamp up, to put a new upper leather on ; 
to furbish up. 

vampire, n. vdm'plr (F. vampire; It. and Sp. vam- 
piro; Ger. and Dut. vampir, a vampire), an imaginaiy 
or fabled demon, said to be a person who after death 
returns nightly to suck the blood of the living; one 
who lives by preying on others; an extortioner; a 
species of S. Amer. bat: vam'pirism, n. -plr-izm, the 
actions of a vampire ; the practice of blood-sucking or 
extortion. 

van, n. vdn (F. avant, before— from L. ab ante, from 
before), the first line or front of an army, in opposition 
to- the rear or last line; the front line or foremost 
division, as of a fleet: van- couriers, light armed 
soldiers sent before armies to clear the road upon 
the approach of an enemy : van-foss, -fOs (F. avant 
•fosse— from fosse, a ditch), the outer ditch of a ram- 
part : vanguard, the part of an army which precedes 
the main body on a march. 

van, n. vdn (a contraction of caravan, which see), 
a carriage for furniture, &c; a conveyance for a wild 
beast or other show ; a carriage which may serve the 
purpose of a dwelling. 

vanadium, n. vd-na'di-wn (after Vanadis, a Scand. 
deity), a rare metal of a greyish, silvery colour: van- 
ad'ic, a. -dd'lk, pert, to or obtained from vanadium, 
as vanadic acid : vanadate, n. vdn'-d-ddt, also vanadi- 
ate, n. vd-nd'di-dt, a salt of vanadic acid: vanadl- 
nite, n. -dd'l-nil, the vanadiate of lead, a rare mineral 
of a yellowish-brown colour and resinous lustre. 

Vandal, n. vdn'ddl (L. Vandali; a people of Northern 
Germany in the time of Tacitus: Ger. wandeln, to 
walk, to travel), one of a barbarous race, inhabiting the 
southern shores of the Baltic, which invaded the Ro- 
man empire in the fifth century, noted for their fierce- 
ness and their indiscriminate destruction of the mon- 
uments of art and the productions of literature ; one 
who destroys any monument of art or literature ; one 
hostile to the arts or literature ; a barbarian : van'dal, 



mate, melt, fur, law; mete, mCt, her; pine, pin; note, not, mCve; 



VAND 



709 



VASE 



a., also vandalic, a. vdn-ddl'ik, pert, to or resembling 
the Vandals; rude; barbarous: vandalism, n. van' 
ddl-izm, the spirit or conduct of the Vandals; any 
outrage against civilised usages. 

vandyke, n. vdn-dlk', a neck -collar scolloped or 
pointed as in the portrait? by Vandyke, in the reign 
of Charles I.: v. to slash or rut nut, after the manner 
of certain dresses in the portraits of Vandyke : van- 
dyked', a. -dlkf, slashed or notched with indentations 
and points. 

vane, n. vdn (AS. fana; Dut. vaene; Ger. fahne, a 
flag or standard: L. pannus, a cloth, a rag), a thin 
plate of metal, or slip of wood, cut into some figure 
and made to move on a stem at the top of a spire or 
any other elevation, in order to show the direction of 
the wind; a weather-cock; any flat extended surface 
moved by the wind. 

vang, n. vdng (Dut. vangen; Ger. fangen, to seize), 
a rope passing from the extremity of a gaff to each 
of the ship's sides for the .purpose of steadying the 
spar, 
vanguard— see van. 

vanilla, n. vd-nll'ld (Sp. vainilla, a small pod or 
husk— from va ina, a scabbard or sheath, in reference 
to the pod resembling the sheath of a knife), a genus 
of plants, natives of tropical Amer., the pods or fruit 
of which produce one of the most delightful aromatics 
known, used extensively in flavouring liqueurs, choco- 
late, and articles of confectionery. 

vanish, v. vdn'-ish (L. a.u/csco, I pass away or disap- 
pear—from vanus, empty), to pass from a visible state ; 
to disappear: vanishing, imp.: vanished, pp. -isht: 
vanishing-point, that part of a picture to which all 
the imaginary lines of the perspective converge, 
vanity— see vain. 

vanquish, v. vdng'kwish (F. vnincre, to subdue; 
Taiviueur, a conqueror: L. and It. vincere, to con- 
quer, to overcome), to subdue in a contest; to over- 
come; to confute: n. a disease in sheep: vanquish- 
ing, imp.: vanquished, pp. -fctvisht: vanquisher, n. 
•er, one who vanquishes : the vanquished, those de- 
feated in any contest. 

vantage, 'n. vdn'tdj (contracted from advantage, 
which see), superiority ; state in which one has better 
means of action or defence than another: vantage- 
ground, the place or condition which gives one the 
superiority over another. 

vapid, a. vdp'id iL. vapiiiu.*, flat or stale— from va- 
por, steam, exhalation), that has lost its life and spirit, 
as by evaporation ; spiritless ; flat ; dull : vapidly, ad. 
-II : vap'idness, n. -nes, want of life or spirit ; dead- 
ness ; flatness. 

vapour, n. vd'per (L. vapor, steam, exhalation- 
akin to Gr. kapnos, smoke : F. vapeur), the gas into 
which most liquids and many solids may be converted 
by heat, generally invisible ; a visible fluid Heating in 
the atmosphere : va'pours, n. -perz, a disease character- 
ised by nervous weakness and depression of spirits, in 
which a variety of strange images float in the brain 
or appear as visible ; hysteria : va 'poured, a. -perd, 
moist; peevish: va'pourer, n. -per-er, one who makes 
a vaunting display of his prowess or worth ; a braggn it : 
va'pouring, a. boasting ostentatiously: va'pourish, 
a. -ish, affected by hysterics or the disease of vapours : 
va'poury, a. -%, full of vapours ; peevish : va'porable, 
a. -d-bl, capable of being converted into vapour : va'- 
porise, v. -Iz, to convert into vapour: va'porising, 
imp.: va'porised, pp. -izd: va'porisa'tion, n. -l-zd' 
shun, the rapid conversion of a fluid into vapour by 
heat: va'pourous, a. -lis, full of vapours or exhala- 
tions: proceeding from the vapours: va'porific, a. 
■if-ik(L. facere, to make), forming into vapour; con- 
verting into steam : vapour-bath, the application of 
vapour to the body in a close place ; the place itself, 
variable, variance, variation,.&c— see under vary. 
varicella, n. var'-i-sel'ld (a dim. from variola, the 
disease of small-pox), the chicken-pox. 

varicocele, a. vdr'i-ko-sel or va'- (L. varix, a swollen 
vein, and Gr. kele, a tumour), a swelling of the veins 
of the scrotum or of the spermatic cord. 

varicose, a. vdr'i-koz or va'-rl- (L. varix, a swollen 
vein), applied to veins in a permanent state of dilata- 
tion, attended with an accumulation of dark-coloured 
blood; swelled. 

variegate, v. vd'-ri-S-gdt (L. variegatum, to make of 
various sorts or colours— from varius, various, and 
agere, to do), to diversify in external appearance ; to 

stain 01 ml i tln.li i ei h airs, or different shades 

of the same colour : va'riegating, imp. : va'riegated, 



pp. diversified in colour or external appearance ; mot- 
tled: va'riega'tion, n. -gd'-shun, the state of being di- 
versified by different colours : va'riegator, n. -tir, one 
who or that which variegates. 

variety— see under vary. 

variola, n. vd-rl'-0-ld (L. varius, varying, spotted : 
F. variole), the small-pox: vari'olar, a. -Ur, pert, to 
the small-pox : vari'olite, n.-llt (variola, the small-i- 'X, 
and Gr. lithos, a stone), compact ana gdaloid or amyg- 
daloidal porphyry in which the enclosed crystals are 
numerous, small, and round, giving to the rock a spot- 
ted appearance, rendered more striking from the rock 
being of a different colour from the enclosed crystals : 
vari'olit'ic, a. -lit'lk, thickly marked with small round 
specks ; spotted : varioloid, n. -loijd(L. varius, spotted, 
and Gr. eidos, resemblance), a disease resembling the 
small-pox : vari'olous, a. -Ms, dotted with numerous 
small impressions like those of the small-pox ; rela- 
ting to the small-pox. 

various, variously— see vary. 

varix, n. va'-rlks, plu. varices, vd'rl-sSz (L. varix, a 
dilated vein : It. and F. vurice), an uneven dilatation 
of a vein. 

varlet, n. var'lSt (old F. vaslet or varlet, a boy), a 
servant or footman ; a scoundrel; a rascal: varletry, 
n. -H, the rabble ; the crow r d. 

varnish, n. vdr'nlsh (It. vernice; F. vernis; Sp. 
berniz, varnish, paint: L. vitrinire, to glaze— from 
vitrum, glass), a liquid resinous matter spread upon 
a surface, to which it gives a glossy coating when dry, 
and which is impervious to air or moisture ; gloss : v. 
to cover with a liquid in order to give a glossy surface 
to ; to give a fair appearance to ; to gloss : var'nish- 
ing, imp.: var'nished, pp. -nisht, made glossy; ren- 
dered fair in appearance: var'nisher, n. -er, one who 
or that which varnishes. 

vary, v. va'-rl (L. varius, different, changing: L. and 
It. variare, to diversify, to change : F. varier, to vary), 
to change to something else; to alter; to make differ- 
ent; to sutler a partial change; to diversify; to ap- 
pear in different forms ; to disagree ; to shift colours : 
va'rying, imp. changing; altering: va'ried, pp. -rid: 
va'riedly, ad. -U: variable, a. vd'-rl-d-bl, that may or 
can be varied or changed ; fickle ; changeable ; incon- 
stant ; in math., subject to continual increase or dim- 
inution : n. in math., a variable quantity: variables, 
n. plu. -d-blz, the zone of calms and light breezes, 
formed by the trade-winds north and south of the 
equator for a certain distance neuira Using each other: 
va'riably, ad. -bli: variableness, n. -bl-nes, also va'- 
riabil'ity, n. -bll'-i-tl, liableness or aptness to alter; 
changeableness ; fickleness : va'riance, n. -ri-dns, dis- 
agreement; difference; controversy ; dissension: at 
variance, in a state of disagreement or enmity : va'- 
ria'tion, n. -d'-sltun, alteration; partial change in 
form, appearance, position, &c; change, as of termina- 
tion; in music, the singing or playing of an air with 
various embellishments: variation of the compass, 
the angle which the varying position of the magnetic 
needle makes with the geographical meridian: va- 
riety, n. vd-rl'-c-ti, an intermixture of things dif- 
ferent in form or quality ; many and different kinds ; 
a succession of different things ; in nat. hist., a subor- 
dinate division of a species, distinguished by some 

accidental or i ui.oi. Moon ,,. ,■. > , 1 1 1 , ; ■ i m, 

sort: various, a. vd'-rl-us, diversified; different; 
manifold; changeable; unfixed: va'riously, ad. -II. 

vascular, a, vds'-ku-Ur (L. vasculum, a small vessel 
—from vas, a vessel: It. vascolare; F.vasculuire. vas- 
cular), consisting of or containing vessels, as arteries 
or veins ; composed of small vessels like the woody 
tissue or substance of flowering plants, used in contra- 
distinction to cellular: vascularity, n. -ldr'i-ti, state 
of being vasculs fcingmplanl higher degree 

of organisation than simple cellidarity : vas'cula'res, 
n. plu. -la'-rez, the higher plants which are furnished 
with vessels as well as cellular tissue : vas'culif'erous, 
a. -llf'er-us (L.fero, I 'near), in hot, having seed-ves- 
sels divided into cells: vascular tissue, the woody 
tissue of plants: vascular system, in anat., the sys- 
tem of blood-vessels ; in bot., that portion of the tissue 
of plants destined for the conveyance of air. 

vase, n. vdz or vas (L. vas, a vessel, a utensil : It. 
and F. vase), an ornamental vessel, generally of an 
antique pattern ; a large cup with handles ; a sculp- 
tured vase-like ornament: vase-shaped, a. shaped 
somewhat like a common flower-pot without the rim : 
vasiform, a. vdz'-i-fawrm (L. forma, shape), in bot., 
applied to a vegetable tissue called dotted vess-ls. 



y,fobt; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



VASO 



710 



VELU 



vasodentine, n. vds'6-dln'tln (L. vas, a vessel, and 
d»ns, a tooth— gen. dentis), in anat., that modification 
of dentine in -which capillary tubes of the primitive 
vascular pulp remain uncalcified and carry red blood 
into the substance of the tissue. 

vassal, n. vds'sdl (W. gwas, a young man, a servant ; 
gxoasawl, serving : mid. L. vassus, a man, a retainer : 
F. vassal, a vassal), any one dependent on a superior 
lord ; any one holding land from a superior ; a servant ; 
a bondsman : vas'salage, n. -aj, state of being a vassal 
orfeudatory ; political so vi rude or dependence: vas'- 
salry, n. -rl, the body of vassals. 

vast, a. v&st (L. vastus, desolate, immense : It. 
vasto: F. vaste), of great extent ; very great in bulk, 
amount, numbers, force, or importance ; very spa- 
cious ; immense : vastly, ad. -II : vast'ness, n. -nSs, im- 
mense bulk or extent : vast'y, a. in poetry, immense ; 
mighty. 

vat, n. vdt iXS.f'if; Tint, vat; Ger. fass; L. vas, a 
tub, avessel for holding liquids : J)ut. ratten, to hold, 
to contain), a large vessel or cask for holding liquids, 
particularly fermented liquors, in an immature state; 
a large vessel or cistern for steeping hides in. 

Vatican, n. vat'i-kan (L. vaticanus mons, the Vati- 
can hill, in Rome, on the western bank of the Tiber: 
F. Vatican: It. vaticano), in Rome, an assemblage of 
magnificent buildings, including one of the Pope's 
palaces, and adjoining the church of St Peter; the 
papal authority. 

vaticide, n. vdt'l-sld{L. votes, a prophet, and cazdere, 
to cut, to kill), the murder or murderer of a prophet : 
vaticinal, a. vd-tis'l-ndl (L. vates), pert, to or contain- 
ing prophecy: vaticinate, v. -nat, to prophesy. 

vaudeville, n. vawd'vel (F.— from Vaude-vire, a vil- 
lage in Normandy), a kind of lively song, sung in 
couplets, with a refrain; a theatrical piece inter- 
mingled with light or satirical songs ; also spelt vaude- 
vil, n. 

vault, n. vawlt (It. volta, a turning round or about, 
an arched roof: L. volutum, to turn), a cellar or under- 
ground building having an arched roof; a cave or 
cavern; an underground repository or closely -con- 
structed building for the dead ; an open expanse, as 
the vault of heaven: v. to shape as a vault ; to arch : 
vault'ed, a. having a concave over head ; covered with 
vaults or arches. 

vault, v. vawlt (F. volte, a round, a turn: It. voltare, 
to turn, to tumble), to bound or curvet, as ahorse; to 
turn or make a turn: n. the bounding turn which 
skilful riders teach their horses ; a leap ; a tumbler's 
gambol or turn: vaulting, imp.: vault'ed, pp.: 
vault'er, n. -er, one who vaults or leaps ; a tumbler. 

vaunt, v. vawnt (It. vantare; F. vanter, to boast, 
to brag : L. vanus, vain, empty : Sp. vanidad, vanity, 
vain parade), to make a vain display of; to boast: 
n. a boast; a vain display: vaunting, imp.: n. con- 
ceited or vainglorious boasting: vaunt'ed, pp. vainly 
boasted of or displayed: vaunt'er, n. -er, a boaster: 
vauntlngly, ad. -li. 

vauquelinite, n. vtiXok'Vt-nlt (after Vauquelin, a 
French chemist), a chromate of lead and copper, oc- 
curring in veins with other ores, of a dark olive-green 
colour and resinous lustre. 

vavasour, n. vdv'd-sobr (old F. vavasseur ; mid. L. 
vavassor, a vavasour; vassus, a retainer: L. vasa — gen. 
vasorum, military equipments), one who, himself hold- 
ing of a superior or lord, has others holding under 
him. 

veal, n. vel (It. vitello; old F. veel; F. veau, veal— 
from L. vitulus, a calf), the flesh of a calf. 

vector, n. vgk'tor (L. vector, a bearer or carrier— 
from vectum, to carry: F. vecteur), a line supposed to 
be drawn from a planet moving round any centre to 
that centre ; a straight line connecting any point, as 
of a curve, with a fixed point or pole round which 
it turns— see radius vector, which is the common 
name. 

Vedas, n. plu. ve'ddz (Sans, veda, knowledge— from 
•Bid, to know), the anc. sacred literature of the Hin- 
doos, or the Hindoo Scriptures; the four oldest sacred 
books of the Hindoos. 

vedette, n. ve-det' (F. vedette, a sentry or court of 
guard placed without a fort or camp : It. vedetta, a 
sentinel's standing-place, a peeping-hole— from vedere, 
to see, to view), a mounted sentry stationed at an out- 
post or elevated point to observe the movements of 
the enemy ; an outpost. 

veer, v. ver (F. virer, to turn round : It. virare, to 
turn), to change direction, as the wind; to alter its 



changing; varying: n. that movement of a ship i„ 
changing her course by which her head is turned to 
leeward : veered, pp. verd: veerlngly, ad. -II. 

vegetate, v. vej'6-tdt (L. vegetus, lively, vigorous — 
from vegere, to quicken, to arouse: F. vigeter ; It. 
vegetare, to grow, as plants), to grow, as plants ; to 
sprout; to germinate; familiarly applied to persons 
living an idle, useless, unthinking life : veg'etating, 
imp.: veg'etated, pp.: vegetable, n. -td-bl, an organ- 
ised body destitute of sensation and voluntary motion, 
deriving its nourishment by means of roots from the 
earth ; a plant : adj. pert, to plants ; having the nature 
of plants; derived from vegetables: veg'eta'tion, n. 
■ta'shi'm, the process of growing, as plants, by means 
of nourishment derived from the earth, air, or water; 
vegetables or plants in general : veg etative, a. -ta-tiv, 
growing, or having the power of growing, as plants ; 
having the power of pri idui in plants : veg'- 

eta'rian, n. -td'rl-dn, one who abstains from the use 
of animal food as an article of diet ; one who main- 
tains that vegetable and farinaceous substances con- 
stitute the only proper food for man : veg'eta'rianism, 
n. -izm, the theory and practice of living solely on 
vegetables : veg'etal, a. -e-tdl, pert, to growth, exist- 
ence, and reproduction in plants or animals: veg'eto, 
a prefix, -to, of or derived from vegetables or plants, 
as i,., j. to-alkali. 

vehement, a. ve'S-mSnt (L. vehemens, violent, im- 
petuous—from ve, not, and mens, mind, that is, not 
very reasonable : It. veemente : F. vehement), very vio- 
lent or forcible ; very eager ; very urgent ; marked by 
great animation : ve hemently, ad. -II: veliemence, n. 
-mens, great force ; violent ardour ; animated fervour. 

vehicle, n. ve'l-ll (L. riliicalinn, a carriage, a wag- 
gon—from veho, I carry or convey: It. veiculo: F. 
vehicule), any kind of carriage or conveyance; inmed., 
a substance in which medicine is taken ; that which is 
used as the instr. of conveyance or communication: 
ve'hicled, a. -i-kld, conveyed in a vehicle: vehicular, 
a ve-h ik- fi.-lir, of or pert, to a vehicle. 

veil, n. val (L. velum, a covering, a curtain: old F. 
veile; F. voile; It. veto, aveil), a thin transparent cloth 
used by females to shade or conceal the face; that 
which is used for intercepting the view and hiding 
something; a curtain: v. to conceal; to cover; to 
hide : veiling, imp.: veiled, pp. void. 

vein, n. van (L. vena, a blood-vessel, a streamlet : 
It. vena: F. veine), one of the vessels of the body 
which convey the blood back to the heart ; in hot., one 
of the small branching ribs of a leaf; in geol. or min- 
ing, fissures or rents traversing and ramifying through 
the solid rock of the earth's crust, filled with mineral 
or metallic matter, differing from the rock-mass in 
which it occurs ; a streak or wave of a different colour 
in marble, wood, &c; tendency or turn of mind; 
humour ; particular temper : v. to give the appear- 
ance of veins in ; to grain : veinlng, imp.: veined, pp. 
vand: adj. streaked or marked, as some marbles, 
with lines or veins of colour ; having vessels branch- 
ing over the surface, as a leaf: veinless, a. -les, having 
no veins : vein'y, a. -i, full of or abounding in veins : 
veinstone, the mineral matter occupying a vein, in 
contradistinction to the metallic or metalliferous ores 
of which it forms the matrix : vein-stuff, the usual 
mining term for the rock-matter which fills a vein, 
and through which the ore is disseminated in various 
forms. 

vellum, n. vel'lum (It. vitello; L. vitulus, a calf: 
F. velin, vellum), a fine kind of parchment prepared 
from the skins of calves, kids, and lambs, and used 
for writing on : vellumy, a. -i, having a surface resem- 
bling that of vellum. 

velocipede, n. ve-los'4-ped (It. velocipede; F. veloci- 
pede, a velocipede : L. velox, swift, and pedes, feet), a 
light carriage, consisting of a beam, on which the 
rider sits, and having a wheel, or wheels, at each end, 
propelled by the rider by means of a treadle ; also 
called a bicycle, bi'si-kl (L. bis, twice, and Gr. kuklos. 
a circle), a two-wheeled velocipede, and a tricycle, tri- 
si-kl (L. tris, three), a three-wheeled velocipede. 

velocity, n. ve-los'4-ti (L. velocitas, swiftness, speed 
—from velox, swift: It. velocita: F. vclocite), quick- 
ness of motion ; rapidity ; rate of motion— applied to 
the air or bodies moving in it. 

velum, n. ve'lum (L. velum, a veil), in tot., the 
cellular covering of the gills of an agaric in its early 
state. 



mate, mat, far, law; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



YELU 



711 



VEKA 



velutinous, a. vB-hi'-tln-iis (see velvet), in lot., hav- 
ing a velvety appearance : feeling like velvet. 

velvet, n. vSi-vct \lt. velluto, fleecy, nappy : old Eng. 
velouette, velvet— from L. vellus, a fleece), a rich silk 
stuff having on one side a flue soft pile or raised nap ; 
a similar fabric made of cotton : adj. made of velvet : 
vel'vety, a. -i, resembling velvet; soft, smooth, or 
delicate : vel'veting, h. velvet goods ; the soft pile of 
velvet : vel'veteen, n. -en', a stuff made in imitation 
of velvet. 

vena-portae, n. ve'-na-por'fe (L. the vein of the gate), 
in anat., the large vein which conveys the blood from 
the intestines into the liver : vense-cavae, n. vc'-ne-kav'- 
e (L. the hollow veins), the large veins which pour 
the blood collected from the body into the heart. 

venal, a. ve'-nal (L. venalis, for sale, to be sold— from 
verms, sale: It. venule: F. renal), that may be pur- 
chased or bribed; mercenary: ve'nally, ad. -II: ve- 
nality, n. ve-nal'-l-ti, state of being influenced by 
money or by a bribe ; prostitution of talents or ser- 
vices for money or reward. 

venary, n. v&n'd-rl (L. venari, to hunt, to chase : F. 
verier, to hunt), the exercise of hunting; sports of the 
chase ; also spelt ven'ery, n. -er-i. 

venation, n. ve-ua'-thu/i (L. vena, a vein), in Trot., 
the arrangement of the veins or framework in leaves. 

vend, v. vdnd iL. vendo, I sell, I give up a thing for 
money— from venum, sale, and do, I give: It. ven- 
dere; F. vendre, to sell), to sell; to give for money: 
vending, imp. : vend'ed, pp. : vender or vendor, 
n. -der, a seller : vendee', n. -de', the person to whom 
a thing is sold : ven dible, a. -dl-bl, saleable ; that may 
or can be sold: ven'dibly, ad. -bll: ven'dibleness, n. 
U-nes, also vendibility, n. -bil'l-ti, state of being 
saleable. 

veneer, v. vS-neY (Ger. fwrnieren, to veneer, to in- 
lay—from F. fournir, to furnish), to overlay or plate 
with a thin layer of fine wood for outer finish or dec- 
oration : n. a thin sheet of a more valuable and orna- 
mental wood for overlaying an int< rior kind : veneer'- 
ing, imp.: n. the process of decorating ordinary woud- 
surfaces with thin slices of rare and beautiful woods : 
veneered', pp. -nerd'. 

venerate, v. vcn'ir-Cit (L. rr aeration, to reverence 
with religious awe— akin to Sans, wan, to worship : F. 
venerer, to venerate), to regard with the highest de- 
gree of respect and reverence ; to revere : ven'era- 
ting, imp.: ven'erated, pp. treated with honour and 
respect: ven'era'tion, n. -a'shiin, the highest degree 
of respect and reverence ; respect mingled with some 
degree of awe : ven'erable, a. -d-bl, worthy of the 
highest respect ; rendered sacred by religious associa- 
tions or by age ; aged : ven'erably, ad. -a-bll : ven'er- 
ableness, n. -d-bl-nSs, the state or quality of being 
venerable. 

venereal, a. vS-ne-rS-dl (L. venereus, of or pert, to 
Venus— from Venus, the goddess of love), pert, to or 
arising from sexual intercourse : venery, n. ven'er-i, 
sexual intercourse. 

venery— see venary. 

venesection, n. cC'-iic-sSk'-shun (L. vena, a vein, and 
seco, I cut ; sectio, a cutting), the act or operation of 
opening a vein for letting blood ; bloodletting. 

Venetian, a. vS-ne'-sh'dn, of or from Venice, in 
Italy : n. a native of Venice : venetian-blind, a blind 
for windows formed of long, flat, thin slips of wood, 
generally painted green, so hung as to be made to 
stand horizontally above each other, or to overlap at 
pleasure : venetian-window, a main window, with - 



crayons call i little safflower, 

it constitutes the cosmetic called /a rd. 

vengeance, n. venj'dns (L. vindicare, to avenge, to 
punish a wrong: old F. vendiquer; F. venger; It. 
vendicare, to avenge), the infliction of pain or punish- 
ment on another in return for an injury or offence ; 
punishment : venge'ful, a. -fool, vindictive ; retribu- 
tive : venge'fully, ad. -li : to do with a vengeance, to 
do with vehemence. 

venial, a. ve'-nl-al (L. venia, favour, indulgence : It. 
veniale, pardonable), that may be pardoned or for- 
given ; that may be permitted to pass without cen- 
sure : ve'nially, ad. -II : ve'nialness, n. -nes, state of 
being excusable or pardonable : venial sin, in R. Cath. 
Ch., a sin which weakens sanctifying grace, but does 
not take it away, as mortal or deadly sin does. 

venison, n. ven'-zn (L. venatio, a hunting, game— 



from venor, I hunt: F. venaison, venison), the flesh of 
animals taken in hunting that may be used as human 
food, particularly the flesh of the deer kind. 

venom, n. veu'om (L. venerium, a potion that de- 
stroys life: It. viuLiin: F. venin), matter fatal or in- 
jurious to life, restricted to matter introduced into 
the system by bites or stings; spite; malice : ven- 
omous, a. -o-mus, poisonous; armed with poison, as 
certain animals; noxious; full of malignity ; spiteful: 
ven omously, ad. -li : ven'omousness, n. -nes, the 
state '<r quality of being venomous. 

venous, a. ve'-nits (L. vowsus, full of veins— from 
vena, a vein: It. venoso: F. reunu.v). pert, to a vein; 
contained in a vein: venous system, in anat., the 
collective name for the veins : ve'nose, a. -nos, in 
bot. , applied to parts or bodies that have many branched 
veins, as in reticulated leaves. 

vent, n. vent (F. vent; L. ventus, wind), a small 
aperture through which air can escape or a fluid is 
let out ; passage from secrecy to publicity ; escape ; 
passage ; means of discharge ; a Scotch name for a 
chimney: v. to let out; to utter: venting, imp.: 
vent'ed, pp.: to give vent to, to sutler to escape ; to 
let out : vent'ail, n. -al (F. ixntail, a folding-door), the 
breathing-slip of a helmet: vent- or touch-hole, the 
small passage to the chamber of a gun which com- 
municates the fire : vent-peg, a peg for filling up the 
vent of a close barrel or cask. 

venter, n. ven'-ter (L. the belly), in anat., the belly ; 
the abdomen. 

ventilate, v. vSn'tl-ldt (L. ventilatum, to blow gent- 
ly backwards and forwards, to expose to the action of 
the air— from ventus, the wind : It. ventilate: F. ven- 
tiler), to open and expose to the free action of air or 
wind ; to supply with fresh air ; to expose to examina- 
ti.ai and discussion : ventilating, imp. supplying 
with fresh air : ventilated, pp. : ventilator, n. -la- 
tir, a machine or contrivance for regulating the ad- 
mission of fresh air: ven'tila'tion, n. -la-shun, the 
art or operation of supplying apartments or buildings 
with a regulated quantity of fresh air. 

ventral", a. lien'trdl (L. ventralis, ventral— from ven- 
ter, the belly), of or pert, to the belly ; abdominal ; in 
bot., applied to that part of the carpel nearest the 
axis, or in front : ventricose, a. vSn'-tri-kos, also ven'- 
tricous, a. -kus, distended; swelling out in the middle 
or unequally on one side : ven'tricle, n. -tri-kl (L. ven- 
triculus, the belly, the stomach), a small cavity in an 
animal body; a small cavity in the heart or brain: 
ventric'ular, a. -trlk'u-lir, pert, to a ventricle or small 
cavity ; distended in the middle : ventric'ulite, n. -lit 
(Gr. lithos, a stone), in geol., a fossil zoophyte of the 
chalk formation, usually appearing as a fungiform 
flint, well known to the inhabitants of Kent and Sussex 
as "petrified mushrooms." 

ventriloquism, n. vcn-trll'-o-Jaoizm, also ventrtT- 
oquy, n. -kwl (L. venter, the belly, and loqu i, to speak), 
the art or practice of speaking or uttering sounds 
which appear to come not from the person but from 
another near or distant,— the sounds are said to come 
from the belly, but they are really formed in the inner 
parts of the mouth and throat: ventriloquist, n. 
-kwist. one who speaks in such a manner that his 
words appear as spoken by another near or distant : 
ventriloquise, v. -kwiz, to speak as a ventriloquist: 
ventriloquising, imp. : ventril'oquised, pp. -kivizd. 

venture, n. ven'tur or -chdbr (contr. from adven- 
ture: It. and Sp. ventura, luck, chance: L. ventum, 
to come), that which may happen ; an undertak- 
ing of chance or danger ; a hazard ; a speculation ; 
the thing put to hazard : v. to put or send on a ven- 
ture or chance ; to risk : ven'turing, imp. : n. the act 
of putting to risk or hazard : ventured, pp. -turd 
or -chobrd, put to hazard ; risked : ven'turer, n. -rer, 
one who risks or puts to hazard : ven'turesome, a. 
-sum, bold ; daring : ven'turous, a. -rus, daring ; bold ; 
fearless : ven'turously, ad. -li -. ven'turousness, n. 
-nes, the quality of being venturous ; boldness. 

venue, n. ven'-u (mid. L. visnetum; Norm, vesini; 
old F. visnage, neighbourhood), inlair, the neighbour- 
hood in which a wrong is committed, and in which it 
should be tried, and from which the jury must be 
drawn. 

Venus, n. ve'nus (L. Venus, Venus— akin to Sans. 
wan, to conceive an affection for), in anc. math., the 
goddess of beauty and love ; the planet second in dis- 
tance from the sun. 

veracious, a. ve-ra'shus (L. verax, true— gen. vera- 
cis: It. verace: F. verace), observant of truth; habit- 



cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



VERA 



712 



VERS 



ually disposed to speak truth : vera'ciously, ad. -li : 
veracity, n. ve-rds'-i-tl, habitual observance of truth; 
truthfulness. 

veranda, n., also verandah, n. ve-rdn'-dd (Port. 
varanda, a balcony, a terrace : probably an Indian 
word, from Sans, varanda, a portico), a kind of open 
portico, or light, open, latticed gallery in front of a 
building, having a sloping roof arid supported on slen- 
der pillars. 

veratria, n. vS-rd'-tri-d, also vera'trine, n. -trln, 
and veratrina, n. ver'-d-tri'-nd (L. veratrum, the plant 
hellebore : F. veratrine), a vegeta 1 1 ' Jlcaloi < i ( > i .■ ■ i >• ■ ■ < i 
from the rootstocks of the genus of plants veratrum, 

Generally in the form of a white crystalline pow- 
er, very acrid and poisonous : veratrum, n. ve-rd- 
trum, a genus of plants, one of which is white helle- 
bore. 

verb, n. verb (L. verbum, a word : It. verbo : F. verbe), 
the word in a sentence which affirms ; a word which 
in general tells what a person or thing does : verbal, 
a. virb'-dl, not written ; uttered by the mouth; relat- 
ing to words only ; mini it' ly < ••■:aet in words; in gram., 
derived from a verb : verb 'ally, ad. -It, by words ut- 
tered; orally: verb'alism, n. -izm, something ex- 
pressed orally : verb'alist, n. -1st, one who deals in 
words : verb'alise, v. -%z, to convert into a verb : ver- 
batim, a. ver-bd'-lim (L.— from verbum, a word), word 
for word ; in the same words : verbiage, n. ver'bl-dj 
(F. verbiage), superabundance of words ; empty dis- 
course : verbose, a. ver-bos' (L. verbosus, wordy), using 
or containing more words than are necessary ; wordy : 
verbosely, ad. -II: verbose'ness, n. -nes, also verbos- 
ity, n. ver-bos' 141, employment of a superabundance of 
words ; the use of more words than are necessary. 

verbena, n. v<:r-be-u.il(L. verb, ,uc, branches of laurel 
or myrtle), a genus of extremely beautiful and orna- 
mental plants while in flower, cultivated for then- 
beauty or for their delightful odour ; vervain. 

verdant, a. ver'-ddnt (F. verdoyant, verdant: Sp. 
and It. verde, green colour : L. viridis, green : old 
F. verd, green), covered with growing grass or plants ; 
fresh; flourishing; soft; raw; inexperienced: ver'- 
dantly, ad. -II: ver'dancy, n. -d-ln-sl, greenness : 
ver'dure, n. -dur, greenne is ; the fresh colour of veg- 
etation: ver'dured, a. -dilrd, covered with verdure. 

verde-antique, n. verd'-dn-tek' (It. verde ; old F. 
verd, green, and F. antique, ancient), a beautiful green 
variety of marble, consisting of an aggregate of ser- 
pentine and limestone irregularly intermingled ; a 
green incrustation on ancient bronze coins. 

verdict, n. ver'-dlkt (L. verum, true, and dictum, a 
saying or utterance), the answer given to the court by 
i mi natter committed to them for exami- 
nation; a decision; opinion pronounced. 

verdigris, n. ver'-dl-gris (F. verd-de-gris— from verd, 
green, de, of, and gris, grey : L. viride azris, the green 
of brass), a rust of copper or one of its compounds, so 
'called from its peculiar green colour; a bluish-green 
pigment prepared from verdigris, obtained by sub- 
jecting copper to the a i .aide acid. 

verditer, n. ver'di-ter (F. verd-de-terre, the green of 
earth), a green pigment obtained by adding finely- 
levigated chalk or whiting to a solution of copper in 
nitric acid. 

verge, n.verj (F. verge, a rod or twig, the wand borne 
by an officer as a sign of his authority: L. virga; Sp. 
vara, a rod, a twig), a rod, wand, or mace ; a French 
name for the Eng. yard-measure; the verge of a 
court — that is, the limits within which the authority 
of the officers extended ; the extreme side or end of 
anything ; edge ; utmost border ; margin : in a watch 
(F. verge, a plain hoop ring), the balance-wheel, dis- 
tinguished from the others by the absence of cogs: 
verger, n. ver'-jer, a wand-bearer ; a petty officer in 
courts and churches: room and verge, space and 
margin. 

verge, v. verj [L. vergere, to turn, to incline), to tend 
downwards; to tend; to approach: verg'ing, imp. 

i 11 hi on ,i i i 114 verged, pp. verjd. 

verify, v. vSr'-i-fi (L. verus, true, and facio, I make : 
F. verifier), to prove to be true ; to confirm by argu- 
ment or evidence : ver'if ying, imp. : verified, pp. -fid : 
ver'ifier, n. -fi-er, one who verifies: verifiable, a. 
-d-bl, that may be proved or confirmed by evidence: 
verification, n. -fi-kd'-shun, the act of proving to be 
true. 
verily, ad. v$i-'-i,-li—see under very, 
verisimilar, a. vSr'-i-slm'-i-ler (L. verus, true, and 
similis, like), having the appearance of truth; likely: 



verisimilitude, n. -si-miiM-tud (L. similitudo, like- 
ness), the appearance of truth; probability. 

verity, n. ver'-i-ti (L. Veritas, truth —from verus, 
true), a true assertion or tenet: moral truth: ver'- 
itable, a. -td-bl, agreeable to fact ; true : veritably, 
ad. -bit. 

verjuice, n. ver'jds (F. verjus— from verd or vert, 
green, imdjus, juice), the juice extrnc'-'d from green or 
unripe fruit; an acid liquor expressed from unripe 
grapes, wild apples, &c. 

vermeil, n. vir'mil (F. vermeil, lively red), the name 
given by jewellers to crimson-red garnet inclining 
slightly to orange. 

vermicelli, n. ver'-ml-chSl'll (It. vermicelli, rolled 

iste — from It. vermicdlo ; L. vermiculus, a little 

orm— from It. verme ; L. vermis, a worm), a stiff 
paste or dough of fine wheat flour made into worm- 
like threads, twisted in small bundles or coils and 
dried. 

vermicular, a. ver-mlk'-u-ler (L. vermiculus, a little 
worm— from wnm's, a worm), pert, to or resembling 
a worm; shaped like a worm: vermic'ulate, v. -Idt, 
to inlay in a manner to resemble the motions or tho 
tracks of worms: vermic'ulating, imp. : vermic'ulated, 
pp. disposed in wreathed lines like the undulations 
of worms : vermic'ula'tion, n. -la-shun, the act or 
operation of moving in the form of a worm, as in tho 
peristaltic motion of the intestines ; the act of sc *""" 
ing as to resemble the motion of a worm : veri 
n. o'.r'iiii-lcfd, a little worm; a grub: vermicu 
ver-mlk'-u-los, also vermiculous, a. -lus, ful 
resembling worms: vermic'ulite, n. -u-llt (Gr. ... 
a stone), a mineral resembling talc in appeara 
having a granular scaly structure and greasy feel, 
the scales of whn-h, when highly heat'-d, separate into 
worm-like threads : vermic'ulites, n. plu. -lltz, in g> ~_, 
the smaller and shorter worm-tracks which appear on 
the surfaces of many flaggy sandstones : vermiform, 
a. vir'-mlfowrm (L. forma, shape), twisted or shaped 
like a worm or its motions. 

vermifugal, a. ver-mif'-u-gdl (L. vermis, a worm, and 
fugare, to drive away), tending to prevent or destroy 

, or to expel them: ver'mifuge, n. ver'mi-jnj, ~ 



r expels them from 



medicine that destroys 
animal bodies. 

vermilion, n. ver-mll'-yun (It. vermiglio; mid. L. 
vermiculus, scarlet; — from the worm (L. vermis) of the 
gall-nut, from which red was dyed), a brilliant red 
pigment prepared by pulveri in- tin- red sulphuret of 
mercury or cinnabar : v. to cover or tinge with ver- 
milion or any delicate red colour : vermilioned, pp. a. 
-yiind, dyed or tinged with a bright red. 

vermin, n. ver'-mln (F. vermine, vermin— from L. 
vermis, a worm), any kind of disgusting or hurtful 
creatures of small size: ver'mina'tion, n. -d'-shun, a 
breeding of vermin ; a griping of the bowels : vermip- 
arou3, a. ver-mij/d-rils (L. vermis, a worm, and xjario, 
I produce), pi < o '■■ worms: ver- 

nuVorous, a. -miv'-o-rus (L. voro, I devour), feeding 
on worms. 

vernacular, a. ver-ndk'-u-ler (L. vernaculus, of or 
belonging to home-born slaves— from verna, a home- 
born slave: It. vernacolo, vernacular, native), peculiar 
to the person by birth or nature; belonging to the 
country of one's birth ; native : vernac'ularly, ad. -li. 

vernal, a. ver'-ndl (L. vernalis, of or pert, to spring 
—from ver, the season of spring: F. and Sp. vernal), 
belonging to t). ring; belong- 

ing to youth: ver'nally, ad. -li: verna'tion, n. -nd' 
shun, in bot., the arrangement of the leaves in the 
leaf-bud : ver'nant, a. -ndnt, flourishing, as in spring: 
vernal equinox, with respect to the northern hemi- 
sphere, the period when the sun crosses from the south 
to the north of the equinoctial, about March 21st. 

vernier, n. ver'-ni-er (after the inventor, Pierre Ver- 
nier of Brussels, 1631). an index which slides along the 
graduated scale or limb of an instr., and by which 
aliquot parts of the smallest spaces into which the 
scale or limb is divided are measured. 

veronica, n. ve-ron'-i-kd (It. and Sp. veronica: F. 
vironique), an extensive genus of plants, the hardy 
herbaceous species of which are admirably adapted 
for ornamenting flower-borders ; the plant speedwell. 

verrucose, a. ver'-ru-kos (L. verrucosus, rough, rugged 

■from verruca, a steep rugged place, a wart), warty ; 






versatile, a. ver'sd-tU (L. versatilis, that turns 
mate, mdt,fdr, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, mOve; 



VERS 713 



YETC 



round, movable — from versare, to turn much or 
ofteu: It. and F. versatile), changeable; unsteady; 
easily turned from one thing to anot her ; easily applied 
to a new task, or to various subjects, as a man of ver- 
satile genius; in bot., attached by one point to the 
filament, and hence very easily tinned round, as an 
anther: versatilely, ad. -II: versatility, n. -tll'-i-ti, 
aptness to change ; readiness to be turned, as from 
one task or subject to another. 

verse, n. vi-rs (L. versus, a line in writing— from 
versum, to turn: It. verso: F. vers), a line in poetry; 
popularly, four lines or a stanza of a piece of poetry ; 
poetical composition; poetry; in Scrip., a short 
division of a chapter : versify, v. vir'-stfl (L. versus, a 
verse, and/act'o, I make), to form or turn into verse ; 
to relate or describe in verse : ver'sifymg, imp. tinn- 
ing into verse : versified, pp. -fid : ver'siner, n. -fl-ir, 
one who expresses or turns into verse : versification, 
n. -fi-kd'shun. the art or practice of composing verse 
or poetry : ver'sicle, n. -si-kl, a little verse : blank 
verse, poetry in which the lines do not end in words 
that rhyme. 

versed, a. first (L. version, to turn : F. verse, skilled), 
having thought much on; well skilled; thoroughly 
acquainted; in trio., turned or reversed: versed in, 
skilled in ; acquainted with : versed sine, in trig., that 
part of the diameter intercepted between the sine and 
the commencement of the arc. 

versicoloured, a. vir'sl-kiil'trd (L. verso re, to change, 
and color, colour), changeable in colour; many-col- 
oured. 

version, n. ver'-sh>~n (L. version, to turn: F. version; 
It. versione, a version), a translation or rendering of a 
book or passage from another language ; that which 
is rendered or translated from another language ; an 
account; a statement. 

verst, n. verst iRuss. vcrsta), a Russian mile, equal 
to about two-third* ot an English mile. 

versus, prep, ver'sus (L. versus, toward, turned in 
the direction of— from versum, to turn), against— 
chiefly used in legal language, and contracted into v. 

vert, n. rt'rt (F.~ vert, green— from L. viridis, green), 
in old F.ng. forest bm\ everything that grows and 
bears a green leaf within the forest; in Mr., a green 
colour. 

vertebra, n. vir'-te-brd, ver'tebrse, n. plu. -bre (L. 
vertebra, a joint— from verto, I turn : F. vertebre), a 
single bone of the backbone or spinal column of an 
animal ; the bones and joints forming the spine ; the 
backbone itself: the different vertebraz are usually 
divided into cervical, or those of the neck; dorsal, or 
those of the back; lumbar, or those of the loins; 
and caudal, or those of the tail : vertebral, a, -bral, 
pert, to the joints of the spine or backbone ; having a 
backbone: vertebrate, a, -brat, also ver'tebrated, a. 
having a backbone or vertebral column: ver'tebra- 
ta, n. plu. -bra'-td (L.), one of the two grand divisions 
of the animal kingdom, including all those animals 
furnished with vertebrae or backbones : vertebre, n. 
•ber, a single bone of the backbone; a vertebra. 

vertex, n. vir'-teks, plu. vertices, vir'ti-sez (L. ver- 
tex, that which revolves about itself, the top or crown 
of the head— from verto, I turn : It. vertice; F. vertex, 
the top, a summit), the top or turning-point of any- 
thing; top; the summit; in anat., the top or crown 
of the head ; the point opposite the base in an angle, 
cone, &c: ver'tical, a. -kal, of or pert, to the vertex; 
perpendicular; standing upright; placed, or being 
perpendicularly, over the head; in geom., denoting 
the opposite angles made by the intersection of two 
straight lines: vertically, ad. -II: ver'ticalness, n. 
■nes, the state of being vertical: vertical circles, 
great circles of the celestial concave which pass 
through the vertex of the visible hemisphere, and are 
therefore perpendicular to the horizon. 

verticil, n. ver'ti-sil (L. verticillus, a little vertex, 
the whirl of a spindle— from vertex, a whirl, the top), 
in bot., a whorl or form of inflorescence in which 
the flowers a: _ rosite to each other in a 

circle round an axis, and at the same level : verticil- 
late, a. ver-tis'il-lat, having parts arranged in a 
whorl, or like the rays of a wheel: ver ticillas'ter, n. 
■las'-ter (L. aster, a star), a false whorl or verticil in 
which the inflorescence in the axils of opposite leaves 
presents the appearance of their flowers being dis- 
posed in whorls, as in the labiate plants. 

vertigo, n. ver-ti-go (L. vertigo, a turning or whirl- 
ing round— from verto, I turn about : It. vertigine ; F. 
vertige, dizziness), giddiness ; dizziness and swimming 



of the head: L. plu. vertigines, -tlj'4-nez; Eng. plu. 
vertigoes, vSr-ti'goz : vertiginous, a. -i-nus, giddy; 
ad'ected with vertigo: vertiginously, ad. -li. 

vervain, n. vir'-van (F. verveine), a plant of the 
genus verbena, which see. 

very, a. ver'-l (old Eng. vcrray— from F. vrai, true : 
L. verax, true), true ; real ; complete ; perfect : ad. in 
a great or eminent degree : verily, ad. -II, in truth , 
really ; certainly. 

vesicant, n. ves'-l-kdnt (L. vesica, the bladder in the 
bodies of animals : It. vescica; F. vessic, bladder), in 
med., a substance that raises blisters on the skin: 
adj. producing a blister : vesicate, v. -kat, to blister; 
to raise blisters on: vesicating, imp.: vesicated, 
pp.: ves'ica'tion, n. -ka'shiin, the process of raising 
little bladders or blisters on the skin : vesicatory, n. 
-kd-ter-i, a blistering application: adj. having the 
property of raisin, a blister on the skin: vesicle, n. 
-l-ki, als' ' ves icule, n. -kid (L. vesicula, a little bladder), 
a small bladder-like tumour in an animal body; any 
small membranous cavity in animals or plants: ve- 
sicular, a. ve-slk'il-ler, also vesic'ulous, a. -lus, pert. 
to or consisting of vesicles ; having little bladders 
or cell-like cavities. 

Vesper, n. vSs'-per (L. vesper, the evening, the even- 
ing star: Gr. (h)esperos : It. vc-vero: Ffvtpre), the 
evening; the name given to Venus when she ap- 
pears after sunset : Ves'pers, n. plu. -pirz, the even- 
song or evening service of the Ch. of Rome: adj. re- 
lating to the evening or service of Vespers : ves'per- 
tine, a. -pjer-tin, pert, to the evening. 

vespiary, n. ves'-pl-er-i (L. vespa, a wasp), the nest 
or ha i itation of insects of the wasp kind. 

vessel, n. vSs'sSl (L. vasculum, a small vessel— from 
vas, a vessel: It. vascolo: old F. vaissel), a utensil for 
holding something, as a cup, a kettle, a barrel, &c; 
a hollow structure mad.- to float on water; a ship in 
general : any tube or canal for containing a liquid, as 
the blood in animals and the sap in vegetables, hence 
hlo^d-vessels, sa,p-vessels. 

vessicnon, n. ves'sik-non (F. vessigon— from L. vesica, 
a bladder, a blister), a soit swelling on a horse's leg; 
wind-gall. 

vest, n. vest (L. vestis, a covering for the body : akin 
to Sans, was, to be clothed: It. and F. veste), a gar- 
ment around the waist; a waistcoat: v. to clothe; 
to cover or encompass closely; in law, to put or place 
in possession of; to furnish with ; to invest; to take 
effect, as a title or right : vesting, imp.: n. material 
for waistcoats: vested, pp.: adj. fixed; not in a state 
of contingency : vestment, n. -mint, something put 
on ; an outer robe : vesture, n. ves'tur or -choor, a 
garment; dress: clothing; covering: to vest in, to 
put in possession of ; to clothe with : to vest with, to 
clothe ; to invest with. 

Vesta, n. vSs'td (L. Testa, the goddess Vesta: Gr. 
(h)estia, a fireplace or hearth, the goddess Vesta), 
among the one. Greeks and Hermans, the goddess of the 
domestic hearth and of fire, worshipped as the pa- 
troness of chastity and of domestic union and happi- 
ness ; a match or waxlight ignited by friction : Ves'- 
iesses of Ves- 
ta; a virgin pure and chaste: adj. pert, to pure vir- 
ginity; chaste; undefiled. 

vestibule, n. ves'H-bul (L. vestibulum, a fore-court: 
It. vestibido: F. vestibule), the porch or entrance into 
a house ; a large open space before the door, but 
covered; an antechamber: vestibular, a. ves-tib'u- 
ler, pert, to or resembling a vestibule. 

vestige, n. ves'tij (L. vestigium, a footprint or foot- 
track : F. vestige : It. vestigio), a track : a mark left in 
passing ; the remains or traces of something that has 
passed away : plu. ves'tiges, -jez. 

vestment, n.— see vest. 

vestry, n. vest'ri(L. vestiarium, a wardrobe or press 
for apparel— from vest is, a garment: F. vestiaire), a 
room or apartment attached to a church in which 
the ecclesiastical vestments are kept and parochial 
meetings held; a committee elected annually in a 
parish to manage its temporal affairs in conjunction 
with the churchwardens : a select vestry, a smaller 
body deputed to represent the larger one : vestryman, 
a delegate from parishioners. 

vesture— see vest. 

vesuvian, a. vi-su'vl-dn, pert, to Vesuvius, a vol- 
cano near Naples: n. a reddish-brown mineral of the 
garnet family— so called from its being found in vol- 
canic rocks. 

vetch, n. vSch (L. vicia, a vetch: It. veccia: F. vesce), 



cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



VETE 



714 



VICT 



a common name of certain leguminous plants with 
herbaceous stems, used for green fodder, particularly 
tares; the wild pea: vetch'y,a. -i, consisting of vetches 
or of pea-straw : vetch'ling, n. a little vetch. 

veteran, a. vel'-cr-dn, (L. veteranus, old— from vetus, 
aged, old : It. veterano : F. veteran), experienced ; long 
exercised, particularly in military life : n. one long 
exercised in any service, particularly that of war. 

veterinary, a. vdt'Sr-i-ner'i (L. veterince, draught 
cattle or beasts of burden— from veho, I carry : It. veter- 
ino, belonging to horses, &c; veterinario, veterinary), 
pert, to the art of treating the diseases of domestic 
animals : vet'erina'rian, n. -nd'ri-dn, a surgeon who 
treats the diseases of domestic animals, also called a 
veterinary surgeon. 

veto, n. ve'to, plu. ve'toes, -tOz (L. veto, I forbid), the 
right possessed by the executive power of a state, as 
by a king, a president, or a governor, to reject the 
laws or propositions passed or promoted by the legis- 
lative assemblies of the state ; any authoritative pro- 
hibition : v. to forbid or disallow ; to withhold assent, 



to irritate by small provocations ; to harass ; to dis- 
quiet ; to distress ; to fret ; to be uneasy : vex'ing, 
imp.: vexed, pp. v&kst : vex'er, n. -er, one who vexes : 
vex'ingly. ad. -II, so as to vex or irritate: vexation, 
n. veks-d'shun, the act of disquieting or harassing; 
state of being disturbed in mind; great uneasiness; 
teasing or great troubles; the cause of trouble: 
vexa'tious, a,.-shus, causing annoyance ; teasing; full 
of trouble: vexa'tiously, ad. -li: vexa'tiousness, n. 
-nSs, quality of giving trouble and disquiet. 

vexil, n. veks'il, also vexillum, n. vSfcs-ll'lum (L. vex- 
ilium, a military ensign or standard— from vectum, to 
bear or carry), in hot., the upper or posterior petal 
of a papilionaceous <>r pea llower: vex'illary, a. -ler-l, 
in hot., applied to a form of aestivation in which the 
vexillum or upper petal is folded over the other. 

via, prep. vl'-d (L. via, a way), by way of, as via 
Marseilles: via media, -me'di-d, a middle course. 

viable, a. vl'd-bl (F. viable, viable— from L. vivo, 
I live), capable of living; likely to live: vi'abil'ity, 

.':,/..■ h :;rru , i . ; , i, 

viaduct, n. vl'd-dukt (L. via, a way, and ductum, to 
lead), an arched structure for carrying a road or rail- 
way over a valley or deep depression. 

vial, n. vl'al (a corruption of phial, which see), a 
small glass bottle. 

viands, n. plu. vl'tindz(F. viande, meat: It. vivanda; 
mid. L. vivenda, victuals— from L. vivo, I live), provisi- 
ons for eating ; victuals ; dressed meat. 

viaticum, n. vl-dt'-l-kum (L. viaticum, travelling- 
money, provisions for a journey— from via, a way : It. 
viatico; F. vi(tti<j><e. Hie sacrament administered to 
a dying person), in the R. Cath. Ch., the sacrament 
or Eucharist administered to a dying person. 

vibrate, v. vi'-brdt (L. cibrntu m, to set in tremulous 
motion, to shake: It. vibrare: F. vibrer), to move to 
and fro; to cause to quiver; to tremble: vi'brating, 
imp. shaking; moving to and fro: vi'brated, pp.: vi- 
bration, n. vi-bra'-shun, a tremulous motion; the act 
or state of being moved one way and the other in quick 
succession ; the tremulous motion produced in a body 
when struck, or disturbed by any impulse : vibratile, 
a. vl'-brd-til, adapted to or used in vibratory motion: 
vi'bratory, a. -tir-i, that shakes; that moves to and 
fro in quick succession ; consisting in vibrations : vi- 
bratile organs, those hair-like organs of motion with 
which many of the lower aquatic animals """ 



of another, a substitute— from vicis, change, inter- 
change: It. vicario: F. vicaire), in the Ch. of Eng., 
one who performs the function of another ; the incum- 
bent of a benefice who receives only the smaller tithes, 
or a salary : vic'arage, n. -dj, the house or residence 
of a vicar : vic'arship, n. the office of a vicar: vica- 
rial, a. vl-ka'ri-dl, pert, to a vicar: vica'riate, a. 
•at, having delegated power : n. a delegated office or 
power: vica'rious, a. -us, acting in place of an- 
other; substituted in place of another: vica'riously, 
ad. -li: viear-apostolic, in the R. Oath. Ch., a mission- 
ary priest or bishop having powers direct from the 
Pope: vicar-general, in the Eng. Ch., an officer having 
powers from the chancellor of a diocese. 
vice, pref. vis (L. vice, instead of, in place of: It. and 



F. vice), denoting one who acts in place of another; 
denoting one who is second in authority, but holding 
the same title ; denoting the office itself, as vice-admi- | I 
ral, vice-chancellor, vice-president, &c. 

vice, vl'se (L. vice, in place of), used as a separate 
word before a proper name, and means in the place 
of, as B vice C resigned— that is, B in the place of C, \ 
who has resigned : vice versa, vi'se r.> r'-sd ( L. versa, I 
being turned), the reverse; the terms being inter- , 
changed. 

■ vice, n. vis (F. vis, a screw, a winding stair— name 
obtained from comparison to the tendril of a vine: It. 
vite, a vine, a screw: L. vitis, a vine), a 
wooden press tightened by a screw, used for holding I 
fast an object on which a person is at work, as in the I 
process of filing, &c. 

vice, n. vis (F. vice; Sp. vicio; It. vizio, vice: | 
1;. vilin in, a, fault, a defect), a blemish; an imperfec- 
tion ; depravity or corruption of conduct ; the op] >< isir.o 
of virtue; a fault or bad trick in horses: vicious, a. 
vlsh'us, having a vice or defect; depraved; corrupt 
in conduct : vici'ously, ad. -II : vici'ousness, n. -Ties, 
the state of being vicious. 

vice-admiral, n. vls-dd-mi-rdl (vice, and admiral), 
a superior officer of the royal navy next below an ad- 
miral, of which there are three grades, who hoist 
respectively a red, a white, or a blue flag. 

vice-chairman, n. vls-chCbr<mti/n (vice, and chair- 
man), at a dinner or public festival, the person who 
sits at the lower end of the table and aids the chair- 
man ; a deputy-chairman ; a croupier. 

vice-chamberlain, n. vls-chdm'ber-ldn (vice, and 
chamberlain), an officer of the royal household im- 
mediately under the lord chamberlain. 

vice-chancellor, n. vls-chau'-.s<H-''r dice, and chan- 
cellor), a lower judge of chancery; the president of 
a university who usually acts. 

vice-consul, n. vls-kon'sul (vice, and consul), an 
assistant consul, or his deputy. 

vicegerent, n. vls-je'rent (L. vice, instead of, and 
gerens, carrying or acting), one who is deputed to ex- 
ercise the powers of another ; a lieutenant : vicege'- 
rency, n. -rSn-si, office of a vicegerent; deputed 
power. 

vice-president, n. vls-pris'l-dGnt (vice, and presi- 
dent), an assistant chairman, or his deputy. 

viceregal, a. vls-re'gdl (vice, and regal), pert, to a 
viceroy. 

viceroy, n. vls'rdy (F. vice-roi, a viceroy— from L. 
vice, instead of, and old F. toy, a king), one who gov- 
erns in place of a king; the governor of a country 
ruling in the name and by the authority of the king: 
viceroyalty, n. vis-roy'-dl-tl, the office, dignity, or 
jurisdiction of a viceroy; also vice'royship, n. 

vicinage, n. vls'i-ndj (F. voisinage, neighbourhood 
—from L. vicinum, neighbourhood, vicinity : It. vici- 
no, near), the place or places adjoining or near : vi- 
cinity, n. vl-sin'4-ti, nearness in place; neighbour- 
hood. 

vicious— see under vice 4. 

vicissitude, n. vl-sls'si-tud (L. vicissitude, change, 
alternation— from vicis, change: It. vicissitudine: F. 
vicissitude), regular change or succession of one thing 
to another; change; mutation, as in human affairs. 

victim, n. vik'-tlm (L. victima, the beast for sacrifice 
adorned with the fillet: It. vittima: F. victime), a 
living being sacrificed to some deity; a person or thing 
destroyed or sacrificed in the pursuit of some object : 
vic'timise, v. -iz, to sacrifice or destroy in pursuit of 
some object; to cheat; to deceive: vic'timising, imp.: 
vic'timised, pp. -Izd. 

victor, n. vlk'ter (L. victor, a conqueror— from vie- 
turn, to conquer: It. vittore), .one who defeats an en- 
emyin battle ; one who wins or gains the advantage : 
victorious, a. vlk-to'ri-us, conquering; superior in 
contest; that produces victory: victoriously, ad. -li: 
victo'riousness, n. -nes: victory, n. vlk'to-rl, con- 
quest; superiority over an enemy; success in any 
contest ; a triumph : Victoria, n. vlk-to'rl-d, in astron., 
one of the asteroids ; name of the queen of the British 
dominions: victorine, n. vil'to-rcn. a. small tippet of 
fur for a lady's neck : vic'tress, n. -tres, a female vic- 
tor. . 

victual, n. vlt'-l (F. victuaille, provision : L. victim 
alis, pert, to living ; victus, mode of living, provisions), 
provision for food ; articles commonly used as food : 
v. to supply with provisions or articles of food ; to 
store with provisions, as a ship : victualling, imp. rif- 
ling, laying in stores; taking in provisions: vict« 



mate, mdt,fdr, law; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, i 



VICU 



715 



VIOL 



ualler, n. vit'-l-cr, one who keeps a victual-house ; an 
innkeeper or tavern-keeper ; a seller of intoxicating 
liquors by retail, usually called a licensed victualler; 
in the R. N., a provision-ship: victualling-yard, in 
the R. N., a public establishment for preparing and 
packing provisions for supplying ships. 

vicugna or vicuna, n. vl-kOn'yd (Sp.— from Peru- 
vian), an animal of Mexico and Peru, akin to the 
camel, but smaller ; a species of the llama or alpaca 
tribe furnishing a long reddish wool. 

vide, v. vl'de (L. impera. of video, I see), see ; look 
at: videlicet, ad. vl-del'i-set (L. vide, see, and licet, it 
is allowed), to wit ; namely ; that is to say ; the con- 
tractedform, viz., is in much more common use : vidi- 
mus, n. vid't-mus (L. we have seen— from video, I see), 
an examination or inspection, as of accounts or docu- 
ments: 

vidette, n. vl-det', also spelt vedette, -which see. 

vie, v. ft (a metaphor taken from the language of 
gamesters, with whom It. invitare, F. envier, was to 
invite to throw for certain stakes : It. invito, an in- 
viting, a vie or saying at play : old Eng. a-vie, as if for 
a wager), to fight or strive for superiority; to use 
effort in a contest or competition: vying, imp. vl'lng: 
vied, pp. vld. 

view, v. vu (F. vue, sight, view— from L. visum, to 
see), to examine with the eye ; to look on with atten- 
tion ; to consider : n. sight ; vision ; the whole extent 
seen ; reach of sight ; survey ; a sketch or design ; ex- 
amination; aim; manner of seeing or understanding; 
a pictorial sketch : viewing, imp: examining by the 
eye or by the mind : viewed, pp. vud, surveyed ; in- 
spected: view'er, n. -e'r, one who views; the superin- 
tendent of a coal-mine : viewless, a. -ISs, that cannot 
be viewed ; invisible : field of view, the whole extent 
seen : point of view, the direction from which a thing 
is seen: view-halloo, vu'-hahlff, the shout uttered by 
the hunter upon seei ii- tl fo breaking cover. 

vigil, n. V'j I - , on the watch; vigilia, 

wakefulness: It. vigilia: F. vigile), a keeping watch ; 
devotion performed during the usual hours of sleep ; 
the eve before a festival : vigilant, a. -lant, watchful ; 
attentive to discover and avoid danger: vigilantly, 
ad. -II : vigilance, n. -Idns, forbearance of sleep ; 
•watchfulness; attention in discovering and preparing 
against danger: adj. formed for protection, or for 
watching the progress of any measure or plan, as a 
vigilance committee. 

vignette, n. vl-nef (F. vignette, a flourish, a head- 
piece—from vigne, a vine), any small engraved em- 
bellishment for the illustration or decoration of the 
page of a book, &c, not enclosed within a definite 
border. 

vigour, n. vig'er (L. vigor, activity, force— from 
vigere, to be lively or vigorous: It. vigore: F. vigeur), 
vital strength in animals or plants ; strength of mind ; 
energy: vigorous, a. -us, full of strength and life; 
strong ; powerful ; forcible : vigorously, ad. -II : vig 7 - 
orousness, n. -nes, the quality of being possessed of 
aem ■■:• strength. 

Vikings, n. plu. vl'kings, the Norse name of those 
piratical leaders whose ravages on the British coasts 
i> -nil in the ninth century: sea-kings were properly 
those connected with a royal race, or the small kings 
of the country. 

vile, a. vil (L. vilis, of small price or value, worth- 
less: F. vil: It. vile), base; mean; worthless; de- 
praved: vile ly. a i.l. -li . vile ness, n. -nes, the state of 



imp.: vilified, pp. -Ad, debased; defamed: villfier, 
n. -fl-er, one who defames or traduces : villfica'tion, 
11. ■i-ka-shiln, the act of vilifying or defaming. 

villa, n. vil'ld (L. villa, a country house : It. and F. 
villa), a country residence; a detached house ; a house 
surrounded by a garden or grounds : village, n. vil'-laj 
(F.), an assemblage of houses less than a town, but 
larger than a hamlet : villager, n. -la-jer, an inhabi- 
tant of a village. 

villain, n. vil'lan (mid. L. villami, the inhabitants of 
villce, or country estates, who could be sold with the 
land: F. vilain, a boor, a rascal— the peasants under 
the feudal system being held in supreme contempt, led 
to the bad sense of the word in modern language), a 
vile, wicked person ; a man extremely degraded or de- 
praved, and capable or guilty of great wickedness : 
villainous, a. -lis, proceeding from an extremely de- 
cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, 



praved mind ; very -wicked ; vile : villainously, ad. 
-II: villainy, n. -i, any crime proceeding from an 
extremely depraved mind; extreme wickedness; a 
crime : villainies, n. plu. -iz, wicked actions : villein, 
n. vil'-un. a feudal tenant of the lowest class: villein- 
age, n. -aj, land ata held by base service. 

villi, n. vll'-ll (L. plu. of villus, wool or hair), in 
anat., minute projections from the surface of a mu- 
cous membrane, giving the appearance of the nap of 
cloth; in hot., long straight hairs on tin.' surface of a 
plant: villose, a. -los, also villous, a. -Ids, in hot., 
covered with long weak hairs ; shaggy, with soft hairs ; 
in anat., downy; velvety: villosity, n. vtl-los'i-ti, in 
bot., a covering of long weak hair. 

viminal, a. vl'ml-nal (F. vimincd— from L. vimen, a 
pliant twig), pert, to or consisting of twigs : vimine- 
ous, a. vl-mln'e-us, made of twigs or flexible shoots ; 
i-d with long flexible twigs. 

vinaceous, a. vl-na'shus (L. vinaceus, belonging to 
grapes— from vinum, wine), belonging to wine or 
grapes ; of the colour of wine. 

vinaigrette, n. vln-a-gret' (R— from vinaigre, vine- 
gar), a small perforated box of gold or silver for con- 
taining a bit of sponge saturated with aromatic vine- 
gar, used to stimulate or refresh by the sense of 
smell. 

vincible, a. vln'si-bl (L. vincibilis, that can be con- 
quered — from vinco, I conquer), that may be over- 
come or subdued: vin'cibillty, n. -bll'-i-ti, the state 
or quality of being vincible. 

vinculum, n. vlng'ku-hlm (L. vinculum, a band— 
from vincio, I bind : Sp. vinculo), in dig., a bar or line 
placed over several quantities in order to connect them 
together as one quantity. 

vindicate, v. vin'dl-kdt (L. vindication, to claim, to 
avenge: It. vindicare: old F. vendiqucr), to justify; 
to maintain as true and correct against denial or 
censure; to assert; to prove to be just; to defend 
with arms; to clear: vindicating, imp.: vindicated, 
pp. : vin'dicator, n. -ka-ter, one who vindicates : vin'- 
dica'tion, n. -ka'-shun, the defence of anything; a 
justification against denial or censure ; the proving of 
anything to bejust : vindicative, a. -ka-tiv, tending to 
vindicate : vin'dica'tory, a. -kd'-ter-t, tending to vin- 
dicate; inflicting punishment ; avenging: vindictive, 
a, vin-dik'-tiv, given to revenge; prompted by re- 
venge: vindic'tively, ad. -It, byway of revenge: vin- 
dic'tiveness, n. -nes, the quality of being vindictive ; 
revengeful temper. 

vine, n. vln (L. vinea, a vine, a plantation of vines ; 
vinum, wine : It. vigna: F. -eigne), the woody climb- 
ing plant that bears grapes; the long slender stem of 
any plant that trails or climbs: vined, a. rhid, having 
leaves like the vine: viny, a. vl'-nl, abounding in 
vines ; producing grapes : vi'nery, n. -ner-i, a build- 
ing made of glass, and heated, in which vines are 
grown : vine-dresser, one who dresses and cultivates 
vines: vineyard, n. vln'y&rd, a plantation of vines 
producing grapes : vinous, a. vi'-niis, belonging to or 
producing wine ; having the qualities of wine : vin- 
tage, n. vin'taj (F. vendange, vintage time : L. vin- 
demia, a- grape-gathering), the yearly crop or prod- 
uce of the grape ; the time of gathering the grapes; 
the wine produced from the grapes of one season : 
vin'tager, n. -ta-jer, one who gathers the vine : vint- 
ner, n. vlnt'-ner (old F. vinetier— from vin, wine), 
one who sells -wine : vine-clad, a. covered with vines • 
vinous fermentation, the process of fermentation 
which produces alcohol. 

vinegar, n. vin'-e-ger (F. vin, wine, and aigre, sour), 
an acid liquor obtained from wine, cider, beer, and the 
like, by the acetous fermentation : aromatic vinegar, 
strong acetic acid highly flavoured with aromatic sub- 
stances : vinegar-plant, a thick slimy substance which 
accumulates in vinegar, and which consists of a layer 
of very minute granules or plants growing in a 
branch-like form— immersed in a solution of sugar or 
treacle it converts the liquid into vinegar: vin'egar- 
ette, n. -St', another spelling of vinaigrette, which 
see. 

vin-ordinaire, n. vin-or'din-dr' (F. common wine), 
a kind of claret made and commonly used in France. 

vintner— see under vine. 

viol, n. vi'ol (mid. L. vitula; It. viola; F. viole, a 
fiddle or stringed instr.: Ger. fiedel; Dut. vedele, a 
fiddle), the anc. form of violin, having six strings: 
violist, n. vi'6-ttst, a player on the viol: vi'olin, n. 
-tin, a musical stringed instr. played with a bow ; a 
fiddle: vi'olinist, n. -ist, a player on a violin: vi'olon- 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



VIOL 7 

cello, n. -Idn-sel'lO or -cMl'-lO (dim. of It. violone, a 
bass violin), a bass violin : violoncellist, n. -list, a 
player on. 

violable— see violate. 

violaceous— see violet. 

violate, v. vl'o-lat (L. violatum, to treat with vio- 
lence, to dishonour— from vis, power: It. violare: F. 
violer), to use force or strength against ; to ravish ; to 
disturb; to transgress; to profane: violating, imp.: 
vi'olated, pp.: vi'olatcr, n. -hl-Ur, one who violates: 
vi'olable, a. -la-bl, that maybe violated or injured: 
vi'olably, ad. -oil: vi'ola'tion, n. -la'shun, interrup- 
tion; transgression; outrage; profanation of sacred 
things ; ravishment : vi'olent, a. -lent, urged or driven 
with force; producing or acting by force; outrageous; 
not natural ; e borted : ' i'ole ifcly, ad. -II. 

violet, n. vi'o-let (F. violate, a violet : L. viola, the 
violet or wallflower : It. viola), a plant of many species 
having beautiful flowers, the flowers of the one most 
cultivated having a i'ragra.nt siuc'll ; one of the prim- 
itive colours : adj. of a dark-blue inclining to red ; of 
the colour of the sweet violet : vi'ola'ceous, a. -Id'shus, 
violet-coloured : vi'oline, n. -I'm, a wlute poisonous 
principle obtained from the sweet violet. 

violin, violoncello— see under viol. 

viper, n. vi'per (L. vij/era, an add'-r, a snake— from 
vivus, alive, and pario, I bring forth: It. vipcra: F. 
vipbre), a venomous serpent of several species ; a per- 
son very mischievous or malignant : vi'perine, a. -in, 
pert, to vipers : vi'perous, a. -us, having the qualities 
of a viper; malignant. 

virago, n. vl-rd'go (L. virago, a man-like, vigorous 
maiden— from vir, a man), a highly-masculine woman ; 
a bold, turbulent woman: vira'goes, pin. -goz. 

virescent, a. vl-res'sent(L. virescens, growinggreen), 
beginning to be green; somewhat green. 

virgate, a. ver-gat (L. virga, a rod), in hot., long and 
straight like a wand. 

Virgilian, a. ver-jll'l-dn, pert, to the Roman poet 
Virgil, or to his style. 

virgin, n. ver'jin (L. virgo, a maid— gen. virginis— 
from virere, to bloom, to be fresh : "it. vergine : F. 
vierge), a female pure a,nd unpolluted ; a maid: adj. 
modest; chaste; untouched; fresh; new: virginal, 
n. -jln-dl, an anc. keyed musical instr., so named 
from being used by maidens or virgins : virginity, 
n. ver-jin-i-ti, maidenhood; state of having had no 
sexual intercourse with man : Virgo, n. ver'go (L. ), one 
of the twelve signs of the zodiac, which the sun enters 

ii'-i.'.i. it.- _••; , represented by 

the figure of a virgin : Virginia, n. ver-jin'l-d, one of 
the asteroids. 

viridity, n. vi-rid'l-ti (L. viridifas, greenness— from 
viridis, green: It. viriclita), greenness; the colour of 
fresh vegetables. 

virile, a. vlr'il or -U (L. virilis, male— from vir, a 
man : It. virile: F. viril), pert, to a man in his mature 
state; not puerile or feminine : virility, n. vi-rll'-i-ti, 
manhood; power of procreation; stati and char:..-,,.,- 
istic of the adult male. 

virtu, n. ver'to (It. virtu, knowledge), love of the 
line arts; taste for curiosities; article.-; of taste; curi- 
osities and antiquities: virtuoso, n. ver'tii-o'-.<~> (It. a 
person skilled in some art), one skilled in a knowledge 
of the fine arts, in antiquiries, curiosities, and the 
like : plu. vir'tuo'si, -zl, or vir'tuo'sos, -zoz. 

virtue, n. ver'tu (L. virtus, bravery, moral perfec- 
tion — from vir, a man : It. virtu : F. vertu), that qual- 
ity possessed by bodies by which they produce effects ; 
efficacy ; moral goodness ; secret agency ; excellence ; 

.i-li ■ '" i , ii , .1 

having no virtue : vir'tual, a. -tu-dl, in effect though 
not in fact ; having po «i rofii isil efficacy without 
the material part: vir'tually, ad. -II, in efficacy or 
effect only: vir'tuous, a. -us, morally good; abstain- 



virulent, a. vlr'ob-lent (L. virulentus, full of poison 
—from virus, a slimy liquid, poison: It. virulcnto .• F. 
virulent), very poisonous or venomous ; bitter in en- 
mity; malignant: vir'ulently, ad. -II: virulence, n. 
-lens, also vir'ulency, n. -ISn-si, that quality which 
renders a thing extremely active in doing injury ; 
extreme bitterness or malignity. 

virus, n. vi'riis (L. virus, poison), the contagious or 
poisonous matter of an ulcer or a pustule, &c; any 
foul hurtful matter. 

vis, n. vis (L. vis, strength, force), in mech., force ; 



6 VISI 

power: vis inertia, vls'in-er'sH-S (L. strength of in- 
activity), the power by which matter resists changes 
endeavoured to be made on its state : vis vi'tffi, -Vl'-tS 
(L. force of life) vital power or energy. 

visa— see under vise. 

visage, n. viz'aj (F. visage; It. visar/gio, face: L. 
visus, seen), the look; the face; the appearance; the 
countenance: vis'aged, a. -ajd, having a visage or 
countenance. 

visard, n. vlz'erd (see visor), a mask. 

vis-a-vis, n. viz'd-ve (F. opposite, faci; to face), one 
who or that which is face to face with another ; a dress- 
carriage for town use in which two persons sit face to 
face. 

viscera, n. plu. vis'ser-d (L. viscus, plu. viscera, the 
inwards : It. viscera : F. viscere), the bowels ; the con- 
tents of the three great cavities of the body— the ab- 
domen, the thorax, and cranium : vis'ceral, a. -dl, 
pert, to the viscera: vis'cu3, n. -Ms, in anat., one of 
such organs as the brain, the heart, the liver, and the 
spleen, contained within the three great cavities of 



L. riscum, the mistletoe, bird-lime made froi ._ ._ 
mistletoe: It. viscido, glutinous), glutinous; sticky; 
tenacious: viscidity, n. vis-sid'4-ti, tenacity; sticki- 
ness : viscous, a. vis'-lcus, glutinous ; sticky ; adhesive : 
viscosity, n. vls-kos'i-ti, tenacity; stickiness. 

viscount, n. vl'kdtont (It. visconte: F. vicomte ; 
Norm, visconte; mid. L. vice-comes, a viscount— from 
L. vice, instead of, and comes, a companion, in mid. 
L. a count— see count), a title of nobility immediately 
below an earl and above a baron : viscountess, n. -Cs, 
the wife of a viscount. 

viscous— see under viscid. 

vise, n. ve'za (F. visi, examined— from viser, to ex- 
amine: L. visus, seen), on the continent of Europe, an 
indorsement made on the passport of a traveller de- 
noting that it has been examined by the authorities, 
and that the person named in it is permitted to pro- 
ceed on his journey : v. to examine and indorse, as a 
passport: vi'seing, imp. -Ina: vi'seed, pp. -zad: also 
a, vi'saing, vi'saed, ve'zad. 

Vishnu, n. vUK-no (Sans. Vishnu— from vish, to 
pervade, to extend through nature), a Hindoo divinity 
regarded as the "preserver," the second person of 
their trinity,— the first being Brahma, the creator, 
and the third Siva, the destroyer of the creation. 

visible, a. viz'i-bl (L. visibilis, that can see— from 
visere, to look at attentively: It. visibile: F. visible), 
that may be seen j perceivable by the eye ; apparent ; 
conspicuous: vis'ibly, ad. -bit : vis'ibleness, n. -bl-nes, 
also vis'ibil'ity, n. -bll'i-ti, state or quality of being 
visible to the eye ; state of being apparent : visible 
church, the whole body of professed believers in 
Christ. 

Visigoth, n. vlz'-l-goth, one of the western Goths, or 
that branch w!ii , m and south- 

em France : Vis'igoth'ic, a. -goth'-lk, pert, to the Visi- 
goths. 

vision, n. vizh'-un (L. visio, the act or sense of seeing 
—gen. visionis— from visum, to see: It. visione: F. 
vision: Sans, vid, to see, to know), the power or fac- 
ulty of seeing ; perception of external objects ; some- 
thing imagined to be seen ; an apparition ; a revela- 
tion from God; that which is the object of sight: 
visi'onal, a. -un-dl, pert, to vision: visi'onless, a. 
-les, without sight or vision: visi'onary, a. -er-i, af- 
fect, d by phantoms or delusions; imaginary; without 
solid foundation ; impracticable: n. one whoso imag- 
ination is idly fertile; one who forms impracticable 
schemes. 

visit, v. vlz'it (L. visitare, to go to see : It. visitare: 
F. visiter), to go or come to see ; to be in the habit of 
going to see others ; in Scrip., to reward or punish : 
n. act of going to see another ; act of going to view or 
inspect; the attendance of a surgeon, a physician, an 
inspector, &c: vis'iting, imp. attending on, as a phy- 
sician; inspeetii . i - 
ishing: adj. authorised to visit and inspect: n. act of 
going to see : vis'ited, pp. waited on ; favoured with 
relief or mercy: vis'itant, n. -i-tunt, one who visits ; 
a visitor: vis'ita'tion, n. -ta'shiin, state of being 
visited ; an official visit to, and inspection of, an hos- 
pital, &c. ; infliction of good or evil; state of suffering 
judicial evil : visitor, n., also visiter, n. -tir, one who 
visits : vis'ito'rial, a. -tO'-rl-dl, pert, to a visitor, or to 
one who inspects officially: visiting-card, a name- 
card ; a name and address card. 



mate, mid, far, law; mete, met, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, rnOve; 



VISO 



717 



VOIC 



visor or vizor, n. vxz'-ir (F. visi&re, a visor : L. visum, 
to see), tiie movable part of a helmet covering the face, 
perforated to see through : visored, a. -erd, masked; 
disguised. 

vista, n, vis'-td (It. and Sp. vista, eyesight, view: L. 
visum, to see), a view as through an avenue of trees ; 
the rows of trees that form the avenue or walk. 

visual, a. viz'-u-dl (F. visuel; It. visuale, visual: 
L. visum, to see), pert, to sight ; used in vision : vis'- 
ually, ad. -B: visual angle, the angle at which an 
object is viewed : visual ray, the beam of light which 
impirues on the eye from the object observed. 

vital, a. vt'-tdl (L. vitalis, pert, to life— from vita, 
life : It. vitale : F. vital), pert, to life ; necessary to 
life ; being that on which life depends ; essential : vi'- 
tally, ad. -II: vitality, n. vi-tdl'-i-tl, the principle of 
life; power of life or existence; animation ; principle 
of growth: vitalise, v. vl'tdl-iz, to furnish with the 
principle of life; to give life: vi'talising, imp.: vi- 
talised, pp. -ltd: vi'talisa'tion, n. -i-zd'-s/iun. the act 
or process of infusing the vital principle: vitals, n. 
plu. vi'tdlz, parrs of animal bodies essential to life : 
vital force, the power or principle imparting life and 
growth. 

vitelline, n. vl-tei'-lin (L. vi'ellus. the yolk of an egg), 
the albuminous substance of the yolk of eggs : adj. 
of or pert, to the yolk of eggs ; in hot., the colour of 
the yolk of an egg: vitel'lus, n. -lus, in hot., the thick- 
ened sac within the nucleus which contains the am- 
nios; any portion attached to the embryo, not dis- 
tinctlv referable to the radicle cotyledon or plumule. 

vitiate, v. vlth'-l-at (L. vitiation, to make faulty, to 
spoil), to make less pure or perfect ; to taint ; to spoil : 
vitiating, imp. corrupting: vitiated, pp. rendered 
impure or defective ; depraved : vitiation, n. -a'-shun, 
corruption ; contamination ; a rendering imperfect or 
invalid. 

vitreous, a. vit'-re-us (L. vitreus, glassy, clear— from 
vitrum, glass : It. vitreo), having the lustre or aspect 
of glass ; glassy : vit'reousness, n. -nes, the state or 
quality of being vitreous: vitrescent, a. vl-trCs'-sent, 
capable of beii i - formed into glass ; tending to become 
glass: vitres'cence, n.'-sens, glassiness : vitres'cible. 
a. -sl-bl, that can be vitrified: vitrifaction, n. vW- 
rlfak'->hua (L. facio, I make), the act or process of 
converting into glass by heat and fusion : vit'rify, 
v. -fl, to convert into glass by the action of heat ; 
to be converted into gin -si vitrifying, imp. con- 
verting into glass: vitrified, pp. -fid; adj. having 
the surface coated with, or partially converted into, 
glass by the action of heat: vit'rifi'able, a. -fl'-d-bl, 
capable of being converted into glass by the action 
of heat: vitreo-electric, a. vlt're-6-, exhibiting posi- 
tive electricity: vitreous electricity, positive elec- 
tricity, or that which is excited by" nibbing a glass 
body: vitreous humour, the globular transparent 
structure occupying the centre of the eyeball, being 
the largest of the transparent media of the eye : vit- 
rified forts, certain ancient ruins whose walls have 
been cemented by semi-fusion or vitrifaction of the 
materials. 

vitriol, n. vlt'-rl-ol (F. vitriol; It. vifriuolo— from L. 
vitrirm. glass— probably from its appearance in cer- 
tain states), the familiar name for sulphuric acid and 
several of its compounds: vitriolic, a. -ol-ik. pert, to 
or obtained from vitriol: blue vitriol, sulphate of 
copper : green vitriol, sulphate of iron ; copperas : 
white vitriol, sulphate of zinc: red vitriol, a red or 
flesh-coloured sulphate of iron: oil of vitriol, sulphuric 
acid— so called because obtained originally from green 
vitriol or copperas. 

vitta, n. vit'-td (L. vitta, a band or fillet worn round 
the head among the ladies of anc. Rome), in bot., a 
narrow elongated receptacle of aromatic oil, occurring 
in the fruits'" of umbellifers,— in a transverse section 
of the fruit, appearing as brown dots between the 
pericarp and albumen: vit'tate, a. -tat, striped, as 
some leaves. 

vituline, a. vlf-u-lln (L. vitulus, a calf), belonging 
to a calf, or to veal. 

vituperate, v. vi-tii'-per-dt (L. vituperatum, to inflict 
censure upon, to blame— from tritium, a fault or im- 
perfection, and parare, to make or get ready: It. 
vitvperare: F. vituperer), to blame ; to censure : vitu'- 
perating, imp. : vitu'perated, pp.: vitu pera'tion, n. 
-a'-shun. blame; censure: vitu'perative, a. -d-tiv, 
containing Mume or censure: vitu'peratively, ad. -II. 

vivace, ad. vi-vd'-chd (It.), in music, brisk and 
lively. 



vivify, i 



:, a. vl-vd'-shiis (L. vivax, long-lived— gen. 
vivacis— from vivere, to live: It. and F. vivace, viva- 
cious), having vigorous powers of life; lively : sprightly 
and active: vivaciously, ad. -B: viva'ciousness, n. 
-nes, also vivacity, n.-vds-i-ti.liie; animation; great 
liveliness and sprightliness of behaviour. 

viva voce, vi'-vdvo'-se (L. with the living voice), by 
word of mouth ; orally. 

vivarium, n. vi-vd-ri-um, also vi'vary, n. -vd-ri (L. 
vivarium, a preserve, a pond— from virus, living, 
alive), a small artificial enclosure, cage, reservoir, 
vase, &c, for keeping animals alive; a small viva- 
rium for salt or fresh water animals is called an aqua- 

vive, v. vSv (F.), long live ; success to. 

vives, n. vlvz (F. avives, the vives), a disease irt 
animals, especially in horses, seated in the glands: 
under the ears ; also spelt fives, but less correctly. 

vivianite, n. viv'-l-dn-it (after Vivian, an English 
mineralogist), a mineralogical term for phosphate of 
iron, usually of a fine indigo blue, sometimes used as 
a pigment. 

vivid, a. riv'-ld (L. vividus, living, animated— from 
vivus, alive: It, ricido: F. vivide), true to the life; 
exhil liting the appearance of life and freshness ; lively ; 
sprightly; forming brilliant images : vividly, ad. -It: 
vividness, n. -nSs, the quality of being vivid ; spright- 

fl (L. vivus, alive, and facio, I make : 
. alue with life; to animate; to make 
alive: vivifying, imp.: vivified, pp. -J~ld, endued 
with life: vivifc, a. vi-vf-ik, giving life; reviving: 
vivification, n. vlv'-l-fl-ka'--linn, the act of giving life. 

viviparous, a. vi-vip-a-rus (L. vivus, alive, and 
pario, I produce or bring forth), producing young 
alive and perfectly developed. 

vivisection, n. viv'-i-sek'-shun (L. vivus, alive, and 
sectio, a cutting), the dissection of an animal while 
alive ; physiological experiments on living- animals. 

vixen, n. viks'-n (old Eng. and AS.ji.nn, a she-fox— 
more anciently. io.rin). a she-fox; a name in reproach 
applied to a woman, whose nature is tin's compared to 
that of a she-fox ; an ill-tempered, quarrelsome woman. 

viz., usually pronounced narnchj, a contr. of the L. 
vicl.iicct (vi-dul-i-sc!). that is: namely. 

vizard, n. vlz'iul (It. visiera, anything to see 
through: F. visiere, a visor), a mask; the sight-hole 
of a helmet ; a visor : v. to mask : vizor— see visor. 

vizier, n. viz'-yer, or vl-zer' (Ar. wczir, a bearer of 
burdens, a porter : F. vizir), in Turkey and other East- 
cm countries, a high officer of state; a councillor of 
state : grand vizier, the chief minister of the Turkish 
empire : vizierial, a. ri-ze'-rl-dl, pert, to or issued by 
the vizier. 

vocable, n. ro'kd-U (L. vocabulum, a designation, a 
name— from voco, I call: It. vocabolo), a name; a 
word; a term: vocabulary, n. vO-kab'-ii-lt-r-i, a collec- 
tion of words arranged in alphabetical order and briefly 
defined ; a word-book. 

vocal, a. v6'-kdl(L. vocalis, sounding, speaking— from 
vox, a voice— gen. vocis: It. vocal:: F. vocal), consist- 
ing of or uttered by the voice ; utterable by the voice ; 
made by the voice: vo'cally, ad. -It: vocalic, a. vo- 
kdl'-V:, consisting of voice or vowel sounds: vocalise, 
v. vo'-kal-iz, to form into voice; to utter distinctly 
with the voice ; to practise singing on the vowel- 
sounds: vo'cali'sing, imp. -i'-zlng-. vo'calised, pp. 
-izd: vo'calist, n. -1st, a singer distinguished by 
superior powers of voice : vo caiisa'tion, n. -i-zd'-shiVn, 
the act or operation of making vocal. 

vocation, n. vo-ka'shiin (L. vocatum, to call: F. vo- 
cation, calling), a call ; a summons ; a calling or trade ; 
employment; an occupation: vocative, n. vok'-a-tiv, 
in L. gram., the case or state of a word when it is 
addressed. 

vociferate, v. vo-sif'-er-df (L. vocif. varus, a loud cry, 
a scream— from vox, a voice— gen. vocis, and fero, I 
carry: It. vociterore; F. vocifcr- : r, to spread abroad a 
report), to utter with a loud voice; to exclaim; to 
shout; to bawl: vociferating, imp.: vociferated, 
pp. : vociferation, n. -a'-shun, violent outcry: vocif- 
erous, a, -er-us, clamorous; noisy: vociferously, ad. 
-II : vocif erousness, n. -nes, the quality of being vo- 
ciferous ; clamorousness. 

vogue, n. vog (F. vogue, course of a ship: It. vogare ,- 
Sp. bogar, to row or pull at an oar), the way or fashion 
at any particular time ; mode ; custom. 

voice, n. voys (F. voix; It. voce, voice— from L. vox, 
a voice— gen. vocis), sound from the mouth; the tone 



cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



VOID 718 



VORT 



or character of uttered sounds ; opinion or choice ex- 
pressed ; a vote ; language ; mode of expression ; in 
gram., particular mode of inflecting verbs ; command: 
v. to regulate the tone of, as an organ-pipe: voicing, 
imp.: n. the act of giving to the pipe_of an organ its 
proper quality of tone : voiced, pp. voyst: adj. having 
a voice : voice'less, a. -les, having no voice or vote. 

void, a. vdyd (It. vuoto, empty, hollow: F. vuide, 
empty, waste: identical with Ger. weit; Eng. wide, 
spacious), empty ; not occupied with any visible mat- 
ter ; having no legal or binding force ; null : unoccu- 
pied ; clear : n. an empty space : v. to leave empty ; 
to empty ; to vacate ; to evacuate or be evacuated ; to 
send out ; to render of no effect : voiding, imp. : 
voided, pp.: void'able, a. -d-bl, that may be made of 
no effect; that may be evacuated: void'ance, n. -Cms, 
act of emptying ; ejection, as from a benefice : void'er, 



volant, a. vdl'dnt (F. volant— from L. volans, flying : 
It. volante), passing through the air as if upon wings ; 
flying; nimble. 

volatile, a. vol'd-til (L. volatilis, flying, winged— 
from coin re, to fly: It. volatile: F. volatil), capable of 
easily passing into the aeriform state, as hartshorn, 
musk, &c; full of spirit; airy; fickle: vol'atileness, 
n. -nSs, also volatility, n. -tll'i-tl, that property of a 
substance which causes it to be quickly dissipated ; 
liveliness; fickleness: vol'atilise, v. -%z, to cause to 
exhale or evaporate ; to pass off in fumes or vapour : 
vol'atili'sing, imp.: volatilised, pp. -Xzd: vol'atili'- 
sable, a. -I'zd-bl, that may be quickly dissipated : vol'a- 
tilisa'tion, n. -til-i-za'-shaix, the act or process of caus- 
ing to pass away into the aeriform state. 

volcano, n. vdl-ku'no, plu. volcanoes, -noz (It. vul- 
cano; F. volcun, a volcano— from Vulcanus, in anc. L. 
myth., the god of fire), a mountain or hill which throws 
up smoke, flame, stones, and melted matter, from its 
interior parts : volcanic, a. vol-kdn'ik, pert, to a vol- 
cano ; produced by a volcano : volcanic bombs, spher- 
ical masses of lava frequently thrown out in great 
numbers and of all sizes by active volcanoes : volcanic 
cones, volcanic hills of active or of recent eruption : 
volcanic foci, fo'sl (L. focus, fire), subterraneous cen- 
tres of igneous action : volcanic mud, the foetid sul- 
phureous mud discharged by volcanoes. 

vole, n. vol (F. vote— from voter, to steal), a deal at 
cards that draws the whole tricks. 

volition, n. vo-lish'un (L. volitio, will— from volo, I 
will : F. volition : It. volizione), the act of determining 
choice or forming a purpose ; the power of willing or 
exerting choice. 

volley, n. vol'-ll (F. voUe, a flight : L. volare, .to fly), 
an outburst of many things at the same time ; a dis- 
charge of many small-arms at once : v. to discharge 
many things at one time : volleying, imp. discharg- 
ing many things at one time : volleyed, pp. -lid, dis- 
charged with a sudden burst. 

volt, n. volt (F. volte, a bounding turn : It. volta, a 
tan: L. volutum, to turn), a sudden movement or 
leap in fencing to avoid a thrust ; a gait of two treads, 
made by a horse going xitlewa.ys round a centre. 

voltaic, a. vohta'-ik (after Volta, an Italian), pert, to 
voltaism: voltaism, n. vol'td-izm, galvanism or elec- 
tricity improved and modified by Volta : voltaic bat- 
tery, an apparatus consisting of a series of pairs of 
plates of different metals, as zinc and copper, im- 
mersed in a fluid, usually diluted sulphuric acid, and 
connected by wires for the development of electricity : 

voltaic electricity, the phenomena. a ! 

evolution of a current, of electricity by chemical action: 
voltameter, n. vol-tdrn'6-ter (Gr. rnetron, a measure), 
an instr. for measuring the force or intensity of a vol- 
taic current: voltatype, n. vol'tdtlp, another name 
for electrotype. 

voltigeur, n. vol'ti-zher' (F. a vaulter, a tumbler), in 
France, a light infantry soldier. 

voltzia, n. volt'zl-d (after Voltz of Strasburg), in 
geol., a genus of coniferous plants peculiar to the 

:V ,i.l:.i ..,,,,' , ,.■", ,, , i, I, ,11 a; .'■ .,.;.' 

or loose cones : volt'zine, n. -zin, or volt'zite, n. -zlt, 
an ore of zinc occurring in quartz veins. 

voluble, a. vol'-u-bl (L. volubilis, that is turned or 
rolled round— from volvere, to turn about: It. volu- 
oile: F. and Sp. voluble), formed so as to roll with 
ease, or to be easily set in motion ; having quick mo- 
tion ; flowing with ease and smoothness ; fluent in 
speech: vol'ubly, ad. -bli: vol'ubillty, n. -bii'i-ti, 
mate, mdt,fur, law; mete, met, 



aptness to roll ; fluency of speech : volubilis, a. vdlu- 
bil-is, in hot., a term applied to stems, leaf-stalks, and 
suchlike, which have the property of twisting round 
some other body. 

volume, n. vol'-um (L. volumen, a roll, a book— from 
volvere, to turn round any object : It. and F. volume ; 
an anc. volume consisting of a single sheet, as of 
parchment, with a rod stn it i ach end for 

the convenience of rolling and unrolling in the read- 
ing), a single fold or turn ; a single book ; space occu- 
pied ; bulk or size ; compass of voice ; power of voice 
or sound: vol'umed, a. -umd, having the form of a 
volume ; having bulk ; great : voluminous, a. vo-lfi'm i- 
mis, consisting of many volumes or books ; having 
written much: volu'minously, ad. -II: volu'minous- 
ness, n. -nes, the state or quality of being voluminous 
or bulky: volumosity, n. vol'u-mos'l-ti, the vast bulk 
of printed matter in volumes. 

voluntary, a. vol'un-ter-l (L. voluntarius, of his own 
free will— from voluntas, free will, choice : Sp. volun- 
tario: F. volontaire), acting from choice; proceeding 
from one's own will; done without compulsion: n. 
one who does anything of his own free will ; a piece 
of music played at will ; one who supports the ordi- 
nances of religion by his own free will; a dissenter: 
voluntarily, ad. -ter'l-li, of one's own accord; with- 
out compulsion: voruntariness, n. -no's, the state of 
being voluntary or optional : vol'untaryism, n. -tir- 
■l-lzrn, the system or practice of supporting the or- 
dinances of religion by voluntary contributions, as 
opposed to compulsory rates or taxes, or by endow- 
ments : vol'unteer', n. -ter', one who enters into the 
military or naval service from choice: v. to offer 
without solicitation or compulsion; to serve as a 
volunteer : vol'unteer'ing, imp. : vol'unteered', pp. 
•terd': the volunteers, able-bodied men in every rank 
of civil life throughout Great Britain who voluntarily, 
and without pay, devote a portion of their leisure time 
to acquire military drill and the use of arms, according 
to certain rules and regulations by Act of Parliament, 
and who, under certain conditions, are furnished with 
arms and accoutrements, &c, at the public expense. 

voluptuous, a. vo-lu'p'-tu-us (L. voluptas, enjoyment, 
pleasure— from volup, agreeable, delightful: F. vo- 
luptc, voluptuousness), given to the enjoyment of lux- 
ury and pleasure ; indulging to excess in sensual grat- 
ifications ; producing, or expressive of, the sensuous, 
voluptuously, ad. -ll: volup'tuousness, n. -n6s, indul- 
gence to excess in sensual pleasures : volup'tuary, n. 
-er-i, a man who indulges to excess in sensual pleas- 
ures. 

volute, n. vo-lut' (F. volute; Sp. and It. voluta, a 
volute— from L. volutum, to turn round, to roll), a 
kind of spiral scroll used in ornaments ; the spiral 
scroll forming the principal ornament in the Ionic 
capital : volu'ted, a. -u'ted, having a spiral scroll : 
volu'tion, n. -shun, a spiral turn or wreath. 

volva, n. vol'vd (L. volva, a wrapper), in bot., a term 
used to denote the involucrum-like base of the stipes 
of agarics which was originally the bag enveloping 
the whole plant. 

volvulus, n. vol'vu-lus (L. volvo, I roll up), a disease 
produced by the passing of one portion of an intestine 
into another, commonly the upper into the lower part. 

vomer, n. vo'mer (L. vomer, a ploughshare), inanat., 
the slender thin bone separating the nostrils from 
each other. 

vomica, n. vom'i-kd (L. vomo, I spit up), an abscess 
of the lungs— so called because it discharges diseased 
matter. 

vomic nut, n. vom'iknut, the English form of nux 
vomica, which see. 

vomit, v. vom'-ltCL. vomitum, to throw up: akin to 
Sans, vam, to vomit : It. vomire: F. vomir), to eject or 
throw up the contents of the stomach ; to discharge 
from the stomach through the mouth : n. the matter 
ejected from the stomach; an emetic: vomiting, 
imp.: n. the act of ejecting from the stomach ; the act 
,, , i,o .. I .,,'_• ,.;...;, .,:...,■ , io, , .-. •", - .-.■: 

ited, pp.: vomitory, a. -t&r-i, causing to eject or throw 
up from the stomach : n. an emetic ; the door of a large 
building by which a great assemblage of people is 
let out. 

voracious, a. vo-ra'shus (L. vorax, swallowing greed- 
ily— gen. voracis— from voro, I swallow up : It. and F. 
vorace), eating or swallowing greedily; very hungry: 
vora'ciously, ad. -li: vora'ciousness, n. -nes, also 
voracity, n. -rds'l-tl, greediness of appetite. 

vortex, n. vor'teks, plu. vor'tices, -ti-sez (L. vortex, 
her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



VOTA 



719 



WAD 



a whirlpool— from verto, I turn: It. vertice], a, whirling 
or circular motion of water, or such material as sand, 
forming a kind of cavity in the centre of the circle ; 
an eddy or whirlpool ; in Cartesian phil., a collection 
of particles of a subtile matter, having a rapid rota- 
tory motion around an axis: vor'tical, a. -kdl, whir- 
ling ; rotatory : vor'ticel, n. -sel, a name which desig- 
nates certain wheel animalcules, whose apparently 
rotatory actions produce little whirlpools in their vi- 
cinity by which particles of food are attracted : vortex- 
wheel, a turbine. 

votary, n. vo'-ter-i (L. votum, to vow), one devoted, 
as by a vow, to some particular service, study, or state 
of life: vo taress, n. fern, -es, a female devotee to any 
service or state of life. 

vote, n. vot (L. votum, a thing solemnly promised — 
from vovere, to vow: It. voto: F. vote), an expression 
of choice or preference in regard to any measure pro- 
posed; an expivsvd preference to a particular person 
as best fitted to fill a certain situation or office ; ex 
pression of will or choice by a majority ; that by which 
preference or choice is expressed ; suffrage : v. to ex- 
press will or preference in electing an individual to an 
office; to express mind or will hi regard to the passing 
of laws or regulations ; to choose or establish by vote : 
vo'ting, imp. expressing the mind or choice in an 
election, or in regard to a measure proposed: vo'ted, 
pp.: vo'ter, n. -ter, one who votes or who has a right 
. to vote: vo'tive, a. -tiv, given by a vow* promised 
by a vow : voting-paper, a balloting-paper ; a proxy. 

vouch, v. vdtvch (old F. voucher, in laic, to call to de- 
fend—used by a person whose possession was attacked 
when calling upon another to defend his right— from 
L. vocare, to call), to give one's own guarantee for the 
matter in dispute; to attest; to warrant; to main- 
tain by affirmations; to bear witness: vouching, 
imp.: vouched, pp. vdwcht, affirmed or fully attested : 
voucher, n. voicch'tr, one who gives witness to any- 
thing; a paper or document which serves to attest the 
truth or correctness of accounts or disbursements : 
vouchee, n. vcncch-c, in law, one called into court to 
make good his warranty of title : vouch'or, n. -or, 
one who calls in another to make good his warranty 
of title. 

vouchsafe, v. vdivch-sdf (vouch, and safe: L. vo- 
care salvum, to call or warrant safe: F. sauf, safe), to 
warrant safe ; to give sanction to ; to assure ; to con- 
descend to grant ; to condescend : vouchsa'flng, imp. 
-sd'-flng: vouchsafed', pp. -self?. 

voussoirs, n. plu. vds-swaTcrs' (F. voussoirs: L. vol- 
utum, to turn), in arch., those stones that immediately 
form the arch of a bridge, vault, &c, and which are 
cut more or less in the form of a wedge. 

vow, n. vow (L. votum, to vow; votum, a thing sol- 
emnly promised: It. voto: F. voeu), a solemn promise 
made to God ; a solemn engagement to one's self to do 
something hereafter; a formal promise of love or 
matrimony : v. to consecrate or set apart to God by 
solemn promise ; to make a solemn promise : vowing, 
imp.: vowed, pp. volcd: adj. consecrated by solemn 
declaration: vow'er, n. -er, one who makes a vow. 

vowel, n. volv'el (L. vocalis, sounding, sonorous— 
from vox, a sound, a tone : It. vocale, a vowel : F. 
vocal, vocal ; voyelle, a vowel), a distinct simple sound 
uttered by the voice ; in gram., one of the letters a, e, 
i, o, u, each of which represents a distinct sound, thus 
distinguished from the consonants, which represent 
imperfect sounds : adj. pert, to or having the quality 
of a vowel; vocal: vowel-points, certain marks or 
signs employed to indicate vowel-sounds in such lan- 
guages as the Hebrew, Arabic, &c: vow'elled, a. -eld, 
furnished with or having vowels. 

voyage, n. vo'y'-aj (F. voyage; It. viaggio, a journey 



—from L. viaticum, journey money— the L. via, be- 
coming F. voie, way), a passage by sea from one place 
or country to another : v. to pass across or over a sea 
to a distant place or country ; to pass by water : voy- 
aging, imp.: voy'aged, pp. -djd: voyager, n. -d-jer, 
one who passes or journeys by sea: voyageur, n. 
vwd-d-zher 1 (F.), one of a class of men employed by the 
fur companies of Canada and Hudson Bay Territory 
in transporting goods to and from distant stations. 

voyal, n. voy'-dl, among seamen, a large rope some- 
times used in weighing anchors. 

vulcanian, a. vill-kd'-ni-dn (L. vulcanus, in anc. 
myth., the god of fire, or one of those that work in 
metals), pert, to "Vulcan: vulcanise, v. vul-kdn-iz, to 
change the properties of, as of india-rubber, by causing 
it to combine with sulphur and white -lead by the 
agency of heat : vulcanising, imp. : vul'canised, pp. 
-izd: vul'canisa'tion, n. -i-zd'shun, the art or process 
of changing the properties of india-rubber by combin- 
ing it with sulphur and white-lead by means of heat : 
vul'canism, n. -izm, also vulcanic ity, n. -is'l-ti, the 
whole of those thermal phenomena, ascribed to the 
constantly active reaction of the interior of the earth 
upon its external crust or surface : vulcanists, n. plu. 
•Ists, a term applied to those geologists who contend 
that igneous action was present in the formation and 
modification of the earth's crust: vul'canite, n. -it, 
vol' ■;mic u arnet, so called from its occurrence in ejected 
blocks and lavas ; india-rubber hardened by vulcanisa- 
tion. 

vulgar, a. vul'gir (L. vulgaris, belonging to the great 
mass or multitude, general— from vulgus, the multi- 
tude: It. volgare: F. vulgaire), practised by the com- 
mon people ; common ; vernacular, as in the vulgar 
tongue ; offensively mean or low ; rude ; unrefined : 
n. the common people: vul'garly, ad. -U, commonly; 
in the ordinary manner: vulgarity, n. vul-gtir'-l-ti, 
clownishness of manners or language ; mean or gross 
mode ; rudeness of manners : vul'garise, v. -ger-lz, to 
make vulgar: vuTgarising, imp. -i-zing: vul'garised, 
pp. -Izd: vul'garism, n. -izm, a vulgar phrase or ex- 
pression: vulgar fractions, fractions written in the 
usual or common manner. 

vulgate, n. vul'-gat (L. vulgatus, usual, common— 
from vulgus, the multitude: F. vulgate), an anc. Latin 
version of the Scriptures used in the R. Cath. Ch. 
service: adj. pert, to or contained in the vulgate; 



vulnerable, a. vul'ner-cl-bl (L. vulnerabilis, vulner- 
able — from vulnerare, to wound: F. and Sp. vulner- 
able), that may be wounded; liable to injury: vuT- 
nerability, n. -bU'-i-tl, quality of being vulnerable ; 
also vul nerableness, n. -bl-nes: vul'nerar'y, a. -er'-i, 
useful in healing wounds: n. any plant or drug use- 
ful in healing wounds. 

vulpine, a. vul'-pin (L. vulpinus, belonging to a fox 
—from v ulpes, a fox: It. volpino: F. vulpiu), port, to 
or resembling the fox; cunning; artful: vulpicide, 
n. -pi-sld (L. vuljyes, a fox, and ccedo, I kill), applied 
to one who kills foxes as vermin rather than preserve 
them for hunting. 

vulpinite, n. vul'pin-'d (from Tulj'i»o,i\\ Italy), a 
granular variety of gypsum which takes a fine polish, 
and is used for ornamental purposes. 

vulture, n. vul'-tur or -choor (L. vultur, a vulture — 
probably from vello, I pluck or tear : It. avoltore : old 
F. voltor ; F. vautour), a large rapacious bird of prey : 
vul'turine, a. -rin, pert, to or resembling the vulture : 
vul'turish, a. -risk, like a vulture ; rapacious. 

vulviform, a. vul'vi-fawrm (L. vulva or volva, a 
wrapper or integument, and forma, a shape), in bot., 
like a cleft with projecting edges. 

vying, v. vl'ing (see vie), competing. 



w 



wabble, v. ivob'bl (imitative of the rolling of water : 
Bav. wabeln, to tattle ; waibeln, to stagger, to totter : 
Swiss, loabbeln, to shake like jelly or boggy ground), to 
sway-to and fro ; to move st __< nn_h from one side to 
the other : wab bling, imp. -bling : adj . having an irreg- 
ular motion from side to side : wabbled, pp. ivob'bld. 

wacke, n. wdk'e (Ger.), a German miner's term for 
a soft earthy variety of trap-rock of a greyish-green 
colour, resembling indurated clay, and readily crum- 
bling down when exposed to the weather. 

cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, 



wad, n. ivod, also wad'ding, n. -ding (Ger. watte; 
F. ouate, wadding for lining), a bundle or quantity of 
anything ; a wisp of straw ; a bundle of clouts or tow 
used by gunners to keep the powder close by ramming 
it down: wad, n. hi Cumberland, the name given to 
black-lead, a mineral found in detached lumps and 
not in veins : wad or wadd, n. wod, a miner's term for 
an earthy oxide of manganese occurring in beds and 
incrusting veins and fissures in the older rocks : to 
wad a garment, to line it with flocks of cotton com- 
game, jog, shun, thing, (here, zeal. 



WADD 



720 



WAEE 



pacted together: wad'ding, n. a material prepared 
for that purpose ; sheets of carded cotton for stuffing 
and lining garments, &c. 

waddle, v.wdd'-dlfenoihei wabble, -which 

see), to move from side to side in walking, as a duck 
or very fat person ; to vacillate : wad'dling, imp. 
•tiling: waddled, pp. w6d'-dld: wad'dler, n. -dler, one 
who waddles. 

wade, v. wad(L. vadum, aford, a i tiallm. "" ; 
to wade : It. guado, a ford, a plash of water : Bav. wet- 
ten, to swim a horse in water : Dut. wadde, a ford, a 

;-■!,:; II,'..., ; :,. .■ ... .'I I -. in-. |i, |,|.i !• i ;,: : M: 

walk through water of some depth"; to walk or pass 
through water; to move or pass with difficulty or 
labour: wa'ding, imp.: wa'ded, pp.: wa'der, n. -der, 
one that wades. 

wady, n. ivod'l (Ar. wadi, a valley, the channel of a 
river), a ravine through which water Hows; the chan- 
nel of a water-course which is dry except in the rainy 
season. 

wafer, n. wd'-fr (F. gmiffre; Dut. waefel, a thin 
cake made by baking it between the round flat cheeks 
of a peculiar pair of tongs : Ger. wuffel ; Swiss, waffle, 
a wafer), a small, thin, round, dry piece of coloured 
paste, employed for securing letters, &c; the small 
round piece of baked bread or paste used in the R. 
Oath. Ch. in the celebration of the Eucharist: v. to 
seal or close with a wafer : wa'fering, imp. : wa'fered, 
pp. -filrd: waffle, 11. H-of'jl, a. 1 hiu baked cake. 

waft, v. waft (imitative of the sound : Scot, waif, to 
blow : Dan. vift, a puff or breath of wind : Sw. wefta, 
i-, i-.ai'i lo . i.ii <■'-.,), to convey or transport through a 
fluid medium; to float, as on the water or through the 
air: n. a signal made by moving something, as a 
flag, in the air ; a floating body : waft'ing, imp. : n. a 
bearing or floating, as on water or through air : waft'- 
ed, pp. 

wag, v. wdg (Dut. waggelen, to stagger, to totter : 
Norm, icugga, to rock : Ger. loackeln, to wag, to totter), 
to shake lightly; to move to and fro; to move with 
quick turns from side to side: wag'ging, imp.: n. the 
act of one who or that which wags : wagged, pp. wCigd. 

wag, n. wCig (probably from wagging the head as a 
sign of derision : AS. wazgan, to make void: W. gwag, 
void, empty), a joker ; one who plays tricks ; a man 
full of sport and humour: wag'gery, n. -ger-i, mis- 
chievous merriment ; pleasantry : wag'gish, a. -glsh, 
mischievous in sport ; full of sport and humour : wag 7 - 
gishly, ad. -li: wag'gishness, n. -nes, the state or qual- 
ity of being waggish ; mischievous sport. 

wage, v. waj (L. vas, a surety— gen. vadis : Goth, vadi ; 
old H. Ger. wetti, a pledge, a security: mid. L. vadium 
or gaadium; It. gagglo; F. gage, a pledge or surety), 
to make or carry on, as war: waging, imp. wd'-jlng, 
carrying on, as war : waged, pp. ivdjd, carried on, as 
war. Note.—" Under the Gothic laws a pi edge was given 
by a pursuer that his cause was just. When the appeal 
to the law took the form of a chaJleng to j e ■ ' i ■ : i . , ■ 
bat, the challenger flung down his glove in court, 
which the challenged took up. This proceeding was 
signified by the mid. L. term vadiare duellum, the 
wager of battle. The same verb was used to designate 
analogous proceedings in a solemn declaration of war 
between two countries, and the term employed was 
vadiare helium, the wager of war, or to ww<> < <• ai 
though there was nothing in the nature of a pledge. "— 
Wedgwood. 

wage, n. waj, usually in the plu. wages, wa'jez (F. 
gages, wages, money paid to a ].< , son a a ,; .! 
his services: see wage above), that which is paid at 
stated periods for labour or services— usually restricted 
to weekly, fortnightly, or monthly sums paid to la- 
bourers and mechanics; payment; recompense; re- 
ward. Note.— Pay is applied to the sums paid to 
naval and military men, and/ees or salary to professi- 
onal men, clerks, &c. 

wager, n. ivcl'jer (mid. L. vadiare; F. gager, to give 
pledges, to lay down stakes: see wage 1), an unsettled 
< i ii c ; i i ■ a i whose opposite alternatives are supported by 
two parties, who lay down stakes to abide the issue of 
the event; a subject on which bets are laid; a bet; 
trial by battle : v. to hazard on the issue of an event ; 
to lay a pledge ; to bet : wa'gering, imp. : n. laying of 
a wager : wa'gered, pp. -jerd : wa'gerer, n. -jer-er, one 
who wagers. 

waggle, v. wdg'gl (from wag 1, which see), to move 
one way and then the other; to reel; to move quickly 
from side to side, as a bird its tail ; to wag : wangling, 
imp. -gling .- waggled, pp. wdg'-gld. 

mate, mdt, fur, law; mete, met, 



waggon or wagon, n. vmg'-gon (AS. urrgrn ; B«.hem. 
wuz; Pol. woz, a waggon, a chariot: Sans, vuliano, 
bearing, carrying as by alior.se: L. v<:here, to carry), a 
four-wheeled vehicle or cart for carrying goods : wag'- 
goner, n. -er, one who conducts a waggon : wag'gon- 
ette', n. -6f, an open four-wheeled carriage constructed 
like a waggon. 

wagtail, n. wdg'tal (from wag, and tail), a small 
bird of several species, so called from the incessant 
motion of its long tail. 

Wahabee, n. ivd-ha'be (Ar. ivahabi), a follower of 
Abdel Wahab, a Mohammedan reformer, who flourished 
about A.D. 1760. 

waif— see under waive. 

wail, v. wal (Bret, gwela; W. wylo, to weep, to la- 
ment: to cry u-iir), to cry out in sorrow for; to express 
sorrow by a mournful crying: n. loud and mournful 
weeping; audible sorrow : wail ing, imp.: n. loud cries 
of sorrow ; deep lamentation: wailed, pp. wdld: wail'- 
ingly, ad. -ll. 

wain, n. wan (another spelling of waggon, which 
see), a four-wheeled carriage or cart for the conveyance 
of goods ; a waggon : Charles's Wain, the constellation 
Ursa Major or the Plough, so called from its fancied 
resemblance to a wain. 

wainscot, n. wan'skdt (Low Ger. wagenscKot, the 
best oak-wood without knots : Dut. wccgheschot, oak- 
boards, wood for cabinet-work— from Fris. waegh; AS. 
wag, wall, and Dut. schot, a partition of boards), the 
panelled timber-work lining the walls of a room : v. 
to line with panelled boards, as a ball: wain'scoting, 
imp.: n. the materials used for covering the walls of 
a room ; the act of lining a room with panelled boards : 
wainscoted, pp. 

waist, n. wast (W. gwasg, the waist, the place where 
the body is squeezed in— from givasgn, to squeeze or 
press: Gael, faisg ; Manx, faast, to wring, to squeeze), 
the smaller part of the trunk of the body between ribs 
and hips ; the middle part of a body ; the middle part 
of a ship : waist'band, n. a sash or band round the 
waist ; the upper part of trousers or the like which 
encompasses the waist : waistcoat, n. wes'kot, a close- 
fitting under-coat without sleeves, covering the waist 
and reaching a little below it ; a vest. 

wait, v. wat (old F. waiter, to observe, to watch : 
Wal. waiti, to observe, to spy : It. guatare ; F. guet- 
ter, to observe, to watch : connected with Eng. watch, 
which see), to be on the look-out for ; to expect ; to 
remain until something happens ; to remain quiet ; to 
attend; to lie in ambush : waiting,, imp.: adj. denot- 
ing one who attends on a person : n. the act of staying 
in expectation; attendance: wait'ed, pp.: waiter, n. 
-er, a servant in attendance ; a tray or salver : wait'- 
ress, n. -res, a female attendant at such public places 
as inns, taverns, &c: waits, n. plu. wdtz, the musici- 
ans who perform late at nights in the streets, especi- 
ally about Christmas : waiting - maid or -woman, 
a servant who attends on a lady in her chamber: 
in wait, in ambush : to wait on or upon, to attend, 
as a servant ; to go to see ; to visit ; to follow, as a 
consequence. 

waive, v. wav (mid. L. waiviare, to treat as a waif : 
old F. guesver, to waive ; gayve, anything wandering 
at large without an owner : Scot, waif, to blow), not 
to insist on or claim; to defer for the present ; to give 
up claim to; in law, to abandon; to cast off: waiv'- 
ing, imp.: waived, pp. wavd: waiv'er, n. -er, one 
who does not insist on some right or claim ; the act of 
one who waives : waif, n. waf, goods found whose 
owner is unknown; anything iring at large 

without an owner ; a thing found, as goods, but claimed 
by nobody; a worthless wanderer : waifs and strays, 
the unsettled, wandering, and worthless members of 
society. 

wake, n. wok (Fin. wako ; Esthon. waggo, a furrow : 
Icel. vaka, I open or cut into), the streak of smooth 
water left in the track of a ship. 

wake, v. wak (Goth, wakan; AS. wacian; Ger. 
wachen, to wake : probably from the root wag, to 
move to and fro), to rouse or be roused from sleep ; to 
be alive or active ; to put in motion or action : n. the 
sitting up all night with a deceased person, usually 
accompanied with drinlnng, &c; (Ger. kirchweihe — 
from Goth, weihan, to consecrate), an annual festival 
in commemoration of the dedication of a parish church, 
formerly observed by watching all night and feasting : 
wa'king, imp.: adj. not sleeping: n. act of rising from 
sleep; period oi , awake: waked, pp. w&kt: 

wakeful, a. wak'fool, not sleeping ; vigilant : wake- 

her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



WALG 



721 



WAR 



fully, ad. -11 : wakefulness, n. -nes, want of sleep : 
waken, v. v:d ■''.,. , to cea s .- t ■ > sleep ; to rouse from sleep : 
wakening, imp.: wakened, pp. -knd: waliener, n. 
-kn -ir, also waker, n. -ker, one who wakens or arouses 
from sleep: wake'robin, n. -rob'tn, a plant having 
acrid properties, and whose root yields a starchy mat- 
ter, familiarly called Jack-in-the-box, from the pecu- 
liar arrangement of the part* of its flower. 

walchia, n. wll'-ki-d (after Watch), in geol., a genus 
of coniferous plants occurring in the Carboniferous 
and Permian systems, having numerous closely-set 

".':.■- 

Waldenses, n. plu. icti-dC'i'st;, a sect of Protest- 
ants residing in the valleys of Piedmont, established 
by Peter Waldo about A.D. 1180. 

wale, n. v:Cd (AS. uxdan, marks of stripes or blows : 
Goth, valus; Icel. voir ; Sw. u:al, a rod, a stick: Bret. 
!'.■■■. : F. ;7u' i. ''c, a rod, the staff of a riaill. the raised 
streak on the skin left by a stripe ; the outward tim- 
bers in a ship's side on which men set their feet when 
they clamber up ; a ridge or streak rising above the 
surface of cloth, &c: v. to mark, as the skin, with 
stripes; to make wales or ridges on: waling, imp.: 
waled, pp. wald: gunwale, n. gun'wal, the upper 
edge of a ship's side next to the bulwarks, so called 
fiom the upper guns being pointed from it. 

Walhalla, n. wol-hdl'ld, see Valhalla. 

walk, v. u-iuvk (AS. uxi.illi.in, to bubble up, to roll : 
Ger. walten, to boil, to move in a waving manner: old 
H. Ger. wall:ojon, to walk: Bav. uxilkmi, to move to 
and fro), to go at a foot's pace ; to go or travel on foot ; 
to ramble ; to live or behave ; to pursue a particular 
course of life: n. act or manner of walking; pace; 
step ; space through which one has walked ; a place 
for exercise on foot ; road ; way ; course of life ; pur- 
suit, as of life ; pasture-ground, as for sheep : walk'- 
ing, imp. : n. the act of moving on the feet at a slow 
pace: walked, pp. wdwkt: walk'er, n. -er; one who 
walks : walking-cane or -stick, a stick carried in the 
hand to assist in walking, or for amusement: sheep- 
walk, extensive tract* of land where sheep are pas- 
tured. 

wall, n. tccn-! (AS. iviol a wall: Dnt. "v> 7 , a ram- 
part: Ger. trail, a bank or dike: L. vallum, the pali- 
sade or fortification of a camp— from vallus, a stake i, 
a body of stone, brick, turf, or other material raised 
to some height, and serving to enclose or defend a 
space of ground or buildings ; the side of a build- 
ing ; defence ; means of protection : v. to enclose 
with a wall ; to close or fill with a wall ; to defend 
with walls : walling, imp.: n. act of enclosing with 
a wall ; walls in general : walled, pp. wawld, forti- 
fied or enclosed with a wall : wallflower, a fragrant 
flowering plant found growing in its wild state on 
old walls and stony places: wall-fruit, fruit grow- 
ing on trees trained on a wall: wall-paper, paper- 
hangings : wall-plate, a piece of timber placed along 
the top of a wall to receive the ends of the roof-tim- 
bers, or so placed as to receive the joists of a floor : 
wall-saltpetre, a salt occurring in efflorescent silky 
tufts and coatings of a white or grey colour on old 
walls, in limestone caverns, and on calcareous rocks ; 
also called nitrocalcite : to drive to the wall, to push 
to extremities ; to get the mastery over : to go to the 
wall, to be hard pressed or driven ; to be the weaker 
party : to take the wall, to take the inner side of a 
•walk, or the side next the wall ; to take precedence. 

wall-eye, n. waiul'-l (AS. wealken-eye ; old. Eng. 
w'va ale-eye, wall-eye: W. gv:aicl-een, light eyes— from 
gwawl, light : Sw. wagel, a stye in the eyelid), an eye 
of a whitish colour ; the popular name of the disease 
of the eye called glaucoma: wall-eyed, a. -Id, having 
an eye of a very light grey or whitish colour— gener- 
ally applied to horses. 

wallet, n. wol'Ut (F. maleffe, a budget or scrip : Sp. 
maleta, a portmanteau, a valise), a bag for carrying 
necessaries on a journey; a knapsack; anything pro- 
tuberant and swagging. 

wallop, v. wol'lop (akin to icabble : Norm, vloper, to 
thresh : Swiss, va.l ?:, to sway to and fro, to waddle), 
to move to and fro", as the surface of water in a vessel ; 
to boil ; to give a beating to : walloping, imp. boil- 
ing -with a heaving and noise : walloped, pp. -lopt. 

wallow, v. wol'-lo IAS. uxalwian, to roll: Dut. ivdl- 
len, to boil, to bubble : Swiss, watten, to roll: L. vol- 
vere, to roll), to roll one's body among inire or other 
filthy matter ; to tumble and roll in water ; to live in 
a gross state, as in vice : wallowing, imp. : wallowed, 
pp. -lod: wallower, n. -er, one who wallows. 

cole, lay, foot; pure, bud; chair 



wa'nut, n. wdtd'-nut iDut. walnot, a walnut: AS. 
vjalhnot, a foreign ^nut — from uxalh, a foreigner: 
Swiss, icalen, to speak an unknown language), a tree 
of several species, a native of Persia, whose wood is 
used in cabinet-w-ork ; also its nut: walnut-oil, one 
of the three oils used in painting, obtained from the 
fruit of the walnut. 

walrus, n. uxuvl'rus (Dut. walrus— from uxtl in wal- 
visch, a whale, and ros. a horse : Sw. rallrus, a whale- 
horse), the sea-horse or morse, inhabiting the arctic 
seas, attaining the length of twenty feet, and sought 
for on account of its oil and tusks. 

waltz, n. uxuclts (Ger. u-ahen, to roll), the name of 
the national dance of Germany, in which two persons 
whirl rapidly round on an axis of their own, and 
at the same time move quickly in a circle ; the kind 
of music which accompanies the dance : v. to dance a 
waltz : waltzing, imp. : n. the act or practice of danc- 
ing a waltz, or in the waltz: waltzed, pp. uxuvltst: 
waltz'er, n. -er, one who waltzes. 

wamble, v. wOm'-bl (Ger. tcamnnln. to stir, to crawl), 
to move or stir, as the bowels do with wind ; to roll 
with nausea and sickness: wam'bling, imp. -Ming: 
adj. rolling or rumbling, as with sickness or hunger: 
wam'bled, pp. -bid. 

wampum, n. vom'-pum (an Indian name), small 
beads made of shells, used by the North Arner. Indians 
as money ; the shells run on strings, and used as belts 
or as ornaments. 

wan, a. icon (AS. wan, pale, livid: W. gwan, weak, 
feeble: Gael, fann, faint, feeble: L. vanus, empty). 
pale, as with sickness; pallid; sallow: wanly, ad. -li : 
wan'ness, n. --nes, a sallow pale colour: wan'nish, a. 
-tilsh, of a pale colour. 

wand, n. wond (Icel. vondr, a shoot of a tree, a rod), 
a long thin stick ; a twig; a staff of authority; a rod 
used by conjurors and diviners. 

wander, v. won'-der (Ger. wandern, to go about 
without settled aim : old H. Ger. uuantalon, to roll, to 
move to and fro), to move about without a settled 
course ; to ramble ; to travel here and there ; to go 
astray; to depart from the subject under discussion ; 
to lie delirious: wandering, imp.: adj. moving about 
without a settled course'; rambling; disordered in 
mind: n. a travelling without a settled course; the 
roving of the mind or thoughts; uncertainly: wan'- 
dered, pp. derd: wan'derer, n. -der-er, one who wan- 
ders : wan'deringly, ad. -li. 

wane, v. wan {Goth, vans, wanting: AS. wana, de- 
ficiency, wanting: Icel. xanr, wanting — connected 
with Eng. wan, which see), to decrease ; to be dimin- 
ished; to fail; to sink; opposed to wax: n. diminu- 
tion; decrease; decline: wa'ning, imp. : adj. decreas- 
ing, as the moon ; declining : waned, pp. wand. 

want, n. ivont (from AS. v:an, signifying deficiency, 
negation : Icel. vanta, to be wanting or deficient in), 
■ thai hich is necessary or useful; state 
of not having; deficiency; necessity; poverty: v. to 
be without ; to be destitute of; to be deficient ; to fall 
short of; to need; to desire: wanting, imp.: adj. ab- 
sent ; deficient : want'ed, pp. 

wanton, a, ivon'-ton (AS. wan, deficiency, negation, 
and togen, drawn or led, educated : old Eng. to teen, 
bred— properly signifying uneducated, ill brought up), 
uurestranied; loose; indulging the natural appetites; 
disposed to lewdness ; running to excess ; reckless : 
n. a lascivious man or woman ; a woman inclined to 
lewdness: v. to play or revel without restraint; to 
behave with lewdness; to revel: wan'toning, imp.: 
wan'toned, pp. -toncl : wan'tonly, ad. -li, without re- 
straint ; loosely : wan'tonness, n. -? iAs, lewdness ; 
gaiety. Ak 

wapentake, n. wa'pn-fak (AS. wa^^mte— from 
wcrpen, a weapon, and tcecan, to teach),^BBvision of 
certain English counties, nearly coincidifi^vrth hun- 
dred— supposed to have been so called because the. 
inhabitants within such divisions were taught the use 
of arms. 

wapinschaw, n. wdp'-in-shaw (AS. wazpen, a weapon, 
and sctau-M a, to view, to look at), in Scot., an exhibiti- 
on of skill in arms, formerly made at certain times 
in every district. 

wapiti, n. wopM-tl (Indian name), the North Amer. 
elk. 

war, n. ivawr (F. guerre: It. guerra, war— from It. 
gara, emulation, strife: Dut. w'erre, strife, war: Ger. 
zvirren, to entangle, to embroil), an arm 
tween nations or states ; a contest carried on by force 
J of arms ; open hostility ; the profession of arms ; op- 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



WARB 



722 



WASH 



position or contest of any kind carried on between two 
parties : v. to attack a state wiljh force of arms ; to 
carry on hostilities ; to contend ; to strive with vio- 
lence : warring, imp.: warred, pp. wawrd: war'fare, 
n. -far (war, mid ./<"''-'). earrying on war; contest or 
struggle : warlike, a. -Ilk (war, and like), fit or dis- 
posed for war; soldierly; belonging to war: warrior, 
n. wor'-rl-er, one engaged in war ; a soldier : civil or in- 
testine war, a war carried on between parties belong- 
ing to the same state : war-cry, a national cry or 
shout made in charging the enemy in battle : war- 
office, the department of a state in which the military 
affairs of a country are managed: war-whoop, n. 
-hivdp, the yell uttered by savages in advancing to 
battle : man-of-war, a ship of large size armed and 
equipped for attack or defence. 

warble, v. waiur'M (It. gorgolare, to rattle in the 
throat: Sp. barbullar, to talk loud and fast: old F. 
verbeler, to speak quickly and indistinctly), to purl or 
gurgle, as a brook ; to chirp or sing as birds do ; to 
sing in a quavering or trilling way : n. a quavering 
modulation of the voice; a song, as of a bird: 
war'bling, imp. -Ming, making melodious notes: n. 
the act of shaking or modulating notes; singing: 
war'bled, pp. -bid: war'bler, n. -bier, one who sings 



guardare, to look: F. gander, to keep), to keep in 
safe.ty; to watch; to repel; to turn aside anything 
mischievous : n. watch ; guard made by a weapon in 
fencing ; a stronghold ; a certain division of a town or 
city; confinement under guard; a person under age 
committed to the ward or care of a guardian : ward- 
ing, imp. guarding ; defending : ward'ed, pp. guarded : 
ward'er, n. -er, a keeper ; a guardian ; a turnkey of a 
prison : the ward of a lock, that which guards the 
lock against opening with a false key : the ward of a 
town, city, prison, or hospital, so much as is com- 
mitted to the care of one alderman, councillor, or 
keeper : ward'robe, n. -rob (F. garderobe), a room, a 
portable closet, or a piece of furniture for hanging up 
wearing apparel in; wearing apparel in general: 
ward-room, a room over the gun-room of a ship where 
the chief officers sleep and mess : ward'ship, n. care 
and protection of a ward; state of being under a 
guardian : ward'en, n. -6n (F. gardien), one who has 
ward or guard of a thing : a warden-pear, a keeping 
pear. 

ware, a. war (contracted form of aware, which see), 
being in expectation of ; being provided against. 

ware, v. war, a Scripture spelling of wear, which 

wares, n. plu. ivarz, sing, ware, war (Icel. vara; 
Sw. wara; Dut. ware, wares, goods: Fin. warasta, 
provisions, wares— from warata, to provide), goods ; 
merchandise; articles; commodities: ware'house, n. 
-hows (ware, and house), a store for goods, either for 
safe keeping- or for sale : v. to place or deposit in a 
house for safe keeping : warehousing, imp. -holoz'ing.- 
warehoused, pp. -howsd: warehouseman, n. -hdivs- 
mdn, one who keeps a warehouse ; a man employed in 
a warehouse; the keeper of a whol al< - 
for Manchester or Avoollen goods: bonded- ware- 
house, a building in which duty-paying and excisable 
goods may be stored at a low charge, the tax or excise 
duty being only levied on the whole, or the part, at 
such time as the owner may choose to withdraw it : 
ware is used as the latter part of such compounds as 
seaware, earthemvore, luinlivare, glassware, &c, and 
signifies a thing produced or manufactured. 

warf are-^te under war. 

warinej^^,rily— see under wary. 

warli]^^H under war. 

wa,rlo^^^K wawr'lok (AS. ivcerloga, a breaker of 
his wordwPedge— from wozr, wary, and loga, a liar), 
a male witch; a wizard. 

warm, a. wcvwrm (Icel. varmr; Ger. warm; old L. 
formus; Gr. thermos, hot: Sans, gharma, heat), hav- 
ing heat in a moderate or gentle degree ; having little 
or no winter, as a climate : zealous ; ardent ; easily 
excited or provoked ; enthusiastic ; in paint., ap- 
plied to colours that have yellow or yellow-red for 
their base; easy and safe in money matters, as "he 
was deemed a warm man " : v. to impart heat to in a 
moderate degree only ; to excite to ardour or zeal in ; 
to become warm or animated : warm'ing, imp. making 
moderately hot ; making zealous : warmed, pp. 
wawrrnd: warm'er, n. -er, he who or that which 
warms: warmly, ad. -II: warm'ness, n. -nSs, also 



warmth, n. wawrmlh, state of being warm or ardent ; 
gentle beat; earnestness— as applied to temper, "he 
answered with much warmth"; fervour of mind ; ani- 
mation; in paint., a tone of colour arising from the 
use of colours expressive of heat, as reds, deep yel- 
lows, russet browns, and suchlike : warm bath, a bath 
heated to nearly or a little over the temperature of the 
human body: warm-hearted, a. sympathising; cor- 
dial; sincere : warming-pan, a covered vessel contain- 
ing hot coals or hot water for heating beds. 

warn, v. wawrn (AS. wyrnau, to warn, to refuse: 
Icel. varna, to forbid, to refuse— connected with the 
root ware, to look or take notice), to give notice ; to 
cause one to take notice; to put on guard against 
danger; to admonish of any duty: warning, imp. 
giving notice to; admonishing: n. caution against 
danger; previous notice: warned, pp. wawrnd. 

warp, v. wawrp (Goth, wairpan; AS. weorpan; 
Icel. verpa; Ger. vjerfen, to cast, to take a certain 
turn : Icel. varpa, to cast or lay out a net), to twist or 
be twisted out of a straight direction ; to turn from a 
straight or proper course ; to turn aside from the true 
direction ; to pervert ; to prejudice ; to tow or move, 
as a ship to a place by means of a rope laid out for 
that purpose and fastened to an anchor : n. a rope laid 
out for the purpose of mooring a ship ; a tow-line : 
warping, imp. turning or twisting; perverting: n. 
act of one who warps : warped, pp. vjawrpt. 

warp, n. wawrp (Icel. vm-p; Ger. in-rft, the warp: 
Dut. werp, the warp, a cask — connected with above), 
the long threads laid out parallel to each other be- 
tween which the woof is shot in weaving; the threads 
lengthwise in a woven fabric, the cross ones being 
called the woof or weft ; muddy deposit cast from 
waters artificially introduced over low lands : warp'er, 
n. -er, one who prepares the warps of webs for weav- 
ing. 

warrant, v. wor'rdnt (Ger. gevjahr, assurance, secu- 
rity : Low Ger. warend, one who gives security : old 
Eng. warant, a protector: old F. guarent, one who 
makes safe, one who answers for), to authorise ; to jus- 
tify ; to assure ; to secure to, as to a purchaser the 
quantity and quality of the goods sold as represented : 
n. a written document conferring some right or autho- 
rity ; that which authorises or justifies an act ; that 
which vouches or insures for anything : warranting, 
imp.: warranted, pp.: warranter, n. -er, one who war- 
rants : warrantor, n. -dnt-or', one who warrants, as 
opposed to ivarrantee, the person to whom land or 
another thing is warranted: warrantable, a. -d-N, 
authorised by commission or right; justifiable ; defen- 
sible : war'rantably, ad. -Ml: war'rantableness, n. 
M-nSs, the quality of being warrantable or justifiable: 
warranty, n. -I, a guarantee ; a security ; an engage- 
ment, expressed or implied, that certain things or 
facts shall be as they have been represented or pro- 
mised to be; in insurance law, certain stipulations 
or engagements by the party insured: warrant-officer, 
a non-commissioned officer acting under a warrant, 
as a gunner, a boatswain, or a carpenter: warrant of 
attorney, a written authority given by a client to his 
attorney to appear at a court for him : search-war- 
rant, a written document authorising a person to en- 
ter a house, a shop, &c, usually for stolen goods: 
dock-warrant, a custom-house licence or authority. 

warren, n. wor'ren (old F. warene, a place where 
animals are kept), a piece of ground for the breeding 
and preservation of rabbits. 

warrior— see war. 

wart, n. ivawrt (Dut. werte ; Ger. warze, a wart), a 
< ( 10 of different forms, found on the skins 
of animals, as on the human hand ; a hardened pro- 
tuberance on the surface of trees : wart'ed, a. full of 
warts; having warts; in bot,., having little knobs on 
the surface : wart'y, a. -I, covered with warts ; grown 
over with warts : wartworth, a plant having a warty 
surface: wart'less, a. -Us, having no warts: wart- 
hog, the river-hog of Africa. 

wary, a. wa'ri (Icel. vara, to warn : Ger. gewahr, 
aware : F. gare, look out ! take care ! old Eng. gaure, 
to gaze : Fin. wara, foresight), that carefully watches 
artifices and dangers in order to guard against them ; 
carefully cautious ; timorously prudent : wa'rily, ad. 
-II, with prudence ; cautiously : wa'riness, n. -nes, the 
state or quality of being wary ; cautiousness. 

was, v. woz (Goth, visan, to remain, to be: Icel. 
vera; Sw. vara; AS. wesort, to remain, to be: Sans. 
vas, to dwell, to live), the past tense of the verb be. 

wash, v. wosh (imitative of the sound of dashing 



mate, mdt,fdr, law; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, rnCve; 



723 



WATE 



with water ; to overflow or dash against ; to coat or 
ornament by overlaying with a substance in a moist 
state; to purit> : n. a substance in a moist state laid 
or spread over a surface to beautify or preserve it; 
auy waste liquid, as that of a kitchen ; fermented 
wort; the shallow part of an arm of a sea, or of a 
river; the whole quantity of clothes washed at once; 
the act of washing them ; a liquid weak and poor; 
matter collected by water; a cosmetic; a lotion: 
wash'ing, imp. : n. the act of cleansing with water ; 
ablution; the clothes washed: washed, pp. wosht: 
washer, n. -cr, one who or that which washes ; 
a flat iron ring between the nave of a wheel and 
the linch-pin; a circular piece of leather or soft 
metal at the base of a screw or nut to prevent in- 
jury to the surface, or to render the .junction air-tight : 
washy, a. -I, damp; soft; weak: washiness, n. 
-lies, the state or quality of being washy, watery, or 
weak : wash-ball, a composition of soap and other 
substances for washing: wash-board, a board on the 
side of a boat to prevent the sea breaking over: wash- 
house, an out-building for washing clothes: wash- 
pot, a vessel in which anything is washed: wash- 
stand or wash-hand-stand, a small table with a basin 
and conveniences for washing the hands and face: 
washerwoman, a woman who washes clothes for 
wages. 

wasp, n. tvosp (AS. waesp; old H. Ger. wafsa; L. 
andlt. vespa, a wasp : Lith. ivapsa, a gadfly), aiiactive, 
stinging, winged insect, resembling a bee: waspish, 
a. -Uh, resembling a wasp; quick to resent a trifling 
affront; snappish; irritable: wasp'ishly, ad. -II: 
wasp'ishness, n. -nes, the state or quality of being 
waspish ; irascibility ; snappishness : wasp-fly, a 
striped fly resembling a wasp, but. stingless. 

wassail, n. irOs'-<et (AS. salutation on. pledging one 
to drink, icccs-hccl, be of health— from wees, be, and 
heel, whole or sound), a custom still used in some 
places on Twelfth-night, of wing about with a great 
howl of ale drinking healths: a drinking-bout; any 
merry-making accompanied with drinking, particu- 
larly at Christmas ; the 1141101' used on such festive oc- 
casions: v. to hold a ni'Tiy drinking-meeting : adj. 
convivial; festive: was'saiiing, imp.: wassailed, pp. 
-seld: was'sailer, n. -er, a drunkard; a reveller: was- 
sail-cup, a large cup or bowl used at carousals. 

wast, v. ivvst (see was), 2d sing. pt. of the verb be. 

waste, v. vast (It. guastare; old F. gust, r, to spoil, to 
render unfit for occupation : AS. wesh u ; old F. guxtine, 
uncultivated land: Ger. ivust, waste, desert: mid. L. 
vastina, a desert— from L. vastus, waste, desert), to 
destroy or expend wantonly or unnecessarily; to 
squander ; to throw away ; to wear out ; to consume ; 
to damage or injure ; to lose bulk or substance gradu- 
ally; to be consumed or dissipated: adj. ruined; de- 
stroyed; uncultivated ; rejected, or used for inferior 
purposes ; that of which no account is taken: n. land 
untilled ; a region ruined, deserted, or desolate ; a 
space unoccupied ; the act of squandering ; that which 
is rejected; refuse cotton or silk; useless expense; 
among miners, the old neglected workings of a coal- 
mine: wast'ing, imp.: adj. diminishing by dissipa- 
tion; consuming by slow degrees: wast'ed, pp. 
squandered; dissipated; diminished : wasteful, a. 
■fool, expending without necessity or use ; lavish ; 
profuse; destructive: waste fully, ad. -II: waste'ful- 
ness, n. -nes, the act or practice of expending without 
necessity or use: waste'ness, n. -nes, a desolate state; 
solitude : waster, n. -er, one who wastes : laid waste, 
desolated ; ruined : waste-basket, a basket in which 
old letters ai ments torn up as of no 

iurtheruse, &c, maybe laid, in order to be carried 
away and burnt : waste-book, a book in which rough 
entries of transactions are made ; a day-book : waste- 
paper, spoiled paper, or paper of no further use in 
that for which it was designed, as old office-writings, 
old newspapers, and suchlike : waste-pipe, a pipe 
for conveying away waste or superfluous water : waste 
steam-pipe, in steam-engines, the pipe leading from 
the safety-valve to the atmosphere. 

watch, n. icocJi (Ger. wache, watch, look-out ; ivacht, 
the guard : Dut. wcecke, watching, guard : Icel. vakta, 
to observe), attendance without sleep ; close obser- 
vation; steady look-out ; a person keeping guard; a 
sentinel ; a guard ; a space of time allotted to a guard 
to keep watch ; .a time-piece adapted for pocket-use : 
V. to be attentive ; to look with attention ; to keep 



guard; to lie in wait for; to observe attentively in 
order to detect or prevent ; to attend on the sick dur- 
ing the night: watching, imp.: watched, pp. icocht: 
watcher, 11. -er, one who watches: watchful, a. -n'ol, 
vigilant ; careful to observe ; attentive : watch fully, 
ad. -II: watchfulness, n. -ncs, vigilance; suspicious 
attention ; careful and diligent observation ; inability 
to sleep: watch-barrel, "the brass box in a watch 
containing the main-spring: watch-case, the outside 
covering of a watch : watch-dog, a dog kept to gvard 
premises or prope-'—- 
night as a signal, 

WatCh-glaSS, the gmoo uuicim 6 «uo itivo ui a r>o,l,Vii. 

watch-guard, a cord or chain to attach a watch to 
the person: watchmaker, one who constructs time- 
pieces for the pocket : watchman, n. one who guards 
the streets of a city, town, or large building by night : 



word or phrase given to sentinels, used as a signal to 
distinguish a friend from an enemy, or one who has a 
right to pass the guard ; a pass-word. 

water, n. wcMu'ter (Goth, vato; Ger. wasser; Gr. 
(7i)udor, water: Icel. vatr; Sw. teat; Dan. vaad; L. 
udus, wet), the fluid which descends from the clouds in 
rain ; the liquid which, when pure, is transparent, col- 
ourless, and desri'nte oi taste or smell, and which is es- 
sential to the support of vegetable and animal life ; a 
body of water standing or flowing; any liquid secretion 
resembling water; urine; the colour or lustre of a dia- 
mond : v. to wet or overflow with water ; to irrigate ; to 
supply with water for drink ; to diversify with wa ve-like 
lines, as silk; to shed liquid matter; to take in water : 
wa'tering, imp. overflowing; sprinkling or wetting 
with water: m the act of overflowing or sprinkling 
with water; the process of irrigating land; the pro- 
cess to which silk and other like fabrics are subjected 
to give them a wavy lustre and appearance : watered, 
pp. or a. -terd, overspread or sprinkled with water; 
made lustrous and wavy: wa'terer, n. -ter-er, that 
which or one who waters : watery, a. ■%, thin or 
transparent as a liquid ; tasteless ; moist ; abounding 
— ith water ; pert, to water : wa'teriness, n. -nes, 



n. -nes, thinness; resemblance of water : water-bailiff, 
an officer in the customs in England for searching ships ; 
one who watches a salmon -river to hinder poach- 
ing : water-bearer, in astron., the sign Aquarius : 
water-brash, a hot sensation in the stomach, with the 
eructation of an acrid burning liquid that causes a 
distressing sensation in the parts over which it passes : 
water-butt, a large open-headed cask set up on end to 
contain water : water-caltrop, an aquatic plant, the 
fruit of which is remarkable for the spines with which 
it is furnished : water-can, a tin vessel for containing 
water for a dressing-room : water-carrier, a bearer or 
vendor of water: water-carriage, conveyance by 
water ; means of transporting by water : water-cart, 
a cart carrying water for watering streets or roads : 
water-casks, vessels for the water for a ship's use : 
water-closet, a little room for necessary purposes sup- 
plied with a flow of water from a cistern, to keep it 
clean : water-cock, a tap for drawing water ; a street- 
plug to supply water from mains: water-colours, in 
paint., colours diluted and mixed with gum-water: 
water-course, a channel for the conveyance of water : 
water-crane, a machine for supplying water to loco- 
motive engines : water-cress, a small creeping plant 
growing in watery places, having an agreeable pun- 
gent flavour: water-cure, the mode agtfreating dis- 
eases with water: adj. denoting ai^Btailishment 
where such treatment is employed : w^^^kg, a dog 
which readily takes the water : waterf a^^^Hischarge 
of a river over ledges of rocks or precipiM^Kometimes 
of great height ; a cascade ; a cataract : water-flag, a 
species of iris ; the sedge : water-fowl, a fowl which 
lives much on water, and obtains its food chiefly from 
it: water-glass, a water-clock; a liquefied flint made 
by boiling silica in an alkali : water-gauge, an instr. 
for measuring the depth or quantity of water : water- 
god, a fabulous deity supposed to preside over wa- 
ter : water-hen, a water-fowl : water-level, the level 
formed by the surface of Stillwater: water-lily, an 



lines supposed to be described alioi 1 ; ihip ;b-i: .,. 

the surface of the water, the lines being higher or lower 
according to the depth of water necessary to float her : 



'/,foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



WATT 



724 



WAYW 



light water-line, the line round a ship's bottom where 

i' : ' ■ 1 1 ' ' i " ■ i ' - ' ■ "i i in , v'sivr >■).■ ; ,: ice i. I i • 1 1 i - , ; . ■ i ■ ■ > 

load water-line, the depth to which a ship sinks when 
loaded, or the line where the surface-water comes into 
contact with i he ship's bottom : water-logged, a. lying 
like a log on the water, as a ship, when a large quantity 
of water has got into (heboid: waterman, a boatman; 
a ferryman : water-mark, the mark or limit of the 
ri se of water ; a letter or device wrought into paper dur- 
ing the process of manufacture : water-melon, a plant 

wlio.-r (Villi. ii.lioiinil.', \, ii li :;. ;«;. .-ci l :li lniooi ■ ■ ehiUne 

water in colour, and which contains a rich and delici- 
ous pulp : water-meter, an instr. for registering the 
supply of water: water-mill, a mill whose machinery 
is moved by water: water-nymph, in anc. myth., a, 
female being presiding over a particular piece of water 
or frequenting a piece of water ; a naiad : water-plant, 
a plant found only growing in water: water-power, 
water employi 'il to set and keep machinery in motion: 
waterproof, a. so firm and close in texture as not to 
admit water to pass through; impervious to water: 
watershed, the range of high land in any district of 
country which forms the source of its various streams 
and rivers, shedding them off as it were from the 
roof of a house to their respective basins : water- 
snake, one of a family of snakes found in water, 
and unable to live out of it : waterspout, a remark- 
able phenomenon, chiefly observed at sea, appearing 
as a great pillar of water reaching from the sea up to 
cc-rtain dense clouds : water-sprite or -witch, a spirit 
frequenting or living in water: water-tight, a. so 
close and tight as to hold water, or keep it from enter- 
ing: water-ways, in a ship, pieces of wood at the 
junction of the deck with the sides: water-weed, a 
name applied to a water-plant of recent introduction 
which has spread so rapidly as to have become almost 
universal: water-wheel, a machine for raising water 
in large quantities ; a wheel moved by water, and em- 
ployed to set machinery in motion— overshot, when 
the water acts on the wheel from above— undershot, 
when the water acts below on the lower part of the 
wheel-rim— breast, when the water acts on a part of 
the wheel-rim near the axis: water-works, works 
and machines for raising, retaining, and distributing 
water : watering-place, a place where water may be 
obtained for a ship, for cattle, &c; a place to which 
people resort for drinking-mineral water; asea-bathing 
place : water-worn, a. smoothed and rounded by the 
action of water, as the pebbles in the bed of a river, 
or the gravel on the sea-shore: water of crystallisa- 
tion, water which has combined chemically with a 
.substance while passing from a state of solution to 
the solid crystalline form : hard water, water largely 
impregnated with earthy or foreign ingredients : soft 
water, spring or rain water, or water nearly free from 
foreign ingredients : watered silk, silk with a shaded 
or diversified surface : to hold water, to be tight ; to 
be sound : to make water, to pass urine ; to admit 
water ; to leak : the mouth waters, the person longs ; 
there is a vehement desire. 

wattle, n. wot'-tl (Ger. wadel, applied to whatever 
wavers or moves to and fro ; quabbeln, to shake like 
jelly: Bav. wadel, fir-branches, twigs: Swiss, wedele, 
a bundle of twigs), a twig or flexible rod ; a hurdle 
made of flexible rods ; the fleshy excrescence under 
the head of a cock or turkey which dangles or moves 
to and fro; the like substance on a fish: v. to bind 
with twigs ; to twist or interweave, as twigs with one 
another: wat'tling, imp. -tllng: wattled, pp. wot'tld. 

waul, v. waivl (a word imitative of the cry), to cry 
as a cat : n^toe cry of a cat. 

wave, np^B; (old Eng. waive; AS. waig ; Ger. woge; 
Dan. 'cOia*B| vague, a billow, a wave : Sw. wag, a 
balance, Wjkve: old H. Ger. wegan, to move, to 
vibrate), the alternate rising and falling of water 
above and below its natural level ; a moving swell or 
volume of water ; a billow; any motion or appearance 
resembling that of a wave : v. to move to and fro or 
up and down ; to undulate ; to play loosely ; to raise 
into inequalities of snrfa.ee ; to direct by a waving mo- 
tion ; to beckon : wa'ving, imp. a. moving as a wave : 
n. the act of moving as a wave ; the act of playing loose- 
ly, or to and fro: waved, pp. ivavd: adj. variegated 
in lustre: wave-like, a. resembling a wave: wave'- 
less, a. -Us, without waves ; undisturbed : wavy, a. 
wa'vl, that plays to and fro, as waves ; full of waves ; 
undulating: wave'let, n. -Ut, a small wave; a ripple 
ave-offering, in the Jeivish - 



offering made by the priest holding aloft and x 
mate, mdt,fdr, law; mete, i 



ing the thing offered towards heaven as a symbol of 
its presentation to Jehovah: waveson, n. ivdv'-svn, 
goods which appear floating on the sea, as after a ship- 
wreck. 

wavellite, n. tvd'v&l-llt (after Dr Wavel), a trans- 
parent yellowish-grey or greenish-grey mineral, occur- 
ring in minute a cici liar crystals, in various formations. 

waver, v. wa'f/'.r (Scot. •'/'<«'/, to move backwards 
and forwards : Icel. vafa, to wave to and fro : prov. 
Ger. wabben, to waver, to totter: Dut. wapjicren, to 
waver, to swing), to play or move to and fro ; to be 
unsettled in opinion ; to hesitate; to be undetermined: 
wa'vering, imp.: wavered, pp. -verd: wa'verer, n. 
■er, one unsettled in faith, doctrine, or opinion: wa'- 
veringly, ad. -li. 

wavy— see wave. 

wax, n. wdks (AS. wear,; Icel. vax; Ger. wacTcs; 
Russ. voska, wax: Fin. v:aalsi, foam), the substance 
collected and employed by bees in the construction of 
their cells— also bees-wax, bez- ; a substance found on 
the leaves and fruit of certain plants; any substance 
resembling wax : v. to rub, smear, or unite with wax: 
wax'ing, imp. rubbing thread with wax to strengthen 
it: waxed, pp. wdkst: waxen, a. wdks'n, made of 
wax: wax'y, a. -%, resembling wax; adhesive: wax- 
candle, a candle made of wax: wax-cloth, cloth cov- 
ered with a coating of wax, and ornamented with 
some figured pattern, used as covers for tallies, 
pianos, &c: wax-end, thread covered with shoe- 
makers' wax, and pointed with a bristle, used in sew- 
ing leather together, as in shoes : wax-modelling, the 
art of making figures in wax : wax-work, the lifelike 
figures of men, &c, formed in wax; anatomical prep- 
arations in wax; likenesses of fruits, &c, in wax: 
grave-wax, a name for adipocere, which see. 

wax, v. tveiks (AS. wi-uxan.; Goth, walisjan; Tee]. 
vaxu; Sans, vah, to grow, to increase), to increase in 
size; to become larger; to pass from one state to 
another: wax'ing, imp.: waxed, pp. wdkst, also 
waxen, pp. v;aks'-n, grown ; increased. 

way, n. wd (Goth, vigs; Icel. vegr; Sans, vaha; L. 
via ; F. vote, a way), the road in which one travels ; a 
passage ; a road ; a street ; a route ; means of admit- 
tance ; direction where a thing may probably be found ; 
manner or means of doing or thinking; humour; 
mode; method; progress; in Scrip., the religion of 
Christians; Christianity: ways, n. plu. the timbers 
on which a ship is launched : way-bill, a list of pas- 
sengers and goods conveyed in a coach: way- 
boards, in geol. or in mining, any thin layers or 
bands that separate or define the boundaries of 
thicker strata: way'farer, n. -fd-rer (AS. Jaran, to 
go), a traveller: a passenger: way'faring, a. pass- 
ing ; being on a journey : waylay, v. wd-la' (way, and 
lay), to watch insidiously in the way ; to beset in am- 
bush: waylaying, imp.: waylaid', pp. -lad': way- 
lay'er, n. -la'-tr, one who waylays : way'less, a. -les, 
pathless : wayworn, a. wearied by travelling : to give 
way, to yield; to fall; to urge forward: to make 
way, to give room for passing ; to make a vacancy : 
to make one's way, to advance in life by steady 
effort: to go one's way, to depart: to come one's 
way, to come to : by the way, in passing ; apropos : 
byway of, as for the purpose of; as being: covert or 
covered way, infort., a space about 30 feet wide run- 
ning round the outer edge of the main ditch, which 
affords protected communication between any two 
points: fairway— see fair : half-way, to the point so 
as to be half-finished or half arrived at : in the family 
way, with child : in the way, so as to fall in with, 
obstruct, or hinder: milky -way —see milk: out of 
the way, so as not to fall in with, obstruct, or hinder ; 
away from the usual or proper course ; odd; unusual: 
right of way, a right of passing over or through the 
ground of another: to be under way, among seamen, 
to be in motion, as when a ship begins to move: 
to have head-way, as when a ship moves forward in 
its course : stern-way— see stern 2 : lee-way— see lee : 
tide-way— see tide : to go the way of all the earth, 
to die : ways and means, methods ; resources ; in 
Parliamentary lauquagc, means for raising money; 
resources for revenue : highway, n. hl'wd, a wide 
road for traffic, made and maintained in good order 
at the public expense. Note.— Way or ways following 
no, forms a phrase meaning in no manner or in no 
wise,— as, " he is no ways a match for him," " 'tis no 
way his interest." 

wayward, a. wa'iverd (Eng. way, nnd AS. weard, 
in the direction, towards), bent on one's own way ; 



St, her; pine, pin; note, not, mdve; 



WE 



725 



WEB 



wickedly frownrd : perverse ; wilful : way'wardly, ad. 
-II: waywardness, n. -ncs. frowardness ; perverse- 
ness. 

we, pron. toe (AS. we: Dan. and Sw. wi: Icel. ver), 
plu. of I; a word denoting the person speaking along 
with one or more. Not —We is employed by sove- 
reigns in addressing their subjects, and by authors, 
editors, and the like, with the view of avoiding the 
appearance of egotism in the use of I. 

weak, a. vel; (AS. irac, pliant : Sw. svig, supple : 
Ger. iceich; Dut. iveeck, soft, yielding to the touch), 
what yields to pressure; having little physical 
strength ; feeble ; infirm ; easily broken ; yielding ; 
not strong ; faint or low, as sound ; having little of in- 
gredients ; not well supported by reason or argument ; 
not having moral force: weakly, a. -U, not strong; 
not healthy : ad. feebly ; faintly : weak'ness, n. -nes, 
want of physical strength ; want of force or vigour ; 
want of moral force ; feebleness of mind ; failing ; 
fault; defect: weak-hearted, a, timorous ; cowardly: 
weak side or point, that part of a person's natural 
disposition by which he is most easily biassed or 
won; a foible: weaken, v. wekf-n, to impair the 
strength of; to enfeeble : weakening, imp. wek'-nlng: 
weakened, pp. wek'nd: weak'ener, n. -ntr, one who 
or that which weakens. 

weal, n. ivel-(AS. wel, well; wela, abundance: old 
H. Ger. welida, wealth), a sound or prosperous state; 
happiness ; prosperity ; welfare : weal or woe, pros- 
perity or adversity : wealtii, n. ivelth, state or qual- 
ity of being well; riches; lame possessions; an ex- 
traordinary abundance of this world's goods ; afflu- 
ence: wea'lth'y, a. -I, rich ; having possessions greater 
than the generality of men; opulent: wealthily, ad. 
-II: wealthlness, n. -nes, state of being wealthy: 
tke wealthy, persons in opulent circumstances. 

weal, n. wSl— see wale. 

weald, n. weld, also wold, n. wold (AS. weald; Ger. 
wald, wood, forest), a wood or forest ; the low country 
lying between the North and South Downs of Kent 
and Sussex : wealden, a. iid'-dn, pert, to the weald of 
Sussex and Kent: wealden group, in geol., that series 
of strata which occurs between the uppermost beds of 
the oolite and the lower ones of the chalk formation— 
so called from thee, ahi of Kent and Sussex, being the 
chief area in Britain of the strata of that formation. 

wealth— see under weal. 

wean, v. wen (Ger. gewohnen; Dan. vcenne, to accus- 
tom : Dut. wennen, to accustom, to wean), to accus- 
tom to want or be without, as a child the breast; to 
alienate, as the affections ; to reconcile to the want or 
loss of: wean'ing, imp. reconciling to the want of: 
■ut its mother's 
milk: weaned, pp. wend: wean'ling, n. -ling, a child 
or animal newly weaned. 

weapon, n. wSp-5n (Goth, vepna, anus: Ger. waffe; 
Icel. vapn; AS. vccpn, a weapon: Dut. ivanen, arms, 
tools), an instr. of offence or defence ; an instr. of war; 
plu. arms; thorns, stings, 6:c: weap'oned, a. -ond, 
furnished with weapons or arms : weaponless, a. -les, 
unarmed ; having no weapons. 

wear, v. war (Ger. u-ahn », to last, to wear: ivahr, 
true: Icel. vera; Sw. wara, to last, to wear: old 
H. Ger. loeren, to remain, to endure), to last; to 
endure or hold out; to waste or diminish by use or 
time ; to be wasted or impaired, as by use ; to pass or 
be consumed by slow degrees : n. injury or decay by 
use; the act of lasting long : wearing, imp.: wore, 
pt. wor: worn, pp. worn: to wear away, to consume ; 
to impair or diminish by gradual decay : to wear out, 
to endure to the end of its existence; to come or 
bring to an end : to harass : to wear off, to pass 
away by degrees ; to go off gradually : wear and tear, 
loss or waste by use. 

wear, v. war (Icel. verjTi; AS. werjan, to defend, to 
cover: oldH. Ger. wrjan, to defend, to clothe), to carry 
or bear upon the person, as an article of clothing, 
arms, or any ornament ; to have or exhibit an appear- 
ance of ; to bear: wore, pt. wor, did wear: worn, pp. 
worn: wearable, a. tvar'a-bl, that can be carried as 
an appendage to the body : wear'er, n. -er, one who 
wears : wearing apparel, garments for the person ; 
articles of dress: towearthebreech.es, in familiar 
language, said of a wife who assumes the authority of 
her husband, or domineers over him. 

wear, v. ivar (a probable conniption of veer), used in 
the phrase, "to wear a ship,"— that is, to turn the ship 
before the wind : wear'ing, imp.: Waared, pp. ward. 

wear, n. war, also weir, n. wer (Ger. wehren; Dut. 

; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, seal. 



u'cren, to ward off, to prevent : Ger. wehr, a dam, a 
dike: AS. ivar, a dam for fish), a dam across a river 
to raise the water in order to conduct it to a water- 
wheel, or to irrigate land, &c. ; a fence in a stream for 
catching and keeping fish. 

weary, a. wer'-i (AS. werig, weary : Ger. wahren ; 
Dan. vare. to endure : from wear 1, which see), having 
the strength exhausted by toil or long-continued ex- 
ertion; exhausted l.y mental efforts; feeling desirous 
to discontinue : v. to reduce or exhaust by physical or 
mental exertion ; to fatigue ; to harass ; to render 
impatient of continuance : wearying, imp.: wearied, 
pp. -Id, exhausted by exeition; overcome by fatigue: 
wearily, ad. -l-ll, in a weary or tiresome" maimei : 
weariness, n. -nes, exhaustion by labour too pro- 
tracted ; lassitude : wearisome, a. -sum, tedious ; 
fatiguing: wearisomely, ad. -II: wearlsomeness, n. 
-n6s, the quality or state of being exhausted by exer- 
tion. 

weasand, n. ive'zdnd (AS. iveesend; Fris. wasende, 
the windpipe— from Icel. hvcesa, to make a sound in 
breathing), the windpipe. 

weasel, n. wC'zrl (Ger. wirscl : Dut. u-ezel, a weasel), 
a small carnivorous animal having short legs and a 
long slender body. 

weather, n. weik'cr (Dut. weder; Ger. wetter; Icel. 
vedr, weather, wind: Pol. wiatr, wind: Ger. ivehen, to 
blow), the state of the atmosphere with respect to 
heat, cold, wetness, dryness, &c: v. among seamen, to 
sail against the wind past something, as a ship doub- 
ling a cape or promontory ; to bear up against ; to en- 
dure andresisi 

ering, imp. passing with difficulty: weath'ered, pp. 
-Y(/, passed with difficulty; in geol., wasted, worn 
away, discoloured, or covered with lichens by expo- 
sure to the influences of the atmosphere, as rock-sur- 
faces : weather is used as the first part of many com- 
pounds in the language of seamen, signifying " toward 
the wind," as in weather -bow, weather - quarter, 
weather-side, &c: weath'erly, a. -It, working well to 
the windward : weath'ermor.t, a. -most, being furthest 
to the windward : weather-beaten, a. having been sea- 
soned by exposure to every kind of weather: weather- 
board, the side of a ship lying towards the wind ; a 
board extending from the ridge to the eaves, and form- 
ing a close junction between" the shingling of a roof 
and the side of the building beneath : v. to nail boards 
on so as to overlap one another in order to exclude 
rain, snow, &c: weather-boarding, n. the act of nail- 
ing up boards which overlap one another; the boards 
so nailed : weather-bound, a. delayed by bad weather : 
weather-cock, a figure on the top of a spire which 
turns by the wind and shows its direction— so called 
because often made in the form of a cock ; a vane ; 
anything fickle or changeable: weather-gage, the po- 
sition of a ship to the windward of another ; a position 
of advantage or superiority : weather-glass, an instr. 
which indicates the state of the atmosphere or changes 
of weather; a popular name applied to the barometer : 
weather-moulding, a cornice over a door or window 
to throw off the rain : weather-tide, the tide which 
sets against the lee-side of a ship, driving her to the 
windward: weather-wise, a. skilful in foreseeing the 
changes of the weather: weather-worn, a. in geol., 
applied to rocks and cliffs whose faces are more or 
less wasted away by the action of the weather: stress 
of weather, violent and unfavourable winds: to 
weather a point, to gain a point against the wind ; to 
accomplish agaii -t oppi isition : to weather or weather 
out, to pass through unscathed or without serious 
damage, as a ship through a storm ; to encounter and 
pass through successfully though not without difficulty. 

weave, v. wev (Sans, tod, to weave: Icel. vefa; Dan. 
vceve; Dut. weven, to weave: Ger. weben, to move to 
and fro, to weave), to form in a loom, as cloth: to 
unite by intermixture ; to entwine ; to work at the 
loom: weaving, imn.: n. the act or art of forming 
cloth in a loom: wove, pt. wov, did weave: woven, 
pp. wo'vn : weaver, n. ivev'er, one who or that which 
weaves : weaver-bird, a tropical bird which weaves or 
plaits its nest of twigs, grass, and. oilier fibres. 

weazen, a. vx'zn (a probable corruption of weasel), 
thin; sharp— as in weazi 

web, n. web (from Eng. weave: Ger. geivebe; Dut. 
webbe; Icel. vefr, what is woven, a web), the whole 
piece of cloth woven in a loom; a tissue or texture 
formed of threads intertwined; a very fine texture 
spun by a spider for catching flies, as spider's web ; 
the membrane which unites the toes of many water- 



hfodt; pure, oui 



WEBS 



726 



WELL 



fowl: webbed, a. wel>d, having the toes united by a 
membrane: web'bing, n. a strong coarse fabric of 
hemp, 2 or 3 inches in width, used for supporting tlie 
seating of stuffed chairs, sofas, &c. : web'by, a. -M, pert, 
to or resembling a web : web-footed, a. having the toes 
united by a membrane, as a duck: webster, n. w&b- 
stir, an old spelling for weaver— see weave. 

websterite, n. web'ster-lt (after Dr Webster), a snow- 
white or yellowish-white earthy mineral, somewhat 
soft, with a fine scaly or fibrous structure— known also 
as uluminite. 

wed, v. wed (Goth, vadi ; AS. wedd, a pledge, what 
binds us to perform certain conditions— from Goth. 
vidan, to bind : AS. weddian ; Flem. wedden, to en- 
gage, to promise), to engage or pledge one's self, as 
a husband or wife; to marry; to take for husband or 
for wife ; to join in marriage ; to attach firmly : wed'- 
ding, imp.: n. marriage ; nuptial ceremony : wed'ded, 
pp. married ; closely attached : adj. pert, to marriage : 
wedding-cake, a rich cake, frosted with sugar and 
variously ornamented, made in honour of a wedding, 
and cut and distributed after it has taken place: 
wedding-cards, the name and address curds of a newly- 
married couple sent to friends : wedding-dress, supe- 
rior garments worn by a bride or bridegroom at the 
marriage ceremony: wedding-favour, a bunch of 
white ribbons, a rosette, or suchlike, worn at a wed- 
ding : wedding-ring, a plain gold ring given by the 
bridegroom to the bride a.t the marriage ceremony: 
wedlock, n. wed'lok (AS. wedlac, a pledge, a promise 
—from wed, a pledge, and lac, a gift), marriage. 

wedge, n. w6j (Dut. wegghe; Ger. week, a wedge), a 
four-sided piece of metal or wood, thick at one end 
and tapering to a thin flat edge at the other, used for 
rending asunder, for compressing, or for raising ; one 
of the mechanical powers ; a small bar, as a wedge of 
gold : v. to drive, as a wedge ; to compress closely ; to 
force, as a wedge forces its way; to fasten with 
wedges: wedg'ing, imp.: wedged, pp. w5jd, fastened 
with wedges ; closely compressed. 

Wedgewood, a. tvdj'wobd, pert, to or invented by 
Wedge wood, the potter, as Wedgewood ware. 

Wednesday, n. ivenz'da (AS. Wodnes-dacg, Woden's 
day— from Odin or Woden, a Scandinavian deity, and 
AS. doeg, a day), the day consecrated to Woden ; the 
fourth day of the week. 

wee, a. we (Scot, and prov. Eng.), little ; diminutive. 

weed, n. wed (Dut. tvieden, to cleanse, as from nox- 
ious herbs : AS. voeod, herb, grass : F. vuider, to purge, 
to cleanse), any noxious plant pulled up and cast out 
from among cultivated crops; a slang term for tobacco ; 
a cigar: v. to free from noxious plants; to free from 
anything hurtful : weed'ing, imp.: n. the operation of 
freeing from noxious plants : weed'ed, pp. : weed'er, 
n. -er, one who weeds : weedless, a. -Ms, free from 
weeds : weed'y, a. -i, abounding with weeds. 

weeds, n. plu. wedz (AS. weed, clothing, garments : 
old H. Ger. wat, clothing : Fin. waatet, clothes), the 
- rei g clol lies of a widow. 

week, n. wek (AS. weoce; Icel. vika; Ger. woche, a 

v.'-! I, i lie space oi e eve oa.\ : . i lie n i he! In ■_• i , i • 

with Sunday and ending with Saturday: weekly, a. 
-U, happening or done once a-week : ad. once a-week: 
week-day, any day of the week except Sunday. 

ween, v. wen (Goth, vens ; Icel. van, expectation, 
hope : Dut. waen, opinion : Ger. wahnen, to suppose, 
to think), to imagine; to think; to fancy: ween'ing, 
imp.: weened, pp. wend. ■ 

weep, v. wep (Goth, vopjan, to call, to cry : mid. H. 
Ger. wafen, to make an outcry : AS. ivepan, to lament, 
to shed tears— from wop, an outcry), to shed tears ; to 
lament with tears; to express grief or anguish by 
tears: weep'ing, imp.: adj. lamenting; shedding 
tears: n. act of one who weepe; lamentation: wept, 



a sign of mourning: weeplngly, ad. -li: weeping- 
birch, a tree of the birch kind with drooping it i ue i e . 
weeping- willow, a species of willow with long slender 
branches which hang down. 

weevil, n. we'vl (AS. ivibba, a worm: Dut. wevel ; 
Ger. wiebel, a weevil— from Ger. weben, to swarm with), 
an insect of the beetle tribe exceedingly destructive to 
grain in granaries, and to growing timber: wee'villy, 
ad. -vl-l, infested with weevils. 

weft, n. weft (from Eng. weave : Icel. vefa, to 
weave), in cloth, the threads that cross the warp, run- 
ning from selvage to selvage ; a web. 

weigh, v. wa (Ger. wiegen, to move to and fro : Dut. 



vmggelen, to waggle : Icel. vcegi, weight : AS. vjegan, 
to lift, to weigh : the act of v; it/liing taking its name 
from the wagging movement of the beam up and 
down), to examine or compare with a fixed standard 
by means of a balance ; to have weight ; to be equiva- 
lent to in weight, as it w< ighs a, pound ; to sink, as by 
its own weight ; to ascertain the heaviness of by ac- 
tual trial; to raise; to lilt, as an anchor; to ponder 
in the mind ; to be considered as important ; to bear 
or press heavily ; to depress : weighing, imp.: n. the 
act of ascertaining the weight; the act of balancing in 
the mind: weighed, pp. vxld: weigher, n. wd'rr, one 
who or that which weighs : weigh'able, ;\,.-dhl, that may 
be weighed : weight, n. wat, the heaviness of a body 
ascertained in a, balance v, it 1 1 a, fixed standard; amass, 
a standard for weighing ; gravity ; something 



adapted to turn the balance in the mind; adapted to 
■ olivine* . /, ad. -II: weight'iness, n. -nes, 

heaviness; solidity; power of convincing: to weigh 
down, to overbalance ; to oppress with weight : weigh- 
ing-house, a public building for testing the weight of 
goods : weighing-machine, any large machine for 
weighing heavy loads, as loaded carts or waggons. 

weir, n. wer, another spelling of wear— see wear 4. 

weird, a. wcrd (AS. w/ird, fate, destiny: Goth, vair- 
than; AS. weortlwn , Ger. wcrden, to come to pass, 
to become), pert, to the world of witches; supernatu- 
ral ; unearthly ; wild and dreary. 

welcome, a. wel'-ki'mi (irell, and come .-• AS. wel, well, 
good, and cuma, a comer), admitted willingly; pro- 
ducing gladness in its reception ; free to have or en- 
joy ; grateful ; pleasing : n. kind reception or saluta- 
tion : v. to salute or receive with kindness ; to receive 
and entertain hospitably and cheerfully: welcoming, 
imp.: welcomed, pp. -kCnnd, received with kindness 
and gladness: to bid welcome, to receive with pro- 
fessions of kindness or hospitality. 

weld, v. v:e/d (Sw. v.-a/tn.; tier, wellen, to join two 
pieces of iron at a heat just short of melting— from 
Ger. wallen; Dut. wellen; AS. weallan, to boil), to 
hammer together into one body when heated almost 
to melting, as two pieces of iron : welding, imp. : n. 
the process of uniting firmly together two or more 
pieces of iron when heated to whiteness by means of 
hammering or pressure : weld'ed, pp. : welding-heat, 
a white heat to allow the welding process. 

weld, n. weld (AS. weald., a wood : Scot, wedd, weld), 
a plant used by dyers to give cloth a yellow colour. 

welfare, n. wel'far (AS. wel, well, and/arun, to go), 
state of doing well ; prosperity ; wellbeing. 

welkin, n. wel'kin (AS. wolcen, a cloud : Ger. wolke, 
a cloud— from wolle, wool : referring to the woolly or 
fleecy aspect of the clouds), the visible regions of the 
air ; the vault of heaven. 

well, a. wel (Goth, vaila, better: old H. Ger. wala; 
Ger. wohl, well : W. gwell, better), being in a state of 
health ; fortunate ; advantageous ; recovered from a 
sickness : ad. in a choice or desirable manner ; justly ; 
rightly; skilfully; very much; to a sufficient degree ; 
perfectly ; a word expressing satisfaction, or merely 
expletive,— as, "well, well, be it so"— "well, let us 
go": as well as, conj. together with : well-appointed, 
a iaiiy iiiiMi icei ;,,:,! ■,,. el : wellbeing, n. happi- 
ness ; prosperity : well-born, a. not of mean or com- 
mon birth : well-bred, a. educated in polished man- 
ners ; cultivated ; refined : welldoer, one who does 
duties well: welldoing, performance of duties in a pro- 
per manner: well-done, a term expressive of praise 
or approbation : well enough, ad. good in a moderate 
degree : well-favoured, a. handsome ; beautiful ; pleas- 
ing to the eye: well-informed, a. furnished with 
correct information; intelligent: well-intentioned, 
a. having upright or honourable purposes: weL 1 - 
known, a. fully known ; notorious : well-mannered, 
a. polite ; civil ; mannerly : well-meaning, a. having 
good intentions: well-meant, a. rightly intended; 
kind : well-met, a term of salutation expressive of 
great satisfaction: well-nigh, ad. almost; nearly: 
well-off, a. thriving ; prosperous : well-to-do, a. easy in 
circumstances ; prosperous : well-read, a. extensively 
informed from books : well-spent, a. passed in virtue : 
well-spoken, a. uttered with propriety and fitness: 
well-wisher, one inclined to act to another as a friend : 
well-timed, a, done or said at the proper time. 

well, n. wel (AS weal hen ,- Icel. vella; Dut. wellen: 
Ger. wallen, to boil, to bubble up : AS. w]ilh\ a spring), 
a fountain of water ; a deep narrow pit dug in the 



mate, m&t.fdr, law; mete, mtt, her; pine, pin; note, not, mCve; 



WELS 



727 



VVHEE 



earth for the purpose of retaining spring or other 
water; an enclosure around the bottom of a ship's 
pumps ; an enclosed space in a fishing-boat for keep- 
ing fish alive; in arch., the space in which winding 
stairs are placed ; a deep excavation for military pur- 
poses : v. to pour forth, as from a spring ; to issue 
forth, as water: welling, imp.: welled, pp. wild: 
well-sinker, one who digs wells : well-spring, a foun- 
tain; a source of continual supply: well-water, water 
drawn from a well : well-drain, a deep pit to drain 
wet land : artesian well, a perpetual spring of water 
obtained bv boring— see artesian. 

Welsh, a. welsh, pert, to Wales or to its people : n. 
the people or their language: Welsh-rabbit (a cor- 
ruption of Welsh rare-bit), slices of bread overspread 
with melted cheese, and often highly seasoned. 

welt, n. wilt (W. gwald, a hem : Gael, bait, a border, 
welt of a shoe), cord covered with cloth and sewed on 
seams or borders to strengthen them ; a strip of leath- 
er sewed round the edge of the upper of a boot or 
shoe and the inner sole, and to which the outer sole is 
afterwards secured ; a selvage or edging : v. to sew, as 
a welt on a border or a shoe: welt'ing, imp.: n. the 
act of sewing on a welt ; the materials used. 

welter, v. wel'-tcr (AS. xcaltan; Low Ger. weltern; 
Sw. waltra. to roll, to wallow), to roll or wallow in 
something foul or liquid : n. a mess ; a state of confu- 
sion: weltering, imp.: wel'tered, pp. -terd. 

wen, n. wen (AS. wenn, a swelling, a wart : a prob- 
able corruption of old Eng. wem, a spot or scar), a 
tumour fleshy and movable, affecting the face, head, 
or neck : wen'ny, a. -nl, having the nature of a wen ; 
resembling a wen. 

wench, n. icensh (Ger. mensch, a wench: Swab. 
niensch, a girl, a mistress), a depreciatory or familiar 
term for a young woman ; a woman of ill fame : v. to 
frequent the society of loose women: wench'ing, imp.: 
wenched, pp. wensht. 

wend, v. icind (AS. vxnd.an, to turn, to go: Icel. 
venda ; Ger. wtmha, to turn), to go; to pass to or 
fro: wending, imp.: wend'ed, pp., also went, pp. 
wint. 

went, v. went (from wend, which see), arranged in 
grammars as the pt. of the verb go, though in origin 
went has no connection with it. 

wept, v. wept, pp. of weep, which see. 

were, v. wer (Icel. vera; Sw. vara, to remain, to 
be : see was), pt. plu. of the verb be : wert, wert, second 
pers. sing, of were. 

Wesleyan, a. ives'le-dn, pert, to the sect established 
by John Wesley: n. one of the sect called Methodists, 
established by John Wesley about a.d. 1738 : Wes'ley- 
anism, n. -tern, the doctrines and church government 
of the Wesleyan Methodists. 

west, n. wist (Esthon. wessi, water; wessi-kaar, the 
wet quarter, the west: AS. and Ger. west, west), the 
quarter of the heavens where the sun sets ; one of the 
four chief points of the compass ; a country or district 
lying in the direction of the setting sun with respect 
to another : adj. situated towards the part where the 
sun sets : ad. to the western regions ; more westward : 
westerly, a. -er-ll, lying or being towards the set- 
ting sun; coming from the west, or a point near it: 
ad. tending towards the west : western, a. -ern, of or 
pert, to the west ; lying or looking towards the west ; 
dwelling in the direction towards the west; coming 
from the west : westing, n. the distance, expressed 
in nautical m li p makes good in a west 

direction ; departure westward : west'most, a. -most, 
farthest to the west : west'ward, ad. -iverd, towards 
the west ; in a direction towards the west ; also west'- 
wardly, ad. -II. 

wet, a. icet (Goth, vato, water: IceL voir; Sw. wat, 
wet), humid ; moist ; having the pores saturated with 
water : rainy : n moisture ; humidity : v. to moisten ; 
to sprinkle with water ; to saturate with water : wet'- 
ting, imp.: n. a being saturated or moistened with 
water : wet or wetted, pt. and pp. wit or ivet'-ted -. wet'- 
ness, n. -nes, moisture ; humidity ; a watery or moist 
state of the atmosphere : wet'tish, a. -tish, somewhat 
wet ; moist : wet-dock, a dock or large basin of water 
capable of receiving and floating vessels at all states 
of the tide: wet-shod, a. wet over the shoes: wet- 
nurse, a nurse who suckles a child instead of its 
mother. 

wether, n. weth'-cr, also wedder, n. wed'-der (AS. 
weder, a wether), a male sheep that was castrated 
when a lamb. 

wetherellia, n. weih'-er-HMX-H (after Mr Wetherell), 



one of the genera of fossil fruits from the London Clay, 
popularly known as "petrified coffee-berries." 

wey, n. iva (from weigh), a measure of weight, vary- 
ing v, ith different articles. 

whack, n. hicdk (a corruption of thwack), a blow: v. 
to strike : whacking, imp. : whacked, pp. hiv&kt. 

whale, n. hwal (AS. hwal ; Ger. walljisch, a whale), 
the largest of - i uenting high latitudes, 



whales: whal'e: 
he whale-fishery , 
narrow boat used when pursuing and harpooning the 
whale: whalebone, an elastic horny substance ob- 
tained from the upper jaw of the whale. 

whame, n. hivam (Ger. breme, the ox-fly), the burrei- 
fly or horse-fly. 

whang, n. hwdng (AS. thicang, a leather string: 
Scot, whang, a thick slice), a strap or strip of leather; 
a large separate piece. 

wharf, n. hwdrf (Low Ger. war/, a mound of earth 
on which houses are built for protection against inun- 
dation—from iverfen, to cast : Dut. werf, a raised place 
on which a house is built), a bank or other erection 
formed on the shore of a harbour, river, or canal, for 
the convenience of lading and unlading ships ; a quay : 
plu. wharfs, hwdrf s, or wharves, hworvz: wharfage, 
n. -aj, the dues paid for the use of a wharf: wharf- 
ing, n. wharfs in general : wharfinger, n. -in-jer, one 
who has the charge of a wharf; the proprietor of a 
wharf. 

what, rel. and int., hwdt (AS. hwect, which, what, 
neut. of Jiwa, who : Icel. and Dan. hvad, what : akin 
to L. quid, what), that which ; the thing that ; the sort 
or kind ; which of several ; used as an exclamatory word 
by way of surprise or question, meaning, how great, 
how remarkable, ami suchlike ; used for partly or in 
part,— as, "what with war, what with poverty": what 
not, n. anything you please ; suchlike things ; a vari- 
ety,— as, "some dead puppy, or log, or what not"; a 
piece of furniture with shelves for receiving miscel- 
laneous articles of use or ornament: what if, conj. 
what will it matterif : what though, conj. even grant- 
ing that ; allowing that : whatever, comp. rel. -Sv'er, 
or whatsoever, -sd-iv'-er, anything soever which ; the 
whole that : what day, on the day when: what time, 
at the time when. 

wheal, n. hivel (corrupted from anc. Cornish huel, a 
mine), in Cornwall, a mine. 

wheat, n. hwet (AS. hvete; Goth, hvaitei, wheat— 
from Goth, hveits, white), the grain from which the 
flour is manufactured of which bread is chiefly made ; 
also the plant: wheaten, a. htvet'-n, made of wheat: 
wheat-fly, n. applied to several insects injurious to 
wheat. 

wheat-ear, n. Jvet'er (a corruption of ivhittail), a 
small bird with a white rump. 

wheedle, v. hive'dl (Ger. wedeln, to wag the tail), to 
persuade by coaxing or flattery; to entice by soft 
words: whee'dling, imp. -dllng: adj. enticing, as by 
soft and flattering words : n. the act of flattering or 
enticing by soft words : wheedled, pp. hwe'-dld, flat- 
tered; coaxed: whee'dler, n. -dler, one who wheedles. 

wheel, n. hwel (AS. hiveol; Icel. hvel, anything cir- 
cular, a wheel : W. chwyl, a turn, a course : Dut. wiel, 
a wheel), a frame of wood or iron in the form of a 
circle, being arranged to turn on an axis : a turning 
about ; an instr. on which criminals were tortured in 
some countries— see break : v. to move on wheels ; to 
convey on wheels ; to turn on an axis ; to have a rota- 
tory motion ; to whirl ; to move round ; to cause to 
turn round: wheeling, imp.: adj. conveying on 
wheels ; turning : n. the act of conveying materials, 
as on a wheel-barrow ; a turning or circular movement 
of a body of troops: wheeled, pp. hweld : adj. pro- 
vided with wheels : wheel'er, n. -er, one who wheels ; 
the horse or horses next the wheel : wheel-barrow, a 
vehicle with a wheel at one end, held up with the 
hands at the other, and so driven forwards or pulled : 
wheel-plough, a plough having one or two wheels 
attached for rendering the instr. more steady to hold, 
and for regulating the depth of the furrow : wheel- 
swarf, sworf, (prov. Eng. sivarf, the dust and grit 
from grindstones used in grinding cutlery), a clayey 
cement made in Sheffield from the dust resulting from 
the wearing of grindstones, used in the steel-convert- 
ing furnaces for covering the layers of iron and char- 
coal : wheel-window, a circular window with radiat- 
ing mullions resembling the spokes of a wheel : wheel- 



cow;, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



WHEE 



728 



WHIP 



work, in machinery, a combination of wheels impart- 
ing motion to one another : wheel-wright, one whose 
trade is to construct wheels and wheel-carriages, as 
carts : wheel and axle, one of the mechanical powers, 
consisting of a wheel having a cylindrical axis passing 
through its centre, and made capable of revolving by 
resting on pivots ;i.t its extremities. 

wheeze, v. hwez (AS. hweosan, to breathe with dif- 
ficulty: Icel. hi:<t:sa; Dan. l/vicse, to wheeze, to hiss), 
to breathe with difficulty and with an audible sound : 
wheez'ing, imp.: n. the act of breathing hard with 
noise, produced by obstruction of the air -passages : 
wheezed, pp. hwezd. 

whelk, n. hw&lk (AS. vjeolc, a whelk, a shell-fish), a 
shell-fish; a small univalve, spiral-shaped; a wilk. 

whelm, v. hmc.l.m, (Dut. mandeii, to whirl, to twine 
round: Scot, whummil; prov, Eng. whemmle, to turn 
upside), to cover with water or other fluid ; to immerse 
deeply ; to overburden ; whelming, imp. : whelmed, 
pp. hwelmd. 

whelp, n. hwelp (Icel. hvelpr; old H. Ger. hvelf; 
mid. H. Ger. welf, the young of dogs, lions, bears, &c: 
Ger. werfen, to cast, as young), the young of a dog, a 
lion, a fox, a bear, &c; a puppy; a young man or 
youth, in contempt : v. to bring forth young, as a she- 
dog, a lion, &c: whelping, imp.: n. the act of bring- 
ing forth young: whelped, pp. h ircl.jii .■ whelps, n. plu. 
short upright pieces around the barrel of a capstan 
to give resting-points for the messenger or hawser. 

when, ad. or conj. hw&n (AS. hweiine ; Goth, hvan, 
when), at what time ; at the time that ; though at the 
same time ; which time : whenev'er, ad. or conj. -6v'er, 
at whatever time; also whensoever, ad. or conj. -s<3- 
co'-i'r, at what time soever. 

whence, ad. hwSns(AS. hwanon; old Eng. whennes, 
whence), from what place ; from what or which source 
or origin; how: whencesoev'er, ad. -so-ev'er, from 
what place, cause, or source soever. 

where, ad. hwdr (AS. Invar; Icel. and Goth, hvar; 
Dut. ivaar, where), at what place ; in what situation; 
at the place in which ; to what or which place : any- 
where, at any place : where'about, ad. near what or 
which place : whereas', ad. and conj. when in fact or 
truth; the thing being so that; while on the con- 
trary: whereat', ad. at which; at what: whereby', 
ad. by means of which ; by what : wherefore, ad. and 
conj. for which reason ; why : wherein', ad. conj. 
in which; in what: where Into', ad. into which: 
v/hereof , ad. of which ; of what : whereon', ad. on 
which: where'soev'er, ad. and conj. in what place 
soever : whereto', ad. to which : where'unto , ad. 
to which ; to what : where'upon', ad. upon which : 
wherev'er, ad. at whatever place : wherewith', ad. 
with which ; with what ; also where' withal', ad. same 

wherry, n. hiver'ri (corrupted from ferry), a light 
boat, sharp at each end for speed ; a ferry-boat ; a 
small decked fishing-vessel. 

whet, v. hwet (Icel. hvatr, sharp : Ger. wetzen ; Dut. 
wetten, to whet, to sharpen), to sharpen by rubbing or 
by friction, as a knife or razor; to excite or stimulate, 
as the appetite ; to make keen : n. the act of sharpen- 
ing ; something that sharpens or stimulates : whet'- 
ting, imp.: whet'ted, pp.: whet'ter, n. -ter, he or that 
which: whetstone, any hard fine-grained stone, used 
for sharpening joiners' edge-tools, knives, &c; a hone: 
whetslate, a variety of slate fit for whetting. 

whether, conj. hiv8th,'er (Goth, hvathar ; AS. Juvce- 
ther, which of two: AS. hwa, who), a word used to 
introduce the first of two or mo re die-math e 
—as, "resolve whether you will or no": cemp. rel. 
which of two. 

whey, n. hwa (AS. Kwceff; Dut. wey, whey), in cheese- 
m/ikiiui, the thin, sweot, wat' t.v part of the milk re- 
maining after the separation of the curd: whey'ey, a. 
-{, also wheylsh, a. -tsh, resembling whey ; white ; 
thin. 

which, rel. hwlch (Goth, hvileiks, whatlike: Fris. 
lurclik or hwek, which: AS. hwile; old Eng. whilk, 
which), an interrogative, as, " which is the house?" the 
so-called neuter of who ; a word used when referring 
to something going before, as a place, animal, thing, 
or a phrase ; used as a demonstrative adj., as, "take 
which you will" : whichev'er, rel. -gv'er, or which'so- 
ev'er, rel. -so-ev'er, whether one or the other; which. 

whiff, n. hwlf (imitative of the sound of blowing, 
like puff, huff, or fuff: W. chivaff, a quick gust), a sud- 
den breath of air ur fume, as from the mouth : v. to 
throw out in slight puffs of air or fume ; to emit with 



to puff: whiffing, imp.: 



whiffs, as in smoking 
whiffed, pp. hwift. 

whiffle, v. luvif-jl (from Eng. whiff, which see : Dut. 
wetjjUen, tf) wavei-, to be inconstant), to be fickle and 
unsteady ; to veer about ; to blow away ; to breathe 
unsteadily; to trifle: whiffling, imp. -fling : adj. mov- 
ing inconstantly; shifting: whiffled, pp. hwlf./Id : 
whiffler, n. -jier, one who frequently changes his opin- 
ions or course ; a fritter : whiffle-tree, the swing-Uee 
or cross-bar to which traces arc fastened. 

Whig, n. hwlg (AS. hwaeg, whey : Scot, whig, a sour 
drink prepared from fermented whey— originally ap- 
plied to the western Covenanters, from their sourn<-sa 
of aspect and demeanour: W. chwig, fermented, sour), 
one of the great political parties of Ihigland; a mod- 
erate liberal: adj. pert, to or composed of Whigs: 
whig'gish, a. -Ish, pert, to the Whigs; partaking of 
Me ii- pi iic iples n • g'gery, d. -ir-l, also whig'giEm, 
n. -izin, the principles of Whigs, or their conduct: 
whig'gishly, ad. -t h-u : sec Tory. 

while, conj. hwil (Goth, hveila, hour, time; hveilan, 
to rest, to cease : Icel. hvila, to rest : Pol. chwila, a 
moment, time), during the time that; as long as ; at 
the same time that ; n. space of time ; continued dura- 
tion; pains or time, as in "worth while ": v. to cause 
to pass pleasantly; to loiter: whi'ling, imp.: whiled, 
pp. hwild : whiles, conj. or ad. hwllz, meantime : 
whilst, conj. h-wllst, same as while. 

whim, n. hwim (Ger wimmen, to stir: old Sw. 
hwirnla, to wriggle, to stir : Dan. vinise, to skip to and 
fro : Icel. hvim, a light movement), a capricious fancy 
or conceit; a freakish humour: whim'sey, n. -zl, 
a whim ; a freak : whimsical, a. -kal, full of whims 
or odd fancies; capricious; freakish: whim'sicaily, 
ad. -II: whim'sicalness, n. -nSs, also whim'sicallty, n. 
-kdl'-l-tl, the state or quality of being whimsical. 

whim, n. hvim (<u-r. wim/ucn, to stir: Dut. wem- 
clen, to vibrate, to drive round), a drum or capstan 
worked by horses for winding ore or coals out of a 
mine. 

whimper, v. hwXm'-per (Ger. wimmern, to cry in a 
subdued way : Eav. quenern, to whimper), to cry with 
a low broken voice, as a child ; to express grief in a 
whining tone: n. a low broken cry: whim'pering, 
imp.: n. a low muttering ciy : whim'pered, pp. -pcrd i 
whim'perer, n. -per-ir, one who whimpers. 

whimsey, whimsical, whimsicality, &c— see whim. 

whin, n. hivln (W. chwyn, weeds), a wild prickly 

ish producing- '~ 
_.3wers; gorst 
whin-bushes. 

whin or whinstone, n. hwln. (Scot, guhyn, green- 
stone : Icel. hwin, resounding), literally, the resound- 
ing-stone; a term used in Scotland as synonymous 
with greenstone ; applied by miners and quarrymen 
to any hard resisting rock. 

whine, v. hwln (Goth, quainon ; Icel. kveina, to 
weep, to lament: Ger. we'inen; Dut. weenen, to weep, 
to cry: W. cwyno, to bewail), to utter in plaintive 
drawling tones or cries; to complain in a mean or 
unmanly way : n. a drawling plaintive tone of voice ; 
mean or affected complaint : whi'ning, imp.: whined, 
pp. hwlnd: whi'ningly, ad. -II, in a whining manner : 
whi'ner, n. -ner, one who whines: whinge, v. hwlnj 
(prov. ), to whine ; to sob. 

whinny, v. hwtn<n\ (imitative of the sound— allied 
to Eng. whine : L. hinnire, to neigh), to neigh or cry 
like a horse or foal : whin'nying, imp. : n. the cry of a 
horse or foal : whin'nied, pp. -nld. 

whip, n. hivip (Dut. vi/ijien, to swing, to seesaw; 
wippe, a whip: Dan. vippe, to rock, to wag: Icel. 
hvipp, a quick movement ; svipa, to whip), a lash of 
plaited cords or suchlike tied to a handle; a small 
lift-purchase made by a rope rove through a single 
block; a tied-up flag used igna > a ;: v. to strike 

or beat with a quick motion ; to strike with a lash or 
anything flexible ; to correct with lashes ; to beat into 
froth, as cream; to sew slightly: whip'ping, imp.: n. 
■In Kafi '.in . i . i . i ■ ,iiiii a Irish; the state of being 
corrected with a whip : whipped, pp., also whipt, pp. 
hwipt, punished • beaten into a froth : whip or whip- 
per-in, hn::o 'pir-in, among huntsmen, one who keeps 
the hounds from wandering; in the British Parlia- 
ment, one specially employed to bring the members of 
his party together on all important questions before 
the House : whip'per, n. -per, one who whips ; a porter 
who raises coals from a ship's hold by means of a 
tackle: whip-cord, cord of which the ends of lashes 
are made : whip-hand, the hand that holds the whip 



mate, m(lt,fdr, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



WHIR 



729 



WHIT 



in riding or driving: whip-lash, the lash or striking 
part of a whip : whip-saw, a large saw set in a frame 
for dividing large timber lengthwise : whip-staff, in a 
thip, a bar by which the rudder is turned : whipping- 
post, a post to which offenders were tied when punished 
by whipping : to whip about or round, to wrap : to 
whip out, to draw out nimbly ; to snatch : to whip 
from, to take av, ay suddenly : to whip up, to seize or 
take up with quick motion : with whip and spur, with 
the utmost haste : to have the whip-hand, to possess 
the advantage over. 

whir, v. h wer (imitative of a humming noise : Sw. 
hurra, to whirl: Dan. hurre, to buzz, to hum: W. 
chwyrmi, to whizz), to whirl round or move rapidly, as 
a wheel, with a humming noise ; to make a noise, as 
partridges or pheasants when they rise from the 
ground"^ whirring, imp. : n. the noise of partridges' 
or pheasants' wings : whirred, pp. hwerd. 

whirl, v. hwtrl (from Eng. whir: Sw. hwirfwel, a 
whirlpool : Pol. wirowac, to whirl), to move round 
with a whir ; to turn round rapidly : n. rapid rotation ; 
anything that moves or is turned with velocity on an 
axis or centre: a whirl or whorl, in conch., a wreath 
or single turn of the spire of a univalve shell, such 
as that of the garden snail: whirling, imp. -ling: 
whirled, pp. hwerld: whirlabout, n. hwerl'-d-bowt, 
small carriages or wooden horses placed on a circular 
revolving frame, found at fairs. &c, for the amuse- 
ment of young people : whirl-bat, anything moved 
with a whirl, preparatory to a blow : whirl-blast, a 
whirling blast of wind: whirl-bone, the round cap of the 
knee ; the knee-pan : whirligig, n. -ll-gig, a toy which 
children spin or whirl round : whirl'pool, n. -pul, a body 
of water moving with a circular motion, forming a 
cavity or vortex in the centre, into which all bodies 
coming within its influence are drawn and engulfed ; 
any rotatory or circular motion of water caused by op- 
posing winds and tides: whirl'wind, n. -ivind, aerial 
currents that assume a rotatory, whirling, or spiral 
motion, often of great and destructive violence, but 
of short duration,— their occurrence at sea produces 
waterspouts— on the loose sands of the desert, sand- 
2)illars. 

whisk, n. hwlsk (representing the sound of a light 
or fine body moving rapidly through the air: Ger. 
and Dut. wisch, a mop, a wisp of straw : Ger. 
vrischen, to wipe, to sweep: Sw. wiska, to wipe, to 
dust), a small bunch of grass, straw, or hair, and the 
like, used as a brush; a quick sweeping motion; a 
bundle of peeled twigs used for rapidly agitating or 
whisking such articles as cream, eggs, &c: v. to sweep, 
brush, or agitate with a light rapid motion ; to move 
nimbly and rapidly: whisking, imp.: whisked, pp. 
hiviskt: whiskers, n. hwls-kirz, busby tufts of hair on 
the cheeks of a man: whiskered, a. -kerd, formed 
into or furnished with whiskers : whis'kerless, a. -Ms, 
without whiskers : a whisp or wisp, n. liwlsp or wisp, 
a handful of straw used for whisking or wiping: 
whiskery, a, -ker-l, having whiskers, or with a ten- 
dency to have them. 

whiskey or whisky, n. hwis'ki (Celt, uisge-beatha, 
whisky— from uisge, water, and beatha, life ; equiv- 
alent to L. aqua vita, water of life— said to have 
been so called because by its introduction and use in 
Ireland, the leper-houses, formerly found everywhere, 
rapidly disappeared), an intoxicating spirit generally 
distilled from barley malted, but frequently from 
wheat, rye, maize, &c. 

whisp— see under whisk. 

whisper, v. hwis'per (imitative of the sound made 
by a light movement of the air : Ger. zispern, to whis- 
per: Bav. wispern, to whistle, to hiss: Icel. hviskra; 
Sw. hwiska, to whisper), to speak softly or under the 
breath; to utter in a low and not vocal tone; to 
prompt or plot secretly : n. a low soft tone of voice 
only audible to the person or persons spoken to; 
words uttered in a soft low voice : whis'pering, imp. 
speaking to in low soft tones : n. the act of sp 3 
i a low and scarcely audible tone ; the telling of tales to 
excite suspicions : whis'pered, pp. -perd, uttered with 
suspicion or caution : whis'perer, n. -per-er, one who 
tells secrets ; a backbiter ; one who slanders secretly : 
whis'peringly, ad. -II: whispering-gallery, a place so 
constructed that the faintest sounds are conveyed to 
a great distance and with great distinctness. 

wisp— see under whisk. 

whist, int. hwist (the int. commanding silence was 

written st! by the Romans: It. zitto ; Ger. st ! hist ! 

Scot, whish, representing the slight sound or stirring 

coiu, bay, foot; pure, Md; chair, 



of some one approaching), listen; be still: adj. not 
making a noise ; mute ; still : n. a certain game at 
cards— so called from the close silent attention which 
it requires. 

whistle, v. Iwii'-sl (imitative of the sound made by 
the rushing of air: AS. hweosan; Icel. hvaisa, to 
breathe audibly, to hiss : Sw. hwissla, to hiss, to 
whistle), to utter musical sounds and perform musical 
compositions in the manner of a wind instrament by 
expelling or drawing in the breath through an orifice 
formed by contracting the lips ; to utter musical 
sounds with a small wind in.-trument; to sound 
shrill ; to call by a whistle : n. the sound made by one 
who whistles ; a small wind instrument; the sound 
made by it; a call, such as sportsmen use to their 
clogs ; the shrill sound produced by the wind among 
trees, &c: whis'tling, imp. -sling, tittering musical 
sounds by contracting the lips ; sounding with a 
pipe ; making a shrill sound, as wind : n. the shrill 
sounds of a whistle, or made by the wind : whistled, 
pp. hwis'sld: whis'tler, n. -sler, one who whistles: 
whis tlingly, ad. -li. 

whit, n. hwit (AS. wiht, a creature, a thing: Goth. 
vaiht, a thing: old H. Ger. nioiciht, nought— from 
iou-iht, ought), a small part ; an atom or least bit ; a 
point ; a jot. 

white, a, Mat (Goth, hveits; Icel. hvitr; Sans, cvita, 
white), having the hue or colour of pure snow, or ap- 
proaching to it ; destitute of colour ; pure ; innocent ; 
unclouded; purified from sin: n. one of the natural 
colours of bodies like pure snow ; opposite of black ; 
a colour resulting from a certain combination of all 
the prismatic colours ; a white man, as opposed to a 
black man : v. to make white in colour : whi'ting, imp. : 
n. a well-known sea-fish; pulverised chalk cleared 
from stony matter, often made up into cakes : whited, 
pp. and a. ha:l'-fc< ! . made whits; beautifully clean and 
polished externally: white'ness, n. -nes, state of being 
white ; purity ; freedom from stain or blemish : whi'- 
tish, a. -tish, white in a moderate degree : whiten, v. 
hwl'tn, to make white ; to blanch ; to turn or become 
white : whitening, imp. whit'ning, becoming or mak- 
ing white : n. pulverised chalk freed from stony mat- 
ter, used for polishing and whitewashing: whitened, 
pp. htd'tSnd, made white; bleached: white'ner, n. 
-ner, one who or that which makes white : whites, n. 
plu. hints, a disease of females ; fine wheat flour ; a 
mixture of flour and alum : white-brown, a colour 
between brown and white: whitebait, a small deli- 
cate fish much prized : white-clover, a small species 
of clover bearing white flowers: white-copper, an 
alloyed metal of a white colour, used by the Chinese, 
composed of copper, zinc, and nickel, with a small 
proportion of iron; German-silver, which is but a 
modification of the same alloy: white crops, crops 
of grain which ripen — opposed to green crops, as 
turnips, hay, &c: white-friars, a common name of 
several religious ordeis— so called from the colour of 
their clothes : white-heat, that degree of heat given 
to iron in which it appears as white : white-lead, a 
carbonate of lead in the form of a white powder, much 
used in giving a body to paints: white -light, the 
light which comes directly from the sun: white- 
livered, a. pale ; feeble ; sickly— so called from the ap- 
pearance being popularly ascribed to a white liver ; 
envious ; malicious ; cowardly : white-stone, a name 
given by lapidaries to limpid and colourless rock- 
crystal when cut for jewellery: white-vitriol, sulphate 
of zinc in the form of a fine white powder, used in the 
arts : white-swelling, a disease of the joints— so cal- 
led from the altered colour of the skin: white'wash, 
n. (white, and wash), a liquid composition of slaked 
lime or whitening for making a large surface white, 
such as the walls of a house ; a wash for making the 
skin fair: v. to cover with a liquid composition of 
slaked lime or of whitening ; to give a fair external 
appearance to ; familiarly, to clear a bankrupt of the 
debts he owes by a judicial process ; to acquit a per- 
son of any di arge: whitewashing, 
imp. overspreading with a white liquid composition : 
n. the act of freeing a bankrupt from his debts by 
legal process : white'washed, pp.: white'washer, n. 
one who whitewashes : white-water, a disease peculiar 
to sheep, of a dangerous kind : white-wine, any wine 
of a clear transparent colour. 

whither, ad. and interrog. hwith'-er (AS. htvce- 
cler; old Eng. whider, whither), to what or which 
place: whith'ersoev'er, ad. -so-Sv'er, to whatever 
place. 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



WHIT 



730 



whitlow, n. hwlt'lo (prov. Eng. whickflaw— from 
prov. Eng. whir/:, quick, alive, and Eng. flaw; Lith. 
■iv 'j h if, life), a flaw or sore about the: quick of the nail. 

Whitsunday, n. hwlt- sun-da, also Whitsuntide, 
n. -tld {supposed lobe so called because the catechu- 
mens in the primitive Church who received the rite of 
baptism on the eve of this festival were clothed in 
white robes), the seventh Sunday after Easter— a fes- 
tival in commemoration of the descent of the Holy 
Spirit on the day of fenfecost: Whitsun, a. hwlt 'mil, 
observed at Wlul. n.,,1 nh- : Whit-Monday or Whitsun- 
Monday, n. the Monday following Whitsunday— ob- 
served in England as a holiday. 

whittle, n. hnnt'll (AS. luvytel, a whittle, a knife— 
from hwcet, sharp, keen : Scot, whitter, to lessen by 
taking away small portions), a, small pocket-knife: v. 
to cut or pare sticks for amusement : whit'tling, imp. : 
whittled, pp. hiri.t'-tid, cut away or pared. 

whizz, v. 7/<ct.i: (imitative of the sound it is intended 
to represent, us fizz or hiss), to make a sharp hissing 
or humming sound, as an arrow or ball during flight, 
or as compressed air escaping; to fizz: n. a hissing 
sound: whiz'zing, imp.: whizzed, pp. hwlzd: whiz'- 
zingly, ad. -U. 

who, rel. h6 (Goth, hvo; Sans, kas; L. quis ; W. 
pwy, who), a word which refers to a person ; which 
of many, as, "who is the person who has a right to 
exercise it?" used interrogatively: whom, horn, obj. 
case of who: whose, hoz, poss. case of who; used also 
instead of "of which," as, the question whose solution 
is desired : whoev'er, comp. rel. -ev'-er, every one who ; 
whatever person : whoso, comp. rel. ho'so, also who- 
soev'er, comp. rel. every one who— whom'soev'er, 
being the obj. case, and whose 'soev'er, the poss. case. 

whole, a. hoi (Coth. ii'i/mils, entire: Gr. holos, en- 
tire, whole : W. holl, all'; hollol, wholo : allied to hale), 
entire ; unbroken ; sound ; in good health ; containing 
the total amount ; not defective : n. the total ; the 
entire thing : whole'ness, n. -nes, entireness ; totality : 
wholly, ad. -II, entirely ; completely ; in all the parts 
or kinds: whole'sale, n. -sal (whole, and sale), the 
sale of goods in large quantity to retailers only; the 
whole mass : adj. buying and selling in large quantity 
only: by wholesale, in the mass; without distinction 
or discrimination : whole'some, a. -sum [whole, and 
some), favouring health ; salubrious; useful; salu- 
tary; that utters sound words : whole 'somely, ad. -lit 
whole someness, n. -nes, the state or quality of being 
wholesome : whole-length, n. a portrait or statue re- 
presenting the whole person or thing : adj. represent- 
ing the whole figure, said of a picture or statue. 

whoop, v. hop (imitative of a clear high-pitched 
cry as is heard in the whooping-cough: F. houper, to 
call afar off : Goth, vopjan, to call, to cry out : AS. 
wop, cry, lamentation), to utter loud, shrill, and pro- 
longed sounds in pursuit or attack, as in war by 
savages ; to insult with shouts of defiance : n. a shout 
of pursuit or attack in war or the chase : whoop'ing, 
imp.: whooped, pp. hopt: war-whoop, the battle- 
cry; the shout of attack: whooping- or hooping- 
cough, an infectious disease of childhood, character- 
ised by convulsive sonorous inspirations and fits of 
coughing. 

whore, n. Jior (AS. hore— from horu, filth: Dan. 
hore ; Dut. hoer, a whore), a female who admits un- 
lawful intercourse of men for money ; a prostitute ; a 
harlot: whore'dom, n. -dom, practice of unlawful 

iniia-eoio .' '•• Hi. I he o;.|io ;i,-i ,:i . ! ■ >• ■ i : eei ., i I,,; 

worship of the true God for that of idols ; idolatry : 
whore'monger, n. -mung-ger, a lewd man ; one who 
keeps whores: whorish, a. ho'rish, lewd; unchaste: 
who'rishly, ad. -II: who'rishness, n. -nes, the practice 
of lewdness : who 'ring, n. the act or practice of lewd- 
ness ; the worshipping of idols. 

whorl, n. hivorl (Fris. horre, to turn about : prov. 
Dan. hverre, to turn: Dut. ivorwel, a whirl, an eddy: 
connected with whir and whirl, which see), any set of 
organs or appendages arranged in a circle round an 
axis, and in, or very nearly in, a plane perpendicular 
to it; a turn of the spire of a univalve shell ; leaves 
arranged in a regular circumference round a stem : 
whorled, a. hworld, disposed in whorls : whorl'er, n. 
-er, a potter's wooden wheel which gives a rotatory 
motion to flat vessels. 

whort, n. hort, also whortleberry, n. hort'l-Mr'- 
rl (AS. heort-berg, hart-berry), a shrub and its fruit ; 
the bilberry. 

whose, rel. hoz (see who), the poss. case of the rel. 



v'er, rel. 



mate, mdt,fdr, law; mete, mSt, 



why, interrog. or conj. hvA (AS. hivi, the instru- 
mental case of hva, what), for which or for what rea- 
son orcause; wherefore ; used emphatically, as, "why t 
no— the day had broke before we parted"; used as a 
substantive, as, " we examine the. «7(// of things." 

wick, n. wlk (Icel. hveikr, wick— from In <d,jii, to 
kindle, to set light to: Dut. wiecke, a wick: Ger. 
wicke, lint), soft threads of cotton or other substance 
loosely twisted or plaited into a string for a candle or 
lamp. 

wicked, a. wlk'id (Esthon. vrikka, spot, fault : Fin. 
wika, a bodily defect, a moral fault: Lap. wikke, 
fault), addicted to vice ; immoral ; sinful ; evil in prin- 
ciple or practice : the wicked, n. phi. persons who live 
in open violation of the divine laws: wick'edly, ad. 
■U : wick'edness, n. -nes, corrupt or sinful manners ; 
crime ; sin. 

wicker, a. wik'er (Dan. vogger, a pliant rod— from 
vtg or vog, pliant : Sw. wika, to fold), made of twigs 
or osiers: n. a small quick-grdwn pliable twig: 
wicker-work, work composed of osiers or wicker; 
basket-work. 

wicket, n. wik'cl (Dut. wiket; F. guichet, a little 
door within a gate for the convenience of easier open- 
ing: old Eng. wykett, a little window), a small gate 
or door; part of a massive or large door for the 
admission of persons on foot only ; the narrow 
frame of rods stuck in the ground at the game of 
cricket, which is constantly being bowled over and 
set up again. 

Wickliffite, n. wik'llfflt, a follower of Wickliffe, 
the Reformer, born 1324. 

wide, a. wld (AS. void; Ger. weit: Iccl. uridr, broad, 
ample : F. vuide, empty), having a great distance or 
extent between the sides ; opposite of narrow ; broad ; • 
remote; distant; in row pound, words, fur; with great 
extent: ad. at a distance ; with great extent, as, "the 
gates wide open stood": widely, ad. -II: wide'ness, 
n. -nes, quality of being wide : widen, v. wl'dn, to ex- 
tend between the sides ; to enlarge : widening, imp. 
wid'nlng: widened, pp. wld'nd: width, n. width, 
breadth ; extent from side to side : wide-awake, n. a 
low-crowned felt hat : adj. thoroughly alive to, or on 
the watch for: wide gauge, onaraiiway, any distance 
between the rails greater than 4 feet 8£ inches. 

widgeon, n. wlj'-un (F. vingeon), a migratory fowl of 
the duck kind. 

widow, n. wld'o (AS. wuduiva, a widower; wv,duwe, 
a widow: Goth, viduvo; Ger. wittve; L. vidua, a 
widow: Sans, vidhava, a widow— from vi, without, 
and dhava, a husband), a woman whose husband is 
dead : v. to deprive of a husband ; to deprive of any- 
thing highly valued: wid'owing, imp. depriving; 
stripping: wid'owed.pp. -od: adj. bereaved of a hus- 
band by death ; deprived of some good ; stripped : 
wid'ower, n. -er, a man deprived of a wife by death: 
wid'owhood, n. -hood, state of being a widow. 

width— see wide. 

wield, v. weld (Goth, valdan; AS. wealdan; Icel. 
valda; Dan. volde, to rule, to dispose of), to use with 
full command or power that which is not too heavy for 
the holder; to manage; to handle: wielding, imp.: 
wielded, pp.: wieldy, a. weld'4, that may be wielded ; 
manageable. 

wife, n. wlf plu. wives, wivz (AS. and Icel. wif; 
Ger. weib, a woman, a wife: in AS. the two sexes 
were distinguished as vxzpned-man, the weapon-man, 
and wif -man, the wife-man— wife being supposed to be 
derived from weaving,— the sword and the distaff 
being taken as the type of the two sexes), a woman 
united to a man by marriage ; a woman engaged in a 
petty trade, as ■ /less, a -les, widowed ; 

unmarried : wifely, a. -II, becoming a wife. 

wig, n. wig (a contraction of periwig), a cover for the 
head formed of human hair, intended to replace the 
want of hair, or to disguise the natural hair : wigged, 
a. wlgd, wearing a wig. 

wight, n. wit (Dut. wicht, a child: AS. wiht, a 
creature: Ger. wicht, a wretch), a creature; a man. 

wigwam, n. wXg'w&m (Amer. -Indian, ivekouom-ut, in 
his or their house— from wek, his house), an Indian 
cabin or hut, somethi hape like a sugar-loaf. 

wild, a. wild (Icel. villr, wandering at large: Dan. 
vild, wild: Scot, will, confused, bewildered : W. gwill, 
one that wanders about), being in a state of nature ; 
not tamed or domesticated ; growing without culture ; 
savage; uncivilised; desert; uninhabited; tempestu- 
ous ; profligate ; reckless ; ungoverned ; irregular ; 
highly excited, as with passion ; having a fierce un- 
her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



WILE 



731 



WIND 



of being untamed; irregularity of manners: wild 
boar, a wild animal of the hog kind, from which the 
swine of the farmyard are descended: wild cat, a 
ferocious animal of the cat kind: wildfire, inflam- 
mable materials difficult to quench after being fired ; 
a disease in sheep ; a sort of lightning unaccompanied 
by thunder : wild-fowl, birds of the forest or wilds : 
wild-goose chase, the pursuit of something as likely 
to be caught as the wild goose : wild honey, honey 
found in the forest in hollow trees or rocks : wild oats, 
an oat -like kind of wild grass : to sow one's wild oats, 
to pass through a period of wild and reckless dissipa- 
tion: wilding, a wild crab-apple; a tree that grows 
without cultivation: wilderness, n. w'd'der-nis, an 
uncultivated or desert region. 

wile, n. iri! (old Eng. "<;."-. or n-inde, a trick: AS. 
wiglian, to juggle, to divine: Lith. irylus, deceit), a 
stratagem; a sly artifice; something intended to de- 
ceive or ensnare : wily, a. wl'-li. full of wiles or tricks : 
artful ; sly : wilily, ad. -II .- wi'liness, n. -nis, cunning ; 
guile. 

wilful, wilfulness— see under will. 

wilk, n. irilk (see whelk and periwinkle), a shell- 
fish much eaten by the lower classes in large towns ; a 
periwinkle. 

will, n. wU(Goth. viljan; old H. Ger. will an; Ger. 
wolkn; Icel. vilja; L. velle, to have will, to be desir- 
ous of: Russ. volja, will, wish), the power of determin- 
ing or choosing; discretion; power; pleasure; inclina- 
tion; intention; that which is wished or desired; a 
formal declaration in writing of what a person desires 
to be done with his real or personal estate after death ; 
the written document containing such instructions: 
v. to determine ; to direct ; to choose ; to enjoin ; to 
dispose of by will or testament: willing, imp.: adj. 
inclined to anything ; not disposed to refuse; ready; 
voluntary; consenting: willed, pp. wild: willingly, 
ad. -ll, with free will; without reluctance: willing- 
ness, n. -nis, free choice or consent of the will; readi- 
ness of the mind to do cr to refrain from doing : wil- 
ful, a. wil'-jool, governed by the will without regard 
to reason ; stubborn ; obstinate ; inflexible : wil'fully, 
ad. -l>: wilfulness, n. -nis, obstinacy; stubbornness: 
at will, at pleasure: goodwill, favour; kindness: 
goodwill of a business, busme?s connect ions and other 
advantages, so far as they can be disposed of. assigned 
by a disposer to his successor, viewed apart from fur- 
niture, stock-in-trade, tools, or suchlike : freedom of 
the will, the doctrine of the freedom of the human 
Kill, as opposed to the doctrine of necessity: ill-will, 
enmity: to have one's will, to obtain what is desired. 

will, v. irll (see above), a defective verb used along 
with another verb to express future time ; in the first 
person, will promises or expresses fixed purpose or 
determination, as "I will eat"; in the second and 
third, trill simply foretells, as, "thou wilt eat," "he 
trill eat : would, pt. of will, u\ od : as a defective verb 
the present tense is the following— I will, thou wilt, 
he will; we, you, or they will: pt. I would, thou 
wouldst, he ivould; we, you, or they would: as a reg- 
ular verb the present tense is the following— I will, 
thou wiliest, he wills or willeth; we, you, or they will: 
will is used as an interrogative, as, "trill he do it?" 

Will-o'-the-wisp or Will-with-the-wisp— see ignis- 
fatuus. 

willow, n. wll'-lo (AS. welig; Low Ger. wilge, a wil- 
low), a plant growing freely in a moist soil, whose 
twigs or branches are very flexible, and are exten- 
sively employed in the manufacture of all kinds of 
basket-work ; a tree having slender, pliant branches, 
often of large size : wil'lowed, a. -lod, abounding with 
willows : wil'lowy, a. -lo-l, abounding in willows ; re- 
sembling the willow. 

wily, wiliness, &c— see under wile. 

wimble, n. wlm'bl (Dut t urn round, to 

bore : Bav. wimmeln, to stir : Lang, jhimbla, to twist), 
a boring-tool turned by a handle ; an auger: v. to 
bore: wimbling, imp. -Wing: wimbled, pp. wim'bld. 

wimple, n. wim'pl (F. auimple, a wrapper for the 
chin and neck of nuns : Dut. irimpel, a streamer, a 
pennant ; trimpelen, to wrap), in old times, a plaited 
covering of silk or linen for the neck, chin, and sides 
of the face, worn as an outdoor covering, now only 
retained in the dress of nuns. 

win, v. win (Dut. winnen, to gain, to conquer: Icel. 
cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, 



vinna, to perform work, to do something for an ena: 
AS. irinnan, to struggle, to get by labour), to gain in 
competition or contest ; to gain by kindness or solici- 
tation; to obtain by effort; to earn; to gain ground, 
favour, or influence: win'ning, imp.: adj. attractive; 
adapted to please or gain favour : n. in mining, the 
whole series of operations of boring, sinking, excavat- 
ing, &c, by which any mineral, particularly coal, is 
procured or won from the crust of the earth: won, 
>t. pp. wun, gained: winner, n. wln'-nir, one who 
dns or gains: win'ningly, ad. -li, in an attractive or 
aiming manner: winnings, n. plu. -nivgz, earnings ; 
the sums gained by success in competition's or contests. 

wince, v. wins (Dut. trick., n, to shake: Y\\ giring, n, 
sudden motion, as a wince or wink of the eye : F. 
guenchir, to start, to shrink : Swiss, winggen, to 
sprawl with hands and feet), to shrink or start back ; 
to flinch; to be affected acutely; to kick or flounce 
when uneasy, as a horse: wincing, imp. wlns'-ing : 
winced, pp. winst. 

wincey, n. win -si, a stout woollen fabric much used 
in making dresses for women and children; another 
name for linsey-woolsey, which see. 

winch, n. winsh (AS. wince, a reel to wind thread 
upon : see wince), the bent handle or crank by which 
a wheel or axle is turned ; in mining, a wheel or axle 
frequently used to draw water, &c, in a bucket by a 
rope ; a twist or turn : v. to shrink ; to wince : winch- 
ing, imp.: winched, pp. winsht. 

wind, n. wind (Goth, vinds; Icel. vindr ; W. gwynt; 
L. vent us, wind : old H. Ger. wantalon, to sway to 
and fro), air in perceptible motion ; a current of air 
having a greater or less degree of velocity ; one of the 
cardinal points, as from the four winds ; flatulence: 
v. to deprive of wind by over-driving, as a horse ; to 
rest a horse in order that he may recover his breath ; 
(pronounced wind) to sound by blowing, as a horn, so 
that the sound may be prolonged and varied : winding, 
imp. wlnd'ing — pronounced wlnd'-lng when applied to 
the prolonged blast of a wind instr., as a hunting- 
horn: winded, pp. wind-id: wind'y, a, -i, pert, to or 
consisting of wind ; abounding with wind ; airy; tem- 
pestuous ; flatulent ; empty : wind'iness, n. -nis, ten- 
dency to generate wind ; flatulence : wind'age, n. 
■dj, in a gun, the space between the ball and the bore, 
being the difference between the diameter of the bore 
and that of the shot,— the less the windage the longer 
the range and the more accurate the aim : windless, 
a. -lis, wanting wind ; out of breath : wind-bag, an 
inress an frivolous talker: wind-bound, a. prevented 
from sailing by a contrary wind: wind-broken, a. 
affected by disease in the breathing or wind, as a 
horse : windfall, fruit blown off a tree by wind ; any 
unexpected gain or advantage : wind-flower, the 
anemone: wind-gauge, an instr. for ascertaining the 
velocity and force of the wind : wind-gall, a soft 
tumour on the fetlock-joints of a horse: wind-in- 
strument, a musical instr. on which a person can- 
not perform without more or less forcible breathing 
into it, as a flute: windmill, a mill driven by the 
force of the wind : windpipe, the passage for the 
breath to and from the lungs ; the trachea : wind- 
' " the thirty-two points of the mariner's compass, 



the compass : wind-sail, a wind-tube or funnel of 
canvas for conveying a stream of air into the lower 
apartments of a ship: wind'ward, n. -werd, the 
direction from which the wind blows: adj. being on 
the side toward the direction from which the wind 
blows : ad. toward the wind : in the wind's eye, in 
the direct point from which the wind blows : between 
wind and water, in that part of a ship's side or bot- 
tom which ie frequently brought above the water by 
the rolling of the ship or by the fluctuating of the 
water : down the wind, in the direction of and mov- 
ing with the wind : three sheets in the wind, unsteady 
from hard drinking : to be in the wind, to be in secret 
preparation ; to be within the reach of suspicion 
though not announced or acknowledged ; to be mov- 
ing about, as news, though not publicly announced : 
to carry the wind, to toss the nose as high as the 
ears, as a horse : to raise the wind, to procure money : 
to take or get wind, to be divulged ; to become pub- 
lic : to take or have the wind, to gain or have the 
advantage : to take the wind out of one's sails, to 
circumvent, coming, as it were, between the wind and 
another ; to bring down, 
wind, v. wind ^Goth. vindan ; Icel. vinda, to wrap 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



WIND 



732 



WISE 



round, to twist : Icel. vindr, crooked: Sw. winda, to 
squint : AS. windel, what is twined), to turn round 
some fixed object; to turn or move around some- 
thing; to have a circular and upward direction; to 
form into a coil or ball by twisting ; to introduce, as 
one's self by insinuation ; to encircle ; to twine ; to 
crook ; to bend ; to have a surface which undulates : 
winding, imp.: adj. bending: twisting from a direct 
line or an even surface : n. a turning ; a bending first 
oneway and then another, as a river: wound, pt. pp. 
wo7<;«rJ, twinedina. circulai direction upwards; twined 
in acircuitous manner: wind'er, n. -e'r, he orthatwhich 
winds ; a reel for winding silk or cotton on : wind'- 
ingly, ad. -II, in a circuitous form or manner: wind- 
ing-sheet, a sheet or cloth in which a dead body is 
wound or wrapped : to wind off, to unroll ; to uncoil: 
to wind out, to extricate : to wind up, to bring into a 
small compass ; to roll into a. ball or coil ; to bring to 
a conclusion or a final settlement, as the affairs of an 
estate or company ; to put into a state for continuing 
motion, as a clock; to raise by winding: to wind a 
ship, to turn it completely so that the wind may strike 
it on the opposite side. 

windlass, n. wlnd'liis (Dot. wiadas, a windlass— 
from ■win.de n, to wind, and as, an axis : F. guiudas, a 
windlass: AS. wiiu'lel, what is twined), a machine for 
raising heavy weights, being a modification of the 
■wheel and axle. 

window, n. -irlu'dC) (led. vi-ndauga; Dan. vindue, a 
window: literally wind-rye, an opening to admit the 
air: Icel. auga, an eye), an opening in a building fitted 
with a movable frame filled with glass for the admis- 
sion of light and air ; an aperture or opening ; a lat- 
tice or casement: v. to furnish with windows: win- 
dowing, imp. : win'dowed, pp. -dod : adj. having 
many openings or rents : window-blind, a covering 
of cloth to intercept or modify tbe sun's rays: win- 
dow-frame, the frame which receives the sashes : 
window-glass, the glass used for glazing windows: 
window-sash, the light frame in which panes of glass 
are set for windows. 

wine, n. win (L. vinum; Gr. oinos; Goth, vein; Icel. 
vin, wine), the. fomented juice of grapes; intoxica- 
tion; the juice of other fruits prepared in imitation of 
wine: winy, a. ini'ni, resembling wine in flavour or 
quality: wine'les3, a. -Ida, without wine: wine-bib- 
ber, a hard drinker of wine : wine-bibbing, the act or 
practice of drinking much wine: wine-coloured, a. 
approaching the colour of red wine: wine-biscuit, a 
• sweet fancy biscuit sewed with wine : wine-cellar, a 
vault or cool pla.ee for keeping wine in : wine-cooler, 



cool them 1:1: wine-decanter, a clear glass bottle for 
holding wine at table : wine-glass, a glass from which 
wine is drunk : wine-merchant, one who sells wine : 
wine-press, a machine or place where the juice is 



a wing— imitative of the vibratory action characteris- 
tic of its use: W. gwlngo, to kick, to spring: Ice]. 
vingsa, to swing), that limb of a bird by whic li i 1 11 i es, 
and under which it protects its young; care or protec- 
tion, particularly in the plu.; passage by the wing; 
means of flying ; anything compared to a wing in form 
or position ; a side erection attached to the main edi- 
fice; in bot.,0, membraneous border by which many 
seeds are supported in the air and transported from 
place to place ; the extreme right or left division of 
an army ; the ships on each extremity of a fleet ar- 
ranged in line of battle : v. to furnish with wings ; to 
enable to fly or move with speed ; 1 o supply with side 
parts; to transport by llight; among sportsmen, to 
wound in the wing, as a, hud: winging, imp. trans- 
, "i mm 1 iged p,i ' 11K furnished w ith 

wings; disabled in the wing: adj. having wings; 

swift; rapid: wingless, a. -Ids, U- b ; • ,, ■ ; ,..,, 

able to fly : winglet, n. -let, a little wing : wing-case 
or wing-shell, the hard outer case of the wines of 
many insects, as the beetles : on the wing, flying ; 
speeding to an object. 

Wink, V. lVhl!l/:{\J\\t. quiiil-: ,', 10 eilivaie, i e i .,■,■;, it le 

Icel. In: ilea, to waver: W. giving, a sudden motion, as 
a wink of the eye: F. guenchir, to flinch or start aside: 
Sw. winka, to make a sign with head, hand, or eye), 
to close and open the eyelids with a quick motion'; to 
give a significant hint by a motion of the eyelids ; to 
connive ; to pretend not to see : n. the act of closing 
and opening the eyes with a quick motion ; a hint 



given by a movement of the eyelids : winking, imp. 
shutting and opening the eyes quickly; hinting by a 
movement of the eyelids ; conniving : winked, pp. 
wingkt: wink'er, n. -er, one who winks; one of the 
blinders of a horse. 

winner, winning, winningly— see win. 

winnow, v. win-no (AS. windwian; Bav. windm; 
L. vanu.are, to winnow : old II. Ger. winton, to blow 
gently backwards and forwards: I'.av. windel, a fan), 



tos> 



f the 



or by a current of air; to separate 
:ft : win'nowing, imp. : n. the act of separating tho 
chaff from grain : win'nowed, pp. -■nod, separated fVoni 
the chaff; sifted : winnower, n. -er, one who or that 
which winnows. 

winsome, a. wln'siim (AS. wynsum, pleasant— from 
'"■'»'■. j°yj. pleasant; merry; gay ; light-hearted: win- 

■nl Ii. 

winter, n. wiu'-lir (Ooih. vin.lrus; Icel. vetr, winter : 
Ger. ivetter, storm, weather: Pol. wiatr, wind), the 
fourth and coldest season of the year: v. to pass tho 
winter; to feed or manage during winter : adj. pert, 
to a winter: win'tering, imp. : n. the act of passing 
the winter; tbe act of keeping or feeding during tho 
winter : win'tery, a. -ter-l, also wintry, a. -tri, pert, 
to winter; cold; stormy: winter solstice, with re- 
spect to the voi-iiiu 11 hemisphere, the period of the 
year when the sun attains his greatest southern de- 
clination—that is, appears lowest in the heavens at 
noon : winter quarters, a station or residence for tho 
winter months. 

winy— see under wine. 

winze, n. ivinz, in mining, a small shaft sunk from 
one level to another for the purpose of ventilation or 
for proving the lode. 

wipe, v. wlp (Low Ger. iviep, a whisp of straw : Dut. 
sweepen, to whip : Icel. svipr, a short movement), to 
sweep over a surface for the purpose', of cleansing ; to 
cleanse a surface by rubbing with something soft ; to 
cleanse from abuses, or from a stain or foulness : to 
efface: n. the act of rubbing or brushing a surface 
gently for the purpose' of cleaning; a blow; a stroke: 
wi'ping, imp. : wiped, pp. wlpt : wi'per, n. -per, ono 
... I'm ■" . a . :,'. h wi'pcrs, n. plu. -pert, the cogs of 
a horizontal wheel : to wipe out, to efface ; to oblit- 
erate. 

wipe, n. wlp, also pie-wipe, pi- (a supposed corrup- 
tion of peewit), the green plover. 

wire, n. wlr (Icel. vir; Low Ger. wire, wire : Sw. 
wira, to twist: Dan. virre; Dut. wieren, to whirl, to 
twist), a piece of metal drawn into twine or thread : 
v. to bind or supply with wire : wi'ring, imp.: wired, 
pp. wlrd: wiry, a. wl'-rX, consisting of or resembling 

e . sinewy, as a winy frame : wi'riness, 11 . 

-rl-nes, the state of being wiry : wire'draw, v. to draw 

metal into win ■ < ■ 1 ■ 1 j 1 o u gh a series 

of holes gradually decreasing in diameter; to spin 
out : wiredrawing, n. the act or operation of drawing 
metal into wire ; the business : wiredrawer, one who 
is engaged in the business of wiredrawing : wire- 
gauze, a ldnd of stiff cloth made of fine wire : wire- 
pulling, the act of pulling the wires, as in the exhibi- 
tion of puppets ; secret influence and management 
over others: wire-puller, one who pulls the wires 
in the exhibition of puppets ; one who exercises power- 
< ■ bid . 1 ret aflu nee over another, especially over 
one in an official or responsible position : wire-worm 
or -crrub, the larvre of certain beetles, so called from 
being slender and hard: wire-rope, a rope formed of 
strands of wire twisted round some core, usually a 
hempen cord or rope : wire-worker, a manufacturer 
of articles from wire. 

wisdom— see wise. 

wise, a. wlz (Ger. missen, to know: old H. Ger. wis- 
gan, to show, to teach: Swiss, wisen, to guide : L el. 
visi, a leader— akin to wit, which see), well adapted 
to produce good effects; discreet; judging rightly : 
wisdom, n. wiz'dom, the right use or application of 
knowledge ; judicious conduct ; prudence ; sound 
judgment; piety: wisely, ad. -II, prudently; with 
wisdom : wise-hearted, a. knowing; skilful. 

wise, postf. wlz (Ger. weise, way, method: F. guise, 
manner, fashion: W. gwis, mode, custom), manner ; 
way of being or acting; only used in compound words, 
or in such antiquated or colloquial phrases as — in no 
wise, in no way: in anywise, in any way: on thi3 
wise, on this manner, &c. 

wiseacre, n. wlz'-Cb-ker (Ger. weissager, a prophet— 
from weise, wise, and sagen, to say), one who makes 



mate, mat, far, law ; mete, m8t, her; pine, inn; note, not, m6ve ; 



WISH 



733 



WIZE 



undue and foolish pretensions to great wisdom ; a 
would-be-wise person ; a fool : a simpleton. 

wish, n. ivlsh jlcel. oak, desire : AS. wiscan, to wish : 
Ger. ininsch, wish), desire; eager desire; the thing 
desired: v. to desire ; to be disposed or inclined; to 
long for; to call down upon: wish'ing, imp. desiring ; 
longing for: wished, pp. u-Uht ': wish'er, n. -er, one 
who wishes: wishful, a. -i\~>K having or showing a 
desire; eager; earnest: wish 'fully, ad. -li: wish'ful- 
uess, n. -nis, the state or quality of being wishful. 

wish-wash, n. wlsh-icush (imitative of the sound of 
the dashing of a thin watery liquid), any weak thin 
drink, in the sense of not being of the proper quality 
or strength: wishy-washy, a, wish'-t-wosh'-l, thin and 
pair, said of liquid; not of the proper strength or 
quality, as a liquid; without force or solidity: n. a 
liqu >r weak and watery. 

wisp, n. ;■■■ i unch of something for 

wiping: sv. . to dust— see whisk), a 

small bundle of straw or hay. or suchlike substance. 

wist, v. irist (AS. wist . knew, was conscious: Ger. 
wissen, to know— akin to icit), pt. and pp. of the obso- 
lete verb tcis. to know; knew ; was conscious ; imag- 
ined: wistful, a. wiat'-fuul, full of thought ; attentive; 
pensive; earnest: wist'fully, ad. -II, attentively; ear- 
nestly: wist fulness, n. -nes, the state or quality of 
being wistful 

wit, v. wit (Goih. vitan; AS. toitan; Icel. vita, to 
know: AS. iv ita, wise man; icitt, understanding), to 
he informed; to be known; used now only in the 
phrase to wit, signifying " namely," " that is to say" ; 
also in a few compounds, as vattcit: wittingly, ad. 
•ing-U, with knowledge ; by design : wit, n. the power 
or faculty of knowing ; understanding; intellect; the 
power of associating ideas in a manner new and un- 
expected, and so connected as to produce pleasant 
surprise; a man who excels in giving expression to 
unusual and striking ideas in such a manner as to 
create amusement or pleasant surprise ; sound mind ; 
ingenuity: wit'ted, a. having wit or understanding— 
usually the latter part of a compound, as aim rp-ir it- 
ted : witty, a. 41, possessed of wit ; full of wit ; face- 
tious : witless, a. -lis, destitute of wit or understand- 
ing : thoughtless; inconsiderate: wit lessly, ad. -It: 
witlessness, n. -n6s, the quality of being witless: 
wit'tily, ad. -ti-U, with an ingenious association of 
ideas; with artful plea^antm -~- : wit tiness, n. -nis, 
the quality of being witty: wit'ticism, n. -sizm, an 
expression or phrase in which ideas are so unexpec- 
tedly associated as to create amusement or pleasant 
surprise ; a witty remark »v saying ; a phrase or sen- 
tence affectedly witty : witling, n. -lintj, a pretender 
to wit: wits, senses; understanding: to be at one's 
wits' end, to have exhausted the last known con- 
trivance or plan; to he at a loss what further step or 
measure to take: to live by one's wits, to live by 
shifts and expedients, as one without any regular em- 
ployment or occupation. 

witch, n. wich (AS. ivicce; Fris. wikke, a witch : 
Dut. wikken, to soothsay, to divine), a woman pre- 
sumed to have supernatural power and knowledge by 
supposed compact with evil spirits ; a sorceress : v. 
to fascinate ; to enchant ; to bewitch : witch'ing, imp. 
fascinating: adj. favourable to enchantment or witch- 
craft, as the witching hour of night: witched, pp. 
wicht: witch'craft, n. -krclft (witch, and craft), the 
practices or powers of a witch ; supernatural power ; 
enchantment : witch'ery, n. -er-l, fascination ; a 
powerful and mysterious influence over: witch-elm 
and witch-hazel, varieties of elm : witch-meal, the 
pollen or powder of the lycopodium or club-moss, 
which, from its inflammable nature, is used in theatres 
to produce a sudden flash or blaze, in order to imitate 
lightning. 

witenagemot, n. wW-en-Cig'-e-mot (AS.— from wita, 
a wise man, and gemot, an assembly, a council), in 
AS. times before the Conquest, the supreme council of 
the nation, consisting of noblemen and clergy. 

with, prep, with- (AS. with; Icel. vid; Dan. ved, 
against, opposite, near: Ger. wider, against: AV. 
gwydd, presence), in the company of; in the society 
of; in partnership ; denoting connection, by denoting 
cause, instrument, or means ; on the side of; in oppo- 
sition to ; immediately after. 

with, pref. icltfb(see above), with as a prefix, except 
in the word withal, signifies opposition, privation, 
departure; from or against. 

withal, ad. wtth-awl' {with, together, and all), to- 
gether with ; at the same time ; likewise. 

coiv, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, 



withdraw, v. with-draw' (with, opposition, and 
draxc), to draw away in opposition to ; to take back 
or away; to call back or away; to retire; to cause 
to retire : withdrawing, imp. : withdrawn', pp. 
-drcucn', recalled; taken back: withdraw'al, n. 
-draw-Cd. the act of taking back; a recalling: with- 
draw'ment, n. -meat, the act of withdrawing: with- 
drawing-room, a room for retirement behindTanother 
room — now called draicing-room. 

withe, n. wWt (Icel. cifir: Dan. vidie; AS. withig; 
Ger. u-eide, an osier, a willow: Bav. widen, a band of 
twisted twigs: Lap. u\dde, a tough twig for making 
baskets!, a willow twig; a band consisting of twigs 
twistedtogether : witlied, a. with-d, bound with a withe 
or withes: withy, a. ulth'-l, like a withe ; flexible and 
tough : n. a large species of willow. 

wither, v. wWt-tr (Fris. waddern; Ger. wittern, to 
dry by exposure to sun and air: If. gwidd, what is 
dried or withered), to fade ; to lose its native freshness ; 
to make to fade ; to become sapless ; to shrink ; to 
pine away: with'ering, imp. becoming dry; fading: 
with'ered, pp. -ird: adj. become dry; faded: with'- 
eringly, ad. -II. 

witherite, n. wif-h'ir-'d (after Dr Withering), car- 
bonate of barytes, a mineral of a v, hitish or yellowish 
grey colour, occurrin. massive of a somewhat fibrous 
structure, or in distinct crystals — employed exten- 
sively in chemical works, in the manufacture of plate- 
glass, porcelain, &c, and used in France in the manu- 
facture of beet-root sugar. 

withers, n. phi. wlth'erz(Ger. widerrist— from wider 
against, and rist, an instep, an elevation), the ridge, 
between the shoulder-bones of a horse at the bottom 
of the neck and mane : wither-band, the piece of iron 
which unites and strengthens the bow of a saddle, 
over the withers. 

withhold, v. ivlth-hold' (>eith, against, and hold), to 
restrain ; to keep from action ; to keep back ; not to 
grant ; to refuse : withholding, imp. restraining ; not 
granting : withheld', pt. pp. -held', restrained ; re- 
tained: withhold'en, old pp. of withhold, -hvld'cn: 
withhold'er, n. -er, one who withholds. 

within, prep. v:ith-in' (irith, and in), in, as opposed 
to otd; in the limits or compass of; not beyond; in 
the inner parts of ; indoors ; not longer ago than ; not 
exceeding: ad. inwardly; internally. 

without, prep. wWi-dict' (with, and out), not within ; 
on the outside of; beyond; in a state of destitution or 
absence from; independent of; not in possession of: 
ad. not on the inside ; out of doors; externally: conj. 
unless ; except. 

withstand, v. w'dh-alond' (wi*h. against, and stand), 
to oppose; to resist: withstanding, imp. opposing; 
making resistance to: withstood', pt. pp. -stood', op- 
posed : resisted. 

withy— see under withe. 

witless, witlessly, &c— see under wit. 

witness, n. ictt'nca (AS. gtwita, a witness— from 
witan, to perceive, to know: old H. Ger. gewizmsae, 
experience: Icel. i-itin.-!:ja, intelligence, notice), testi- 
mony; knowledge or matter adduced in proof ; a per- 
son who sees or knows anything; one present; one 
who gives evidence; one who sees the execution of a 
will, a deed, or suchlike, and adhibits his name to it 
to confirm its authenticity: v. to see or know by per- 
sonal presence ; to attest ; to give testimony to ; to 
give evidence: impera. see, in evidence or proof— as, 
witness my hand : wit'nesser, n. -er, one who gives 
testimony : wit'nessing, imp. seeing in person ; bear- 
ing testimony: wit'nessed, pp. -nest, seen in person : 
with a witness, effectually ; to so great a degree as to 
leave a lasting mark. 

witticism, wittiness, witty, wittingly, &c— see 
under wit. 

wittol, n. wlt'tol (a corruption of wihcall, one of 
the birds into the nests of which the cuckoo drops its 
eggs : less probable AS. witol, knowing), a tame cuck- 
old : one who winks at his wife's infidelity. 

wives, n. wlvz, plu. of wife, which see : wive, v. 
wic. to provide with a wife. 

wizard, n. wiz'erd (from wise, signifying, in the 
language of the vulgar, "the cunning man," "a con- 
juror": AS. wisa, a sage, a philosopher, and ard, an 
office, or an ensign of office), a sorcerer ; a conjurer : 
adj. enchanting; charming. 

wizen, a. wiz-n (Icel. visinn; Dan. wissen; Sw. 
wisten, dried up, withered: Sw. wistna, to fade), 
shrivelled ; dried up : v. to wither ; to diy up : wizen- 
ing, imp. wiz'ning: wizened, pp. wiz'ncl: adj. dried 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



wo 



734 



WOOD 



up; shrivelled: wizen-faced, a. having a shrivelled 
thin face. 

wo or woh, int. wo (Fin. woh, used to represent 
the sound of panting), an exclamation or cry to horses 
to make thein stop: n. stop; check. 

wo or woe, int. wo (imitative of the deep-drawn 
breath of seven; pain: Gr. ouai ; L. vce : W. gwue ; It. 
gum; Ger. weh ,• AS. wo, woe), a word used in exclama- 
tions and in denunciation : n. grief; misery; a heavy 
calamity ; distress ; a curse : wo'ful, a -fool, dis- 
tressed witii grief or calamity; bringing distress or 
affliction; wretched; paltry: wo 'fully, ad. -li: wo'- 
fulness, n. -nes, the quality of being woful; misery: 
woe-begone, a. lost in woe ; very sad ; overwhelmed 
witli grief or sorrow. 

woad, n. wool (old H. Ger. weit; Ger. waido; It. 
guado; F. gtwsdr, woad), a plant funm-rlv extensively 
cultivated in Britain for the sake of the blue dye ex- 
tracted from its leaves, now superseded by indigo; 
the colour extracted from it : woad'ed, a. coloured 
or stained with woad. 

Woden, n. wo'den, an Anglo-Saxon deity, whence 
Wednesday, the fourth day of the week, derives its 
name: see Odin. 

woe, woful, wofulness— see wo. 

wold, n. vjold (Icel. vollr, ground, earth : old Dan. 
void, a field, a mound or rampart : Sw. wall, a ram- 
part, grassy surface of the ground), a down hilly and 
void of wood ; a plain or open country ; same as 
weald, which see. 

wolf, n. ivdcrtf (Goth, vulfs ; Icel.wZ/r; Slav, wulk, a 
wolf), a fierce beast of prey of the dog kind ; anything 
ravenous and destructive; a small white worm in- 
festing granaries; plu. wolves, woolvz: wolf-dog, a 
large kind of dog kept to guard sheep, &c, and to 
destroy wolves where these abound : wolfish, a, wu<di~ 
■tali, having the finalities or form of a wolf; rapacious: 
wolf'ishly, ad. -li: wolf'ishness, n. -nes, the state of 
being wolfish : wolf-fish— see sea-wolf, under sea : to 
keep the wolf from the door, to keep away poverty 

wolfram, n. wdblf'-rdm (Ger. wolf, a wolf, and 
rahm, froth, cream), the tungstate of iron and man- 
ganese, a mineral occurring in short prismatic crystals, 
or in granular froth-like pieces, of a blackish -brown 
colour, associated for the most part with ores of tin; 
tungsten : wolf'ramine, n. -ram-in, a mineral of a yel- 
low or yellowish-green colour. 

wolf's-bane, n. woolfs'-bdn (njnjf, and bane), the 
popular name of the aconite or monk's-hood, a poi- 

„„,n wfflfsi 

lytOpodlUn , I .. ae b , . , 

wollastonite, n. wol'-lds-ton-U (after Wollaston, the 
chemist), a mineral occurring in broad prismatic or 
tabular masses, of a greyish -yellow or red-brown 
colour, found chiefly in granular limestone. 

wolverene, also wolverine, n. louol- uer-en (from wolf, 
with a dim. termination), a cai ni vorous quadruped of 
the northern parts of Europe, Asia, and America; the 
glutton. 

woman, n. woom'dn (AS. wifman; old Eng. wim- 
mon, a woman: Fin. waimo, a woman, a wife: Sans 
varan, an udder, a woman— probably connected with 
womh), the female of the human race; a grown-up 
female; a female attendant; plu. women, wim'-Sn: 
wom'anhood, n. -hood, the state or collective qualities 
of a woman : wom'anish, a. -ish, having the qualities 
of a woman; effeminate: wom'anishly, ad. -II: wom'- 
anishness, n. -nes, the state or quality of being wom- 
anish : wom'ankind, n. -kind, the race of females of 
the human kind ; the female sex : wom'anlike, a -Ilk 
like a woman : worn 'anly, a. -II, feminine ; not mascu- 
line; suiting or becoming a woman; not childish: 
ad. m the manner of a woman: wom'anliness, n 
-nes, the state or quality of being womanly. 

womb, n. worn (Goth, vamba ; AS. toamb : Icel 
vomb, belly, womb: Ger. wampe, dewlap, paunch- 
Sans, rmna, an udder), that part of an animal in 
which the young is conceived and nourished till 
birth; the place wh a e anything is produced; any 
large, deep, or obscure cavity : wombed, a. wdmbd, 
having a womb. 

wombat, n. w6m'-(it or wdm'bat (from womb, in allu- 
sion to its pouch), a marsupial mammal of the opos- 
sum family which burrows in the ground, found in 
Australia. 

women, n. wtm'en, plu. of woman, which see. 

won, v. wHn, gained, as by competition or contest; 
the pt. and pp. of win, which see. 

mate, mat, far, law; mete, mSt, 



wonder, n. wun'der (Icel. undra; AS. wundrian; 

old 11. Ger. wu.ntmvn; Ger. iniuderu, a wonder) sur- 
prise caused by something new, strange, or unexpected, 
which at the moment appears inexplicable; a word 
which express. ,.., , /,,„,, nf ;i „ ( i 

greatly less than amazement; a thing which excites 
surprise; a strange thing; a prodigy; a miracle; in 
/'/"'"'., a certain organ: v. to be struck with surprise 

: won'de'ringj 
:>, wondered, 

./n. »vho wonders : 
won derful, a. -fool, adapted to excite wonder or ad- 
miration; exciting surprise; astonishing: wonder- 
fully, ad. -li. in a manner to excite wonder or so n .rise - 
won derfulness, n. -nes, the state of being wonderful : 
wonderingly, ad. -li: wonderment, n. -mint, sur- 
prise; astonishment: won'drous, a. -drus, such as 
may ex.ate surprise and astonishment ; strange ; mar- 
vellous : won'drously, ad. -li, in a strange manner: 
wonder-struck, a. struck with wonder or surprise: 
wonder-working, a. doing wonders or surprising 

won't, wont, contr. for will not. 

wont, n. wiknt (AS. wunian; Dat. wonen; Ger 
wohnen, to persist, to continue: Icel. vani- Dan 
vane, custom, use), custom ; use : habit : adj used or 
accustomed: v. to be accustomed: wont'ed, a. accus- 
tomed; usual. 

woo, v. wo (AS. wogan, to woo, to marry: Fris. 

: " ■" io cohabil with a woman— from woff, wife), 

to make love to; to court; to seek, as a wife; to 
invite with importunity: wooing, imp. courting; 
soliciting to wife : woo'ingly, ad. -li: wooed, pp. wod: 
wooer, n. wo'rr, a, man who solicits a woman to be- 
come his wife ; a man who courts ; a suitor 

wood, n. wood (Icel. vidr ; Sw. ved • AS. wudu, 
wood: W. gwydd, trees, shrubs), a large collection of 
growing trees; the solid part of a tree lying below 
the bark; trees cut into proper pieces for various 
uses : adj. of or pert, to a wood or woods ; made 
of wood: v. to supply or be supplied with grow- 
ing trees or wood : wood'ing, imp.: wood'ed, pp. 
supplied or covered with wood or growing trees: 
wooden, a. wdod'n, made of wood ; consisting of or 
resembling wood; clumsy; senseless: wood'y, a. 
-»., abounding with wood or trees; resembling wood ; 
of the nature of wood ; ligneous : wood Ihess, n. 
-ues, the state or quality of being woody: woodless, 
a. -les, having no woods or large collections of trees : 
wood'bine, n. -bin (u:ooiJ, and hind), a. name given to 
the honeysuckle— so called because it binds or encircles 
like a band: wood-coal, lignite or brown -coal, in 
allusion to its woody texture, which is often as distinct 
and well preserved as in recent timber : wood-cock, a 
wihl lowl allied to the snipe tribe, with a stronger bill 
and shorter legs : woodcut, an engraving on wood ; 
a print or impression from such an engraving: wood- 
cutter, one who fells trees, or who cuts wood ; an en- 
graver on wood : wood-cutting, the art or employ- 
ment of cutting wood by saws, &c; wood-engraving: 
wood-engraver, one who cuts figures or designs on or 
in wood : wood-engraving, the art of cutting designs 
on wood to be afterwards transferred to paper ; an 
engraving on wood ; a woodcut : wood - fretter, n. 
-fret'-ter (wood, and fret), an insect that burrows in 
wood : woodland, land on which trees are allowed 
to grow: adj. relating to woods: wood-lark, a spe- 
cies of lark found near the borders of woods : wood- 
louse, a flatfish insect of a slate-colour, having many 
feet, inhabiting cellars, gardens, old walls, and moist 
places ; the familiar name of a small white insect 
found in decaying wood ; also called a wood-mite : 
woodman, one who fells trees ; a forester : wood- 
merchant, a dealer in timber; one who sells fire- 
wood : wood-mite — see under wood-louse : wood- 
note, wild music : wood-nymph, in anc. myth., a 
goddess of the woods : wood-opal, a variety of opal, 
or opalisecl wood, in which the form and texture of 
the wood are still distinctly visible: wood -pave- 
ment, a pavemenl consisting of blocks of wood instead 
of flagstones : woodpecker, a bird, so named from its 
habit of piercing the bark of trees in search of insects : 
wood-pigeon, the ring-dove, which frequents the 
woods : wood'roof, n. -r6f, also wood'ruff, n. -ruf 
(wood, and roof or ruff), a plant found in woods and 
shady places, cultivated in gardens for the beauty of 
itswhorled leaves, its simple blossom, and its frag- 
rance: wood -sage, a herb: wood'sare, n. -sdr 
'ier; pine, pin; note, not, mCve; 



WOOE 



735 



WORM 



{ivood, and Scot, orprov. Eng. sare, sore), matter like 
saliva or froth found on herbs, being a mere invest- 
ment or covering for the larvae of the frog-hoppers : 
wood-sorrel, a plant of the semis oxalis. having an 
acid taste : woodstone, a common term for silicified 
wood : wood-tin, a variety of tin ore — so called from 
its fibrous texture resembling that of wood— usually 
of a brown or yellowish-grey colour: woodward, a 
forester; a warden of woods : wood-work, that part of 
a structure which is made of wood : woody fibre or 
woody tissue, that which constitutes the principal 
portion of the wood of trees ; the very slender, trans- 
parent, membranous tubes lying in bundles in the 
tissue of plants, forming wood", and such substances as 
hemp and flax: wooden leg, a stump or support made 
for a person as a substitute for a lost leg: wooden 
shoe, a shoe shaped out of wood; a sabot: wooden 
spoon, a spoon made of wood: wooden -ware, a 
general name for buckets, bowls, and other articles of 
domestic use made of wood : in the wood, applied to 
wine in casks. 

wooer, wooing, &c— see woo. 

woody, woodiness— see wood. 

woof, n. wty (old H. Ger. iveban, to weave : Icel. 
vefa, to weave, to twine), the weft or cross-threads in 
weaving: woofy, a. -I, resembling the woof; having 
a close texture. 

wool, n. a-Jol (Goth. u-tiUa; Icel. nil; Fiis.wille; 
Fin. willa; W. qirtan ; L. villus, a lock, a tuft of hair: 
Gr. oulos, woolly), the soft tine hair which covers the 
sheep; any fine fibres resembling those of wool: 
woolled, a. woold, having wool, as fine - woolled ; 
woollen, a. wool'-n, made of wool; consisting of 
wool; pert, to wool : woolly, a. -li, resembling wool ; 
clothed with wool, or with a down resembling it: 
wool'liness, n. -n!s, the state or quality of being 
woolly: wool-comber, one whose business is to dress 
and comb wool: wool-dyed, a. dyed in the form of 
yarn or wool before being made into cloth : wool-fell, 
a skin which still retains its wool: wool-gathering, 
n. idle indulgence of the imagination : adj. indulging 
in idle dreamy fancies ; listless: wool-growing, a. 
producing sheep chiefly for the sake of their wool : 
wool-grower, a person who raises sheep chiefly for 
the production of wool: wool-pack, a bag of wool 
weighing -.'lo lbs.: a thing bulkv hut of little weight : 
woolsack, in the Hon v. ■•>' !.■ ,•</>•, the seat of the Lord 
Chancellor, said to have originally consisted of a large 
square bag of wool covered with red chvh: wool- 
staple, a city or town to which wool was brought for 
sale at the king's staple: wool-stapler, a dealer in 
wool; one who sorts wools for the different kinds of 
manufacture: woollen-draper, a dealer in woollen 
cloth: woollens, n. pin. fabrics made of wool, or of a 
mixture of wool and cotton. 

woold, v. ui'nil (prov. Eng. h-nuM.rs, bandages: 
Dut. woelen, to move to and fro, to wind: Swiss, 
willen, to wrap round), among seamen, to wind a rope 
round a mast or spar on a "place where it has been 
fished or scarfed; to wrap a yard round in order to 
prevent it chafing: woold'ing, imp.: n. the act of 
winding, as a rope round a mast; the ropes used for 
binding or winding around a mast or spar : woold'ed, 
pp. 

woorali— see wourali. 

wootz, n. KMSfo, asu I rteel imported 

from India, and of which it is said the celebrated 
Damascus sword-blades were made. 

word, n. werd (Goth, vaurd; Ger. wort, word: 
Lith. wardcis, name), a single part of speech; an artic- 
ulate sound, or combination of sounds, expressing an 
idea ; a term ; talk ; discourse ; promise ; an order ; 
signal; tidings; a message: a dispute; a declaration ; 
a motto; a proverb: v. to express in words: word'- 
ing, imp.: n. the act or manner of expressing in 
words: word'ed, pp. expressed in words: word'y. a. 
-%, using many and needless words; full of words: 
wordily, ad. -II: word'iness, n. -lies, the state or 
quality of abounding in words : wordless, a. -Us. 
silent: word-book, a vocabulary or collection of 
words arranged in particular order: a good word, 
commendation ; an expression to edify or instruct : 
good words, words spoken or written for improve- 
ment ; wise instruction : in word, in declaration or 
resolution only : in a word, briefly ; to sum up : by 
word of mouth, orally; by actual speech, and not by 
a written message : compound word, a word made up 
of two or more words, often united bv a hvphen, as 
workman, bookcase, forget-me-not : The Word, one 



titles of Christ Jesus; the Scriptures pre- 
eminently: word for word, in the exact order of 
words ; literally : to eat one's words, to retract what 
has been said. 

wore, v. wOr—see wear 2. 

work, n. werk (Goth, vaurkjan, to work, to do : AS. 
iveorc, work, labour: old H. Ger. wurcho, a labourer), 
physical or mental labour; something produced by 
toil, whether mental or bodily; an engineering struc- 
ture; a production of art; operation; employment: 
labour; the operation of sewing; figures wrought 
with the needle ; action ; treatment or management ; 
a literary production ; feat ; achievement : v. to pro- 
duce by mental or bodily toil ; to shape ; to manu- 
facture ; to effect ; to perform ; to be in action so as 
to produce something ; to labour ; to carry on opera- 
tions ; to act or operate on; to bring into any state 
by action; to influence by acting upon; to lead: to 
manage or direct when in motion ; to direct the 
movements of; to embroider with a needle ; to sew; 
to ferment or cause to ferment; to act internally, 
as a medicine: working, imp.: adj. acting; opera- 
ting; devoted to bodily toil; fermenting: n. motion; 
operation ; fermentation : worked, pp. loerkt, la- 
boured; managed; fermented: wrought, v. rcuct, 
another pt. and pp. of the verb work; formed by 
work or labour : works, n. plu. merles, in mil., a gen- 
eral name for walls, parapets, trenches, eve., thrown 
up for attack or defence ; structures in engineering, 
as docks, bridges, &c; the buildings and grounds of~a 
manufacturing establishment ; the different parts of 
a piece of mechanism ; in theol, moral duties without 
faith: work'able, a. -A-bl, that can be worked; that 
is worth working : work'er, n. -er, one who works : 
workman, n. a man employed in manual labour; 
a mechanic: work -woman, a woman engaged in 
skilled labour: workmanlike, a. -Ilk, becoming a skil- 
ful workman ; well performed; skilful: work'manly, 
ad. -11: adj. skilful; well performed: work'manship, 
n. ship, the style of art or execution shown in any 
work ; that which is effected or produced by manual 
labour; the skill of a workman: work-fellow, one en- 
gaged in the same work with another: work-folk, 
persons that labour in certain occupations: work- 
house, a manufactory; a house for the poor and des- 
titute: working-classes, those who earn their bread 
by manual labour; labourers, mechanics, and others 
receiving weekly wages: working-day, a day on 
which ordinary labour or business is carried on as dis- 
tinguished from the Sunday: working-drawing, a 
drawing of the whole, or of a part, of anv designed 
structure, machine, Ac, made to a scale, intended to 
lie the guide in its construction: workshop, a place 
where workmen carry on their employment: field- 
works, in mil., works created for a temporary pur- 
pose in front of any fortification : to set to work, to 
employ; to engage in any business or labour: to 
work out, to effect by toil: to work up, to employ 
materials in the manufacturing of articles; to make 
way: to go to work, to begin labour; to commence 
operations. 

world, n. werlel (AS. vrmhi : Dut. wereld; Fris. 
"■(7/7, the world: Icel. -ceroid, the universe, the age or 
life of man — from old, age, lifetime, and ver, a man : 
Goth, voir; AS. wer; L. vir, a man), the globe or 
planet on which we live ; the universe ; the earth ; 
the present state of existence ; the enjoyments and 
cares of the present life ; course of life '; customs and 
practices of men ; people in general; in Scrip, some- 
times, the Roman empire ; a large and definite tract 
of country ; the whole human race ; the ungodly ; very 
much or a great deal, as, a " world of good" ; time, as, 
"world without end " : worldly, a. -li, relating to this 
life ; devoted to this life and its enjoyments ; secular; 
temporal; bent on gain ; human : world'liness, n. -li- 
nes, the quality of being addicted to gain and tem- 
poral enjoyments : worldling, n. one devoted to the 
world and its pleasures : worldly-minded, a, devoted 
to gain and the pleasures of this life, and regardless of 
the future : worldly-mindedness, n. the state or 
quality of being engrossed with the gains and pleas- 
ures of this life : for all the world, for any consider- 
ation whatever; exactly: in the world, in possi- 
bility: New World, the continent of America, as dis- 
tinguished from Europe, Asia, arid Africa, which are 
called the Old World. 

worm, n. werm (AS. wyrm; Ger. wurm; L. vermis, 
a worm: Dut. ivremelen, to creep: Dan. vrimle. to 
swarm : old Eng. wrim, a worm), any long, small, creep- 



cdiv, boy, foot; pure, Md; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, (here, zeal. 



WORM 



ing animal entirely without feet, or with very .-hurt 
ones; the well-known, long, stringdike creature that 
lives in the earth; a grub; :i ma-got ; ,/c/" '■','■./,/ 
iiuy thing that gnaws or torments internally m- mni's 
conscience ; a tiling <l> I ■:. -<■■ I ami < 1 ■ - - ; , i - < ■< I ; anything 
spiral or thread-like, as the thread of a screw; in 
a still, the coil of pipe lodged among cold water 
through which the vapour or spirit inns and is con- 
densed; a small worm-like ligament under the tongue 
of a dog: v. to work gradually and secretly; to under- 
mine or expel by slow and secret means: worm'- 
ing, imp. entering by insinuation: wormed, pp. 
wirmd: wormy, a. ivena'-l, relating to or abounding 
with worms: wormlike, a. -Ilk, resembling a worm: 
worm-eaten, a. gnawed or pierced by worms ; old ; 
worthless: worm-powder, a medicine for expelling 
worms from the intestines : worm-shaped, a. in bot., 
more or less cylindrical and contorted : worm-wheel, 
a wheel having teeth formed to fit into the spiral 
spaces of a screw, so that the wheel may be turned bv 
the screw : to worm one's self into, to enter gradually 
by arts and insinuations : blind- or slow-worm, a slug- 
gish snail-like lizard common in Europe, living in 
holes in rocks, under stones, and in suchlike places. 

wormwood, n. wcrm'wwil (AS. o ■ormwyrt, worm- 
wort— from being good against worms), a plant pos- 
sessing intensely bitter, tonic, and stimulating quali- 
ties— so called because it destroys worms. 

worn, v. worn, pp. of wear, which see. 

wornil, n. wer'nil [a dim. from worm), the larva or 
maggot of an insect found on the backs of cattle. 

worry, v. v:dr'ri (imitative of the gurgling sound 
made in the throat by a choking person : Dut. worg- 
li.'ii, to strangle, to choke: (lei', wun/eii, to choke: 
Fris. irrii/in, to rattle in the throat), to suffocate; to 
mangle with the teeth ; to harass wit h care or anxiety, 
or with importunity; to tease; to fatigue; to perse- 
cute brutally: worrying, imp. teasing; troubling; 
harassing: worried, pp. -rid, fatigued; harassed: 
wor'rier, n. -rl-er, one who. 

worse, a. wirs (Goth, vairs; Icel. verri; old H. Ger. 
wirs, worse), us-d as the comparative of 1 1 
"and; bad or ill in a greater degree ; more depraved 
and corrupt: ad. in a manner more evil or bad: n. 
not the advantage; loss, as, " Judah was put to the 
worse"; something less good, as, "he does not think 
the worse of him for it" : worst, a. wcrst, supcrl. de- 
gree of bad; bad or ill in the highest degree: n. the 
most evil or calamitous state ; the height, in an ill 
sense: v. to get the advantage over in contest ; to de- 
feat : worsting, imp. : worst'ed, pp. defeated ; over- 
thrown. 

worship, n. wer'shlp (AS. weortliscipe, state of worth, 
worthiness- -from iveorth, price, honour, and ship, 
state of: Goth, vairths, worth, price : W. gwerth, price, 
value), a title of honour used in addressing certain 
magistrates, <tc; the act of paying honours to God; 
the honours thus paid ; high honour or respect ; mean 
or submissive respect : v. to pay divine honours to ; 
to adore; to honour highly; to idolise; to perform 
religious service: wor'shipping, imp.: n. the act of 
paying divine honours to: worshipped, pp. -shlpt, 
treated with divine honours; treated with the highest 
respect : wor'shipper, n. -per, one who pays divine 
honours to: wor'shipful, a. -fool, worthy of honour 
from his character or dignity ; a term of respect ap- 
plied to magistrates and corporate bodies: wor'ship- 
fully, ad. It. 

wor3t, n. iverst—see under worse. 

worsted, n. imoi'hul or ('',»,, •:.■<■ r, l (from Worsted, a 
village near Norwich), twisted thread spun out of long 
combed wool, used in making stockings, &c: adj. con- 
sisting or made of worsted. 

wort, n. wert (AS. wyrt; Icel. virfr; Low Ger. 
wort; Ger. wurze, wort>, the decoction of barley of 
which beer is made ; new beer unfermented or in the 
act of fermentation. 

wort, n. wert (old H. Ger. wurz, a herb, grass : Icel. 
urt, a plant: Goth, vaurts, a root), a pin lit; a herb; 
now used only in compound words, as coleicort, liver- 
wort. 

worth, n. werth (AS. weorth, priee, value: Goth. 
mirths, worth, price: Icel. verd, price, money), that 
quality of a thing which gives to it a value ; pr'"" • 



ate ; excellence ; merit ; usefulness ; comparative im 
portance: adj. equal in value to; deserving of; hav- 
ing an estate or means to the value of: worth less, a. 
-Its, without value; without virtue or moral > :■:■ ■■el- 
lence ; degraded : worthlessly, ad. -It: worthlessness, 

mdte, mat, far, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



6 WREA 

n. -/"' ', lb- quality of being worthless; want of value, 
- i ■■ id the like; worthy, a. wrr'-tM, having 

v.om,i ", ' "i! ,- ; deserving, in a good or bad' 

sense; merit oi i ■.:.-, : e-timabl.- ; havingqualities suited 
to: n. a man (li-iingni^c-d (,„■ cam, able qualities; 
a man of valour: wor'thies, n. plu. -thiz, men of 
eminent and estimable qualities: wor'thily, ad. -IM- 
e. r suited to; according to merit ; justly; 
deservedly: worthiness, n. -n£s, desert; merit; ex- 
es Hence. 

wot, v. wot (see wit), the pt. of wit, to know ; to be 
aware. 

would, v. wood (see will), the pt. of will; I wish or 
wished to; familiarly, wish to do, or to have; should 
wish ; I wisli or 1 pray, as, " would to Coil," " I would 
law to restrain fools": a would be, 



wound, 



iid (AS. 



Icel. ii ud, a wound: 
ican. iinios, vonnueu), a cue or suchlike injury to the 
skm or flesh of an animal ; any hurt or injury given 
by violence: v. to cut or rend the skin or flesh of an 
animal; to hurt or injure by violence : wounding, 
imp. hurting or injuring the skin or flesh: n. hurt; 
injury: wound'ed, pp.: wound er, n. -tr, one who 
wounds. 

wound, v. wdwnd (see wind 2), pit. of the verb wind. 

wourali or woorali, n. vO'-rdll, a deadly poison 
made in Guiana, from several plants, and used to poi- 
son arrows. 

wove, pt. vjov, woven, pp. wOv'n, of weave, which 
see: wove-paper, a writing-paper willi a uniform sur- 
face, and not lii.ln d like hrid-paper. 

wrack, n. rah (Ice), rcka, to cast, to drive ; rekatre. 



irtrli, what i 



up 1 



collected for packing, and for si ufiiu- mattresses. 

wraith, n. rath, in Scot., the supposed apparition of 
a person in his exact likeness, seen immediately before 
death or a little after; an apparition; an unreal 
image. 

wrangle, v. rdng'-gl (Dan. rangle, to rattle: Icel. 
hrang, noise, disturbance: Norm, rarnjla, to wrangle, 
to dispute), to dispute angrily ; to quarrel with much 
noise; to bicker; to squabble: n. an angry dispute; 
a noisy quarrel : wran'gling, imp. -glim/, disputing 
angrily: n. the act of disputing or contend ing angrily ; 
an altercation: wrangled, pp. rdng'-gld: wran'gler, 
n. -gl-Jr, an angry disputant ; in the Uaia-rsitg of Corn- 
bridge, one of the students who pass in the first class 
of mathematical honoius, the first in the list being 
styled senior wraiaih ,-, and the others respectively 
second wrangle r , third 'wrangler, &c: wran'glership, 
n. -ship, the honour or position of a wrangler. 

wrap, v. rap (Kris, wrapye, to wrap: Goth, bivaib- 
jan, to wrap round : Dut. irapperen, to dangle : Scot. 
wrabil, to twist or crawl abouti, to cover by winding 
something round; to wind or fold together ; to involve 
totally: wrapping, imp. winding; folding: adj. de- 
signed for rolling round or covering : n. a cover ; an 
envelope ; the act of one who wraps : wrapped or 
wrapt, pt. and pp. rdpt, folded ; enclosed : wrap'per, 
n. -per, that in which anything is enclosed; an en- 
velope ; a loose npner garment. 

wrath, n. rowlh (AS. wrath, sharp, bitter: Dut. 
wreed, sharp of taste, rough : Sw. wreae, wrath : Dan. 
vred, angry), violent anger; fury; the effects of great 



censed; furious; springing from wrath: wrath 'fully, 
ad. -II : wrath'fulness, n. -n?:s, the state of being 
wrathful : wrathless, a. -les, without wrath. 

wreak, v. rek (Goth, vrikan, to pursue : AS. vjrecan, 
to give effect to : old Sw. wraka, to drive : connected 
with wrack), to execute ; to inflict for the purpose of 
vengeance: wreaking, imp.: wreaked, pp. relet. 

wreath, n. reth (Dan. vride; Sw. wrida, to wring 
or twist : Dan. vridig, pliable ; vrilde, a whisp of hay : 
connected with writhe and wry), something curled or 
twisted; a garland; a chaple't : wreathe, v. reth,, to 
twist ; to interweave ; to encircle, as with a garland ; 
to be 'interwoven: wreathing, imp. entwining: n. 
act of twisting or encircling : wreathed, pp. refhd, 
entwined: wreathless, a. reth'les, without a wreath : 
wreath y, a. -I, resembling a wreath ; twisted; curled : 
wreath'en, a. -en, in Scrip., intertwining, as in a 
wreath. 



WEEC 



737 



WKOU 



wreck, n. rSk (Icel. reJca, to cast, to drive : F. vrac, 
what is driven up by the sea: Dut. wracke, ship- 
wreck: Low Ger. wrak, a poor contemptible creature : 
connected with wrack), the ruins of a ship, caused 
by being driven on rocks, or on shore, by the vio- 
lence of a tempest, or suchlike causes ; the goods 
cast ashore from a ship that has broken up at sea ; 
ruin ; destruction ; the remains of anything broken 
up or ruined : v. to ruin or destroy by dashing on rocks 
or shoals; to ruin; to suffer ruin: wreck'ing, imp.: 
'wrecked, pp. rSkt, broken by being dashed on rocks 
or on shore : wreck' er, n. -er, one who plunders the 
goods cast on shore from a wrecked vessel ; one who 
allures ships to destruction by exhibiting false lights 
and other means for the sake of plunder. 

wren, n. ren (AS. wrenna; Gael, dreadhan, a wren), 
a small well-known bird. 

wrench, n. rSnsh (old Eng. wrench, a trick, a sharp 
turn : Dut. rancken, to bend, to turn aside : Low Ger. 
wrikken, to move to and fro), a sudden or violent 
twist; a sprain; a tool for forcibly turning iron 
screws: v. to force by twisting; to sprain; to dis- 
tort : wrenching, imp. wresting or twisting violently : 
wrenched, pp. rinsht, pulled with a twist. 

wrest, v. rest (Fris. urisse, to writhe, to twist : Dan. 
vriste, to wrest, to wrench : prov. Ger. riest, the 
wrist), to twist or extort by violence ; to force from 
.by violent twisting ; to distort ; to turn from its nat- 
ural meaning: n. distortion; violent pulling and 
twisting : wresting, imp. : wrest'ed, pp. distorted ; 
perverted : wrest'er, n. -er, one who wrests. 

wrestle, v. rds'-sl (AS. wrastlian, to wrestle — from 
wrasten, to twist: Dut. wrastelen, to wrestle: con- 
nected with wrest), to contend by tugging and twist- 
ing each other about ; to struggle ; to contend with : 
wrestling, imp. -Itiig, striving to throw down by 
tugging and twisting : n. the act of one who contests 
in a trial of strength ; an athletic exercise, in which 
two persons strive by tugging and twisting to throw 
each other down; struggle; contention: wrest'ler, 
n. -ler, one who contests with another in a trial of 
strength, endeavouring to throw an adversary by 
swinging and twisting him, or by tripping him up. 

wretch, n. rech (AS. wrcccca, an exile, a miserable 
man), a worthless degraded creature ; one sunk in the 
deepest distress ; an outcast ; a person sunk in vice : 
wretch'ed, a. very miserable ; unhappy ; sunk in 
deep distress ; very poor, mean, or worthless ; con- 
temptible: wretch'edly, ad. -li, meanly; poorly: 
wretch'edness, n. -nis, extreme misery or unhappi- 

wriggle, v. rig'gl (Low Ger. wraggeln, to work a 
thing loose by shaking to and fro : Bav. roglich, loose, 
shaking : Norm, rugga; Dan. rokke, to rock or vacil- 
late), to move the body to and fro with short turns ; 
to put the body into a quick shifting motion : wrig'- 
gling, imp. -gllng, moving the body to and fro with 
quick turns : n. the act of one who wriggles : wriggled, 
pp. rlg'gld : wrig'gler, n. -gler, one who wriggles. 

wright, n. rlt (AS. wyrcean, to work; ivyrhta, a 
maker : connected with ivork), a workman ; one en- 
gaged in some mechanical occupation; in Scot., a 
carpenter ; used chiefly in compounds, as shipwright, 
millwright. 

wring, v. ring (AS. wringan, to wring, to press: Low 
Ger. wringen, to twist: Dan. vringle ; Ger. ringen, 
to twist, to wrest), to turn and strain forcibly ; to 
force by twisting ; to squeeze ; to harass ; to press 
with extreme pain ; to distort ; to persecute with 
extortion ; to bend or strain out of its usual position : 
n. a forcible twist: wring'ing, imp.: n. a twisting or 
writhing ; the act of pressing and twisting the hands 
in anguish: wringed, pp. rlngd, also wrung, pp. 
viing, twisted; pressed; extorted: wring'er, n. -er, 
one who wrings : to wring from, to obtain from by 
Tiolence or other unfair means ; to extort : to wring 
off, to force off or separate by pressing and twisting 
to wring out, to force or squeeze out by twisting 
■wring-bolt, in shipbuilding, a bolt used to bend th( 
planks against the timbers till they are permanently 
fastened : wring-stave, one of the bars of wood em- 
ployed in applying the wring-bolts. 

wrinkle, n. ring'kl (Dut. wrinckelen, to twist, to 
curl : Dan. rangle, to rattle : prov. Dan. vringle, to go 
unevenly), a small ridge or furrow formed on a smooth 
surface by shrinking or contraction, chiefly applied to 
the skin of the face ; a crease ; a fold or rumple in 
cloth : v. to contract into small ridges or furrows ; to 
make rough or uneven : wrin'kling, imp, -kllng, con- 



tracting into furrows or ridges : wrinkled, pp. ring- 
-kid: adj. having wrinkles: wrin'kly, a. -kll, having 
a tendency to be wrinkled. 

wrist, n. rist (Fris. wriust ; prov. Ger. riest, the 
wrist: AS. wroestan, to twist: connected with wrest, 
which see), the .joint on which the hand turns, and by 
which it is united to the arm : wrist-band, the band 
or lower part of the sleeve of a garment which covers 
the wrist: wristlet, n. -Ut, an elastic band on the 
upper part of a glove which confines the wrist. 

writ, n. rlt— see write. 

write, v. rlt (Icel. urita, to write: Dan. riste, to 
score, to scratch : Sw. rita, to draw, to trace : Low 
Ger. riten, to draw, to tear), to form characters with 
a pen or suchlike on paper or other material ; to ex- 
press by means of forming letters and words ; to im- 
press durably ; to compose or produce, as an author ; 
to tell or communicate by a letter ; to perform the act 
of tracing or marking letters or figures in order to re- 
present sounds or ideas ; to send a letter or letters ; 
to combine ideas and express them on paper for the 
information of others; to style or call one's self: wri- 
ting, imp. forming letters or figures -with a pen : adj. 
used or intended for writing : n. the act of forming 
characters or letters on paper, &c, in order to record 
ideas for the information of others; anything ex- 
pressed in letters and words ; any written compo- 
sition ; a manuscript ; a. book or pamphlet : wri'tings, 
n. plu. legal instrs.; official papers, deeds, &c: wrote, 
pt. rot, did write: written, pp. rit'-n: adj. expressed 
in letters or words; reduced to writing: writer, n. 
rl'-ter, an author; a clerk or amanuensis; in Scot., 
a legal practitioner, holding nearly the same position 
as an attorney in England ; a solicitor : wri'tership, 
n. the office or position of a writer: writ, n. rlt, 
that which is written ularly to the 

Sacred Scriptures, as Holy Writ ; a legal instr. to en- 
force obedience to an order or sentence of a court of 
justice; a legal instr. served as the first step to an 
action against a debtor; a judicial process to sum- 
mon an offender: writing-book, a copy-book at 
school: writing-case, a portable case for holding 
writing materials: writing-desk, a sloping table 
for writing on ; a portable folding case with a slop- 
ing top when spread open for writing on : writing- 
ink, a fluid, generally black, but of other colours, for 
writing with : writing-master, one who gives instruc- 
tion in writing : writing-paper, highly sized and glazed 
paper for writing on, as distinguished from printing- 
paper.- writing -school, a place where writing is 
taught : writing-table, a table of convenient height 
for writing at, for a library, study, or chambers, and 
suchlike: writer to the signet, in Scot., one of a so- 
ciety of lawyers equal to the highest class of attorneys 
in England— usually contracted into W.S. 

writhe, v. nth (Dan. vride; Sw. wrida, to wring or 
twist: Dan. vridig, pliable), to twist with violence; 
to distort; to be distorted as from agony: writhing, 
imp. rl'thing, twisting; distorting: n. the act of one 
who or that "which writhes : writhed, pp. rlthd. 

written, v. rlt'n— see write. 

wrong, n. rong (Dan. vrccnge, to twist : Icel. rangr, 
crooked, unjust), what is wrung or turned aside from 
the right or straight way to the desired end; error; 
injury ; injustice : adj. turned aside from a straight 
line; not right; unfit; unsuitable; not according to 
truth : ad. not rightly ; amiss : v. to injure ; to treat 
with injustice; to impute evil unjustly: wronging, 
imp. treating with injustice: wronged, pp. rongd: 
wrong'ful, a. -fdbl, injurious; unjust: wrong'fully, 
ad. -It: wrongfulness, n. -no's, the state of being 
wrongful: wrongly, ad. -IX, in a wrong manner; 
unjustly : wrongous, a. rong'giis, in Scots law, illegal ; 
not right : wrong-doer, one who does wrong : wrong- 
doing, n. evil or wicked actions: wrong-headed, a. 
obstinately wrong in opinion; perverse: wrong- 
headedness, n. the state or quality of being obsti- 
nately wrong in opinions. 

wrote, v. rot, pt. of write, which see. 

wroth, a. rawth (from wrath, which see), very 
angry ; much exasperated. 

wrought, v. react (AS. wroht, worked: see work), 
pt. or pp. of w-ork; effected; performed; produced; 
actuated ; influenced ; agitated ; disturbed ; manu- 
factured; in arch., brought to a fair surface; decor- 
ated by hand-labour : wrought on or upon, prevailed 



malleable. 
'. ooy,fdbt; pure, 'bUd; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



WRUN 



738 



YARR 



wrung, v. rung, pt. and pp. of the verb wring, which 

wry, a. rl (a corrupt form of writhe-. Dan. vrie, to 
wring or twist; vreden, half-sour: Dut. wreed, sour, 
harsh), twisted; turned to one side; crooked; per- 
verted: wry'ness, n. -nSs, state of being distorted: 
wry -neck, a neck distorted or drawn to one side; 
name of a bird, so called from its habit of moving its 
head and neck in various directions : wry-necked, a. 
distorted ; turned to one side, 

wulfenite, n. wHit'-Jcn-it (niter the Austrian metal- 
lurgist Wulfen), a mineral of a wax or orange-yellow 



colour occurring in short prismatic or pyramidal crys- 
tals; the molybdate of lead. 

wurali, n. wo'rd-U, also woorari, n. vid'-rd-rl, and 
ourari, o'rd-rl, other spellings of wourali, which sec. 

wych-elm, n. wich'-Um [s&uig&h witch-elm.), a variety 
of the elm, a native of Great Britain: wych-hazel, 
same as witch-hazel. 

wynd, n. wind (AS. windan, to bend, to twist), in 
Scot., a lane or alley. 

wyvern, n. wl'vern (old F. vivre, a viper : L. vipera, 
a snake, a serpent), a fabulous creature representing 
a flying serpent, and so figured in coats of arms. 



X 



Xanthian, a. zdn'thi-dn, pert, to or brought from 
Xanthus. 

xanthic, a. zdn'thlk (Gr. xanthos, yellow), tending 
towards a yellow colour; pert, to a certain heavy, 
oily, fluid acid. 

xanthidium, n. zdn-thid'i-um, plu. xanthid'ia, -i-d 
(new L.— from Gr. xanthos, yellow), a microscopic 
plant, having a globular, flattened shape, and bristled 
with spines, found fossil in flint and hornstone; re- 
cent species possess a colouring matter of a deep yel- 
lowish green. 

xanthine, n. zdn'thln (Gr. xanthos, yellow: F. xan- 
iJiine), the yellow insoluble colouring matter in certain 
plants and flowers : xan'thite, n. -tint, a mineral of 
the garnet family, occurring in small greenish-yellow 
grains. 

xanthophylline, n. zdn-thof-il-lin (Gr. xanthos, yel- 
low, and phullon, a leaf), the yellow colouring matter 
contained in the leaves of trees in autumn : xanthoph'- 
yllite, n. -lit (Gr. lithos, a stone), a mineral of a yel- 
lowish colour and foliated texture. 

xanthous, a. zdn'-thus (Gr. xanthos, yellow), applied 
to a variety of mankind, including individuals having 
brown, yellow, or red hair ; in composition, xan'tho, 
■tho, as a prefix. 

xebec, n. ze'bek (Sp. xabeque; F. chebec), a small 
three-masted vessel used in the Mediterranean Sea. 

xerasia, n. zS-rd'-sl-d (Gr. xcrasia, dryness— from 
xeros, dry), in med., a disease of the scalp character- 
ised by dryness. 

xeroderma, n. ze'ro-der'md (Gr. xeros, dry, and 
derma, skin), in med., a dry and parched state of the 
skin which in its severest form is known by the name 
of ichthyosis, or fish-skin disease. 

xerophagy, n. ze-rof-ci-ji (Gr. xeros, dry, and phagein, 
to eat), the limitation of food to dry aliments. 



xerophthalmia, n. ze'r6f-thdl'-mi-d (Gr. xeros, dry, 
and ophthalmos, the eye), in med., a dryness of the 
eye from deficiency of the tears. 

xiphoid, a. zif'oyd (Gr. xiphos, a sword, and eidos, 
resemblance), in anat., sword-shaped; ensiform; a 
term applied to the cartilage of the sternum. 

xiphosura, n. zi/'o-sn'm (Or. xiphos, a sword, and 
oura, a tail), a division of the crustaceans, in which 
the last segment of the body forms a long, sharp- 
pointed weapon, as in the king-crab. 

xylite, n. zi'-I.U (Gr. xuhm, wood, and lithos, astone), 
a peculiar liquid bmnd in pymxylic spirit ; a mineral- 
ogical term for those varieties of amianthus which 
have a woolly-like texture, better known as mountain- 
vjood, rock-wood, &c. 

xylo, zi'lo (Gr. xulon, wood), a prefix in compound 
words denoting relation to wood, or that wood enters 
into the compositon : xy'locar'pus, a. -kdr'pus (Gr. 
karpos, fruit), bearing fruit which becomes hard and 
woody: xylography, n. zl-ldg'rd-fi (Gr. grapho, I 
write), the act or art of cutting figures or designs in 
wood ; wood-engraving : xylographic, a. zl'16-grdf-tk, 
pert, to or dme in wood-engraving: xyloidine, n. zi- 
loyd'ln (Gr. eidos, resemblance), a white explosive com- 



n. plu. -gdnz, insects whose larvce devour the wood 
of the trees in which they are hatched: xyloph'- 
agous, a. -girs, eating or feeding on wood: xyloph- 
ilans, n. plu. zi-lof-hldnz (Gr. philo, I love), a tribe of 
beetles and certain larva that live on decayed wood : 
xyloretine, n. zl-lor'e-tin (Gr. rhetine, resin), a sub- 
pine-trunks i 



of the word ; it has the sound of e, as in y-clad, e-kldd, 
clad : y-clept, e-klept, called : y-drad, e-drdd", dread- 
ed: y in such words representing the AS. ge, the 
general prefix with participles. 

y, wl, one of the forked pieces which support the 
pivots of the telescope of a theodolite, and the like— 



o called from their form. 

yacht, n. yot (Dut. jaghte, a light ship fit to give 
chase with— from jaghten, to chase, to hurry), a light 
and fast-sailing vessel, used for pleasure-trips, racing, 
and the like: yacht'er, n. -er, one sailing a yacht: 
yacht'ing, n. sailing on pleasure -excursions in a 
yacht : adj. relating to yachts and their use. 

yager, n. yd'ger (Ger. jager, a hunter), in Prussia, 
a rifleman ; in Austria, a mountaineer belonging to a 
body of light infantry. 

yahoo, n. ya-hff (a name used by Swift in Gulliver's 
travels), a savage, or one like a savage. 

yak, n. yak, the grunting-ox of Tartary. 

yam, n. yam (F. igname ; Sp. igvamn ; W.I. ihame), 
a large esculent root or tuber of various climbing 
plants growing in tropical climates, forming, when 
boiled or roasted, a wholesome and palatable food. 

Yankee, n. ydng'ke (a supposed corruption of the 
F. Anglais, English, or English by the American In- 
dians : Scot, yankie, a sharp, clever, forward woman ; 
yunking, active, pushing), a citizen of New England, 
or of the Northern States of America; a general 
name of slight reproach applied to the inhabitants of 
the United States of America: Yankee-doodle, n. 



-dobd'l, a ludicrous name applied to North Americans ; 
a tune or melody of the United States. 

yanolite, n. ydn'o-lit, a mineral, one of the garnet 
family ; same as axinite. 

yap, v. ydp (Scot, yap, to be eagerly desirous of 
food : F. japper, to yelp, to bark), to bark: yap'ping, 
imp.: adj. barking; snapping: yapped, pp. ydpt. 

yard, n. yard (AS. , 



g: yapt— , . 

'.; Ger. gerte, a wand, a 

measuring-rod: Dut. garde, a rod), a staff; a rod; a 
measure of 3 feet, or 36 inches ; in a ship, a long piece 
of timber, having a rounded taper towards each end, 
and slung by its centre to a mast : yard-arm, one half 
of a ship's yard from the centre or mast to the end. 

yard, n. yard (from rods or wattle-work affording 
the readiest means of making fences : Icel. gardr, a 
fence, a hedge : AS. geard, an enclosure : W. gardd, a 
yard or garden), an enclosure in which any work is 
carried on ; a small enclosed space adjoining a house 
or building; in Scot., a small enclosed garden: v. to 
put or confine eattle in a yard: yarding, imp.: 
yard'ed, pp. 

yarn, n. yarn (Icel. and Ger. gam; Dut. garen, 
yarn, thread), wool spun into thread fit for the 
weaver; the 1 b iy from such substancss 

as cotton, flax, and hemp ; one of the strands of a rope ; 
among seamen, a familiar term for a story spun out 
by a sailor for the amusement of his messmates, who 
•n to spin ayarn. 

yar-nut, n. yar'nut (Dan. jordnod ; Sw. jordnot, an 
earth-nut), the earth-nut; the pig-nut. 

yarrow, n. ydr'-rO (AS. gearwe), a composite plant 
having a strong odour and pungent taste ; milfoil. 
mate, mdt.fdr, law; mete, mit, her; pine, pin; note, not, mCve; 



YATA 



739 



YIEL 



yataghan, n. ydt'd-gdn, a long Turkish dagger, 
usually curved. 

yaw, v. ydw, to rise in blisters which break into 
white froth, as in cane-juice. 

yaw, v. yaw (prov. Ger. gagen, to rock, to shake), to 
steer wild or out of the line of her course, as a ship : 
n. the temporary deviation of a ship from a direct 
course : yaw ing, imp. : yawed, pp. yawd. 

yaw, n. yaw (.African), the African name of a rasp- 
berry: yaws, n. plu. yawz, a certain contagious 



longing to a ship, usually carrying four or six 

yawl, v. yawl (prov. Ger. jaueln; Swiss, jaulcn, to 
lament, to wail: Icel. gola, to howl), to cry; to howl 
like a dog ; to yell : yawling, imp. : yawled, pp. yawld. 

yawn, v. yalin (AS. geonian; old H. Ger. ginon; 
Icel. gina; Gr. chainein, to gape, to yawn), to open 
wide the mouth through drowsiness or weariness ; to 
gape ; to open wide : n. a gaping ; an opening wide : 
yawn'ing, imp.: n. the act of gaping or opening the 
jaws wide: yawned, pp. yawnd. yawningly, ad. -li. 

ycleped or yclept, e-klept" (AS. ge, a mere aug- 
ment, and clypian, to call), an old and quaint term, 
signifying " named," "called"— see remarks imder y. 

ye, pron. ye (AS. ge ; Dan. i ; Goth, jus ; Ger. ihr, ye), 
the pron. of the second person— being the plu. of 
thou — is now only used in solemn formal discourses, 
you being the plu. form usually employed. 

yea, ad. yd (AS. gea, yea, yes: Goth., Ger., and Dut. 
ja, yes), yes ; it is so ; indeed. 

yean, v. yen (AS. eanian, to bring forth young, as a 
sheep: Gael, uan, a lamb), to lamb: yean'ing, imp.: 
yeaned, pp. yend, brought forth, as a lamb : yean'- 
ling, n. the young of sheep. 

year, n. per (Goth, jer; Ger. jahr ; Icel. or), the 
period of time determined by one revolution of the 
earth round the sun, which it accomplishes in about 
365i days ; the period commencing on 1st January, 
and ending 31st December: years, n. plu. age, or old 
age : year ling, u. -ling, a beast in the second year of 
its age : adj. being a year old : yearly, a. -li, happen- 
ing or coming every year; annual; lasting a year: 
ad. once a-year; annually: leap-year, every fourth 
year, which is made to consist of 366 days, February 
having in a leap-year 29 days: civil year, the year 
adopted by a nation for the" computation of time : 
lunar year, the period of 12 lunar months, or 354 
days : common year, a year of 365 days : Julian year, 
the year established by Julius Coesar, consisting of 
S65 days for three years, and 366 days for every fourth 
year: Gregorian year, the corrected Julian rear, now 
adopted by most civilised nations : Sabbatic year, 
among the anc. Jews, every seventh year, during 
which the land was suffered to lie unfilled: sidereal 
year, the time in which the sun, departing from the 
place of any fixed star, returns to the same position : 
year of grace, any year of the Christian era, called 
Anno Domin i, usually contr. into A.D.: year-book, a 
book published every year. 

yearn, v. yern (Icel. giam, desirous; girna, to de- 
sire : Scot, to girn, said of a child becoming peevish 
from earnest desire of any object), to shiver or quiver 
with desire or other emotion ; to have a great desire 
stretching towards an object or end; to feel great 
internal uneasiness from a longing desire towards, or 
pity for ; to long : yearn 'ing, imp. : adj. having long- 
ing desire: n. strong emotions of desire, tenderness, or 
pity; state of being moved with a longing desire: 
yearned, pp. vemd : yearningly, ad. -II. 

yeast, n. vest . Swiss, ia .- 1 : Ger. gascht, froth of beer : 
Icel. jastr, the rustling of leaves, the scum on sour 
milk: AS. gist, a blast of wind, yeast), the froth in 
the working of new beer ; the ma'tter that separates 
from liquids during the -vinous fermentation, the 
froth being called top-yeast, and the deposit bottom- 
yeast; the preparation used for raising dough for 
bread; barm: yeast'y, a. -i, also yesty, a. yest'l, 
abounding with yeast ; frothy ; foamy : yeast iness, 
n. -nis, the state of being yeasty or frothy : yeast- 
bitten, a. in brewing, a term used when the top barm 
happens to re-enter the body of the beer: yeast- 
plant, a particular form of the vegetable structure of 
a fungus which is composed of simple cells, and which 
will go on increasing by budding for an indefinite 
time if placed in a saccharine liquid. 

yelk, n. yelk (AS. geolca, the yellow of an egg: 

coiu, ooy,fo~ot; pure, dud; chair, 



Bohem. zluty, yellow : Pol. zolty, yellow), the yellow 
i egg— more commonly written yolk. 

yell, v. yel (AS. gyllan; Icel. gella, to yell, to shriek: 
Dut. ghillen, to creak, to scream : Ger. gellen, to tingle), 
to cry with a loud, sharp, disagreeable noise ; to scream 
with agony or horror ; to shriek hideously : n. a sharp, 
loud, hideous outcry, as of agony or horror ; a hideous 
scream: yelling, imp.: adj. uttering hideous outcries: 
n. the act of uttering hideous screams; the noise 
made : yelled, pp. yeld. 

yellow, n. yel'-lo (AS. geleio ; Ger. gelb; Icel. gulr ; 
L. galbus, yellow— apparently connected with gold, 
gall, and yelk or yolk), one of the primitive or vrismatie 
colours ; a bright-golden colour ; muted with blue it 
yields green, with red it prouin es orange : adj. being of 
a pure bright-golden colour: yellows, n. plu. -loz, a 
species of jaundice in horses ; a disease of trees : yel'- 
lowish, a. -ish, somewhat yellow : yellowishness, n. 
-nes, quality of being somewhat yellow: yellowness, 
n. -nSs, .lie quality of being yellow: yellow-haired, a. 
having hair somewhat yellow : yellow earth or ochre, 
a massive earthy mineral of the clay family of an 
ochre-yellow colour, and of somewhat greasy feel ; 
when burnt and prepared it is sold as English-red : 
yellow fever, a fever of a very malignant kind, usu- 
ally attended with yellowness of the skin : yellow 
flag, a flag hoisted on the mast-head of a ship to de- 
note sick on board, or that she is under quarantine 
regulations : yellow-hammer (Eng. yellow, and AS. 
hama, the skin, covering), a small bird of a yeUowish 
colour; also called yellow-bunting (Ger. bunt, party- 
coloured) : yellow-metal, an alloy of copper and zinc 
for sh>-athing ships' bottoms: yellow-throat, a small 
bird of N. America : yellow-quartz, limpid and trans- 
parent rock-crystal of a lemon, golden, or wine-yellow 
colour. 



a clang), to utter a sharp or shrill bark, as a dog : 
a sharp shrill bark: yelping, imp.: n. the continuous 
shrill barking of a dog : yelped, pp. ySlpt. 

yenite, n. ye'-nlt (in commemoration of the battle of 
Jena in 1806), a mineral of a black or brownish-black 
colour and sub-metallic lustre, consisting of a double 
silicate of lime and iron, first obtained at Elba. 

yeoman, n. yo'-man (Goth, gavi; old H. Ger. gewi; 
Ger. gau; Fris. gao, a district, a village, and man, 
a man: Fris. gaeman, a villager), a countryman; a 
man of small estate in land ; a farmer ; an inferior 
officer in the Queen's household ; a seaman in a ship of 
war appointed to attend to the store-rooms : yeo'man- 
ly, ad. -li: yeo'manry, n. -ri, the collective body of yeo- 
men or farmers ; a name applied to embodied troops 
of horse who acted as volunteers for home service 
during the French war, chiefly at their own expense, 
and which consisted largely of farmers and country 
gentlemen— 1. 1 reg imenta still exist and 

meet at stated times for drill ; yeoman of the guard, 
a body-guard of the English sovereign, consisting of 
100 men, armed and dressed as in the 16th century. 

yerk, v. yerk (another spelling of jerk, which see), 
to throw out or move vith a spring ; to lash ; to 
strike : n. a sudden or quick thrust or motion : yerk'- 
ing, imp.: yerked, pp. yerkt. 

yes, ad. yes (AS. gese, yes : Ger. ja, yes : connected 
with yea, which see), a word expressing affirmation or 
consent ; even so. 

yester, a. yes'ter (AS. gesfran; Dut. gister ; Ger. 
gestern, yesterday: L. hestemus, of yesterday), being- 
next before the present day ; last : yesterday, n. -da 
(AS. gestran-dasg, yesterday), the day last past; the 
day immediately before the present one : ad. on the 
day before to-day : yes'tereve, n. -ev, the evening last 
past : yes'ternight, n. -nit, the night last past : ad. on 
the last night. 

yet, ad. yet (AS. gyt; ~W. etto, yet, still: Gr. eti, yet), 
beside; still; once again; at this time; even; after 
all ; hitherto ; with a negative, not up to the present 
time ; put before words denoting an extension of time 
or continuance : conj. nevertheless; notwithstanding ; 
however. 

yew, n. y6 (AS. iw; Ger. eibe ; F. if; "W. gw; Sw. 
id, the yew), a large evergreen tree belonging to the 
coniferse : adj. relating to the yew ; made of yew. 

yield, v. yeld (AS. gyldan, to" restore, to repay: Sw. 
galda, to pay, to satisfy: Icel. gjalda, to pay: Goth. 
gildan, to requite), to give or render back, as claimed 
by right ; to produce ; to give in return ; to exhibit ; 
to concede ; to admit to be true ; to .submit ; to give 
game , jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



YOKE 



740 



ZINC 



way; to surrender: n. the amount produced; the re- 
turn for labour, or as profit : yielding, imp. produc- 
ing; conceding ;; bui rendei Lni inclining to give 
way or comply ; flexible : n. act of producing or pay- 
ing back; act of surrendering: yielded, pp.: yieltt'- 
ingly, ad. -II : to yield up the ghost, to expire. 

yoke.n. yok{Goth. jvJc; Icel. oft; Ger. joch; F.joug, 
a yoke : Sans, yuj, to join : Gr. zugon, a yoke), a curved 
wooden collar by which a pair of oxen are joined to- 
gether for the purpose of drawing a plough or waggon ; 
a light bar of wood with stm.ps ami hooks at the ends, 
placed over the shoulders for carrying water-buckets 
or milk-pails ; a piece of wood with two arms placed over 
the head of a boat's rudder instead of a tiller, and hav- 
ing two lines, by pulling on which the boat is steered ; 
a mark or state of servitude ; bondage ; any bond or 
connection; a couple or pair, as of oxen; in Scrip., 
service : v. to put a yoke on ; to couple ; to restrain ; 
to enslave : yoliing, imp. coupling ; joining : n. the 
act of coupling or joining ; the harnessing of animals, 
as horses: yoked, pp. yokt: yoke-fellow or -mate, a 
companion in servitude or labour. 

yolk, n. yOk (see yelk), the yellow part of an egg ; 
the oily secretion from the skin of a sheep which ren- 
ders the wool soft and pliable. 

yon, a. yon, also yonder, a. yon'der (AS. geond, 
thither, beyond: Goth, jaina/r, there: Icel. hinn, that 
one: Dut. ginds, yonder), being at a distance but 
within view : ad. at a distance but within view. 

yore, ad. yOr (AS. geara, formerly — from gear, a 
year), heretofore; anciently; long: of yore, of olden 
time ; long ago. 

you, pron. yd (AS. eow), the nominative and objec- 
tive plu. of thou.- you is now commonly used in ordi- 
nary language for thou and thee, being thus sing, or plu. 

you-stone, n. yf/stOn, a familiar term for Chinese 
jade, nephrite, or figure-stone. 

young, a. yung (Goth, yunda, youth: AS. geong ; 



Ger. jung, young: Sans, yuvan; L. juvenis: W. ieu- 
ancg, young), being in the early part of life or of 
growth; not long born; having little experience; ig- 
norant: n. the ol]'s|iriiij:;of;uiim;ils : youn'ger, a. comp. 
-gir, young in a greater degree : youn'gest, a. superl. 
-gest, young in the greatest degree : youngish, a. -glsh, 
somewhat young : youngling, n. -gllng, an animal in 
the fir8t part of life: young'ster.n. -sier, a young person. 

your, pron. plu. yor, also yours, y&rz (AS. eower, 
of you, your— used as the gen. plu. of thu, thou), the 
possessive plu. of thou; belonging to you: your is 
used when prefixed to a noun or adjective, as, "this is 
your book"; and yours when the noun goes before, 
or is understood, as, "this book is vours" : yourself, 
pron. -s&f, plu. yourselves', -s6lvz ? (your, and self), a 
word added to you for the purpose of expressing dis- 
tinction emphatically j a reciprocal pronoun. 

youth, n. yoth (from young, which see), the part of 
life before manhood, usually reckoned from 14 years 
of age ; the whole early part of life ; a young person : 
youth'ful, a. -fool, pert, to the early part of life ; 
suitable to the first part of life ; fresh ; vigorous as 
in youth: youth'fully, ad. -li: youth'fulness, n. -nils, 
the quality of being youthful. 

yttria, n. tt'rl-d (from Ytterby, in Sweden, where 
first found), one of the primitive earths : yt'trium, n. 
•«m, the metallic basis of the earth yttria, when pure, 
appearing as a fine white powder: yttro, it'rO, a 
prefix signifying that the compound contains yttria 
as a constituent ; yt'trious, a. -us, pert, to or contain- 
ing yttria. 

Yule, n. yul (Icel. jol ; Fin. joulu, the Christmas 
festival, a feast : AS. geola, yule : said to be connected 
with AS. hwiol; Icel. hjul, a wheel— that is, the turn' 
of the year), the Christmas festival ; Christmas : Yule- 
log or -block, a large log of wood formerly put on the 
hearth at Christmas eve, and brought in with much 
ceremony. 



zaffre, n. zdf'fir (F. zafre; Sp. zafra; Ger. zaffer, 
zaffre : connected with sajyphire), the impure oxide of 
cobalt, which, melted with silica and potash, and re- 
duced to powder, becomes the powder-blue of com- 
merce. 

zambo, n. zdm'bO, the offspring of a negro and a 
mulatto ; sometimes applied to the offspring of an In- 
dian and a negro. 

zamia, n. za'ml-d (L. and Gr. zamia, hurt, loss— al- 
luding to the sterile appearance of the male fructifica- 
tion), a genus of very remarkable plants, nearly related 
to both ferns and palms, and bearing heads of flowers 
like pine-cones : zamites, n. plu. zd-mits, the general 
term for all fossil plants apparently allied to the exist- 
ing zamia: zamiostrobus, n. zd'ml-os'tro-bus (zamia, 
and Gr. strobilos, a fir-cone), fossil cone-like fruits, 
apparently those of plants allied to the zamia. 

zany, n. zd'nl (zane, the name of John in some parts 
of Lombardy : F. zani, a buffoon), a silly-John ; a fool- 
ish clown in a play ; a merry- Andrew : za'nism, n. 
-nizm, the state or conduct of a zany. 

zeal, n. zel (L. zelus; Gr. zelos, emulation, jealousy: 
It. zelo ; F. zele), great ardour in the pursuit or sup- 
port of anything ; enthusiasm : zealot, n. zel'-ot (Gr. 
zelotes), one who engages warmly and earnestly in any 
cause ; one carried away by excess of zeal : zeal'ous, 
a. -us, warmly engaged in any pursuit or cause ; very 
earnest; enthusiastic: zeal'ously, ad. -II; zealous- 
ness, n. -n8s, the state or quality of being zealous. 

zebra, n. ze'-brd (Sp. zebra; It. zebro; F. zebre), a 
wild animal of Africa, somewhat resembling an ass, 
but larger, and beautifully striped : zebra- wood, the 
wood of a tree of Brazil and Rio Janeiro, of an orange 



for its long pendulous ears, aud a fatty excrescence or 
hump on its shoulders. 

zein, n. ze'ln (F. zeine— from L. zea; Gr. zeia, a 
species of grain), the gluten of maize, a substance of 
a yellowish colour. 

zemindar, n. z6m'in-ddr' (Pers.— from zemin, land, 
and dar, holding), in India, a feudatory or landholder 
under Government : zem'indary, n. -dd-ri, the juris- 
diction or district of a zemindar. 

zenana, n. ze-nd'-nd (Pers. zenanah, belonging to the 
women— from zen, a woman), the apartments in Eastern 
houses set apart for the use of the women in a family. 



Zend, n. zSnd, the anc. Persian tongue— the language 
in which the Avesta is written : Zend-Avesta, z&nd'-d- 
ves'td, the sacred book or scriptures of the anc. Pers. 
religion ; properly the Avesta or sacred text, and the 
Zend or translation into a more intelligible language. 

zenith, n. zSn'ith (a probable corruption of Ar. 
semt, quarter, region: Ar. semt-cr-rds ; Turk, semt- 
i-resst, the head region, the zenith), the top of the 
heavens; the point in the heavens directly over a 
spectator's head— the nadir being the point directly 
opposite, or that under a spectator's feet ; the highest 
or culminating point of any subject referred to: 
zenith-distance, the distance of a heavenly body from 
the zenith. 

zeolite, n. zi'-o-Vlt (Gr. zeo, I boil or bubble tip, and 
lithos, a stone), an extensive family of minerals, so 
called from their frothing or intumescing into a 
whitish spongy enamel under the blow-pipe : ze'olit'- 
ic, a. -Itt'ik, pert, to or resembling zeolite. 

zephyr, n. zif'-er, also zeph'yrus, n. -us (L. zephy- 
rus; Gr. zephuros, the western breeze— from Gr. 
zophos, the dark side, west : F. ziphir), the west wind ; 
any soft, mild, gentle breeze. 

zero, n. ze'ro (Ar. zar 1 or zaro, a seed, a dot, the 
Arabic marking it by a dot and not by a circle : It. zero, 
zero, naught), the neutral point between any ascend- 
ing and descending scale or series, generally repre- 
sented by the mark o; the extreme point of depressi- 
on ; naught ; nothing ; the point of a graduated instr. 
at which its scale commences. 

zest, n. zist (F. zest, the inner skin of a walnut), 
taste added ; relish ; flavour : v. to heighten the taste 
or relish of: zesting, imp.: zest'ed, pp. 

zeuglodon, n. zu'glo-don (Gr. zeugle, a yoke, and 
odous, a tooth— gen. odontos), a fossil mammal of the 
whale kind of great size. 

zigzag, a. zlg'zdg (an attempt to represent the thing 
signified by the voice: Ger. zik-zack: F. zigzag: Pol. 
zygzag), representing sharp movements abruptly 
checked ; having short sharp turns or angles : n. some- 
thing that has short turns or angles, as a line, the 
stem of a plant, &c; plu. in mil., in the attack of a 
fortified place, trenches formed from the parallels 
and connecting them : v. to form into short turns or 
angles: zig'zagging, imp.: zig'zagged, pp. -zdgd. 

zinc, n. zingk (F. zinc; Ger., Sw., and Dan. zink, 
zinc— from Ger. zinn, tin), a light metal of a bluish- 



m&te, mdt.fdr, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, mtve; 



ZION 



741 



white eolcmr, harder than lead, and much used as a 
substitute for it in the arts, in architecture, &c, in 
the form of plates, rolled sheets, and leaves ; alloyed 
with copper it forms the well-known compound brass ; 
spelter : v. to coat or cover with zinc : zinc'king, imp. 
-king : n. process by which iron is coated with zinc : 
zincked, pp. zingkt : adj. coated with zinc: zinc- 

■._.--:. .... ■;!. L ,j ilieeV 

and plate zinc, such as rain-pipes, water-runs, and 
roof-ridges : zincode, n. zlng'kod {zinc, and Gr. eidos, 
resemblance), the positive pole of a galvanic battery: 
zin'coid, a. -kdyd (Gr. eidos), like zinc ; a term applied 
to the zincous plate in connection with a copper plate 
in a voltaic circle, and denoting the positive pole: 
zin'cous, a, -Ms, of or pert, to zinc ; pert, to the posi- 
tive pole of a galvanic battery: zincky, a. -ki, 
pert, to or resembling zinc: zinckiferous, a. zing- 
kif'-er-us (L. fero, I bear), containing or yielding 
zinc : zinckite, n. zlngk'lt, a native oxide of zinc : 
zincography, n. zing-kog'-ra-fl (zinc, and Gr. grapho, 
I write), the art of drawing upon and printing from 
plates of zinc : zincog'rapher, n. -fer, an engraver on 
zinc-plates: zincous element, the basic or positive 
element of a binary compound : zinco-polar, a. zlnk'-o-, 
in voltaism, a term applied to the surface of the zinc 
presented to the acid, which has zincous affinity: 
zinc-white, a white powder from zinc, used as a pig- 
ment in the place of white-lead. 

Zion, n. zi'-on, a hill in Jerusalem which was the 
royal residence of King David and his successors ; the 
Church of God. 

zircon, n. zer'kon (Cingalese word: Ar. zarkon, a 

Erecious stone: F. zircon), one of the gems; a 
eavy, hard, sparkling mineral, more or less trans- 
parent, found colourless and of various colours— 
when colourless they are often sold as diamonds, 
when red they are called hyacinths : zirconia, n. zer- 
ko'-ni-d, a white tasteless earth obtained from zircon : 
zirco'nium, n. -nl-um, the metallic basis of zirconia 
obtained in the form of a black powder : zirconite, n. 
zer'-kd-nlt, a name applied to the greyish or reddish- 
brown and nearly opaque varieties of zircon. 

zodiac, n. zo'dl-ak (Gr. zodiakos, the zodiac— from 
zodion, a little animal, because the signs of the zodiac 
are represented principally by the figures of animals : 
F. zodiaque), a broad belt in the heavens, within 
which the apparent motions of the sun, moon, and 
the most conspicuous of the planets, being those 
known to the ancients, are confined— divided into 
twelve parts, called sighs of the zodiac : zodiacal, a. 
zo-di'-d-kdl, relating to the zodiac : zodiacal light, a 
luminous track of an elongated triangular figure, 
lying nearly in the ecliptic, seen only in the evening 
after twilight, and in the morning before dawn. 

Zohar, n. zo'-hdr (Heb. zohar, splendour), a Jewish 
hook of cabalistic commentaries on Scripture. 

zoisite, n. zuii'-sit (named after Baron von Zois), a 
certain variety of augite spar of a yellowish or light- 
grey colour. 

Zollverein, n. zol'fer-ln (Ger. zoll, duty, and verein, 
union, coalition), an agreement or union among the 
German states for commercial purposes. 

zone, n. z6n (L. zona ; Gr. zone, a belt or girdle : It. 
zona: F. zone), a circular belt or girdle; one of the 
five great divisions of the earth with respect to lati- 
tude and temperature, marked out by the two tropics 
and the polar circles, and respectively named the 
torrid zone, north temperate zone, south temperate 
zone, north frigid zone, and south frigid zone; in 
math., the portion of the surface of a sphere included 
between two parallel planes ; a band or stripe running 
roimd any object ; a band or area encircling anything ; 
circumference : zoned, a. zdnd, having zones or con- 
centric bands: zone'less, a. -Us, destitute of a zone: 
zonnar, n. zon'ner, or zonar, n. zo'ner, a girdle which 
Christians and Jews are obliged to wear in certain 
Eastern countries to distinguish them from Moham- 
medans : zon'ule, n. zon'-ul, a small zone or girdle. 

zoography, n. zo-og'-rd-fl (Gr. zoon, an animal, and 
grapho, I write), a description of animals, with their 
forms and habits. 

zooid, n. zo'-dyd (Gr. zoon, an animal, and eidos, re- 
semblance), a term used to denote organic bodies, 
sometimes free and locomotive, which may resemble 
but are not animals. 

zoolatry, n. zO-ol'd-tri (Gr. zoon, an animal, and 
litreia, worship), animal-worship. 

zoology, n. zd-ol'o-ji (Gr. zoon, an animal, and logos, 

a discourse), that branch of natural history which 

cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, 



treats of the structure, habits, classification, &c, of 
all animals; ch j 1 lu-iory of quadrupeds: zo- 
ological, a. zo'-o-loj'-l-kdl, of or relating to zoology: 
zoologically, ad. -II: zoologist, n. -jist, one versed 
in the natural history of animals. 

zoonomy, n. zoon'o-ml (Gr. zoon, an animal, and 
nomos, a law), the science which treats of the laws of 
organic life in animals. 

zoophagous, a. zo-of'-d-gus (Gr. zoon, an animal, and 
phago, I eat), feeding or preying on other animals : 
zooph'agan, a. -gdn, applied to animals that feed on 
animal food. 

zoophyte, n. zo'd-fit (Gr. zoon, an animal, and 
phuton, a plant), a body resembling an animal and a 
vegetable, and formerly supposed to partake of the 
nature of both : zo'ophyt'ic, a. -fit'ik, pert, to or com- 
posed of zoophytes: zoophytology, n. zo'o-j'htol'OJi 
(zoophyte, and Gr. logos, a discourse), the department 
of natural histi i ^ liicli treats he s i 
of growth, habits, &c., of plant -like substances, as 
sponges, corals, &c. 

zoospores, n. zo'o-spOrz (Gr. zoon, an animal, and 
spora, seed), a name give^n to the active spores of cer- 
tain algae or sea-weeds, which are apparently endowed 
with voluntary motion. 

zootomy, n. zo-ot'-o-ml (Gr. zoon, an animal, and 
temno, I cut), the branch of anatomical science which 
relates to the structure of animals in general : zootom- 
ical, a. zo'-o-tom'-i-kdl, pert, to zootomy: zootomist, 
n. zo-dt'0-mist, one who dissects the bodies of the lower 
animals. 

Zoroaster, n. zor'O-ds'ter, the great legislator and 
prophet of the anc. Bactrians, whose system of religi- 
on was the hatio i is embodied in 
the Zend-Avesta: Zor'oas'trian, a. -tri-dn, pert, to 
Zoroaster or his religious system. 

zostera, n. zos'-ter-d (L. zoster, a kind of sea-weed), 
a genus of water or sea plants: zos'terites, n. plu. 
•Itz, in geol., a genus of plants found in the Wealden 
or Lower Greensand formations— so called from their 
resemblance to the zostera marina or sea-wrack. 

zouave, n. zwdv (F.), one of a celebrated body of 
French infantry, chiefly raised in Africa : z6'-dv, a kind 
of jacket. 

zounds, int. zoTvnds (contr. of God's wounds), an 
old form of oath, expres > wonder. 

zumbooruk, n. zum-bd'ruk, in the East, a small 
swivel-gun carried on the back of a camel, from which 
it is fired. 

zumology— see zymology. 

zundererz, n. zun'der-irz (Ger.), tinder-ore; an ore 
of antimony occurring in soft, flexible, tinder-like 
masses, of a blackish-red colour. 

zygomatic, a. zig'-o-mdt'ik (Gr. zugoun, to yoke to- 
gether ; zugon, a yoke), pert, to the zygoma, zl-go'md, 
a bony arch at the upper part of the side of the face ; 
pert, to the cheek-bone. 

zymology, n. zi-nwl'6-ji (Gr. zume, leaven, ferment, 
and logos, discourse), the doctrine of fermentation : 
zymom'eter, n. -e-ter, also zymosimeter, n. zl'-mo- 
slm'-S-ter (Gr. zumosis, fermentation, and metron, a 
measure), an instr. for ascertaining the degree of fer- 
mentation that has taken place in different fermenting 
liquids. 

zymosis, n. zl-mo'-sis (Gr. zumosis, fermentation; 
zumotos, fermented— from zumob, I cause to ferment), 
in med., a morbid action, as of the blood, supposed to 
be caused by fermentation: zymotic, a. zi-mot'ik, 
pert, to or caused by fermentation : zygotic diseases, 
that large class of contagious diseases supposed to be 
caused by the reception into the system of a virus or 
poisonous principle, which acts like a ferment when 
diffused through the body ; a term now used to desig- 
nate the entire class of epidemic, endemic, and conta- 
gious diseases. 

&, &nd (a ligature combining e and t of the L. et, 
and ; originally thus, &•), a character sometimes found 
as the last letter in some printed English alphabets, 
but very improperly, being a mere arbitrary sign ; 
frequently used as a contraction for and, but generally 
in the phrases &c, & Co. ; &c, a contr. of the L. phrase 
et caetera, et sSt'er-d, and so pronounced, meaning 
" and the rest," "and all others": &c. means two or 
more things additional; its repetition, though com- 
monly used to indicate that one or more additional 
could be mentioned, is therefore scarcely proper: 
& Co., a contr. for "and company," and so pro- 



nounced. 
game, jog, shun, thing, (here, zeal. 



742 



SUPPLEMENT. 



Note. — This Supplement contains many additional Words, a considerable number of which 
are not to be found in any other Dictionary. Several emendations referring to the 
body of the Work, and new explanatory matter, have also been inserted, a reference 
in every case being made to the entry corrected or further explained. On words 
requiring two accents, the strong is marked ("), and the weak ( : ), in the Supplement 
only, and in the Proper Names. 



life, and genesis, origin, source), the production of 
life from inorganic matter. 

abysmal, a. a-his'-miU, port, to the greatest depths 
—see abyss. 

actinism, n. dk'ttn-izm (Gr. aktin, a ray), the 
chemical power of light, as the sun's rays in photog- 
raphy: actinic, a. -ik, pert. to. 

actinozoa, n. plu. dk-tin-o-zd'-'d, ac'tinozo"on, n. 
sing. (Gr. aktin, a ray ; zoon, an animal), that division 
of coelenterata, of which the sea-anemones and corals 
may be taken as the type. 

adscititious, a. dd'sl-tlsh'-'us (L. adscisitum, to 
receive as true— from ad, and scio, I know), added; 
assumed; taken as supplemental: ad scititi'ously, 
ad. -IX. 

adven'ture, n. (old F. advenir, to happen, andcroew- 
ture, a chance, an accident, which passed into old 
Ern?. in the form of aunter)—see Diet. 

Afghan, n. df'-gdn, a native or inhabitant of 
Afghanistan: adj. pert. to. 

agamic, a. d-gdm'ik (Gr. a, without; gamos, mar- 
riage.), applied to all forms of reproduction in which 
the sexes are not, directly concerned. 

alborak, n. ol-bo'-rak (Ar. id, and boraka, to shine, 
to flash), the white mule on which Mohammed is said 
to have rode inhis journey from Jerusalem to heaven. 

Aldebaran, n. dl-ddb-d-rdn (Ar. al-dabaran, the 
following— from dabara, to follow), a star of the first 
magnitude in the eye of Taurus— so called because 
it follows upon the Pleiads. 

allophylian, a. M'-lo-ftl'-'i-dn (Gr. alios, another; 
phule, a race, a tribe), a term employed to designate 
a primitive race or language existing among other 
races of the same stock, as the Basque (race and 
language) in the Spanish and i''n-,, iir,u 

altazimuth, n. dlt-dz'i-rnuth (L. altus, high; and 
azimuth), an instr. for taking azimuths and altitudes 
simultaneously— the form most generally used being 
that called the theodolite— -see azimuth. 

alve'oli, n. plu. -li, any sockets or channels; the 
sockets of the teeth— see alveary. 

amoeba, n. dm-e-bd (Gr. amoibe, a change, alterna- 
tion), an animalcule— so called from the numerous 
changes of form into which it can throw itself: 
amoe'bae, n. plu. -be : amoe'biform, a. -bl-fawrm, 
resembling an amoeba in form. 

amphicoelous, a. am'/i-se'-'lus, also am'phicce'lian, 
a. -se'-'U-dn (Gr. amphikoilos, hollowed all round— 
from amphi, both ; koilos, hollow), applied to verte- 
brae which are concave at both ends. 

anarthropoda, n. dn'-dr-throp'-'o-dd (Gr. a, with- 
out ; arthron, a joint ; podes, feet), that division of 
annulose animals in which there are no jointed ap- 
pendages or limbs, as worms, leeches, &c. 

anbury, n. dn'bur-l (AS. ampre, a crooked swelling 
vein), a soft tumour; a warty sore on the bulbs of 
turnips discharging ichor : also am'bury. 

aniline, n. dn'i-lin (Ar. annil or cd-nil, the indigo 
plant), a substance obtained from indigo, and certain 
other organic substances— used in the preparation of 
mauve and magenta dyes, for which it is obtained 
from benzole, one of the constituents of coal-tar: 
anil, n. dn'il, one of the plants yielding indigo.- 

animism, n. dn'lm-izm (L. anima, life, soul), the 
doctrine of souls and other spiritual beings. 

Ante-Nicene, a. dn'te-ni'scn (L. mdr, before ; Mecca, 
Nice, a city of Asia Miner, at which the settlement 
of the Christian confession of faith was begun by a 
general council held there, A.D. 325), anterior to the 
first council of Nice. 



antennules, n. plu. dn-tSn'u-lez, applied to the 
smaller pair of antennae or feelers in the Crustacea— 
see antennae. 

antherozoides, n. plu. dn'ther-o-zdy'-'dez (antlier, 
and Gr. zoe, life, eidos, resemblance), the movable, 
impregnating corpuscles of the algae, mosses and 
ferns. 

aphasia, n. d-fd'zhi-d (Gr. aphasia, inability to 
speak from amazement or fear — from a, not, and 
phao, I speak), in wted.,loss of the cerebral faculty of 
speech; loss of the memory of words. 

apoda, n. plu. dp'-odd, applied to those fishes 
which have no ventral fins— see apodal. 

aposteme, n. dp'-6s-ttm (L. and Gr. apostema, an 
abscess), a swelling filled with purulent matter ; an 
abscess. 

arachnida, n. plu. d-rdk'ni-dd, also ar'achnid"- 
ians, -nid'.'i-daz (Gr. unuluic, a, spider: see idae, 
postfix), a class of articulata, comprising spiders, 
mites, and scorpions. 

argentina, n. dr'jin-tl'-'nd (L. argentum, silver), a 
genus of abdominal fishes belonging to the salmon 
family— so called from the silvery appearance of 
their scales. 

arles, n. plu. dr'lz or dr'-lz (Scot.), in Scot., a piece 
of money given for confirming a bargain, as in hiring 
a servant ; earnest-money : arle, v. dr'l, to give a 
piece of money to confirm a bargain : arling, imp. 
dr'ling: arled, pp. ar'ld, hired by receiving arles. 

artiodactyla, n. plu. ar'tl-o-duk'-'tl-lA (Gr. artios, 
even ; daktulos, a toe), a division of the hoofed 
quadrupeds in which each foot has an even number 
of toes, as two or four. 

Aryan, a. a'rl-dn or dr'i-dn (Sans, arya, one who 
ploughs or tills), a name applied to the Indo-European 
family of languages, which include Sans., the various 
dialects of India, Celtic, Latin, Greek, the Romance 
languages, German, Dutch, Danish, and English. 

asexual, a. d-sSks'u-dl (Gr. a, without ; and sexual), 
having no distinct sex ; applied to modes of repro- 
duction in which the sexes are not concerned. 

ashera, n. dsh'er-d (Heb.), the word translated 
"grove" in the Old Test. Scriptures, but it was 
only a pole of wood or the stem of a tree set upright 
on a circular altar as an object of worship— see 
phallus in Supp. 

asperges, n. ds'per-jez, same asaspergill, which see. 

assafoetida— see asafoetida. 

astrolatry, n. ds-trol'd-tri (Gr. astron, a star; 
latreia, worship), the worship of celestial bodies. 

atavism, n. dt'd-vizm (L. atavus, an ancestor— 
from avus, a grandfather), the disappearance of any 
peculiarity or disease of a family, during one genera- 
tion, succeeded by its reappearance in another. 

attorn, v. dt-tern' (old F. attorner, to direct, to 
prepare— from L. ad; old F. torner; mid. L. tornare, 
to turn), in feudal law, to transfer homage and service 



ago. 

aumbry, n. awm'-bri, and aumry, n. awm'ri, other 
spelling* of ambry, which see. 

aurochs, n. plu. aw'-roks (Ger. aurochs; L. urus ; 
Gr. ouros, a wild bull), the bison or wild ox of Poland. 

autophagi, n. plu. aw-tof'd-jl (Gr. autos, self; 
phago, I eat), birds whose young can run about and 
obtain food for themselves as soon as they escape 
from the egg. 

aves, n. plu. i lass of birds. 

avizandum, n. dv-i-zdn'-'dtim (mid. L. advisare; It. 



te, milt, far, Icuiv; mete, mSt, her; pine, yln; note, ndt, m6ve; 



743 



CHAR 



re, to pay attention, to look at: L. ad, and 
visum, to see), in Scots law, consideration, as in the 
phrase "to take to avizandum," that is, "to take 
into consideration." 

awanting, imp. or a. d-wdnt'ing (AS. a, intensive; 
and wanting), denoting absence ; missing. 

ayah, n. d'yd (Sp. aya, a governess), the name 
given in India to a native female nurse or waiting- 
maid. 

Aztec, a. n. dz'tek, one of the Aztecs, an early race 
of Mexico, inii rating it* great plateaux at the time 
of the Spanish invasion, and far advanced in the arts 
and civilisation. 

bacterium, n. bdk-te'rl-um (Gr. bakterion, a staff), 
a staff-shaped filament which appears in organic 
infusions after they have been exposed to the air. 

badian, n. bd'dl-dn (an Indian name), aromatic 
capsules or seeds much used in the East for flavour- 
ing food. 

baleen, n. laden' <L. 7. < 7 .- ,, a whale), the horny 
plates which occupy the palate of the true or whale- 
bone whales. 

Basque, n. bask (F.), the language spoken in the 
departments of the Pyrenees, in France ; also in Nav- 
arre. Biscaya, Ouipuzeoa, and Alava, in Spain. 

battery, n. bdt'ter-l, in law, the violent beating of 
a man— see batter. 

befoul, v. be-fowl' {be, and foul), to make foul; to 
soil; to entangle; to run against or amongst: be- 
fouling, imp. : befouled, pp. -fdivld'. 

beka, n. be'-kd (Heb. beka', half-part) in Bible, a 
half-shekel. 

belemnitidae, n: plu. lel'-Sm-nit'-'l-de, an extinct 
group of dibranchiate or shell-less cephalopods, com- 
prising the belemnites and their allies— see belem- 
nite. 

Berber, n. a. ber'-ber, a name used to designate the 
Semitic language formerly spoken in Northern Africa 
or Barbary— now pushed back, with its various dia- 
lects, towards the interior. 

bernouse, n. bef-nos, another spelling of burnoose 
—see Diet. 

bezants, n. plu. be-zunts' or bez'dnts (from Byzan- 
tine, which see), gold coins; circles in gold repre- 
senting these coins. 

bezique, n. bd-zek' (F.), a French card-game. 

bicycle, n. bl-slk'l (L. bis, twice : F. cycle ; Gr. 
kuklos, a circle), a sort of carriage consisting of two 
wheels, one before the other, and connected by a 
beam, which a single person, when seated astride on 
it, can propel with great rapidity with his feet: 
tricycle, n. tri-sik'l (L. tris, three, and cycle), a simi- 
lar carriage having two Avheels behind, and one in 



genesis, origin, source), a term employed to express 
the mode by which new species of animal life have 
been produced. 

bioplasm, n. bl'-o-pldzm (Gr. bios, life, and plasma, 
what has been formed, a model), the physical bases 
of life; the material through which every form of 
life manifests itself: also protoplasm, which see. 

Bise, n. bez (F.), a cold north wind which prevails 
on the northern coasts of the Mediterranean— see 
mistral ; the cold mountain wind of the Alps. 

bismillah! bls-mil'ld (Ar. In the name of God), an 
exclamation common among the Mohammedans. 

black and blue, the dark colour of a bruise in the 
flesh : a black sheep, in a family, one guilty of loose 
conduct and unlike the rest : black and white, in 
writing— that is, in black ink on white paper: see 
black. 

block-system, any railway, divided into sections of 
3 or 4 miles, generally between stations, having at 
the end of each a signal and a connection with the 
electric telegraph, so worked that no train is allowed 
to pass into any one section till it is wholly clear ; 
thus between two successive trains there is not 
merely an interval of time, but an absolute interval 
of space. 

boer, n. bd'er (Dut.), a countryman or farmer; a 
Dutch landed proprietor of South Africa. 

bogus, a. n. bo'gus (Amer. slang); anything counter- 
feit; spurious. 

Bosjesman, n. bos'jes-mdn, the Dutch equivalent 
of Bushman, or wild man of the woods— a name ap- 
plied to one of the tribes of South Africa, low in 
the scale of civilisation. 

cow, boy, foot; pure, biid; chair, 



bradypodidae, n. plu. brdd'i-pdd'-'i-dS (Gr. bradus, 
slow ; podes, feet), the i i ba comprising 

the sloths : brad'ypus, n. -pits, the sloth. 

branchiate, a: brdng'ki-at, possessing gills or 
branchiae: branchifera, n. plu. bramg-kif'-cr-d (Gr. 
phero, I carry), a di\ isi ions molluscs 

in which the respirai. ion is aquatic, and the respira- 
tory organs are mostly in the form of distinct gills- 
see branchiae. 

breaker, n. a small cask for water— used in boats 
as ballast, and to meet emergencies— see Diet. 

bressummer, n. bres'sum-mer (breast, and sum- 
ner: see summer 2), a beam of wood or iron 
introduced in the external walls of a building to 
carry the weight of an upper structure— used princi- 
pally over shop-windows. 

Breton, n. brit'un, pert, to Brittany or Bretagne, in 
France. 

brown study (Gael, bruad, to dream), perhaps only 
, corruption of brooding study. 

bursiform, a. bers'l-fawrm (L. bursa, a purse; 
forma, shape), shaped like a purse ; sub-spherical. 

byssiferous, a. bis-sif'-er-us (byssus, and L. fero, 
I bear or carry), producing a byssus— see byssus. 

cacaine, n. kd-ka'in (see cacao and cocoa), the 

essential principle of cacao. 

cadre, n. kd'dr (F. cadre, a frame), a skeleton ; a 
body wanting bone and sinew to make it effective; 
in mil., the frame or skeleton of a regiment, as after 
the Indian mutiny when the Sepoys of certain regi- 
ments mutinied, the officers remaining were styled 
the cadres of them. 

caducibranchiate, a. kd-du'sl-brang"-ki-dt (L. ca- 
ducus, falling off, and branchiate), applied to those 
amphibians in which the gills fall off before maturity 
is reached. 

callus, n. kal'liis, (see callous), hardened skin ; the 
hard deposit on the fracture of a bone ; in hort., the 



campanile, n. kdm'pd-nil or Mm'pd-ne'ld. (It. 

campanile— ixora. mid. L. campana, a bell), a bell- 
tower, usually separated from the church ; the upper 
part of a cupola. 

cantalever, n. kdn 'td-lSv-'er, also can'tilev"er (cant, 
an angle, and lever, the supporter of a roof-timber), 
in arch., a projecting block or bracket for supporting, 
as under a balcony, or the eave of a house. 

carafe, n. kd-rdf(F. carafe; It. caraffa, adecanter), 
a glass water-bottle or decanter for the table or toilet. 

carinatae, n. plu. kdr'i-nd'-'te, applied to those birds 
in which the sternum is furnished with a median 
ridge or keel— see carinate. 

carney, n. kur'ni (L. curuosus, fleshy,— from caro, 
flesh— gen. carnis), a disease among horses, in which 
the mouth is so furred they cannot eat; (slang) soft 
hypocritical talk: v. to wheedle; to insinuate one's 
self: car'neying, imp.: adj. wheedling; fawning: 
carneyed, pp. -nid. 

carpus, n. kdr'pus (Gr. karpos, the wrist), the small 
bones forming the wrist, consisting of eight small 
bones arranged in two rows. 

cartography— see chartography in Supp. 

catafalque, n. kdt'd-fdlk (F. catafalque; It. cata- 
falco, a funeral decoration), in funeral solemnities, a 
temporary wooden structure decorated with paint- 
ings, &c, to represent a tomb, and show the coffin. 

Catalan, n. kdt'd-ldn, the language spoken in Cata- 
lonia and Valencia, in Spain: adj. of or from Cata- 
lonia 

catchment, n. kdch'ment, in engin., a space of 
ground where water may be caught and retained for 
use: catching-drains, drains across a declivity to 
intercept surface water. 

cavicornia, n. plu. kav'-i-kor'-'nl-d, also cav'icorns, 
-kawrnz (L. cavus, hollow ; cornu, a horn), the hollow- 
horned ruminants, in which the horn consists of a 
central bony horn-core, surrounded by a horny sheath, 
as in the ox. 

celebre, a. sS-lSb'r {¥.), celebrated; famous. 

cephalaspidae, n. plu. sef'-d-lds-'pi-de—see cepha- 
laspis. 

cere, n. ser (L. cera; old F. cere, wax), the naked 
space found at the base of the bill of some birds. 

chalet, n. shd-la' or shal'd (F.), a summer hut on a 
mountain. 

charge and discharge, in a financial statement, as 
by the cashier of a corporation, charge is a brief 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



CHAR 

view of all the particulars of income, and discharge, 
a brief view of all the particulars of expenditure, 
compared and balanced. 

chartography, n. chdr-tog'-rd-fi (Gr. chartes, L. 
charta, a leaf of paper ; Gr. grapho, I write), the art 
of constructing maps or charts. 

Charybdis, n. kd-rib'dls—see Scylla. 

chasuble, n. chdz'u-bl, also chesible and ches'able 
(F. chasuble; old F. casule), the upper or last vest- 
ment put on by the priest before celebrating mass, 
nearly circular in form. 

chenille, n. sM-nSV (F. a caterpillar), a soft loose 
cord of silk or worsted. 

chignon, n. slun-yong' or shi-nong' (F. the nape of 
the neck), a mass of dressed false hair attached to 
the back of the head — often forming part of a 
woman's head-dress. 

chimaeridae, n. plu. ki-mf-'rl-dc (Gr. Chi-muira, the 
Chimaera, a fabulous animal that spouted (ire), a 
family of cartilaginous fishes having the head fur- 
nished with appendages and the tail terminating in 
a point— also called "king of the herrings:" chimae- 
roid, a. kl-mc' royd (Gr. < idos, appearance), relating 
to the chimaeridae, or like them. 

chlamyphore, n. klum'i-fur, also chlamyphorus, 
n. klum-lf'or-us (Gr. c/Uii in n::, an, at; phero, I carry), 
a small species of armadillo of S. Amer.— so called 
from its being covered with a scaly or bony coat of 
mail. 

chromosphere, n. kro'mo-s/er (Gr. chroma, colour; 
sphaira, a sphere), the outer chmdy envelope around 
the sun through which the light of the photosphere 
must pass. 

chronograph, n. kron'o-grtif (Gr. chronos, time ; 
grapho, I write), same as chronogram ; an astronom- 
ical instr. for noting the exact moment of the occur- 
rence of a celestial phenomenon. 

chryselephantine, a. kris'n '■c-fdn'-i 'In (Gr. chrusos, 
gold; elephas, ivory), made of gold and ivory. 

coach, v. km ■/< .(familiar slang), to prepare for an 
examination by cramming: n. a special tutor who 
assists in preparing for examinations: coaching, 
imp.: n. the cramming for an examination: coached, 
pp. kbcht. 

cob, n. kob, a building composition of clay and 
gravel, or clay and chopped straw— see cob in Diet. 

coccoliths, n. plu. AW, , ',//,, .<■,/./,,,. . i :. ■ . . _, 

lithos, stone), minute oval or rounded bodies, either 
free or attached to the surface of coccospheres. 

coccospheres, n. plu. kok'-ko-sferz (Gr. kokkos, a 
berry; sphaira, a sphere), spherical masses of sar- 
code, enclosed in a delicate calcareous envelope, and 
bearing coccoliths upon their external surface— both 
coccospheres and coccoliths are regarded as lowly 
forms of life. 

coccyx, n. kdk'siks (L. coccyx ; Gr. kokkux, a cuckoo), 
the terminal portion of the spinal column in man, so 
called from its resemblance to a cuckoo's beak : coc- 
cygeal, a. kok-sij'6-dl, connected with the coccyx. 

cochlea, n. kok'-U-d (L. cochlea, the shell of a snail), 
the spiral cavity of the internal ear. 

codilla, n. ko-dil'ld (L. cauda, a tail), the coarse 
part of flax or hemp, called tow, sorted out by itself. 

coelenterata, n. plu. se'lSn-ter'-d-td (Gr. koilos, hol- 
low, concave ; enteron, the bowel), those animals in 
which a large internal cavity is constantly present, 
and whose body-substance resolves itself into two 
foundation membranes or layers; used in place of 
radiata. 

coigne, n. kdyn (Scot, coynye ; F. coin, a corner), a 
corner; a corner stone; a jutting angle; a wedge- 
see quoin. 

coll or col, n. kol (L. collis, a hill), in geog., a rising 
neck of land separating two valleys. 

colloid, n. a. kol-loyd' (Gr. kolla, glue ; eidos, resem- 
blance), resembling glue or jelly; in chem., applied 
to uncrystallisable liquids ; in geol., applied to partly 
amorphous minerals— see collodion. 

colostrum, n. ko-los'trum (L.), the first milk of ani- 
mals after delivery ; a mixture of turpentine and the 
yolk of an egg. 

concha, n. kong'kd (L. a shell), the external ear by 
which sounds are collected and transmitted to the in- 
ternal ear. 

condone, v. kon-dOn' (L. condono, I pardon— from 



744 



DIPS 



donation, n. kdn'dO-na'-'shun, the act of pardoning ; 

forgiveness, expressed or implied, on the pail, of the 

hnshand or wife, for a violation of the marriage-vow. 

conductivity, n. -tiv'-'i-ti, the power or quality 

Of conducting or giving passage to - see conduct. 

consensual, a. kdn-s6u'-sho'o-ai (con, and L. sensum, 
to discern by the senses), in phys., a term applied to 
movements, contrary to, or independent of, the will, 
which arise from previous contrary movements, as 
in the contraction of the iris when the eye is volun- 
tarily directed upwards ; excited or caused by sensa- 
tion: consensus, n. kon-sen'-siis (L. consensus, agree- 
ment), unanimity ; agreement; concord— see consent. 

contango, n. kon-tdng'gO (a probable corruption of 
contingent: Sp. contunte, ready money ; It. contaute, 
counting or reckoning), a sum of money paid for ac- 
commodating a buyer or seller by carrying an en- 
gagement to pay money or deliver shares over to 
next account-day— a Stock Exchange term. 

corallum, n. kd-rdl'lum (L. coralium, red coral : It. 
cor alio), the hard structures deposited in, or by, the 
tissues of an actinozoon— commonly called coral: 
corallite, kor't'il-Ut (Gr. lithos, a stone), the corallum 
or coral secreted by an actinozoon, which consists of 
a single polype ; a mineral substance in the form of 
coral: cor'allig"enous, a. -lif'-c-nns (L. geno, I pro- 
duce), producing a corallum or coral. 

corral, n. kor-rdl' (Sp.), an enclosure for cattle; a 
kraai. 

cotter, n. kdt'ter (a probable corruption of cutter), 
a wedge-shaped pieee of wood or other material em- 
ployed to fasten the parts of a structure ; a key— see 
gib. 

cryptogams, n. plu. krlp'tO-gdmz, or cryptogamia, 
which see. 

crystallomancy, n. kris'-ldl-lo-nmn'-sl (Or. krustal- 
los, rock-crystui ; mantt ia, divination), an early sort 
of divination by means of translucent stones. 

cult, n. kult, also cultus, n. kul'tus (L. cultus, wor- 
ship), a particular form of worship or religious be- 
lief. 

curtilage, n. Mr'tll-aj (old F. courtilage — from 
courtil, a courtyard), a house with its stables arid 
farm-buildings surrounded by a piece of ground, the 
whole being included within the same fence ; a house 
and homestead. 

cutis, n. ku'-tis (L. skin), the inferior vascular layer 
of the integument, often called the cutis vera, the 
corium, the derma, or the true skin, in contradistinc- 
tion to the cuticle or outer skin. 

Cymry, n. kim'ri, the Welsh : Cym'ric, a. n. -rlk, 
one of the Celtic family i La iguagi called Welsh. 

cystoidea, n. plu. sls-toy'dc-d (Gr. eidos, appear- 
ance)— see cystideae under cyst. 

czarevna, n. zdr-iv'-nd, the wife or consort of the 
czarowitch. 

dagoba, n. ddg'0-bd, in the East, a hemispherical 
dome of earth or stone with a small square erection 
on its top called a tee. 

dalmatic, n. ddl-mdt'lk, also dalmat'ica, n. -l-Jtit 
(said to be a dress originally worn in Dalmatia), in 
eccles., a long white gown. 

daltonism, n. ddl'-ton-lzm (after the chemist Dalton, 
who was so affected), colour blindness— see colour. 

defervescence, n. dif-fer-v&s'-' sens (L. clefervesco, I 
cool down— from de, and ferveo, I am hot), cessa- 
tion of ebullition ; the act or state of growing cool ; 
loss of heat. 

desmidiae, n. plu. dSs-mid'i-e (Gr. desmos, a chain ; 
eidos, appearance), minute fresh-water plants, of a 
green^colour, without a silicious epidermis : desmid'- 
lan, n. -i-dn, one of the desmidiae. 

diastema, n. dl'ds-te-'md (Gr. diastema, an inter- 
val), a gap or interval, especially between teeth : di' 
astern, n. -tern, in ancient music, a simple interval. 

dibranchiate, n. .dl-brdng'kl-at (Gr. dis, twice; 
brangchia, gills), one of an order of cephalopods, in- 
cluding the cuttle-fish, in which two gills are pres- 
ent : diT>ranchia"ta, n. plu. -ki-a'-'td, the order. 

dimyary, n. dim'-l-dr-l (Gr. dis, twice; muon, a 
muscle), a bivalve mollusc, in which the shell i3 
closed by two adductor muscles. 

dingey, n. dtn'ji (Bengali), the ship's smallest boat, 
rowed by two men. 

diphyodont, n. dl/'i-d-dont (Gr. dis, twice; phuo, 
I generate ; odontes, teeth), one of those mammals 
which have two sets of teeth. 

dipsomania, n. dlp'-so-ma'-'nl-d (Gr. dipsa, thirst; 



mate, mid, f Cir, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, nOt, mdve; 



DISA 



745 



mania, madness), a diseased state inducing a propen- 
sity to drunkenness : dip'soma"niac, n. -nl-dk, one 
who has an irresistible propensity to drunkenness. 

disafforest, n. dis'df-for'-'est (dis, and afforest), to 
reduce from the state and privileges of a forest and 
make common ground. 

discophora, n. plu. dis-kof-or-d (Gr. diskos, a quoit ; 
phero, I carry), the meduste or jelly-fish, so called 
from their form ; an order of leeches which possess 
suctorial discs. 

distal, a. dis'tdl (a probable corruption of distant), 
remote from the place of attachment, as the distal 
extremity of a bone— the opposite extremity being 
the end by which the organism is fixed, when at- 
tached at all. 

doab, n. do'db or dob, a building composed of clay 
and straw— see cob. 

Donatism, n. do'-nd-tlzm (from Donatus, their lead- 
er), the principles of an African sect of schismatics in 
the beginning of the 4th century who opposed Cecili- 
anus, Bishop of Carthage, and taught that Christ, 
though of the same substance, was less than the 
Father: Don'atist, n. 4%st, one of the sect. 

duffer, n. duj'fir (slang), a hawker of sham 
jewellery; a sham or cheat. 

dunlin, n. dun'lln (Gael, dun, a hill, AS. dune, a 
sand-heap; Gael, limne, a pool or lake), a species of 
sandpiper, a bird occurring in vast flocks along our 
sandy shores. 

dux, n. duks (L. dux, a leader), in Scot., the head or 
chief pupil of a class or division, in a public school. 

echinulate, a. 6-kin'u-ldt, possessing spines—see 
echinate. 

Edda, n. Cd'dd, Ed'das, plu. (Icel. edda, great- 
grandmother— viz., of Scandinavian poetry), the two 
religious or mythologic books of the old Scandinavi- 
ans, the first containing the old mythic poems, the 
second, ancient mythology in prose. 

edriophthalmata, n. plu. id'-rlofthdl'-'md-td (Gr. 
Jiedraios, settled, fixed; ophthalmos, the eye), the 
division of Crustacea in which the eyes are sessile, 
and are not supported upon stalks. 

elec'tic and elec'ticism— see eclectic. 

embolism, n. Sm'bdl-lzm (Gr. embole, an insertion; 
embolisma, anything put in, a patch), in med., the 
process by which a thrombus or clot undergoes dis- 
integration into minute particles which are arrested 
in the capillary circulation ; the insertion of days, 
months, or years into an account of time to produce 
regularity : embolic, a. -bol'ik, and em'bolis mic, a. 
-is- rnlk, pert. to. 

emeute, n. a-mut' (F. imeute, an uproar : L. e, and 
motus, a moving), a tumultuous mob; a seditious 
commotion. 

emption, n. Sm'shun (L. emptio, purchase— from 
emo, I buy), in law, the power of repurchasing. 

endogamy, n. en-dog'd-ml (Gr. endon, within; 
gamos, marriage), the practice of forbidding marriage 
within a tribe. 

endoskeleton, n. en'-do-skil'-'Mon (Gr. endon, with- 
in ; skeleton, a dry body), the internal or bony struc- 
ture of man, and other animals, in contradistinction 
to exoskeleton, which is the outer and hardened 
covering of such animals as the crab and lobster. 

entropy, n. en'tro-pl, dissipation of energy; loss of 
usefulness— see entropium. 

Esquimaux, n. plu. (eskumaget, he eats raw flesh— 
a nickname given to the arctic tribes by the N. Amer. 
Algonquin Indians)— see Diet. 

estancia, n. is-tan'-sl-d (Sp. a mansion), in S. Amer., 
an estate ; a farm. 

estuarine, a. cs'tu-dr-ln, of or pert, to an estuary; 
formed in an estuary. 

euhemerism, n. u-hSm'Sr-lzm (Gr. Euerneros; L. 
Euhemerus, a Greek writer, B.C. 316, who treated 
myths as dressed-up plain histories), the system of 
mythological interpretation which reduces the gods 
of old to the level of distinguished men, and the 
myths as founded on real histories : euhem'erist, n. 
-ist, one who believes in or maintains these views : 
eu'hemeris"tic, a. -Is'-'tlk, pert. to. 

exanimate, a. eks-dn'i-mdt (L. ex, anima, life, 
spirit), destitute of life ; spiritless : v. to render desti- 
tute of life or animation ; to dishearten : exanlmat- 
ing, imp. : exan'imated, pp. 

exogamy, n. eks-dg'd-ml (Gr. exo, without ; gamos, 
marriage), the practice among savages of always 
marrying out of the tribe. 

cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, 



feer orfler, v.fer (AS. fyrian, to make a furrow), 
in Scot., to ma 1 1 i dth of ridges with the 

plough : feer'ing, imp. and n. : feered, pp. ferd. 

fernery, n. fern'er-i, a place where ferns are grown 
or cultivated. 

figaro, n. fe-gd-rb" (the hero of Beaumarchais's 
comedy who outwits every one), an intriguer; an 
adroit and unscrupulous person. 

finger and toe, a diseased form of turnip-growth, 
in which the bulbs are divided into two or more 
forks. 

fluke, v. fldk (a slang term at billiards), to play 
for one thing and get another: n. an unexpected 
advantage. 

formyle, n. for'rnil (L. formica, an ant ; Gr. ule, 
the material of which a thing is made), the hypo- 
thetical base of formic acid— see formic and chloro- 
form. 

Frisian, n. frlsh'-dn, the language of Friesland, a 
district on the N.W. coast of Holland. 

furculum, n. fer'ku-lum, also fur'cula, n. -Id (L. 
dim. of furca, a fork), a forked or V-shaped bone in 
the breast of a fowl ; the merry-thought. 

fuschine, n. fush'-ln, an aniline die, sometimes used 
as an adulterant— see fuchsia. 

gallinacei, n. plu. gdl'-ll-na'-'se-t, that section of 
rasorial birds of which the common fowl is a typical 
example— see gallinaceous. 

gambier or gambir, n. gdm'ber, the Malay name 
of an astringent extract obtained from a cinchona- 
ceous plant of the Indian Archipelago ; terra ja- 
ponica. 

gavel-kind, n. gdv'cl /, a holding, 

and cenedl, a kindred, a clan: Ir. gabhail-cine), in 
old Eng. law, a tenure by which land descended to 
all the sons in equal portions. Note.— May only be a 
corruption of give -all-kin, or give-ilk-ane. 

genuflect, v. jSn'-u-fl&kt, to bend the knee as in 
worship : genuflec'ting, imp. : genuflec'ted, pp.— see 
genuflection. 

geolatry, n. je-ol'd-trl (Gr. ge, the earth ; latreia, 
worship), the worship of terrestrial objects. 

Georgian, a. jor'ji-dn, pert, to Georgia in Asia, or to 
one of the United States so called ; pert, to the reigns 
of the four Georges, kings of England 

germane, a. jer'man, nearly related— see gennan. 

gilly or gillie, n. gil'li, gillies, plu. -Zfe(Gael. gille, a 
servant-man, a lad), in Scot. , a man or lad who attends 
on a sportsman, or who is employed in protecting 
game. 

gladius, n. gld'di-us (L. a sword), the horny endo- 
skeleton or pen of certain cuttle-fishes. 

glyptolepis, n. glip'-to-le'-'pis or -tol'-S (Gr. gluptos, 
carved, sculptured; lepis, a scale), in geol., a ganoid 
fish of the Old Red Sandstone period— so named from 
the delicately-sculptured striae on its circular-shaped 
scales. 

gonophore, n. the generative buds or receptacles 
of the reproductive elements in the hydrozoa— see 
Diet. 

Grail (Holy), n. grdl (see Sangreal), an English, 
accommodation or translation of the old F. le Sang 
Real; mid. L. Sanguis realis; Eng., the true blood. 

granivorous, a. grdn-lv'6-rus <L. granum, a grain 
or seed ; voro, I devour), living upon grains or other 
seeds. 

greenback, n. gren'bdk, in U.S. of Amer., one of 
the bank-notes issued by government— so called from 
the green colour of the devices predominating. 

hallux, n. hal'-luks (L. hallex, the great toe), the 
innermost of the five digits which compose the hind 
foot of a vertebrate animal ; the great toe. 

heliotype, n. he'-li-o-tlp (Gr. helios, the sun; tupos, 
type, form), a sun-picture or photograph. 

helminthoid, a,.h6i-'inai ••< ?<'(<-r h //Kins.aworm; 
eidos, resemblance), worm-shaped; vermiform. 

heterogenesis, n. hSt't , r. heteros, an- 

other ; genesis, origin, source), the doctrine that cer- 
tain organisms are capable of giving origin to others 
totally different from themselves, and which show no 
tendency to revert to the parent form. 

heteromorphic, a. het'er-o-mor-'fik (Gr. heteros, 
another; morphe, form), differing in form or shape. 

heterophagl, n. plu. Ju . heteros, an- 

other ; phago, I eat), applied to birds that are born 
in a helpless condition, and require to be fed by the 
parents for a longer or shorter period. 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



HIBI 



746 



NEVE 



hibiscus, n. MMs'-kus (L. hibiscum ; Gr. hibiskos, 
the marsh mallow), a genus of very handsome plants, 
with large and showy flowers. 

holophotal, a. ho-lof'6-tdl (Gr. holos, whole ; phos, 
light— gen. photos), applied to reflectors which throw 
back the rays of light in one unbroken mass without 
perceptible loss. 

homoeozoic, a. hom'e-O-zo'-'ik (Gr. 7wmoios, simi- 
lar ; zoe, life), applied to zones or latitudes, both of 
sea and land, which are characterised by the same 
forms of life.. 

homotaxis, n. hom'-o-tdks'-'is (Gr. homos, alike; 
taxis, arrangement, position), in geol., a term applied 
to strata occupying the same place or position in the 
stratified systems, but which may, or may not, be 
contemporaneous. 

hydraform, a. hl'drn-ftm-riu (hii'lra, and L. forma, 
shape), resembling the common fresh-water polype 
in form. 

hypostome, n. M-pSs'tO-mS (Gr. hupo, under ; 
stoma, mouth), the upper lip or labium of certain 
Crustacea. 

impecunious, a. im-pg-ku''ni-us(L. in, not, pecunia, 
money), without money; poor: im'pecunios 'ity, n. 
-os'-'l-tl, the want of money. 

imposthume, n. im-pos'tum, the common but incor- 
rect spelling of aposteme, which see in Supp. 

inception, n. ia-sSp'shun, beginning; commence- 
ment—see inceptive. 

indent, v. In- dint' , to contract; to bargain; to 
order : n. a contract ; an order, as for goods— see Diet. 

inequilateral, a. in-e'kwl-ldt'-'er-dl (L. in, not, and 
crju.iluterul), having the two side;-; unequal: ine'qui- 
valve, a. -vdlv, composed of two unequal pieces or 
valves. 

inoperculata, n. plu. in'-o-per-ku-ld'-'td (L. in, not ; 
operculum, a lid), certain univalve shells in which 
there is no shelly or horny plate to close the shell 
■when the animal 'is withdrawn within it. 

insalivation, n. in'sol-i-va'-'shihi. {in, and L. saliva, 
spittle), the mingling of saliva with the food in the 
act of eating. 

insecta, n. plu. tn-sek'td, the class of articulate 
animals commonly known as insects— see insect. 

intern, v. iu-h'rn' (L. intrrnus, interior, inward), to 
put for safe keeping in the interior of a place or 
country ; to imprison : interning, imp. : interned', 
pp. -ternd', placed for safe keeping in the interior; 
imprisoned. 

interpellation, n. in-ter'-pelld'-'shun, a question 
raised in the course of a debate : interpellate, v. 
-Idt, to question : interpellating, imp. : interpel- 
lated, pp.— see Diet. 

interview, v. in-ter-vu' (an Americanism), to visit 
a high personage, a literary character, or one who 
has become famous or notorious, for the purpose of 
obtaining correct information of incidents in life, or 
of particular transactions : interview 'ing, imp. : in- 
terviewed', pp. -vud'. 

island, n. i'ldncl, Ma bhat this word 

ought properly to be spelt iland, and that the first 
part is Goth, oh ia, L. aqua, water; hence AS. eoland, 
Icel. aland, means waterland— see Diet. 

jerk, v. jerk (Peruvian, charqui, prepared dried 
meat), to cut and dry beef in the sun— see Diet. 

jug, n. jug (AS. ceac, a cup,— but probably a cor- 
ruption of Joan or Jenny, the familiar personifi- 
cation of the vessel which holds drink)— see Diet. : 
see also demijohn. 

kainozoic— see cainozoic. 

Khedive, n. ked'l-ve or ked-ev', a title applied to the 
Viceroy of Egypt, who exercises a kingly and nearly 
independent authority. 

kish, n. kish, a substance resembling plumbago 
produced in iron smelting furnaces ; a workman's 
name for graphite scales. 

knickerbockers, n. plu. wtk'-ker-bdk'-'erz (so called 
after Diedrich Knickerbocker, the imaginary author 
of a humorous liet it ions history of New York, written 
by Washington Irving: Ger. knicker, a niggard; 
dock, a he-goat, a box), trousers sitting loosely on the 
thigh and ending at the knee, as worn in North Ger- 
many and Holland. 



labium, n. la'bl-um (L. a lip), the lower lip of ar- 
ticulate animals : labrum, n. la'brtim (L, a lip), the 
upper lip of articulate animals. 

Lapps, n. plu. laps, the inhabitants of Lapland: 
Lap'panese, n. -ydn-itz, the Laplanders. 

law-burrows, n. plu. IdXJo-lywr'-rGz (law, and AS. 
borg or borh, a pledge), a process in Scotch law by 
which a person obtains protection from the threats 
of violence of another. 

level up, level down, the former means " to raise " 
and the latter "to bring down" to the same level; 
to put into the same relative condition, or give the 
same status to up or down. 

Linga, n. llng-gd, the Hindu name for the Greek 
Phallos, represented by an upright pole or pillar. 

litholotry, n. ltth-61'o-tri (Gr. lithos, a stone; 
latreia, worship), the worship of stones of particular 
shapes. 

loricata, n. plu. lor'i-kn'-'ta, those reptiles which, 
like the crocodile, have bony plates developed in 
their skin: lorica, n. lor'i i,<i. applied to the protec- 
tive case with which certain infusoria are provided- 
see loricate. 



-II. 

madreporiform, a. rndd'-rSpdr-'i-fawrm (madre- 
pore, and L. forma, shape), perforated with small 
holes like a coral— see madrepore. 

Malay, n. md-la', a native of Malay or Malacca, 
and other adjacent islands : adj. pert, to : Malay'an, 
a. -id' a a, pert. to. 

Manchoo or Mantchoo, n. mCin-cM', the language 
spoken in Manchooria, and at the court of China. 

manitou, n. mdn'i-td, the name given by the Ameri- 
can Indians to their :-■>,. • oi 

manus, n. md'-nus (L. the hand), the hand of the 
higher vertebrates. 

medusiform, a. mS-du-zi-fawrm (medusa, and L. 
forma, shape), resembling a medusa in shape : medu- 
soid, a. me-du'-zdyd (Gr. eidos, appearance), like a 
medusa— used substantively to designate the medusi- 
form gonophores of the hydrozoa. 

megalithic, a. mZg'-d-lith'-'lk (Gr. megas, great; 
lithos, a stone), formed of large stones. 

menhir, n. mSn'er (Celtic, rnaen, a stone ; Mr, high), 
a tall rude or sculptured stone of unknown antiquity, 
placed upright in the ground, and standing singly or 
in groups. 

metastoma, n. mg-tds'-to-md, also metastome, n. 
met'd-stoi/i (Gr. rneta, after; stoma, the mouth), 
the plate which closes the mouth posteriorly in crus- 
taceans. 

microcephalous, a. ml'-kro-sef'-'d-lus (Gr. mikros, 
small ; kephale, head), having a small or imperfectly 
developed head or cranium. 

microlithic, a. mi'-kro-lith'-'ik (Gr. mikros, small; 
lithos, a stone), formed of small stones. 

milliard, n. mil-ydr' (F, milliard; L. mille, a 
thousand), a thousand millions. 

mollient, a. mdl'-U-dnt (L. mollis, soft), serving to 
soften; assuaging: mol'liently, ad. -It— see emol- 
lient. 

monophyodont, n. m5n'dfl'-'o-dont (Gr. monos, 
single ; phuo, I generate ; odontes, teeth), a mammal 
which has only one set of teeth. 

moulin, n. mo'-Ung (F. moulin, a mill), a deep crack 
intersecting a glacier rivulet that has been formed 
into a shaft some hundreds of feet deep by the action 
of the water. 

muir, n. m6r or mur, Scotch for moor— see moor 1. 

mutism, n. mu'tizrn (L. mutus; old F. mut, silent, 
speechless), the condition of being unable to give 
utterance to articulate sounds ; the total want of 
speech. 

navvy, n. n&v'vX, the presence of vv in the spelling 
of this word may be accounted for were it derived from 
nabbi or naabbi, a word said to be of Danish origin, 
and signifying neighbour : Gael, nabaidh, neighbour : 
Icel. nabbi, a dwarf. Note.— In the sense of neigh- 
bour, the word is said to have been in common use 
by men from the island of Skye who worked on the 
early railway and other great works. 

neolithic, a. ne-6-llth- ik (Gr. neos, new; lithos, a 
stone), belonging to the polished stone age of the 
early history of man 

neve, n. nd'-vd (F. nivi; L. nix, snow— gen. nivis), 



a variety of kale or cabbage— a green crop. 

mate, mdt,fdr, law; mete, mSt, her, pine, pin; note, not, mOve; 



NEXU 747 

the compressed snow or slush of Alpine heights 
before ultimately condensed into the true ice of the 
glacier. 

nexus, n. neks'iis (L.), connection; tie. 

Nibelungen Lied, n. nlb'-cl- an'-' gin-led, the "Lay of 
the Nibelungen "— the most ancient existing monu- 
ment of German epic poetry, forming the chief traditi- 
onary record of the romantic deeds and sentiments 
of the German nation. 

Niobe, n. nl'6-be, in anc. myth, the Avife of 
Amphion, who was struck dumb"with grief when 
her children were slain by Apollo and Artemis : 
nioTnum, n. -bl-iim, a metal supposed to be identical 
with : I'tmbium. 

nob, n. nob (an abbreviation of English noble in its 
general application to a person of the higher class : 
slang), a person of superior position in life ; a person 
of low rank desirous of appearing as one of a higher 
position; a fop: nobTjy, a. -bl, having the character 
of a nob ; capital ; neat ; got up with care in matters 
of dress— see snob. 

nudge, v. ndj (Low Ger. nutsche, to squeeze : 
Austrian, nussen, to thrust with the fist : Scot. 
gnidge, to squeeze), to touch gently with the elbow 
as a signal for attention or information : n. a gentle 
push with the elbow for information, &c. : nudg'ing, 
imp. : nudged, pp. nujd. 

obtemper, v. ob-temp'ir (F. obtempirer, to obey in 
law: L. obtempcrare, to comply with, to obey), to 
carry out, as the injunctions of an ecclesiastical 
court; to obey: obtemp'ering, imp.: obtemp'ered, 
pp. -erd. 

octopoda, n. plu. ok-top'6-dd (Gr. octo, eight; podes, 
feet), the tribe of cuttle-fishes with eight arms at- 
tached to the head: octopus, n. 6k'46-pus, oc'topi, 
plu. -pi, a fish with eight anas. 

odontoceti, n. plu. 6-dCn -tr,.^- 77 f Gr. odontes, teeth ; 
ketos, a whale), the toothed whales, in contradistinc- 
tion to the whalebone whales. 

cesopogus— see esophogus. 

oper'cula ta, n. plu. those gasteropods whose shell 
is closed by an operculum— see opercular. 

ophiuroidea, n. plu. of-i-u-rdy'-'decl (Gr. ophis, a 
snake; oaru, a tail; eidos, appearance), an order of 
echiuoderms, including the brittle-stars and sand- 
stars. 

ossicula, n. plu. os-slk'u-ld (L. small bones— from 
os, a bone), any hard structures of small size, such 
as the calcareous plates in the integument of the 
star-fishes. 

ostracoda, n. plu. os'trd-ko'-'dd, also os'tracodes, 
•kodz (Gr. ostrakon, a shell; eidos, appearance), an 
order of crustaceans enclosed in bivalve shells ; those 
which have the shell folded in two, so as to resemble 
the shell of a bivalve mollusc. 

palustral, a. pal-us'tral, pert, to a bog or marsh- 
see paludal. 

paraclose, n. pdr'd-klos, also parclose, n. ptir'klos 
(old F. paraclo* , an enclosed place: L. per, through, 
and clausum, to shut), a screen separating a chapel 
from the body of the church. 

peach, v. pech (a slang corruption of impeach), to 
inform against ; to betray one's accomplice : peach- 
ing, imp. : peached, pp. peclit. 

pergameneous, a. per'gd-mc'-'ni-us (L. pergamena, 
par' hiu I'.' '. :v- ;unKiu parchment. 

perigastric, a. pCr'i-gds'-'trik (Gr. peri, around; 
gaster, stomach), applied to the cavity which sur- 
rounds the sxomach and other viscera, corresponding 
to the abdominal cavity of the higher animals. 

perisome, n. p6r'-l-som (Gr. peri, about; soma, 
body), the coriaceous or calcareous integument of the 
echinoderms. 

perivisceral, a. per'i-vls'-'ser-dl (Gr. peri, around; 
L. -' internal rga s) applied to the space 

phallus, n. fdl'lus (Gr. j^^llos, the male organ), 
the emblem of the generative power in nature, 
carried in solemn procession in the Bacchic orgies ; 
a genus of fungi having a disgusting and foetid 
odour : phallic, a, -Ilk, pert to the phallus, or to 
the indecent rites connected with the orgies of Bac- 
chus; pert, to the worship of the generative prin- 
ciple. 

phanerogams, n. plu. fdn-er'-o-gdmz, plants which 
have conspicuous organs of reproduction, and bear 
true flowers— see phanerogamic. 



RUME 



piccaninny, n. pik'-kd-nin'-'nl (Sp pequeTw, little, 
small), a negro baby or child. 

pilule, n. pil'-ul (L. pilula, a little ball— from pila, 
a ball) a small or diminutive pill— see pill. 

pinnigrade, a. pln-ni-grdd (L. pinna, a feather or 
fin; nrudior, I walk), denoting one of the uroup of 
the pin'nigra"da, -grd'-'dd, moving on short feet that 
serve as paddles, inch) -alruses; fin- 

footed. 

piscina, n. pls-s-l'nd (It. piscina, a bathing-place: 
L. piscina, a fish-pond— from piscis, a fish), a stone 
basin in the form of a canopied niche, and supplied 
with a drain-piue, situated close beside the high 
altar, used in the B. Cath. Ch. service to receive the 
water that has washed the chalice after the celebra- 
tion of mass. 

plebiscite, n. plSb'l-sit or -slt{F. pldbiscite ;l>.plebis- 
citurn, an ordinance or decree of the people— from L. 
plebs, the common people— gen. plebis, and scitum, a 
decree), a vote taken of the whole male inhabitants of 
a country or town, that are of age, on any matter 
submitted to them for their decision ; a vote by uni- 
versal suffrage. 

podophthalmata, n. plu. pod'of-thdl'-'md-td (Gr. 
podes, feet ; ophthalmos, the eye), the Crustacea 
in which the eyes are borne at the end of long foot- 
stalks. 

pollex, n.pol'Uks (L. pollex, the thumb), the inner- 
most of the five normal digits of the anterior limb of 
the higher vertebrates ; the thumb, in man. 

Prakrit, n. a. prd'krlt, the name by which certain 
dialects of India are known which gradually super- 
seded the old Sans., and from which the modem 
vernaculars of India have branched off. 

primrose (rather a corruption of Norm. F.primerole; 
old Eng. pry me rolles, a primrose: mid. L. primula 
veris; F. primevbre, the first flower of spring), the 
earliest conspicuous flower of spring ; a name origi- 
nally applied to the daisy. 

proboscidea, n. plu. prob'-o-sid'-'e-d, the order of 
mammals comprising the elephants— see proboscis. 

procoelous, a. pro-se'liis, also procce'lian, a. -li-dn 
(Gr. pro, before; koilos, hollow), applied to those 
vertebra? which have a cup or cavity at the fore part 
and a ball at the back; applied to certain animals 
which manifest this vertebral character. 

pro-legs, the false abdominal feet of caterpillars. 

prothetic, a. pro-thet'lk, for prosthetic— see pros- 
thesis. 

proximal, a. proks'l-mdl (L. proximus, next), to- 
ward or nearest ; applied to the slowly growing, 
comparatively fixed, extremity of a limb or of an 
organism. 

pubis, n. pu'bls (L. pubes, the signs of puberty— 
viz., the growth of hair), the share-bone; one of the 
bones which enter into the composition of the pelvic 
arch of vertebrates : pubes, n. pu'bcz, the middle 
part of the hypogastric region ; the down of plants. 

pulmonaria, n. plu. pul'-mon-d'-'ri-d (L. pulmo, a 
lung— gen. pulmonis), a genus of perennial herbs, 
some of the species having spotted leaves— called also 
lungwort and Jerusalem cowslip ; also pul inonaries, 
n. plu. -dr-lz, the arachnidians that breathe bymeans 
of pulmonary sacs: pul'monale, a. -dl, possessing 
lungs. 

purificator, n. pu'ri-fl-ka'-'ter, in B. Cath. Ch., a 
napkin used for wiping the chalice. 

quiz, a suggested origin of this word gives it as a 
simple corruption of ques.— a common abbreviation 
of question. 

ramus, n. rd'-mus, (L. a branch), a branch or sub- 
division of a stem ; each half or branch of the lower 
jaw or mandible of vertebrates. 

recalcitrate, v. re-kdl'sl-trdt (L. re, back; calcitro, 
h the heels, I kick— from calx, the heel), 
to kick back ; to express repugnance : recal'citra'- 
ting, imp. : recal'citra'ted, pp. : recal'citrant, a. 
■trdnt, kicking back; showing repugnance: recal'- 
citra"tion, n. -tnVshrm.n kicking ba k ; repugnance. 

rhea, n. re'-d, a large running bird— the ostrich of 
S. America— see nandu. 

rota, n. ro'td (L. and It. rota, a wheel : F. roue), 
turn in succession ; the roll or list to be selected from 
by turn or in succession. 

rumen, n. ro'-men (L. the throat), the first cavity of 
the complex stomach of ruminants— often called 
the paunch. 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



SAEC 



748 



ZEUG 



sarcoids, n. plu. s&r'kdydz (Gr. sarx, flesh ; eidns, 
appearance), the aiineliiforni particles which in the 
aggregate make up the flesh of a sponge. 

screes, n. plu. skrez (Scot, and prov. Eng.), in geol., 
a talus ; accumulations of loose stones and fragments 
at the base of a cliff or precipice. 

scrimmage, n. skrim'aj, also scrummage, n. skrum'- 
aj (F. escarmouche), an old spelling of skirmish, 
which see : in modem slang, a general row or fight. 

scurvy-grass, this compound appears in old Eng. 
as scrooby-grass, which may only be a corruption of 
Icel. skar/a-gras— from skarfr, a cormorant— see 
Diet. . 

seeds of Paradise, the Cocculus Indicus, which see. 

sequacious, a. se-kiva'shus (L. sequax, following- 
gen, sequacis— from sequor, I follow), not moving on 
independently; following; logically consistent and 
rigorous : sequa'ciousness, n. -nes, also sequacity, n. 
sii-kinW-i-ti, disposition to Pillow ; act of following. 

siphon, n. sl'fon (Gr. siphon, a hollow reed or 
tube), the respiratory tubes in the mollusca ; tubes of 
different functions. 

skald, skaldic, see scald: skalda, n. skdl'dd, 
that part of the second Edda which treats of the art 
of poetry. 

slay or slaie, n. sla, a weaver's reed— see sley and 
sleid. 

Somaj, n. sO-mdf (Hind, a church or assembly), a 
sect recently sprung up among the natives of Hindo- 
stan, who profess a pure theism, and exercise a 
system of electicism in regard to Christianity and 
other religious faiths : Brahmo, brd-mt', is prefixed 
to indicate its monotheistic character. 

somite, n. so'mlt (Gr. soma, a body), a single seg- 
ment in the body of an articulate animal. 

sphenocephalus, n. spii'o-scf-'a-li'ix (Gr. sphen, a 
wedge; kephale, the head), in anat., a malformation 
of the head by which the upper part of the cranium 
has a wedge-like appearance. 

spiegel-eisen, n. spe'g6l-ls'Sn (Ger. spiegel, very 
bright; eisen, iron), a peculiar make of cast-iron, 
so called from its shining or specular crystalline 
fracture. 

spongida, n. plu. spon'jl-dd, the division of proto- 
zoa called sponges— see sponge. 
""-"■ acommonr° ,H 
. spued, pp. ^ 

squamata, n. plu. sku lua/ma, a scale), 

the division of reptiles in which the integument 
develops horny scales. 

stridulate, v. strid'u-ldt (see stridulous), to make 
a small, harsh, or creaking noise : strid'ulating, 
imp. : strid'ulated, pp. : strid'ula"tion, n. -shun, 
the act of making a small, harsh, creaking noise. 

sub-calcareous, a. (sub, a less or inferior degree, 
an imperfect state), somewhat calcareous : sub-cen'- 
tral, a. nearly central ; not quite central : sub-pe- 
dun'culate, a. supported upon a very short stem : 
sub-ses'sile, a. nearly sessile, or nearly without a 

sucrose , n. shd'krOs (F. sucre, sugar), cane-sugar, 
and also that obtained from beet, turnip, maple, &c, 
as distinguished from glucose. 

sulphur-ore, the commercial term for iron-pyrites, 
because sulphur and sulphuric acid are obtained from 
it. 

survival, n. ser-vl'vdl (F. sur, L. super, over, above ; 
L. vivo, I live), in archceol, any habit, usage, or belief 
remaining from ancient times whose origin is often 
unknown, or imperfectly known. 

swimmerets, n. plu. sirim'-niir-rlz (swim, and dim. 
et) the limbs of Crustacea which are adapted for 
swimming. 

symphenomena, n. plu. slm'/e-nom'-'S-nd (sym, and 
phenomena), natural sounds or appearances of a kind 
or character similar to others expressed or exhibited 
by the same object : sym'phenom"enal, a. -n&l, des- 
ignating significant words imitative of natural 
sounds or phenomena. 



tabulae, n. plu. tdb'u-W, horizontal plates or floors, 
in some corals, across the cavity of the theca— see 
tabular. 

Tamil, n. td'mil, the language of the Carnatic and 
N. Ceylon. 

Tarpeian, a. tdr-pi'l-dn or -pi'trn, the name given 
to a rock, a part of the Capitoline at Rome, over 

mate, mat, far, law; mite, mU, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, mOve 



which a certain class of criminals or prisoners were 
thrown, and so put to death— so called after Tarpoia, 
the daughter of the governor of the citadel, who 

opened on" n * i+ ° "■"+"» +« + v "> — •> 

to death 
entered. 

tar'so-met'atar"sus, n. the single bone in the leg of 
birds produced by the union and anchylosis of the 
lower or distal portion of the tarsus with the whole 
of the metatarsus— see metatarsus. 

tee, n. te, the umbrella figure used as a termina- 
tion or finial to the Buddhists' topes and Hindu 
pagodas ; any pointed object. 

teetotum, n. te-to'tum, this ancient toy for playing 
games of chance has four sides, wbjeh exhibit re- 
spectively the letters A. N. D. T. The stake was 
awarded according to the letter that turned up 
after it ceased spinning : A. (L. aufer, take away), 
indicated to the successful player his authority to 
take away one from the stakes : D. (L. depone, lay 
or put down), indicated a forfeiture of a stake : N. 
(L. nihil, or nihilum, nothing), indicated nothing 
gained or lost ; this loss is traditionally handed 
down among boys in play, as when they shout out, in 
a game of marbles, to one who has gained nothing, 

• ■I aing 'i.e., there is nothing gained: T. 

(L. totum, the whole), indicated a title to the whole 
stakes. From this last (letter and word, viz., T. 
totum) the toy is named. 

telson, n. tel'son (Gr. telson, a limit), the last joint 
in the abdomen of Crustacea ; the tail-piece. 

test, n. test (L. testa, a shell), the shell of the mol- 
lusca, hence sometimes called testacea ; the calcare- 
ous case of echinoderms ; the thick, leathery, outer 
tunic in the tunicata. 

tiffany, n. tif-fd-ni (old Eng. tiffaney i probably the 
same origin as tiff, tift, tiffin, primarily signifying 
"a whiff of breath"— so called from its lightness), 
a kind of gauze or very thin silk. 

Tolbooth, n. tol'both (Gael, tol-dubh, black hole), a 
jail ; a famous prison in Edinburgh in former times. 

tope, n. top (Sans, thupa), a monument raised 
over a Buddhist relic, sometimes in the form of a 
pagoda. 

tope, n. top (Hind, top), a grove or clump of trees. 

totem, n. to'tcm (a corruption of dodaim), among 
Algonquin Indians of North America, the name or 
symbol of a tribe, or clan -animal; a term among 
ethnologists to designate a clan-animal : to'temism, 
n. -izm, the system of describing tribes or families by 
the totem or animal whose name and symbol they 
bear. 

tricycle— see bicycle in Supp. 

truancy, n. tro'-dn-si, the act of playing truant — 
see truant. 

tubicola, n. plu. tu-blk'o-ld (L. tuba, a tube ; colo, 
I inhabit), the order of annelids which construct a 
tubular case in which they protect themselves : 
tubic'ulous, a. -u-lus, inhabiting a tube. 

ungulata, n. plu. ung'-gu-ld'-'td, also un'gulates, 

-latz, the order of mammals including the hoofed 
quadrupeds— see ungulate. 

vaticination, n. vd-tts'l-nd'-'shun, prediction; pro- 
phecy: vatic'inator, n. -nd-ter, a prophet— see 
vaticide. 

vermes, n. plu. ver'mez (L. vermis, a worm), 
worms ; used in the same sense as anarthropoda. 

vilipend, v. v'd'i-prnd (L. vilipendo, I depreciate or 
despise— from vilis, paltry, vile, and pendo, I weigh 
or value), to despise; to contemn: vilipending, 
imp. : vilipend'ed, pp. 

viperina, n. plu. vl'per-l'-'nd, a group of snakes- 
see viper. 

vraisemblance, n. vrSs'dng-bldns" (F.), the appear- 
ance of truth. 

yerba, n. yer'ba, the native name for mate' or 
Paraguayan tea. 

Yoni, n. yo'nl, the Hindu name for the female 
power in nature, represented by an oval. 



zeuglodontidse, n. plu. zu'glo-don'-'ti-de, an extinct 
family of cetaceans in which the molar teeth are two- 
fanged— see zeuglodon. 



749 



APPENDIX I. 



PEEFIXES. 

A Prefix is a significant particle placed before a word, or a root, in order to modify 
its meaning. As the constituent part of a word, a prefix can be readily separated 
and defined. The prefixes, fully explained, will be found in the body of the 
work in regular alphabetical order. 

POSTFIXES. 

A Postfix is a significant particle placed after a word, or a root, to modify its mean- 
ing. Note. — There are many postfixes or terminations which are not significant, 
but simply paragogical — that is, they are letters or syllables without meaning, 
and merely serve to lengthen the words. The postfixes are placed in groups 
according to their signification, but are, at the same time, for the convenience of 
reference, arranged in strict alphabetical order, cross-references being made to 
the heading under which they will be found. The language from which they are 
derived, with the particular form in which they occur in that language, as far as 
can be ascertained, is placed after each, or after the heading of a group when 
such differs in its origin from the others. In the examples given, the root-parts 
of the words are printed in black type, and the postfixes in italics. The mean- 
ings given are so literal as to include fully the meanings of the postfixes. 



able, also ible and lie (L. termination hilis, able), 
which form adjectives, and signify "able to be"; 
fit to be ; capacity or worthiness, in a passive sense : 
examples— curaWe, able to be cured; blamaWe, fit to 
be blamed : audiWe, able to be heard ; visible, able to 
be seen: ductile, capable of being drawn out; fragile, 
easily broken. 

ac (Gr. akos), also al, an, ane, ar, ary, ic, leal, Id, 
ile, ine, ory, ch, ese, ish, which form adjectives, and 
signify "of"; like; pert, to: examples — cardiac, 
pert, to the heart: celestial, pert, to the heavens; 
vernal, pert, to spring: human and humane, like 
man ; republican, pert, to a republic ; Prussian, pert, 
to Prussia: consular, pert, to a consul; globular, like 
a round body : literary, pert, to learning ; pecuniary, 
pert, to money: angelic, pert, to angels; gigantic, 
like a giant : astronomical, pert, to astronomy ; botan- 
ical, pert, to botany : humid, pert, to moisture or wet- 
ness ; splendid, pert, to splendour : febrife, pert, to a 
fever ; mercantile, pert, to merchandise : canine, pert, 
to a dog; marine, pert, to the sea: consolatory, tend- 
ing to comfort ; piscatory, pert, to fish : French, pert, 
to France ; Scotcn, pert, to Scotland : Chinese, pert, to 
China ; Siamese, pert, to Siam : English, pert, to Eng- 
land.; Irish, pert, to Ireland. 

acy (L. da, sia, tia), also age, ance, ancy, dom, 
ence, ency, hood, ism or asm, ment, mony, ness, ry, 
ship, th, tude, ty or ity, ure, y, which form nouns, 
and signify "state, condition, or quality of being": 
examples — celibacy, state of being unmarried; ob- 



tinuance, state of being carried on; repentance, state 
of repenting : mendicancy, state of begging : freedom, 
state of being free; martyrdom, state of being a 
martyr : diligence, quality of being diligent : ascend- 
ency, state of having climbed up : falsehood, state of 
being false ; widowhood, state of being a widow : bar- 
barism, condition of a savage ; schism, state of being 
divided : enthusiasm, state of being inspired, as by a 
god; phantasm, the condition of being airy and un- • 
substantial : agreement, state of being agreed ; enjoy- 
ment, state of being happy: acrimony, quality of 
being sharp ; matrimony, state of being married : 
deafness, state of being deaf; gentleness, quality of 
being gentle : rivalry, state or condition of a rival ; 
bravery, quality of being brave : partnership, state 
of being a partner ; friendship, state of being friendly : 
mirth, state of being merry ; breads, quality of being 
broad : gratttwde, quality of being thankful ; altitude 
state of being high: poverty, state of being poor; 
activity, state of being active : torture, state of being 
tormented ; fractwre, state of being broken : bigamy, 
state of having two wives ; modesty, quality of being 
modest. 

acy (Gr. akos), also ate, dom, ric, ship, which 
form nouns, and signify "rank " ; office ; jurisdiction ; 
dominion : examples— curacy, the office of a curate ; 
papacy, the office of the Pope : protectorate, the juris- 
diction of a protector ; pontificate, the jurisdiction of 
the Pope: dukedom, the rank of a duke; kingdom, 
the dominions of a king : bishopric, the office of a 
bishop : clerkship, the office of a clerk ; professorship, 
the office of a professor. 



AGE 



750 



ERN 



adae, the same as idse, which see. 

age (P. age), state of being— see under acy 1. 

age (P. age— from L. ago), also ion, sion, or tion, 
ment, ure, which form nouns, and signify " act of" ; 
thing done : examples— marriage, the act of marry- 
ing ; passage, the act of passing : union, the act of 
uniting; admission., the act of admitting; inspection, 
the act of looking into : concealment, the act of hid- 
ing ; elopement, the act of running away secretly : 
impostwre, the act of cheating ; departure, the act of 
leaving. 

age (F. age— from L. ago), also ry, signifying "per- 
sons or things collectively " : examples— assemblage, 
a collection of persons ; foliage, the whole body of 
leaves : gentry, the whole body of gentlemen ; peas- 
antry, the whole body of the country people. 

al (L. alis), pert, to— see under ac. 

an or ane (L. anus or anis), pert, to— see under ac. 

an(L. anus), also ant, ar, ard, ary, aster, ate, ee, 
eer, ent, er, ic, ist, ite or yte, ive or iff, or, ster, 
which form nouns, and signify " the person who acts 
or who is"; one who: examples — equestrian, one 
who rides on horseback; antediluvian, one who 
lived before the flood: vagrant, one who wanders; 
litiga?iZ, one who carries on a lawsuit : scholar, one 
who attends school ; beggar, one who begs : sluggard, 
one who is idle or lazy ; drunkard, one who drinks in- 
toxicants to excess : contemporary, one who lives at 
the same time; lapidary, one who cuts precious 
stones : poetaster, one who writes petty verses : dele- 
gate, one who is sent by others ; advocate, one who 
pleads in behalf of others : refugee, one who seeks 
shelter, or to whom it is given ; patentee, one who 
holds a patent: mutineer, one who rebels against 
constituted authority ; pioneer, one who prepares the 
way for others : studenZ, one who studies ; patient, 
one who suffers : biographer, one who writes lives ; 
draper, one who sells linen : mechanic, one who pro- 
duces work by aid of tools or machinery ; rustic, one 
who is a native of the country : oculist, one who is 
skilled in the cure of diseases of the eyes ; botanisZ, one 
who is skilled ina knowledge of plants : favourite, one 
who is favoured ; Israelite, one who is descended from 
Israel; neophyte, one newly admitted, as into a re- 
ligious order : captive, one who is taken prisoner ; 
relative, one who is related by blood ; plaintiff, one 
who commences a suit in law against another : bene- 
factor, one who confers benefits on another; com- 
petitor, one who is a candidate with others for an 
office : maltster, one who makes malt ; barrister, one 
who pleads for others at the bar. 

ana (L. anus), signifying a collection of memor- 
able sayings or loose thoughts,— as Johnsoniana, a 
collection of the sayings, anecdotes, &c, relating to 
Johnson— see Dictionary. 

ance and ancy (L. ans— gen. antis), state of being 
—see under acy 1. 

ant (F. ant : L. ans), one who— see under an. 

ant, also ent (L. ens, being— gen. entis), which form 
adjectives, and signify " being," or having the force of 
"ing"; belonging to: examples— dormant, belonging 
1 p being in a state that 

brings pleasure ; verdanZ , being green ; elegant, being 
pleasing to good taste : belligerent, being in a state 
that carries on war; pendent, being in a state. that 
Jiangs down. 

ar (L. aris), pert, to— see under ac. 

ar (AS.), one who— see under an. 

ard (AS.), one who— see under an. 

art (another form of ard— see an), one who, as 
■braggart, one who is vain and boasting. 

ary (L. arius), pert, to— see under ac : ary, one who 
— see under an. 

ary (L. avium), also ery, ory, ry, which form 
nouns, and signify the "place where" or "place 
which " : examples— aviary, a place where birds are 
kept ; library, a place where books are kept : drapery, 
a place where linen goods are sold ; nursery, a place 
where children and trees are reared : factory, a place 
where articles are manufactured ; dormitory, a place 
where persons sleep : foundry, a place where ar- 
ticles in metal are cast in moulds ; vestry, the place 
where the vestments of a church are kept. 

ary (L. arius), also ice, ment, mony, ory, which 

'■■•"•• "-'■ ;;u<i i'j.nii.i ' rlir Mint- n-.hich": examples 

— luminary, that which gives light ; salary, that which 
is paid for service : justice, that which is just : ali- 
ment, that which nourishes ; engagement, that which 
engages : patrimony, that which is inherited from a 



father ; alimony, that which is allowed for food : ter- 
ritory, the district of country belonging to ; direct- 
ory, that which or those who direct. 

asm (Gr. ismos), state of being— see under acy 1. 

aster (F. astre : It. astro), one who— see under an. 

ate (L. ate), one who— see under an: ate, rank, 
office, or jurisdiction— see under acy 2. 

ate (L. atus), also ful, lent, ose, ous, some, y, 
which form adjectives, and signify "full of"; abund- 
ance: examples— desolate, full of grief; passionate, 
full of passion : deceitful, full of deceit ; joyful, full 
of joy: virutewi, full of poison; violent, full of the un- 
natural exercise of force : verbose, full of words ; jo- 
cose, full of jokes: beauteows, full of beauty ; igneows, 
full of fire : toilso»*e, full of toil ; gladsome, full of glad- 
ness : cloudy, full of clouds ; flowery, full of flowers. 

ate (L. atus), also en, fy, ish, ise or ize, which 
form verbs, and signify " to make " ; to put ; to take : 
examples— animate, to put life into; eradicate, to 
take up by the roots : moisten, to make moist ; deepm, 
to make deep : qualify, to make fit ; fortify, to make 
strong: embellish, to make beautiful; publish, to 
make public: fertilise, to make fruitful; apologise, 
to make an apology. 

ate (L. atus), in chem., a postfix which, substituted 
in the name of an acid ending in ic, expresses a com- 
bination of that acid with a salifiable base,— as nitrate 
of silver, that is, a combination of nitric acid with 
the salifiable base silver. 

celli, also cello (It.: L. cuius), little; a diminutive 
termination, as in vermiceZZi, violonceZZo. 

ch (AS.), pert, to— see under ac. 

cle (L. cuius, a dim. termination), also cule, ule, 
el or le, en, kin, let, et or ot, ling, ock, y or ie, which 
form nouns, and signify "little"; diminution: exam- 
ples— icicte, a little conical mass of ice; canticZe, a 
little song : animalcnZe, a very little creature ; reti- 
cwZe, a little net: globnZe, a little globe ; pilwte, a little 
pill: satcheZ, a little sack or bag; sickte, a little 
scythe : chicken, a little fowl ; kitten, a little cat : 
lambfcin, a little lamb; pipfcm, a small earthen 
boiler : braceZeZ, a little brace or band for the arm ; 
leaflet, a little leaf: coronet, a little crown; turreZ, a 
little tower; balloZ, a little ball used in voting: seed- 
Zing, a little plant raised from a seed; gosling, a 
little goose : hillodc, a little hill ; bullocfc, a young 
bull : Willy, little William ; lassie, a little lass. 

cule (L. cuius), little— see under cle. 

dom (AS.), state of being— see under acy 1: rank, 
office, or jurisdiction— see under acy 2. 

ed (AS. ), the sign of the pt. and pp. of regular verbs, 
often changed into t, as benZ for bended. 

ee (F.), one who— see under an. 

eer (F.), one who— see under an. 

el, also le (AS.), which form nouns, and signify 
"that which": examples— shoveZ, an instr. for shov- 
ing among earth ; settZe, that which forms a seat. 

el, also le (AS. el ; F. eZZe, dim. terminations), little 
—see under cle. 

en (AS.), which forms adjectives, and signifies 
"made of"; belonging to: examples— earthen, made 
of earth ; golden, made of gold ; heathen, belonging to 
those not knowing the true God. 

en (AS.), to make— see under ate 3. 

en also n and ne (AS.), the sign of the pp. of many 
verbs, as in woven, shorn, borne. 

en (AS.), little— see under cle. 

en (AS.), a plu. termination, as in oxen, kine, 
children. 

ence, also ency (L. ens, being— gen. entis), state of 
being— see under acy 1. 

ene (L.), belonging to— as terrene, belonging to 
the earth. 

ent (L. ens— gen. entis), one who— see under an. 

ent (L. ens), being— see under ant 2. 

eous same as ous. 

er (AS. ere), one who— see under an. 

er (AS.), more— the sign of the comp. degree— as 
greater, more great ; higher, more high. 

er (AS.), often— as glimmer, to shine often. 

erel (AS.), little, as in mackereZ. 

erly (AS.), also ward or wards, which form adverbs, 
and signify "direction of": examples— southerZy, in 
the direction of the south ; northerZy, in the direction 
of the north : homeward, in the direction of home ; 
heavenward, in the direction of heaven. 

ern (AS.), which forms adjectives, and signifies 



ERY 



751 



(ECI 



ery (AS.), place where— see under ary 2. 

es and s (AS. and L.), terminations of the plu. of 
nouns, as foxes, birds : added to form the third pers. 
sing. pres. of a verb, as goes, bids. 

escent forming adjectives, and escence forming 
nouns (L. escens), growing ; becoming : examples— con- 
valescent, growing in health ; convalescence, the state 
of growing in health : putrescent, becoming putrid ; 
putrescence, the state of becoming putrid. 

ese(L. as— gen. atis), like; pert, to— see under ac. 

esque (F. esque; It. esco ; L. iscus, like), forming 
adjectives, and signifying "belonging to"; like: ex- 
amples— picturesque, vividly like a picture; grot- 
esque, like the extravagant style of a grotto— see 
Dictionary. 

ess (F.), a termination indicating a noun fern.— as 
tiger, mas.; tigress, fern. 

est (AS.), a termination indicating the superl. de- 
gree of adjectives, as smallest: the termination of 
the second pers. sing. pies, of a verb, as in eatesi, 
walkes?: often contracted into st, as in bids?, cans?. 

et(AS. et: It. etta: F. ette), dim. termination— see 
under cle. 

eth (AS.), a termination of the third pers. sing. pres. 
of a verb, as in cometh, goeth—not now in use. 

ful (AS.), abundance— see under ate 2. 

fy (L. facere, to make ; fieri, to be made), to make — 
see under ate 3. 

head, of which hood is another spelling (AS. 
had; Ger. heit, state), forming nouns, and signifying 
"state"; nature: examples— GodAead, the nature of 
God ; maiden/iead, the state of a maiden. 

hood (AS.), state of being— see under acy 1. 

ia (L. ius), in botanical terms, a postfix which 
forms the titles of classes and orders: ious, the ter- 
minations of the adjectives formed froni them— as 
monogynia, monogyniows. 

ible (L.), able— see under able. 

ic, also ical (L. icus), pert, to— see under ac. 

ic (L. icus: Gr. ikos), in certain chemical terms, 
a postfix denoting the acid containing most oxygen, 
when more than one is formed— as nitric, sulphur ic; 
in p'lth. Miiphys., a termination expressing the con- 
dition of being excited— see ode. 

ic (L. icus), one who— see under an. 

ice (L. icus), thing which— see under ary 3. 

ics (Gr. ika), also ism, ry, ure, which form nouns, 
and signify "things relating to," as to an art or 
science ; the practice, system, doctrines, or peculiar- 
ities of: examples— optics, things relating to the 
science of seeing; mathematics, things relating to 
the science of maguitud.-.s: Calvin/ ■-■//. the doctrines 
of Calvin; patriotism, the conduct of a patriot: sor- 
cery, things relating to the art of a sorcerer ; cookery, 
things relating to the art of a cook: agriculture, 
things relating to the art of tilling the ground ; sculp- 
ture, things relating to the art of chiselling or carv- 
ing on stone. 

id (L. idus), pert, to— see under ac. 

ida— see under idae. 

idae, also adae and ides (Gr. ides), a postfix signify- 
ing "descent" ; a postfix in many scientific terms, de- 
noting " a family or group exhibiting some points of 
likeness" — as canidee, the dog family, including dogs, 
foxes, and wolves: ida is only a corruption of idae. 

ide (Gr. eidos, resemblance), in chem., a postfix 
of tte terms oxygen, chlorine, fluorine, and iodine, 



not forming an acid— as oxide of chlorine, chlor ide of 
sulphur, iodide of iron, &c. 

idean (L. ideus— from Gr. eidos, resemblance), rela- 
tion to that which bears resemblance— as aryteno- 
idean, dr'-l-ten-dy'-dS-Cui, pert, to that which is aryte- 
noid or funnel-shaped. 

ides, as if eicles (Gr. eidos, resemblance or likeness), 
in scientific terms, a postfix preceded by o, denoting 
"resemblance or likeness to an object" indicated by 
the word to which it is joined— as alkaloides, dl'-ka- 
lo-i'dez, substances having a likeness or resemblance 
to alkaloids. 

ides— see under idae. 

ie (AS.), little— see under cle. 

iff (F.), a form of ive, one who— see under an. 

ile (L. His), pert, to— see under ac. 

ile (L. His, a contr. of ibilis), able— see under able. 

im, a termination of Heb. nouns plu., as cherubi??i. 

ina (It., &c), a fern, termination, as in Czarina. 

ine (L. inus), pert, to— see under ac. 



ine (L.), a fem. termination, as in heroine. 

ing (AS.), the termination of the imp. of verbs. 

ion (L. io— gen. ionis), act of— see under age 2. 

ior (L.), more— as superior, more above. 

ique (F. ique: L. iquus), belonging to— as antique, 
belonging to what is ancient. 

ise, also ize (Gr. no), to make— see under ate 3. 

ish(AS.), also like, ly, which form adjectives, and 
signify " like" ; becoming: examples— boyish, like a 
boy; foolish, like a fool: gentleman? ike, like a gentle- 
man; warlike, becoming a warrior: brother?;/, be- 
coming a brother; friend?//, becoming a friend. 

ish(AS.), little; somewhat: examples— brownish, a 
little brown; brackis/i, somewhat salt; feverish, 
somewhat affected with fever. 

ish (AS.), pert, to— see under ac. 

ish (L. Ms), to make— see under ate 3. 

isk (Gr. iskos), little, as in asterisk, a little star. 

ism, a3so asm (Gr. ismos), state of being— see under 
acyl. 

ism (Gr. ismos), things relating to— see under ics. 

ist (Gr. istes), one who— see under an. 

ite (L. itus), in chem., a postfix which, added to 
the name of an acid ending in ous, expresses combi- 
nation oi that acid with a salifiable base— as sulphi?e 
of potash, that is, a combination of sulphurows acid 
with the base potash. 

ite (L. itus : Gr. ites), one who— see under an : that 
which, as hi appeti?e, that which creates the desire 
for food. 

ite (Gr. lithos, a stone), in geol., a contraction of 
lite, meaning "stone" or "resembling stone"— as in 
quartz//;, granular quartz; ammoni?e, a certain fossil 
shell. 

itis (Gr. iemi, I discharge, I urge against), in med., 
a postfix hi Gr. names of organs, signifying inflam- 
mation of the organ indicated, as in cardi?is, inflam- 
mation of the heart. 

ity (L. Has— gen. itatis), state, condition, or quality 
of being— see under acy 1. 

ive (L. ivus), able to do, or doing ; capacity in an 
active sense: examples— cohesi ve, able to stick to- 
gether ; expansice, able to spread out. 

ive (L. ivus), one who— see under an. 

ix (L. ix— gen. icis), a fem. termination, as in tes- 
tatrix, a woman who leaves a will. 

ize, another form of ise (Gr. izo), to make— see 
under ate 3. 

kin (AS. cyn, race: Ger. kind, a child), little; a son 
of,— as lambkin, a little lamb— that is, the son of a 
lamb,— see under cle ; and also kin in Dictionary. 

kind (see above, and kin in Dictionary), kind or 
rail— as mankind, the race of man. 

Ie (AS.), that which— see under el 1. 

Ie (AS.), often; little— as sparkie, n. a little spark; 
sparkie, v. to throw out sparks often. 

lent (L. lentus), full of— see under ate 2. 

less (AS. Ices), privation; without: examples — 
guilt?ess, without guilt; breath?ess, without breath— 
~ee less in Dictionary. 

let (AS. lytel), little— see under cle. 

like (AS. gelic, like), like— see under ishl. See like 
in Dictionary. 

ling (AS.), little— see under cle. 

lite (see ite 3), in geol., " stone," as inmel?i?e, honey- 
stone. 

ly (from like), like— see under ish 1. 

ly (AS.), manner — see under ways. 

ment (L. mentum: F. ment), state of being — see 
under acy L 

ment (L mentum), the thing which— see under ary 3. 

mony (L. monium), state of being — see under acy 1: 
the thing which— see under ary 3. 

most (AS.), a termination indicating the superl. 
degree— as hind?;tos?, furthest behind ; inmost, furthest 
within. 

ness (AS. nes : Ger. niss), state, condition, or quality 
of being— see under acy 1. 

ock (AS.), little— see under cle. 

ode (Gr. odes, excess or fulness), a postfix in medi- 
cal terms signifying an "unexcited condition" — as 
tetanode, tetani ■.ability, as distinguished 

from tetanic, denoting the excited state of tetanus. 

odes (Gr. odes, excess or fulness), a postfix in scien- 
tific terms denoting " plenty or fulness." 

oecious (Gr. oikos, a house or family), in bot., a 
postfix denoting the arrangement of stamens and 
pistils in flowers— as monceciows, possessing two kinds 
of unisexual flowers on the same individual. 



OID 



752 



CT 



oid (Gr. eidos, appearance, resemblance), a postfix 
denoting "likeness"; resemblance— as spheroid, re- 
sembling a sphere. 

on, also one and oon, which form nouns (It. and F. 
on), large: examples— million, a large thousand; 
trombone, a large deep-toned instr. of the trumpet 
kind ; balloon, a large ball. 

or (L. or), one who— see under an. 

ory (L. orium), pert, to— see under ac. 

ory (L. orius), place where— see under ary 2. 

ory (L. orium), the thing which— see under ary 3. 

ose (L. osus), full of— see under ate 2. 

ot (F. ette ; AS. ot), little— see under cle. 

ous (L. osms), full of— see under ate 2. 

ous (L. osms), in chem., a postfix denoting that com- 



which contains a smaller quantity of oxygen than 
nitric acid— see ic 2. 

re (F.), another form of er, as in meagre. 

red (AS. rceden), state or condition; those who: 
kindred, those who are kin, or related by blood. 

ric (AS. ric, power), rank, jurisdiction, or office- 
see under acy 2. 

ry (AS.), things relating to— see under ics. 

ry (AS.), place where— see under ary 2: persons or 
things collectively— see under age 3. 

ry (L. ia, and AS), state of being— see under acy 1. 

s — see under es. 

se (AS.), to make : contr. from ise, as in cleanse, to 
make clean. 

ship (AS. scipe, form, state), rank, jurisdiction, or 
office— see acy 2 : state of being— see under acy 1. 



e), full of— see under 



son (AS. ), son, as Thomson, the son of Thomas ; John* 
son, the son of John. 

ster (AS. estre, a fern, termination), one who— see 
under an. 

stress (AS. estre or istre, fern, termination of nouns), 
a fem. termination of nouns, as in songsiress, a sweet 

teen (AS. ten or tyn), ten to be added— as fourteen, 
ten and four. 

th (AS.), state of being— see under acy 1. 

tude (L. tudo—gen. tudiuis), state of being— see 
under acy 1. 

ty or ity (L. tudo), state of being— see under acy 1. 

ty (AS. tig; Ger. zig, in the sense of multiplied 
into), ten to be multiplied into, as in seventy, ten to 
!.)<' multiplied into seven. 

ule (L. ulus), little— see under cle. 

ure (L. ura), state of being— see under acy 1 : the 
act of, or the thing done— see under age 2: things 
relating to— see under ics. 

ward, also wards (AS. weard), direction of— see 
under erly. 

ways, also wise (AS. wis: Ger. muss), manner: exam- 
ples— crosswise, in a cross manner ; likewise, in like 
manner : lengthways, in the direction of its length : 
ly (AS.), manner: examples— honestly, in an honest 
manner; candidly, in a candid manner; justZy, in a 
just manner. 

wise— see ways. 

y (AS.), little— see under cle. 

y, also ey (AS. ig), full of— see under ate 2. 

y (L. and Gr. ia), state, condition or quality of being 
—see under acy 1. • 

yte (Gr. ites), one who— see under an. 



APPENDIX II. 



A LIST OF COMMON ABBREVIATIONS OF WORDS USED IN 
WRITING AND PRINTING. 

Note. — The Abbreviations used in this work, of which an Alphabetical List is 
given at the beginning of the Dictionary, are not here repeated. 



A 1, first class— see Dictionary. 

a or aa (Gr. ana— see ana in Dictionary), in med., of 
each the same quantity. 

A.B., Bachelor of Arts— see Dictionary. 

A.D., (L. anno Domini), in the year of our Lord. 

ad lib., or ad libit. (L. ad libitum), at pleasure. 

M. , JEt. (L. aztatis), of age ; aged. 

A.M. (L. artiummagister). Master of Arts. 

A.M. (L. ante meridiem), before noon. 

A.M. (L. anno mundi), in the year of the world. 

anon., anonymous. 

AR.A, Associate of the Royal Academy. 

A.R.S.A., Associate of the Royal Scottish Acad- 
emy. 

A.R.S.S. (L. antiquariorum regice societatis socius), 
Fellow of the Royal Society of Antiquaries. 

AS., Anglo-Saxon. 

AU.C. (L. anno urMs conditce, or anno ab urbe 
conditd), in the year of, or from the building of the 
city, viz., Rome. 



'B.C., before Christ. " 

B.C.L., Bachelor of Civil Law. 

B.D., Bachelor of Divinity. 

B.LL., also LL.B., Bachelor of Laws. 

B.Sc, Bachelor of Science. 

B.S.L., Botanical Society of London. 

C. (L. centum), a hundred. 
Cantab. (L. Cantabrigiensis), of Cambridge. 
Cantuar., Canterbury. 

cap. (L. caput, the head), chapter: cap., ca 
cap., a capital letter; caps., capital letters. 
C.B., Companion of the Bath. 
C.E., Civil Engineer. 
cent (L. centum), a hundred, 
cf. (L. confer), compare, 
chap., chapter. 

con. (L. contra), against ; in opposition, 
cos., cosine. 

C.S.I., Companion of the Star of India, 
cres., crescendo. 

crim. con., criminal conversation; adultery. 
ct., cent; also (L. centum), a hundred. 



753 



MRGS 



eurt., current— that is, in this period of time, as 



weight), a hundredweight. 

D. C. (It. da capo), in music, again ; from the begin- 
ning. 

D.C.L., Doctor of Civil or Canon Law. 

D.D. (L. divinitatis doctor). Doctor of Divinity. 

D.G. (L. Dei gratia), by the grace of God: (L. Deo 
gratias), thanks to God. 

do. or Do., the same— see ditto in Dictionary. 

doz., dozen. 

Dr., doctor; debtor. 

D.S. (It. dal segno), from the sign. 

D.Sc, Doctor of Science. 

Dunelm. , Durham. 

D. V. (L. Deo volente), God willing. 

dwt. (L. denarius, a silver coin, a penny ; and first 
and last letters of Eng. weight), pennyweight 

Ebor. (L. Lboriicum), York. 
E.C., Established Church: F.C., Free Church. 
Ed., editor. 
E.E., errors excepted. 

e.g. (L. exempli gratia, for the sake of example), for 
example ; for instance. 



E. long., east longitude. 
E.N.E., east-north-east. 
E.S.E., east-south-east. 
Esq. or Esqr., Esquire. 

etc. (L. et caztera), &c; and others ; and so forth. 
et seq. (L. et sequent ia), and the following. 
ex., example; exception: ex, "out of," as a cargo 
ex Maria— see ex in Dictionary. 
exch., exchequer; exchange. 
Exon. (L. Exonia), Exeter. 

f. feminine ; farthing or farthings; foot or feet. 
Fahr. , Fahrenheit. 
far. , farriery ; farthing. 

F. A. S., Fellow of the Society of Arts. 

F. A. S.E., Fellow of the Antiquarian Society, Edin- 
burgh. 

F.B.S.E., Fellow of the Botanical Society of Edin- 
burgh. 

F.C.-seeE.C. 

fcp. , foolscap. 

F.D. {L.fidei defensor). Defender of the Faith. 

F.E.I. S. , Fellow of the Educational Institute of Scot- 
land. 

F.E.S., Fellow of the Entomological Society; Fellow 
of the Ethnological Society. 

F.G.S., Fellow of the Geological Society. 

F.H.S., Fellow of the Horticultural Society. 

PI. , Flemish ; Florida ; florin. 

F.L.S. , Fellow of the Linnaean Society. 

F.M., field-marshal. 

fo., foL, folio. 

F.P., fire-plug. 

F.P.S., Fellow of the Philological Society. 

Fr., France; French. 

F.R.AS., Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society. 

F.R.C.P., Fellow of the Royal College of Preceptors, 
or of Physicians. 

F.R.C.P.E., Fellow of the Royal College of Physici- 
ans, Edinburgh. 

F.R.C.S. , Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons. 

F.R.C.S.E., Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, 
Edinburgh. 

F.R.C.S.I., Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, 
Ireland. 

F.R. C.S.L. , Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, 
London. 

F.R.G.S., Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society. 

F.R.S., Fellow of the Royal Society. 

F.R.S.E., Fellow of the Royal Society, Edinburgh. 

F.R.S.L., Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature. 

F.S.A., Fellow of the Society of Arts, or of Antiqua- 
ries: F.S.A., Scot., anF.S.A. of Scotland. 

ft., foot or feet. 

F.T.C.D, Fellow of Trinity College, Dublin. 

F.Z.A., Fellow of the Zoological Academy. 



H.B.C., Hudson Bay Company. 

H.E.I.C., Honourable East India Company. 

H.G., Horse Guards. 

hhd., hogshead ; hogsheads. 

H.I.H., His (or Her) Imperial Highness. 

H.M.S., Her (or His) Majesty's steamer, ship, or 
service. 

H.R.H., His (or Her) Royal Highness. 

H.S.S. (L. histories societatis socius), Fellow of the 
Historical Society. 

ib., ibid. (L. ibidem), in the same place. 

id. (L. idem), the same. 

i.e. (L. id est), that is. 

I.H.S. (L. Jesus Hominum Salvator), Jesus the 
Saviour of Men. 

incog. (L. incognito), unknown. 

in lim. (L. in limine), at the outset. 

in loc. (L. in loco), in its place. 

inst., instant— that is, the present month— see under 
curt, in Dictionary. 

in trans. (L. in transitu), on the passage. 

I.O.U., three letters being identical in sound with 
the three words "I owe you,"— written as a simple 
acknowledgment for money lent, followed by sum and 
signature. 

Ir., Ireland; Irish. 

i.q. (L. idem quod), the same as. 

J. P., Justice of the Peace. 

K.C.B., Knight Commander of the Bath (Great 
Britain). • 

K.G., Knight of the Garter (Great Britain). 

K.G.C., Knight of the Grand Cross (Great Britain). 

K.G.C.B., Knight of the Grand Cross of the Bath 
(Great Britain). 

Knt., knight. 

K.P., Knight of St Patrick (Ireland). 

Kt. or Knt. , knight. 

K.T., Knight of the Thistle (Scotland). 

K.S.E., Knight of the Star of the East. 

L. or lb. (L. libra), a pound in weight. 

L.AC., Licentiate of the Apothecaries' Company. 

lat., latitude, N. or S. 

lb.— see L. 

leg. (It. legato), smoothly. 

L.G., Life Guards. 

lib. (L. liber), a book. 

Linn., Linnaeus; Linnaean. 

LL.B. (L. legum, of laws, and baccalaureus, bache- 
lor), Bachelor of Laws, an academic title. 

LL.D. (L. legum, of laws, and doctor, doctor), Doctor 
of Laws, an academic title, higher than LL.B. 

long. , longitude, E. or W. 

L.S.D., or £ s. d. (said to be from'L. H&ra, a balance, 
a pound in weight ; solidus, a coin of the value of 25 
denarii, subsequently only a half of that value ; and 
denarius, a silver coin worth about 8Jd. Eng.), 
pounds, shillings, pence— that is, in any written 
statement of money, L. is put over pounds, S. over 
shillings, and D. over pence; in printing, £ for L. is 
put before the sum, as £15, s. and d. in single letter, 
after, as 4s. 6d. 

M. (L. mille), a thousand. 

M.A. (L. magister artium), Master of Arts, an aca- 
demic title. 

M.C.S., Madras Civil Service. 

M.D. (L. medicince, of medicine, doctor, doctor), 
Doctor of Medicine. 

M.E., Mining Engineer. 

Mdlle. (F. Mademoiselle), Miss. 

Mme. (F. Madame), Madam. 

Mons. (F. Monsieur), Mr ; Sir. 

M.P., Member of Parliament. 

M.P.S., Member of the Philological Society; Mem- 
ber of the Pharmaceutical Society. 

M.R.A.S., Member of the Royal Asiatia Society; 
Member of the Royal Academy of Science. 

M.R.C.P., Member of the Royal College of Precep- 
tors, or of Physicians. 

M.R.C.S., Member of the Royal College of Surgeons. 

M.R.G.S., Member of the Royal Geographical So- 
ciety. 



MRIA 



754 



YD 



M.R.I. A., Member of the Royal Irish Academy. 
MS., manuscript; MSS , tnanu < ri|.i 
Mus. B., Bachelor of Music: Mus. D., Doctor of 
Music. 

N.B., North British ; North Britain, that is, Scot- 
land; New Brunswick; (L. nota, note, bene, well), 
note well, or take notice. 

N.E., north-east; New England. 

nem. con.— see Dictionary. 

N.N.E., north-north-east. 

N.N.W., north-north-west. 

non obst. (L. non, not, obstante, standing over 
against, withstanding), notwithstanding. 

non pros. (L. non, not, ■prosequitur, lie" follows after, 
he prosecutes), he does not prosecute— applied to a 
judgment entered against a plaintiff who does not 
appear. 

non seq. (L. non, not, sequitur, it follows), it does 
not follow. 

N.P., notary public. 

N.S., new style ; Nova Scotia. 

N.T., New Testament. 

N.W., north-west. 

ob. (L. obiit), he died. 

obs., obsolete. 

O.M., old measurement. 

O.S., old style. 

Oxon. (L. Oxonia), Oxford. 



p., page: pp., pages. 

P.O., Privy Council or Councillor. 

P.D. or Ph.D., Doctor of Philosophy. 



hundred. ledge. 

Ph.D.— see P.D. 

phil. trans., philosophical transactions. 

pinx., pxt. (L. pinxit), he or she painted it. 

P.L.C., Poor-Law Commissioners. 

P.M., postmaster: (L. post meridiem), afternoon. 

P.M.G., postmaster-general. 

P.O., post-office: P.O.O., Post-Office Order. 

pp., pages. 

P.P., parish-priest. 

P. P.O. (F. pour prendre conge", to take leave), put on 
calling cards to intimate leave-taking. 

pr. or f (L. per, by), by the. 

P.R.A., President of the Royal Academy. 

pres., also preses, pres'es, president. 

prof. , professor. 

pro tem. (L. pro tempore), for the time being. 

prox. (L. proximo), next ; of the next month — see 
Dictionary. 

P.R.S., President of the Royal Society. 

P. S. (L. post scriptum), postscript. 

p.t. , post-town. 

pxt. (L. pinxit), he or she painted it. 

Q. or Qu., question; query. 

Q.C., Queen's Counsel; Queen's College. 

q.e. (L. quod est), which is. 

Q.E.D. (L. quod erat demonstrandum), which was to 
be demonstrated. 

Q.E.F. (L. quod erat faciendum), which was to be 
done. 

Q.E.I. (L. quod erat inveniendum), which was to be 
found out. 

q.l. (L. quantum libet), as much as you please. 

Q.M.G., quartermaster-general. 

qr., quarter; quire: qrs., quarters. 

qt., quart: qts., quarts. 

q.v. (L. quod vide), which see. 

R., L. rex, king; regina, queen. 

R. , L. recipe, take. 

R.A., Royal Academy, or Academician; Royal 
Artillery; Rear-Admiral ; Right Ascension. 

R.C., Roman Catholic. 

R.E., Royal Engineers. 

Ref. Ch., Reformed Church. 

Reg. Prof., Regius Professor. 

I. A., Royal Hibernian Academy; Royal Horse 
Artillery. 

R.H.G., Royal Horse Guards. 

R.I.P. (L.), requiescat in pace. 

R.M., Royal Mail; Royal Marines. 



R.M.S., Royal Mail Steamer. 

R.N., Royal Navy. 

Rom. Cath., Roman Catholic. 

R.Rev., right reverend. 

R.S.A, Royal Society of Antiquaries; Royal Scot- 
tish Academy. 

R.S.D., Royal Society of Dublin. 

R.S.E., Royal Society of Edinburgh. 

R.S.S. (L. region societatis soau.<), Fellow of the 
Royal Society. 

Rt., Right. 

S., south. 

S.A., South America; South Africa; South Aus- 
tralia. 

Sarum, Salisbury. 

S.A.S. (L. societatis antiquariorum socius), Fellow 
of the Society of Antiquaries. 

s. caps., small capital letters. 

sc. or sculp. (L. sculpsit), he or she engraved it. 

sc. or scil. (L. scilicet), to wit ; namely. 

Bcr., scruple. 

sculp, or sculpt. (L. sculpsit), he or she engraved it. 

S.E., south-east. 

sec, secretary; second. 

Sep. or Sept., Septuagint; also LXX. 

seq. (L. seqaiiilrs or sapu-utiu), the following ; the 
next. 

S.G., solicitor-general. 

S.H.S. (societatis historian socius), Fellow of the 
Historical Society. 

S.J., Society of Jesus. ' 

S.L., solicitor-at-law. 

S.M. Lond. Soc. (L. societatis medicos Londiniensis 
socius), Member of the London Medical Society. 

Sol. -Gen., solicitor-general. 

S.P.C.K., Society for Promoting Christian Know- 



S.R.I. (L. sacrum lio/naimm rmpcriuiit), the Holy 
Roman Empire. 

S.R.S. (L. societatis region socius), Fellow of the 
Royal Society. 

s.s., steam-ship. 

S.S.C., Solicitor before the Supreme Courts, Scot- 
land. 

S.S.E., south-south-east. 

S.S.W., south-south-west. 

S.T.P. (L. sacran theologian professor), Professor of 
Theology. 

super. , superfine. 

supp. , supplement. 

S.W., south-west. 

syn., synonym; synonymous. 



TJ.C, Upper Canada; (L. urbs condita, the founding 
of the city), the year of Rome, 
ult.— see Dictionary under curt. 
univ. , university. 
U.P., United Presbyterian. 
U.S., United States. 

V.C., Victoria cross. 

v.g. (L. verbi grati,' 

vid. (L. vide), see. 

viz. (a corruption of L. videlicet), namely ; to wit. 

vol., volume: vols., volumes. 

V.P., vice-president. 

vul., vulgate. 

W., west; western. 

W.C., water-closet. 

Winton, Winchester 

W. long. , west longitude. 

W.M.S., Wesle; y Society. 

W.N.W., west-north-west. 

W.S., Writer to the Signet— see signet in Dictionary. 

W.S.W., west-south-west. 

wt. , weight. 



yd., yard: yds., yards. 



755 



APPENDIX III. 



AX ALPHABETICAL LIST of PHRASES, WORDS, and QUOTATIONS, from the 
LATIN, FRENCH, and other LANGUAGES, with their SIGNIFICATION. 



a bas (F.), down; down with. 

ab extra (L.), from without. 

ab initio (L.), from the beginning. 

ab intra (L. ), from within. 

ab origine (L.), from the beginning. 

ab ovo (L.), from the egg ; from the beginning. 

absente reo (L.), the person accused being absent. 

ab urbe cosdita (L.), from the founding of the city 
—i.e., Rome. 

a compte (F.), on account; in part payment. 

ad aperturam (L.), at the opening; as the book 
opens. 

ad captandum vulgus (L.), to catch the rabble. 

ad eundem (L.), to the same degree— gradum being 
understood. 

ad extremum (L.), to the extreme. 

ad flnem (L.), to the end. 

ad Graecas Calendas (L.), at the Greek Calends; 
never, as the Greeks had no Calends. 

ad infinitum (L.), to infinity. 

ad interim (L.). in the meanwhile. 

a discretion (F.), at discretion ; without restriction. 

ad libitum (L.), at pleasure. 

ad literam (L.), to the letter ; letter for letter. 

ad modum (L.), after the manner of. 

ad nauseam (L.), to disgust. 

ad referendum (L.), to be further considered. 

ad rem (L.), to the point; to the purpose. 

ad nnorn omnes (L.), all to one ; all to a man. 

ad valorem (L.), according to the value. 

ad vitam aut culpam (L.), for life or for fault; in 
Scot., a phrase used to indicate the legal permanency 
of an appointment, and that the hofder can only be 
dismissed for misconduct. 

aequo animo (L.), with an equable mind. 

setatis suae (L.), of his or her age. 

affaire d'amour (F.), a love affair. 

affaire d'honneur (F.), an affair of honour. 

affaire du coeur, (F.), an affair of the. heart. 

a fortiori (L.), with stronger reason. 

a la campagne (F.), in the country. 

a la Francaise (F.), after the French mode. 

a l'Anglaise (F.), after the English mode. 

a la mode (F.), according to the custom ; in fashion. 

alere flammam (L.), to feed the flame. 

al fresco (It.), in the open air; cooL 

allez vous en (F.), away with you. 

allons (F.), let us go ; come on. 

alma mater (L.)— see Dictionary. 

alter ego (L.j, another self. 

alter idem (L.), another precisely similar. 

amende honorable (F.), satisfactory apology; rep- 
aration. 

a mensa et thoro (L.), from board and bed. 

amor patriae (L.), love of country. 

amour propre (F.), self-love; vanity. 

ancien regime (F.), ancient order of things. 

anglice (L.), in English. 

anno aetatis suae (L.), in the year of his or her age. 

anno Christi (L.), in the year of Christ. 

anno Domini (L.), in the year of our Lord. 

anno mundi, (L.), in the year of the world. 

annus mirabilis (L.), the wonderful year. 

ante meridiem (L.), before noon. 

a outrance (F.), to the utmost; to the death. 

apercu (F.), survey; sketch. 

aplomb (F.), in a perpendicular line; firmly. 

apostexic Dictionary. 

a priori (L.)— see Dictionary. 

a propos (F.), to the point; seasonably. 

aqua vitae (L.), water of life; brandy; alcohol. 

argumentum ad hominem (L.)— see Dictionary. 

argumentum ad ignorantia (L.), an argument 
founded on an opponent's ignorance of facts : ar'gu- 



men'tum baculinum (L.), the argument of the cudgel ; 
an appeal to force. 

arriere pensee (F.), after-thought; mental reserva- 
tion. 

ars est celare artem (L.), true art is to conceal art. 

ars longa, vita brevis (L.), art is long, life is short. 

audi alteram (L.), hear the other side. 

au fait (F.), well instructed; expert. 

au fond (F.), at the bottom. 

au pis aller (F.), at the worst. 

aura popul r favour. 

aurea mediocritas (L.), the golden mean. 

au reste (F.), as for the rest. 

au revoir (F.), adieu till we meet again. 

aut amat aut odit mulier (L.), a woman either loves 

aut Caesar aut nullus (L.), either Caesar or nobody. 

auto da fe (Port.), an act of faith, a name in Sp. 
and Port, given to the burning of Jews and heretics 
on account of their religious tenets. 

au troisieme (F.), on the third floor. 

aut vincere aut mori (L.), either to conquer or die. 

aux armes (F. ), to arms. 

avant coureur (F.), a forerunner: the usual Eng. 
form is avant courier— see Dictionary. 

avant propos (F.), preliminary matter; preface. 

avec permission (F.), by consent. 

a verbis ad verbera (L.), from words to blows. 

a vinculo matrimonii (L.), from the tie of marriage. 

a volonte (F. ), at pleasure. 

a votre sante (F.), to your health. 

bas bleu, (F.l, a blue-stocking ; a literary woman. 

beau ideal (F.) : beau monde (F.)— see beau in Dic- 
tionary. 

beaux esprits (F.), gay spirits; men of wit. 

beaux yeux (F.), handsome eyes; attractive looks. 

bel esprit (F.), a brilliant mind ; a person of wit or 
genius. 

bella! horrida bella ! (L.)wars! horrid wars! 

ben trovata (It.), well found ; a happy invention. 

bete noire (F.), a black beast ; a bugbear. 

bienseance (F.), civility; decorum. 

billet doux (F.)— see Dictionary. 

bis dat qui cito dat (L.), he gives twice who gives 
quickly. 

blase (F.), surfeited; rendered incapable by excess 
of further enjoyment. 

bon ami {¥.), good friend. 

bon bon (F.), a sweetmeat. 

bon gre mal gre (F.), willing or unwilling. 

bonhomie, (¥.), good-nature; simplicity. 

bon jour (F.), good day ; good morning. 

bonne (F.), a nurse or governess. 

bonne et belle (F.), good and handsome. 

bonne foi (F.), good faith. 

bon soir (F.), good evening. 

brevi manu (L.), with a short hand ; without delay ; 
summarily. 

brutum fulmen (L.), a harmless thunderbolt. 

cacoethes loquendi (L ), a rage for speaking. 

cacoethes scribendi, (L.), an itch for scribbling. 

caetera desunt (L.), the remainder is wanting. 

caeteris paribus (L.), other things being equal. 

Candida pax (L.), white-robed peace. 

caput (L.), head; chapter: caput mortuum (L.), the 
dead body ; the worthless remains. 

carpe diem (L.), enjoy the present day; seize the op- 
portunity. 

casus belli (L.), a cause of war; that which justifies 
war. 

catalogue raisonne (F.), a catalogue of books ar- 
ranged according to their subjects. 



756 



cedant arma togas (L.), let arms yield to the gown- 
that is, let military authority yield to the civil power. 

ce n'est que le premier pas qui coute (F.), it is only 
the first step which is difficult. 

centum (L.), a hundred. 

certiorari— see Dictionary. 

c'est a dire (F.), that is to say. 

chacun a son gout (F.), every one to his taste. 

chef (F. ), the head ; the leading person or part ; often 
applied to a chief or professed cook. 

chef de bataillon (F.), a major. 

chef de cuisine (F.), head cook. 

chef-d'oeuvre (F.), a masterpiece. 

chere amie (F.), a dear friend ; a mistress. 

chevalier d'industrie (F. ), a knight of industry ; one 
who lives by persevering fraud. 

chiaro-oscuro— see Dictionary. 

cicerone— see Dictionary. 

cicisbeo (It.), a male attendant on a married lady. 

ci-devant— see Dictionary. 

cogito ergo sum (L.), I think, therefore I exist. 

colubrem in sinu fovere (L.), to cherish a serpent in 
one's bosom. 

comme il faut (F.), as it should be. 

compagnon de voyage (F.), a travelling companion. 

compos mentis (L.), of sound mind. 

compte rendu (F.), account rendered; report. 

comte (F.), count: comtesse, countess. 

con amore (It. ), with love or great pleasure; earnestly. 

con commodo (It.), at a convenient rate. 

conditio sine qua non (L.), a necessary condition. 

confrere (F.), a brother of the same monastery; an 
associate. 

conge d'elire (F.), leave to elect. 

conquiescat in pace (L. ), may he rest in peace. 

conseil de famille (F.), a family consultation. 

conseil d'etat (F. ), a council of state ; a privy council. 

constantia et virtute (L.), by constancy and virtue. 

consuetudo pro lege servatur (L.), custom is ob- 
served as law. 

contra bonos mores (L.), against good manners. 

coram nobis (L.), before us. 

coram non judice (L.), before one not the proper 
judge. 

corps de garde (F.) ( the company of men who watch 
in a guard-room ; the guard-room itself. 

corps diplomatique (F.), a diplomatic body. 

corpus Christi (L.), Christ s body. 

corpus delicti (L.), the body, substance, or founda- 
tion of the offence. 

corrigenda— see Dictionary. 

couleur de rose (F.), rose-colour ; an aspect of beauty 
and attractiveness. 

coup d'etat, coup de grace, coup de main, coup 
d'oeil, coup de eoleil— see Dictionary. 

coute qu'il coute (F.), let it cost what it may. 

credula res amor est (L.), love is a credulous affair. 

crimen laesae majestatis (L.), the crime of injuring 
majesty; high treason. 

cui bono? (L.), for whose benefit is it? what good 
will it do? 

cul de sac— see Dictionary. 

cum grano salis (L.), with a grain of salt ; with some 
allowance. 

n privilegio (L.), with privilege. 



da capo (It.), from the beginning. 

de bonne grace (F.), with good grace ; willingly. 

de die in diem (L.), from day to day. 

de facto (L.), from the fact; really. 

degage (F.), easy and unconstrained. 

Dei gratia (L.), by the grace of God. 

dejeuner a la fourchette (F.), a meat breakfast. 

de jure (L.), from the law; by right. 

delenda est Carthago (L.), Carthage must be blotted 
out or destroyed. 

de mortuis nil nisi bonum (L.), let nothing but good 
fce said of the dead. 

demihilo nihil fit (L.), of nothing, nothing is made. 

de novo (L.), anew ; over again from the beginning. 

Deo gratias (L.), thanks to God. 

Deo juvante (L.), with God's help. 

Deo, non fortuna (L. ), from God, not from fortune. 

Deo volente (L. ), God willing ; by God's will : usually 
contracted into D.V. 

de profundis (L.), out of the depths. 

dernier resaort (F.), a last resource. 



desagrement (F.), something disagreeable. 

desideratum— see Dictionary under desiderate. 

desunt caetera(L.), the other things are wanting; 
the remainder is wanting. 

de trop (F.), too much, or too many ; not wanted. 

dies irae (L.), the day of wrath. 

dies non (L.), in law, a day on which judges do not 
sit. 

Dieu defend le droit (F.), God defends the right. 

Dieu et mon droit (F. ), God and my right. 

dignus vindice nodus (L.), a knot worthy to be un- 
tied by such an avenger, or by such hands. 

dii penates (L.), household gods: dii majores (L.), 
the greater gods : dii minores (L.), the lesser gods. 

disjecta membra (L.), scattered limbs or remains. 

distingue (F.), distinguished; eminent. 

distrait (L.), absent in thought. 

divertissement (F.), amusement; sport. 

divide et impera (LJ, divide and mile. 

dolcefar niente (fi.), sweet doing -nothing ; sweet 
idleness. 

double entendre (F.), correct spelling double en- 
tente (F.), double meaning; a play on words, in 
which the word or phrase is susceptible of more than 
one meaning. 

dramatis personae (L.), the characters or persons 
represented in a drama. 

dulce domum (L.), sweet home; homewards. 

dulce est desipere in loco (L. ), it is pleasant to jest 
or be merry at the proper time. 

dulce et decorum est pro patria mori (L.), it is 
sweet and becoming to die for one's country. 

dum spiro, spero (L.), while I breathe, I hope. 

dum vivimus, vivamus (L.), while we live, let us live. 

eau de Cologne, eau de vie— see Dictionary. 

eccehomo (L.), behold the man— applied to a picture 
representing our Lord given up to the Jews by Pilate, 
or wearing a crown of thorns. 

editio princeps (L.), the first edition. 

egalite (F.), equality. 

ego et rex meus (L.), I and my king. 

el dorado (Sp.), the golden land. 

emigre (F.), an emigrant. 

empressement (F.), ardour; zeal. 

enarriere (F.), in the rear; behind. 

en attendant (F.), in the meanwhile. 

en avant (F.), forward. 

en deshabille (F.), in undress. 

en echelon (F.), in steps ; like stairs. 

en famille (F.) ( in a domestic state. 

enfans perdus (F.), lost children; in mil., the for- 
lom-hope. 

en grand tenue (F.), in full dress. 

en masse (F.), in a body. 

en passant (F.), in passing ; by the way. 



en route (F.j, on the way. 

en suite (F.), in company. 

entente cordiale (F.), evidence of cordial goodwill 
exchanged by the sovereigns or heads of two states. 

entourage (F.), surroundings; adjuncts. 

en tout (F.), in all ; wholly. 

entree, entremets, entrepot, entresol — see Dic- 
tionary under entree. 

entre nous (F.), between ourselves. 

en verite (F.), in truth ; verily. 

errare est humanum (L.), to err is human. 

esprit borne (F.), a narrow contracted mind. 

esprit de corps— see Dictionary. 

esse quam videri (L.), to be, rather than to seem. 

esto perpetua (L.), let it be perpetual; let it endure 
for ever. 

et caetera— see Dictionary. 

et hoc genus omne (L.), and everything of the kind. 

et sequentes (L.), et sequentia (L.), and those that 
follow. 

et sic de caeteris (L.), and so of the rest. 

et tu, Brute! (L.)and thou also, Brutus!— said of 
one from whom such conduct would not have been 
expected. 

eureka (Gr.), I have found it— see Dictionary. 

ex adverso (L.), from the opposite side. 

ex animo (L.), with the soul; heartily. 

ex capite (L.), from the head ; from memory. 

ex cathedra— see Dictionary. 

exceptio probat regulam (L.), the exception proves 



757 



excerpta (L.), extracts. 

ex concesso (L.), from what is conceded. 

ex curia <L.), out of court. 

ex done- (L.), by the gift. 

exempli gratia— see Dictionary under exemplar. 

exeunt and exeunt omnes— see under exit in Dic- 
tionary. 

exit— see Dictionary. 

ex necessitate rei (L. ), from the necessity of the case. 

exnihilo nihil fit (L.), out of nothing, nothing comes. 

ex officio, ex parte— see Dictionary under ex. 

ex pede Herculem (L.), we see a Hercules from the 
foot ; we judge of the whole from the specimen. 

experimentum crucis (L.), the experiment of the 
cross ; a decisive experiment ; a most searching test. 

experto crede (L. ), trust one who has had experience. 

ex post facto (L.j, after the deed is done. 

ex tempore— see Dictionary under extemporane- 
ous. 

extra muros (L.), beyond the walls. 

ex uno, disce omnes (L.), from one, learn all ; from 
one you can judge of the whole. 

ex usu (L.), from or by use. 

facetiae— see Dictionary under facetious. 

facile princeps (L.), evidently pre-eminent ; the ad- 
mitted chief. 

facilis est descensus Averni (L.), the descent to hell 
is easy ; the road to evil is an easy one. 

fac simile— see Dictionary. 

fait accompli (F.), a thing already accomplished. 

Fata Morgana— see Dictionary. 

fata obstant (L.), the Fates oppose it. 

fauteuil (F.), an easy-chair. 

faux pas (F.), a false step ; a mistake. 

fecit (L.), he made it — on a. painting, &c, put after 
an artist's name. 

feliciter (L.), happily; successfully. 

felo de se— see Dictionary under felon. 

femme couverte (F.), a woman covered or sheltered ; 
a married woman. 

femme de chambre (F.), a woman of the chamber; 
a chamber-maid. 

femme sole— see Dictionary under female. 

ferae naturae (L.), of a wild nature — said of wild 
beasts. 

festina lente (L. ). hasten slowly. 

fete champetre (F)., a rural festival. 

fete Dieu (F.), the Corpus Christi festival of the R. 
Cath. Ch. 

feu de joie— see Dictionary. 

fiat justitia, mat coelum (L.), let justice be done, 
though the heavens should fall. 

fidei defensor (L.). defender of the faith. 

fides Punica (L.). Punic faith ; treachery. 

fidus Achates (L.), faithful Achates; a true friend. 

fille de chambre (F.), a girl of the chamber ; a cham- 
ber-maid. 

finem respice (L.), look to the end. 

flagrante delicto (L. ), in the commission of the crime. 

fortiter in re (L.), with firmness in acting. 

fortuna fa vet fortibus (L.), fortune favours the 
brave. 

fronti nulla fides (L.), no faith in the appearance; 
there is no jarances. 

fuit Ilium (L.), Troy has been. 

fulmen brutum (L. ), a harmless thunderbolt. 

furor loquendi (L.), a rage for speaking. 

furor poeticus (L.), poetic fire. 

furor scribendi (L.), a rage for writing. 

garde du corps (F.), a body-guard. 

garde mobile (F.), a guard liable for general service. 

genius loci (L. ), the genius of the place. 

gens d'armes (F.), armed police. 

gens de lettres (F.), literary people. 

gentilhomme (F.), a gentleman. 

gloria in excelsis (L. ), glory to God in the highest. 

gloria Patri (L.), glory to the Father. 

gradus ad Parnassum (L.), a step to Parnassus, a 
mountain sacred to Apollo and the Muses; a book 
containing a ids >ek or Latin poetry. 

grande parure (F.), full-dress. 

guerre a outrance (F.), war to the uttermost. 

guerre a mort (F.), war to the death. 

hand passibus aequis (L.), not with equal steps. 

haut gout— see Dictionary. 

hie et ubique (L.), here and everywhere. 



hie sepultus (L.), here buried. 

nine illae lacrimae (L. ), hence proceed these tears. 

historiette (F.), a little or short history; a tale or 
brief narrative. 

hoi polloi (Gr.), the many; the rabble. 

hombre de un libro (Sp.), a man of one book. 

homme d'esprit (F.), a man of talent ; a witty man. 

honi soit qui mal y pense (F.), evil be to Mm who 
evil thinks. 

horribile dictu (L. ), terrible to be said. 

hors de combat (F.), out of condition to fight. 

hortus siccus— see Dictionary. 

hotel de ville (F.), a town -hall. 

Hotel des Invalides (F.), the military hospital in 
Paris. 

humanum est errare (L.), to err is human. 

ich dien (prov. Ger.), I serve. 

id est, usually contracted into i.e. (L.), that is. 

imitatores servum pecus (L.), imitators, a servile 
herd. 

imperium in imperio (L.), a government within a 
government. 

in aeternum (L.), for ever. > 

in armis (L.), under arms. 

in articulo mortis (L.), at the point of death ; in the 
last struggle. 

index expurgatorius— see Dictionary under index. 

in esse (L.), in being. 

in extenso (L.), at full length. 

in extremis (L.), at the point of death. 

in flagrante delicto (L.), taken in the fact. 

in forma pauperis (L.), in the form of a poor person ; 
as a poor person ; in law, to sue " in forma pauperis " 
relieves from costs. 

in foro conscientiae (L.), before the tribunal of con- 
infra dignitatem (LA below one's dignity— often 
abbreviated into infra dig. 

in hoc signo vinces (L.), under this sign or standard 
thou shalt conquer. 

in hoc statu (L.), in this state or condition. 

in limine (L.), at the threshold. 

in loco (L.), in the place. 

in loco parentis (L.), in the place of a parent. 

in medias res (L.), into the midst of things. 

in memoriam (L.), to the memory of; in memory. 

in nomine (L.), in the name of. 

in nubibus (L.), in the clouds. 

in pace (L.), in peace. 

in perpetuum (L.) for ever. 

in petto (It. ), within the breast ; in reserve. 

inpleno(L.), in full. 

in posse (L.), in possible existence; that may be 
possible. 

in praesenti (L.), at the present time. 

in propria persona (L. ), in one's own person. 

in puris naturalibus (L.), in naked nature; quite 
naked. 

in re (L.), in the matter of. 

in rem (L.), against the thing or property. 

in rerum natura (L.), in the nature of things. 

in situ— see Dictionary. 

insouciance (F.), indifference; carelessness. 

in statu quo (L. ), in the state in which it was ; in its 
former state. 

inter alia (L.), among other things. 

inter nos (L. ), between ourselves. 

inter pocula, at one's cups. i 

in terrorem (L.), as a warning. 

inter se (L.), among ourselves. 

in totidem verbis (L. ), in so many words. 

in toto (L.), in the whole ; entirely. 

intra muros (L.), within the walls. 

in transitu (L.), on the passage; during the convey- 
ance. 

in vacuo (L.), in empty space ; free, or nearly free, 
from air. 

in vino Veritas (L.), there is truth in wine; truth is 
told under the influence of liquor. 

invita Minerva (L.), against the will of Minerva; 
against the grain, or one's inclination. 

ipse dixit (L.), he himself said it; a piece of dog- 
matism. 

ipsissima verba (L.), the very words: ipsis'simis 
ver'bis, in the very words. 



jacta est alea (L.), the die is cast. 

je ne sais quoi (F.), I know not what. 

jet d'eau (F.), a jet of water. 

jeu de mots (F.), a play on words ; a pun. 

jeud'esprit (F.), a play of spirit; a witticism. 

jubilate Deo (L.), he joyful in the Lord. 

judicium Dei(L.), the judgment of God. 

Jupiter tonans (L.), Jupiter the thunderer. 

jure divino (L.), by divine law. 

jure humano (L.), by human law. 

jus canonicum (L.), canon law. 

jus civile (L.), civil law. 

jus divinum (L.), divine law. 

jus gentium (L.), the law of nations. 

juste milieu (F.), the golden mean. 

labore et honore (L.), by labour and honour. 

labor ipse voluptas (L.), labour itself is a pleasure. 

labor omnia vincit (L), laboureoiHLiiers everything. 

laissez faire (F.), let alone; sutler to have its own 
way. 

lapsus calami (L.), a slip of the pen: lap'sus lin- 
guse, a slip of the tongue: lap'sus memorise, a slip of 
the memory. 

lares et penates (L.), the domestic and household 
gods of the anc. Romans. 

latet anguis in herba (L.), a snake lies hid in the 
grass. 

laudari a viro laudato (L.), to be praised by a man 
who is himself praised. 

l'avenir (F.), the future. 

laus Deo (L.), praise to God. 

le beau monde (F.), the fashionable world. 

le bon temps viendra (F.), the good time will come. 

le grand monarque (F.), the great monarch — ap- 
plied to Louis XIV. of France. 

le pas (F. ), precedence in place or rank. 

le roi le veut (F.), the king wills it. 

lese majeste (F.), high treason. 

le tout ensemble;(F.), all together. 

lettre de cachet (F.j, a sealed letter; a royal war- 
rant. 

lettre de marque (F.), a letter of marque or reprisal. 

lex non scripta (L.), the unwritten law. 

lex scripta (L.), the written law ; the statute law. 

lex talionis (L.), the law of retaliation. 

liberum arbitrium (L.), free-will. 

limse labor (L.), the labour of the file; the slow 
polishing of a literary composition. 

lingua Franca (It.), the Frank tongue; the mixed 
language spoken by Europeans in the East. 

lis subjudice (L.), a lawsuit before a judge; a case 
not yet decided. 

lite pendente (L.), the lawsuit hanging; during the 
trial. 

litera scripta manet (L.), the written letter remains. 

loci communes (L.), common places. 

locum tenens (L.), one holding the place ; a deputy 
or substitute. 

locus standi (L.), a place for standing; a right to 
interfere. 

locus pcenitentias (L.), place for repentance. 

lusus naturae (L. ), a sport or freak of nature. 

ma chere (F.), my dear— fern. 

ma fois (F.), upon my faith. 

magna est Veritas et praevalebit (L.), truth is great, 
and it will prevail. 

magnum bonum— see Dictionary under magnum. 

magnum opus (L.), a great work. 

maintien (F.), deportment; carriage. 

maison de sante (F.), a private hospital. 

maitre d'hotel (F. ), a house-steward. 

maladedu pays (F.), home-sickness. 

mala fide (L.), with bad faith; treacherously. 

mal a propos (F.), ill-timed. 

malgre nous (F.), in spite of us. 

manibus pedibusque (L.), with hands and feet; 
with might and main. 

manu propria (L.), with one's own hand. 

materfamilias (L.), the mother of a family. 

mauvais honte (F.), false shame. 

mauvais sujet (F.), a bad subject; a worthless 
fellow. 

maximus in minimis (L.), very great in trifling 
things. 



medio tutissimus ibis (L.), you will go most safely 
in a middle course. 

me judice (L.), I being judge ; in my opinion. 

memento mori (L), remember death. 

mens agitat molem (L.), mind moves matter. 

mens sana in corpore sano (L.), a sound mind in a 
sound body. 

mens sibi conscia recti (L.), a mind conscious of 
rectitude. 

meo periculo (L.), at my own risk. 

mesalliance (F.), improper association; marriage 
with one of lower station. 

meum et tuum (L.), mine and thine. 

mirabile dictu (L.), wonderful to be told. 

mirabile visu (L.), wonderful to be seen. 

mise en scene (F.), the getting up for the stage, 
or the putting in preparation for it. 

modus operandi (L.), the manner of operation. 

mollia tempora fandi (L.), times favourable for 
speaking. 

mon ami (F.), my friend. 

mon cher (F. ), my dear— masc. 

more majorum (L.), after the manner of our an- 
cestors. 

more suo (L.), in his own way. 

motu proprio (L. ), of his own accord. 



ceived. 

mutatis mutandis (L.), the necessary changes being 
made. 



nee (F.), born ; family or maiden name. 

ne exeat (L.), let him not depart. 

ne fronti crede (L.), trust not to appearance. 

nemine contradicente (L.), no one speaking in oppo- 
sition; without opposition. 

nemine dissentiente (L.), no one dissenting; with- 
out opposition. 

nemo me impune lacessit (L.), no one provokes me 
with impunity. 

ne plus ultra (L.), nothing further; the uttermost 
point. 

ne quid detrimenti respublica capiat (L.), lest the 
republic or state receive any detriment. 

ne sutor ultra crepidam (L.), let not the shoemaker 
go beyond his last. 

nihil ad rem (L.), nothing to the point. 

nil admirari (L.), to wonder at nothing. 

nil desperandum (L.), never despair. 

n'importe (F.), it matters not. 

nisi Dominus, frustra (L.), unless the Lord, in vain ; 
unless God be with us, all our toil is in vain. 

nisi prius (L.), unless previously— a name given to 
the sittings of juries in civil cases. 

nitor in adversum (L.), I strive against opposition. 

noblesse oblige (F.), rank has its obligations. 

nolens volens (L.), whether he will or not. 

noli me tangere (L.), don't touch me. 

nolle prosequi (L. ), to be unwilling to proceed. 

nolo episcopari (L.), I do not wish to be made a 
bishop. 

nom de plume (F.), an assumed title, as by a literary 
person. 

nom de guerre (F.), an assumed name; a travelling 
title. 

non compos mentis (L.), not sound of mind. 

non constat (L.), it does not appear. 

non ens (L.), not being ; nonentity. 

non liquet (L.), it is not clear— applied to one un- 
decided in mind. 

non mi ricordo (It.), I do not remember. 

non multa, sed multum (L.), not many things, but 
much. 

non obstante (L.), not standing over against; not- 
withstanding. 

non prosequitur (L.), he does not prosecute. 

non sequitur (L. ), it does not follow ; an unwarranted 
conclusion. 

nosce teipsum (L.), know thyself. 

noscitur e sociis (L.), he is known by his compan- 
ions. 

notabene, usually contracted into N.B. (L.), mark 
well; notice particularly. 

Notre Dame (F.), Our Lady— name of various cathe- 
drals in France. 



759 



nous verrons (F.), we shall see. 

novus homo (L.), a new man; one who has raised 
himself from obscurity. 

nudum pactum (L.), a mere agreement, unconfined 
by writing. 

nulli secundus (L.), second to none. 

nunc aut nunquam (L. ), now or never. 

nunquam non paratus (L.), never unprepared. 

obiter dictum (L.), a thing said by the way, or in 
passing. 

obsta principiis (L.), resist the first beginnings. 

odi profanum (L.), I loathe the common. 

odium theologicum (L.), the hatred of theologians. 

of&cina gentium (L.), the workshop of the world. 

omne ignotum pro magnifico (L.), everything un- 
known is thought to be magnificent. 

omne solum" forti patria (L.), every soil to a brave 
man is his country. 

omnia bona bonis (L.), all things with the good are 
good. 

omnia vincit amor (L.), love conquers all things. 

on connait l'ami au besoin (F.), a friend is known 
in time of need. 

on dit (F.), they say; a flying rumour. 

onus probandi (L.), the burden of proving. 

opera pretium est (L. ), it is worth while. 

optimates (L.), of the first rank. 

ora pro nobis (L.), pray for us. 

ore rotundo (L.), with round full voice. 

0! si sic omnia (L.), 0, if all things so! that he 
had always done or spoken thus ! 

tempo ra ! mores ! (L.) the times I the man- 

otium cum dignitate (L.), ease with dignity; digni- 
fied leisure. 
otium sine dignitate (L.), ease without dignity, 
ouvriers (F.), operatives; workmen. 

pace tua (L.), with your consent. 

pallida mors (L.), pale death. 

palmam qui meruit ferat (L.), let him who has won 
it lir.ir the palm. 

par excellence (F.), by way of eminence. 

pari passu (L.), with equal pace; together. 

pas(F.), action; step; precedence. 

passim (L.), everywhere; all through. 

paternoster (L.), Our Father— a term applied to the 
Lord's Prayer: pater patriae, the father of his country. 

patres conscripti (L.), conscript fathers; the anc. 
Roman senators. 

paxin bello (L.), peace in war. 

peccavi (L.), I have sinned. 

penetralia (L.), secret recesses. 

per annum (L.), by the year. 

per centum, (L.), usually contracted per cent, by 
the hundred ; each hundred. 

per conto (It.), upon account. 

per contra (L.), by the opposite; contrariwise. 

per diem (L.), by the day; daily. 

per fas et nefas (L.), through right and wrong. 

per gradus (L.), through steps ; step by step. 

periculum in mora (L.), danger in delay. 

per saltum (L.), by a leap or jump. 

perse (L.), by itself. 

personnel (F.), the persons employed in any service, 
as distinguished from the materiel— see Dictionary. 

petit (F.), small. 

petitio principii (L.), a begging of the question. 

petit maitre (F.), a small master; a fop ; a beau. 

pinxit (L.). he painted it. 

pis aller (F.), the last or worst shift. 

plebs (L.), the common people. 

pleno jure (L.), with full authority. 

poeta nascitur, non fit (L.), the poet is born, not 
made. 

point d'appui (F.), point of support; prop. 

pons asinorum (L.), the bridge of the asses— a nami 
given to the 5th proposition of the 1st book of Euclid. 

populus vult decipi (L.), people wish to be deceived. 

posse comitatus (L.). the power of the county. 

poste restante |F.). to remain till called for— applied 
to letters in a post-office. 

post mortem (L.), after death. 

post obitum (L.), after death. 

pour passer le temps (F.), to pass away the time. 

pour prendre conge (F.), to take leave. 

praemonitus praemunitus (L.), forewarned, fore- 
armed. 



(L.), a thing prescribed. 

preux chevalier (F.), a brave knight. 
prima facie (L.), on the first view. 
primum mobile (L.), the mainspring. 
principia, non homines (L.), principles, not men. 
principiis obsta (L. ), resist the first beginnings. 
pro aris et focis (L.), for our altars and firesides. 
probatum est (L.), it is proved. 
pro bono publico (L.), for the public good. 
proces verbal (F.), a written statement. 
pro et con (L.), for and against, 
profanum vulgus (L.), the profane vulgar. 
pro forma (L.), for the sake of form. 
pro hac vice (L.), for this time or occasion. 
proh pudor 1 (L.j, 0, for shame ! 
projet de loi (F.), a legislative bill. 
pro memoria (L.), for a memorial. 
pro patria (L.), for our country, 
propaganda fide (L.), for extending the faith, 
pro rata (L.), in proportion. 

pro rege, grege, et lege (L.), for the king, the 
people, and the law. 
pro re nata (L.), for a special emergency; special. 
pro tanto (L.), for so much. 
pro tempore (L.), for the time being. 
Punica fides (L.), Punic faith; treacheiy. 



quantum meruit IL.), as much as he deserved. 

quantum sufiicit (L.), as much as is sufficient ; a suf- 
ficient quantity. 

quasi (L.), as if; in a manner. 

quelque chose (F. something), a trifle ; a kickshaw. 

quid nunc? (L.) what now? a newsmonger. 

quid pro quo (L.) one thing for another. 

quid rides? (L.) why do you laugh? 

qui vive? (F.) who goes there? on the qui vive, on 
the alert. 

quod erat demonstrandum (L.), which was to be 
pruvrd or demonstrated. 

quod erat faciendum (L.), which was to be done. 

quod vide (L.), which see. 

quondam (L. ), that was formerly ; former. 

quos Deus vult perdere, prius dementat (L.), those 
whom God wishes to destroy. Hr first makes mad. 

quot homines, tot sententiae (L.), so many men, so 
many minds. 

rara avis (L.), a rare bird ; a prodigy. 

rechauffe (F.I, heated auain, as fund; stale; old. 

reductio ad absurdunT(L.), a reducing to an absur- 
dity. 

re infecta (L.), the business being unfinished. 

religio loci (L.), the religious spirit of the place. 

rem acu tetigisti (L.), you have touched the thing 
with a needle ; exactly. 

renaissance (F.), revival, as of letters or art. 

rentes (F.), funds bearing interest; stocks. 

requiescat in pace (L.), may he rest in peace. 

res angusta domi (L.), narrow circumstances at 
home ; poverty. 

res est sacra miser (L.), a suffering person is sacred. 

res gestae (L.), exploits. 

respice finem (L.), look to the end. 

resurgam (L.), I shall rise again. 

revenons a nos moutons (F.), let us return to our 
subject. 

re vera (L.), in the true matter; in truth. 

robe de chambre (F.), a dressing-gown, or morning 
gown. 

ruat caelum (L.), let the heavens fall. 

ruse de guerre (F.), a stratagem of war. 

rus in urbe (L.), the country in town. 

sal Atticum (L.), Attic salt— that is, wit. 
salvo jure (L.), saving the right. 
sanctum sanctorum (L.), the holy of holies, 
sang froid (F.), cold blood; coolness. 
sans ceremonie (F.), without ceremony, 
sans facon (F.), without form or trouble. 
sans peur et sans reproche (F.), without fear and 
without reproach. 
sartor resartus (L.), the tailor mended, 
satis verborum (L.), enough of words, 
sauve qui peut (F.), save himself who can. 
secundum artem (L.), according to art or rule ; sci- 
1 entificallv. 



entifically. 



760 



semel et simul (L.), once and together. 

semel pro semper (L.), once for all. 

semper idem (L.), always the same. 

semper paratus (L.), always ready. 

se non e vero, e ben trovato (It.), if it is not true, it 
is well feigned. 

sic itur ad astra (L.), such is the way to immortality. 

sic passim (L.), so everywhere. 

sic transit gloria mundi (L.), so earthly glory passes 
away. 

sic volo, sic jubeo (L.), thus I will, thus I command. 

similia similibus curantur (L.), like tilings are cured 
by like things. 

similis simili gaudet (L.), like is pleased with like. 

si monumentum quaeris circumspice (L.), if you seek 
his monument, look around. 

sine die (L.), without a day appointed. 

sine qua non (L.), an indispensable condition. 

siste, viator! (L.) stop, traveller! 

si vis pacem, para bellum (L.), if you wish peace, 
prepare for war. 

soi-disant (F.), self-styled. 

spero meliora (L. ), I hope for better things. 

spirituel (F.), intellectual; witty. 

'spolia opima (L.), in anc. Rome, the spoils of a 
vanquished general taken by the victorious general ; 
a rich booty. 

sponte sua(L.), of one's own accord. 

statu quo ante bellum (L.), in the state which was 
before the war. 

status quo (L.), the state in which. 

stet (L. ), let it stand. 

suaviter in modo, fortiter in re (L.), gentle in man- 
ners, brave in deed. 

sub judice (L.), under consideration. 

sub poena (L.), under a penalty. 

sub rosa (L.), privately. 

sub silentio (L.), in silence or stillness. 

sui generis (L.), of its own kind. 

summum bonum (L. ), the chief good. 

summum jus, summa injuria (L.), the rigour of the 
law is the height of oppression. 

surgit amari aliquid (L.), something bitter rises. 

suum cuique (L.), let each have his own. 

tableau vivant— see Dictionary. 

tabula rasa (L.), a smooth or blank tablet. 

taedium vitae (L.), weariness of life. 

tant pis (F.), so much the worse. 

Te Deum— see Dictionary. 

tempora mutantur, nos et mutamnr in illis (L.), 
the times are changed, and we are changed with them. 

tempus fugit (L. ), time flies. 

terminus ad quern (L.), the time to which : ter'min- 
us a quo (L.), the time from which. 

terra cotta, terra firma— see Dictionary. 

terra incognita (L.), an unknown country. 

tertium quid (L.), a third something. 

tete-a-tete— see Dictionary. 

toga virilis (L.), the gown of manhood. 

to kalon (Gr.), the beautiful ; the chief good. 

totidem verbis (L.), in just so many words. 

toties quoties (L.), as often as. 

toto ccelo (L.), by the whole heaven; diametrically 



tonjours pret (F.), always ready. 

tour deforce (F.), a feat of six ■n^th or skill. 

tout-a-fait (F.), entirely ; wholly. 

tout ensemble (F.), the whole taken together. 

Troja fuit (L.), Troy was. 

tu quoque, Brute ! (L.) and thou, too, Brutus ! 

trottoir (F.), a side-walk. 

ubi mel, ibi apes (L.), where honey is, there are 

ultima ratio regum (L.), the last argument of kings ; 
war. 

Ultima Thule (L.), the utmost boundary or limit- 
see Thule in Dictionary. 

un bienfait nest jamais perdu (F.), a kindness is 
never lost. 

un fait accompli (F.), an accomplished fact. 

usque ad nauseam (L.), to disgust. 

usus loquendi (L.), usage in speaking. 

utile dulci (L.), the useful with the pleasant. 

ut infra (L.), as below. 

uti possidetis (L.), as you possess; state of present 
possession. 

ut supra (L.), as above stated. 

vade mecum— see Dictionary. 

vale (L. ), farewell. 

valet de chambre (F.), an attendant; a footman. 

variae lectiones (L.), various readings. 

variorum notae (L.), the notes of various authors. 

veni, vidi, vici (L.), I came, I saw, I conquered. 

verbatim et literatim (mid. L.), word for word, 
and letter for letter. 

verbum sat sapienti (L.), a word is enough for a 
wise man. 

vestigia (L.), tracks ; vestiges. 

vestigia nulla retrorsum (L.), no footsteps back- 
ward. 

vexata quaestio (L.), a disputed question. 

vice, vice versa— see Dictionary. 

videlicet— see vide in Dictionary. 

vide ut supra (L.), see what is stated above. 

vi et armis (L.), by force and by arms ; by main force. 

vincit, qui se vincit (L.), he conquers, who over- 
eoin.-s himself. 

vinculum matrimonii (L.), the bond of marriage. 

virtus laudatur, et alget (L.), virtue is praised, and 
is not cherished (is starved). 

virtus semper viridis (L.), virtue is ever green and 
blooming. 

vis inertiae— see vis in Dictionary. 

vivat regina ! (L.), long live the queen ! 

vivat rex ! (L.) long live the king I 

viva voce (L.), by the living voice; by oral testi- 
mony. 

vivat respublica ! (L.) long live the republic ! 

vive la republique ! (F.) long live the republic ! 

vive l'empereur ! (F. ) long live the emperor I 

vive le roi ! (F. ) long live the king ! 

voila (F.), behold ; there is or there are. 

volenti non fit injuria (L.), no injustice is done to 
the consenting person— that is, by a proceeding to 
which he consents. 

vox et praeterea nihil (L.), a voice and nothing 
more ; sound without sense. 

vox populi, vox Dei (L.), the voice of the people is 
the voice of God. 

vulgo (L.), commonly. 



761 



APPENDIX IV. 



A COMPLETE LIST of SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES, with the whole 
PROPER NAMES found in the APOCRYPHA ; also, l SELECTION 
of COMMON, HISTORICAL, and CLASSICAL NAMES, phonetically 
respelt for pronunciation. 



Note.— The Scripture Names have been taken afresh from the Common English Version. In 
placing the accents, and dividing the words into syllables, the authority of Smart 
and Dr Smith has been chiefly followed. A few names not found must be sought for 
in the Dictionary. Where there are two or more accents placed on a word or its 
respelling, the strong accent is marked thus ("), and the weak accents thus (J). The 
marks (~), (°), ( A ) over the vowels do not refer to quantity as in Greek or Latin, but 
merely indicate the quality of the sounds to be given to the vowels : see note above 
scheme of phonotypes. 



Aalar, d'd-ldr. 

Aaron, d'-ron: Aa'ron- 
ites, -Its. 

Abacuc, db'-d-kuk. 

Abaddon, d-bdd'don. 

Ab&dia.B, db-d-di-ds. 

Abagtha, d-bdg'-thd. 

Abana, db'd-nd. 

Abarim, db'd-rlm. 

Abba, db'-bd. 

Abda, db'-dd. 

Abdeel, db'de-Sl. 

Abdi, ab'dl. 

Abdiel, db'dl-el. 

Abdon, ab'-don. 

Abednego, d-bSd'nS-gO. 

Abel, a'bel : Abel-Beth- 
Maachah, -bith-md'-d- 
kd: Abel-ceramim, -se- 
rd-mlm : Abel-Maim, 
-ma'im i Abel-Meho- 
lah, -me'ho-ld : Abel- 
Mizraim, -mlz-rd'im or 
mlz' : Abel - Sbittim, 
-shit'-ttm. 

Abelard, db'S-ldrd. 

Abercromby, db'er- 

krumbl. 

Abernetby, db'er-neth-l. 

Abez, d'blz. 

Abgarus. db'gdr-us. 

AM, d'bi. 

Abia or Abiah, d-bl'd 

Abialbon, d'-M-dl'-'bon. 

Abiasaph, d-bl'd-sdf. 

Abiathar, d-bl'd-thdr. 

Abib, d'-blb. 

Abida, and Abidah, «• 
bi'dd or ab- : also Abi- 
dan, db'l-ddn. 

Abiel, a'bl-M. 

Abiezer, a-bl-e'zer: Abi- 
ezrite, d-bi-ez'rlt: Abi- 
ez'rites, -rits. 

Abigail, db'l-gdl. 

Abihail, db'l-hal. 

Abihu, d-bl'-hu. 

Abihud, d-bl'hfid. 



Abijah, d-bl'jd, or Abi'- 
jam, -jdm. 

Abila, db'l-hl, or Abi- 
lene, db-i-le'nS. 

Abimael, d-bimkl-Sl. 

Abimelech, d-bim'-i-Uk. 

Abinadab, a-binkhddb. 

Abinoam, d-bin'-o-dm. 

Abiram, d-bl'rdm. 

Abiron, d-bi'ron. 

Abisei, db'l-se-'l. 

Abishag, db'i-shdg. 

Abishai, db'i-sha-'l. 

Abishalom, d-bishkllom. 

Abishua, dbi-shd'd. 

Abishur, db'l-sher. 

Abisum, db'-i-sum. 

Abitub, db'i-tub. 
Abiud, d-bl'Ud. 
Abner, db'ner. 
Abraham, a'brd-hdm, or 

Abram, a'brdm. 
Abruzzi, d-br6t'se. 
Absalom, db'sd-lom. 
Absalon, db'sd-lon. 
Abubus, d-bu'bus. 
Abydos, d-blklos. 
Acatan, d'kd-tdn. 
Accad, dk'kdd. 
Accaron, dk'kd-ron. 
Accho, dk'ko. 
Aceldama, d-sSl'dd-md. 
Achaia, d-klkl or -ka'i-d. 
Achaicus, d-kd'i-Ms. 
Achan, a'kdn, or Achar, 

a'kdr. 
Achaz, d'-kdz. 
Achbor, dk'-bor. 
Acheron, dk'er-on. 
Achiacharus, a'kl-dk'-'d- 

r&s. 
Achias, d-kl'ds. 
Achilles, d-kil'lez. 
Achim, a'kim. 
Achior, a'-kl-or. 
Achish, d'klsh. 
Achitob, d-U'tdb. 



Achmet, dk'-mSt. 
Achmetha, dk'-rni-thd. 
Achor, d'-kor. 
Achsa, also Achsah, dk' 

sd. 
Achshaph, dk'shdf. 
Achzib, dk'zlb. 
Acipha, Cts'l-fd. 
Acitho, ds'i-tho. 
Acropolis, d-krop'6-Us. 
Actaeon, dk-te'-dn. 
Acua, dk'-u-d. 
Acub, d'kub. 
Adadah, dd'd-dd. 
Adah, a'dd. 
Adaiah, dd-l'd. 
Adalia, ddkl-U'-'d or d- 

ddl'l-d. 
Adam, dd'dm. 
Adamah, ddkl-md. 
Adami, ddkl-ml. 
Adar, dkldr. 
Adasa, dd'd-sd. 
Adbeel, dd'U-el. 
Addan, dd'ddn. 
Addar, dd'-dar. 
Addi, dd'dl. 
Addo, dd'do. 
Addon, dd'ddn. 
Addus, dd'dus. 
Adelaide, dd'e-ldd. 
Ader, a'der. 
Adiel, a'di-el. 
Adin, a' din. 
Adina, dd'i-nd. 
Adino, dd'l-no. 
Adinus, dd'-i-nus. 
Adithaim, dd'-l-thd'-'lm. 
Adlai, dd-ld'%. 
Adman, dd'md. 
Admatha, dd'md-thd. 
Adna, also Adnah, dd'nd. 
Adonibezek, d-do'ni-be'-' 

zek. 
Adonijah, dd'6-nV'jd. 
Adonikam, dd'6-nl-kdm. 
Adoniram, dd'-d-nl'-'rdm. 
Adonis, d-do'-nls. 



Adonizedec, d-do'nl-ze'' 

dek. 
Adora, d-do'rd. 
Adoraim, dd'-o-rd'-'im. 
Adoram, d-do'rdm. 
Adrammelech, d-drdm- 

mS-iek. 
Adramyttium, dd'rd- 

mlt'-'ti-iXm. 
Adria, d'dri-d. 
Adriel, d'dri-el. 
Aduel, d'-du-Sl. 
Adullam, d-dul'lam : 

Adul'lamite, -it. 
Adummim, d-dum'mlm. 
Aedias, d'e-dl'-'ds. 
JEgina,, e-jl'nd. 
.dSneas, e-ne'ds. 
^non, e'non. 
iEschylus, es'ki-lii.s. 
JEsop-as, e-so'pus. 
Agaba, dg'd-bd. 



Agamemnon, dg'-d-rnim'-' 

non. 
Agar, d'gdr. 
Agarenes, dg'd-renz. 
Agathocles, d-gdth'6- 

klez. 
Agassiz, d-gds'slz or dg' 

d-se. 
Agee, a'je-e. 
Aggeus, dg-ge'us. 
Agricola, d-grlk'6-ld. 
Agrippa, d-grlp'-pd. 
Agur, d-ger. 
Ahab, a'hdb. 
Aharah, d'hdr-d or hdr- 
Aharel, d-hdr'el. 
Ahasai, a'-hds-d'-'l or a- 

hds'-d-l. 
Ahasbai, d'hds-bd-'l. 
Abasuerus, d-hds'u-e-' 

rUs. 
Ahava, d'-hd-vd or d-lid- 



vd. 



mate, mdt./dr, law; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, mtve. 



762 



Ahi'- 



Ahaziah, a'-hd-zi'-'d. 
Ahban, d'-bdn. 
Aher, d'-her. 
AW, d'hl. 
Ahiah, d-M'-d. 
AMam, d-hl'-dm. 
Ahian, d-hl'dn. 
Ahiezer, d'-hl-e'-'zer. 
Ahiham, ddii'hOm. 
Ahihud, d-hi'-hdd. 
Ahijah, d-hi'jd. 
Ahikam, d-la'-kdm. 
Ahilud, d-hi'-ldd. 
Ahimahaz, d-h im'-d-hdz. 
Ahiman, u-hi'-mdn. 
Ahimelech, u-him'-i'-b'k. 
Ahimoth, d-M'-viOih. 
Ahinadab, d-hiv'd-ddb. 
Ahinoam, d-h'ki'-C-dm. 
Ahio, d-hi'-o. 
Ahira, d-M'-rd. 
Ahiram, d-hl'-ra 

ramites, -itz. 
Ahisamach, d-hls'd-mdk. 
Ahishahar , d ■ h i sh -d- hu / : 
Ahishar, d-hl'shdr. 
Ahithophel, d-hith-0-fcl. 
Ahitub, d-hi'tub. 
Ahlab, d'ldb. 
Ahlai, d-ld'i or d'-ll. 
Ahoah, d-ho'-d: Aho'- 

hite, -hit. 
Aholah, d-ho'-ld. 
Aholiab, a-ho'/hdb. 
Aholibah, d-ho'H-bd. 
Aholibamah, d-ho'-U-bd'-' 

md. » 

Ahumai, d'-hu-md'-'l or 

Ahuzam, d-hu'-zdm. 
Ahuzzath, d-hdz'znth. 
Ai, d'-l. 
Aiah, d-l'-d, also Ajah, 

d'-jd. 
Aiatb, d-l'-dth. 
Aija, d-l'jd. 
Aijalon or Ajalon, dj'-d- 

Aijeleth Shahar, l'-je- 

IBth shd'-hdr. 
Ain, d'-ln. 
Airus, d-l'-riis. 
Ajah, d'-jd. 

Aia.T fiM files 



Akbar, dk'-bir. 
Akkub, dk'-kub. 
Akrabbim, d-krdb'-bim. 
Aladdin, d-ldd'-dln. 
Alameth, cd'-d-mcth. 
Alammelech, d-ldm'-mS- 

Uk. 
Alamoth, dl'-d-moth. 
Alaric, dl'-d-rlk. 
Alava, dl'-d-vd. 
Albert, dl'-bert. 
Albion, dl'-bi-on. 
Albuquerque, dl'-bu-kerk. 

Alnihia.dAS iil'.si..hi';ri.. 



Alcibiades, dl'-s, 



Alcimus, dl'-si-mus. 

Alcyone, dl-si'6-nS. 

Alema, dl'-e-md, 

Alembert, d'-loni/-ber r 

Alemeth, dl-em'-'eth or dl-. 

Aleph, dl'-ef. 

Alexander, dl'-Sgzdn'-' 
der-. Arexan"dria, 
-drl-d (as a classical 
name pron. dl'-egz-dn- 
drl'-'d) : Al'e'xan"- 
drians: -dnz: Al'- 
exan"dra, -drd. 

Algernon, dl'-jer-ndn. 



Alleluia, dl'-l'-ld'-'yd. 
Allobroges, al-lob'rd-jez. 
Allom, dl'-lom. 
Allon, dl'lon. 
Allon-bachuth, dl'lon- 

bdk'-uth. 
Almodad, dl'-rno-ddd. 
Almon, dl'-mdn. 
Almon-diblathaim, dl'- 

'iHoii.-dlb'-ld-thd'-'im. 
Alnathan, dl-nd'1/idn. 
Aloth, d'-loth. 
Alpha, dl'-fd. 
Alphaeus or Alpheus, dl- 

Alphonso, dl-fon'-zo. 
Altaneus, dl'-td-v i: '■ 'u s. 
Al-Taschith, dl-tds'-kUh. 
Alush, u'-ltish. 
Alvah, dl'-vd. 
Alvan, dl'-vdn. 
Amad, a'-mdd. 
Amadatha, d-mdd'-d-thd, 

also Amad'athus, -thus. 
Amal, d'-mdl. 
Amalek, dm'u-lek : A- 

malekite, d-mol'-e-kU : 

Amal'ekites, -kits. 
Amam, d'-mdm. 
Aman, a'-mdn, 
Amana, dm'-d-nd. 
Amariah, dm'd-ri'-'d. 
Amarias, dm'-d-rl'-'ds. 
Amasa, dm'-d-sd, or d- 

ma'-sd. 
Amasai, dm'd-sd'-' 'I, or 

d-mds-d-i. 
Amashai, dm'-d-shil'-'l. 
Amasiah, dm'-d-sl'-'d. 
Amasis, d-md'-sls. 
Amatheis, d-vtd'-the-ls. 
Amathis, dm'-d-this. 
Amaziah, dm'-u-zi'-'d. 
Amazones, d-mdz'-o-nez. 
Ambrosius, dm-bro'-zl- 

us : Ambrose, dm'-bruz. 
Amelia, d-me'-ll-d. 
Ami, a'-ml. 

Aminadab, &-m in'd-ddb. 
Amittai, d-mit'-td-l. 
Ammah, dm'-md. 
Ammi, dm'-mi. 
Ammidoi, dm'-mld-dy, 

also Ammidioi, dm- 

mld'-i-dy. 
Ammiel, dm'-mi-Sl. 
Ammihud, dm'-mi-hud, 

or dm-ml- 
Amminadab, dm-min'-d- 

ddb, also Ammin'adib, 

-dib. 
Ammi-nadab, itm'-ml- 

nd'-'ddb. 
Ammi-shaddai, drn'-mi- 

xhtid-dd'-'i or -shdd'-dl. 
Ammizabad, dm-miz'-d- 

Md. 
Ammon, dm'-mdn: Am'- 

monite, n. masc. -it: 

Am'monites, -its : 

Am'monitess, -it'-'es, n. 

fem. 
Amnon, dm'-non. 
Amok, a'-mok. 
Amon, d'-mon. 
Amonte, dm'-dr-lt: Am'- 

orites, -its. 
Amos, d'-mos. 
Amoz, d'-moz. 
Amphipolis,am-/£p ; o-Zi:s. 
Amphitryon, dm-fit'-rl- 

on. 
Amplias, dm'-pll-ds. 
Amram, dm'rdm: Am'- 

ramites, -its. 
Amraphel, dm'-rd-fel. 
Amzi, dm-zl. 
Anab, d'-ndb. 



Anacreon, dn-ak'-rS-on. 
Anael, dn'-a-6l. 
Anah, d'-nd. 
Anaharath, dn'-d-hd'-' 

rath. 
Anaiah, dn-l'-d. 
Anak, d'-ndk: Anakims, 

dn'-d-kimz. 
Anamim, dn'-d-mtm. 
Anammelech, d-ndm'-mi- 

Uk. 
Anan, d'-ndn. 
Anani, d-nd'-nl. 
Ananiah, du'-d-rd'-'d. 
Ananias, dn'-d-nt-'d.s. 
Ananiel, d-ndn'i-el. 
Anath, u'-ndth. 
Anathoth, du'-ddhdlh. 
Anaxagoras, dn'-dks-dg'-' 

Anaximander, dn-dks'-i- 

mdn'-'der. 
Anaximines, dn-dks- 

im'-'i-nez. 
Anchises, dn-ki'-sez. 
Andrea, dn-drd'-d. 
Andrew, dn-drd. 
Androclus, dn-dro'-kliis. 
Andromache, an-drOm- 

d-ke. 
Andromeda, dn-drom'-S- 

dd. 
Andronicus, dn'-dro-nl'-' 

kits. 
Anem, d'nSm. 
Anen, d'-nen. 
Aner, d'ner. 
Anethothite, d-nSth'-d- 

thlt, also Anetothite, 

tin-et'6-thlt, andAnto- 

thite, dn'to-tliU. 
Angelina, dn'je-U'-'nd. 
Angli, dng'-gll. 
Aniam, dn'-l-dm. 
Anim, d'-nim. 
Anna, dn'nd. 
Annaas, dn'-nd-ds. 
Annas, dn'-nds. 
Annuus, dn'-nu-us. 
Anos, d'-nos. 
Anselm, dn'-sSlm. 
Anthony, dn'-to-nl. 
Antigonus, tin-Ht/'d-vvs. 
Antilibanus, tin'-U-Ub'-'d- 

nils. 
Antioch, dn'-tl-ok. 
Antiochia, UH-n-d-kl-'d : 

An'tiochi"ans ,-/..-,'■'</ ,/z. 
Antiochis, dn-ti'-o-kis. 
Antiochus, dn-tl'-o-Ms. 
Antipas, dn'ti-pds. 
Antipater, dn-tip'-d-ter. 
Antipatris, dn-tlp'-d- 

trls. 
Antoinette, dn'-toy-nSf. 
Antonia, dn-to'-nl-d. 
Antoninus, dn'-td-nl-' 

Antony, dn'-td-nl. 
Antothijah, dn'-to-thi'-' 

jd. 
Antothite, dn-toth-lt. 
Anub, d'-nub. 
Anus, d'-nus. 
Apame, dp'-d-mS. 
Apelles, d-pel'-lez. 
Apharsachites, d-fdr'-sd- 

kits. 
Apharsathchites, d-fdr- 

sdth-klts or df-dr-sdth'-' 

kits. 
Apharsites, d-fdr'-sits. 
Aphek, d'-Jek. 
Aphekah, d-fe'-kd, or df-. 
Apherema, d-fer'-e-md. 
Apherra, d-fer'-rd. 
Aphiah, d-fi'-d. 
Aphik, d'Jlk. 



Aphses, df-scz. 
Apis, d'-pis. 
Apollo, d-pdl'lo. 
Apollodorus, d-pol'-lo- 

dO'-'riis. 
Apollonia, ap'-oilo'-'nl- 

a. 
Apollonius, dp'-ol-lO'-'ni- 

Apollophanes, dp'-ol-loj'-' 

d-ndz. 
Apollos, d-pdl'los: also 

Apollon, d-j>6l'-l6n. 
Apollyon, d-pdV-li-on. 
Appaim, dp'-pd-im, or 

dp-pd'-im. 
Apphia, df-fi-d. 
Apphus, df-fus. 
Appii ^ Forum, dp'-pl-l 

Aquila, dk'-uA-ld. 
Aquitania, dk'-wi-td'-' 

nl-d. 
Ar, dr. 
Ara, a'-rd. 
Arab, a'-rdb. 
Arabah, dr'-d-bd, 
Arabattine, dr'-d-bdt'-' 

Arabia, d-rd'bl-d: Ara'- 

bian, -dn-. Arabians, 

-dnz. 
Arad, d'-rdd: A'radite, 

-It. 
Aradus, dr'-d-dus. 
Arah, d'-rd. 
Aram, d'-rdm: A'ram- 

if'ess, -lt'-'i,s. 
Aram-naharaim, d'-rdm- 

na'-hd-rd'-'im. 
Aram-zobah, d'-rdm-zo'-' 

bd. 
Aran, d'-rdn. 
Ararat, dr'-d-rdt. 
Ararath, ur'-d-rdth. 
Araunah, d-ruw'-nd. 
Arba, dr'-bd. 
Arbaces, dr'-bd-sez. 
Arbah, dr'-bd: Arbath- 

ite, dr-bdth-lt. 
Arbattis, dr-bdt'tis. 
Arbela, drbe'-ld. 
Arbite, dr'-blt. 
Arbonai, dr'-bon-d'-'l. 
Arbuthnot, dr-biith'-not. 
Arcadia, dr-ka'di-d. 
Arcadius, ur-kd'-dl-us. 
Archelaus, ur'-ke-ld'-'us. 
Archevites, dr'-Mv-lts. 
Archi, dr'-ki: Ar'chite, 

-kit: Ar'chites, -kits. 
Archimedes, dr'-ki-me- 

dez. 
Archippus, dr-klp'-pus. 
Arcturus, drk-tu'rus. 
Ard, drd : Ard'ites, -its. 
Ardath, dr'-ddth. 
Ardon, dr'-don. 
Areli, dr'-el-l: Ar'elites, 

-Its. 
£reopabgxbe,dr'e-6p'-'d-jit: 

Ar'eop"agus, -gus. 
Ares, d'-rez. 
Aretas, dr'-e-tds. 
Areus, d-re'-us. 
Argob, dr'-gob. 
Argonautse, dr'-go-naw'-' 

te. 
Argos, dr-gds. 
Argus, dr'-gus. 
Ariadne, dr'-i-dd'-'nS. 
Ariarathes, dr'-l-d-rd' 

Aridai, d-rld'-d-l. 
Aridatha, d-rid'-d-thd. 
Arieh, dr'-i-d. 



mate, mdt.fdr, law; mete, mlt, her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



763 



Ariel, a'-rl-el. 
Arimathsea or Arima- 

thea, dr'-i-ma-tltC'-d. 
Arioch, a'-riok. 
Arisai, d-ris'-d-t, 
Aristarchus, dr'ls-tdr'-' 

Ms. 
Arlstides, dr'is-ti'-'dez. 
Aristippus,c?r^s-/f/>-'_pK<. 
Aristobulus, dr'is-to-bu' 

lus. 
Aristophanes, dr'is-tdf'-' 

d-nez. 
Aristotales, dr'ls-tdt'-'dl- 

lez,- Aristotle, dr'ls- 

tot-l. 
Arkite, drk'tt. 
Armageddon, dr'md- 

ged'-'don. 
Armenia, dr-me'nl-d. 
Arminius, Cir-miril-tis. 
Armoni, dr-mo'nl. 
Arna, dr'-nd. 
Arnan, dr'ndn. 
Arnauld, dr-no' 
Arnon, dr'ndn. 
Arod, a 'rod: A'rodi, 

-rod-l: A'rodites, -its. 
Aroer, dr'6-er ; Aroerite, 

a-rO'-tr-lt. 
Arom, d'rom. 
Arpad, dr'-pdd, or Ar'- 

phad, -fdd. 
Arphaxad, dr-fdks'dd. 
Arsaces, dr-sd'-scz or 

ar'sd-sez. 
Arsacide, dr-sds'i-de. 
Arsareth, dr'sd-reth. 
Artabanus, dr'td-bd'-' 



nez. 
Artaxerxes, dr'tdk- 

zerk'-'zez. 
Artemas, dr'-te-mds. 
Artemis, dr'te-mls. 
Artemisia, dr'te-mish'-' 

l-a. 
Aruboth, dr'u-both. 
Amman, d-r6'md. 
Arvad, dr'vdd: Ar'- 

vadite, -it. 
Arza, dr'-zd. 
Asa, d'-sd. 
Asael, ds'd-el. 
Asahel, ds-u-hel. 
Asahiah, ds'd-hl'-'d. 
Asaiah, ds-l'-d.^ 

Asaph, d'sdf. 
Asarael, d-sd'rd-el. 
Asareel, d-so- re-el. 
Asarelah, ds'd-re'-'ld. 
Ascalon, us'-kd-lon. 
Ascanins, ds-kdn'i-us. 
Asclepiodorus, as-kle' 

pl-o-do'-'rus. 
Asdrnbal, ds'-d 
Aseas, d-se'ds. 
Asebebia, d-seb'e-bi'-' 
Asenath, 
Aser, a'ser. 



bdl. 



or 



Ashbel, dsh'bel-: Ash' 

belites, -its. 
Ashchenaz, dsh'ke-ndz. 
Ashdod, dsh'-dod: Ash' 

dodites, -its: Ash' 

dothites, -doth-lts. 
Ashdoth-pisgah, 

doth-pls'-'qd. 
Asher, d'-sher, or ash'-a 

Ash'erites, -its. 
Ashera, dsh'-er-d. 






Ashima, dsh'l-md. 
Ashkelon, dsh'kS-ldn, 

also As kelon and As'- 

calon. 
Ashkenaz, dsh'-kS-nuz. 
Ashnah, dsh'-nd. 
Ashpenaz, dsh'-pe-ndz. 
Ashriel, dsh'rl-el, also 

As'riel. 
Ashtaroth, ash'tiL-roth, 

also As'taroth. 
Ashterathite, dsh-te' 

rdth-lt. 
Ashteroth - Karnaim, 

nfh'-te-.- Gth-kdr'-'nd-im. 
Ashtoreth, dsh-to'-reth. 
Ashur, dsh'er: Ash'ur- 

ites, -its. 
Ashvath, dsh'vath. 
Asia, a'zhl-d. 
Asibias, ds'-l-bli'ds. 
Asiel, d'sl-el. 
Asipha, ds'-i-fd. 
Askelon, ds'-k'-lon. 
Asmodeus, ds'-md-de-'us. 
Asnah, ds'nd. 
Asnapper, ds-ndp'per. 
Asom, d'som. 
Aspalathus, ds-pdl'a- 

thus. 
Aspasia, ds-pd'zhl-d. 
Aspatha, ds'-pd-thd or 

ds-pd'thd. 
Asphaltites, ds'/dl-tl'-' 



Assanias, as'sa-nl'-'ds. 

Asshur, dsh'-sher. 

Asshurim, ds-sho'rim or 
ash'. 

Assideans, ds'shdv'-'dnz 

Assir, ds'ser. 

Assos, ds'sos. 

Assuerus, us'sil-e'-'rus. 

Assnr, ds'ser. 

Assyria, ds-slr'i-d: As- 
syrian, -an : Assyr'- 
ians, -dnz. 

Astaroth, ds'-ta-roth. 

Astarte, ds-tdr'te. 

Astath, Os'tdth. 

Astyages, ds-ti'-u-jez. 

Asuppim, d-sup'-plm. 

Asyaeritus,d-sut-/,i itus. 

Atad, a' tad. 

Atalanta, dt'-d-ldn-'t,.'. 

Atarah, dt'd-rd. 

Atargatis, d-td r'-cf'-tis. 

Ataroth, dt'd-roth. 

Ataroth-adar, dt'-d-roth- 
d'-'ddr : At'aroth-ad"- 
dar, -dd-'ddr. 

Ater, d'-ter. 

Athach, d'-thdk. 

Athaiah, dth'd-t-'d. 

Athaliah, dth-d-U'-'d, 

Athanasius, dth'd-nd'-' 
shl-us. 

Atharias, dth'd-rl'-'ds. 

Athenagoras, dth'e-ndg'-' 
6-ras. 

Athenians, d-the'ni-dnz: 
Athens, dth'-enz: Athe- 
na, a-the'-nd: Athe'- 
nse, *ne. 

Athenobius, ath'-e-no'-' 
bi-us. 

Athlai, dth'-ld-l. 

Athos, dth'os. 
■■■■•'■ 

Atlantis, dt-ldn'tis. 

Atreus, a'-tre-us, also a' 



Atrides, titrl'dez. 

•■/.. 
Attai, dt'-tdi. 
Attalia, df-td-Wd. 
Attalus, dt'td-lfif. 
Attharates, dt-th&r'd- 

tez or -d'tez. 
Attica, dt'tl-M. 

Audubon, 6'ddb-bong' 
Augia, aw'jl-d. 
Augustinus , rue '-g u s-tl'-' 

n&s: Augus'tine, -tin. 
Augustus, aic-i/us'-tOs. 
Auranus, dw-rd'-niis. 
Aurelia, aw-re'li-a : 

Aurelius, -Us. 
Auteas, aw-te'-'ds. 
Ava, d'vd. 
Avaran, dv'd-rdn. 
Aven, a'-ven. 
Avim, a'-vim .- A'vims, 

-it mi: A'vites, -vlts. 
Avith, d'vith. 
Azael, dz'a-el. 
Azaelus, dz'd-e'-'ltis. 
Azal, d'zdl.l 
Azaliah, dz'd-Ii-'d. 
Azaniah, dz'-d-m'-'d. 
Azaphion, d-zd'-fi-on. 
Azara, dz'dr-d. 
Azarael, dz-d'rd-el. 
Azareel, dz-d- re-el. 
Azariah, dz'd-ri'-'d. 
Azarias. dz'd-rl'-'ds. 
Azaz, d-zdz. 
Azaziah, dz'd-zl'-'d. 
Azbazareth, dz-bdz'd- 

rSth. 
Azbuk, dz'-buk. 
Azekah, d-ze'-kd or dz- 
Azel, d'zSl. 
Azem, d'-zim. 
Azephurith, &z'-8-fu!' 

rith. 
Azetas, d-ze'tds. 
Azgad, dz'gdd. 
Azia, d-zi'd. 
Aziei, d-zl'e-l. 
Aziel, d'zi-Sl. 
Aziza, 0-zj'zd or az- 
Azmaveth, dz'-nia-veth or 

dz-md'veth. 
Azmon, dz'mdn. 
Aznoth- tabor, dz'noth- 

td'-'bor. 
Azor, d'-zor. 
Azotus, d-zo-tus. 
Azriel, dz'rl-el. 
Azrikam, dz'rl-kdm. 
Azubah, dz'u-bd. 
Azur, d'zur. 
Azuran, dz'u-rdn or dz- 

u'-rdn. 
Azzah, dz'zd. 
Azzan, dz'-zdn. 
Azzur, dz'-zer. 

Baal, bd'-ul. 
Baalah, bd'dhd. 
Baalath, bd'dl-dth. 
Baalath-heer, ba'dl-dth- 

be'-'er. 
Baal-berith, ba'dl-be'-' 

rlth. 
Baale, bd'd-le. 
Baal-gad, bd'dl-gdd. 
Baal-hamon, bd'-dl-hd'-' 

mon. 
Baal - hanan, ba'dl-hd'' 

Baal-hazor, b&'dl-ha'-'zSr. 
Baal-hermon, bd'-dl-her'-' 

mon. 
Baali, bd'dl-l. 
Baalim, ba'dl-lm. 
Baalis, bd'd-lis. 
Baal-meon, bd'dl-me'-'on. 



d-z; . 
Baal - shalisha, bd'-dl • 

shdl'-'l-shd or -shdl-i'-' 

shd. 
Baal - tamar, bd'-dl-td'-' 

mdr. 
Baal-zebnb.bd'dl-ze-'biV). 
Baal - zephon, bd'dl-ze'-' 

Son. 
Baana, also Baanah, bd- 

d-nd. 
Baara, bd'drd. 
Baaseiah, bd'-d-sY-'d. 
Baasha, also Baashah, 

bd'd-shd. 
Babel, bd'bSl. 
Babi, bd'bi. 
Babylon, bdb'l-lon: Bab'- 

ylonians, -lo'-ni-dnz: 

Bab'ylo"nish, -nlsh. 
Baca, bd'-kd. 
Bacchides, bdk'ki-dez. 
Bacchurus, bdk-ku'rus. 
Bacchus, bdk'kus. 
Bacenor, bd-se'nor. 
Backrites, bdk'-rlts. 
Bactria, bdk'trl-d. 
Bago, bd'go. 
Bagoas, bd-go'ds. 
Bagoi, bdg'6-i. 
Baharumite, bn-lin'-rum- 

It or bd'-hd-ro'-'mlt. 
Bahurim, bd-hu'-rlm. 
Bajazet, bdf-d-zet. 
Bajith, bd'-jlth. 
Bakbakkar, bdk-bdk'kdr. 
Bakbuk, bdk'-bfik. 
Bakbukiah, bdk'buk-l"-d. 
Balaam, bd'ldm, or bd'- 

ld-dm. 
Balac, bd'ldk. 
Baladan, bdl'd-ddn. 
Balah, bd'ld. 
Balak, bd'ldk. 
Baleares, bdl'e-d'-'rez. 
Balamo, bdl'-u.-mo. 
Balasamus, bd-hU'd-mus. 
Baliol, bd'-ll-ol. 
Balnuus, bdl-nu-us. 
Balthasar, bdl-thd'-sur or 

bdl': 
Bamah, bd'md. 
Bamoth, bd'moth. 
Bamoth - baal, bd'moth- 

bd'-'dl. 
Ban, ban. 

Banaias, bdn'd-l''ds. 
Bani, bd'm. 
Banid, bd'nld. 
Bannaia, bdn'nd-l'-'d. 
Bannus, bdn'nus. 
Banuas, bdn'-u-ds. 
Baptist, bdp'-tlst. 
Barabbas, bd-rdb'bds. 
Barachel, bdr'-a-kel. 
Barachiah, bdr'd-ki'-'d. 
Barachias, bdr'd-kl'-'ds. 
Barak, bd'rdk. 
Barbari, bdr'-bdr-l. 
Barbarossa, bdr'-bd-ros'-' 

sd. 
Barbauld, bdr'bawld. 
Barhumite, bdr-hu'-mlt. 
Bariah, bd-rl'd. 
Barjesus, bdr-je'-zfcs. 
Barjona, bdr-jo'-nd. 
Barkos, bdr'-kos. 
Barnabas, bdr'-nd-btis. 
Barodis, bd-ro'dls. 
Barsabas, bdr'sd-bds. 
Bartacus, bdr'td-kns. 
Bartholomew, bdr-thol- 

o-mu. 
Bartimseus or Bartime- 

us, bdr'tl-me'-'Us. 
Baruch, ba'ruk. 



cow, boy,Jobt; pure, biid; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



i, bds'-kd-md. 

Bashan, bu'-shdn. 
Bashan-havoth-jair, id'- 

shdn-ha'-voflt-ja-' ■>. 
Bashemath, bdsh'-6-mdth. 
Basmath, bds'-mdth. 
Bassa, bds'-sd. 
Bastai, bds'-td-l. 
Bath-rabbim, bdth-rdb- 

Mm. 
Bathsheba, also Bathshe- 

bah, bdth-she'hd. 
Bath-shua, bdth-sho'-d. 
Batb - Zacharias, bdth- 

zdk'-d-rl'-'ds. 
Bavai, bdv'd-l. 
Bazlitb, bdz'-Uth. 
Bazluth, bdz'ldth. 
Bealiah, be'-d-ll'-'d. 
Bealoth, be'-d-loth. 
Bean, be'dn. 
Beatrice, be'-d-tris. 
Beauclerc, bo'-ldirk. 
Beauharnais, bo'-dr-nd'. 
Bebai, bcb'-d-l or U-bd'l. 
Becher, be'Jter: Be'cher- 

ites, -its. 
Bechorath. U-ko'rdth. 
Bectileth, bek'-ti-Udh. 
Bedad, be'-ddd. 
Bedaiah, be-di'-d. 
Bedan, be'-ddn. 
Bedeiah, be-di'-d. 
Beeliada, M'Cl-i'-'d-dd. 
Beelsarus, be-el'-sd- rus. 
Beeltethmus, be'-el-Uth'-' 

Beelzebub, bc-61'zS-biib. 
Beer, be'-er. 
Beera, be'e-rd. 
Beerah, be-6-rd. 
Beer-elim, be'-er-e'-'lim. 
Beeri, be'-er -l. 
Beer-lahai-roi, be'-er-ld- 

hi'-'-rdy. 
Beeroth, be'-ir-oth: Beer- 

othite, be-er'-oth-lt. 
Beersheba, be-er'-sM-bd 

or be'-er-she"-bd. 
Beeshterah, be-gsh'tS-rd. 
Beethoven, bu'-to-ven. 
Behemoth, be'-hc-moth. 
Bel, Ml. 
Bela or Belah, be'-ld: Be- 

laites, be'ki-Us. 
Belemus, be'-U-mus. 
Belgae, bel'-je. 
Belial, be'-U-dl. 
Belisarius, bel'-i-su'-'rl-vs. 
Bellerophon, bel-ler'-o- 

fori. 
Bellini, Ml-le'-ne. 
Belmaim, bel'-md-lm. 
Belmen, bel'-men. 
Belshazzar, bel-sh dz '■ z''r. 
Belteshazzar, bel'-te-shdz'-' 

Ben, bSn. 
Benaiah, bS-nl'd. 
Ben-ammi, ben-dm'-mi. 
Beneberak, ben-eb'-e-rdk. 
Benedict, ben'8-dlkt. 
Benejaakan, ben'-e-jd'-'d- 

Benhadad, bSn-hd'-ddd. 
Benhail, ben-hd'il. 
Benhanan, ben-hd'-ndn. 
Beninu, ben'-l-nuor ben-l'- 
Benjamin, ben'jd-rnin: 

Ben'jamite, -it. 
Beno, be-no or be-n6' 
Benoni, be-n6'-ni. 
Benzoheth, ben-zo'hSth. 
Beon, be'dn. 
Beor, be'-or. 
Bera, be'-rd. 



Berachah, Mr'-d-kd. 
Berachiah, ber'-d-ki'-'u. 
Beraiah, bS-rl'd. 
Beranger, bd'-rong-zhd- 
Berea, be-re'-d. 
Berechiah, b6r'-6-kl'-'d. 
Bered, be'-red. 
Berenice, bSr'-i-nl'-'se. 
Beri, be'-rl. 
Beriah, be-rl'-d. 
Beriites, bi-ri'-its. 
Berites, be'-rlts. 
Berith, be'-rlth. 
Bernice, ber-nl'-se. 
Berodach-baladan, be- 

ro'ddk-bdl'-d-ddn or 

ter'-O-. 
Beroth, be'-rOth: Be'roth- 

ite, -it. 
Berothah, M'-ro-thd , and 

Berothai, be'-ro-tha'- ?. 
Berzelus, ber-ze'-lus. 
Besai, be'-sd-l. 
Besodeiah, bes'-O-dl'-d. 
Besor, be'-sdr. 
Bessus, bSs'-sus. 
Betah, be'td. 
Betane, bet'-d-nS. 
Beten, be'-ten. 
Beth, Mth. 

Bethabara, beth-ub'dr-d. 
Bethanath, beth'-d-ndth. 
Bethanoth, beth ■'« ■ -„ oth. 
Bethany, beth'-d-nl. 
Betharabah, bdth-dr-d- 

bd. 
Betharam, beth-d'-rdm 
Betharbel, beth-dr'-bcl. 
Bethaven, beth-d'-ven. 
Bethazmaveth, beth-uz- 

md-veth or belh'-dz- 

md'-'vSth. 
Beth-baal-meon, beth'-bd- 

dl-me"-6n. 
Bethbarah, beth-bd'-rd. 
Bethbasi, Uth-bd'si. 
Bethbirei, bethhir'c-i. 
Bethcar, beth'-kdr. 
Bethdagon, b<'th ■ da'gdn. 
Bethdiblathaim, beth- 

dib'-ld-thd'-'im. 
Bethel, beth-Sl: Beth'- 

elite, -it. 
Bethemek, beth-e'-mek. 
Bether, be'-ther. 
Bethesda, be-tlvz'dd. 
Bethezel, be-thr-z'l. 
Bethgader, beHi-nd'-dcr. 
Bethgamul, beth-gd'-mul, 

or beth- 
Bethhaccerem, beth-hdk'- 

ser-em or beth'-hdk-se'-' 

rim,. 
Bethharan, beth -ha' run. 
Bethhoglah, beth-hog'-ld. 
Bethhoron, beth-ho'ron. 
Bethjeshimoth,5<*;/t-,;'e.s7<; 

i-moth, also Bethjesi- 

moth, beth-jes'-i-moth. 
Bethlebaoth, bcth-leb'd- 

6th. 
Bethlehem, beth'-le-em.- 

Beth'lehemite, -it. 
Bethlehem - Ephratah, 
-beth-le-em-Sf'nhta. 
Bethlehem-Judah, beth- 

"■em-jd'-'dd. 



d-kd. 
Bethmarcaboth, beth- 

mdr'-kd-both. 
Bethmeon, beth-me'-on. 
Bethnimrah, beth-nim-rd 
Bethoron, beth-0'ron or 

urn 

Bethpalet, blth-pd'-let. 
Bethpazzez, bith-pdz'-zez. 

, mat, fdr, law ; mete, met, 



764 

I Bethpeor, blth-pe'-or or 

beth- 
Bethphage, beth'-fd-je or 

bdth'-Jdj. 
Bethphelet, beth-ie-lct. 
Bethrapha, bcth'-rd-fd. 
Bethrehob, bel.h'-re-hob. 
Bethsaida, betli-sn'-dd. 
Bethsamos, beth'-sd-mos. 
Bethshan, bSth'-shdn, 

also Bethshean, beth- 

she-dn. 
Bethshemesh, beth-sM- 

mish or beth- 
Bethshemite, beth'-shem- 

It. 
Bethshittah, beth-shit'-td, 

or beth- 
Bethsura, beth-slaY-rd . 
Bethtappuah, beth-tdp- 

pud, or beth'-tu "■■>•"'■ " 
Bethuel, beth'-u-e 
Bethul. bethhll. 
Bethulia, beth'-u-ll'-'d or 

U4M- 
Bethzur, beth'-zer. 
Betolius, be-to'-ll-us. 
Betomasthem,/je<-'6-wias:' 

them, or Bet'omes"- 

tham. 
Betonim, Mt'-o-nlm. 
Beulah, be-u-ld. 
Bezai, be'-zd-l. 
Bezaleel, bez'-'d-le'-ei. 
Bezek, be'zik. 
Bezer, be'-zer. 
Bezeth, be'-zeth. 
Bichri, blk'-rl. 
Bidkar, bld'kdr. 
Bigtha, blg'thd. 
Bigthan, blg'-thdn, and 

Big'thana, -thd-nd. 
Bigvai, blg'-vd-l. 
Bikath-avon, bik'-dth-a'-' 

BUdad, bU'-ddd. 
Bileam, bU'-e-dm. 
Bilgah, bll'-gd. 
Bilgai, bll-gdl. 
Bilhah, bll'-hd. 
Bilhan, bil'-hdn. 
Bilshan, bil'-shdn. 
Bimhal, Mm'-hdl. 
Binea, bln'-e-d. 
Binnui, bln'-nu-l. 
Birsha, Ur'-shd. 
Birzavith, ber'-zd-vlth. 
Bishlam, bish'-ldm. 

,■■/,, 
Bithron, blth'-ron. 
Bithynia, bUhin'l-u. 
Bizjothjah, blz-joth'jd. 
Biztha, biz-thd. 
Blastus, blds'-tiis. 
Blucher, blob'-ker. 
Blumenbach, blob'-men- 

bdk. 
Boadicea, bo'd-di,:,r-'d. 
Boanerges, bo'-d -nir'-jcz. 
Boaz, bd'-dz. 
Boccas, bok'-kds. 
Bocheru, bok'-e-r6. 
Bochim, bo'-klm. 
Bceotia, be-O'-shi-d. 
Bohan, bo'-hdn. 
Bonaparte, bo'-nd-pdrt or 

bo-nd-pdr'-td. 
Boniface, bon'-ifds. 
Booz, bo'-oz. 
Boreas, bor'-e-ds or bo'- 
Borgia, bor'-jd. 
Borghese, bor-gd'-zd. 
Borith, bo'-rith. 
Boscath, bos-kdth. 



Bozkath, hdz'-kdth. 
Bozrah, boz'-rd. 
Brennus, bren'-nus. 
Brigantes, bri-gdu'tez. 
Briaeis, brl-se'-is. 
Britannia, brltdv'-nl-d: 

Britan'nicus, -ni-kus. 
Brutus, brO'-tiU. 
Bubastes, bd-bds'-tiz. 
Bucephalus, bustf-d-lus. 
Bukki, buk'-kl. 
Bukkiah, buk-kl'-d. 
Bui, bdbl. 
Bulwer, bdbl'-wer. 
Bunah, bu-nd. 
Bunni, bun'-nl. 
Busiris, busl'-ris. 
Buz, bMz.Buz'ite, -U. 
Buzi, bu'-zl. 
Byzantium, bi-zdn'-shl- 

um. 

Cabbon, kdb'-bdn. 
Cabul, kd'-bul. 
Caddis, kdd-dis. 
Cades, kd'dez. 
Cades-barne, kd'-dez-b&r"- 

Cadmiel, kdd'-miei. 
Cadmus, kdd'-mus. 
Caesar, se'-z&r. 
Cssarea, sez'-d-re'-'d : 

Casarea Philippi, -JiU 

lp'-pl. 
Caiaphas, kl'd-fds. 
Cain, kdn. 
Cainan, kl'-ndn. 
Calah, kd'-ld. 
Calamolalus, kdl'-d-mb"-' 

Calchas, kdl'-kds. 
Calcol, kdl'-kdl. 
Caledonia, kdl-e-dd'-'nl-d. 
Caleb, kd'-ieb : Ca'leb- 

ephratah, -if'rd-td. 
Caligula, kd-hg'-u-id. 
Calisthenes, kd-lls'-the'- 



Calneh, kdX'-nd. 

Calno, kdl'-nO. 

Calphi, kdl'-fl. 

Calvary, kdl'-vd-rl. 

Calvin, kdl'-vin. 

Cambyses, kdm'-bi-sez. 

Camon, ka'-mon. 

Campus Martius, Mm' 
pus-mar'-' shi-us. 

Cana, kd'-nd. 

Canaan, kd'ndn : Ca' 
naanite, -it: Canaan- 
ites, -its : Ca'naan- 
if'ess, n. fern., -it'-' 6s: 
Ca'naanitish, a. it'-'lsh, 
pert, to Canaan. 

Candace, kdn'-dd-sS or 
■dd'-se. 

Cannae, kdn'-ne. 

Canneh, kdn'-nd. 

Canute, kd-nuf. 

Capernaum, kd-pir'-nd' 

Caph, kaf: Caphtor, leaf* 
tdr: Caphtorim, -to- 
rim : Caph'torims, 
-rimz. 

Caphar, kd'-fdr: Ca'phar- 
salama. -sdl'-'dmd. 

Caphenatha, kd-fSn'-d- 
thd. 



Capitolium, kdp'-l- 



Bosora, bos'-o-rd. Cappadocia, kdp'-pd-d6-' 

I Bosporus, bos'-po-rus. shi-d. 

I Bozez, bo'zSz. Capreae, Mp'-re-S. 

her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



765 



Capricornus, kdp'rl-kor'-' 
Carabasion, kdr'-d-bd'-' 



Carcas, kdr'-kds. 
Carchamis, kdr'-kd-mis. 
Carchemish, kdr'-ke- 

mUh. 
Careah. kd-re'-O. 
Caria, kd'-rld. 
Carlyle, kdr-lll. 
Canne, kdr'-me. 
Carmel, kdr'-mgl: Car'- 

melite, -it: Car'melit"- 

ess, -it'-'is. 
Carmi, kdr'-mi : Car' 

mites, -mlts. 
Carnaim, kdr'-nd-im or 

-nd- 
Camion, kdr'-nlon or 

-nV 
Caroline, kdr-6-lln. 
Carpus, kdr'-pus. 
Carshena, kdr-she'-nd or 

Carthago, ka r-tha-go : 
Carthage, kdr'-thdj. 

Casiphia, kd-sif-i-d. 

Casleu, kds-16. 

Casluhim, kds'16-hlm. 

Casphon, kds'/on. 

Casphor, kds'/or. 

Caspis, kds'-pfs. 

Cassander, kds-sdn'-der : 
Cassandra, -drd. 

Cassius, kds'-shliis. 

Cassivelaunus, kds'si-vS- 
laTc'-'nus. 

Castor, kds'tor. 

Catharine, kdth'-d-rln. 

Cathua, taf/n7«. 

Catilina, kdfiW'nd : 
Catiline, kaf-i-Un. 

Cato, kdt'-o or kd'to. 

Catullus, kdful'lus. 

Caucasus, kaTc'-kds-iis. 

Cecil, se'-sSi or sis'-Sl. 

Cedron, se'dron or kc- 

Ceilan, sl-ldn. 

Celo-Syria, sf-lo-slr'-'id. 

Celsus, seT-s&s. 

Celtae, sil'te. 

Cenchrea, sen'kre-d. 

Cephas, se'-fds. 

Cephirah, sS/i'-rd. 

Ceras, se'-rds. 

Cesar, se'-zdr: Ce'sar- Au- 
gustus, -aTv-giis'-tiis : 
Cesarea, ses-a-re'-'a .- 
Ces'are"a Philippi, -fil- 
Ip'-pl. 

Cetab, se'-tdb. 

Chabris, kd'-bris. 

Chadias, kd'-dids. 

Chalcedon, kdlse'-don. 

Chalcol, kdl-kol. 

Ohaldea, kdlde'-d: Chal- 
de'an, -dn,,- Chaldeans, 
-anz: Chaldees.kdl'-dtz. 

Chanaan, kd'-ndn. 

Channuneus, kan'-nu-ni'-' 

Charaathalar, kdr'-d- 

dth'-'d-ldr. 
Characa, kdr'-d-kd. 
Charashim, kdr'-d-shlm. 
Charchemis, kdr'-ke-mls, 

also Char'chamis. 
Charcus, kdr'-kus. 
Charea, kd'red. 
Charlemagne, sMr'-lS 

mdn" or shdr'-l-man. 
Charmis, kdr'-mls. 
Charon, kd'-rdn. 
Charran, Mr-ran. 



Charybdis, kd-rib'dis. 
Chaseba, kds'-e-bd. 
Chateaubriand, shd'-to- 

bre-ong' 
Chaucer, chaw'ser. 
Chebar, ke'-bdr. 
Chedorlaomer, ked'-dr- 

ld'-d-mir or ke-dor'-ld- 



si' 
ChelUans, kel'-ll-dnz. 
CheUuh, kel-lo. 

Chelod, ke-lod. 
Chelub, kelub. 
Chelubai, ke-16'bd-l. 
Chemarims, kem'-a-rlmz. 
Chemosh, ke'-mosh. 
Chenaanah, ke-nd'-d-nd. 
Chenani, ken'-d-ni. 
Chenaniah, kin'-d-ni'-'d. 
Cheops, ke'-ops. 
Chephar-haammonai, ke' 

fdr-hd-dm-mo-nd- I. 
Chephirah, ke/l'-rd. 
Cheran, ke'-rdn. 
Chereas, ke'-re-ds. 
Cherethims, ker'-eth-imz : 

Cher'ethites, -its. 
Cherith, ke'-rlth. 
Chersonesus, cher'-so-ne"-' 

siis or ker'so. 
Cherub, kei<iib, a city: 

cher' iib, an angel. 
Chesalon, ke'sa-lon. 
Chesed, ke'-sed. 
Chesil, ke'-sil. 
Chesulloth, ke-suTloth. 
Cheth, keth. 
Chettiim, ket-tUm. 
Chezib, ke'zib. 
Chidon, kl'-don. 
Chileab, kll'-e-db. 
Chilion, kll'l-dn. 
Chilmad, kll-mdd. 
Chimaera, klme'-rd. 
Chimham, klm'-hdm, also 

ChimTian. 
Chinnereth, kin'-nZreth : 

Chin neroth, -roth. 
Chios, kl'-os. 
Chiron, ki'-ron. 
Chisleu, kls-16. 
Chislon, kls'-lon. 
Chisloth-tabor, kis-loth- 

td'-'bor. 
Chittim, klt'tim. 
Chiun, kl'-un. 
Chloe, klo'-e. 
Choba, ko'-bd. 
Chobai, ko'bd-%. 
Chorashan, kO-rd- slain. 
Chorazin, ko-rd-zln. 
Chozeba, ko-ze'-bd or kd'- 
Christ, krlst: Christian, 

krisf-ydn. 
Christiana, krist'-i-d'-'nd 

and Christina, kris-ti- 

Christopher, krls'to-fer. 
Chronicles, kron'-l-klz. 
Chryseis, kri-se-ls. 
Chrysolyte, kris'-o-llt. 
Chrysoprasus, kris-op- 

ra-siis. 
Chrysostomus, kri-sos' 

tom-Hs. 
Chub, hub. 
Chun, Mn. 
Chushan-rishathaim, fcfc 

shdn-rlsh'-d-thd'-'lm. 
Chusi, ku'-si. 
Chuza, ku'-zd. 
Cicero, sis'-er-o or Mk- 
Cilicia, si-lish-l-d. 
Cimon, sl'-mon. 



Cincinnatus, sln'-sin-nd'-' 

tus. 
Cingetorix, sln-jSt'6-rlks. 

Cinneroth, slii'-/ie-rdth. 
Cirama, slr'd-md or -a' 



'■■id. 



- 

Cis, sis. 

^t-lmz. 

Clarence, khir : t r ns. 

Clauda, klaw'-d': Clau- 
dia, -did : Claudius, 
-di-us: Claudius - Ce- 
sar, -se'-zdr: Clau'dius- 
Lys'ias, -Ush'-l-ds. 

Cleander, kle-dn'-der. 

Clearchus, kle-dr'-kfis. 

Clemens, kle'-m&ns. 

Clement, klem'-ent. 

Cleomenes, kle-dm'-e-nez. 

Cleopas, kle-6-pds, also 



Clytemnestra, 
nes'-'trd. 

Cnidus, ni'dus. 

Ccelo-Syria, se-lo-slr'-'l-d. 

Cceur-de-Lion, ker-de-le- 
ong". 

Colchis, kol'-cMs: 

Colhozeh, kol-ho'-zd. 

Coligny, kol'-en-ye". 

Colius, ko-ll'-iis or k6- 

Colosse, Jed los'-se : Colos'- 
sians, -si-dnz or -losh- 

Commodus, kdm'-mo-dus. 

Conaniah, korid-nl'-'a. 

Concordia, kon -kor'-i < i-d. 

Confucius, kon-fu-shi-Hs. 

Coniah, ko-nl'-d. 

Conon, ko'-ndn. 

Cononiah, ko'-nO-nl-'d. 

Constans, kon'-stdnz. 

Constantinopolis, kon' 
stdn-tl-nop'-'o-lls: Con- 
stantinople, -no'-'pl. 

Constantinus, kon'-stdn- 
tl'-'nfis : Con'stantine, 
-tin. 

Constantius, kon-stdn- 
shl-iis. 

Coos, ko'-os. 

Copernicus, ko-peY-ni- 

Corbe, kdr'-bS. 

Core, ko-re. 

Corinna, korln'-nd. 

Corinth, kor'lnth: Co- 
rinthian, ko-rinth'l- 
dn: Corinth'us, -fis. 

Coriolanus, kd-rl'-d-W 
nils or kor- 

Cornelius, kdr->u~'-lhi~s. 

Corybantes, kor'-i-bdn'-' 
tez. 

Cos, kos, also Co'os. 

Cosam, ko'-sdm. 

Cosroes, kos'-ro-ez. 

Cotta, kot'-td. 

Coutha, kdiv'-tlid. 

Coz, koz: CozTn, -M. 

Crates, krd'-tez. 

Cratippus, krd-flp'-piis. 

Crescens, kres'sinz. 

Crete, kret : Cretes, krets: 
Cr etians ,kre- sh i -an;. 

Crispus, kris'-pus. 

Croesus, kre'-sus. 
< : 

Cumae, ku'-me. 

Curio, ku'ri-6. 

Curtius, ker'-shl-iis. 

Cush, kiish or kosh. 

Cushan, ku'-shan : Cu'- 
shan-rishathaim, -r ish- 
d-thd'-'im: Cu'shi, -sh l. 

Cuth, kuth: Cuth'ah, -d. 

Cyamon, sl'-d-mon. 



6 -mi. 
foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



Cyaxares, sl-aks'-d-rez. 

Cybele, slb'-e-le. 

Cyclades, slk-hhdcz. 

Cyclops, si'-kldjis: Cyclo- 
pes, sl'-klo-pez. 

Cydnus, sld'niis. 

Cynthia, sin'-thi-d. 

Cyprians, sUf-ri-dnz: 
Cyp'ria"nus, -a'-'nus : 
Cyprus, sl'-priis. 

Cyrene, sl-re'-ne: Cyre'- 
nian, -ni-dn: Cvre'ni- 
ans, -dm : Cyre'nius, 



Dabareh, ddb'-d-rd. 
Dabbasheth, ddb'-d-s7ieth 

or dab-bash- 
Daberath, ddb-S-rdth. 
Dabria, dd'-brl-a. 
Dacia, dd'-shl-d. 
Dacobi, dd-ko'-ln. 
Daddeus, dad- de" its. 
Daedalus, di'-dd-lus. 
Dagon, dd'-gon. 
Daisan, dl'-sdn. 
Dalaiah, ddl-i'd. 
Daleth, ddl'-Sth. 
Dalmanutha, ddl'md- 

nu'-'thd. 
Dalmatia, ddl-md'shl-d. 
Dalphon, dal'fon. 
Damaris, ddm'-d-ris. 
Damascenes, d&m'-a- 

senz. 
Damascus, dd-mds'-kus. 
Damocles, ddm'-o-kUz. 
Damon, dd'mon. 
Dan, dd-n: Dan'ites, -Ms. 
Daniel, ddn'-i-Sl or ddn' 

yel. 
Danjaan, ddn-jd'-dn. 
Dannah, ddn'-nd. 
Daphne, ddf'-ne. 
Daphnis, ddf-nls. 
Dara, dd-rd. 
Darda, ddr'-dd. 
Dardanus, ddr'-dd-nUs. 
Daric, dd'-rlk. 
Darius, dd-rl'-Hs. 
Darkon, d&r'-kon. 
Dathan, dd'-thdn. 
Dathema, ddth-6-md. 
David, da'-vld. 
Debir, de-Mr. 
Debora or Deborah, 

deb'-6-rd or dg-bo'-rd. 
Decapolis, de-kdp'-o-lis. 
Decius, de'-shi-us. 
Dedan, de'-ddn. 
Dedanim, ded'-d-nlm. 
Dehavites, de-hdv'-lts. 
Deiphobus, de-if-6-bus. 
Dekar, de'-kdr. 
Delaiah, del-t'd. 
Delilah, dM'-l-ld. 
Delos, de'los, also Delus, 

de-Ms. 
Delphi, dSl'-fl: Delphin- 
ium, del-fin-i-iua .- 

Delphin'ius, -us. 
Demas, de-mas. 
Demetae, dSm-e'-te. 
Demetrius, de-me'-trl-us. 
Democritus, de-mok'ri- 

Demophon, de'-mo-fon. 
Demosthenes, de-mos' 

then-ez. 
Derbe, der'-be. 
Descartes, dd-kdrf. 
Dessau, des'-sd-u. 
Deucalion, du-ka-ll-on. 
Deuel, de-u'-el. 
Deuteronomy, du-ter-on'-' 



Diana, di-dn'-d. 
Diblaim, dlb'-ld-im or -Id- 
Diblath, dib'ldth. 
Dibon, di'-bdn .- Di'bon- 

Gad, -gad. 
Dibri, dlb'-ri. 
Dido, di'-do. 
Didymus, did'-i-mtis. 
Diklah, dlk'-hi. 
Dilean, dil'-Sdn. 
Dimnah, dim'-na. 
Dimon, di'mon. 
Dimonah, di-mo'-nd or dl'- 
Dinah, di'-nd. 
Dinaites, di-nd-ifs. 
Dinhabah, din-ha-ha 
Diocletianus, di'-o-kle- 

sM-d'-'nus : Diocletian, 

di'-o-kle'shi-nn. 
Diodorus, di'-o-do'-'rus. 
Diogenes, di-oj'-Snez. 
Dion, di'-dn. 
Dionysia, di'-o-nUh '-'la .- 

Di'onys"ius, -l-us. 
Dionysus, di'-O-vt-'sus. 
Diotrephes, di-ot'-re-fez. 
Dishan, dl'-shan. 
Dishon, di'-shon. 
Divitiacus, dW-i-ti'-'d- 

Ms. 
Dizahab, diz'-d-hdb. 
Docus, do'-kus. 
Dodai, dod'di. 
Dodanim, dod'd-nim. 
Dodavah, ddd'-d-vd. 
Dodo, do'-do. 
Doeg, do'-eg. 
Domitianus, do-mish'i- 

d'-'nils: Domit'ia, -i-a. 
Dophkah, dof-kd. 
Dor,; dor, also Dora, do- 

Dorcas, ddr'-kds. 
Dorymenes,cZdr-£m'e-wez" 
Dositheus, dos-lth'-e-us. 
Dothan, do'-thdn, also 

Dothaim, do'-thd-im. 
Dracon, dra'-kmi-. 
Drusilla, drd-sil'ld. 
Drusus, drd'stis. 
Dumah, du'md. 
Dura, du'-rd. 

Eanes, e'-d-nez. 

Easter, es'-te-r. 

Ebal, e'-bdl. 

Ebed, e'bed: E'bed-me"- 

lech, -me'-'Kk. 
Ebenezer, eb'-en-e'-'zer. 
Eber, e'-ber. 
Ebiasaph, e-bi'-n-snf. 
Eboracum, e-bor'-d-kum 

or -d'-kum. 
Ebronah, e-bro'nd. 
Ecanus, e-ka'-nfls. 
Ecbatana, ek-bdt'd-nd. 
Ecclesiastes, ek-kle'-sl- 

as'-'tez : Eccle'sias"ti- 

cus, -ti-kus. 
Ed, ed. 
Edar, e'-ddr. 
Eddias, ed'-dl-ds. 
Eden, e'-den. 
Eder, e-der. 
Edes, e'-dez. 
Edessa, e-des'-sd. 
Edna, ed'-nd. 
Edom, e'-dom : E'domite, 

-it : E'domites, -its. 
Edrei, ed'-re-i. 
Eglah, eg'-ld. 
Eglaim, eg'-ld-lm or -Id- 
Eglon, eg-lon. 
Egypt, e'-jipt: Egyptian, 

e-jip'-shdn. 
Ehi, e'-hi. 
Ehud, e'-Md. 
Eichhorn, ik'-horn. 



Eker, e'kir. 
Ekrebel, ek'-re-bel. 
Ekron, ek'-rdn: Ek'ron- 

ites, -its. 
Ela, e'ld. 
Eladah, el'-d-dd. 
Elah, e'ld. 
Elam, e'ldm: E'lamites, 



-loth. 
Elbethel, Sl-Uth'-Sl. 
Elcia, cl'-shl-d. 
Eldaah, el-dd'-d. 
Eldad, Sl'-ddd. 
Elead, e'-U-dd. 
Elealeh, Sl-e'-d-ld. 
Eleasa, el-e'-d-sd. 
Eleasah, el-e'-d-sd. 
Eleazar, el'e-d"-znr. 
Eleazurus, /'r-c-n-zn'-rns. 
El-elohe-Israel, el-el'-o-he- 

iz"-rd-el. 
Eleph, Sl'-Sf. 
Elephantine, cl'-e-fdn-H'-' 

we or -Mil'' tin, also El'- 

ephan"tis, -tis. 

Eleutherus, ei-v'-th>:r-us. 

Elhanan, el-hd'-ndn. 

Eli, e'li. 

Eliab, e-li'-ab. 

Eliada or Eliadah, e-li- 

d-dd or el- 
Eliadun, e-li'-d-dnn. 
Eliah e-li'-d, or el'- 
Eliahba, c-li'-d-bd. 
Eliakim, e-li'-d -kim. 

h ., h 
Eliam, e-ll'-dm or el-. 
Eliaonias, cl'-l-u-O'-'vl-ds. 
Elias, e-li-ds. 
Eliasaph, e-li'-d-sdf. 
Eliashib, e-li'd-shib. 
Eliasis, e-li'-d-sis. 
Eliathah, e-li'-d-thd. 
Elidad, e-li'- dad or el'- 
Eliel, e'-li-Sl. 
Eli Eli Lama Sabach- 

thani, e'li e'li Id'-md 

sd'-bdk-thd'-'m. 
Elienai, el'i-e-nd-'i. 

; r , ,■■ ■ , 
Elihoenai, el'-i-he-vd'-i. 
Elihoreph, eV-l-ho'-'ref. 
Elihu, e-li'-hu. 

' . /,''/'.. 

Elika, el'-i-kd. 
Elim, e'-lirn. 
Elimelech, e-lim'-e-lek. 
Elioenai, el'-i-e-nd'-'i. 
Eliphal, el'-i-fill. 
Eliphalat , e-Uj'-d-lut or 

el'Sfdl'-'dt. 
Eliphalet, Slif-a-let or 

el'-l-fdl'-'et. 
Eliphaz, el'-i-fdz. 
Elipheleh, e-lif'e-ld. 
Eliphelet, e-Uf'-Slet or el- 

i-fel'-'et. 
Elisabeth, e-liz'-d-beth. 
Eliseus, el'i-se'-'us. 
Elisha, and Elishah, e-li'- 

shd. 
Elishama, e-Ush'd-riid. 
Elishaphat, e-lish'd-fdt. 
Elisheba, e-llsh'-e-bd or 

el'i-she'-'bd. 
Elishua, el'-ish-u'-'d. 
Elisimus, e-li'-si-mus. 
Eliu, e-li'-u. 
Eliud, e-li'-ud or SI' 
Elizaphan, e-liz'-d-fdn. 
Elizur, e-U'zer or el'-i-zer. 
Elkanah, el'-kd-nd. 
Elkosh, Sl'-kosh: El'kosh- 

ite, -it. 



Ellasar, Sl'-ld-sar. 
Elmodam, Sl-mo'-ddm. 
Elnaam, Sl'-nd-dm or SI- 

na- 
Elnathan, el'nd-thdn. 
Eloi, e-lo'i. 
Eloi Eloi Lama Sabach- 

thani, e-lo'-ie-io'-i Id'-nul 

xi'i-lii'ik-th&'-'nl. 
Eton, r'-ioii: E'lonites,-^.?. 
Elon-Beth-hanan, e'-lon- 

beth-hd'-ndn or -bdth"- 

hd-n' 



dl. 
Elpalet, el'pd-lSt or SI- 

pd'let. 
Elparan, Sl-pd'-rdn. 
Eltekeh, el'-le-kd. 
Eltekon, ei'te-kon. 
Eltolad, el'-to-ldd. 
Elul, e'-lul or 4-161'. 
Eluzai, el'-u-zd'-'i. 
Elymaeans, el'-i-mc"-dnz. 
Elymas, ei-i-mds. 
Elysium, el-izh'-l-um. 
Elzabad, el'-zd-bdd. 
Elzaphan, el'-zd-fdn. 
Emims, e'-mims. 
Emmanuel, em-mdn'-u-Sl. 
Emmaus, Sm'-md-us or 

Sm-md'-us. 



klez. 
Enam, e'-ndm. 
Enan, e'-ndn. 
Enasibus, e-nd'-sl-bus. 
Endor, Sn'-dor. 
Endymion, en-dim'-i-on. 
Eneas, e'ne-ds. 
Eneglaim, en'-eg-ld'-'im. 
Enemessar, en'Sm&s'-sdr. 
Enenius, Sne'-ni-us. 
Engannim, en-gnu'- ni-nc. 
Engaddi, Sn-gdd'-di. 
Engedi, en'ge-di or en- 

ged'-l. 
Enhaddah, en-hdd'-dd. 
Enhakkore, Sn-hnk'-ko-re. 
Enhazor, en-hd'-zor. 
Enmishpat, en-ra isli -pu t. 
Enoch, e'-nok. 
Enon, e'-non for ^non. 
Enos, e'nds ..- also E'nosh, 

-nosh. 
Enrimmon, en-rlm'-mon. 
Enrogel, en-ro'-g&l. 
Enshemesh, en '-she-mesh , 

or en-shem'-ish. 
Entappuah, en'-tdp-pu'-'d. 
Epaminondas, e-pdm'-i- 

ndn'-'dds. 
Epaphras, ep'-d-frds. 
Epaphroditus, 6-pAf'ro- 

di"-tus. 
Epenetus, also Epsenetus, 

Spe'-nStus. 
Ephah, e'-fd. 
Ephai, e'-fd-i. 
Epher, e'-fer. 
Ephes - Dammim, e'-fes- 

ddm'-'mim. 
Ephesians, Hf-e'-shi-dnz. 
Ephesus, ef-6-sus. 
Ephlal, e/'-ldl. 
Ephphatha, ef-fu-thd. 
Ephraim, e'-frd-im .- Eph'- 

raimites, -its. 
Ephrain, e-frd'-ln. 
Ephratah, ef-rd-td, also 

Ephrath, ef-rdth: Eph'- 

rathite, -it: Eph'rath- 

ites, -its. 
Ephron, e/ron. 
Epictetus, ep'-ik-te'-'tus. 



Epicureans, >~p';.-ku-re'-' 
am : Epicurus, ep'-l- 
ku'-'rus. 

Epiphanes, e-pif'-d-nez. 

P.ninhi SrAK.fi 



Eran, e'-rdn: E'ranites, 

Erasmus, c-raz'-mus. 
Erastus, e-rOsi'us. 
Erebus, er'e-btis. 
Erech, e'-rSk. 
Eri, e'-ri: E'rites, -rlts. 
Eros, e'-ros. 



hdd'-'don. 
Esau, e'-saw. 
Esay, S-sd. 
Eschol, Ss'-kol. 
Esdraelon, es'-drd-e'-'lon. 
Esdras, 6s'drds. 
Esebon, es'-e-bon. 
Esebrias, Ss'-Sbri'-'ds. 
Esek, e'-sek. 
Eshbaal, csh'-ha-dL 
Eshban, 6sh'-bdn. 
Eshcol, esh'-kol. 
Eshean, esh'-e-dn. 
Eshek, e'-shek. 
Eshkalonites, Ssh'-kd' 

Ion-its. 
Eshtaol, dsh'-fdol. 
Eshtaulites, (•sW-hnrUts. 
Eshtemoa, esh-tem'-o-n or 

-te-mO'd, also Esh- 

temoh, esh'-te-mo. 
Eshton, Ssh'-ton. 
Esli, Ss'-ll. 
Esora, eso'-rd. 
EsrU, Ss'-ril. 
Esrom, Ss'-rdm. 
Essenes, es-se'-nez or es- 

senzf. 
Esther, Ss'ter. 
Etam, e'-tdm. 
Etham, e'-thdm. 
Ethan, e'-thna. 
Ethanim, eth'd-nim. 
Ethbaal, eth-bd'-dl. 
Ether, e'-tlier- 
Ethiopia, e'-th i-o'-'/d-d : 

E'thio"pian, -an: E'thi- 

o"pians, -dm. 
Ethma, eth'-md. 
Ethnan, eth'-ndn. 
Ethni, eth'-ni. 
Etruria, e-tro'-ri-d. 
Eubulus, u-bu'-li'is. 
Euclides, u-kli'-dez: Eu- 
clid, u'klid. 
Euergetes, u-er'-gStez. 
Eugene, u'-jen or u-jen- : 

Euge'nie, -je'-ni. 
Eumenes, u'-mcn-ez. 
Eunatan, u'-nd-tdn. 
Eunice, u-ni'se. 
Euodias, u-o'-di-ds. 
Euphrates, v-frd'-tez. 
Eupolemus, u-pol'-Smus. 
Euripides, u-rip'4-dez. 
Euroclydon, u-rok'-li-don. 
Europa, u-ro'-pd. 
Eusebius, u-se-bi-us. 
Eustace, us'-tds. 
Eutychus, u'-tl-kus. 
Eve, ev. 
Evi, e'-vi. 
Evil-merodach, e'-vil-mer- 

b'-'ddk or -mer'-'o-ddk. 
Exodus, eks'-6-dus. 
Ezbai, Sz'-bd-i. 
Ezbon, Sz'bon. 
Ezecias, iz'-e-si'-'ds or kl'-' 
Ezekias, ez'-e-Ja-'as. 
Ezekiel, e-ze'-ki-el. 
Ezel, e'zel. 






mate, mdt,far, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; 



767 



Ezem, i'-zgm. 
Ezer. e'-zer. 
Ezerias, ez'-S-ri'-'ds. 
Ezias, e-zi'-ds. 
Ezion-gaber, e'-zi-on-gd'-' 
her, or Ezion-geber, e- 



Fahrenheit, fdr'-en-hlt. 
Faunus, faTc'-n us. 
Fenelon, fd'-ni-loiig". 
Ferdinand ftr-di-ndnd. 
Felicia, r'-'ish'-i-d. 

felix, fe'-liks. 
estus,/es'ti'is. 
Flavius, fld'-vi-ris. 
Florence, /to/ -V/^. 
Fortunatus, for'tu-nd'-' 

tits. 
Fouche, fob-shd'. 
Franci, frda 'si. 
Franklin frdngk'-lin. 
Frederick or Frederic, 

fred'erlk. 
Frisii, frls'-i-i. 
Froissart, frdys'-sdrt. 

Gaal, gd'-al. 
Gaash, ga'-dsh. 
Gaba, ga'-bd. 
Gabael, gdb'-d-el. 
Gabatha, gdb'-d-thd. 
Gabbai, gab'-bd-i. 
Gabbatha, gdb'-bd-thd. 
Gabdes, gdb'-dr-z. 
Gabrias, gd'-brl-ds. 
Gabriel, ga'-bri-el. 
Gad, q&d: Gad'ite, -it: 

Gad'ites, -Its. 
Gadara, gdd'-dr-u. 
Gadarenes, gdd'-d-renz. 
Gaddi, gdd'-di. 
Gaddiel, gdd'-dl-cl. 
Gades, g_a-d.Cz. 
Gadi, gd'-di. 
Gaham, ga'-hdm. 
Gahar, ga'-hdr. 
Gaius, ga'-us or gi'-iis. 
Galaad, gdl'-d-dd. 
Galal, gd'-ldl. 
Galatia, gd la'-slil-d or 

■la'-sha : Gala'tians, -dnz 

or -shanz. 
Galba, gdl'-ld, 
Galeed, gdl'-e-ed. 
Galenus, gd-lt-nus. 
Galgala, gdl'gd-ld. 
Galilee, gal'4-le : Gal'ile"- 

an, -le'-'dn .- Gal'ile"ans, 

Galileo, gdl-l-le'-'o 
Gallia, gdl'-li-d. 
Gallienus, gdl'-li-e'-'nus. 
Gallim, gal-Ion. 
Gallio, gdl'-li-d. 
Galvani, gdl-va'-nl. 
Gamael, gum'-u-n. 
Gamaliel, gd-ma'-li-el. 
Gammadims, gdm'-md- 

dlmz. 
Gamul, gd'-mul. 
Ganges, gdn'jez. 
Ganymedes, gdn'-l-me'' 

dez. 
Gar, gar. 
Gareb, ga'-reb. 
Garizim, gdr'-i-zlm. 
Garmite, gdr'-miL 
Gashmu, gdsh'-mu. 
Gatam, ga'-tdm. 
Gath, gdth. 

Gath-hepher, guth-he'-fer. 
Gath-rimmon, gdth-rlm' 



Gaza, gd'-zd : Ga'zathites, 
-zdth-its. 
- 

Gazer, ga'zer. 

Gazera, gd-ze'rd. 

Gazez, ga'zez._ 

Gazites, gd'-zits. 

Gazzam, gdz'-zdm. 

Geba, ge'-bd. 

Gebal, ge'-bdl. 

Geber, ge'-ber. 

Gebim, ge'-bim. 

Gedaliah, ged'-d-li'-'d. 

Geddur, ged'-der. 

Gedeon, ged'-e-on. 

Geder, ge'der. 

Gederah, ge-de'-rd or g'd- 

Gederathite, ged'-S-rdth- 
it. 

Gederite, ged-er-it. 

Gederoth, ged'er-oth. 

Gederotbaim, ged'-e-rotJi- 
a'-'lm. 

Gedor, ge'-dor or ge-dor- 

Gehazi, ge-hd'-zl. 

Gehenna, gelien'/id. 

Geliloth, gel'-i-loth. 

Gemalli, ge-rndl'-li. 

Gemariah, g>'m-d-rt-'d. 

Genesis, jen'-e-sts. 

Gennesar, gen-ne'sdr. 

Gennesaret, gen-nSs'-d- 
ret: Genes'areth and 
Genes'aret are not 
now in authorised ver- 

Genneus, gSn-ne-its. 
Gentile, jen'-tll: Gen'tiles, 

-ttlz. 
Genubath, gSn'u-MtJi. 
Geoffrey, jef-frl. 
Geon, ge'-on. 
Georgina, jdr-jc'-nd or 

ji-, and Geor'gian"a, 

-dn'-'d. 
Gera, ge'-rd. 
Gerar, ge'-rdr. 

Gergesenes, gfr'-gi-servz. 
Gergesites, gir'-gHs-its. 
Gerizim, ger'-l-zim. 
Gerizites, ger'-iz-lts. 
Germania, jir-ma'-nl-d : 

Genna'nicus, -ni-kus. 
Gershom. gtr'-shOm. 
Gershon, ger'shon -. Ger'- 

shonite, -it : Ger'shon- 

ites, -its. 
Gerson, ger'-sdn. 
Gertrude, ger'-trod. 
Gerzites, ger'-zits. 
Gesenius, ge-se'-ni-us. 
Gesem, ge'sim. 
Gesham, ge'-shdm. 
Geshem, ge'-shem, 
Geshur, ge'-slier : Gesh- 

uri, gesh'-er-l : Gesh ur- 

ites, -its. 
Gether, ge'-ther. 
Gethsemane, gSth-sSm' 



Gezrites, gez'-rlts. 
Giah, gi'-d. 
Gibbar, gib'-bdr. 
Gibbethon, glb'-be-thdn. 
Gibea and Gibeah, gib' 

e-d. 
Gibeath, gXb'-e-dth: Gib'- 

eathite, -it. 
Gibeon, gib'-e-dn: Gib'- 

eonite, -It: Gib'eonites, 

-its. 
Giblites, glb'-llts. 

■vd-ddl'-ti. 
Giddel, gld'del. 



Gideon, gtd'e-on. 
Gideoni, gid-i-6-ni. 
Gidom, gl'-dom. 
Gigantes, jl-gdn'-tez. 
Gihon, gl'-hon. 

■ ■ 
rd-bo'-d. 
Gilead, gll'-e-dd: Gil'ead- 

ite, -it : Gil'eadites, 

-Its. 
Gilgal, gll'-gdl. 
Giloh, gi'-lo : Gilonite, 

gl'-lo-nlt. 
Gimel, glm'-el. 
Gimzo, glm'zo. 
Ginath, gl'-ndth. 
Ginnetho, giri-ne-ihd. 
Ginnethon, gin-ne-thon. 
Girgashite, ger'-gdsh-it : 

Ger'gashites, -Its. 
Girgasite, ger'-gds-it. 
Gispa, gls'-pd. 
Gittah-hepher, glt'td- 

he'-'fer. 
Gittaim, gif'-td-irn or -id'- 
Gittite, git'-tlt: Git'tites, 

-tits. 
Gittith, glf-tith. 
Gizonite, gi'-zo" 
Goath, go'-dth. 



■If. 



Golan, go'-ldn. 
Golgotha, gdl'-go-thd. 
Goliath, go-ll'-dth. 
Gomer, go'-mer. 
Gomorrah or Gomorrha, 



Gordianus, 



gor'-dl-d'-' 



Gordium, gor'-dl-um: 
Gor'dius, -Us. 

Gorgias, gor-gl-ds. 
Gortyna, gor-tl-ad. 
Goshen, go'-shen. 
Gothi, goth'-l, also Goth'- 

ones, -6-nez. 
Gotholias, gulhd-ll'-'o*. 
Gothoniel, gotho'-nl-el. 
Gozan, go'-zdn. 
Graba, grd'-bd. 
Gracchus, gruk'-kiis. 
Granicus, gi-d-nl'-kiis. 
Gratianus, grd'-sM-a'-' 

Grecia, gre'-shi-d: Gre'- 
cians, -dnz, also gre' 
slid in: Greece, gres. 

Greek, grek: Greeks, 
greks. 

Gregorius, gre-go'-ri-us : 
Gregory, greg'-0 rl. 

Griselda, grl-srl'dd. 

Gudgodah, giid-go-dd. 

Guelph, givelf. 

Guizot, gwe'-zo. 

Guni, gu'nl: Gu'nites, 
-nits. 

Gur, ger. 

Gur-baal, ger-bd[dl. 

Gustavus, gus-td'vus. 

Haahashtari, hd'd-Msh'-' 

Habaiah, hd-bi'd. 
Habakkuk, hdb'-dk-kuk. 
Habaziniah, Mb'd-zl- 

nl'-'d. 
Habbacuc, hdb'-bd-kuk. 
Habor, ha'-bor. 
Hachaliah, hdk-d-ll'-'d. 
Hachilah, hdk'-i-la. 
Hachmoni, hdk-mo-nl : 

Hach'monite, -it. 
Hadad, hd'ddd. 
Hadadezer, Mc^dd e' 'zer. 



Hara, hd'rd. 
foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



Hadad-Rimmon, hdd'dd- 

rlm'-'mon. 
Hadar, hd'ddr. 
Hadarezer, hdd'dr-C'-'zCr. 
Hadashah, hdd'-d-shd. 
Hadassah, hd-dus'-sd. 
Hadattah, hd-ddt'-td. 
Hades, hd'dez. 
Hadid, hd'did. 
Hadlai, hdd'-ld-i. 
Hadoram, hd-do'ram or 

had- 
Hadrach, hd'-drdk. 
Hadrianus, ha'dri-d'-' 

adrian. 
Hagab, ha'-gdb. 
Hagaba, also Hagabah, 

hdg'd-bd. 
Hagar, ha- gar : Ha'gar- 

enes, -enz: Ha'garites, 

-its: Ha'gerite, -gCr-lt. 
Haggai, lidg-ga-i. 
Haggeri, hdg'-ger-i. 

■ 
Haggiah, hag-odd. 
Haggites, hag-gits. 
Haggith, hag- g i Hi. 
Hagia, hd'gl-d. 
Hahnemann, hd '-ad ■ m a n . 
Hai, ha'i. 

Hakkatan, hdk'-kd-tdn. 
Hakkoz, hdk'-kdz. 
Hakupha, hd-kd'-fd. 
Halah, hd'-ld. 
Halak, hd'-ldk. 
TfoXhv\,hdV-hul: 
Hali, ha'-li. 
Halicarnassus, hdl'-l-kdr- 



Ham, ham. 
Haman, ha'-man. 
Hamath, ha'mdth: Ha'- 

mathite,-),£. 
Hamath-Zobah, ha' 

mdth-zo'-'bd. 
Hamilcar, hdm'-ll-kdr. 
Hammath, hdm'-mdth. 
Hammedatha, hdm-med- 

d-tlid or hdm'-iiie-dd'-' 

thd. 
Hammelech, hdm'-me-lek 

or hdm-mel'-ck. 
Hammoleketh, linm-rndl'- 

e-keth or -lek'-eth. 
Hammon, hdm'mon. 
Hammothdor, ham' 

moth-dor. 
Hamonah, ha-mo'-nd or 

hdm'6-nd. 
Hamongog, hd'-mon-gog. 
Hamor, ha'mor. 
Hamuel, hd-mu'el or 

hd' 



Hamutal, hd-mu'-tdl or 

ham' 
Hanameel, hd-ndm'-e-el 

or hdn'. 
Hanan, hd'-ndn. 
Hananeel, hd-ndn'-e-el or 

hdn'. 
Hanani, ha-na'ni. 
Hananiah, hdn'-d-ni'-'d. 
Hanes, hd'-nez. 
Haniel, hd'-ni-el. 
Hannan, hdn'-nd. 
Hannathon, hdn'-nd-thon. 
Hannibal, hdn'-nl-bdl. 
Hanniel, hdn'ni-el. 
Hanno, hdn'-nd. 
Hanoch, hd'-nok : Ha'- 

nochites, -its. 
Hanun, hd'-nun. 
Haphraim, hdf-rd'-lm. 



768 



Haradah, hdr'-a-dd. 
Haran, hd'-rdn. 
Hararite, ha'rd-rit. 
Harbona or Harbonah, 

hdr-bo'nd or hdr'- 
Hardicanute, hdr'-di-ka- 

nut". 
Hareph, hd'rSf. 
Hareth, hd'reth. 
Harhaiah, hdr-hi'-d. 
Harhas, hdr'has. 
Harhur, hdr'-her. 
Harim, hd'-rim. 
Hariph, ha'-rlf. 
Harnepher, hdr'-nS-fer 

or har-nef-er. 
Harod, ha'-rod: Ha'rod- 

ite, -it. 
Haroeh, hd'-ro-d or ha- 



jt hd-rt 
Haroun-al-Raschid, hd- 

robn'-dl-rdsh'-id. 
Harsha, hdr'-shd. 
Harum, hd'-rum. 
Harumaph, hdr'-u-mdf 

or hd-rd- 
Haruphite, hdr'-u-fit. 
Haruz, ha'ruz. 
Hasadiah, hds'd-di'-'d. 
Hasdrubal, hus'drn-hai. 



Hashabiah, hdsh'-a-bi'-'d. 
Hashabnah, hdsh-<~il,'i«i. 
Hashabniah, hdsh'-db- 

ni'-'d. 
Hashbadaha, hash-bad'- 



nd. 
Hashub, hd'-sh&b. 
Hashubah, hdsh-u'bd. 
Hashum, hd'-shwm. 
Hashupha, hdsh'-u-fd. 
Hasrah, hds'-rd. 
Hassenaah, hds'sS-nd'-'d. 
Hasshub, hds'shub. 
Hasupha, Ms'-u-fd. 
Hatach, ha'-tdk. 
Hathath, hd'-thdth. 
Hatipha, hat'; -fa, 
Hatita, hdt'-l-tu. 
Hattil, hdt'-tll. 
Hattush, hdt'-tush. 
Hauran, haw'rdn. 
Havilah, hdv'-i-la. 
Havoth-jair, hd'-vdth- 

ja'-'er. 
Haydn, ha'-dn. 
Hazael, hdz'a-el or ha- 
Hazaiah, ha-zl'-d. 
Hazar-addar, hd'-zdr-dd'-' 

ddr. 
Hazar-enan, ha'-zdr-e'-' 

nan. 
Hazar-gaddab, ha'-zdr- 

gdd'-'dd. 
Hazar-hatticon, hd'-zdr- 

hdt'-'tl-kdn. 
Hazarmavetb, ha'-zdr- 

md'-'veth 
Hazaroth, ha'-zd-rdth. 
Hazar-sbual, hd'-zar-shO'-' 

Hazar-susah, hd'zdr- 

sd'-'sd. 
Eazar-susim, ha'-zdr- 

sd'-'slm. 
Hazazon-tamar, hdz'-d- 

zon-ta'-'mdr. 
Hazel-elponi, hd'-zel-el- 

po'-'ni. 
Hazerim, ha'zS-rim. 
Hazeroth, ha'-zt-rdth. 



He'- 



Hazezon-tamar, 

zon-td'-'mdr. 
Haziel, hd'zi-el. 
Hazo, hd'-zo. 
Hazor, ha'-zdr. 
He, he. 
Hebe, he-be. 
Heber, he'-ber: HeTjer- 

ites, -its. 
Hebrew, he'-bro : 

brews, -brtz: 

brewess, -Ss. 
Hebron, he'bron: 

bronites, -its. 
Hecate, Mk'd-te. 
Hector, hek'-tor. 
Hecuba, hek'u-bd. 
Hegai, heg'-di or M- 

gd'-i. 
Hege, he'-gS. 
Hegel, hd'-gSh 
Heine, hl'-na. 
Helah, he'-ld. 
Helam, he'ldm. 
Helbah, hel'-bd. 
Helbon, hel'-bon. 
Helchiah, hel-ki'-a, also 

Helchi'as, -as. 
Heldai, Ml-dd'-i. 
Heleb, he'-leb. 
Heled, he-led. 
Helek, he'-lek: Helekites, 

-its. 



Hel'- 



Helem, Jie'-lSm. 
Helena, hel'-e-nd 

enus, -nils. 
Heleph, M'-lSf. 
Helez, he'-lez. 
Heli, he'll. 
Helias, he-li'-Os. 
Heliodorus, he'll-6-do'-' 

Heliopolis, he'li-6p'-'5- 

lis. 
Helkai, Mlkd'-i. 
Helkath, hel'-kdth. 
Helkath-hazzurim, Ml- 

kdth-hdz'-zu-rlm. 
Helklas, Ml-ki-ds. 
Hellen, hel'-lSn. 
Helon, he'-lon. 
Helvetii, hel-ve'-shi-i. 
Heman, he'-mdn. 
Hemath, he'-mdth. 
Hemdan, hem-dan. 
Hen, hen. 
Hena, he'-nd. 
Henadad, hSn'-d-ddd. 
Hengist, hSng'-glst. 
Hengstenberg, Mng'- 

sten-berg. 
Henoch, he'-nok. 
Henrietta, hen'ri-Zt'-'td 
Hepher, he'-fer: He'pher- 

ites, -its. 
Hephzibah, hef'-zl-bd. 
Heraclidae, he'rd-kli'-'ds. 
Herakles, M'-rd-klez. 
Herculaneum, her'-ku-ld'-' 

ne-um. 
Hercules, her'-ku-lez. 
Heres, he'-rez. 
Heresb, he'-rSsh. 
Hermaphroditus, her- 

mdf-ro-dl'-'tus. 
Hernias, her'-mds. 
Hermes, her'-mez. 
Hermlone, her-ml'-OnS. 
Hermogenes, her-moj'-i- 

nez. 
Hermon, her'-mdn: Her'- 

monites, -its. 
Hero, M'-rO. 
Herod, her'-od: Hero- 

dians, M-ro'di-dnz : 

Hero'dias, -ds : Hero'- 

dion, -on : Herodes, 

he-ro'-dez. 



Hesed, 
Heshbon, hish'bon. 
Heshmon, h&sh'-moii. 
Hesiod, he'zhlod :Kesio- 

dus, he'si-6-dus: Hesi- 

odic, he'si-od'-'lk. 
Hesperia, Ms-per'-l-d: 

Hesperides, hes-per'-l- 

dez : Hesperus, hes'-p&r- 

Heth, Mlh. 

Hethlon, liSth'-ldn. 

Hezeki, Mz'-S-kl. 

Hezekiah, hez'-e-kl'-'d. 

Hezion, h6z'-i-6n. 

Hezir, he'zir. 

Hezrai, hez'-rd-l or -rd'-. 

Hezro, hez'-ro. 

Hezron, hez'-rdn: Rez'- 

ronites, -its. 
Hlbernia, hlber'-ni-d. 
Hiddai, hid'-da-i or -da'- 
Hiddekel, hxd'-db-Ul or 

-dek-dl. 
Hiel, hl-61. 
Hlerapolis, hl'S-rap-'d- 

Hiereel, hl-er'6-Sl. 
Hleremoth, ?il-er'S-mOth. 
Hierielus, M-ir'-i-e-'lds. 



Hillel, Ml'-lSl. 
Hinnom, hin'ndm. 
Hipparcbus, hlp-pdr'- 

kus. 
Hippocrates, hip-pdk'-rd- 

tez. 
Hippolyte, hlp-pol'-i-te. 
Hirah, hl'-rd. 
Hiram, hl'-rdm. 
Hircanus, hir-kd'-n&s. 
Hispania, Ms-pu'-ni-d. 
Hittite, hit- tit: Hit'tites, 

-tits. 
Hivite, hl'vlt: Hl'vites, 

■vlts. 
Hizkiah, Hz-kl'd. 
Hizkijah, hlz-kl'jd. 
Hobab, ho'-bab. 
Hobab, ho'-bd. 
Hobbes, hobz. 
Hod, hod. 
Hodaiah, hod-l'-d. 
Hodavian, hod'-d-vl'-'d. 
Hodesh, ho'-d&sh. 
Hodevah, ho-de'-viL 
Hodiah, ho-dl'd. 
Hodijab, ho-dl'jd. 
Hoglah, hog'-ld. 
Hoham, ho'hdm. 
Holofernes, h6l'-6-feY-'nSz. 
Holon, ho'-lon. 
Homam, ho'-mdm. 
Homerus, ho-me'-rus: 

Homer, ho'-mer. 
Honorius, hdno'rl-iis. 
Hopnni, hof'-ni. 
Hor, hdr. 
Horam, ho'-rdm. 
Horse, hb'-re. 
Horatio, ho-ra'-shi-o. 
Horatius, ho-rd'shi-us. 
Horeb, ho'-reb. 
Horem, ho'-rem. 
Hor-hagidgad, hor-hd- 

gid'-gdd. 
Hori, ho'-ri. 
Horims, ho'-rlmz. 
Horite, ho'-rit: Ho'rites, 

-rits. 



Hormah, hor'-md. 
Horonaim, hor'-d-nd'-'lm. 
Horonite, hor'-on-it: Hor'- 

onites, -Us. 
Hosah, hd'-sd. 
Hosea, hd-ze'-d. 
Hoshaiah, hSsh-l'-d. 
Hoshama, hosh'd-md. 
Hoshea, ho-she'-d. 
Hotham, ho'thum. 
Hothan, ho- than. 
Hothir, ho'-thir. 
Hugo, hu'-go. 
Hukkok, hiik'kdk. 
Hukok, hu'-kok. 
Hul, hul. 
Huldah, hfd'-dd. 
Humphrey, hum'-fri. 
Humtah, hum'-td. 
Hunni, hun'-ni : Huns, 

Hupham. hu'-fdm-. Hu'- 

phamites, -its. 
Huppah, hup'pd. 
Huppim, hup-plm. 
Hur, her. 
Hurai, hu'-rd-i. 
Huram, hu'-rdm. 
Huri, hu'-ri. 
Hushah, hu'-shd. 
Hushai, hu-shd'-i. 
Husham, hu'shdm. 
Hushathite, hu'-shdth-it. 
Hushim, hu'shim. 
Huyghens, hi'-genz. 
Huz, huz. 
Huzzab, huz'-zdb. 
Hyacinthus, hi'-d-sin'-' 

thH,s. 
Hyades, hi'-d-dez. 
HydaspeSj hidds'-pez. 
Hydra, hi'-dra. 
Hymen, hi'-men. 
Hymenaeus. hi'-'mS-nZ'-'us. 
Hyperborei, hi'-per-bo'-' 

re-%. 
Hyrcanus, her-kd'-nus. 
Hystaspes, his-tds'-pcz. 

Ibhar, W-h&r. 
Iblaim, W-ld-im. 
Ibleam, lb'-le-dm. 
Ibneiah, ib-ni'-d. 
Ibnijah, ib-ni'-jd. 
Ibrahim, Ib-brd'hern. 
Ibri, Ib'-ri. 
Ibzan, ib'-zdn. 
Ichabod, ik'd-bdd. 
Iconium, i-ko'-ni-um. 
Idalah, id'-a-ld. 
Idbash, id'bdsh. 
Iddo, id-do. 
Iduel, id'-u-ei. 
Idumea, id'-u-me'-'d: Id- 

ume"ans, -me'-'dnz. 
Igal, i'-gdl. 
Igdaliah, ig'-da-li'-'d. 
Igeal, ig'-e-dl. 
Ignatius, ig-na'-shi-us. 
Iim, i'-im. 



Son, i'-jon. 
;kesh, ik'-i 



ki.Ji. 



Hion, il'-i-on, and Il'ium, 

Ulyricum, ll-lir'-i-kum. 
Imla or Imlah, im'-ld. 
Immanuel, im-mdn'-u-el. 
Immer, im'-mer. 
Imna or Imnah, im'-nd. 
Imrah, im'rd. 
Imri, im'-ri. 
India, in'-di-d. 
Inferi, in'-fer-i. 



mdte, m&t.fdr, law; mSte, mSt, Mr; pine, pin; note, nU, mdve; 



Ionia, i-O'-nid. 
Iphedeiah, if'-6-di''d. 
Iphigenia, ij"-l-j6-ni-'d. 
Ir, er. 
Ira, i'ra. 
Irad, i'rdd. 
Iram, i'-rdm. 
Irenseus, V rc-ne'-'iis. 
Iri, i'-ri, 
Irijah, i-ri'-jd. 
Iris, Vris. 

Irnahash, ir'nd-hash. 
Iron, 1-rOn. 
Irpeel, ir'-pe-el. 
Irshemesh, ir-shem'-esh. 
Iru, l'-r6. 
Isaac, fetffc. 
Isabella, iz'-d-bel'-'ld. 
Isaiah, i-zl'-d or i-2a- 

yd. 
Iscah, fe-'M. 
Iscariot, isMr'4-ot. 
Isdael, is'-dd-el. 
Ishbah, ish-bd. 
Ishbak, ish'-bdk. 
Ishbi-benob, ish'bi-be'-' 

nob. 
Ishbosheth, ish-bo'-sMth. 
IsbJ, ish'-i. 
IshialL ish-Vd. 
Ishijah, ish-i'-jd 
Ishma, ish'-ma. 

Ishmael, lsli'-mo-ei: Ish'- 
maelite, -it: Ish'mael- 
ites, -its. 

Ishmaiah, ish-mi'-d. 

Ishmeelite, ish- me -el-it : 
Ish'meelites, -its. 

Ishmerai, lsh'me-rd'-'i. 

Ishod, ish'-od. 

Ishpan, Xsh'-pdn. 

Ishtob, Ish- top. 

Ishuah, ish'-n-d. 

Ishuai, ish'-u-a'-'i. 

Ishui, ish'-u-i. 

Isis, i-sis. 

Ismachiah, is'-md-kV-'a. 

Ismael, is-ma-el. 

Ismaiah, is-mi-d. 

Isocrates, ( -sok'-rd-tez. 

Ispah, is-pd. 

Israel, iz-,d(!\ Israelite, 
-it: Israelites, -its. 

Issachar, is'-sd-kdr. 

Isshiah, is-shi'-d. 

Issus, is'stis. 

Istalcurus, is'-tdl-ku'-'rus. 

Isuah, is'-u-d. 

Isui, is'-u-i. 

Italian, l-tdl'-yan: Italy, 
it'-d-li: Italia, i-tdl'-i-d. 

Ithaca, ith'-d-kd. 

Ithai. Uh'-di or ith-d'-i. 

Ithamar, Ith'-d-mdr. 

Ithiel, ith'-l-el. 

Ithmah, ith'-md. 

Ithnan, ith'-ndn. 

Ithra, ith'-rd. 

Ithran, ith'-rdn. 

Ithream, ith'-re-dm. 

Ithrite, ith'-rit: Ith' rites, 

Ittah - Kazin, it'td-kd'-' 



lulus, i-u'-lus. 

Ivah, i'-vd. 

Ixion, iks-i'-on. 

Izehar, iz'e-hdr: Iz'- 

eharites, -its. 
Izhar, iz'-hdr: Iz'harites, 

•its. 
Izrahiah, iz'-rd-hi'-'d. 
Izrahite, iz'-rd-hit. 
Izri, iz'-ri. 



Jaakobah, jd-dk'-o-bd or 

-ko'bd. 
Jaala or Jaalah, jd'-d-ld. 
Jaalam, ja'-d-ldm_. 
Jaanai, jd'-d-nd'-'i. 
Jaare-oregim, ja'dr-e-or'-' 

'■ ~ 
■'i-a'-si-el. 
Jaazaniah , ja -dz'-d-m'-'d. 
Jaazer, jd'-d-zer. 
Jaaziah, ja'-d-zi'-'d. 

: ;■: ."' 

Jabal, ja'bdl. 
Jabbok, jdb'-bok. 
Jabesh, jd'-besh. 
Jabesh-gilead, jd'-besh- 

gil'-'S-dd. 
Jabez, ja'-bez. 
Jabin, jd'-bin. 
Jabneel, jdb'-ne-el. 
Jabneh., jdb'-na. 
Jachan, jd'-kdn. 
Jachin, ja -kin : Ja'chin- 

ites, -its. 
Jacob, jd'-kob._ 
Jacubus, jd- k u'-bu s. 
Jacquard, zhdk-kdr'. 
Jada, jd'-dd. 
Ja.da,u,jd-da'-v^ 
Jaddua, jdd-du'a. 

Jael, jd'el. 

Jagur, jd'-ger. 

Jah, jd. 

Ztia&Va., jd'hdth. 

Jahaz, jd'-hdz. 

Jahaza or Jahazah,./tf- 

hd'-zd. 
Jahazael, jd-ha '-zd-tl. 
JaJugSahfja'-hu-zV-'a. 
Jahaziel, jd-hd'-zi-Cl. 
Jahdai, ja-dd'-i. 
Jahdiel, jd'-dl-el. 
J&hdo, j&'-do. 
Jahleel, jd'le-el: Jah'- 

leelites, -its. 
Jahmai, jd-md'-i. 
Jahzah, jd'-zd. 
Jahzeel, jCd-ze-el: Jah'- 

zeelites, -its. 
Jahzerah, jd-ze'-rd. 
J&hzie^jd'zitl 
Ja,ir,jd'-<-r: Ja'irite, -it. 

Jakan, jd'-kdn. 
Jakeh, jd'-kd. 
Jakim, jd'-kim. 
Jakkim, jdk'-kim. 
Jalon, jd'-lon. 
Jambres, jdm'-brez. 
Jambri, jum'bri. 
James, jdmz. 
Jamin, jd'-rnln: Ja'min- 

ites, -its. 
Jamlech, jdm'-lek. 
Jamnia, jdm'-ni-d. 
Jamnites, jdm'-nits. 
Janna, jdn'nd. 
Jannes, jdn'-nez. 
Janoah, jd-no'-d. 
Janohah, jd-no'-hd. 
Janum, ja'-nutn. 
Janus, ja'-nus. 
Japheth, jd'-feth. 
Japhia or Japhiah, jd- 

fi'd. 
J&vhlet.jdf-let. 
Japhleti, jdf-le-ti. 
Japho, jd'-fo. 
Jarah, jd'-rd. 
Jareb, jd'-reb. 
Jared, jd'-red. 
Jaresiah. jd'-re-si'-'d. 
Jarha, jar'-hd. 
Jarib, jd'-rib. 
Jarimoth, jdr'-i-moth. 
Jannuth, jdr'muth. 
6y,fo~bt; pure, bUd; chair. 



Jaroah, jd-ro'-d. 
.'■■' 
Jashen, ja'-shen. 
Jasher, ja'-sher. 
Jashobeam jd-shd'-bedm. 
Jashub, jdsh'-ub. 
Jashubi-lehem, jdsh'-u- 

bi-le'-'hem. 
Jashubites, jdsh'-ub-its. 

hl'-si-el. 
Jason, jd'-son. 
Jasubus, jds-u'-b&s. 
Jatal, ja'tdl. 
Jathniel, jdth'ni-el. 
Jattir, jdt'-ter. 
Javan, jd'-vdn. 
Jaxartes, jdks-ur'-tCz. 
Jazar, jd'-zdr. 
Jazer, jd'-zer. 
Jaziz, jd'-ziz. 
JesiTim,je'-Ctrim. 
Jeaterai, je-dt'-i -ra-'i. _ 
Jeberechiahj'(2-6er:eA^ ;/ a 
Jebus, je'-bus. 

~ 
Jebusite, jeb'-u-sit: Jeb'- 

usites, -sits. 
Jecamiah, jek'-d-nu'-'Ci. 
Jechonias, also Jeconias, 

'>■ ■ 
Jeconiah, jek'-O-iii'-'d. 
Jedaiah, jed-i'-d. 
Jeddu, jed'-du. 

.: . 

Jediael, je-di'-o 7 or j'.d'- 
Jedidah, jed-lda. 
Jedidiah, jed'i-dl-'d. 
Jeduthun, jed'-u-thiin. 
Jeeli, je'-el-i. 
Jeelus, je'-el-us. 
Jeezer, je-e'-zer: Jee'zer- 

ites, -its. 
Jeffrey, jef'-rl. 
Jegar-Sahadutha, jC'-gdr- 

sd'-hcl-du'-'thij. 
Jehaleleel, je- h Ci 1 •'■"• b'-rj. 
Jehalelel, je-hdl~-lel 
Jehaziel je-hci-zi-cl. 
Jehdeiah j 'i-di'-a. 
Jehezekel, j£ -h 'Iz'-H-kll. 
3<ih.\zh.,je-hi'-d. 

"■ 
JfMeVLjjS-hi'-eli. 
Jehizkiah,^:;) iz-ki'-'d. 
Jehoadah, je-ho'-d-dd. 
Jehoaddan, je'-hd-dd'-' 

dan. 
Jehoahaz, je-ho'-d-hdz. 
Jehoash, je-ho'dsh. 
Jehohanan, je-ho'-hd- 

Jehoiachin, j-:-hoY-'".-kin. 
Jehoiada, je-hdy'-a-dd. 
Jehoiakim, je-hdy'-d-kim. 
Jehoiarib, je ■ It ,:ui -d-ri b . 
Jehonadab, je-hon'-d-ddb. 
Jehonathan, je-hon'd- 

than. 
Jehoram, je-ho'-rdm. 
Jehoshabeath, je-hosh'-d- 

be'-'dth. 
Jehoshaphat, je-hosh'-d- 

fdt. 
Jehosheba, je-hosh'-e-bd. 
Jehoshua, also Jehosh- 

uah, je-hosh'tijd. 
Jehovah, je-ho'-vd : Je- 

ho'vah - jireh, -ji'-'rd : 

Jeho'vah - nissi, 



Jehudi, je-hu'-di. 
Jehudijah, je'-hu-dl'-jd. 
Jeh\ish,je"-hiish. 
Jeiel, je-i'-el. 
Jekabzeel, je-kdb'-ze-el. 
Jekameam, j:k -d-me'-'dm. 
Jekamiah, jek'-d-mi'-'d. 
JekaXbiiel.jS-ku-thi-ll. 
Jemima, je'-mi'-md. 
Jemnaan, j&m'-n a -an. 
Jemuel, je-mu'-el. 
Jephthse, jeph'-the. 
Jephthah, jeph'-thd. 
Jephunneh, also Jephun'- 

Jerah, je'-rd. 
Jerahmeel, je-ra'mc-tl : 

Jerah'meeli'tes, -its. 
Jerechus, jer'-e-kus. 
Jered, je'-red. 
Jeremai, jer'e-md'-'i. 
Jeremiah, jer-e-mi-'d, also 

Jer'emi as, -ds, and 

Jer'emy, -mi- 
Jeremoth, jer'-e-moth. 

■ ' <■:! 

Jeribai, jer'-i-bd'-'i. 
Jericho, jer'i-ko. 

. < 
Jerijah, je-ri'jd. 
Jerimoth, jer-l-m6tli. 
Jeiioth, jer'-l-Oth. 
Jeroboam, jer'-o-bo'-'dm. 
Jeroham, jer'6-hdm. 
Jerome, jer'-om. 
Jerubbaal, je-rub'-bd-dl 

or -bd- 
Jerubbesheth, jer'-iib- 

besh--eth. 
Jeruel, jer'-u-el. 
Jerusalem, je-rd'-sd-lgm. 
Jerusha or Jerushah, jer- 

u-shd. 
Jesaiah, je-si'd. 
Jeshaiah, jesh-l'-d. 
Jeshanah, jesh'-d-nd. 
Jesharelah, jcsli d-re'ld. 
Jeshebeab, jcsh-cb'-e-db. 
Jesher, je'-sher. 
Jeshimon, jesh'-i-mon. 
Jeshish&i, j:.<!i- 1 slid '■'>. 
Jesliohaiah, je-sh -o-h i'-'d. 
Jeshua or Jeshuah, j'sIl- 

u-d. 
Jeshurun, jesh'-u-run. 

Jesimiel, je-slm'-i-el. 
Jesse, jes-se. 

Jesu, jez'u. 
Jesui, jez'u 
-its. 



3 c 



u . . Jeho'vah - shalom 

-shd'-'lom. 
Jehozabad, je-hoz'-d-bdd. 
Jehozadak, je-hoz'-d-ddk. 
Jehu, je'-hu. 
Jehubbah, je-hiib'-bd. 
Jehucal, je'-hu-kdl. 
Jehud, je'-hud. 
game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



: Jes'uites, 



Jesurun, jes'-u-run. 
Jesus, je'-zuz. 
Jether, jeth'er. 

Jethlah, jeth'-ld. 

Jethro, jeth'ro. 

Jetur, je'-ter. 

Jeuel, je-u'-ei. 

Jeush, je'-ush. 

Jeuz, je'ttz. 

Jew, jo : Jews, j6z : Jew- 
ess, jo'-es : Jewish, 
-ish: Jew'ry, -rl. 

Jezaniah, jez'-d-ni'-'d. 

Jezebel, jez'-e-bel. 

Jezelus, jS-ze'-Ms. 

Jezer, je'zer : Je'zerites, 
■its. 



Jeziah, jez'-i-d. 

Jezliah, jez'-li-d. 
Jezoar, jez'-o-dr or jez-o' 
Jezrahiah, jez'-ra -hV'd. 
Jezreel, jez'-re-el : Jez'- 
reelite, -it: Jez'reelit"- 



770 



Jibsam, jib'sdm. 
Jidla&hfjid'ldf. 
Jimna or Jimnah, jim- 

n&: Jim'nites, -nits. 
Jiphtah, jlf-t.d. 
Jiphthahei, jif-thd-el. 
Joab, jb'-db. 
Joachaz, jo'-d.-kdz. 
Joachim, jo'-d'kim. 
Joacim, jo'-d-sim. 
Joadanus, jo'd-dd'-'nus. 
Joab., jo'-d. 
Joahaz, jo'-d-hdz. 
Joanan, jb-dn'-dn. 
Joanna, jo-dn'-nd. 
Joannan, Jo-dn'-ndn. 
Joarib, jo'-d-rib. 
Joash, jo- ash. 
Joatham, jo'-d-thdm. 
Joazabdus, jo'-dz-db'-'dns. 
Job, job. 
Jobab, jb'-bdb. 
Jochebed, jok'-e-bed or 

jok-eb'-ed. 
Jod, jod. 
Joda, jo'dd. 
Joed, jb'cd. 
Joel, jb'-el. 
Joelah, jo-e'-ld or jo- 
Joezer, jd-e'-zcr. 
Jogbehah, jbg'-be-hd. 
Jogli, jog'li. 
Joha, jb'-hd. 
Johanan, jd-hd'-ndn or 

jo' 
Johannes, jb-hdn'-nez. 
John, jon. 
Joiada, jo-l'-d-dd. 
Joiakim, jd-i'-d-kim. 
Joiarib, jo-i-d-rlb. 
Jokdeam, jok'-de-dni. 
Jokim, jo'-kim. 
Jokmeam, jok'-me-dm. 
Jokneam, jok'-ne-dm. 
Jokshan, jok'-shdn. 
Joktan, iuk'tdii,. 
Joktheel, jok'-the-H.. 
Jonsidaib.jdn'd-ddb. 
Jona or Jonah, jb'-nd. 
Jonan, jb'-ndn. 
Jonas, jb'-nds. 
Jonathan, jun'-d-thdn. 
Jonathas, jon'-d-tl/ds. 
Jonath - elem - rechokim, 

jo'ii.dl/i-e'li.n-re'ku-kiiH,. 
Joppa, jop'-pd. 
Joppe, ju/j'-pe. 
Jorah, jb'-rd. 
Jorai, jo-ra'-l. 
Joram, jb'-rdm. 
Jordan, jor'-ddn. 
Joribas, jb'-ri-bds. 
Joribus, jo'-ri-bus. 
Jorim, jo'-rim. 
Jorkoam, jor'-kb-dm. 
Josabad, jos'-d-bdd. 
Josaphat, jos'd.-fdt. 
Josaphias, jb-suf-i-ds. 
Jose, jb'-ze. 
Josedec, joz'-e-dek. 
Josedech, Joz'-e-dek. 
Joseph, jb'-zef. 
Josephine, , jo's ~-f -hi. 
Josephus, jo-se-ftis. 
Joses, jo'-zez. 
Joshah, jo'-shd. 
Joshaphat, jbsh'-d- f, ', t. 
Joshaviah, josh'd-vi'-'d or 
jo-shdv'-i-d. 
Toshbekashah, 

d-shd or joshjbi 
Joshua, jbsh'-v ~ 
Josiah, jo-si'-d 
Josias, jo -~'~ 



■IhM. 



Jotbah, joV-bd. 
Jotbath, jn/'iiiini, 

Jotbathah, jot'-bd 
Jotham, jo'-t/idia. 
Jozahad, joz'd-bdd. 
Jozachar, joz'-d-kd r. 
Jozadak, joz'-d -d.dk. 
Jourdan, zhbr-dbn' 
Jubal, jo'-bal. 
Jucal, jd'-kdl. 
Juda or Judah, jo'dd. 
Judaea or Judea, jo-dv'-a. 
Judas, jo'-dds. 
Judas Iscariot, jO'-dds- 

is-kdr'4-bt. 
Jude, jod. 
Judges, juj'-rs. 
/.- .' Ui 
Juel, jo-el. 
Jugurtha, jo-gSr'-IJid or 

jdg'-er- 
Julia, j6'-li-d: Julianus, 

juHi-t.i'-'iiHx: Julian, -cm: 

Julius, jo'-U-us. 

Junot, zhb-no'. 
Jupiter, jo'pi-ter. 
Jushab - hesed, jb'-shdb- 

he'-'sed. 
Justinianus, jus-tln'-i-d'-'- 

nils. 
Jusbinus, jus-ti'-ntis. 
Justus, jus'-tus. 
Juttah, jut'-td. 
Juvenalis, joo'-ve-ud'-'lis : 

Ju'venal, -ndl. 

Kabzeel, kdb'ze-el. 
Kadesh, ka'-desh. 
Kadesh-Barnea, kd'-dSsh- 

Kadmiel, kdd'-mi-el. 
Kadmonites, kdd'-mbn- 



Earc ill, kd-re'-d. 
Karkaa, kdr'-kd-d or ku- 
Karkor, kdr'-kbr. 
Karnaim, kur'-nd-lm o 



Kattath, kdt.'-tdlh. 
Kedar, ke'-ddr. 
Kedemah, ked'-'-rnd,. 
Kedemoth, h'd'-e-mbth. 
Kedesh, ke'-desh. 
Kehelathah, ke-Ml'-d-thd 

or /ce'-fiel-a'-'thd. 
Keilah, ki'-ld. 
Kelaiah, k'-li'-a. 

, .'!.,;,; 
Kemuel, ks-mu'-el or 

Kenan, ke'-ndn. 
Kenath, ke-ndth. 
Kenaz, ke'-ndz. 
Kenezite, ken'-ez-'it. 
Kenite, k'n'-it: Ken'ites, 

-its. 
Kenizzites, ken'-iz-zlts. 
Kepler, kip'-Ur. 
Keren-Happuch, ker'-en- 

hdp'-'puk. 

I. -,, nil, 

Keros, ke'-rbs. _ 
Keturah, ke-tu'-rd. 

.■.■■■..■ ,:;, 
Keziz, ke'-ziz or -zlz 1 . 
Kibroth-hattaavah, klb'- 

rdfli-l/dt-ta'-'d-va. 
Kibzaim, kib'-zd-im or 

Kidron, kld'-rbn. 
Kinah, kl'-nd. 
Kings, klngz. 
Kir, ker. 



'i,-/i /. .., . .■■ . 
Josibiali, jos'-i-bi'-'d or jo- 

sib'-i-d. 
Josiphiah, jos'l-fi'-'d or 
jo-sif-l-d. 

mate, mdt.fdr, law; mete, met, her ; pine, pin; v.Ote, not, mbve 



Kir-haraseth, k&r-hdr-d- 

sSth. 
Kir-hareseth, ker-hdr-e- 

seth 
Kir-haresh, Mr-lm-'-rZxh. 
Kir-heres, Icer-li.c- res. 
Kiriathaim, ker'i-u-thd'' 

Kiriathiarius, Mr'-i-dth'- 

i-d'-'ri-us. 
Kirioth, kir'4-dth. 

.■ :■'!/, 

Kirjath-aim, ln'r'-juth-d'-' 
im ■. Kir'jath - ar"ba, 
-dr'-'bd: Kir'jath - a"- 
rim, -a" rim: Kir'jath- 
ba"al, -ba'-'dl: Kir'jath- 
hu"zoth, -hu'-'zoth : 
Kir'jath -je"arim, -je'-' 
d- rim -. Kir'j ath - san"- 
nah, -sdu'-'ud: Kir'jath- 
se"pher, -se'-'J'&r. 

Kish { kish. 

Kishi, kish'l. 

Kishion, kish'i-on. 

Kishon, ki'shon. 

Kison. kl'sbn. 

Kithlish, kUh'-Ush. 

Eitron, klt'rdn. 

Kittim, klt'tim. 

Koa, ko'-d. 

Kohath, ko'hdth : Ko'- 
hathites, -its. 

Kolaiah, kol-l'd. 

Koph kof. 

Korah, ko'-rd : Ko'rahite, 
-it : Ko'rahites, -its, 
also Korathites, kb- 
rath-its. 

Kore, ko'-re. 

Korhites, kor'-hJts. 

Kossuth, kosh-shoot'. 

Koz kbz. 

Kushaiah, M-shl'-d. 

Laadah, ld'd-dd. 
Laadan, ld'-u-ddn. 
Laban, la'-bdn. 
Labana, ldb'-d-nd. 
Lablache, Id-blush'. 
Labouchere, lu'bb-shdr". 
Lacedaemon, Ids'i-de'-' 

mon: Lacedaemonians, 

Ids'-i-dP-mo'-'nl-anz. 
La Chaise, Id shdz'. 
Lachish, Id'-kish. 
Lacunus,J«-M^nMS. 
Ladan, la' dan. 
Lael, Id'-el. 
La Fayette, ld-fd-et'. 
Lahad, Id'-hdd. 
Lahairoi, ld-hi'roy. 
Lahmam, Id'mdm. 
Lahmi, Id- mi. 
Laish, la'-ish. 
Lakum, Id'-kum. 
Lama, la'-md. 
Lamech, Id'mek. 
Lamed, la'-med. 
Lamentations, Idm'en- 

ta'-'shunz. 
Laocoon, ld-ok'6-on. 
Laodicea, lii-0d'-i.-sc'-'d : 

Laod'ice"ans, -se'-'dnz. 
Lapidoth, lap'-i-dolh. 
Laplace, la-p/lds'. 
Lasea, Id-se'd. 
Lashah, la'-shd. 
Lasharon, la-shd'ron or 

-lash'- 
Lasthenes, Ids'-lJu-u-ez. 
Latin, lat'-in : Latinus, 

ld-ti'nus. 

Latium, la'shi-um. 

Latona, la-tb'-nd. 

Lavinia, la-vln'l-d. 

Lawrence, lor'-rens. 

Idz'd-rus. 



Leah, U'-d. 

Lebana or Lebanah, Kb' 

d-nd. 
Lebanon, Wi'-d-von. 
Lebaoth, Wi'-a-b/h. 
Lebbeus, h-h 

Lebonah, U-bb'-nd or lib' 
Lecah, le'-kd. 
Legion, U'-jun. 
Lehabim, le-ha-Um. 
Lehi, le'-hi. 
Leibnitz, lib'nlts. 
Lemuel, Ura'-v-el. 
Leonard, Un'erd. 
Leonidas, U-On'-i-dds. 
Leopold, le-o-pOld. 
Leshem, le'slwm. 
Lethe, le'the. 
Lethech, le'-thSk. 
Lettus, let'tus. 
Letushim, Ut'-u-shlm. 
Leuctra, Ibk'-trd. 

le-um'mlm or 



W- 



■Vit: 



Liv'ius, 

'4. 



Levi, le'-vi: Le'vite, 
Le'vites, -vits. 

Leviathan, IS-vl'-d-thdn. 

Levis, le'vis. 

Levitical, le-vlt'-i-kdl: Le- 
viticus, -kUs. 

Libanus, Uh'-d-nus. 

Libertines, lib'-er-tlnz. 

Libnah, lih'-nd. 

Libni, Ub'ni: Lib'nites, 
-nits. 

Libya, Ub'-i-a: Lyblans, 

Likhi, lik'-hi. 
Linus, ll'-nus. 
Livia, llv'-i-d . 

-us: Livy, lit 
Loammi, lb dia-iui. 
Lod, I6d. 

Lodebar, lod'-e-bdr. 
Lois, Id-is. 

Longinus, lon-ji'-nvs. 
Loruhamah, lo-ro'-hd-md 

or -hd'md. 
Lot, lot. 
Lotan, lo'tdn. 
Lothasubus, loth'-d-su'-' 

bits. 
Lozon, loz'on. 
Lubim, 16'bim: Lu'bims, 

-bimz. 
Lucas, lO'-kds. 
Lucilius, lo-sU'l-us. 
Lucius, lo'-shl-us. 
Lucretia, 16-kre'shi-d : 

Lucre'tius, -Us. 
Lud, lud. 
Ludim, lo'dim. 

. lull, 

Luke, 16k. 
Luther, 16'tlier. 
Luz, liiz. 

Lycaonia, I ik'-d -o'-'ni- d. 
Lyceum, U-se'-dm. 

Lycurgus, U-ker'-gus. 

Lydda, lid'dd. 

Lydia, lid'i-d: Lyd'ians, 

-dnz. 
Lysander, li-san'-dir. 
Lysanias, li-sd'ni-ds. 

i, , . 
Lysimachus, H-sim'-'"- 

Lystra, lls'trd. 

Maacah, md'-d-kd. 

Maachah, md'-d-kd. 

Maachathi, ma-uk'-d-fh I -. 
Maach'athite, -thit : 
Maach'athites, -thits. 

Maadai, ma'd-dd'-'i. 

Maadiah, md'-d-di'-'d. 

Maai, md-a'-i. 



771 



Maaleh-acrabbim ,ma'ul- 

■ bim. 
Maani, md'-dn-i. 
Maarath, ma -a -rath. 
Maaseiah, 

Maasiai, majdsi-a-'i. 
Maasias, via'-d-si'-'ds. 
Maath, md'-dth. 
Maaz, ma'dz. 
Maaziah, ma'-d-zY-'d. 
Mabdai, , 
Maealon, / 

Maccabees, mdk'-kd-bez. 
Macedonia, 
■ni-d: Mac'edo' nian, 

Macfcibanai, mdk'-bd -nd '■ "i 

Machbena, 

Machi, md'-ki. 

Machir, ma'-ker : Ma'- 

chirites, -its. 
Machmas, mdk'-mds. 
Machnadebai, mdk'-na- 

Machpelah, mdk-pe'-ld or 



Madai, ma-dd'-i. 
Madiabun, rndd'-i-d-buii. 
Madian, / 
MadmaTinah, mdd'-mdii- 

Madmen, mad-men. 
Madmenah, mdd'me-nd. 
Madon, ma'-ddn. 
Maeander, me-dn'-d'r. 
Maecenas, mese'-nds. 
Maelus, me'-liis. 
Magbish, mdg'-bish. 
Magdalene, mag'dd-W-' 

ne. 
Magdiel, mag'-dl-el. 
Maged, md'-qed. 
Magi, md'-ji. 
Magellan, m 6 ■ jijl'-h'in . 
Magiddo,_wf7 -gid-do. 
Mago, ma-go. 
Magor-missabib, ma'-gdr- 

mis-sd-bib. 
Magpiash, mag'pl-dsh. 



Mahalath, ma'-hd-ldth -. 

Ma halath - leannoth, 

-le-dn'-'iwth. 
Mahali, md'-hd-h. 
Mahanaim, ma'hd-nd'' 

Mahaneh-dan,?na-M-tta- 

ddn. 
Maharai, md'-hd-rd'-i. 
Mahath, md-Jidth. 
Mahavite, md'-hd-v'tt. 
Mahazioth, md-ha'-zi-oth. 



-lits. 
Mahlon, md'-ldn. 
Mahol, md'hul. 
Maianeas, mi-dn-e-ds. 
Maintenon, mdngt-nong' 

or mdn'-ti-non. 
Makaz, ma'-kdz. 
Maked, ma'-kid. 
Makhelotb, mdk-hi'loth 

or mdk- 
Makkedah, mak-ke'-dd. 
Maktesh, mdk'tesh. 
Malachi, vidl'd-ki. 
Malachy, mal'-d-ki. 
Malcham, mdl'-kdm. 
Malchiah, mdl-ki'-a. 
Malchiel, mdl'-ki-el: Mal'- 

chielites, -its. 



Malchijah, mahkY-jd. 
Malchiram, mdl-kYrdm. 
Malchishua or Malchi- 

shuah, mdl'-kl-sho'-'d. 
Malchus, mdl'-kus. 
Malebranche, mdl'e- 

bra nsh or mdl-brongsh' . 
Maleleel, mdl'e-le-el. 
Mallos, mdl'-los. 
Mallothi, mdl-io-thl. 
Malluch, mdl-luk, 
Mamaias, md-mi'-us. 
Mamnitanaimus, mam' 

ni-tdn-Y-mus. 
Mamre, ;."■" 

Mamuchus, mdm-v'-kus. 
Manaen, mdn'-a-en. 
Manahath, mdn'-d-hdth 



man-as-se- 

Manasseh, md-nds'sd. 
Manasses, md-nds-sez : 

Manas sites, sits. 
Manes, md'-nez. 
Manetho, mdn-eth'6. 
Mani, md'-ni. 
Manlius, mdn'-U-us. 
Manoab, md-no'd. 
Maocb, ma'-6k. 
Maon, m&dn.'lfla'onites, 

-its. 
Mara or Marah, md'-rd. 
Maralah, mdr'-d-ld. 
Marathon, mo r'-d-th On . 
Marcellus, mdr-sil-lus._ 
Marcianus, mdr'-shi-d'-' 

nus. 
Marcomanni, m&r'ko- 



Margaret, m d r'-gd ■ r't. 
Mariamne, mdr'-i-dm'-'ne. 
Marianne, md-ri-dn'-' 
Marie-Antoinette, md- 

rC'-Oinjtwd-net". 
Marimoth, mdr'-i-mdth. 
Marisa, md'H-su. 
Marius, mu'-ri-us or 

Mark, murk. 

Marlborough, muT'-r-b'ro. 

Marmotb, m&r'-mOth. 

Maroth, ma'-ruth. 

Mars, mdrz: Mars-bill, 
mdrz'hil. 

Marsena, mdr'-se-nd. 

Martha, mdr'-thd. 

Martin, mdr'tin. 

Mary, ma'-ri : Mary Mag- 
dalene, -mdg'dd-le'-'ne. 

Masaloth, mds'-d-loth. 

Maschil, mds'kil. 






, idsh. 
Mashal, md'-sh 
Masias, md-si'-ds. 
Masinissa, mds'-i-nis'-'sd. 
Masman, mds'-mdn. 
Maspha, mds'/d. 
Masrekah, ma.s'-ri-kd. 
Massa and Massah, mas' 



ds. 
Mathusala, md-thd'-sd-ld. 
Matilda, md-til'-dd. 
Matred, ma'tred or mat'- 
Matri, m a -tri or mat' 
Mattan, mdt'tdn. 
Mattanah, mdt'-tdn-d. 



Mattaniah, maf-tan-V-'a. 

Mattatha and Matta- 

thah, mdt'-td-thd. 
Mattathias, mdt'-td-thi'-' 

Mattenai, mdt'-ti-nd'-'i. 
Matthan, mdf-thdn. 
Matthanias, mdt'-thdn-i'' 

Matthat, mat -that. 
Matthelas, mo th -c-lds. 
Matthew, mdth-thu. 
Matthias, rndtli-tlu-ds. 
Mattithiah, mdt-tlthi-'d. 
Maurice, mor'-as. 
Mausolus, maic-stj'di's. 
Maxentius, mdks-Ca -sit i- 

lis. 
Maximianus, mdks-im'l- 



Maximinus, mdks'i-mi'-' 

Maximus, mdks'hmus. 
Mazarin, mdz'a-ren". 
Mazeppa, md-z'p'-pa. 
Mazitias, maz'-i-tl- as. 
Wla,zz3xo%'b.,mdz'-zd-ruth. 
Meah, me'd. 
Meani, me'-d-ni. 
Mearah, me'd-rd. 
Mebunnai, me-bun-nd'-'i. 
Mecherathite, mek'e- 

rdth-it or m6-ke- 
Medaba, me'dd-bd. 
Medad, me'ddd. 
Medan, me' dun. 
Mede, mtd -. Medes, medz. 
Medea, me-de'-d. 
Medeba, mede-bd. 
Media, me'di-d : Me'dian, 

-dn. 
Medici, mid'i-chS. 
Meeda, me'6-dd. 
Megabazus, mSy'd-M'-' 

zus: also Meg'aby"zus, 

-bi'-'zus. 
Megiddo, mH-g'ul'do. 
Megiddon, me-gid'-don. 
Mehetabeel, mc-Mt'd-Ml. 
Mehetabel, mt-hct'-u-b:!. 
Mehida, me-hi'dd or mi'- 
Mehir, me'-her. 
Meholathite, mC-hol'dth- 



me' 
Mejarkon, mc-jd r'kon. 
Mekonah, mek'o-nd. 
Melanchthon, nie-ldng' 

thon. 
Melatiah, m'l'-d-ti'-'d. 
Melchi, mel'ki. 
Melchiah, mel-ki'-d. 
Melchias, mihki'ds. 
Melchisedec, also Mel- 

chizedek, mSl-klz'e-dek. 
Melchishua,, mClki-sJiv "d. 
Melea, me'le-d. 
Meleager, mel'e-d'-'ger. 
Melech, me'lek. 

'Vi-ku. 
Melita, mel'i-td. 
Melzar, mel'-zdr. 
Mem, mem. 
Memmius Quintus, mem' 

mi-us kwin'tiis. 
Memnon, mem'-non : Mem- 

nonium, mem-non'4-um. 
Memphis, mem'-fls. 
Memucan, me-mn-kan. 
Menahem, men-a-hem. 



Mene, me'ne. 
Menelaus, men -Ida '■ ' its. 
Menestheus, mb-nes'-the* 

Meni, me'ni. 
Mentor, men'tor. 
Meonenim. me-6/i-e-nim. 
Meonotha,i,me-on-0-t/ta-'J 
Mephaath, mef-d-dth or 

me-fa'-dth. 
Mephibosheth, me-fih'-o- 

sheth or m-'i'-i-bu'-'sMth. 
Merab, me'-rdb. 
Meraiah, me-ri'-d. 
Meraioth, me-ri'-oth. 
Meran, mer-d 
Merari, mer- 

arites, -its. 
Merathaim, 

im. 



ir-i: Mer'- 

mer'-d-tlid'-' 



Mercurius, mcr-kii'-ri-ds : 

Mercury, mer-ku-ri. 
Mered, me'-red. 
Meremoth, mer'-e-moth. 
Meres, me'-rez. 
Mereshah, mer'-e-sJid. 
Meribah, mer'-i-bd. 
Meribah-kadesh, mcr'-l- 

bd-ka'-'desh. 
Merib-baal, mer'-ib-ba'-' 

dl. 
Merodach, me-rv'-ddk or 

mer' : Mero'dach-bal"- 

adan, -bdl'-'d-ddn. 
Merom, me'rom. 
Meronothite, me-rdn'-d- 

thit. 
Meroz, me'-roz. 
Meruth, me'-ruth. 
Mesech, me'-sik. 
Mesha, me'shd. 
Meshach, me'-shdk. 
Meshech, me'sMk. 
Meshelemiah, mS-shSVe- 

mi'-'d. 
Meshezabeel, me-shcz'd- 

be-ei. 
Meshilemith, me-shU'-e- 

Meshillemoth, me-shU'le- 

Meshobab, md-sho'-bdb. 
Meshullam, mesh id'-ldm. 
Meshullemeth, me-shtd' 

te-mvth or -Itm'-rtlu 
Mesobaite, jnes-6-ba-it or 

Mesopotamia, mes^o-po- 

ta-'mi-d. 
Messala, mes-sd'-ld. 
Messiah, messi'd, also 

Messias, mes-si'ds. 
Meterus, me-te'-rus. 
Metheg- Amman, me'theg- 

dm'-'md. 
Methusael, me-1h6'-su-i'L 
Methuselah, mi -t IlO's'- -Id. 
Meunim, me-u'-nim or 

Meyerbeer, mi'-Sr-bdr. 

Mezahab, mez'-d-hab. 

Miamin, mi-d-min. 

Mibhar, mib'-hdr. 

Mibsam, mib'-sdm. 

Mibzar, mlb'-zdr. 

Micah, mi'kd, the pro- 
phet; mik'-d, an Israel- 
ite—see Judges, xvii. 
xviii. 

Micaiah, mi-ki'd. 

Michah, mi'kd. 
Michaiah, mi-ki'd. 
Michal, ml'kdl. 



cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



772 



Micheas, mi-ke'-ds. 
Michmas, mik'mds. 
Michmash. mik'-mdsh. 
Michmethah, mik'-me- 

thd. 
Michri, mik'-ri. 
Michtam, mik'-tdm. 
Micipsa, mi-sip'-sd. 
Midas, mi'- das. 
Middin, mid-din. 
Midian, mid'-i-dn s Mid'- 

ianite, -it -. Mid'ianites, 

■its : Mid'ianit'lsh, -it'-' 

ish. 
Migdalel, mig'-ddl-el. 
Migdal-gad, mig'-ddl- 

qdd. 
Migdol, mig'-dol. 
Migron, mig-ron. 
Mijamin, mi'-jd-min. 
Mikloth, mik'-ldth. 
Mikneiah, mik-m'-d. 

Milcah, mil'-kd. 
Milcom, mil'-kom. 
Miletum, mi-le'-tum. 
Miletus, mi-le'-tus. 
Millo, mil-Id. 
Milo, mi'lo. 
Miltiades, mil-ti'-d-dez. 
Minerva, mi-ner'-vd. 
Miniamin, mln'-i-d-mln. 
Minie, me'-nS-d" 
Minni, min'-ni. 
Minnith, min'-nlth. 
Minos, mi'-nos. 
Minotaurus, min'-O-tdw'-' 

Miphkad, mif-kdd. 
Mirabeau, mir'-d-bo" 
Miriam, mlr'-i-dm. 
Minna, mer'-md. 
Misael, mis'-d-el. 
Misgab, mis'gdb. 
Mishael, mlsh'-a-el. 
Mishal, mi'-shdl. 
Misham, mi-sham. 
Misheal, mi'-she-dl. 
Mishma, mish'-md. 
Mishmannah, mish-mun- 

nd. 
Mishraites, mlsh'-ru-its. 
Mispar, mis'-pdr. 
Mispereth, mis'-pl-rith 

or mls-per'eth. 
Misrephoth-icaim, mis' 

r'fOth-md'-'lm. 
Mithcah, mith'-kd. 
Mithnite, mUh'nif. 
Mithredath, mith'-re- 

ddth. 
Mithridates, mith'-ri-dd'-' 

tez. 
Mitylene, mit'-i-le'-'ne. 
Mizar, mi'-zdr. 
Mizpah, miz'-pd, and 

Mizpeh, miz'-pd. 
Mizpar, miz'pdr. 
Mizraim, mlz'-rd-im. 
Mizzah, miz'-zd. 
Mnason, na'-sdn. 
Moab, mo'-db : Mo'abite, 

-It: Mo'abites, 

Mo'abitess, -it-es : Mo' 

abit 'ish, -if-' ish. 
Moadiah, mo'd-df-'d. 
Modin, mo'-din. 
Moeris, me'-ris. 
Moeth, mo'-eth. 
Moladah, mdl'-d-dd. 
Molech, mo'-lek. 
Moli, mo'-ll. 
Molid, mo'-lid. 
Moloch, rno'-ldk. 
Momdis, mom'-dis. 
Momus, mo'-mus. 
Montesquieu, mong-tS: 

ke-U. 



'its: 



•6th. 



Moreh, mb'-rd. 
Moresheth-gath, 

e /i.-eth-gdth" or 

rish- 
Moriah, mo-rl'-d. 
Morpheus, mbrj'-m. 
Mosera, md'-.-v-ni. 
Mosheim, mu '!r,,,i. 
Moseroth, mb'-s< 
Moses, mo'-ziz. 
Mosollam, mo-sdl'-lum. 
Mosollamon, md-sdl'-ld- 

Moza, andMozah, mo'-zd. 
Mozart, md-zdrf. 
Muppim, mup'-pim, 
Murchison, miir'-ki-sdn. 
Murillo, mdb-rel'-yd. 
Musae. mu'-ze. 
Mushi, mu'shi : Mu'- 

shites, -shits. 
Muthlabben, muth-ldb- 

ben. 
Myndus, mln-dus. 
Myra, mi'-rd. 
Myrmidon, mer -mi-don : 

Myrmidones, mer-mid- 

6-nez. 
Mysia, mizh'-l-d or mi'- 



Naam, nd'-dm. 
Naamah, na'-d-md. 
Naaman nd'-d-mdn. 
Naamathite, nd-dm'-d- 

thit : Naam'athites, 

-thits. 
Naamites, nd'-d-mits. 
Naarah, nd'-d-rd. 
Naarai, nd'-d-rd'-'i. 
Naaran, na'-d-rdn. 
Naarath, nd'-d-rdth. 
Naashon, nd-dsh'-dn. 
Naasson, nd-ds'-son. 
Naathus, nd'-d-thus. 
Nabal, nd'-bdl. 
Nabarias, natbdr-W&s. 
Nabathites, nd'-bdth-Hs. 
Nabonassar, nd'-bbn-ds'-' 



u-kdd-o-no'-'sor. 
Nachon, nd'-kon. 
Nachor, nd'-kor. 
Nadab, na'-ddb. 
Nadabatha, nd-ddb'-d- 

thd. 
Nadir shah, nd'-dir shd. 
Nagge, ndg'-ge. 
Nahalal, na'-hd-ldl. 
Nahaliel, nd-ha'-ti-'l. 
■ < r-hal-lM. 
Nahalol, na'-hd-ldl. 
Naham, nd'-hdm. 
Nahamani, nd-hdm-a-ni 

or na'-hd-ma'-'ni._ 
Naharai, nu'-hd-ru'-'i. 
Nahari, nd'-hdr-i. 
Nahash, na'-hdsh. 
Nahath, nd'-hdth. 
Nahbi, nd'-bi. 
Nahor, nd'-hdr. 
Nahshon, nd'-shdn. 
Nahum, nd'-hum. 
Nain, nd'-in. 
Naioth, ni'-oth. 
Nanea, nd-ne'-d. 
Naomi, nd'-o-mi or nd-6- 



Naphtali. ndf'-td-li. ' " 
Naphthali, ndf-t.hu -li. 
Naphthar, ndf-lhdr. 
Naphtuhim, ndf-hi-him. 
Napoleon, nd-po'-M-dn. 
Narcissus, ndr-sis'sus. 
Nasbas, nds'-bds. 
Naser, nd'-ser. 
Nasith, na-stth. 
Nathan, nd'-thdn. 
Nathanael, ndtluin'd-a. 
Nathanias, nd'-thdn-i'-' 

Nathan-melech, na'-thdn- 

me'-'lek. 
Naum, na'-um. 
Nazarene, ndz'-d-ren : 

Naz'arenes, -renz : 



Nazianzus, na'-zl-dn'-' 



Neariah, ne'-d 
Nebai, nSb'-a-i or nc-bd'-i. 
Nebaioth, ni-bi'-otJi. 
Nebaioth, nv-bdS-juih. 
Neballat, nZ-bdIMdt. 
Nebat, ne'-bdt. 
Nebo, ne'-bo. 
Nebuchadnezzar, neb'-d- 

kdd-nez'-'zdr. 
Nebuchadrezzar, neb'-u- 

kdd-rez'-'zdr. 
Nebushasban, nSb'-u- 

shds'-'bdn. 
Nebuzaradan, nSb'-u- 

zdr'-'d-ddn. 
Necho, ne'-ko. 
Necodan, nek-5-ddn. 
Nedabiah, nid'-d-bi'-'d, 
Neemias, ne'e -mi'- 'us. 
Neginah, neg'-l-nd. 
Neginoth, neg'-l-noth. 
Nehelamite, nS-hel'-d- 

Nehemiah, ne'-he-mi'-'d. 

Nehemias, ne'-M-mi'-'ds. 

Neldloth, ne'-hi-loth. 

Nehum, ne'-hum. 

Nehushta, ne-li S Jiftd. 

Nehushtan, ne-hush'-tdn. 

Neiel ne'-i-Sl. 

Nekeb, ne'-keb or nek- 

Nekoda, ne-ko'-dd. 

Nemesis, nem'6-sls. 

Nemuel, nem-u-el: 

Nemu'elites, -its. 

Nepheg, ne'-feg. 

Nephi, ne'-fi. 

Nephis, ne'-fis. 

Nephish, ne'-fish. 

Nephishesim, TiS-flsh'-S- 
sim. 

Nephthali, nef-thd-li. 

Nephthalim ,-«•'/://, r ;■ Z r„? . 

Nephtoah, nSf-tb-d or 
-to' 

Nephusim, ne-fu'-strn. 

Nepos, ne'-pos. 

Nepthalim, mp '-thd.-i. ;-,n . 

Neptunus, nep -t u'n u s ; 
Neptune, next-tun. 

Ner, ner. 

Nereis, ne-re'-is: Nere- 
ides, ne-re'-i-dez. 

Nereus, ner'-us. 

Nergal, ner'-gdl. 

Nergal-sharezer, ner' 
gdl-shd-re'-'zer. 

Neri, ne'-ri. 

Neriah, nS-ri'-d. 

Nerias, ne-ri'ds. 

Nero, ne'-ro. 

Nervii, ner'-vl-i. 

Nestor, nes'-tor. 



Nestorius. ru"*-t~>'-ri.-ii$. 

Nethaneel, n> ■■Hid,,-, 7. 

Nethaniah, n-th-n-vl-'d. 

Nethinims, n/th'-t-nimz. ' 

Netophah. net-6-fd. 

Netojphathai, u-trfd- 
thi : Netoph'athite, 
-thit: Netoph'athites, 
-thits. 

Neziah, nS-zi'd. 

Nezib, ne'-zlb. 

Nibhaz, mb'-hdz. 

Nibshan, nib'-shdn. 

Nicanor. ni-ku'-nor. 

Nice, ni'-se. 

Nicodemus, nlk'-o-de'-' 

Nicolaitans, nlk'o-ld'-'l- 

Nicola's, and Nicholas, 

nlk'-o-lds. -. 
Nicomedia, ni'-ko-mc'-' 

did or nl'-kom-e-ill -d. 
Nicopolis, ni-kop'o-lis. 
NiebuhTj ne'-buor. 
Niger, ni'-jer. 
Nilus, ni'-lus : Nile, nil. 
Nimrah, nlm'-rd. 
Nimrim, nim'-rlm. 
Nimrod, nlm'-rod. 
Nimshi, nlm'-shi. 
Nineveh, nin'6-va: Nin'C- 

vites, -vits. 
Ninus, mfa&s. 
Nisan, ni'-sdn. 
Nison, ni'-sdn. 
Nisroch, nis'-rdk. 
No, n6. 

Noadiah, no'-d-di'-'d. 
Noah, no'-d. 
Nob, nob. 
Nobah, no'-bd. 
Nod, nod. 
Nodab, nd'-O.db. 
Noe. nd'-e. 
Noeba, nO-S'-bd. 
Nogah, no'-qu. 
Nohah, no'-hd. 
Non, non. 
Noph, nof. 
Nophah, no'-fd. 
Novatianus, no-vd'-shl-d'-' 

Noma, nu'-md. 
Numbers, nvm'-birz. 
Numidia, na-mi.d'-i-d. 
Numitor, nob'-mi-tdr. 
Nun, nun. 
Nymphas, nim'-fds. 
Nymphae, n'uu'-je. 

Obadiah, o'-bd-di'-'d. 
Obal, o'-bdl. 
Obdia, ob-di'-d. 
Obed, o'-bed. 

Obed-edom, o'-bed-e'-'ddm. 
Obeth, o'-beth. 
ObU, o'-bil. 
Oboth, b'-bdth. 
Ochiel, 6-kVel. 
Ocidelus, o'-se-de'-'lus. 
Ocina, d-si'-nd. 
Ocran, dk'-rdn. 
Octavia, ok-td'-vl-d: 0c« 

ta'vus, -vus. 
Oded, 6-dM. 
Odoacer, dd'-o-d'-'ser. 
Odollam, 6-ddV-ldm. 
Odonarkes, od'-d-ndr'-' 

kez. 
Odysseus, o-dJ.<?e-iis. 
CEcolampadius, ck'-b-ldm- 

pd'-'dl-us. 
CEdipus, e'-di-pus. 
Og, dg. 
Ohad, d'-hdd. 
Ohel, o'-Ml. 
Olamus, o-ld'-mUs. 



mate, mat, far, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, mdve; 



773 



Oliver, ol'-l-ver. 
Olives, ol'-lvz. 
Olivet, ol-l-vet. 
Olshausen, dls'-hoir-z'n. 
Olympas, o-llm'-pds. 
Olympia, 6-lim'pi-d: 

Olympius, -us. 
Olympus, 6-Um'pus. 
Omaerus, o-me'-rus. 
Omar, o'-mdr. 



Onam, o'nam. 
Onan, o'ndn. 
Onesimus, oti-es'-i-mus. 
Onesiphorus, on'e-sif-'o- 

Oniares, on'-id'-'rez. 
Onias, o-rii'ds. 
Ono, o'-no. 
Ophel, o'fel. 
Ophir, 6'fer. 
Ophni, ofnl. 
Ophrah, ofrd. 
Orcades, or'-kd-dez. 
Oreb . o'-reb. 
Oren, 6'ren. 
Orestes, o-res'tez. 
Orgetorix, or-jit'-o-rlks. 
Origenes, o'rij-S-nez : Ori- 

gen, or'-l-jen. 
Orion, 6-ri-on. 
Orlando, orldn'-do. 
Oman, or'-ndn. 
Orontes, oron'-tez. 
Orpah, or-pd. 
Orpheus, or'-fus. 
Orthosias, or-tho'si-ds. 
Osaias, ."■- 
Oscar, os'-kdr. 
Osea, o-se'-d. 
Oseas, ose'-ds. 
Osee, 6'ze. 
Oshea, o'she-d. 
Osiris, o-si-ris. 
Ossian, osfi'-dn or os-shi- 



Otho, oth'-o. 
Othonias, oth'-o-nl'-'ds. 
Ovidius, 6-vld'l-us: Ovid. 
Oxus, oks'-us. 
Ozem, o'-zem. 
Ozias, 6-zV-ds. 
Oziel, O'zi-el. 

Ozni,6z'ni: Oz'nites,-?u7s. 
Ozora, oz-u'rd. 



Padan, pd'-ddn. 
Padan-aram, pa'-ddn- 

d'-'rdra. 
Padon, pa-don. 
Paean, pe'-dn. 
Ta.giel,pa'gi-el. 
Pagnini, pan-ye'-ne. 
Pahath-moab, pd'-hdth- 

mo'-'db. 
Pa,i, pd'-i. 
Palal, pd'-ldl. 
Palestina, pal'- "s-fJ'-'nd. 
Palestine, pdl'-es-tln. 
Palladium, pdl-ld'-di-Um. 
Pallas, pa Idas. 
Pallu, pdl'ia : Pal- 

luites, -its. 
Palmyra, pdl-mi'-rd. 
Palti, pdl-tv. Pal'tite, -tit. 

Pamphylia, pdm-fU'-i-d. 
Pan, pdn. 

Pandora, pdn-do'-rd. 
Pannag, pan- nag. 
Panizzi, pd-nit'-se. 



Pantheum (L.), pdn-the- 

urn: Pantheon (Gr.), 

■6)i : Pantheon (Eng.), 

pdn'-the-on. 
V&oii, pd'6-le. 
Paphos, pd'-fos. 
Parah, pd'-rd. 
Paran, pd'-rdn. 
Parbar, par-Mr. 
Paris, par'- is. 
Parmashta, pd r-m ash 'fa. 
Parmenas, par'-mS-nds. 
P&rmemon, par-min-i-On. 
Parnach, pdr'-ndk. 
Parnassus, pa r-nas : sus or 

nds- 
Parosh, pd'rosh. 
Parshandatha, pdr-shdn- 

dd-thd or -dd-tha. 
Parthenon, pd r'-th-:-n~m. 
Parthians, pd r'-th i-Oaz -. 

Par'thia, -d. 
Paruah, pdr'-il-d or pdr- 

u'-d. 
Pasach, pd'-sdk. 
Pascal, pds'-kdl. 
Pasdammim, pds-ddm- 

mlm. 
Paseah, pd-se'd. 
Pashur, pdsh'-er. 
Pasiphae, pd-slf-d-e. 
Patara, pdt'-drd. 
Patheus, pd-thc-iis. 
Pathros, pdth'-ros. 
Pathrusim, path'-rd-sim. 
Patmos, pdt'-mos. 
Patrick, pat-rlk. 
Patrobas, pdt'-ro-bds. 
Patroclus, pd-trok'-lus. 
Pa.u.,pa'-u. 
Paul, pdivl. 
Fa.uliiLUS,2Hur-n'nus. 
Paulus, paw'-lus. 
Pausanias. paw-sd'-ni-ds. 
Pe, pe. 

Pedahel, pid'-d-h'L 
Pedahzur, pid'-d-zer or 

pid-d'-zer. 
Pedaiah, pzd-i'd. 
Pegasus, peg'd-sus — see 

Diet. 
Pekah, pe'-kd. 
Pekahiah, pik'-d-hi'-'d. 
Pekod, pe'-kud. 
Pelagius, pel-d'-jl-iis. 
Pelaiah, pil-i'-d. 
Pelaixah, pil-d-li'-'d. 
Pelatiah, pel'd-ti'-'d. 
Peleg, pe'-leg. 
Pelet, pe'-lSt. 
Peleth, jie'-leth: Peleth- 

ites, -its. 
Peleus, pel- us. 
Pelias, pe-li'-ds. 
Pelonite, pSl'o-nlf. 
Peloponnesus, pel'-o-pon- 

Penates, pe-nd'tez. 
Penelope, pe-nel'6-pe. 
Peniel, pen'-i-el. 
Peninnah, pe-nin'-nd. 
Pentateuch, pin -to -till: 
Pentelicus, pen -til-i-kus. 
Penuel, pe-nu'-el orpin- 
Peor, pe'-or. 
Pepin, pep'-ln. 
Perazim, per'd-zlm. 
Peres, pe-rez. 
Peresh, pe'-resh. 
Perez, pe'-rez. 
Perez -TXzzah or TJzza, 

pe'-rez-fiz'-'zd. 
Perga, per'-gd. 
Pergamos, per'-gd- 



Periander, per'-i-dn'-'der. 
Pericles, per'-i-klez. 
Perida, pe-rl'-dd or per 



Perizzite, per- Iz-zlt : Per'- 
izzites, -zits. 

Persephone, pir-sif-6- n <7. 

Persepolis, pi r ■ sip '■ 6-lls. 

Perseus, pi rs- its. 

Persia, per'-shi-d: Persi- 
ans, -dnz. 

Persis, pir'-sls, also Per- 
sia, per'-shl-d. 

Peruda, per'-u-dd, or 
■u'-dd: 

Pestalozzi, pes'td-lot'-'se. 

Peter, pe-tr. 

Pethahiah, peth'ti-hi'-'d. 

Pethor, pe'-thor. 

Petimel, pe-thu'-el or peth- 

Petra, pe'-trd or pet- 

Petrarch, petrdrk. 

Peulthai. pe'-id-thd'-'l. 

Phaath-moab, fd'-dth- 
mo'-'ab. 

Phacareth, fd-kdr'-eth. 

Phaedrus, fe'drus. 

Phaethon, fa'-e-tlwn. 

Phaisur, fl'-ser. 

Phaldaius, fal-dl'-us. 

Phaleas, fa-Was. 

Phalec, fd'lek. 

PhaUn, fdl'lu. 



Pharacim, fdr'd-slm. 
Pharaoh, fa'ro: Pha'- 

raoh-Hophra, -ho/'-' 

rd: Pha'raoh-ne'cho, 

-ne '■ ko ■ Pha'raoh-ne "- 

choh, -ne'-'ko. 
Pharathoni, Jd-rd-tho'-' 

ni. 
Phares, fd'rez. 
Pharez, fd'rez: Pha'rez- 

ites, -its: also Phar- 

zites, fdr'-zlts. 
Phaxira,, fdr'-i-rd. 
Pharisees, Jdr'-l-sez. 
Pharnabazus, fdr'-nd-bd'-' 

Pharosh, fd'-rosh. 

Pharpar, fdr'pdr. 

Phaseah, fo'-se-d or se- 

PhaseUs.fd-sc-lls. 

Fhasiron, fds'lron. 

Phassaron, fds'-sd-rdn. 

Phebe, fe'-be. 

Phenice, fe-nl'-se. 

Phenicia, fc- nish'-r- «,. 

Pheresites, fer'-e-sJts. 

Pherezites, jcr-e'-zJts. 

Phibeseth, fib'e-seth. 

Phichol, fi'-kol. 

Phidias, /id^i-ds or fi- 

Philadelphia, fil'-d-dil-' 
fl-d. 

Philarches, fU-ur'-kcz. 

VhMemov., fl-U'-mdn. 

Philetus, fl-te'-tus. 

Philip, fil'-lp. 

Philippi, fi-lip'-pi: Phi- 
lip'pus, -pus: Philip - 
pians, -pi-tinz. 

Fliilisti-a., j fdis'-ti-d: Phil- 
istine, fil'-is-tin: Phil'- 
istines, -tinz. 

?hilo. rr- jo or fit- 6. 

Philologus, fi-lol'6-gus. 

Philomela, fll'-o-me'-'ld. 

Phinees, fin'-e-es. 

Phinehas, fin'e-hds. 

Phison, fl'-son. 

Tblegon, fleg'on. 

Phoebe, fe'-be: PhoeTjus, 
-bus. 

Phoenice, &c.— see Phe- 



d-rus : 



Phoenix, 0niks. 
Phoros, fo'-ros. 
'■; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, tiling, there, 



Photius, fo'shi-us. 
Phrygia,,frij'-i-d. 
Phud,/«d 
Phurah, fu'-rd. 
Phurim, fu'-rlm^ 
Phut, fut. 
Phuvah, fu'-vd. 
PhygeUus./tj: /•'?;(?. 
Pibeseth, pi-bes'-eth. 
Pihahiroth, pi'-hd-hi'' 

roth. 
Pilate, pl'ldt. 
Pildash, pll'-ddsh. 

■Qil'-e-ha. 
Piltai, pil'-td-l. 
Pindarus, pi 

Pindar. 
Pinon, pi'-non. 
Pira, pi'-rd. 
Piraeus, pi-re'-iis. 
Piram, pl'-rdm. 
Pirathon, pir'-d-thon : 

Pirath'onite, -it. 
Pisgah, piz'-gd. 

i-sid'-i-a. 
Pisistratus, pl-sis'-trd'tiis. 
Pison, pl'-son. 
Pispah, pis'-pd. 
Pithom, pi- thorn. 
Pithon, pl'-thon. 
Pizarro, pe-zdr'-ro. 
Plantagenet, pldn-tdj'-e'- 

n&t. 
Plato, pla'-to. 
Plautus, p>laTc'-tus. 
Pleiades, pll'-d-dez: Plei- 
ads, pll'-ddz. ■ 
Plinius.pZiwU-Ms: Pliny, 

plin'-t 
Plotinus, pld-tl'-niis. 
Plutarchus, pli-tdr-kds .- 

Plutarch, plu'tdrk. 
Pluto, pl6'-to. 
Pochereth, po-ker'-eth. 
Pollux, pol'luks. 
Polybius, po-lib'-i-us. 
Polycarpus, pol'-i-Mr'-' 

pus: Pol'ycarp, -kdrp. 
Pompadour, pOm'-d-dOr'. 
Pompeii, pom-pe'-i-l or 

pom-pl'l. 
Pontius Pilate, pon'-shi- 

Us pi'-ldt. 
Pontus, pon'-tus. 
Pora,tha,,pdr'-d-thd. 
Porcius Festus, por'-shi- 

Hsfes'-tus: Portia, pdr- 

shi-d. 
Poseidon, po-sl'-ddn. 
Posidonius, pds'-i-d6-'ni- 

iis. 
Potiphar, pd7-'i \-fdr. 
Potipherah, pu-tlf-er-d or 

pot'-if-e'-'rd. 
Pretorium, or Praetori- 

um, pre-to'ri-um. 
Priamus, pri'-d-mus : Pri- 
am, prl'-dm. 
Prideaux, prld'-o. 
Priestley, prest'-ll. 
Prisca, pris-kd. 
Priscianus, jyris'-shi-d'-' 

nils : Priscian, pris- 

shi-dn. 
Priscilla, pris-sil'-ld. 
Probus, pro'-bus. 
Prochorus, prok'-d-wls. 
Proclus, pro'-klus. 
Procopius, lyro-kop'-i-ils. 
Prometheus, pro-me'-the- 

Us or -meth'-us. 
Proserpina, pro-ser'-pi. 

nd: Proserpine, pros' 

er-pln. 
Proteus, prof-us. 
Psammitichus, sdm-mit- 

i-kus: also Psammet'i- 

chus. 

zedl. 



774 



Psyche, sl'-ke. 

Ptolemee, tol'-S-me'-'e; also 
Ptol'eme"us, -me'-'us, 
and Ptol'emae"us, -me" 
Us: Ptorema"is, -ma'-' 
is: Ptol'emy, -mi. 

Pua and Puah, pu'-d. 

Publius, pub'U-f/s. 

Pudens, pu'-dmz. 

Puhites, pu'-hlts. 

Pul, pul. 

Punites, pu'-nlts. 

Punon, pu'-non. 

Fur, per .- Purim, pu'-rlm. 

Purcell, per'-sil. 

Put., piit. 

Puteoli, pu-te'-o-ll. 

Putiel, pil'-Hel. 



Python, pl'-thdn. 

Quartus, kwdr'-tus. 
Quintillus, kw'm-lil'-lns. 
Quintius, kwln'-shl-us. 
Quintus Memmius, 

Quirinus, kwi-H'-nus. 

Raamah, rd'-d-md. 
Eaamiah, rd-d-mi-'d. 
Raamses, ra-dm'-sez. 
Kabbah, rdb'-bd. 
Rabbath, rdb'bd/h. 
B.a,bbith,rdb'-bith. 



Rabsaces, . 

Rabsares, rdb'-sd-rez. 
Rabshakeh, rdb'-shd-kd. 
Raca, ra'-kd. 
Rachab, ra'-kdb. 
Rachal, rd'-kdl. 
Rachel, rd'-cMl; (R), rd- 

shel',- (Ger.), rd'-kel. 
Racine, rd-sen'. 
Raddai, rdd-dd'-i. 
Ragau, rd-gd'-u or rd' 

gcnv. 
Rages, ra-gez. 
Raguel, rdg'ti-el. 
Rahab, rd'-hdb. 
Raham, ra'hdm. 
Rahel, rd'-hil. 
Rakem, ru'-kem. 
Rakkath, rdk'-kdth. 
"Rakkon, rdk'-kdn. 
Ram, rdm. 
Rama, also Ramah, rd- 

md. 
Ramath, rd'mdth. 
Ramathaim-zophim, rd'- 

mdth-a'-'im-zo'-firn. 
Ramathem, rd'- math-cm. 
Ramathite, ra'-mdfh-lt. 
Ramath-lehi, rd'-mdth- 

le'-'hi. 
Ramath-mispeh or miz- 

peh, rd'mdth-m iz'-'pd 
Rameses, rd-me'-sez or 

rdm'-e-sez. 
Ramesse, rd-mes'-se. 
Ra,mia,h, rd-mi'd. 
Ramoth, ra'-moth. 
Ramoth-gilead, rd'-mdth- 

gll'-'e-dd. 
Ramses, rdm'-scz. 
Rapha, rd'-fd. 
Raphael, rd Pa-el. 
Raphaim, rd-fd'-im. 
Raphon, rd'-fon. 
Raphu, rd'-fu. 
Rasses, rds'-sez. 
Rathumus, rdth'-u-mtis. 
Ravenna, rd-vcn'-nd. 
Raymond, rd'-mond. 
Razis, rd'-zls. 



_ ref-d-ln 
ref-i-dim. 



Reaia, also Reaiah, re-i'-d. 
Reaumur, rd-o'-mer or 

rO'm&r. 
Reba, re'-bd. 
Rebecca, re-bek'kd. 
Rebekah, re-bck'-d. 
Rechab, re'-kdb -. Re'chab- 

ites, -Us, or rek- 
Rechah, re'-kd. 
Reelaiah, re'-cl-l'-'u. 
Reelius, re-e'-li-ds. 
Reesaias, re'-es-l'-'ds. 
Regem, re'j'.m. 
Regem - melech, re'-jem- 

me'-'lek. 
Reginald, rej'-i-ndld. 
Regulus, reg'-n-lus. 
Rehabiah, re'-hd-bi'-'d. 
Rehob, re-hob. 
Rehoboam, re'-hd-bo'-'dm. 
Rehoboth, rc'-ho-bOlh. 
Rehum. re'-h&m. 
Rei, re-l. 
Rekem, re'-kem. 
Remaliah, rim'-d-li'-'d. 
Rembrandt, rem'-brdnt. 
Remeth, re'nvifli. 
Remmon-methoar, rem'- 

i-meth'-'6-dr. • 
Remphan, rem'-fdn. 
Renan, rd'-ndng. 
Rephael, ref-dcl. 
Rephah, re'-fd. 
Rephaiah, ref-d- 
Rephaim, 

Reph'aii 
Rephidim, 
Resen, re'-sen. 
Resh, resh. 
Resheph, re'-shef. 
Reu, re'-u. 
Reuben, rd'-ben : Reu'- 

benite, -it: Reu'ben- 

ites, -its. 
Reuel, rS-u'el. 
Reumah, rC-d-ma. 
Rev'elation — see 

under reveal. 
Reynold, ren'-dld. 
Rezeph, re'-zty. 
Rezia, re-zl'-a' 
Rezin, re'-zin. 
Rezon, re'-zon. 
Rhadamanthus, rdd'd- 

mdn'-'thus. 
Rhea, re'-d. 
Rhegium, re'-ji-um. 
Rhesa, re'-sd. 
Rhoda, ro'-dd. 
Rhodes, rodz. 
Rhodocus, rod'-o-kus. 
Rhodus, ro'-dus. 
Ribai, ri-bd'-i. 
Riblah, rlb'-ld. 
Richard, rich'-ird. 
Richelieu, resh'e-W. 
Rimmon, rlm'-mon : Rim- 

mon-parez, -pd'-'rez. 
Rinnan, rin'-na. 
Riphath, rl'-fdth. 
Rissah, rls'-sd. 
Rithmah, rith'-mu. 
Rizpah, rlz'-pd. 
Rizzio, rW-se-6. 
Robespierre, ro'-bes-per. 
Roboam, ro-bo'-dm. 
Rochefoucauld, rosh'-fdb- 

ko". 
Roderick, rod'-er-ik. 
Rogelim, ro-ge-lim. 
Rohgah, r&gd. 
Roimus, ro'-l-mus. 
Romamti-ezer, ro-mdm'- 

ti-e'-'zer. 
Rome, rom: Roman, rd- 

mdn: Ro'mans, -mdnz: 

Roma, ro'-md: Romu- 



Diet. 



lus, ', 






Ur. 
Rosh, rdsh. 
Rousseau, robs-so'. 
Rowland, rO'ldwl. 
Roxana, rdks-a'nd. 
Rubini, rdb-be'-nc. 
Runjeet sing, run'-je 

Rubicon, r6'-bl-kdn. 
Rudolphus , rf> ■ liul'/'ils. 
Rufus, rd'fas. 
Ruhamah, ro-kd'-nul. 
Rumah, ro'-md. 



m, sdm'- mi. 
Samuel, sam'-n-ei. 
Sanabassar, sdn'-d-iH^i 
0/r .• San'abas 'sarus, 

Sanasib, sitn'a-i lb. 
Sanballat, sdu-bn/'-Jdf. 
Sansannah, sou- mi'-nd. 
Saph, sdf. 
Saphat, sa'-fdt. 
Saphatias, sdfd-tl"-us. 
Sapheth, su'frili. 
Saphir, sdf-er. 
Sapphira, sdf-fi'-rd. 
— saw 



Sabacthani, sd'-bdk-thd-' 

ni. 
Sabaei, sd-be'-l. 
Sabaoth L .s7<?ja:5tt. 
Sabat, sd'-bdt. 
Sabateas, sa'-bd-te'-'ds. 
Sabatus, sdb'-d-tus. 
Sabban, sdb'-bdn. 
Sabbatheus, sdb'-bd-tM'-' 

■us. 
Sabbeus, sdb-be'He. 
Sabeans, sd-be'dnz. 
Sabellius, sd-bel'-U-us. 
Sabi, sd'-bi. 
Sabina, sd-bl'-nd. 
Sabta or Sabtah, sdb'-td. 
Sabtecba, sdb'-te-kd 
Sacar, sd'-kdr. 
Sacheverell, sd-chev'-Sr- 

el. 
Sadamias, sdd'-d-vn'-'ds. 
Sadas, sa'-dds. 
Saddeus, sdd-de'-us. 
Sadduc, sdd'-duk. 
Sadoc, sa'-dok. 
Saguntum, sd-guritum. 
Saint-Cyr, sdng-ser'. 
Sais, sa'-is. 
Sala or Salah, sd'-ld. 
Saladin, sdl'-d-din. 
Salamis, sdl'-d-mls. 
Salasadai, sdl'-d-sad <l"-i. 
Salathiel, sd-ld'-thi-el. 
Salcah, sdl'-kd. 
Salchah, sdl'-kd. 
Salem, sd'-lSm. 
Salim, sa'-llm. 

' I,, ; 

Sallu, sdl'-lu. 

Sallumus, sdl-lu'-mus. 

Sallust, sdl'-liUt. 

Sallustius, s&llm'-li- us. 

Salma, sdl'-md. 

Salmanasar, sdl'-mdn-d"- 
sdr. 

Salmon, sdl'-mon. 

Salmone, sdl-mo'-ne. 

Salom, sd'-lom. 

Salome, sd-lo'-rne. 

Salt, sawlt. 

Salu, sd'-lu. 

Salum, su'-lum. 

Samael, sdm'-d-Sl. 

Samaias, sdm-i'-ds. 

Samaria, sd-ma'-ri-d : Sa- 
maritan, sd-mdr'-l-tdn : 
Samaritans, -tdnz. 

Samatus, sdm'-d-tus. 

Samech, sd'-mek. 

Sameius, sdm-l'-us. 

Samgar-nebo, sdm'-gdr- 
ne'-'bo. 

Sami, sd'-ml. 

Samis, sd'-mis. 

Samlah, sdm'-ld. 

Samos, sd'-mos. 

Samothracia, sdm'-o- 
thra'-shi-d. 

Sampsames, sdmp'-sd- 
mez. 



sd'-rl. 

Sarabias, sdr'-d-bl'-'ds. 
Saraias, sd-rl'-ds. 
Saramel, sdr'-d-mel. 
Saraph, sd'-rdf. 
Sarchedonus, stir-ke'-dd- 

Sardanapalus, sdr'-ddn- 

d-pa"-lus. 
Sardeus, sdr-dfi'- )'<■■<. 
Sardine— see Diet, under 

sard. 
Sardinia, sdr-dln'-t-d. 
Sardis, sdr'-dls. 
Sardites, sdr'-dlts. 
Sardius— see Diet, under 

sard. 
Sarepta, sd-rSp'-td. 
Sargon, sdr'-gon. 
Sand, sd'-rid. 
Sarmatia, sdr-rnd'shi-d. 
Saron, sa'-ron. 
Sarothie, sd-rO'-tld-e. 
Sarsechim, sdr'-sekim. 
Saruch, sa'-rdk. 
Sassanidae, sds-sdn'4-dii. 
Satan, sa.'-tda or sdt'-dn. 
Sathrabuzanes, sdth'-rd- 

bu'-'zd-nez. 
Saturnus, sd-ter'nUs : 

Saturn, sdt'-ern. 
Satypi, sdt'-lr-i: Satyrs, 

sdt'-erz. 
Saul, sawl. 
Savaran, sdv'd-rdn. 
Savias, sd-vi'-ds. 
Savonarola, sd'-von-d-ro"-' 

Id. 
Saxones, sdks'-on-ez-. 

Sax'ons. 
Scaliger, skdl'lj'' r. 
Scandinavia, skdn'-dln- 

d'-'vl-d. 
Sceva, se'-vd. 
Schiller, shil'-ler. 
Schin, shin. 
Schomberg, shom'-berg. 
Scipio, slp'l-6. 
Scylla, sll'-ld. 
Scythian, slfh'4-dn: 

Scyth'ia, -l-d. 
Scythopolis, sl-thdp'-6- 

lis. 
Scoti, sko'-ti. 
Seba, se'-bd. 
Sebat, se'-bdt. 
Secacah, sek'-d-kd. 
Sechenias, sek'-en-i'-'ds. 
Sechu, se'ku. 
Secundus, sc-kun'-dns. 
Sedecias, sed'-e-si'-'ds. 
Segub, se'-gub. 
Seir, se'-er. 
Seirath, se-l'-nith. 
Sela, also Selah, se'-lu. 
Sela - Ham - Mahlekoth, 

se'-ld-hdm'-md-le-'koth. 
Selah, se'-ld. 
Seled, se'-Ud. 
Selemia, sel'-S-mi'-'d. 
Selemias, sel'-e-mi'-'ds. 



mdte, mdt,fdr, law, mete, met, her ,- pine, pin ; 



775 



Selene, sS-le'-ne. 
Seleucia, si-ld'-shl-d or 

Seleucus, se-16-kite. 
Sem, sem. 

Semachiah, sim'-d-kl'-'d. 
Semei, sem'-S-l. 
Semellius, sem'-el-li'-'us. 
Semiramis, se-viir'-d-mls 



Senaah, sea-d-d. 
Seneca, sen'-e-kd. 
Seneh, se'-nd. 



Senuah, sea'-u-d. 
Seorlm, scu-rim. 
Sephar, se'-fdr. 
Sepharad, sef'-d-rdd. 
Sepharvaim, sif'-dr-vd'-' 

Sepharvites, se'-fdr ■■vlts. 
Septimius, sep-tlm'-i-as. 
Sevtn&gtat,sep'-tii-a-jint. 
Serah, se'-rCi. 
Seraiah, ser-i'-d. 
Ser'aphims — see Diet. 

under seraph. 
Sered, serid. 
Sergius Paulus, ser'-jl-iis 

paw'-'ltis. 
Seron, se'-rdn. 
Sen-anus, sir-rd'-nus. 
Semg, se'-rug. 
Sesis, ses'-ls. 
Sesostris, se-sds'-tris. 
Sesthel, sSs'tML 
Seth, seth. 
Sethur, se'-ther. 
Severus, sS-ve-rUs. 
Sextius, seks'-tl-us. 
Shaalabbin, shd-dl'-db- 

bin. 
Shaalbim, shd-dl'-blm or 

sha- 
Shaalbonite, shd-dl'bo- 



Sha.hbetaa.i,'shab'-be-tha'' 



Shadrach, shd'-drdk. 
Shage, shd'-ge. 
Shaharaim, shd'-ha-ru'-' 

Shahazimah, shd-hdz'-l- 

md. 
Shakespeare, shdks-per. 
Shalem, shd'-lem. 
Shalim, shd-lim. 
Shalisha, shdl-i-shd. 
Shallecheth, sha 

or -like fh. 
Shallum, shul'-lum. 
Shallun, shul'-lda. 
Shalmai, sJial-md'-l. 
, Shalman, shal'-man. 

Shalmaneser, shdl'-md- 

Shama, shd'-md. 
Shamariah, shdm'-d-rVd. 
Shamed, shd'-med. 
Shamer, shu-mer. 
Shamgar, shdrn'-r/dr. 
Shamhuth, shdrn'-huth. 
Shamir, slul'-mir. 
Shamma, also Shammah, 

Shammai, shdm-md'-i. 

Shammoth, shdra'-mo'h. 

Shammua, also Sharn- 

muah, shdm-miVd. 



Shamsherai, shdm'shS- 

rd'-'l. 
Shapham, shd'-fum. 
Shaphan, sha- fan. 
Shaphat, shd'-fdt. 
Shapher, shd'-fer. 
Sharai, shdr-d'-l. 
Sharaim, shdr-a'-lm. 
Sharar, shd'-rdr. 
Sharezer, shd-re'-zer. 
Sharon, shd'ron : Sha' 

ronite, -it. 
Sharuhen, shdr'-u-hen. 
Shashai, shd-shd'-l. 
Shashak, shd'-shdk. 
Shaul, shd'-ul: Sha'ulites, 

-its. 
Shaveh, shd'-vd. 
Shavsha, slidv'shd. 
Sheal, she'-dl. 
Shealtiel, sM-dl-tl-81. 



bd. 

Shebam, she'-bdm. 
Shebaniah, sheb-d-nl'-'d. 
Shebarim, sheb'-d-rtm. 
Sheber, she'-ber. 
Shebna, sheb'-nd. 
Shebuel, sMb'-u-Sl. 
Shecaniah, also Shecha- 

niah, shck'-d-nl'-'d. 
Shechem, she'-kem : She'- 

chemites, -its. 
Shedeur, shed'-e-ir. 
Shehariah,y/ie-7«7 ■>•!"«. 
Sheki nah-see Diet. 
Shelah, she-Id. 
Shelanites, she-Id n- its. 
Shelemiah, sh ei-e-m l- "d . 
Sheleph, she-lef. 
Shelesh, she- lash. 
Shelomi, shel'6-mi. 
Shelomith, shPi-d-aiWi. 
Shelomoth, shel-o-awth. 
Shelumiel, shU-la'aa-el. 
Shem, shem. 
Shema, she'-md. 
Shemaah, sJiem'-d-u. 
Shemaiah, shem-V-d. 
Shemariah, shim'-d-rl'-'d. 
Shemeber, shem'-e-bir or 

shd-mc- 
Shemer, she'-mer. 
Shemida, also Shemidah, 

sJicm'-i d.n : Shem'ida" 

ites, dd"-lts. 
Sheminith, shinn'-l-nith. 
Shemiramoth, she-mir'-d- 

moth. 
Shemitic, shem-it'ik. 
Shemuel, shem'-u-el. 
Shen, shen. 
Shenazar, shSn'-d-zdr. 
Shenir, she'-ner. 
Shepham, she'-fdm. 
Shephathiah, shef-d-thl- 

Shephatiah, shef'-d-tl'-'d. 
Shephi, she'-fi 
Shepho, she'-fo. 
Shephuphah, shef'-u-fda. 
Sherah, she'-rd. 
Sherebiah, sher'-e-bi ■"({. 
Sheresh, she'-resh. 
Sherezer, she-re'-zer. 
Sheshach, shi'-sJink. 
Sheshai, she-sha'-i. 
Sheshan, she'-shdn. 
Sheshbazzar, shesh-bdz- 

Sheth, sheth. 

Shethar, she'-thdr. 
Shethar-Boznai,i7ie-77idr- 

boz-nd'-'i. 
Sheva, she'-vd 



Shibboleth, shlb'-bo-leth. 
Shibmah, shib'-md. 
Shicron, shi'-kron. 
Shiggaion, shig-gi'-on. 
Shigionoth, shi-gi'-o-noth. 
Shihon, shi'-hon. 
Shihor, shi'-hor. 
Shihor-libnath, shi'-hor- 

lib'-'ndth. 
Shilhi, shil'-hi. 
Shilhim, shil'him. 
Shillem, shil'-lem: ShiT- 

lemites, -its. 
Shiloah, shi-16'd. 
Shiloh, shi'-lo. 
Shiloni, shi-io'-aJ: Shi- 

lonite, shi'-lon-it: Shi- 

lonites, -its. 
Shilshah, shil'-shd. 
Shimea, also Shimeah, 

shim'-e-d. 
Shimeam, shim' c- dm. 
Shimeath, shlm'S-dth: 

Shim'eathites, -its. 
Shimei, shim'-e-i. 
Shimeon, shim'-e-on. 
Shimhi, shim- hi. 
Shimi, shl'-ml. 
Shimites, shim-its. 
Shimma, shlm'-md. 
Shimon, shi'-mon. 
Shimrath, shim'-rdth. 

Shimrith, shim -nth. 
Shimron, shim'-ron : 



Shimshai, shim-shd"-i 
Shinab, shi'-ndb. 
Shinar, shi-ndr. 
Shiphi, shif-l. 
Shiphmite, shif-nvt. 
Shiphrah, shlf-rd. 
Shiphtan, shif-tdn. 
Shisha, shi'-shd. 
Shishak, shi-shdk. 
Shitrai, shi-trd'-l. 
Shittah-tree, sliit'-td. 
Shittim, shit'-tlm. 
Shiza, shi'-za. 
Shoa, sho'-d. 
Shobab, sho'-bdb. 
Shobach, shb'bak, 
Shobai, sho-bd-i 
Shobal, sho'bdl. 
Shobek, shd'-bek. 
Shobi, sho'-bi. 
Shocho, sho'-ko. 
Shochoh, sho'-ko. 
Shoham, shb'hdm. 
Shomer, shb'-m ' 
Shophach 
Shophan, ..... 
Shoshannim, sho-shc 

nim.- Shoshan'nim- 

e"duth, -e'-'duth. 
Shua, also Shuah, sho- 

Shual, shd'-dl. 
Shubael, shd'-bd-Sl. 
Shnham, sho'-hdm: Shu'- 

hamites, -its. 
Shuhite, shd'hit. 
Shulamite, sh6'-ldm-it. 
Shumathites, sho'-mdth- 

its. 
Shunammite, sho'-ndm- 

m it. 
Shunem, sho'-nem. 
Shuni, shd'-ni: Shu'nites, 

Shuphamites, 



Shuppim, shup'-pim. 
Shur, sher. 

Shushan, shd'-shun-. Shu'- 
shan-eduth, -e'-'duth. 



Shuthalhites, shd'-thdU 

Shuthelah, sh6'-the-ld or 

-the'- 
Sia, si'-d. 
Siaha, sl'-d-hd. 
Sibbecai, also Sibbechai, 

sib'-be-ka'-'i. 
Sibboleth, slb'-bo-leth. 
Sibmah, sib'-md. 
Sibraim, sib-rd'-im. 
Sibyllae, si-bil'-le: Sib'yls. 
Sichem, si'-kem. 
Sicilia, si-sil'-i-a: Sicily, 

sls'-i-li. 
Sicyon, sis'-i-on. 
Siddim, sid'-dim. 
Side, si'-de. 
Sidney, sld'-nt. 
Sidon,_.s( -dda: Sidonians, 

Sigismund, sij'-is-m a ad. 
Sigourney, sig'-or-ni. 



Silas, si'-lds. 
Silenus, sl-le'nus. 
Silla, sil'-ld, 
Siloah, si-lo'-d. 
Siloam, sl-lo'-dm. 

Silvanus, sil-vd'-niis. 
■ ■ ,■'.■■ 

Simalcue, sim'-dl-kd'-'e. 

Simeon, sim'-e-on: Sim'- 
eonites, -its. 

Simon, si'-mon -. Si'mon 
Chosamaeus, kos'-d-me'-' 
Us: Si'mon Bar-jona, 
bur-jo-' nd: Si'mon Pe- 
ter, pe'-'tr. 

Simri, sim'-ri. 

Sin, sin. 

Sina, si'-nd. 

Sinai, si'-nl. 

Sinite, si'-7iit. 

Sinon, sin'-on. 

Sion, zi'on. 
Siphmoth, slf'-moth. 



Si'- 



Sosthenes, ; 

boy , foot ; pure, bud, chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



Sirach, 
Sirah, si'-rd. 
Sirenes, si- 
rens. 
Sirion, slr'-l-on. 
Sisamai, sis'-d-ma'-'i. 
Sisera, sls'-S-rd. 
Sisinnes, si-sln'-nez. 
Sisyphus, sls'l-j'ds or si- 
Sitnah, slt'-nd. 
Sivan, si'-vdn. 
Smerdis, smer'-dts. 
Smyrna, smer'-nd. 



Socho, so'-ko. 

Sochoh, so'-ko. 

Socinus, so-si'-nUs. 

Socoh, so'-ko. 

Socrates, sok'-rd-tez. 

Sodi, so'-di. 

Sodom, sod' 6m : Sod'om- 
ite, -It : Sodomites, 
-Us: Sodoma, sod'-O-mu : 
Sodomitish, sod'-om-lt'-' 



Solon, t 

Sopater, so'pd-tir. 
Sophereth, sof-e-reth. 
Sophocles, sof'-o-klez. 
Sophonias, sof'-on-l'-'ds. 
Sorek, so'-rek. 
Sosigenes, so-slj'-e-nez. 
Sosipater, so-sip'-d-ter. 



776 



Sostratus, sds'trd-tus. 
Sotai, so-td'-i- 
Soter, so'ter. 
Soult, soolt. 
Southey, scnoth'4. 
Spain, spun. 
Spanheim, spdn'-him. 
Sparta, spdr'td: Spar'- 

tacus, -td-kus. 
Sphinx, s finks. 
Spinoza, spe-nO'-zd 
Spohr, spor. 
Stachys, std'-kls. 
Stagira, std-jl'rd: Ctag'- 

inte— see Diet. 
Stanislaus, st<l n'is-ld'-'us. 
Stentor, sten'-tor. 
Stephanas, st/f'-d-v us 
Stephen, ste'-vn. 
Stoicks, sto'-lks. 
Strabo, strd'-bb or strdb'O. 
Straight, strut. 
Strauss, strdws. 
Styx, stiks. 
Suah, su'-d. 
Suba, su'-bd. 
Subai, su-M'i. 
Succoth, suk'koth: Suc'- 

coth - Be'noth, be'-' 

noth. 
Suchathites, su'-kuth-its. 
Sud. sud. 
Sudias, su'di-us. 
Sukkiims, suk'-ki-imz. 
Sulla, sUl'-ld. 
Sur, sir. 
Surajah-Dowlah, ser-d- 

jd-ddw'ld. 
Susanchites, su'-sdn-kits. 



SnsijSo'si: Su'sia"na, -a'-' 
na. 

Suwarrow, sob-or'-rO. 

Swedenborg, swe'-dSn- 
Mrg. 

Sychar, sl'-kdr. 

Sjchem,sVkem: Sy'chem- 
ite, -it. 

Syelus, si-e'-lus. 

Syene, si-e'-nS. 

Symmachus, sim'-mu-kus. 

Syntyche, sin'-ti-ke. 

Syracuse, sir'-uZ-kus: Syr'- 
acu'sse, -ku'-'ze. 

Syria, sir'-i-a-. Syr'iac, 
-dk ■. Syr'ian, -dn : Syr'- 
ians, -dnz-. Syr'ia-Da- 
mas"cus, -dd-mds'-'kus .- 
Syr 'ia-ma"achah, -ma'-' 
d-kd. 



nuth-shi'-'lo. 
Tabbaoth, tdb-hCi-dih. 
Tabbath, tdb'-buth. 
Tabeal, td'-bt-dl. 
Tabeel, ta'l»'-~l. 
Tabellius, td-bSl'-ll-ils. 
Taberah, tub'-e-rd. 
Tabitha, tub'-i-thd. 
Tabor, td'-bor. 
Tabrimon, tdb'-ri- 
Tachmonite, 



it. 



' 



Tacitus, tus'i-tus. 
Tadmor, tdd-mbr. 
Taglioni, tdl-yo'-ne. 
Tahan, td'-hdn: Ta'han- 

ites, -its. 
Tahapanes, td-hdp'-d-nez. 
Tahath, td'-hdih. 
Tahpanhes, td'-pdn-hez. 
Talipeses, td'-pe-nez. 



Tahrea, td'-re-d. 
Tahtim-hodshi, td'-tim- 

hod'-'shi. 
Talitha-cumi, tdl-i'thd- 

ku'-'mi. 
Talleyrand, tdl'H-rdnd. 
Talmai, tdl-md'-i. 
Talmon, tal'-mon. 
Talsas, tdl'-sds. 
Tamah, td'-md. 
Tamar, td'mdr. 
Tamerlane, tam'-'r-lun. 
Tammuz, tdm'-mUz. 
Tanach, td'-ndk. 
Tancred, tdnk'-niL 
Tanhumeth, tdn-hu'-meth. 
Tanis, td'-nis. 
Tantalus, tdn'-td-lus 
Taphath, td'-futh. 
Taphon, tu'JOn. 
Tappuah, tup-pu'-d 
Tarah, ta'ra. 
Taralah, tdr'-d-ld. 
Tarea, td-re'-d. 
Tar entum, td-rrn'fii.m. 
Tarpeia, tdr-pe'-l-d: Tar- 

peian, tdr-pi'un. 
Tarpelites, t&r'-p-U-ils. 
Tarquinius, tur-kwin'-i- 

Tarshish, tdr'-shish. 
Tarsus, tdr'-sus. 
Tartak, tdr'-tdk. 
Tartan, tdr'-tdn. 
Tatnai, tdt-nd'-i. 
Tau, taw or tu'il. 
Tebah, te'-bd. 
Tebaliah, teb'-d-ll'-'u. 
Tebeth, te'-beth. 
Tehaphnehes, U-huf-nl- 

hez. 
Tehinnah, te-hln'nd. 
Tekel, te'-kel. 
Tekoa, also Tekoah, V> 

ko'd: Teko'ite, -it: Te- 

ko'ites, Jits. 
Telabib, tel-d'Mb. 
Telah, te'ld. 
Telaim, tel'-d-im. 
Telassar, te-lds'-sdr. 
Telem, te'-lem. 
Telemachus, te-l'in '-d-kus. 
Telharesha, tel ■ h d r'-c-sh a. 
Telharsa, tel-hdr'-sd. 
Telmelah, tel-me'ld. 
Tema, te'-md. 
Teman, te'-mdn: Te'man- 

ite, -it: Te'manites, 

-its. 
Temani, te'md-ni. 
Temeni, te'-men-i. 
Terah, te'-rd. 
Teresh, te'rish. 
Terminus, ter'-mi-nus. 
Tertius. ter'-shi-us. 
Tertullianus, tf-r-ttVMi-d'-' 

nus: Tertul'lian, -li-dn. 
Tertullus, ter-tvl'-lus. 
Teta, te'-td. 
Teth, teth. 
Teucer, tu'-ser. 
Teutones, tu'-ton-ez: Teu'- 

tons, -tbnz. 
Thaddeus, thdd'de-us. 
Thahash, thd'hdsh. 
Thales, thd'-lez. 
Thamah, thd'-md. 
Thamar, thd'mdr. 
Thamnatha, thdm'-nd- 

thd. 
Thara, thd'-rd. 
Tharra, thdr'-rd. 
Tharshish, thdr'-shish. 
Thassi, thds'-si. 
Thebes, thebz: The'bae, 



Titus, ti'-tus. 
Tizite, ti'-zit. 
mdte, mat, far, lavu; mete, mit, her; pine, pin; note, not, 



Thelasar, tMl'-d-sdr. 
Thelersas, thiler-sus. 
Theman, the'mun. 
Themistocles, thi-mis'-tb- 

klez. 
Theocanus, the'-b-kd'-'nus. 
Theodore, the-6-dbr. 
Theodoricus, thc'0-dbrl"- 

&!(«.• Theod'oric, -0-rik. 
Theodosius, the'o-db'-'shi- 

Theodotus, tM-od'd-tas. 
Theophilus, thc-Of- i-lus. 
Theras, the'rds. 
Theresa, tt-re-zu. 
Thermeleth, thcr'mr-leth. 
Thermopylae, tlier-mop'l- 

Theseus, tlies'us. 

Thessalia, thes-sd'U-d. 

Thessalonians, thSs'sd- 
lo'-'nldnz : Thessaloni- 
ca, thiix'-.sddu-ni'-'krt. 

Thetis, thc-tls or tluH'is. 

Theudas, thii'dds. 

Thimnathah, thim'nd- 
thd or -nd' 

Thisbe, thls'-bS. 

Thomas, tom'-ds. 

Thomoi, tho-mo'i. 

Thorwaldsen, tdr'wald- 

Thracia, thrd'shid. 

Thraseas, thrd-se'ds. 

Throckmorton, thrdk' 
mdr-tdn. 

ThvLcydidea.thd-sid.'i-dCz 

Thule, thu'le. 

Thummim, tlu'nn'mim. 

Thyatira, thV-d-tl'-'ra. 

Tiberias, ti-U'rhds: Tib- 
eris, Uh'cr-is: Tiber, 
ii'-hi'r: Tiberius Caesar, 

ti-bc'ri-i'is sr'-'zur. 

Tibhath, tlb'hdth. 
Tibni, tib'ni. 
Tibullus, ti-bul'lus. 
Tidal, tl'-ddl. 
Tiglath-pileser, tlg'ldth- 

pi-le'-'zer. 
Tigranez, ti-grd'nez. 
Tigris, ti'grls. 
Tikvah, tik'vd. 
Tikvath, tik'vdth. 
Tilgath-pilneser, til'guth- 

pil-ne'-'zer. 
Tilon, ti'lon. 
Timeus, ti-me'-us. 
Timna, also Timnah, tim- 

nd. 
Timnath, tim'nuth. 
Timnath - Heres, tim' 

nuth-he'-'rez. 
Timnath - Serah, tim' 

ndth-se"rd. 
Timnite, tim'nit. 
Timon, tl'mon. 
Timotheus, ti-mo'thS-Hs. 
Timothy, tim'6-thl. 
Timur or Timour, te-rnoY 
Tiphsah, tlf'-sd. 
Tippoo Sahib, tlp'6 sd'ib. 
Tiras, ti'rds. 
Tirathites, ti'rdth-lts. 
Tirhakah, ter'hd-kd. 
Tirhanah. ter'hd-nd. 
Tiria, tir<l-d. 
Tirshatha, ter'shd-thd or 

-shd' 
Tirza, also Tirzah, ter'zd. 
Tishbite, tlsh'blt. 
Tissaphernes, tis'sd-fer" 

Titanes, ti-td'nez: Ti- 
tans, ti'tdnz. 



Toah, td'-a. 
Tob, tdb. 
Tob-Adonijah, tob-ud'6- 

ni'-'ja. 
Tobiah, to-bi'd. 
Tobias, to-bi'ds. 
Tobie, to-WS. 
Tobiel, tu-bi'-fi. 
Tobrjah, td-bi'jd. 
Tobit, to'-bit. 
Tochen, to'-k'a. 
Todleben toM-Mn. 
Togarmah, tb-gur'-md. 
Tohu, to'-hu. 
Toi, to'-l. 
Tola, tb'-ld: Tolaites, to' 

Id-its. 
Tolad, to'-lud. 
Tolbanes, Kl'-bd-nSz. 
Tophel, to'-m. 
Tophet, to-fet. 
Topheth, to'-f'Jth. 
Tormah, tdr'-md. 
Torricelli, tor'-rl-sil'-'U or 

-chel'-'le. 
Tou, tb'-u. 
Trachonitis, trdk'-6-ni'-' 

tls. 
Trajanus, trdju'-nus : 



Triton, tri'-ton. 
Troas, tro'-ds. 
Troglodytae, tro-glod'-i- 



Tryphosa, trl-fo'-sd. 
Tubal, tu'-bdl : Tulial- 

cain, -kdn. 
Tubieni, tu'-bU'-'m. 
TulUa, tul'-U-d: Tul'Uus, 

-MS. 

Turenne, tu-rln'. 
Tusculum, tiis'-ku-l iim. 
Tychicus, ti'-ki-kus. 
Typhon, ti'-fon. 
Tyrannus, ti-rdn'-nus. 
Tyre, tir. 
Tyrus, tl-r&s. 
Tzaddi, zdd'-dt. 

tlcal, u'kal. 
Uel, u'-el. 
Ulai, u-ld'l. 
Ulam, u-ldm. 
Ulla, ■Ol'-ld. 
Ulysses, u-lis'-sez. 
Umbria, um'-bri-d. 
Ummah, um'-md. 
Unni, Hn'-ni. 
Upharsin. u-fdr'-sin. 
Uphaz, u'-fdz. 
Ur, er. 

Uranus, u'-rd-nus. 
Urbane, er'-bdn. 
Uri, u'-rl. 
Uriah, u-ri'-d. 
Urias, u-ri'-ds. 
Uriel, u'-ri-el. 
Urijah, u-ri'-jd. 
Urim, u'-rim. 
■-,, 

Uthii, u'-thi-l. . 
Uz, uz. 
Uzai, u-zd'-i. 
Uzal, u'-zdl. 

Uzza, also Uzzah, uz'zd. 
Uzzen - sherah, uz'-zSn- 

she'-'rd. 
Uzzi, Hz'-zu 
Uzzia, also Uzziah, uz- 

zi'-d. 



777 



Valezatna, vd-jez-d'thd. 
Valens, vd'-lenz or vdl' 
Valentine, vdl'-in-Un. 
Valentinianus, vdl'en-tin' 

i -d- nils. 
Valerianus, vd-ler'i-d'-' 

niis. 
VajidsHi.van'dd-ll: Van'- 

dals. 
Vandyke, vdn-dlk'. 
Vaniah, vd-ni'd. 
Varius, vd'rl-us or vdr- 
Vashni, vdsh'-nl. 
Vashti, vash'ti. 
Van, vato. 
Vaubon, vo-bong'. 
Venus, ve'nUs. 
Vespasianus, vSs-pd'shi- 

d'-'nus : Vespa'sian.-sTii- 

dn. 
Vesta, ves'td. 
Victoria, vik-to'ri-d. 
Virgilius, ver-jil'i-us^ir- 

gil t ver'jil. 
Virginia, ver-jin'l-d. 
Volsci, vol'si. 
Voltaire, vol-tar'. 



Wallenstein, ivol'ten- 

stin. 
Walsingham, ivol'-slng- 



Xanthippe, zdn-thip'pS. 
Xavier, zdv'i-Sr. 
Xenophon, zm'6-fdn. 
Xerxes, zerks'ez. 



Zaavan, zd'd-vdn. 
Zabad, zd'-bdd. 
Zabadaias, zdb'-ddi'-'ds. 
Zabadeans, zdb'd-de-'dnz. 
Zabbai, zdb-bd'i. 
Zabbud, zdb'-bud. 



Zabdeus, zdb-de'&s. 
Zabdi, zdb'dl. 
Zabdiel, zab'di-el. 
Zabud, zd'biid. 
Zabulon, zdb'u-lon. 
Zaccai, zdk-kd'i. 
Zaccheus, zdk-ke'Hs. 
Zacchur, zak'-ker. 
Zaccur, zak'-ker. 
Zachariah, zdk'-d-ri'-'d. 
Zacharias, zdk'-dri'-'ds. 
Zachary, zdk'dr-i. 
Zacher, za'-ker. 
Zadok, zd'-dok. 
Zaham, zd'-hdm. 
Zain. zd'-in. 
Zair, za'-er. 
Zalaph, zd'-ldf. 
Zalmon, zdl'mon. 
Zalmonah, zdl'-mb-nd. 
Zalmunna, zdl'-mun-nd. 
Zambis, zdm'-bis. 
Zambri, zdm'brl. 
Zamoth, zd'-moth. 
Zamzummims, zdm'zum- 

mimz. 
Zanoah, za-no'd. 
Zaphnath-Paanean, zdf- 

ndth-pa'd-ne'-'CL. 
Zaphon, za'-fon. 
Zara, also Zarah, zd'rd. 
Zaraces, zdr'-d-sez. 
Zaraias, zd-ri'-ds. 
Zareah, zd'-re-d : Zare- 

athites, zd'-re-dth-its. 
Zared, zd'-rSd. 
Zarephath, zdr'S-futh. 
Zaretan, zdr'-e-tdn. 
Zareth-Shahar, zd'rSth- 

shd'-'hdr. 
Zarhites, zdr'-hits. 
Zartanah, zdr'td-nd. 
Zarthan, zdr'-thdn. 
Zathoe, zath'-o-e. 
Zathui, zdth'-u-i. 
Zatthu, zdt'-thu. 
Zattu, zdf-til. 
Zavan, zd'-vdn. 
Zaza, zd'-zd. 
Zebadiah, zeb'-d-di'-'d. 
Zebah, ze'-bd. 
Zebaim, ze-ba'-im or zS' 
Zebedee, zeb'-e-de. 
Zebina, zeb'-i-nd. 
Zeboiim, zi-boy'im. 



Zeboim, ze'-bo-im. 
Zebudah, zeb'-u-dd. 
Zebol, ze'b-ul. 
Zebulon, zeb'-u-lon: Zeb'- 

nlonite, -it: Zeb'ulon- 

ites, -its. 
Zebulun, z$b'-u-lun. 
Zechariah, zek'-d-ri'-'d. 
Zedad, ze'-ddd or -ddd'. 
Zedekian, zid'-e-ki'-'d, also 

Zed'eki'as, -Jd'-'ds. 
Zeeb, ze'-eb. 
Zelah, ze'-ld. 
Zelek, ze'-lek. 
Zelophenad, zi-lo'fe-hdd. 
Zelotes, ze-lo'-tez. 
Zelzah, zil'-zd. 
Zemaraim, zem'-d-ra'-'im. 
Zemarite, zem'-d-rit. 
Zemira, zi-mi'-rd or zSm- 
Zenan, ze'-ndn or -nan'. 
Zenas, ze'-nds. 
Zeno, ze'no. 
Zenobia, ze-no'-bi-d. 
Zephaniah, zef-d-ni'-'d. 
Zephath, ze'-fdth. 
Zephathah, zef-d-thd. 
Zephi, ze'fi. 
Zepho, ze'-fo: Zephon, zS' 

Jon : Ze'phonites, -its. 
Zephyrus, zef-i-rus. 
Zer, zer. 
Zerah, ze'-rd. 
Zerahiali, zSr'a-nl'-'d. 
Zered, ze'-red. 
Zereda, zer'-S-dd. 
Zeredathah, ze-red'-d-thd. 
Zererath, zer'-e-rdth. 
Zeresh, ze'-resh. 
Zereth, ze'-reth. 
Zeri, ze'-n. 
Zeror, ze'-ror. 
Zeruah, zS-rd'-d or zSr'-ii-d. 
Zerubbabel, zi-rub'-bd-bSl. 
Zeruiah, zer'-u-i'-'d. 
Zetham, ze'thdrn. 
Zethan, ze'thdn. 
Zethar, ze'th&r. 
Zeus, ze'Hs or z6z. 
Zia, zi'd. 
Ziba, zi'-bd. 
Zibeon, zlb'S-6n. 
Zibia, also Zibiah/zio: 

i-d. 
Zichri, zik'ri. 



Ziddim, zid'-dim. 
Zidkijah, zid-ki'jd. 
Zidon, zi'-don. 
Zidonians, 2t 
Zif, zif. 
Ziha, zl'hd. 
Ziklag, zik'ldg. 
Zilpah, zil'pd. 
Zilla, zil'-ld. 

zU-thd'i. 
Zinunah, zirn'md. 
Zimran, zim'-rdn. 
Zimri, zim'ri. 
Zin, zin. 
Zina, zi'nd. 
Zion, zi'dn. 
Zior, zi'or. 
Ziph, zif. 
Ziphah, zi'-fd. 
Ziphims, zif'-imz. 
Zipbion, zif-l-on. 
Ziphites, zif -its. 
Ziphron, zlf-ron. 



zip' 
Zitnri, zlth'-ri. 
Ziz, ziz. 

Ziza, also Zizah, zl'-zd. 
Zoan, zo'dn. 
Zoar, zo'dr. 

Zoba, also Zobah, zo'bd. 
Zobebah, zo'be-ba. 
Zohar, zo'-Mr. 
Zoheletb, zo'he-lSth. 
Zoheth, zo'-heth. 
Zophah, zo'/d. 
Zophai, zofd'l. 
Zophar, zo'fdr. 
Zophim, zo'fim. 
Zorah, zd'rd : ZoratMtes, 

zo'rdth-its. 
Zoreah, zo'rS-d. 
Zorites., zo'rits. 
Zoroaster, zor'6-ds'- 't?r. 
Zorobabel, zo-rob'-d-bil. 
Zuar, zu'dr. 
Zuinglius, zwlng'gli-us. 
Zuph, ziif. 
Zur, zer. 
Zuriel, zu'ri-Sl. 
Zuri-Snaddai, zu'rl-shdd- 



da-i. 



i, zu'zimz. 



cmv, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 



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By the Same Author. 

THE SCHOOL ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 

AND WORD-BOOK. 

COMBINING 

THE ADVANTAGES OF AN ORDINAEY PRONOUNCING SCHOOL 

DICTIONARY AND AN ETYMOLOGICAL SPELLING-BOOK. 

Fcap. 8vo, pp. 260, price 2s. 



SPECIMENS. 



magnanimous, a. mdg-ndn'i-mUs (L. magnus, 
great ; animus, soul, mind), elevated in soul or 
sentiment ; not selfish : magnan'imously, ad. : 
magnanimity, n. greatness of mind. 

magnate, n. mdg'nat (F. magnats, grandees 
of Poland or Hungary), a noble or grandee ; a 
man of rank and wealth. 



brevis (L.), short; brief; brevio, I shorten: 
abbreviate, -ed, -Hon; abridge, -merit; brevi- 
ary ; brevity ; brief, -ly ; semibreve. 

buffle (F.), the wild ox: buff; buffs; buffalo ; 
buf/w,- bugle. 

bulla (mid. L.), bolla fit.), a seal ; bulla (L.), 
a bubble : bill ; billet ; billet-doux ; boil, -ing, 
-er, -ery ; bull ; bviilet ; bulletin ; bullion. 

bunki (Icel.), aheap : bunch, -y, -iness; bunk, 
-er. 



malaria, n. md-ld'rl-d (It. male, ill, bad; 
aria, air), exhalations from marshy districts 
which produce fevers and ague : mala'rious, a. 

malcontent, n. rn/U'-kon-tent (L. malus, evil, 
and content), one discontented or dissatisfied, 
particularly with political affairs. 

male, a. mat (F. male), relating to the sex 



caput (L.), the head— gen. capitis, of the 
head: cap becomes cip in composition, as in 
occiput, the back part of the head : capitatus, 
having a head ; capitulum, a small head : " ' 



cap ; cape ; capita?, -ly, -ise, -ist; capi- 
l<>te,-ion; 
captain, -cy, -ship ; chapter ,• decapitate, -ion ; 
occiput; occipital; precipice,- precivitd" •/, 
-ant, -untiy . fir, cipitute, -ly, -ion ; precipitous, 
•ly; recapitulate, -ion, -ory. 



By the Same Author. 
Just -published, 

THE HANDY SCHOOL DICTIONARY. 

FOR USE IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS, AND AS A 
POCKET REFERENCE DICTIONARY. 

WITH 
LISTS OF PREFIXES AND POSTFIXES, THE RULES FOR SPELLING ENGLISH 
WORDS, LISTS OF WORDS THE SAME IN SOUND BUT DIF- 
FERENT IN SPELLING AND MEANING, ETC. 

Pp. 268, price 9d. 



SPECIMENS. 



i, n. stdf-ur, the height of any 

one standing : stat'ured, a. arrived at 
full stature: sta'tus, n. standing or 
place, 
statute, n. stdt'ut, a law : stat'utable, 
a. made or being in conformity to 



I.—Y at the end of a word, with con- 
sonant before it, is changed into i upon 
receiving a postfix. 

Examples.— happy, happier, % 
happiness: merry, merrier, merri- 



steer, v. ster, to direct and govern the 
course of a ship by the helm : steer- 
ing, n. : steerage, n. the fore part of 
a ship : steeper, n. 

steer, n. ster, also stirk, n. sterk, a 
young castrated male of the ox kind. 



est, merrily, merriment : spy, spies, 
spied : car-ry, carrier, carriage. 
But— 
(a) Y is retained before ing and ish, 
that i may not be doubled in the 



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